Unnamed: 0
int64 0
350k
| ApplicationNumber
int64 9.75M
96.1M
| ArtUnit
int64 1.6k
3.99k
| Abstract
stringlengths 7
8.37k
| Claims
stringlengths 3
292k
| abstract-claims
stringlengths 68
293k
| TechCenter
int64 1.6k
3.9k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
346,000 | 16,804,437 | 1,774 | In one example, a method for forming an environmental barrier coating (EBC) on a substrate. The method may include depositing an environmental barrier coating (EBC) on a substrate via a thermal spray apparatus to form an as-deposited EBC; heat treating the as-deposited EBC at or above a first temperature for first period of time following the deposition of the as-deposited EBC on the substrate; and cooling the as-deposited EBC to a second temperature following the heat treatment at a controlled rate over a second period of time to form a heat-treated EBC on the substrate. The first temperature, the first period of time, the controlled rate, and the second period of time may be selected to increase a weight percent of crystalline phase in the heat-treated EBC compared to the as-deposited EBC. | 1. A method comprising:
depositing an environmental barrier coating (EBC) on a substrate via a thermal spray apparatus to form an as-deposited EBC; heat treating the as-deposited EBC at or above a first temperature for first period of time following the deposition of the as-deposited EBC on the substrate; and cooling the as-deposited EBC to a second temperature following the heat treatment at a controlled rate over a second period of time to form a heat-treated EBC on the substrate, wherein the first temperature, the first period of time, the controlled rate, and the second period of time are selected to increase a weight percent of crystalline phase in the heat-treated EBC compared to the as-deposited EBC. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first temperature is about 850 degrees Celsius. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the first temperature is about 1000 degrees Celsius to about 1200 degree Celsius. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the controlled rate is no greater than about 5 degrees Celsius per minute. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the second temperature is about 500 degrees Celsius or less. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the second period of time is greater than about one hour. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the heat-treated EBC includes at least 50 weight percent crystalline phase. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the as-deposited EBC includes less than 50 weight percent crystalline phase. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising, prior to depositing the EBC on the substrate, heating the substrate to a third temperature, wherein depositing the EBC on the substrate via the thermal spray device comprises depositing the EBC on the substrate via the thermal spray apparatus while the substrate is at the third temperature. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the third temperature is at least about 800 degrees Celsius. 11. A system comprising:
a thermal spray device configured to deposit an environmental barrier coating (EBC) on a substrate to form an as-deposited EBC; a furnace configured to heat the as-deposited EBC following deposition of the as-deposited EBC by the thermal spray device; and a computing device configured to control the thermal spray device to deposit the EBC on the substrate to form the as-deposited EBC, control the heat treatment of the as-deposited EBC at or above a first temperature for a first period of time following the deposition of the as-deposited EBC on the substrate, and control the cooling of the as-deposited EBC to a second temperature following the heat treatment at a controlled rate over a second period of time, wherein the first temperature, the first period of time, the controlled rate, and the second period of time are selected to increase a weight percent of crystalline phase in the heat-treated EBC compared to the as-deposited EBC. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the first temperature is about 850 degrees Celsius. 13. The system of claim 11, wherein the first temperature is about 1000 degrees Celsius to about 1200 degree Celsius. 14. The system of claim 11, wherein the controlled rate is no greater than about 5 degrees Celsius per minute. 15. The system of claim 11, wherein the second temperature is about 500 degrees Celsius or less. 16. The system of claim 11, wherein the second period of time is greater than about one hour. 17. The system of claim 11, wherein the heat-treated EBC includes at least 50 weight percent crystalline phase. 18. The system of claim 11, wherein the as-deposited EBC includes less than 50 weight percent crystalline phase. 19. The system of claim 11, wherein the computing device is configured to, prior to depositing the EBC on the substrate, control heating of the substrate to a third temperature, wherein the EBC is deposited on the substrate via the thermal spray apparatus while the substrate is at the third temperature. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein the third temperature is at least about 800 degrees Celsius. | In one example, a method for forming an environmental barrier coating (EBC) on a substrate. The method may include depositing an environmental barrier coating (EBC) on a substrate via a thermal spray apparatus to form an as-deposited EBC; heat treating the as-deposited EBC at or above a first temperature for first period of time following the deposition of the as-deposited EBC on the substrate; and cooling the as-deposited EBC to a second temperature following the heat treatment at a controlled rate over a second period of time to form a heat-treated EBC on the substrate. The first temperature, the first period of time, the controlled rate, and the second period of time may be selected to increase a weight percent of crystalline phase in the heat-treated EBC compared to the as-deposited EBC.1. A method comprising:
depositing an environmental barrier coating (EBC) on a substrate via a thermal spray apparatus to form an as-deposited EBC; heat treating the as-deposited EBC at or above a first temperature for first period of time following the deposition of the as-deposited EBC on the substrate; and cooling the as-deposited EBC to a second temperature following the heat treatment at a controlled rate over a second period of time to form a heat-treated EBC on the substrate, wherein the first temperature, the first period of time, the controlled rate, and the second period of time are selected to increase a weight percent of crystalline phase in the heat-treated EBC compared to the as-deposited EBC. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first temperature is about 850 degrees Celsius. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the first temperature is about 1000 degrees Celsius to about 1200 degree Celsius. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the controlled rate is no greater than about 5 degrees Celsius per minute. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the second temperature is about 500 degrees Celsius or less. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the second period of time is greater than about one hour. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the heat-treated EBC includes at least 50 weight percent crystalline phase. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the as-deposited EBC includes less than 50 weight percent crystalline phase. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising, prior to depositing the EBC on the substrate, heating the substrate to a third temperature, wherein depositing the EBC on the substrate via the thermal spray device comprises depositing the EBC on the substrate via the thermal spray apparatus while the substrate is at the third temperature. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the third temperature is at least about 800 degrees Celsius. 11. A system comprising:
a thermal spray device configured to deposit an environmental barrier coating (EBC) on a substrate to form an as-deposited EBC; a furnace configured to heat the as-deposited EBC following deposition of the as-deposited EBC by the thermal spray device; and a computing device configured to control the thermal spray device to deposit the EBC on the substrate to form the as-deposited EBC, control the heat treatment of the as-deposited EBC at or above a first temperature for a first period of time following the deposition of the as-deposited EBC on the substrate, and control the cooling of the as-deposited EBC to a second temperature following the heat treatment at a controlled rate over a second period of time, wherein the first temperature, the first period of time, the controlled rate, and the second period of time are selected to increase a weight percent of crystalline phase in the heat-treated EBC compared to the as-deposited EBC. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the first temperature is about 850 degrees Celsius. 13. The system of claim 11, wherein the first temperature is about 1000 degrees Celsius to about 1200 degree Celsius. 14. The system of claim 11, wherein the controlled rate is no greater than about 5 degrees Celsius per minute. 15. The system of claim 11, wherein the second temperature is about 500 degrees Celsius or less. 16. The system of claim 11, wherein the second period of time is greater than about one hour. 17. The system of claim 11, wherein the heat-treated EBC includes at least 50 weight percent crystalline phase. 18. The system of claim 11, wherein the as-deposited EBC includes less than 50 weight percent crystalline phase. 19. The system of claim 11, wherein the computing device is configured to, prior to depositing the EBC on the substrate, control heating of the substrate to a third temperature, wherein the EBC is deposited on the substrate via the thermal spray apparatus while the substrate is at the third temperature. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein the third temperature is at least about 800 degrees Celsius. | 1,700 |
346,001 | 16,804,435 | 1,774 | The present disclosure relates to semiconductor structures and, more particularly, to a heterojunction bipolar transistor and methods of manufacture. The structure includes: a sub-collector region; a collector region above the sub-collector region; an intrinsic base region composed of intrinsic base material located above the collector region; an emitter located above and separated from the intrinsic base material; and a raised extrinsic base having a stepped configuration and separated from and self-aligned to the emitter. | 1. A structure comprising:
a sub-collector region; a collector region above the sub-collector region; an intrinsic base region composed of intrinsic base material located above the collector region; an emitter located above and separated from the intrinsic base material; and a raised extrinsic base having a stepped configuration and separated from and self-aligned to the emitter. 2. The structure of claim 1, wherein the emitter is separated from the intrinsic base material by an epitaxial film that has a width larger than the emitter. 3. The structure of claim 1, wherein the intrinsic base material is vertically separated from the emitter by an epitaxial film. 4. The structure of claim 3, wherein the raised extrinsic base is separated from the emitter by the epitaxial film which is directly under the emitter. 5. The structure of claim 4, wherein the raised extrinsic base is composed of semiconductor material directly contacting the intrinsic base material and part of the epitaxial film. 6. The structure of claim 5, wherein the semiconductor material is single crystalline material. 7. The structure of claim 4, wherein the stepped configuration of the raised extrinsic base is adjacent to the emitter. 8. The structure of claim 7, wherein the stepped configuration of the raised extrinsic base is directly covering the epitaxial film. 9. The structure of claim 3, wherein the epitaxial film and the raised extrinsic base are directly contacting semiconductor material of the intrinsic base region. 10. The structure of claim 2, wherein doped material extending from the collector region above the sub-collector region and beyond edges of the epitaxial film form a low resistance path to the sub-collector region, and contacts connect directly to the low resistance path. 11. The structure of claim 1, wherein the emitter and the extrinsic base are provided in a double mesa structure. 12. A structure comprising:
a sub-collector region; a collector region above the sub-collector region; an intrinsic base above the collector region; an emitter vertically separated from the intrinsic base by an epitaxial film; an extrinsic base self-aligned to the emitter and separated from the emitter by the epitaxial film; and an extrinsic base formed directly on the intrinsic base and on part of the epitaxial film, the extrinsic base having a stepped portion. 13. The structure of claim 12, wherein the extrinsic base is a raised extrinsic base comprising a single crystal semiconductor material and the stepped portion is adjacent to the emitter and directly covering the epitaxial film. 14. The structure of claim 13, wherein the extrinsic base is separated from the emitter by the epitaxial film and sidewalls of the emitter. 15. The structure of claim 14, wherein collector material of the collector region is doped to form a low resistance path to the sub-collector region and a contact connects directly to the low resistance path. 16. The structure of claim 12, further comprising contacts connecting directly to the sub-collector region. 17. The structure of claim 12, wherein the epitaxial film that has a width larger than the emitter such that a surface of the epitaxial film remains exposed. 18. The structure of claim 12, wherein the emitter and the extrinsic base form a double mesa structure. 19. A method, comprising
forming a collector region and a base region by epitaxy processes; depositing a dielectric layer on top of the base region; opening a window in the dielectric layer; growing semiconductor material in the window by selective epitaxy to an approximate thickness of the dielectric layer; forming a semiconductor emitter film on the semiconductor material; patterning the semiconductor emitter film, stopping on the dielectric layer; forming a spacer around the emitter; patterning and etching the base region; and forming contacts to the emitter, the base region and the collector region. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising removing the dielectric layer after forming of the spacer. | The present disclosure relates to semiconductor structures and, more particularly, to a heterojunction bipolar transistor and methods of manufacture. The structure includes: a sub-collector region; a collector region above the sub-collector region; an intrinsic base region composed of intrinsic base material located above the collector region; an emitter located above and separated from the intrinsic base material; and a raised extrinsic base having a stepped configuration and separated from and self-aligned to the emitter.1. A structure comprising:
a sub-collector region; a collector region above the sub-collector region; an intrinsic base region composed of intrinsic base material located above the collector region; an emitter located above and separated from the intrinsic base material; and a raised extrinsic base having a stepped configuration and separated from and self-aligned to the emitter. 2. The structure of claim 1, wherein the emitter is separated from the intrinsic base material by an epitaxial film that has a width larger than the emitter. 3. The structure of claim 1, wherein the intrinsic base material is vertically separated from the emitter by an epitaxial film. 4. The structure of claim 3, wherein the raised extrinsic base is separated from the emitter by the epitaxial film which is directly under the emitter. 5. The structure of claim 4, wherein the raised extrinsic base is composed of semiconductor material directly contacting the intrinsic base material and part of the epitaxial film. 6. The structure of claim 5, wherein the semiconductor material is single crystalline material. 7. The structure of claim 4, wherein the stepped configuration of the raised extrinsic base is adjacent to the emitter. 8. The structure of claim 7, wherein the stepped configuration of the raised extrinsic base is directly covering the epitaxial film. 9. The structure of claim 3, wherein the epitaxial film and the raised extrinsic base are directly contacting semiconductor material of the intrinsic base region. 10. The structure of claim 2, wherein doped material extending from the collector region above the sub-collector region and beyond edges of the epitaxial film form a low resistance path to the sub-collector region, and contacts connect directly to the low resistance path. 11. The structure of claim 1, wherein the emitter and the extrinsic base are provided in a double mesa structure. 12. A structure comprising:
a sub-collector region; a collector region above the sub-collector region; an intrinsic base above the collector region; an emitter vertically separated from the intrinsic base by an epitaxial film; an extrinsic base self-aligned to the emitter and separated from the emitter by the epitaxial film; and an extrinsic base formed directly on the intrinsic base and on part of the epitaxial film, the extrinsic base having a stepped portion. 13. The structure of claim 12, wherein the extrinsic base is a raised extrinsic base comprising a single crystal semiconductor material and the stepped portion is adjacent to the emitter and directly covering the epitaxial film. 14. The structure of claim 13, wherein the extrinsic base is separated from the emitter by the epitaxial film and sidewalls of the emitter. 15. The structure of claim 14, wherein collector material of the collector region is doped to form a low resistance path to the sub-collector region and a contact connects directly to the low resistance path. 16. The structure of claim 12, further comprising contacts connecting directly to the sub-collector region. 17. The structure of claim 12, wherein the epitaxial film that has a width larger than the emitter such that a surface of the epitaxial film remains exposed. 18. The structure of claim 12, wherein the emitter and the extrinsic base form a double mesa structure. 19. A method, comprising
forming a collector region and a base region by epitaxy processes; depositing a dielectric layer on top of the base region; opening a window in the dielectric layer; growing semiconductor material in the window by selective epitaxy to an approximate thickness of the dielectric layer; forming a semiconductor emitter film on the semiconductor material; patterning the semiconductor emitter film, stopping on the dielectric layer; forming a spacer around the emitter; patterning and etching the base region; and forming contacts to the emitter, the base region and the collector region. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising removing the dielectric layer after forming of the spacer. | 1,700 |
346,002 | 16,804,448 | 1,774 | Generating self-issued claims anchored by DIDs and using the self-issued claims as self-identification. The computing system generates one or more claims, each of which includes at least information related to (1) a DID, (2) a property of a subject entity who is an owner of the DID, and (3) a value corresponding to the property. For each of the one or more claims, the computing system generates a cryptographic signature by signing the claim with a private key associated with the corresponding DID. The cryptographic signature proves that the claim is a self-issued claim, which is issued by the owner of the corresponding DID and is about the owner of the corresponding DID. A portion of data related to the self-issued claim is then propagated onto a distributed ledger. | 1. A computing system comprising:
one or more processors; and one or more computer-readable media having thereon computer-executable instructions that are structured such that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the computing system to perform the following:
generate one or more claims, each of which including at least information related to (1) a decentralized identifier (DID), (2) a property of a subject entity who is an owner of the DID, and (3) a value corresponding to the property;
for each of the one or more claims,
generate a cryptographic signature by signing the claim with a private key associated with the corresponding DID, the cryptographic signature proving that the claim is a self-issued claim, which is issued by the subject entity and is about the subject entity; and
propagate a portion of data related to the self-issued claim onto a distributed ledger. 2. The computing system of claim 1, further caused to:
receive a user indication from the subject entity for generating a self-issued claim, the user indication including specifying at least (1) a DID, (2) a property of the subject entity, and (3) a value corresponding to the property; and generate a self-issued claim based on the user indication. 3. The computing system of claim 1, the computing system further caused to record one of the following with at least one of the one or more self-issued claims as metadata: (1) a unique identifier identifying the corresponding self-issued claim, (2) one or more conditions for accessing the corresponding self-issued claim, or (5) one or more revocation mechanisms for revoking the corresponding self-issued claim. 4. The computing system of claim 3, the one or more conditions comprising at least one of the following: (1) requiring a relying entity to pay a predetermined amount of cryptocurrency, (2) requiring a relying entity to provide identification information, (3) requiring a relying entity to provide one or more verifiable claim(s), (4) requiring a relying entity to grant permission for accessing a portion of data, or (5) requiring a relying entity to provide a particular service. 5. The computing system of claim 3, the one or more revocation mechanisms comprising at least one of the following: (1) an expiration time of the corresponding self-issued claim, (2) a predetermined number of times that the corresponding self-issued claim can be accessed by a relying entity, (3) an automatic revocation mechanism that automatically revokes the corresponding self-issued claim in response to a change of data contained in a DID document of the corresponding DID or personal data of the owner of the corresponding DID, or (4) a manual revocation mechanism that allows the owner of the corresponding DID to manually revoke the self-issued claim. 6. The computing system of claim 1, the computing system further caused to perform the following:
receive a request from a relying entity for self-identification of the subject entity; and in response to the request,
select at least one self-issued claim of the subject entity;
generate identification data including the at least one self-issued claim;
send the generated identification data to the relying entity; and
cause the identification data to be validated by the relying entity via data related to the at least one self-issued claim that is propagated onto the distributed ledger. 7. The computing system of claim 6, wherein:
the request from the relying entity includes a request for a value of a particular property of the subject entity, in response to the request, the computing system is caused to:
access personal data of the subject entity or a DID document of the DID to retrieve the value of the particular property of the subject entity;
generate a self-issued claim including the retrieved value of the particular property, and
generate identification data including the self-issued claim. 8. The computing system of claim 6, wherein the validating the identification data comprises validating each of the at least one self-issued claim, the validating each self-issued claim comprising:
extracting at least one self-issued claim from the identification data; obtaining a public key of the DID; decrypting the cryptographic signature of the at least one self-issued claim by the public key of the DID; retrieving data related to the at least one self-issued claim from the distributed ledger; and determining whether a result of the decryption is valid based on the portion of data related to the self-issued claim. 9. The computing system of claim 6, the computing system further caused to:
receive a public key of the relying entity; encrypt the identification data by the public key of the relying entity; and send the encrypted identification data to the relying entity. 10. The computing system of claim 6, the computing system further caused to:
map a plurality of self-issued claims to a plurality of relying entities; record the mapping between the plurality of self-issued claims and the plurality of relying entities as mapping data; and in response to receiving a request from a particular relying entity for self-identification,
access the mapping data to retrieve one or more self-issued claims that are mapped to the particular relying entity; and
generate identification data including the one or more self-issued claims. 11. The computing system of claim 10, the computing system further caused to:
receive a user input from the subject entity to generate or update the mapping data, the user input indicating mapping one or more particular self-issued claims to one or more particular relying entities; update the mapping data based on the user input. 12. The computing system of claim 6, in response to receiving a request from a relying entity for self-identification, the computing system further caused to:
determine whether metadata associated with the at least one claim includes one or more conditions and whether the one or more conditions are satisfied; in response to a determination that the one or more conditions are satisfied, generate the identification data; and in response to a determination that the one or more conditions are not satisfied, deny the request from the relying entity and generate a notification notifying the subject entity. 13. The computing system of claim 6, the computing system further caused to:
in response to a change of a value of a property that is associated with a self-issued claim, revoke a self-issued claim that includes the value of the property or update the self-issued claim with the changed value of the property. 14. A computing system associated with a relying entity, comprising:
one or more processors; and one or more computer-readable media having thereon computer-executable instructions that are structured such that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the computing system to perform the following:
send a request to a device of a subject entity who is an owner of a DID for self-identification;
receive identification data from the device of the subject entity, the identification data containing at least one self-issued claim that includes a cryptographic signature proving that the subject entity is the issuer of the self-issued claim;
extract the at least one self-issued claim from the identification data;
obtain a public key of the DID;
decrypt the cryptographic signature with the public key associated with the DID;
retrieve data related to the at least one self-issued claim from a distributed ledger; and
validate the decrypted cryptographic signature based on the retrieved data from the distributed ledger. 15. The computing system of claim 14, wherein:
the public key associated with the DID is propagated onto the distributed ledger; and the computing system is caused to retrieve the public key from the distributed ledger. 16. The computing system of claim 14, wherein:
a hash of the public key or a hash of the at least one self-issued claim is propagated onto the distributed ledger; the public key associated with the DID is included in the identification data; and the computing system is caused to:
extract the public key associated with the DID from identification data;
retrieve the hash of the public key or a hash of the at least one self-issued claim from the distributed ledger; and
validate the self-issued claim based on the hash of the public key or the hash of the at least one self-issued claim. 17. The computing system of claim 14, the computing system further caused to:
send a public key of the computing system to the device of the subject entity; cause the device of the subject entity to encrypt the identification data with the public key of the computing system; and in response to receiving the encrypted identification data, decrypt the encrypted identification data by a private key corresponding to the public key. 18. The computing system of claim 14, the computing system further caused to:
determine that the at least one self-issued claim includes one or more conditions; in response to validation of the self-issued claim, perform an action to fulfill the one or more conditions. 19. The computing system of claim 18, wherein the one or more conditions comprising at least one of the following: (1) requiring the relying entity to pay a predetermined amount of cryptocurrency, (2) requiring the relying entity to provide identification information of a user, (3) requiring the relying entity to provide one or more verifiable claims of a user, (4) requiring the relying entity to grant permission for accessing a portion of data, or (5) requiring the relying entity to provide a particular service. 20. A method for issuing and presenting self-issued claims in a decentralized environment, the method comprising:
generating one or more claims, each of which including at least information related to (1) a decentralized identifier (DID), (2) a property of a subject entity who is an owner of the DID, and (3) a value corresponding to the property; for each of the one or more claims,
generating a cryptographic signature by signing the claim with a private key associated with the corresponding DID, the cryptographic signature proving that the claim is a self-issued claim, which is issued by the subject entity and is about the subject entity; and
propagating a portion of data related to the self-issued claim onto a distributed ledger. | Generating self-issued claims anchored by DIDs and using the self-issued claims as self-identification. The computing system generates one or more claims, each of which includes at least information related to (1) a DID, (2) a property of a subject entity who is an owner of the DID, and (3) a value corresponding to the property. For each of the one or more claims, the computing system generates a cryptographic signature by signing the claim with a private key associated with the corresponding DID. The cryptographic signature proves that the claim is a self-issued claim, which is issued by the owner of the corresponding DID and is about the owner of the corresponding DID. A portion of data related to the self-issued claim is then propagated onto a distributed ledger.1. A computing system comprising:
one or more processors; and one or more computer-readable media having thereon computer-executable instructions that are structured such that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the computing system to perform the following:
generate one or more claims, each of which including at least information related to (1) a decentralized identifier (DID), (2) a property of a subject entity who is an owner of the DID, and (3) a value corresponding to the property;
for each of the one or more claims,
generate a cryptographic signature by signing the claim with a private key associated with the corresponding DID, the cryptographic signature proving that the claim is a self-issued claim, which is issued by the subject entity and is about the subject entity; and
propagate a portion of data related to the self-issued claim onto a distributed ledger. 2. The computing system of claim 1, further caused to:
receive a user indication from the subject entity for generating a self-issued claim, the user indication including specifying at least (1) a DID, (2) a property of the subject entity, and (3) a value corresponding to the property; and generate a self-issued claim based on the user indication. 3. The computing system of claim 1, the computing system further caused to record one of the following with at least one of the one or more self-issued claims as metadata: (1) a unique identifier identifying the corresponding self-issued claim, (2) one or more conditions for accessing the corresponding self-issued claim, or (5) one or more revocation mechanisms for revoking the corresponding self-issued claim. 4. The computing system of claim 3, the one or more conditions comprising at least one of the following: (1) requiring a relying entity to pay a predetermined amount of cryptocurrency, (2) requiring a relying entity to provide identification information, (3) requiring a relying entity to provide one or more verifiable claim(s), (4) requiring a relying entity to grant permission for accessing a portion of data, or (5) requiring a relying entity to provide a particular service. 5. The computing system of claim 3, the one or more revocation mechanisms comprising at least one of the following: (1) an expiration time of the corresponding self-issued claim, (2) a predetermined number of times that the corresponding self-issued claim can be accessed by a relying entity, (3) an automatic revocation mechanism that automatically revokes the corresponding self-issued claim in response to a change of data contained in a DID document of the corresponding DID or personal data of the owner of the corresponding DID, or (4) a manual revocation mechanism that allows the owner of the corresponding DID to manually revoke the self-issued claim. 6. The computing system of claim 1, the computing system further caused to perform the following:
receive a request from a relying entity for self-identification of the subject entity; and in response to the request,
select at least one self-issued claim of the subject entity;
generate identification data including the at least one self-issued claim;
send the generated identification data to the relying entity; and
cause the identification data to be validated by the relying entity via data related to the at least one self-issued claim that is propagated onto the distributed ledger. 7. The computing system of claim 6, wherein:
the request from the relying entity includes a request for a value of a particular property of the subject entity, in response to the request, the computing system is caused to:
access personal data of the subject entity or a DID document of the DID to retrieve the value of the particular property of the subject entity;
generate a self-issued claim including the retrieved value of the particular property, and
generate identification data including the self-issued claim. 8. The computing system of claim 6, wherein the validating the identification data comprises validating each of the at least one self-issued claim, the validating each self-issued claim comprising:
extracting at least one self-issued claim from the identification data; obtaining a public key of the DID; decrypting the cryptographic signature of the at least one self-issued claim by the public key of the DID; retrieving data related to the at least one self-issued claim from the distributed ledger; and determining whether a result of the decryption is valid based on the portion of data related to the self-issued claim. 9. The computing system of claim 6, the computing system further caused to:
receive a public key of the relying entity; encrypt the identification data by the public key of the relying entity; and send the encrypted identification data to the relying entity. 10. The computing system of claim 6, the computing system further caused to:
map a plurality of self-issued claims to a plurality of relying entities; record the mapping between the plurality of self-issued claims and the plurality of relying entities as mapping data; and in response to receiving a request from a particular relying entity for self-identification,
access the mapping data to retrieve one or more self-issued claims that are mapped to the particular relying entity; and
generate identification data including the one or more self-issued claims. 11. The computing system of claim 10, the computing system further caused to:
receive a user input from the subject entity to generate or update the mapping data, the user input indicating mapping one or more particular self-issued claims to one or more particular relying entities; update the mapping data based on the user input. 12. The computing system of claim 6, in response to receiving a request from a relying entity for self-identification, the computing system further caused to:
determine whether metadata associated with the at least one claim includes one or more conditions and whether the one or more conditions are satisfied; in response to a determination that the one or more conditions are satisfied, generate the identification data; and in response to a determination that the one or more conditions are not satisfied, deny the request from the relying entity and generate a notification notifying the subject entity. 13. The computing system of claim 6, the computing system further caused to:
in response to a change of a value of a property that is associated with a self-issued claim, revoke a self-issued claim that includes the value of the property or update the self-issued claim with the changed value of the property. 14. A computing system associated with a relying entity, comprising:
one or more processors; and one or more computer-readable media having thereon computer-executable instructions that are structured such that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the computing system to perform the following:
send a request to a device of a subject entity who is an owner of a DID for self-identification;
receive identification data from the device of the subject entity, the identification data containing at least one self-issued claim that includes a cryptographic signature proving that the subject entity is the issuer of the self-issued claim;
extract the at least one self-issued claim from the identification data;
obtain a public key of the DID;
decrypt the cryptographic signature with the public key associated with the DID;
retrieve data related to the at least one self-issued claim from a distributed ledger; and
validate the decrypted cryptographic signature based on the retrieved data from the distributed ledger. 15. The computing system of claim 14, wherein:
the public key associated with the DID is propagated onto the distributed ledger; and the computing system is caused to retrieve the public key from the distributed ledger. 16. The computing system of claim 14, wherein:
a hash of the public key or a hash of the at least one self-issued claim is propagated onto the distributed ledger; the public key associated with the DID is included in the identification data; and the computing system is caused to:
extract the public key associated with the DID from identification data;
retrieve the hash of the public key or a hash of the at least one self-issued claim from the distributed ledger; and
validate the self-issued claim based on the hash of the public key or the hash of the at least one self-issued claim. 17. The computing system of claim 14, the computing system further caused to:
send a public key of the computing system to the device of the subject entity; cause the device of the subject entity to encrypt the identification data with the public key of the computing system; and in response to receiving the encrypted identification data, decrypt the encrypted identification data by a private key corresponding to the public key. 18. The computing system of claim 14, the computing system further caused to:
determine that the at least one self-issued claim includes one or more conditions; in response to validation of the self-issued claim, perform an action to fulfill the one or more conditions. 19. The computing system of claim 18, wherein the one or more conditions comprising at least one of the following: (1) requiring the relying entity to pay a predetermined amount of cryptocurrency, (2) requiring the relying entity to provide identification information of a user, (3) requiring the relying entity to provide one or more verifiable claims of a user, (4) requiring the relying entity to grant permission for accessing a portion of data, or (5) requiring the relying entity to provide a particular service. 20. A method for issuing and presenting self-issued claims in a decentralized environment, the method comprising:
generating one or more claims, each of which including at least information related to (1) a decentralized identifier (DID), (2) a property of a subject entity who is an owner of the DID, and (3) a value corresponding to the property; for each of the one or more claims,
generating a cryptographic signature by signing the claim with a private key associated with the corresponding DID, the cryptographic signature proving that the claim is a self-issued claim, which is issued by the subject entity and is about the subject entity; and
propagating a portion of data related to the self-issued claim onto a distributed ledger. | 1,700 |
346,003 | 16,804,408 | 1,774 | A vehicle may include a sensor configured to acquire detecting data including front road surface information; a suspension including a spring and a damper; and a controller including a processor and a memory; wherein the controller is configured to identify an unevenness of the front road surface based on the detecting data and control the suspension based on damping force setting information corresponding to the unevenness when the vehicle reaches the unevenness. | 1. A vehicle comprising:
a sensor configured to acquire detecting data including road surface information; a suspension including an elastic member and a damper; and a controller including a processor and a memory and connected to the sensor and the suspension; wherein the controller is configured to identify an unevenness of a road surface based on the detecting data and to control the suspension based on damping force setting information corresponding to the unevenness upon determining that the vehicle reaches the unevenness. 2. The vehicle according to claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to estimate a length and a height of the unevenness based on the detecting data and to acquire the damping force setting information corresponding to the estimated length and the estimated height of the unevenness from the memory. 3. The vehicle according to claim 2, wherein the damping force setting information includes first data about a plurality of control sections set based on the length and the height of the unevenness and second data about damping force set for each of the plurality of control sections. 4. The vehicle according to claim 3, wherein the controller is configured to control the suspension based on the damping force set for each of the plurality of control sections while the vehicle passes over the unevenness. 5. The vehicle according to claim 4, wherein the controller is configured to control the suspension to reduce the damping force in a boundary section located between the road surface and a bump upon determining that the unevenness is the bump. 6. The vehicle according to claim 5,
wherein the boundary section includes a first boundary section and a second boundary section in a driving direction of the vehicle, and wherein the controller is configured to control the suspension to reduce the damping force in the first boundary section to a first predetermined damping force and to reduce the damping force in the second boundary section to a second predetermined damping force, and wherein the first predetermined damping force is lower than the second predetermined damping force. 7. The vehicle according to claim 4, wherein the controller is configured to control the suspension to increase the damping force to a first predetermined damping force in an intermediate section located between first and second boundary sections between the road surface and a bump upon determining that the unevenness is the bump. 8. The vehicle according to claim 7,
wherein the boundary section includes a first boundary section and a second boundary section in a driving direction of the vehicle, wherein the intermediate section is located between the first boundary section and the second boundary section, wherein the controller is configured to control the suspension to reduce the damping force in the first boundary section to a second predetermined damping force and to reduce the damping force in the second boundary section to a third predetermined damping force, and wherein the second predetermined damping force is lower than the third predetermined damping force and the third predetermined damping force is lower than the first predetermined damping force. 9. The vehicle according to claim 4, wherein the controller is configured to control the suspension to increase the damping force in an entry section of a pothole upon determining that the unevenness is the pothole and to control the suspension to reduce the damping force in an escape section of the pothole upon determining that an impact is expected in the escape section of the pothole. 10. The vehicle according to claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to estimate a distance from the vehicle to the unevenness and a time for the vehicle to reach the unevenness. 11. A method of controlling a vehicle, the method comprising:
acquiring detecting data including road surface information; identifying, by a controller, an unevenness of a road surface based on the detecting data; and controlling, by the controller, a suspension based on damping force setting information corresponding to the unevenness upon determining that the vehicle reaches the unevenness. 12. The method according to claim 11, further including:
estimating, by the controller, a length and a height of the unevenness based on the detecting data; and acquiring, by the controller, the damping force setting information corresponding to the estimated length and the estimated height of the unevenness from a memory of the controller. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the damping force setting information includes first data about a plurality of control sections set based on the length and the height of the unevenness and second data about a damping force set for each of the plurality of control sections. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the controlling the suspension includes:
controlling the suspension based on the damping force set for each of the plurality of control sections while the vehicle passes over the unevenness. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the controlling the suspension includes:
controlling the suspension to reduce the damping force in a boundary section located between the road surface and a bump upon determining that the unevenness is the bump. 16. The method according to claim 15,
wherein the boundary section includes a first boundary section and a second boundary section in a driving direction of the vehicle, wherein the controller is configured to control the suspension to reduce the damping force in the first boundary section to a first predetermined damping force and to reduce the damping force in the second boundary section to a second predetermined damping force, and wherein the first predetermined damping force is lower than the second predetermined damping force. 17. The method according to claim 14, wherein the controlling the suspension includes:
controlling the suspension to increase the damping force in an intermediate section located between first and second boundary sections located between the road surface and a bump upon determining that the unevenness is the bump. 18. The method according to claim 14, wherein the controlling the suspension includes:
controlling the suspension to increase the damping force in an entry section of a pothole upon determining that the unevenness is the pothole; and controlling the suspension to reduce the damping force in an escape section of the pothole upon determining that an impact is expected in the escape section of the pothole. 19. The method according to claim 11, wherein the identifying the unevenness includes:
estimating a distance from the vehicle to the unevenness and a time for the vehicle to reach the unevenness. 20. A vehicle comprising:
a sensor configured to acquire detecting data including road surface information; a suspension including an elastic member and a damper; at least a processor electrically connected to the sensor and the suspension; and a memory electrically connected to the at least a processor; wherein the memory is configured to store at least an instruction configured to cause the at least a processor to identify unevenness on a road surface based on the detecting data and to control the suspension based on damping force setting information corresponding to the unevenness upon determining that the vehicle reaches the unevenness. | A vehicle may include a sensor configured to acquire detecting data including front road surface information; a suspension including a spring and a damper; and a controller including a processor and a memory; wherein the controller is configured to identify an unevenness of the front road surface based on the detecting data and control the suspension based on damping force setting information corresponding to the unevenness when the vehicle reaches the unevenness.1. A vehicle comprising:
a sensor configured to acquire detecting data including road surface information; a suspension including an elastic member and a damper; and a controller including a processor and a memory and connected to the sensor and the suspension; wherein the controller is configured to identify an unevenness of a road surface based on the detecting data and to control the suspension based on damping force setting information corresponding to the unevenness upon determining that the vehicle reaches the unevenness. 2. The vehicle according to claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to estimate a length and a height of the unevenness based on the detecting data and to acquire the damping force setting information corresponding to the estimated length and the estimated height of the unevenness from the memory. 3. The vehicle according to claim 2, wherein the damping force setting information includes first data about a plurality of control sections set based on the length and the height of the unevenness and second data about damping force set for each of the plurality of control sections. 4. The vehicle according to claim 3, wherein the controller is configured to control the suspension based on the damping force set for each of the plurality of control sections while the vehicle passes over the unevenness. 5. The vehicle according to claim 4, wherein the controller is configured to control the suspension to reduce the damping force in a boundary section located between the road surface and a bump upon determining that the unevenness is the bump. 6. The vehicle according to claim 5,
wherein the boundary section includes a first boundary section and a second boundary section in a driving direction of the vehicle, and wherein the controller is configured to control the suspension to reduce the damping force in the first boundary section to a first predetermined damping force and to reduce the damping force in the second boundary section to a second predetermined damping force, and wherein the first predetermined damping force is lower than the second predetermined damping force. 7. The vehicle according to claim 4, wherein the controller is configured to control the suspension to increase the damping force to a first predetermined damping force in an intermediate section located between first and second boundary sections between the road surface and a bump upon determining that the unevenness is the bump. 8. The vehicle according to claim 7,
wherein the boundary section includes a first boundary section and a second boundary section in a driving direction of the vehicle, wherein the intermediate section is located between the first boundary section and the second boundary section, wherein the controller is configured to control the suspension to reduce the damping force in the first boundary section to a second predetermined damping force and to reduce the damping force in the second boundary section to a third predetermined damping force, and wherein the second predetermined damping force is lower than the third predetermined damping force and the third predetermined damping force is lower than the first predetermined damping force. 9. The vehicle according to claim 4, wherein the controller is configured to control the suspension to increase the damping force in an entry section of a pothole upon determining that the unevenness is the pothole and to control the suspension to reduce the damping force in an escape section of the pothole upon determining that an impact is expected in the escape section of the pothole. 10. The vehicle according to claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to estimate a distance from the vehicle to the unevenness and a time for the vehicle to reach the unevenness. 11. A method of controlling a vehicle, the method comprising:
acquiring detecting data including road surface information; identifying, by a controller, an unevenness of a road surface based on the detecting data; and controlling, by the controller, a suspension based on damping force setting information corresponding to the unevenness upon determining that the vehicle reaches the unevenness. 12. The method according to claim 11, further including:
estimating, by the controller, a length and a height of the unevenness based on the detecting data; and acquiring, by the controller, the damping force setting information corresponding to the estimated length and the estimated height of the unevenness from a memory of the controller. 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the damping force setting information includes first data about a plurality of control sections set based on the length and the height of the unevenness and second data about a damping force set for each of the plurality of control sections. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the controlling the suspension includes:
controlling the suspension based on the damping force set for each of the plurality of control sections while the vehicle passes over the unevenness. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the controlling the suspension includes:
controlling the suspension to reduce the damping force in a boundary section located between the road surface and a bump upon determining that the unevenness is the bump. 16. The method according to claim 15,
wherein the boundary section includes a first boundary section and a second boundary section in a driving direction of the vehicle, wherein the controller is configured to control the suspension to reduce the damping force in the first boundary section to a first predetermined damping force and to reduce the damping force in the second boundary section to a second predetermined damping force, and wherein the first predetermined damping force is lower than the second predetermined damping force. 17. The method according to claim 14, wherein the controlling the suspension includes:
controlling the suspension to increase the damping force in an intermediate section located between first and second boundary sections located between the road surface and a bump upon determining that the unevenness is the bump. 18. The method according to claim 14, wherein the controlling the suspension includes:
controlling the suspension to increase the damping force in an entry section of a pothole upon determining that the unevenness is the pothole; and controlling the suspension to reduce the damping force in an escape section of the pothole upon determining that an impact is expected in the escape section of the pothole. 19. The method according to claim 11, wherein the identifying the unevenness includes:
estimating a distance from the vehicle to the unevenness and a time for the vehicle to reach the unevenness. 20. A vehicle comprising:
a sensor configured to acquire detecting data including road surface information; a suspension including an elastic member and a damper; at least a processor electrically connected to the sensor and the suspension; and a memory electrically connected to the at least a processor; wherein the memory is configured to store at least an instruction configured to cause the at least a processor to identify unevenness on a road surface based on the detecting data and to control the suspension based on damping force setting information corresponding to the unevenness upon determining that the vehicle reaches the unevenness. | 1,700 |
346,004 | 16,804,462 | 3,679 | A fluid coupling includes a body including a plurality of segments and one or more links connecting the segments in a substantially annular configuration. At least one of the one or more links may be adjustable to modify a diameter of the body. The body may have a substantially U-shaped a cross-section with a first tapered portion, a second tapered portion, a first planar portion, a second planar portion, and/or a third planar portion. The body may include a first rounded corned and a second rounded corner. The first planar portion may be disposed substantially between the first tapered portion and the first rounded corner, the second planar portion may be disposed substantially between the first rounded corner and the second rounded corner, and/or the third planar portion may be disposed substantially between the second rounded corner and the second tapered portion. | 1. A fluid coupling, comprising:
a body including a plurality of segments; one or more links connecting the segments in a substantially annular configuration; wherein at least one of the one or more links is adjustable to modify a diameter of the body; and the body has substantially U-shaped a cross-section with a first tapered portion, a second tapered portion, a first planar portion, a second planar portion, and a third planar portion. 2. The fluid coupling of claim 1, wherein the body includes a first rounded corned and a second rounded corner. 3. The fluid coupling of claim 2, wherein the first planar portion is disposed substantially between the first tapered portion and the first rounded corner;
the second planar portion is disposed substantially between the first rounded corner and the second rounded corner; and the third planar portion is disposed substantially between the second rounded corner and the second tapered portion. 4. The fluid coupling of claim 2, wherein a radius of the first rounded corner is greater than about 0.05 inches. 5. The fluid coupling of claim 2, wherein the body includes a third rounded corner and a fourth rounded corner. 6. The fluid coupling of claim 5, wherein a radius of the third rounded corner is at least 40% smaller than a radius of the first rounded corner. 7. The fluid coupling of claim 1, wherein the first planar portion and the third planar portion are shorter than the second planar portion. 8. The fluid coupling of claim 7, wherein the first planar portion and the third planar portion are shorter than the first tapered portion and the second tapered portion. 9. The fluid coupling of claim 1, wherein the first tapered portion is disposed at an angle of about 15 degrees to about 25 degrees. 10. The fluid coupling of claim 9, wherein the angle is about 19 degrees. 11. The fluid coupling of claim 1, wherein the second planar portion is at least twice as long as the first planar portion. 12. The fluid coupling of claim 1, wherein the body include a recess formed, at least in part, by the first tapered portion, the second tapered portion, the first planar portion, the second planar portion, and the third planar portion; and
the recess is configured to at least partially receive and retain a first flange of a first fluid conduit and a second flange of a second fluid conduit. 13. The fluid coupling of claim 1, wherein the body is configured to at least partially receive and retain AS1985 joints. 14. The fluid coupling of claim 1, wherein the body and the one or more links are configured to apply a clamping force to corresponding mating surfaces of flanges of fluid conduits; and
said corresponding mating surfaces are radially offset from outer edges of said flanges. 15. An aircraft bleed air system, comprising:
a first fluid conduit including a first flange; a second fluid conduit including a second flange; and a fluid coupling retaining the first flange and the second flange, the fluid coupling comprising:
a body including a plurality of segments; and
one or more links connecting the segments in a substantially annular configuration;
wherein at least one of the one or more links is adjustable to modify a diameter of the body and clamp the body onto the first flange and the second flange; and a cross-section of the body is substantially U-shaped with a first tapered portion, a second tapered portion, a first planar portion, a second planar portion, and a third planar portion. 16. The aircraft bleed air system of claim 15, wherein the first planar portion is disposed substantially between the first tapered portion and a first rounded corner;
the second planar portion is disposed substantially between the first rounded corner and a second rounded corner; and the third planar portion is disposed substantially between the second rounded corner and the second tapered portion. 17. The aircraft bleed air system of claim 16, wherein the first fluid conduit and the second fluid conduit are rigid metal ducts; and
the first fluid conduit, the second fluid conduit, and the fluid coupling are configured for fluid pressures of at least 750 psig and at least 15,000 in-lbs of bending torque. 18. The aircraft bleed air system of claim 16, wherein the plurality of segments includes three segments and the one or more links includes three links connecting the three segments together. 19. The aircraft bleed air system of claim 18, wherein the three links include at least two curved links; and
a curvature of the curved links is configured to receive respective tabs of the first flange and/or the second flange. 20. The aircraft bleed air system of claim 15, wherein the first flange and the second flange include corresponding mating surfaces that are radially offset from ends of the first flange and the second flange; and
the fluid coupling applies a clamping force to the first flange and the second flange at or about the corresponding mating surfaces. | A fluid coupling includes a body including a plurality of segments and one or more links connecting the segments in a substantially annular configuration. At least one of the one or more links may be adjustable to modify a diameter of the body. The body may have a substantially U-shaped a cross-section with a first tapered portion, a second tapered portion, a first planar portion, a second planar portion, and/or a third planar portion. The body may include a first rounded corned and a second rounded corner. The first planar portion may be disposed substantially between the first tapered portion and the first rounded corner, the second planar portion may be disposed substantially between the first rounded corner and the second rounded corner, and/or the third planar portion may be disposed substantially between the second rounded corner and the second tapered portion.1. A fluid coupling, comprising:
a body including a plurality of segments; one or more links connecting the segments in a substantially annular configuration; wherein at least one of the one or more links is adjustable to modify a diameter of the body; and the body has substantially U-shaped a cross-section with a first tapered portion, a second tapered portion, a first planar portion, a second planar portion, and a third planar portion. 2. The fluid coupling of claim 1, wherein the body includes a first rounded corned and a second rounded corner. 3. The fluid coupling of claim 2, wherein the first planar portion is disposed substantially between the first tapered portion and the first rounded corner;
the second planar portion is disposed substantially between the first rounded corner and the second rounded corner; and the third planar portion is disposed substantially between the second rounded corner and the second tapered portion. 4. The fluid coupling of claim 2, wherein a radius of the first rounded corner is greater than about 0.05 inches. 5. The fluid coupling of claim 2, wherein the body includes a third rounded corner and a fourth rounded corner. 6. The fluid coupling of claim 5, wherein a radius of the third rounded corner is at least 40% smaller than a radius of the first rounded corner. 7. The fluid coupling of claim 1, wherein the first planar portion and the third planar portion are shorter than the second planar portion. 8. The fluid coupling of claim 7, wherein the first planar portion and the third planar portion are shorter than the first tapered portion and the second tapered portion. 9. The fluid coupling of claim 1, wherein the first tapered portion is disposed at an angle of about 15 degrees to about 25 degrees. 10. The fluid coupling of claim 9, wherein the angle is about 19 degrees. 11. The fluid coupling of claim 1, wherein the second planar portion is at least twice as long as the first planar portion. 12. The fluid coupling of claim 1, wherein the body include a recess formed, at least in part, by the first tapered portion, the second tapered portion, the first planar portion, the second planar portion, and the third planar portion; and
the recess is configured to at least partially receive and retain a first flange of a first fluid conduit and a second flange of a second fluid conduit. 13. The fluid coupling of claim 1, wherein the body is configured to at least partially receive and retain AS1985 joints. 14. The fluid coupling of claim 1, wherein the body and the one or more links are configured to apply a clamping force to corresponding mating surfaces of flanges of fluid conduits; and
said corresponding mating surfaces are radially offset from outer edges of said flanges. 15. An aircraft bleed air system, comprising:
a first fluid conduit including a first flange; a second fluid conduit including a second flange; and a fluid coupling retaining the first flange and the second flange, the fluid coupling comprising:
a body including a plurality of segments; and
one or more links connecting the segments in a substantially annular configuration;
wherein at least one of the one or more links is adjustable to modify a diameter of the body and clamp the body onto the first flange and the second flange; and a cross-section of the body is substantially U-shaped with a first tapered portion, a second tapered portion, a first planar portion, a second planar portion, and a third planar portion. 16. The aircraft bleed air system of claim 15, wherein the first planar portion is disposed substantially between the first tapered portion and a first rounded corner;
the second planar portion is disposed substantially between the first rounded corner and a second rounded corner; and the third planar portion is disposed substantially between the second rounded corner and the second tapered portion. 17. The aircraft bleed air system of claim 16, wherein the first fluid conduit and the second fluid conduit are rigid metal ducts; and
the first fluid conduit, the second fluid conduit, and the fluid coupling are configured for fluid pressures of at least 750 psig and at least 15,000 in-lbs of bending torque. 18. The aircraft bleed air system of claim 16, wherein the plurality of segments includes three segments and the one or more links includes three links connecting the three segments together. 19. The aircraft bleed air system of claim 18, wherein the three links include at least two curved links; and
a curvature of the curved links is configured to receive respective tabs of the first flange and/or the second flange. 20. The aircraft bleed air system of claim 15, wherein the first flange and the second flange include corresponding mating surfaces that are radially offset from ends of the first flange and the second flange; and
the fluid coupling applies a clamping force to the first flange and the second flange at or about the corresponding mating surfaces. | 3,600 |
346,005 | 16,804,425 | 3,679 | According to one embodiment, an electrode is provided. The active material-containing layer includes an active material, inorganic solid particles having lithium ion conductivity, and carbon fiber. A pore diameter DM at the first peak is 0.05 μm to 10 μm. A value SA-SB is 1.4 or more in a slope distribution curve of the active material-containing layer, where a vertical axis of the slope distribution curve represents a slope of a straight line passing through two adjacent measurement points on the log differential pore volume distribution curve and a horizontal axis of the slope distribution curve represents a smaller pore diameter of the two adjacent measurement points. The value SA-SB is obtained by subtracting a minimum slope value SB from a maximum slope value SA. | 1. An electrode comprising:
an active material-containing layer including: an active material including a lithium-containing transition metal composite oxide; inorganic solid particles having lithium ion conductivity; and carbon fiber, wherein the active material-containing layer has a first peak indicating a maximum log differential pore volume in a log differential pore volume distribution curve according to mercury porosimetry, and a pore diameter DM at the first peak is 0.05 μm to 10 μm, a value SA-SB is 1.4 or more in a slope distribution curve of the active material-containing layer, where a vertical axis of the slope distribution curve represens a slope of a straight line passing through two adjacent measurement points on the log differential pore volume distribution curve and a horizontal axis of the slope distribution curve represens a smaller pore diameter of the two adjacent measurement points, and the value SA-SB is obtained by subtracting, from a maximum slope value SA in a range of pore diameters smaller than the pore diameter DM at the first peak, a minimum slope value SB in a range of pore diameters smaller than the pore diameter DM at the first peak and greater than the pore diameter at the maximum slope value SA. 2. The electrode according to claim 1, wherein the pore diameter DM at the first peak is 0.10 μm to 0.50 μm. 3. The electrode according to claim 1, wherein the value SA-SB is 1.5 to 2.0. 4. The electrode according to claim 1, wherein the active material-containing layer has a total pore volume of 0.05 mL/g to 0.10 mL/g according to the mercury porosimetry. 5. The electrode according to claim 1, wherein the lithium-containing transition metal composite oxide is represented by Li1−xNi1−a−bCoaMnbAcO2, where A is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Al, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mg, Cr, V, Fe, Ta, Mo, Zn, Ca, Sn, Si, and P, x is 0 to 1, a is 0 to 1, b is 0 to 1, a sum of a and b is 1 or less, and c is 0 to 1. 6. The electrode according to claim 1, wherein the inorganic solid particles include solid electrolyte particles having a lithium ion conductivity of 1×10−5 S/cm or more at 25° C. 7. The electrode according to claim 1, wherein the inorganic solid particles comprise at least one compound selected from a group consisting of: a metal oxide including at least one element selected from a group consisting of Ti, Ge, Sr, Zr, Sn, Al, Sc, Y, Ba, P, and Ca; a lanthanide oxide; and a sulfide including at least one element selected from a group consisting of Li, Ge, P, Si, Sn, Al, Ga, B, and In. 8. The electrode according to claim 1, wherein the carbon fiber has an average diameter of a cross section perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the carbon fiber of 1 nm to 200 nm. 9. The electrode according to claim 1, wherein the carbon fiber has an average length of 5 μm to 50 μm. 10. A secondary battery comprising: a positive electrode; a negative electrode; and an electrolyte, wherein at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode is the electrode according to claim 1. 11. The secondary battery according to claim 10, wherein the negative electrode comprises the titanium-containing composite oxide including at least one compound represented by a general formula selected from a group consisting of AxTiMyNb2−yO7±z where 0≤x≤5, 0≤y≤0.5, −0.3≤z≤0.3, M is at least one metal element other than Ti and Nb, A is at least one of Li and Na, Li2+aNa2Ti6O14 where 0≤a≤6, and LixTiO2 where 0≤x≤1. 12. A battery pack comprising the secondary battery according to claim 10. 13. The battery pack according to claim 12, further comprising:
an external power distribution terminal; and a protective circuit. 14. The battery pack according to claim 12, which includes plural of the secondary battery, wherein the plural of the secondary battery are electrically connected in series, in parallel, or in combination of series and parallel. 15. A vehicle comprising the battery pack according to claim 12. 16. The vehicle according to claim 15, which comprises a mechanism configured to convert kinetic energy of the vehicle into regenerative energy. | According to one embodiment, an electrode is provided. The active material-containing layer includes an active material, inorganic solid particles having lithium ion conductivity, and carbon fiber. A pore diameter DM at the first peak is 0.05 μm to 10 μm. A value SA-SB is 1.4 or more in a slope distribution curve of the active material-containing layer, where a vertical axis of the slope distribution curve represents a slope of a straight line passing through two adjacent measurement points on the log differential pore volume distribution curve and a horizontal axis of the slope distribution curve represents a smaller pore diameter of the two adjacent measurement points. The value SA-SB is obtained by subtracting a minimum slope value SB from a maximum slope value SA.1. An electrode comprising:
an active material-containing layer including: an active material including a lithium-containing transition metal composite oxide; inorganic solid particles having lithium ion conductivity; and carbon fiber, wherein the active material-containing layer has a first peak indicating a maximum log differential pore volume in a log differential pore volume distribution curve according to mercury porosimetry, and a pore diameter DM at the first peak is 0.05 μm to 10 μm, a value SA-SB is 1.4 or more in a slope distribution curve of the active material-containing layer, where a vertical axis of the slope distribution curve represens a slope of a straight line passing through two adjacent measurement points on the log differential pore volume distribution curve and a horizontal axis of the slope distribution curve represens a smaller pore diameter of the two adjacent measurement points, and the value SA-SB is obtained by subtracting, from a maximum slope value SA in a range of pore diameters smaller than the pore diameter DM at the first peak, a minimum slope value SB in a range of pore diameters smaller than the pore diameter DM at the first peak and greater than the pore diameter at the maximum slope value SA. 2. The electrode according to claim 1, wherein the pore diameter DM at the first peak is 0.10 μm to 0.50 μm. 3. The electrode according to claim 1, wherein the value SA-SB is 1.5 to 2.0. 4. The electrode according to claim 1, wherein the active material-containing layer has a total pore volume of 0.05 mL/g to 0.10 mL/g according to the mercury porosimetry. 5. The electrode according to claim 1, wherein the lithium-containing transition metal composite oxide is represented by Li1−xNi1−a−bCoaMnbAcO2, where A is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Al, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mg, Cr, V, Fe, Ta, Mo, Zn, Ca, Sn, Si, and P, x is 0 to 1, a is 0 to 1, b is 0 to 1, a sum of a and b is 1 or less, and c is 0 to 1. 6. The electrode according to claim 1, wherein the inorganic solid particles include solid electrolyte particles having a lithium ion conductivity of 1×10−5 S/cm or more at 25° C. 7. The electrode according to claim 1, wherein the inorganic solid particles comprise at least one compound selected from a group consisting of: a metal oxide including at least one element selected from a group consisting of Ti, Ge, Sr, Zr, Sn, Al, Sc, Y, Ba, P, and Ca; a lanthanide oxide; and a sulfide including at least one element selected from a group consisting of Li, Ge, P, Si, Sn, Al, Ga, B, and In. 8. The electrode according to claim 1, wherein the carbon fiber has an average diameter of a cross section perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the carbon fiber of 1 nm to 200 nm. 9. The electrode according to claim 1, wherein the carbon fiber has an average length of 5 μm to 50 μm. 10. A secondary battery comprising: a positive electrode; a negative electrode; and an electrolyte, wherein at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode is the electrode according to claim 1. 11. The secondary battery according to claim 10, wherein the negative electrode comprises the titanium-containing composite oxide including at least one compound represented by a general formula selected from a group consisting of AxTiMyNb2−yO7±z where 0≤x≤5, 0≤y≤0.5, −0.3≤z≤0.3, M is at least one metal element other than Ti and Nb, A is at least one of Li and Na, Li2+aNa2Ti6O14 where 0≤a≤6, and LixTiO2 where 0≤x≤1. 12. A battery pack comprising the secondary battery according to claim 10. 13. The battery pack according to claim 12, further comprising:
an external power distribution terminal; and a protective circuit. 14. The battery pack according to claim 12, which includes plural of the secondary battery, wherein the plural of the secondary battery are electrically connected in series, in parallel, or in combination of series and parallel. 15. A vehicle comprising the battery pack according to claim 12. 16. The vehicle according to claim 15, which comprises a mechanism configured to convert kinetic energy of the vehicle into regenerative energy. | 3,600 |
346,006 | 16,804,454 | 3,679 | A method for fabricating a semiconductor device includes providing a to-be-etched layer, including alternately arranged first regions and second regions along a first direction. Each second region includes a trench region. The method includes forming a first mask layer on the to-be-etched layer; forming a doped separation layer in the first mask layer on the second region of the to-be-etched layer to divide the first mask layer along a second direction perpendicular to the first direction; forming a first trench in the first mask layer on the first region; forming a separation filling layer to divide the first trench along the second direction; implanting doping ions into the first mask layer outside of the trench region; and removing the first mask layer formed in the trench region on both sides of the doped separation layer to form a second trench that is divided into portions along the second direction. | 1. A method for fabricating a semiconductor device, comprising:
providing a to-be-etched layer, including a plurality of first regions and a plurality of second regions arranged alternately along a first direction, wherein for a first region of the plurality of first regions adjacent to a second region of the plurality of second regions, the first region and the second region adjoin each other, and the second region of the plurality of second regions includes a trench region adjoining an adjacent first region; and forming a first mask layer on the to-be-etched layer in both the plurality of first regions and the plurality of second regions; forming a doped separation layer in the first mask layer on the second region of the to-be-etched layer, wherein the doped separation layer divides the first mask layer formed in the trench region into portions arranged in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction; forming a first trench in the first mask layer on the first region; forming a separation filling layer in the first trench, wherein the separation filling layer divides the first trench into portions arranged in the second direction; after forming the separation filling layer, implanting doping ions into the first mask layer formed outside of the trench region of the second region; and after implanting the doping ions into the first mask layer formed outside of the trench region, removing the first mask layer formed in the trench region on both sides of the doped separation layer to form a second trench in the first mask layer on the second region of the to-be-etched layer, wherein the doped separation layer divides the second trench into portions arranged in the second direction. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein forming the separation filling layer includes:
forming a blocking layer on the first mask layer and in a portion of the first trench, wherein the blocking layer includes a blocking-layer opening located on a portion of the first trench, the blocking-layer opening and the first trench are connected to each other, and the blocking-layer opening extends to the second region along the first direction; forming a separation filling film in the blocking-layer opening and the first trench exposed by the blocking-layer opening, and also on the blocking layer; removing a portion of the separation filling film formed above a top surface of the first mask layer to form the separation filling layer; and removing the blocking layer after removing the portion of the separation filling film formed above the top surface of the first mask layer. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein:
the blocking layer is made of a material including a carbon-containing organic polymer. 4. The method according to claim 2, wherein forming the blocking layer includes:
forming a first planarization film on the first mask layer and in the first trench; forming a first bottom anti-reflective layer on the first planarization film; forming and patterning a first photoresist layer on the first bottom anti-reflective layer, wherein the first photoresist layer includes a first lithography opening located on a portion of the first trench, and the first lithography opening extends to the second region along the first direction; removing a portion of the first bottom anti-reflective layer and the first planarization film on a bottom of the first lithography opening through an etching process using the first photoresist layer as an etch mask, such that the first planarization film forms the blocking layer; and removing the first photoresist layer and the first bottom anti-reflective layer. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein:
a size of the separation filling layer in the first direction is in a range of approximately 10 nm to 60 nm; and a size of the separation filling layer in the second direction is in a range of approximately 10 nm to 40 nm. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein:
the first trench is formed after forming the doped separation layer. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein:
the doped separation layer is formed after forming the first trench. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein forming the doped separation layer includes:
forming a second planarization layer on the first mask layer and in the first trench, wherein the second planarization layer fills up the first trench, and a top surface of the second planarization layer is above an opening of the first trench; forming a second bottom anti-reflective layer on the second planarization layer; forming and patterning a second photoresist layer on the second bottom anti-reflective layer, wherein the second photoresist layer includes a second lithography opening located on the second region on a side of the first trench along the first direction, and the second lithography opening extends to a portion of the first trench along the first direction; etching a portion of the second bottom anti-reflective layer and the second planarization layer on a bottom of the second lithography opening using the second photoresist layer as an etch mask until a top surface of the first mask layer is exposed; implanting doping ions into the first mask layer on the bottom of the second lithography opening using the second photoresist layer and the second planarization layer as an mask, wherein the first mask layer on the second region forms the doped separation layer; and removing the second planarization layer, the second bottom anti-reflective layer, and the second photoresist layer. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein:
the doping ions include boron ions or arsenic ions. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein:
the doped separation layer is located between two adjacent first trenches in the first direction; and the method further includes:
after forming the doped separation layer and prior to implanting the doping ions into the first mask layer outside of the trench region, forming a sidewall spacing layer on sidewalls of the first trench, wherein:
the separation filling layer is formed after forming the doped separation layer, and
after forming the second trench, sidewalls of the second trench expose the sidewall spacing layer. 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein:
the separation filling layer is formed after forming the sidewall spacing layer. 12. The method according to claim 10, wherein:
the sidewall spacing layer is formed after forming the separation filling layer. 13. The method according to claim 10, wherein:
the separation filling layer is formed during a process of forming the sidewall spacing layer. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein:
a material of the separation filling layer is different from a material of the sidewall spacing layer; and forming the mask sidewall layer and the separation filling layer includes:
forming a sidewall film on sidewall and bottom surfaces of the first trench, a top surface of the first mask layer and a surface of the doped separation layer;
forming a blocking layer on the first mask layer and the sidewall film, and also in a portion of the first trench, wherein the blocking layer includes a blocking-layer opening located on a portion of the first trench, the blocking-layer opening and the first trench are connected to each other, the blocking-layer opening extends to the second region along the first direction;
forming a separation filling film on the blocking layer and the sidewall film and also in the blocking-layer opening and the first trench exposed by the blocking-layer opening;
etching back the separation filling film and the blocking layer to form a separation filling layer until a surface of the sidewall film on the top surface of the first mask layer is exposed, wherein in a process of etching back the separation filling film and the blocking layer, the blocking layer formed in the first trench is also removed; and
after etching back the separation filling film and the blocking layer, etching back the sidewall film to form the sidewall spacing layer until the top surface of the first mask layer is exposed. 15. The method according to claim 1, wherein:
a process of removing the first mask layer formed in the trench region on both sides of the doped separation layer is a wet etching process. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein:
in the process of removing the first mask layer formed in the trench region on both sides of the doped separation layer, an etching rate of an undoped portion of the first mask layer is larger than an etching rate of a doped portion of the first mask layer; 17. The method according to claim 1, further including:
etching the to-be-etched layer on a bottom of the first trench to form a first target trench in the to-be-etched layer; etching the to-be-etched layer on a bottom of the second trench to form a second target trench in the to-be-etched layer; forming a first conductive layer in the first target trench; and forming a second conductive layer in the second target trench. 18. A semiconductor device, comprising:
a to-be-etched layer, including a plurality of first regions and a plurality of second regions arranged alternately along a first direction, wherein for a first region of the plurality of first regions adjacent to a second region of the plurality of second regions, the first region and the second region adjoin each other; a first mask layer, formed on the to-be-etched layer, wherein the first mask layer is implanted with doping ions; a plurality of first trenches, formed in the first mask layer of the plurality of first regions, wherein each first trench of the plurality of first trenches is divided into portions arranged in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction by a separation filling layer; a plurality of second trenches, formed in the first mask layer on the plurality of the second regions of the to-be-etched layer, wherein each second trench of the plurality of second trenches is divided into portions arranged in the second direction by a doped separation layer; and a sidewall spacing layer, serving as sidewalls of each first trench of the plurality of first trenches. 19. The device according to claim 18, wherein:
the separation filling layer is made of a material including SiO2, SiN, TiO2, TiN, AlN, or Al2O3. 20. The device according to claim 18, wherein:
the sidewall spacing layer is made of a material including SiO2, SiN, TiO2, TiN, AlN, or Al2O3. | A method for fabricating a semiconductor device includes providing a to-be-etched layer, including alternately arranged first regions and second regions along a first direction. Each second region includes a trench region. The method includes forming a first mask layer on the to-be-etched layer; forming a doped separation layer in the first mask layer on the second region of the to-be-etched layer to divide the first mask layer along a second direction perpendicular to the first direction; forming a first trench in the first mask layer on the first region; forming a separation filling layer to divide the first trench along the second direction; implanting doping ions into the first mask layer outside of the trench region; and removing the first mask layer formed in the trench region on both sides of the doped separation layer to form a second trench that is divided into portions along the second direction.1. A method for fabricating a semiconductor device, comprising:
providing a to-be-etched layer, including a plurality of first regions and a plurality of second regions arranged alternately along a first direction, wherein for a first region of the plurality of first regions adjacent to a second region of the plurality of second regions, the first region and the second region adjoin each other, and the second region of the plurality of second regions includes a trench region adjoining an adjacent first region; and forming a first mask layer on the to-be-etched layer in both the plurality of first regions and the plurality of second regions; forming a doped separation layer in the first mask layer on the second region of the to-be-etched layer, wherein the doped separation layer divides the first mask layer formed in the trench region into portions arranged in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction; forming a first trench in the first mask layer on the first region; forming a separation filling layer in the first trench, wherein the separation filling layer divides the first trench into portions arranged in the second direction; after forming the separation filling layer, implanting doping ions into the first mask layer formed outside of the trench region of the second region; and after implanting the doping ions into the first mask layer formed outside of the trench region, removing the first mask layer formed in the trench region on both sides of the doped separation layer to form a second trench in the first mask layer on the second region of the to-be-etched layer, wherein the doped separation layer divides the second trench into portions arranged in the second direction. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein forming the separation filling layer includes:
forming a blocking layer on the first mask layer and in a portion of the first trench, wherein the blocking layer includes a blocking-layer opening located on a portion of the first trench, the blocking-layer opening and the first trench are connected to each other, and the blocking-layer opening extends to the second region along the first direction; forming a separation filling film in the blocking-layer opening and the first trench exposed by the blocking-layer opening, and also on the blocking layer; removing a portion of the separation filling film formed above a top surface of the first mask layer to form the separation filling layer; and removing the blocking layer after removing the portion of the separation filling film formed above the top surface of the first mask layer. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein:
the blocking layer is made of a material including a carbon-containing organic polymer. 4. The method according to claim 2, wherein forming the blocking layer includes:
forming a first planarization film on the first mask layer and in the first trench; forming a first bottom anti-reflective layer on the first planarization film; forming and patterning a first photoresist layer on the first bottom anti-reflective layer, wherein the first photoresist layer includes a first lithography opening located on a portion of the first trench, and the first lithography opening extends to the second region along the first direction; removing a portion of the first bottom anti-reflective layer and the first planarization film on a bottom of the first lithography opening through an etching process using the first photoresist layer as an etch mask, such that the first planarization film forms the blocking layer; and removing the first photoresist layer and the first bottom anti-reflective layer. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein:
a size of the separation filling layer in the first direction is in a range of approximately 10 nm to 60 nm; and a size of the separation filling layer in the second direction is in a range of approximately 10 nm to 40 nm. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein:
the first trench is formed after forming the doped separation layer. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein:
the doped separation layer is formed after forming the first trench. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein forming the doped separation layer includes:
forming a second planarization layer on the first mask layer and in the first trench, wherein the second planarization layer fills up the first trench, and a top surface of the second planarization layer is above an opening of the first trench; forming a second bottom anti-reflective layer on the second planarization layer; forming and patterning a second photoresist layer on the second bottom anti-reflective layer, wherein the second photoresist layer includes a second lithography opening located on the second region on a side of the first trench along the first direction, and the second lithography opening extends to a portion of the first trench along the first direction; etching a portion of the second bottom anti-reflective layer and the second planarization layer on a bottom of the second lithography opening using the second photoresist layer as an etch mask until a top surface of the first mask layer is exposed; implanting doping ions into the first mask layer on the bottom of the second lithography opening using the second photoresist layer and the second planarization layer as an mask, wherein the first mask layer on the second region forms the doped separation layer; and removing the second planarization layer, the second bottom anti-reflective layer, and the second photoresist layer. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein:
the doping ions include boron ions or arsenic ions. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein:
the doped separation layer is located between two adjacent first trenches in the first direction; and the method further includes:
after forming the doped separation layer and prior to implanting the doping ions into the first mask layer outside of the trench region, forming a sidewall spacing layer on sidewalls of the first trench, wherein:
the separation filling layer is formed after forming the doped separation layer, and
after forming the second trench, sidewalls of the second trench expose the sidewall spacing layer. 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein:
the separation filling layer is formed after forming the sidewall spacing layer. 12. The method according to claim 10, wherein:
the sidewall spacing layer is formed after forming the separation filling layer. 13. The method according to claim 10, wherein:
the separation filling layer is formed during a process of forming the sidewall spacing layer. 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein:
a material of the separation filling layer is different from a material of the sidewall spacing layer; and forming the mask sidewall layer and the separation filling layer includes:
forming a sidewall film on sidewall and bottom surfaces of the first trench, a top surface of the first mask layer and a surface of the doped separation layer;
forming a blocking layer on the first mask layer and the sidewall film, and also in a portion of the first trench, wherein the blocking layer includes a blocking-layer opening located on a portion of the first trench, the blocking-layer opening and the first trench are connected to each other, the blocking-layer opening extends to the second region along the first direction;
forming a separation filling film on the blocking layer and the sidewall film and also in the blocking-layer opening and the first trench exposed by the blocking-layer opening;
etching back the separation filling film and the blocking layer to form a separation filling layer until a surface of the sidewall film on the top surface of the first mask layer is exposed, wherein in a process of etching back the separation filling film and the blocking layer, the blocking layer formed in the first trench is also removed; and
after etching back the separation filling film and the blocking layer, etching back the sidewall film to form the sidewall spacing layer until the top surface of the first mask layer is exposed. 15. The method according to claim 1, wherein:
a process of removing the first mask layer formed in the trench region on both sides of the doped separation layer is a wet etching process. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein:
in the process of removing the first mask layer formed in the trench region on both sides of the doped separation layer, an etching rate of an undoped portion of the first mask layer is larger than an etching rate of a doped portion of the first mask layer; 17. The method according to claim 1, further including:
etching the to-be-etched layer on a bottom of the first trench to form a first target trench in the to-be-etched layer; etching the to-be-etched layer on a bottom of the second trench to form a second target trench in the to-be-etched layer; forming a first conductive layer in the first target trench; and forming a second conductive layer in the second target trench. 18. A semiconductor device, comprising:
a to-be-etched layer, including a plurality of first regions and a plurality of second regions arranged alternately along a first direction, wherein for a first region of the plurality of first regions adjacent to a second region of the plurality of second regions, the first region and the second region adjoin each other; a first mask layer, formed on the to-be-etched layer, wherein the first mask layer is implanted with doping ions; a plurality of first trenches, formed in the first mask layer of the plurality of first regions, wherein each first trench of the plurality of first trenches is divided into portions arranged in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction by a separation filling layer; a plurality of second trenches, formed in the first mask layer on the plurality of the second regions of the to-be-etched layer, wherein each second trench of the plurality of second trenches is divided into portions arranged in the second direction by a doped separation layer; and a sidewall spacing layer, serving as sidewalls of each first trench of the plurality of first trenches. 19. The device according to claim 18, wherein:
the separation filling layer is made of a material including SiO2, SiN, TiO2, TiN, AlN, or Al2O3. 20. The device according to claim 18, wherein:
the sidewall spacing layer is made of a material including SiO2, SiN, TiO2, TiN, AlN, or Al2O3. | 3,600 |
346,007 | 16,804,423 | 3,785 | Systems, devices, and methods are provided for therapeutic loading of a joint, such as a knee joint. Generally, a wearable device is provided, comprising a first subassembly comprising a first motor configured to apply a predetermined force to a joint through an adjustable connecting element; a second subassembly comprising an adjustable cuff coupled to the adjustable connecting element and an appendage adjacent to the joint; and a second motor configured to cause the joint to articulate according to a predetermined range of motion at a predetermined velocity. The wearable device may further comprise a controller unit configured to control the predetermined force, predetermined range of motion, and predetermined velocity. | 1. A wearable device for providing therapeutic loading of a joint, the wearable device comprising:
a first subassembly comprising a first motor coupled to an adjustable connecting element, wherein the first motor is configured to apply a predetermined force to the joint through the adjustable connecting element; a second subassembly comprising an adjustable cuff coupled to the adjustable connecting element, wherein the adjustable cuff is further coupled to an appendage adjacent to the joint; and a second motor configured to cause the joint to articulate according to a predetermined range of motion at a predetermined velocity. 2. The wearable device of claim 1, wherein a first end of the adjustable connecting element is coupled to the first motor, and a second end of the adjustable connecting element is coupled to the adjustable cuff. 3. The wearable device of claim 1, wherein the second motor is disposed in the second subassembly. 4. The wearable device of claim 1, wherein the second motor is disposed in the first subassembly. 5. The wearable device of claim 1, wherein the joint is a knee joint and the appendage is a leg. 6. The wearable device of claim 5, wherein the first subassembly is adjacent to a foot and further comprises a foot plate coupled to a plurality of wheels, the plurality of wheels configured to roll upon a ground surface as the knee joint is articulated. 7. The wearable device of claim 1, wherein the adjustable connecting element comprises a strut constructed of a rigid material. 8. The wearable device of claim 1, wherein the adjustable connecting element comprises an elastic cable. 9. The wearable device of claim 1, wherein the adjustable connecting element includes one or more compressible springs. 10. The wearable device of claim 5, wherein the predetermined range of motion includes a flexing motion and an extending motion. 11. The wearable device of claim 7, wherein the first motor is further configured to apply a push force against the strut. 12. The wearable device of claim 8, wherein the first motor is further configured to apply a pulling force on the elastic cable. 13. The wearable device of claim 9, wherein the first motor is further configured to apply a compressive force to the one or more compressible springs. 14. The wearable device of claim 1, wherein the joint is an elbow joint. 15. The wearable device of claim 1, further comprising a controller unit, the controller unit comprising:
one or more processors, a memory coupled to the one or more processors, the memory configured to store instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to control at least one of the predetermined force of the first motor, the predetermined range of motion of the second motor, and the predetermined velocity of the second motor. 16. The wearable device of claim 15, wherein the instructions stored in memory, when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the one or more processors to apply at least one of the predetermined force of the first motor, the predetermined range of motion of the second motor, and the predetermined velocity of the second motor according to a programmable schedule. 17. The wearable device of claim 15, wherein the controller unit further comprises a wireless communications module coupled to the one or more processors, wherein the wireless communications module is configured to transmit and receive data to a remote computing device according to one or more standard wireless networking protocols. 18. The wearable device of claim 17, wherein the one or more standard wireless networking protocol comprises one or more of an 802.11x, Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy, Near Field Communication (NFC), UHF, or infrared networking protocol. 19. The wearable device of claim 15, wherein the controller unit further comprises one or more sensors and an analog-to-digital converter coupled to the one or more processors, wherein the one or more sensors are adapted to generate one or more signals in response to at least one of a plurality of physiological characteristics of a user, including body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, electrocardiogram, body posture and position of an appendage. 20. The wearable device of claim 19, wherein the instructions stored in the memory of the controller unit, when executed, further cause the one or more processors to perform one or more adjustment routines based at least in part on the one or more signals generated by the one or more sensors, wherein the one or more adjustment routines are configured to adjust at least one of the predetermined force of the first motor, and the predetermined range of motion and the predetermined velocity of the second motor. | Systems, devices, and methods are provided for therapeutic loading of a joint, such as a knee joint. Generally, a wearable device is provided, comprising a first subassembly comprising a first motor configured to apply a predetermined force to a joint through an adjustable connecting element; a second subassembly comprising an adjustable cuff coupled to the adjustable connecting element and an appendage adjacent to the joint; and a second motor configured to cause the joint to articulate according to a predetermined range of motion at a predetermined velocity. The wearable device may further comprise a controller unit configured to control the predetermined force, predetermined range of motion, and predetermined velocity.1. A wearable device for providing therapeutic loading of a joint, the wearable device comprising:
a first subassembly comprising a first motor coupled to an adjustable connecting element, wherein the first motor is configured to apply a predetermined force to the joint through the adjustable connecting element; a second subassembly comprising an adjustable cuff coupled to the adjustable connecting element, wherein the adjustable cuff is further coupled to an appendage adjacent to the joint; and a second motor configured to cause the joint to articulate according to a predetermined range of motion at a predetermined velocity. 2. The wearable device of claim 1, wherein a first end of the adjustable connecting element is coupled to the first motor, and a second end of the adjustable connecting element is coupled to the adjustable cuff. 3. The wearable device of claim 1, wherein the second motor is disposed in the second subassembly. 4. The wearable device of claim 1, wherein the second motor is disposed in the first subassembly. 5. The wearable device of claim 1, wherein the joint is a knee joint and the appendage is a leg. 6. The wearable device of claim 5, wherein the first subassembly is adjacent to a foot and further comprises a foot plate coupled to a plurality of wheels, the plurality of wheels configured to roll upon a ground surface as the knee joint is articulated. 7. The wearable device of claim 1, wherein the adjustable connecting element comprises a strut constructed of a rigid material. 8. The wearable device of claim 1, wherein the adjustable connecting element comprises an elastic cable. 9. The wearable device of claim 1, wherein the adjustable connecting element includes one or more compressible springs. 10. The wearable device of claim 5, wherein the predetermined range of motion includes a flexing motion and an extending motion. 11. The wearable device of claim 7, wherein the first motor is further configured to apply a push force against the strut. 12. The wearable device of claim 8, wherein the first motor is further configured to apply a pulling force on the elastic cable. 13. The wearable device of claim 9, wherein the first motor is further configured to apply a compressive force to the one or more compressible springs. 14. The wearable device of claim 1, wherein the joint is an elbow joint. 15. The wearable device of claim 1, further comprising a controller unit, the controller unit comprising:
one or more processors, a memory coupled to the one or more processors, the memory configured to store instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to control at least one of the predetermined force of the first motor, the predetermined range of motion of the second motor, and the predetermined velocity of the second motor. 16. The wearable device of claim 15, wherein the instructions stored in memory, when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the one or more processors to apply at least one of the predetermined force of the first motor, the predetermined range of motion of the second motor, and the predetermined velocity of the second motor according to a programmable schedule. 17. The wearable device of claim 15, wherein the controller unit further comprises a wireless communications module coupled to the one or more processors, wherein the wireless communications module is configured to transmit and receive data to a remote computing device according to one or more standard wireless networking protocols. 18. The wearable device of claim 17, wherein the one or more standard wireless networking protocol comprises one or more of an 802.11x, Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy, Near Field Communication (NFC), UHF, or infrared networking protocol. 19. The wearable device of claim 15, wherein the controller unit further comprises one or more sensors and an analog-to-digital converter coupled to the one or more processors, wherein the one or more sensors are adapted to generate one or more signals in response to at least one of a plurality of physiological characteristics of a user, including body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, electrocardiogram, body posture and position of an appendage. 20. The wearable device of claim 19, wherein the instructions stored in the memory of the controller unit, when executed, further cause the one or more processors to perform one or more adjustment routines based at least in part on the one or more signals generated by the one or more sensors, wherein the one or more adjustment routines are configured to adjust at least one of the predetermined force of the first motor, and the predetermined range of motion and the predetermined velocity of the second motor. | 3,700 |
346,008 | 16,804,403 | 3,785 | A semiconductor memory device includes a substrate, a plurality of conductive layers, a first semiconductor layer, a memory portion, and a drive circuit which drives the memory cell. The conductive layers are provided in a first region, a second region, and a third region different from the first region and the second region, and a portion positioned in the third region is insulated from a portion positioned in the first region and the second region. The drive circuit is provided in the third region, and includes a second semiconductor layer, and an insulating layer, and one end of the second semiconductor layer is connected to the conductive layers in the second region and the other end of the second semiconductor layer is connected to the substrate. | 1. A semiconductor memory device comprising:
a substrate; a plurality of conductive layers which are disposed in a first direction intersecting the substrate and extend in a second direction intersecting the first direction; a first semiconductor layer which extends in the first direction and faces the plurality of conductive layers; a memory portion which is provided between the first semiconductor layer and the plurality of conductive layers; and a drive circuit which drives the memory cell, wherein the plurality of conductive layers are provided in a first region where a plurality of the memory cells are disposed, a second region provided closer to an end portion of the plurality of conductive layers than the first region in the second direction, and a third region different from the first region and the second region, a portion positioned in the third region of the plurality of conductive layers is insulated from portions positioned in the first region and the second region of the plurality of conductive layers, the drive circuit is provided in the third region, and includes a second semiconductor layer which extends through the plurality of conductive layers in the first direction, and an insulating layer provided between the second semiconductor layer and the plurality of conductive layers, and one end of the second semiconductor layer is connected to the plurality of conductive layers in the second region through a wiring and the other end of the second semiconductor layer is connected to the substrate. 2. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1,
wherein the third region is provided at a position adjacent to the second region in a third direction intersecting the first direction and the second direction, and the wiring that connects the one end of the second semiconductor layer to the plurality of conductive layers in the second region extends in the third direction. 3. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1,
wherein the third region is provided at a position adjacent to the first region in a third direction intersecting the first direction and the second direction. 4. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1,
wherein portions of the plurality of conductive layers in the third region are connected in the first direction. 5. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1,
wherein the second region includes a stepped contact portion which includes end portions of the plurality of conductive layers in the second direction become far from the first region as being closer to the substrate, and a contact of which one end is connected to the contact portion and the other end is farther from the substrate than the one end, and the one end of the second semiconductor layer is connected to the other end of the contact through the wiring. 6. A semiconductor memory device comprising:
a substrate; a plurality of conductive layers which are disposed in a first direction intersecting the substrate and extend in a second direction intersecting the first direction; a first structure which extends in the first direction and faces the plurality of conductive layers; and a second structure which extends in the first direction and faces the plurality of conductive layers, wherein the plurality of conductive layers include a first region where the first structure is disposed, a second region provided closer to an end portion of the plurality of conductive layers than the first region in the second direction, and a third region which is insulated from the first region and the second region and where the second structure is disposed, the first structure includes a first semiconductor layer which extends in the first direction and faces the plurality of conductive layers, a memory portion which is provided between the first semiconductor layer and the plurality of conductive layers, the second structure includes a second semiconductor layer which extends in the first direction and faces the plurality of conductive layers, and an insulating layer provided between the second semiconductor layer and the plurality of conductive layers, and one end of the second structure is connected to the plurality of conductive layers in the second region through a wiring and the other end of the second structure is connected to a circuit formed on the substrate. 7. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 6,
wherein the plurality of conductive layers are separated in a third direction intersecting the first direction and the second direction, by a plurality of insulating portions each extending in the first direction and the second direction, and the first structure and the first and second regions of the plurality of separated conductive layers are parts of a memory block. 8. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 7,
wherein the third region of the plurality of conductive layers is provided to correspond to the memory block and is disposed to align with the second region of the corresponding memory block in the third direction. 9. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 8,
a sum of widths of the second region and the third region of the memory block in the third direction is substantially equal to a width of the first region of the corresponding memory block in the third direction. 10. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 9,
wherein a width of the second region of the memory block in the third direction is substantially equal to a width of the third region of the corresponding memory block in the third direction. 11. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 7, further comprising
a first memory block and a second memory block which are adjacent to each other in the third direction, wherein the second region and the third region of the plurality of conductive layers corresponding to the first memory block are provided to align in the third direction on one side of the first memory block and the second memory block in the third direction, and the second region and the third region of the plurality of conductive layers corresponding to the second memory block are provided to align in the third direction on the other side of the first memory block and the second memory block in the third direction. 12. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 11,
a sum of widths of the second region and the third region corresponding to each of the first memory block and the second memory block in the third direction is substantially equal to a sum of widths of the first region of the first memory block and the first region of the second memory block in the third direction. 13. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 12,
wherein a width of the third region corresponding to each memory block in the third direction is greater than a width of the second region of the corresponding memory block in the third direction. 14. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 7,
wherein positions of end portions of the plurality of conductive layers positioned in the second region in the second direction are different. 15. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 14, further comprising:
a plurality of the second structures, wherein the plurality of second structures are arranged in the second direction to correspond to the positions of the end portions of the plurality of conductive layers in the second region in the second direction. 16. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 15,
wherein the wiring that connects the one end of the second structure to the plurality of conductive layers in the second region extends in the third direction. 17. A method of manufacturing a semiconductor memory device, the method comprising:
forming a stacked body by alternately stacking, in a first direction intersecting a surface of a substrate, a plurality of sacrificial layers and a plurality of first insulating layers which extend in a second direction intersecting the first direction; among a first region, a second region, and a third region of the stacked body, forming a step portion in the second region, the second region being positioned closer to an end portion of the stacked body than the first region in the second direction, the third region being different from the first region and the second region; forming, in the first region, a memory portion and a first semiconductor layer extending in the first direction and facing the plurality of sacrificial layers and the plurality of first insulating layers; forming, in the third region, a second insulating layer and a second semiconductor layer extending in the first direction and facing the plurality of sacrificial layers and the plurality of first insulating layers; forming a groove which separates the third region from the first region and the second region and extends in the first direction; forming a cavity by removing the sacrificial layers through the groove; forming a conductive layer in the cavity; and forming a third insulating layer in the groove to insulate the third region from the first region and the second region. 18. The method of manufacturing a semiconductor memory device according to claim 17,
wherein the groove is formed to separate the second region and the third region from each other in a third direction intersecting the first direction and the second direction. 19. The method of manufacturing a semiconductor memory device according to claim 18,
wherein the step portion is formed such that a position of an end portion of the conductive layer in the second direction matches a position of the second semiconductor layer in the second direction. 20. The method of manufacturing a semiconductor memory device according to claim 19, further comprising:
forming a wiring that connects the end portion of the conductive layer to one end of the second semiconductor layer. | A semiconductor memory device includes a substrate, a plurality of conductive layers, a first semiconductor layer, a memory portion, and a drive circuit which drives the memory cell. The conductive layers are provided in a first region, a second region, and a third region different from the first region and the second region, and a portion positioned in the third region is insulated from a portion positioned in the first region and the second region. The drive circuit is provided in the third region, and includes a second semiconductor layer, and an insulating layer, and one end of the second semiconductor layer is connected to the conductive layers in the second region and the other end of the second semiconductor layer is connected to the substrate.1. A semiconductor memory device comprising:
a substrate; a plurality of conductive layers which are disposed in a first direction intersecting the substrate and extend in a second direction intersecting the first direction; a first semiconductor layer which extends in the first direction and faces the plurality of conductive layers; a memory portion which is provided between the first semiconductor layer and the plurality of conductive layers; and a drive circuit which drives the memory cell, wherein the plurality of conductive layers are provided in a first region where a plurality of the memory cells are disposed, a second region provided closer to an end portion of the plurality of conductive layers than the first region in the second direction, and a third region different from the first region and the second region, a portion positioned in the third region of the plurality of conductive layers is insulated from portions positioned in the first region and the second region of the plurality of conductive layers, the drive circuit is provided in the third region, and includes a second semiconductor layer which extends through the plurality of conductive layers in the first direction, and an insulating layer provided between the second semiconductor layer and the plurality of conductive layers, and one end of the second semiconductor layer is connected to the plurality of conductive layers in the second region through a wiring and the other end of the second semiconductor layer is connected to the substrate. 2. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1,
wherein the third region is provided at a position adjacent to the second region in a third direction intersecting the first direction and the second direction, and the wiring that connects the one end of the second semiconductor layer to the plurality of conductive layers in the second region extends in the third direction. 3. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1,
wherein the third region is provided at a position adjacent to the first region in a third direction intersecting the first direction and the second direction. 4. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1,
wherein portions of the plurality of conductive layers in the third region are connected in the first direction. 5. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1,
wherein the second region includes a stepped contact portion which includes end portions of the plurality of conductive layers in the second direction become far from the first region as being closer to the substrate, and a contact of which one end is connected to the contact portion and the other end is farther from the substrate than the one end, and the one end of the second semiconductor layer is connected to the other end of the contact through the wiring. 6. A semiconductor memory device comprising:
a substrate; a plurality of conductive layers which are disposed in a first direction intersecting the substrate and extend in a second direction intersecting the first direction; a first structure which extends in the first direction and faces the plurality of conductive layers; and a second structure which extends in the first direction and faces the plurality of conductive layers, wherein the plurality of conductive layers include a first region where the first structure is disposed, a second region provided closer to an end portion of the plurality of conductive layers than the first region in the second direction, and a third region which is insulated from the first region and the second region and where the second structure is disposed, the first structure includes a first semiconductor layer which extends in the first direction and faces the plurality of conductive layers, a memory portion which is provided between the first semiconductor layer and the plurality of conductive layers, the second structure includes a second semiconductor layer which extends in the first direction and faces the plurality of conductive layers, and an insulating layer provided between the second semiconductor layer and the plurality of conductive layers, and one end of the second structure is connected to the plurality of conductive layers in the second region through a wiring and the other end of the second structure is connected to a circuit formed on the substrate. 7. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 6,
wherein the plurality of conductive layers are separated in a third direction intersecting the first direction and the second direction, by a plurality of insulating portions each extending in the first direction and the second direction, and the first structure and the first and second regions of the plurality of separated conductive layers are parts of a memory block. 8. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 7,
wherein the third region of the plurality of conductive layers is provided to correspond to the memory block and is disposed to align with the second region of the corresponding memory block in the third direction. 9. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 8,
a sum of widths of the second region and the third region of the memory block in the third direction is substantially equal to a width of the first region of the corresponding memory block in the third direction. 10. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 9,
wherein a width of the second region of the memory block in the third direction is substantially equal to a width of the third region of the corresponding memory block in the third direction. 11. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 7, further comprising
a first memory block and a second memory block which are adjacent to each other in the third direction, wherein the second region and the third region of the plurality of conductive layers corresponding to the first memory block are provided to align in the third direction on one side of the first memory block and the second memory block in the third direction, and the second region and the third region of the plurality of conductive layers corresponding to the second memory block are provided to align in the third direction on the other side of the first memory block and the second memory block in the third direction. 12. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 11,
a sum of widths of the second region and the third region corresponding to each of the first memory block and the second memory block in the third direction is substantially equal to a sum of widths of the first region of the first memory block and the first region of the second memory block in the third direction. 13. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 12,
wherein a width of the third region corresponding to each memory block in the third direction is greater than a width of the second region of the corresponding memory block in the third direction. 14. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 7,
wherein positions of end portions of the plurality of conductive layers positioned in the second region in the second direction are different. 15. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 14, further comprising:
a plurality of the second structures, wherein the plurality of second structures are arranged in the second direction to correspond to the positions of the end portions of the plurality of conductive layers in the second region in the second direction. 16. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 15,
wherein the wiring that connects the one end of the second structure to the plurality of conductive layers in the second region extends in the third direction. 17. A method of manufacturing a semiconductor memory device, the method comprising:
forming a stacked body by alternately stacking, in a first direction intersecting a surface of a substrate, a plurality of sacrificial layers and a plurality of first insulating layers which extend in a second direction intersecting the first direction; among a first region, a second region, and a third region of the stacked body, forming a step portion in the second region, the second region being positioned closer to an end portion of the stacked body than the first region in the second direction, the third region being different from the first region and the second region; forming, in the first region, a memory portion and a first semiconductor layer extending in the first direction and facing the plurality of sacrificial layers and the plurality of first insulating layers; forming, in the third region, a second insulating layer and a second semiconductor layer extending in the first direction and facing the plurality of sacrificial layers and the plurality of first insulating layers; forming a groove which separates the third region from the first region and the second region and extends in the first direction; forming a cavity by removing the sacrificial layers through the groove; forming a conductive layer in the cavity; and forming a third insulating layer in the groove to insulate the third region from the first region and the second region. 18. The method of manufacturing a semiconductor memory device according to claim 17,
wherein the groove is formed to separate the second region and the third region from each other in a third direction intersecting the first direction and the second direction. 19. The method of manufacturing a semiconductor memory device according to claim 18,
wherein the step portion is formed such that a position of an end portion of the conductive layer in the second direction matches a position of the second semiconductor layer in the second direction. 20. The method of manufacturing a semiconductor memory device according to claim 19, further comprising:
forming a wiring that connects the end portion of the conductive layer to one end of the second semiconductor layer. | 3,700 |
346,009 | 16,804,386 | 3,785 | Methods, computer program products, and systems are presented. The method computer program products, and systems can include, for instance: examining data of breaches of a geofence by client computer devices to determine respective positions of the breaches; establishing an updated location for the geofence using the determined respective positions of the breaches; updating a location of the geofence so that the location of the geofence is the updated location; obtaining data of a client computer breach of the geofence at the updated location; and providing one or more output in response to the obtaining data of a client computer breach of the geofence at the updated location. | 1. A method comprising:
examining data of breaches of a geofence by client computer devices; updating a location of the geofence so that the location of the geofence is an updated location, wherein the updating is in dependence on the examining data of breaches of a geofence by client computer devices; obtaining data of a client computer breach of the geofence at the updated location; and providing one or more output in response to the obtaining data of a client computer breach of the geofence at the updated location. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the examining includes determining a certain region of a perimeter of the geofence as having a highest predicted number of breaches and wherein the updating includes performing the updating so that the updated location is based on the determined certain region, wherein the updating a location of the geofence includes moving the geofence in a direction that is in dependence on a position of the certain region on the perimeter. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the examining includes determining a certain region of a perimeter of the geofence as having a highest predicted number of breaches and wherein the updating includes performing the updating so that the updated location is based on the determined certain region, wherein the updating a location of the geofence includes moving the geofence in a direction that is in dependence on a position of the certain region on the perimeter and by a distance that is in dependence on a number of predicted breaches at the certain region. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the updating a location of the geofence includes moving the geofence in a direction that is in dependence on a position of a certain region on the perimeter determined to have a highest number of predicted breaches. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the updating a location of the geofence includes sending location change information to update geofence breach determination logic locally running on a plurality of client computer devices, and wherein the method includes the plurality of client computer devices asynchronously performing updates of their respective geofence breach determination logic based on the location change information so that during an iteration of the examining, the examining includes examining breach information of a first client computer device and a second client computer device, wherein the first client computer device uses a first location of the geofence and the second client computer device uses a second location of the geofence. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the examining includes determining a certain region of a perimeter of the geofence as having a highest predicted number of breaches and wherein the updating includes performing the updating so that the updated location is based on the determined certain region, wherein the updating a location of the geofence includes updating the location of the geofence in dependence on a difference between a predicted number breaches at the certain region of the perimeter and a predicted average number of breaches per region of the perimeter. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the examining includes determining a certain region of a perimeter of the geofence as having a highest predicted number of breaches and wherein the updating includes performing the updating so that the updated location is based on the determined certain region, wherein the updating a location of the geofence includes updating the location of the geofence in dependence on a predicted number breaches at the certain region of the perimeter. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the examining includes determining a certain region of a perimeter of the geofence as having a highest predicted number of breaches and wherein the updating includes performing the updating so that the updated location is based on the determined certain region. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the updating a location of the geofence includes updating the location of the geofence in response to a difference between a predicted number breaches at a certain region of a perimeter the geofence and a predicted average number of breaches per region of the perimeter satisfying a threshold criterion. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the updating a location of the geofence includes moving the geofence a distance that is in dependence on a number of predicted breaches of the geofence. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the examining data of breaches of a geofence by client computer devices includes examining certain breach data obtained from a certain mobile client computer device of the client computer devices, the certain mobile client computer device, locally on the certain mobile client computer device determining of a breach of the geofence by the certain mobile client computer device to provide the certain breach data. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the updating a location of the geofence includes moving the geofence a distance that is in dependence on a number and position of predicted breaches of the geofence. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the examining includes determining a certain region of a perimeter of the geofence as having a highest predicted number of breaches and wherein the updating includes performing the updating so that the updated location is based on the determined certain region, wherein the updating a location of the geofence includes updating the location of the geofence in response to a threshold criterion being satisfied, wherein satisfaction of the threshold criterion is in dependence on a relationship between a predicted number breaches at the certain region of the perimeter and a predicted number of breaches over an entirety of the perimeter. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the updating a location of the geofence includes updating the location of the geofence in dependence on a relationship between a predicted number breaches at a certain region of a perimeter of the geofence and a predicted number of breaches over an entirety of the perimeter. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the examining data of breaches of a geofence by client computer devices includes examining certain breach data obtained from a certain mobile client computer device of the client computer devices, the certain mobile client computer device, locally on the certain mobile client computer device determining of a breach of the geofence by the certain mobile client computer device to provide the certain breach data, wherein the determining of the breach locally by the certain mobile client computer device is in dependence on network connectivity of the mobile client computer device. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the examining includes examining data of breaches of a geofence by client computer devices to determine respective positions and directions of the breaches, wherein the examining to determine the directions of the breaches includes examining historical travel path data of the client computer devices to determine travelling directions of respective client computer devices associated to the respective breaches. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the method includes predicting that a certain region of a perimeter of the geofence will have a highest number of breaches, and wherein the updating includes moving the geofence in a direction that is in dependence on a position of a certain region on the perimeter. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the geofence has an associated point of interest and wherein the updated location is restricted to locations encompassing the point of interest, wherein the examining includes examining data of breaches of a geofence by client computer devices to determine respective positions and directions of the breaches, wherein the examining to determine the directions of the breaches includes examining historical travel path data of the client computer devices to determine for respective ones of the breaches a travelling direction of a breaching client computer device associated to the breach, wherein the updating a location of the geofence includes sending location change information to update geofence breach determination logic locally running on a plurality of mobile client computer devices defining the client computer devices, and wherein the method includes the plurality of mobile client computer devices asynchronously performing updates of their respective geofence breach determination logic based on the location change information so that during an iteration of the examining, the examining includes examining breach information of a first mobile client computer device and a second mobile client computer device of the plurality of mobile client devices, wherein for providing the breach information of the first mobile client computer device and the second mobile client computer device examined during the iteration of the examining, the first mobile client computer device at a first time uses a first location of the geofence to determine that the first mobile client computer device has breached the geofence, and the second mobile client computer device at the first time uses a second location of the geofence to determine that the second mobile client computer device has breached the geofence. 19. A computer program product comprising:
one or more computer readable storage medium readable by one or more processing circuit and storing instructions for execution by one or more processor for performing a method comprising:
examining data of breaches of a geofence by client computer devices;
updating a location of the geofence so that the location of the geofence is an updated location, wherein the updating is in dependence on the examining data of breaches of a geofence by client computer devices;
obtaining data of a client computer breach of the geofence at the updated location; and
providing one or more output in response to the obtaining data of a client computer breach of the geofence at the updated location. 20. A system comprising:
a memory; at least one processor in communication with the memory; and program instructions executable by one or more processor via the memory to perform a method comprising:
examining data of breaches of a geofence by client computer devices;
updating a location of the geofence so that the location of the geofence is an updated location, wherein the updating is in dependence on the examining data of breaches of a geofence by client computer devices;
obtaining data of a client computer breach of the geofence at the updated location; and
providing one or more output in response to the obtaining data of a client computer breach of the geofence at the updated location. | Methods, computer program products, and systems are presented. The method computer program products, and systems can include, for instance: examining data of breaches of a geofence by client computer devices to determine respective positions of the breaches; establishing an updated location for the geofence using the determined respective positions of the breaches; updating a location of the geofence so that the location of the geofence is the updated location; obtaining data of a client computer breach of the geofence at the updated location; and providing one or more output in response to the obtaining data of a client computer breach of the geofence at the updated location.1. A method comprising:
examining data of breaches of a geofence by client computer devices; updating a location of the geofence so that the location of the geofence is an updated location, wherein the updating is in dependence on the examining data of breaches of a geofence by client computer devices; obtaining data of a client computer breach of the geofence at the updated location; and providing one or more output in response to the obtaining data of a client computer breach of the geofence at the updated location. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the examining includes determining a certain region of a perimeter of the geofence as having a highest predicted number of breaches and wherein the updating includes performing the updating so that the updated location is based on the determined certain region, wherein the updating a location of the geofence includes moving the geofence in a direction that is in dependence on a position of the certain region on the perimeter. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the examining includes determining a certain region of a perimeter of the geofence as having a highest predicted number of breaches and wherein the updating includes performing the updating so that the updated location is based on the determined certain region, wherein the updating a location of the geofence includes moving the geofence in a direction that is in dependence on a position of the certain region on the perimeter and by a distance that is in dependence on a number of predicted breaches at the certain region. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the updating a location of the geofence includes moving the geofence in a direction that is in dependence on a position of a certain region on the perimeter determined to have a highest number of predicted breaches. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the updating a location of the geofence includes sending location change information to update geofence breach determination logic locally running on a plurality of client computer devices, and wherein the method includes the plurality of client computer devices asynchronously performing updates of their respective geofence breach determination logic based on the location change information so that during an iteration of the examining, the examining includes examining breach information of a first client computer device and a second client computer device, wherein the first client computer device uses a first location of the geofence and the second client computer device uses a second location of the geofence. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the examining includes determining a certain region of a perimeter of the geofence as having a highest predicted number of breaches and wherein the updating includes performing the updating so that the updated location is based on the determined certain region, wherein the updating a location of the geofence includes updating the location of the geofence in dependence on a difference between a predicted number breaches at the certain region of the perimeter and a predicted average number of breaches per region of the perimeter. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the examining includes determining a certain region of a perimeter of the geofence as having a highest predicted number of breaches and wherein the updating includes performing the updating so that the updated location is based on the determined certain region, wherein the updating a location of the geofence includes updating the location of the geofence in dependence on a predicted number breaches at the certain region of the perimeter. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the examining includes determining a certain region of a perimeter of the geofence as having a highest predicted number of breaches and wherein the updating includes performing the updating so that the updated location is based on the determined certain region. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the updating a location of the geofence includes updating the location of the geofence in response to a difference between a predicted number breaches at a certain region of a perimeter the geofence and a predicted average number of breaches per region of the perimeter satisfying a threshold criterion. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the updating a location of the geofence includes moving the geofence a distance that is in dependence on a number of predicted breaches of the geofence. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the examining data of breaches of a geofence by client computer devices includes examining certain breach data obtained from a certain mobile client computer device of the client computer devices, the certain mobile client computer device, locally on the certain mobile client computer device determining of a breach of the geofence by the certain mobile client computer device to provide the certain breach data. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the updating a location of the geofence includes moving the geofence a distance that is in dependence on a number and position of predicted breaches of the geofence. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the examining includes determining a certain region of a perimeter of the geofence as having a highest predicted number of breaches and wherein the updating includes performing the updating so that the updated location is based on the determined certain region, wherein the updating a location of the geofence includes updating the location of the geofence in response to a threshold criterion being satisfied, wherein satisfaction of the threshold criterion is in dependence on a relationship between a predicted number breaches at the certain region of the perimeter and a predicted number of breaches over an entirety of the perimeter. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the updating a location of the geofence includes updating the location of the geofence in dependence on a relationship between a predicted number breaches at a certain region of a perimeter of the geofence and a predicted number of breaches over an entirety of the perimeter. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the examining data of breaches of a geofence by client computer devices includes examining certain breach data obtained from a certain mobile client computer device of the client computer devices, the certain mobile client computer device, locally on the certain mobile client computer device determining of a breach of the geofence by the certain mobile client computer device to provide the certain breach data, wherein the determining of the breach locally by the certain mobile client computer device is in dependence on network connectivity of the mobile client computer device. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the examining includes examining data of breaches of a geofence by client computer devices to determine respective positions and directions of the breaches, wherein the examining to determine the directions of the breaches includes examining historical travel path data of the client computer devices to determine travelling directions of respective client computer devices associated to the respective breaches. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the method includes predicting that a certain region of a perimeter of the geofence will have a highest number of breaches, and wherein the updating includes moving the geofence in a direction that is in dependence on a position of a certain region on the perimeter. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the geofence has an associated point of interest and wherein the updated location is restricted to locations encompassing the point of interest, wherein the examining includes examining data of breaches of a geofence by client computer devices to determine respective positions and directions of the breaches, wherein the examining to determine the directions of the breaches includes examining historical travel path data of the client computer devices to determine for respective ones of the breaches a travelling direction of a breaching client computer device associated to the breach, wherein the updating a location of the geofence includes sending location change information to update geofence breach determination logic locally running on a plurality of mobile client computer devices defining the client computer devices, and wherein the method includes the plurality of mobile client computer devices asynchronously performing updates of their respective geofence breach determination logic based on the location change information so that during an iteration of the examining, the examining includes examining breach information of a first mobile client computer device and a second mobile client computer device of the plurality of mobile client devices, wherein for providing the breach information of the first mobile client computer device and the second mobile client computer device examined during the iteration of the examining, the first mobile client computer device at a first time uses a first location of the geofence to determine that the first mobile client computer device has breached the geofence, and the second mobile client computer device at the first time uses a second location of the geofence to determine that the second mobile client computer device has breached the geofence. 19. A computer program product comprising:
one or more computer readable storage medium readable by one or more processing circuit and storing instructions for execution by one or more processor for performing a method comprising:
examining data of breaches of a geofence by client computer devices;
updating a location of the geofence so that the location of the geofence is an updated location, wherein the updating is in dependence on the examining data of breaches of a geofence by client computer devices;
obtaining data of a client computer breach of the geofence at the updated location; and
providing one or more output in response to the obtaining data of a client computer breach of the geofence at the updated location. 20. A system comprising:
a memory; at least one processor in communication with the memory; and program instructions executable by one or more processor via the memory to perform a method comprising:
examining data of breaches of a geofence by client computer devices;
updating a location of the geofence so that the location of the geofence is an updated location, wherein the updating is in dependence on the examining data of breaches of a geofence by client computer devices;
obtaining data of a client computer breach of the geofence at the updated location; and
providing one or more output in response to the obtaining data of a client computer breach of the geofence at the updated location. | 3,700 |
346,010 | 16,804,411 | 3,785 | A first electronic device for expanding a wireless communication includes a first RAT communication unit for transmitting a signal to or receiving a signal from a reader via a first radio access technology (RAT). the first electronic device also includes a second RAT communication unit for transmitting a signal to or receiving a signal from at least one second electronic device via a second RAT. The first electronic device further includes a processor for transmitting, to the at least one second electronic device, a message requesting to initiate a communication using the second RAT, and performing control such that a communication using the first RAT between the at least one second electronic device and the reader is performed by using the second RAT. | 1. A first electronic device for expanding a wireless communication, the first electronic device comprising:
a first radio access technology (RAT) communication unit configured to transmit a signal to or receive a signal from a reader via a first RAT; a second RAT communication unit configured to transmit a signal to or receive a signal from at least one second electronic device via a second RAT; and a processor configured to:
perform control to transmit, to the at least one second electronic device, a message requesting to initiate communication using the second RAT, and
control communication using the first RAT between the at least one second electronic device and the reader using the second RAT. 2. The first electronic device of claim 1, further comprising a third RAT communication unit configured to transmit a signal to or receive a signal from the at least one second electronic device via a third RAT,
wherein the processor is further configured to perform control to transmit, to the at least one second electronic device, a message requesting to initiate communication using the second RAT via communication using the third RAT. 3. The first electronic device of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to perform control to transmit a message for waking up the at least one second electronic device. 4. The first electronic device of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to perform control to:
receive the message requesting to initiate communication using the second RAT from the at least one second electronic device, and enable transition to a state where a communication using the second RAT with the at least one second electronic device is possible. 5. The first electronic device of claim 4, wherein the processor is further configured to:
determine a distance to the at least one second electronic device; and when the determined distance to the at least one second electronic device is shorter than a predetermined first distance, perform control to enable transition to a state where a communication using the second RAT with the at least one second electronic device is possible. 6. The first electronic device of claim 5, wherein the processor is further configured to perform control to:
transmit, to the at least one second electronic device, a message for identifying a distance; receive, from the at least one second electronic device, a response message to the message for identifying the distance; and determine a distance to the at least one second electronic device, based on a transmission time of the message for identifying the distance and a reception time of the response message. 7. The first electronic device of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to:
determine a distance to the at least one second electronic device; and when the determined distance to the at least one second electronic device is shorter than a predetermined second distance, perform control such that communication using the first RAT, between the at least one second electronic device and the reader, is performed by using the second RAT. 8. The first electronic device of claim 7, wherein the processor is further configured to perform control to:
transmit a message for a starting time to the at least one second electronic device via the second RAT; receive, from the at least one second electronic device, a message for a return time via the second RAT; and determine a distance to the at least one second electronic device, based on a transmission time of the message for a starting time and a reception time of the message for a return time. 9. The first electronic device of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to:
acquire, from the at least one second electronic device, identification information of the at least one second electronic device via a communication using the second RAT; and perform control to transmit the acquired identification information of the at least one second electronic device to the reader via a communication using the first RAT. 10. The first electronic device of claim 1, wherein, when the at least one second electronic device detects an input for personal authentication and is switched to be in a state where the second RAT can be used, the processor is further configured to perform control to transmit, to the at least one second electronic device, a message for triggering the at least one second electronic device. 11. A second electronic device comprising:
a first RAT communication unit configured to transmit a signal to or receive a signal from a reader via a first RAT; a second RAT communication unit configured to transmit a signal to or receive a signal from a first electronic device via a second RAT; and a processor configured to:
perform control to receive, from the first electronic device, a message requesting to initiate communication using the second RAT, and
perform control of communication using the first RAT with the reader via the first electronic device using the second RAT. 12. The second electronic device of claim 11, further comprising a third RAT communication unit configured to transmit a signal to or receive a signal from the first electronic device via a third RAT,
wherein the processor is further configured to perform control to receive, from the first electronic device, a message requesting to initiate communication using the second RAT via communication using the third RAT. 13. The second electronic device of claim 11, wherein the processor is further configured to perform control to:
receive, from the first electronic device, a message for waking up the second electronic device, and wake up the second electronic device. 14. The second electronic device of claim 11, wherein the processor is further configured to perform control to:
receive a message requesting to initiate communication using the second RAT from the first electronic device, and enable transition to a state where communication using the second RAT with the first electronic device is possible. 15. The second electronic device of claim 11, wherein the processor is further configured to perform control to:
receive, from the first electronic device, a message for identifying a distance; and transmit, to the first electronic device, a response message to the message for identifying the distance. 16. The second electronic device of claim 11, wherein the processor is further configured to perform control to:
receive, from the first electronic device, a message for a starting time via the second RAT; and transmit, to the first electronic device, a message for a return time via the second RAT. 17. The second electronic device of claim 11, wherein the processor is further configured to perform control to:
receive, from the first electronic device, a message requesting identification information of the second electronic device; and transmit, to the first electronic device, the identification information of the second electronic device via a communication using the second RAT. 18. The second electronic device of claim 11, wherein the processor is further configured to:
detect an input for personal authentication; and in response to the detected input for personal authentication, perform control to enable transition to a state where a communication using the second RAT with the first electronic device is possible. 19. The second electronic device of claim 18, wherein the input for personal authentication includes authentication by fingerprint recognition, authentication by iris recognition, and authentication by a touch input having a predetermined pattern with respect to the second electronic device. 20. A method of a first electronic device for expanding a wireless communication, the method comprising:
receiving, from at least one second electronic device, a message requesting to initiate a communication using a second RAT; acquiring, from the at least one second electronic device, identification information of the at least one second electronic device via a communication using the second RAT; transmitting, to a reader, the acquired identification information of the at least one second electronic device via a communication using a first RAT; and performing communication using the first RAT between the at least one second electronic device and the reader by using the second RAT. | A first electronic device for expanding a wireless communication includes a first RAT communication unit for transmitting a signal to or receiving a signal from a reader via a first radio access technology (RAT). the first electronic device also includes a second RAT communication unit for transmitting a signal to or receiving a signal from at least one second electronic device via a second RAT. The first electronic device further includes a processor for transmitting, to the at least one second electronic device, a message requesting to initiate a communication using the second RAT, and performing control such that a communication using the first RAT between the at least one second electronic device and the reader is performed by using the second RAT.1. A first electronic device for expanding a wireless communication, the first electronic device comprising:
a first radio access technology (RAT) communication unit configured to transmit a signal to or receive a signal from a reader via a first RAT; a second RAT communication unit configured to transmit a signal to or receive a signal from at least one second electronic device via a second RAT; and a processor configured to:
perform control to transmit, to the at least one second electronic device, a message requesting to initiate communication using the second RAT, and
control communication using the first RAT between the at least one second electronic device and the reader using the second RAT. 2. The first electronic device of claim 1, further comprising a third RAT communication unit configured to transmit a signal to or receive a signal from the at least one second electronic device via a third RAT,
wherein the processor is further configured to perform control to transmit, to the at least one second electronic device, a message requesting to initiate communication using the second RAT via communication using the third RAT. 3. The first electronic device of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to perform control to transmit a message for waking up the at least one second electronic device. 4. The first electronic device of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to perform control to:
receive the message requesting to initiate communication using the second RAT from the at least one second electronic device, and enable transition to a state where a communication using the second RAT with the at least one second electronic device is possible. 5. The first electronic device of claim 4, wherein the processor is further configured to:
determine a distance to the at least one second electronic device; and when the determined distance to the at least one second electronic device is shorter than a predetermined first distance, perform control to enable transition to a state where a communication using the second RAT with the at least one second electronic device is possible. 6. The first electronic device of claim 5, wherein the processor is further configured to perform control to:
transmit, to the at least one second electronic device, a message for identifying a distance; receive, from the at least one second electronic device, a response message to the message for identifying the distance; and determine a distance to the at least one second electronic device, based on a transmission time of the message for identifying the distance and a reception time of the response message. 7. The first electronic device of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to:
determine a distance to the at least one second electronic device; and when the determined distance to the at least one second electronic device is shorter than a predetermined second distance, perform control such that communication using the first RAT, between the at least one second electronic device and the reader, is performed by using the second RAT. 8. The first electronic device of claim 7, wherein the processor is further configured to perform control to:
transmit a message for a starting time to the at least one second electronic device via the second RAT; receive, from the at least one second electronic device, a message for a return time via the second RAT; and determine a distance to the at least one second electronic device, based on a transmission time of the message for a starting time and a reception time of the message for a return time. 9. The first electronic device of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to:
acquire, from the at least one second electronic device, identification information of the at least one second electronic device via a communication using the second RAT; and perform control to transmit the acquired identification information of the at least one second electronic device to the reader via a communication using the first RAT. 10. The first electronic device of claim 1, wherein, when the at least one second electronic device detects an input for personal authentication and is switched to be in a state where the second RAT can be used, the processor is further configured to perform control to transmit, to the at least one second electronic device, a message for triggering the at least one second electronic device. 11. A second electronic device comprising:
a first RAT communication unit configured to transmit a signal to or receive a signal from a reader via a first RAT; a second RAT communication unit configured to transmit a signal to or receive a signal from a first electronic device via a second RAT; and a processor configured to:
perform control to receive, from the first electronic device, a message requesting to initiate communication using the second RAT, and
perform control of communication using the first RAT with the reader via the first electronic device using the second RAT. 12. The second electronic device of claim 11, further comprising a third RAT communication unit configured to transmit a signal to or receive a signal from the first electronic device via a third RAT,
wherein the processor is further configured to perform control to receive, from the first electronic device, a message requesting to initiate communication using the second RAT via communication using the third RAT. 13. The second electronic device of claim 11, wherein the processor is further configured to perform control to:
receive, from the first electronic device, a message for waking up the second electronic device, and wake up the second electronic device. 14. The second electronic device of claim 11, wherein the processor is further configured to perform control to:
receive a message requesting to initiate communication using the second RAT from the first electronic device, and enable transition to a state where communication using the second RAT with the first electronic device is possible. 15. The second electronic device of claim 11, wherein the processor is further configured to perform control to:
receive, from the first electronic device, a message for identifying a distance; and transmit, to the first electronic device, a response message to the message for identifying the distance. 16. The second electronic device of claim 11, wherein the processor is further configured to perform control to:
receive, from the first electronic device, a message for a starting time via the second RAT; and transmit, to the first electronic device, a message for a return time via the second RAT. 17. The second electronic device of claim 11, wherein the processor is further configured to perform control to:
receive, from the first electronic device, a message requesting identification information of the second electronic device; and transmit, to the first electronic device, the identification information of the second electronic device via a communication using the second RAT. 18. The second electronic device of claim 11, wherein the processor is further configured to:
detect an input for personal authentication; and in response to the detected input for personal authentication, perform control to enable transition to a state where a communication using the second RAT with the first electronic device is possible. 19. The second electronic device of claim 18, wherein the input for personal authentication includes authentication by fingerprint recognition, authentication by iris recognition, and authentication by a touch input having a predetermined pattern with respect to the second electronic device. 20. A method of a first electronic device for expanding a wireless communication, the method comprising:
receiving, from at least one second electronic device, a message requesting to initiate a communication using a second RAT; acquiring, from the at least one second electronic device, identification information of the at least one second electronic device via a communication using the second RAT; transmitting, to a reader, the acquired identification information of the at least one second electronic device via a communication using a first RAT; and performing communication using the first RAT between the at least one second electronic device and the reader by using the second RAT. | 3,700 |
346,011 | 16,804,400 | 3,785 | A sealed battery disclosed here comprises an electrode body comprising a positive electrode collector and a negative electrode collector, collector tabs for external connection bonded to the corresponding collector, and a case. Both of bonded portions of the positive and the negative electrode collectors and the positive and negative electrode collector tabs are in the case. At least one of the positive and the negative electrode collectors and the collector tab bonded to the corresponding electrode are made of metals different from each other. An intermetallic compound present at a bonded interface between the collector and the connector tab and is made of the metals different from each other has a maximum diameter of smaller than 1 μm under a transmission electron microscope observation. | 1. A sealed battery comprising:
an electrode body comprising a sheet-shaped positive electrode collector and a sheet-shaped negative electrode collector; a positive electrode collector tab and a negative electrode collector tab for external connection, the positive electrode collector tab and the negative electrode collector tab respectively bonded to a part of the positive electrode collector and a part of the negative electrode collector; and a laminate film battery case containing the electrode body, wherein both of a bonded portion of the positive electrode collector and the positive electrode collector tab and a bonded portion of the negative electrode collector and the negative electrode collector tab are in the laminate film battery case, and at least one of the positive and the negative electrode collectors and the collector tab bonded to the corresponding electrode are made of metals different from each other, an intermetallic compound present at a bonded interface between the collector and the collector tab made of the metals different from each other has a maximum diameter of smaller than 1 μm under a transmission electron microscope observation. 2. The sealed battery according to claim 1, wherein the positive electrode collector is made of aluminum and the positive electrode collector tab is made of copper. 3. The sealed battery according to claim 1, wherein the negative electrode collector is made of copper and the negative electrode collector tab is made of aluminum. 4. A method of manufacturing a sealed battery comprising:
an electrode body comprising a sheet-shaped positive electrode collector and a sheet-shaped negative electrode collector; a positive electrode collector tab and a negative electrode collector tab for external connection, the positive electrode collector tab and the negative electrode collector tab respectively bonded to a part of the positive electrode collector and a part of the negative electrode collector; and a laminate film battery case containing the electrode body, wherein at least one of the positive and the negative electrode collectors and the collector tab bonded to the corresponding electrode are made of metals different from each other, the method comprising: bonding the collectors and the collector tabs made of the metals different from each other using ultrasonic welding; wherein an ultrasonic energy level applied to a bonded portion of the collector and the collector tab during the ultrasonic welding is set such that an intermetallic compound generated at a bonded interface between the collector and the collector tab has a maximum diameter of smaller than 1 μm under transmission electron microscope observation. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the positive electrode collector is made of aluminum, the positive electrode collector tab is made of copper, and the positive electrode collector and the positive electrode collector tab are bonded to each other using ultrasonic welding at an ultrasonic energy level of 200 J or smaller. 6. The method according to claim 4, wherein the negative electrode collector is made of copper, the negative electrode collector tab is made of aluminum, and the negative electrode collector and the negative electrode collector tab are bonded to each other using ultrasonic welding at an ultrasonic energy level of 200 J or smaller. | A sealed battery disclosed here comprises an electrode body comprising a positive electrode collector and a negative electrode collector, collector tabs for external connection bonded to the corresponding collector, and a case. Both of bonded portions of the positive and the negative electrode collectors and the positive and negative electrode collector tabs are in the case. At least one of the positive and the negative electrode collectors and the collector tab bonded to the corresponding electrode are made of metals different from each other. An intermetallic compound present at a bonded interface between the collector and the connector tab and is made of the metals different from each other has a maximum diameter of smaller than 1 μm under a transmission electron microscope observation.1. A sealed battery comprising:
an electrode body comprising a sheet-shaped positive electrode collector and a sheet-shaped negative electrode collector; a positive electrode collector tab and a negative electrode collector tab for external connection, the positive electrode collector tab and the negative electrode collector tab respectively bonded to a part of the positive electrode collector and a part of the negative electrode collector; and a laminate film battery case containing the electrode body, wherein both of a bonded portion of the positive electrode collector and the positive electrode collector tab and a bonded portion of the negative electrode collector and the negative electrode collector tab are in the laminate film battery case, and at least one of the positive and the negative electrode collectors and the collector tab bonded to the corresponding electrode are made of metals different from each other, an intermetallic compound present at a bonded interface between the collector and the collector tab made of the metals different from each other has a maximum diameter of smaller than 1 μm under a transmission electron microscope observation. 2. The sealed battery according to claim 1, wherein the positive electrode collector is made of aluminum and the positive electrode collector tab is made of copper. 3. The sealed battery according to claim 1, wherein the negative electrode collector is made of copper and the negative electrode collector tab is made of aluminum. 4. A method of manufacturing a sealed battery comprising:
an electrode body comprising a sheet-shaped positive electrode collector and a sheet-shaped negative electrode collector; a positive electrode collector tab and a negative electrode collector tab for external connection, the positive electrode collector tab and the negative electrode collector tab respectively bonded to a part of the positive electrode collector and a part of the negative electrode collector; and a laminate film battery case containing the electrode body, wherein at least one of the positive and the negative electrode collectors and the collector tab bonded to the corresponding electrode are made of metals different from each other, the method comprising: bonding the collectors and the collector tabs made of the metals different from each other using ultrasonic welding; wherein an ultrasonic energy level applied to a bonded portion of the collector and the collector tab during the ultrasonic welding is set such that an intermetallic compound generated at a bonded interface between the collector and the collector tab has a maximum diameter of smaller than 1 μm under transmission electron microscope observation. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the positive electrode collector is made of aluminum, the positive electrode collector tab is made of copper, and the positive electrode collector and the positive electrode collector tab are bonded to each other using ultrasonic welding at an ultrasonic energy level of 200 J or smaller. 6. The method according to claim 4, wherein the negative electrode collector is made of copper, the negative electrode collector tab is made of aluminum, and the negative electrode collector and the negative electrode collector tab are bonded to each other using ultrasonic welding at an ultrasonic energy level of 200 J or smaller. | 3,700 |
346,012 | 16,804,421 | 3,785 | An electronic component embedded substrate includes a core structure including a first insulating body and core wiring layers and having a cavity and having a stopper layer disposed as a bottom surface; an electronic component disposed in the cavity and attached to the stopper layer; and a build-up structure including a second insulating body covering at least a portion each of the core structure and the electronic component and filling at least a portion of the cavity, and build-up wiring layers wherein the stopper layer has a first region in which a portion of one surface is exposed from the first insulating body and a second region in which the other portion of one surface is covered with the first insulating body, and a surface roughness of one surface of the stopper layer in the first region is greater than that of the stopper layer in the second region. | 1. An electronic component embedded substrate comprising:
a core structure including a first insulating body and a plurality of core wiring layers, respectively disposed on or in the first insulating body, and having a cavity penetrating through at least a portion of the first insulating body in a thickness direction of the first insulating body and having a stopper layer disposed as a bottom surface of the cavity; an electronic component disposed in the cavity and attached to the stopper layer; and a build-up structure including a second insulating body covering at least a portion of each of the core structure and the electronic component and disposed in at least a portion of the cavity, and one or more build-up wiring layers each disposed on or in the second insulating body, wherein the stopper layer has a first region in which a portion of one surface of the stopper layer is exposed from the first insulating body by the cavity and a second region in which the other portion of the one surface is covered with the first insulating body, and a surface roughness of the one surface of the stopper layer in the first region is greater than a surface roughness of the one surface of the stopper layer in the second region. 2. The electronic component embedded substrate of claim 1, wherein the one surface of the stopper layer in the first region has a center line average roughness Ra that is greater than a center line average roughness Ra of the one surface of the stopper layer in the second region. 3. The electronic component embedded substrate of claim 2, wherein the one surface of the stopper layer has the centerline average roughness Ra of 0.6 μm to 1.2 μm in the first region and 0.1 μm to 0.4 μm in the second region. 4. The electronic component embedded substrate of claim 1, wherein the one surface of the stopper layer in the first region has a ten point average roughness Rz that is greater than a ten point average roughness Rz of the one surface of the stopper layer in the second region. 5. The electronic component embedded substrate of claim 4, wherein the one surface of the stopper layer has the ten point average roughness Rz of 7 μm to 13 μm in the first region and 0.9 μm to 3 μm in the second region. 6. The electronic component embedded substrate of claim 1, wherein a thickness of the stopper layer in the first region is thinner than a thickness of the stopper layer in the second region. 7. The electronic component embedded substrate of claim 1, wherein the stopper layer is disposed on the same level as one of the plurality of core wiring layers. 8. The electronic component embedded substrate of claim 1, wherein the electronic component has a first surface on which a connection pad is disposed and a second surface opposite to the first surface, and
the second surface is attached to the stopper layer through a die attach film (DAF). 9. The electronic component embedded substrate of claim 8, wherein the core structure includes a first core insulating layer, a first core wiring layer and the stopper layer each disposed on one surface of the first core insulating layer, a second core wiring layer disposed on the other surface of the first core insulating layer, a second core insulating layer disposed on the first core insulating layer and covering at least a portion of each of the first core wiring layer and the stopper layer, a third core insulating layer disposed on the other surface of the first core insulating layer and covering at least a portion of the second core wiring layer, a third core wiring layer disposed on the second core insulating layer, a fourth core wiring layer disposed on the third core insulating layer, a first core via layer penetrating through the first core insulating layer and connecting the first and second core wiring layers to each other, a second core via layer penetrating through the second core insulating layer and connecting the first and third core wiring layers to each other, and a third core via layer penetrating through the third core insulating layer and connecting the second and fourth core wiring layers to each other,
the first insulating body includes the first to third core insulating layers, the plurality of core wiring layers include the first to fourth core wiring layers, the first core insulating layer has a thickness greater than a thickness of each of the second and third core insulating layers, and the second and third core via layers have profiles tapered in opposite directions. 10. The electronic component embedded substrate of claim 9, wherein the build-up structure includes a first build-up insulating layer covering at least a portion of each of the core structure and the electronic component and disposed in at least a portion of the cavity, a first build-up wiring layer disposed on the first build-up insulating layer, and a first build-up via layer penetrating through the first build-up insulating layer and connecting the first build-up wiring layer to the connection pad and the fourth core wiring layer, respectively,
the second insulating body includes the first build-up insulating layer, the one ore more build-up wiring layers include the first build-up wiring layer, and the first build-up via layer has a tapered profile in which a width of a cross section narrows in a direction from the build-up structure toward the core structure. 11. The electronic component embedded substrate of claim 10, wherein the build-up structure further includes a second build-up insulating layer disposed on the first build-up insulating layer and covering at least a portion of the first build-up wiring layer, a second build-up wiring layer disposed on the second build-up insulating layer, and a second build-up via layer penetrating through the second build-up insulating layer and connecting the first and second build-up wiring layers to each other,
the second insulating body further includes the second build-up insulating layer, the one or more build-up wiring layers further include the second build-up wiring layer, and the second build-up via layer has a tapered profile in which a width of a cross section narrows in the direction from the build-up structure toward the core structure. 12. The electronic component embedded substrate of claim 1, further comprising:
a first passivation layer disposed on an opposite side of the core structure on which the build-up structure is disposed and having a plurality of first openings, respectively exposing at least a portion of one of the plurality of core wiring layers; and a plurality of first electrical connection metal bumps disposed on the plurality of first openings, respectively, and each connected to at least a portion of the exposed core wiring layer. 13. The electronic component embedded substrate of claim 12, further comprising:
a second passivation layer disposed on an opposite side of the build-up structure on which the core structure is disposed and having a plurality of second openings, respectively exposing at least a portion of one of the one or more build-up wiring layers; a plurality of second electrical connection metal bumps disposed on the plurality of second openings, respectively, and each connected to at least a portion of the exposed build-up wiring layer; and one or more surface mounted components mounted on the second passivation layer through the plurality of second electrical connection metal bumps. 14. An electronic component embedded substrate comprising:
a core structure including a first insulating body and a plurality of core wiring layers, respectively disposed on or in the first insulating body, and having a cavity penetrating through at least a portion of the first insulating body in a thickness direction of the first insulating body and having a stopper layer disposed as a bottom surface of the cavity; an electronic component disposed in the cavity and attached to the stopper layer; and a build-up structure including a second insulating body covering at least a portion each of the core structure and the electronic component and disposed in at least a portion of the cavity, and one or more build-up wiring layers each disposed on or in the second insulating body, wherein a surface in a region, exposed from the first insulating body by the cavity, of one surface of the stopper layer has a first unevenness portion, and a second unevenness portion disposed on the first unevenness portion and having a smaller height difference of unevennesses than the first unevenness portion. 15. The electronic component embedded substrate of claim 14, wherein at least a portion of one surface of the stopper layer is buried in the first insulating body,
a surface of a region buried in the first insulating body of the one surface of the stopper layer has a third unevenness portion, and the first unevenness portion has a greater height difference of unevennesses than the third unevenness portion. 16. The electronic component embedded substrate of claim 15, wherein the second unevenness portion has a greater height difference of unevennesses than the third unevenness portion. 17. An electronic component embedded substrate comprising:
a core structure including a first insulating body and a plurality of core wiring layers, respectively disposed on or in the first insulating body, and having a cavity penetrating through at least a portion of the first insulating body in a thickness direction of the first insulating body and having a stopper layer disposed as a bottom surface of the cavity; an electronic component disposed in the cavity and attached to the stopper layer; and a build-up structure including a second insulating body covering at least a portion each of the core structure and the electronic component and disposed in at least a portion of the cavity, and one or more build-up wiring layers each disposed on or in the second insulating body, wherein a surface in a region, exposed from the first insulating body by the cavity, of one surface of the stopper layer has a center line average roughness Ra of 0.6 μm to 1.2 μm, and a ten point average roughness Rz of 7 μm to 13 μm. 18. The electronic component embedded substrate of claim 17, wherein a second region in a region, covered with the first insulating body, of the one surface of the stopper layer has a center line average roughness Ra less than that of the surface in the region, exposed from the first insulating body by the cavity, of the one surface of the stopper layer, and
the second region in the region, covered with the first insulating body, of the one surface of the stopper layer has a ten point average roughness Rz less than that of the surface in the region, exposed from the first insulating body by the cavity, of the one surface of the stopper layer. 19. The electronic component embedded substrate of claim 18, wherein the second region in the region, covered with the first insulating body, of the one surface of the stopper layer has the center line average roughness Ra of 0.1 μm to 0.4 μm, and the ten point average roughness Rz of 0.9 μm to 3 μm. | An electronic component embedded substrate includes a core structure including a first insulating body and core wiring layers and having a cavity and having a stopper layer disposed as a bottom surface; an electronic component disposed in the cavity and attached to the stopper layer; and a build-up structure including a second insulating body covering at least a portion each of the core structure and the electronic component and filling at least a portion of the cavity, and build-up wiring layers wherein the stopper layer has a first region in which a portion of one surface is exposed from the first insulating body and a second region in which the other portion of one surface is covered with the first insulating body, and a surface roughness of one surface of the stopper layer in the first region is greater than that of the stopper layer in the second region.1. An electronic component embedded substrate comprising:
a core structure including a first insulating body and a plurality of core wiring layers, respectively disposed on or in the first insulating body, and having a cavity penetrating through at least a portion of the first insulating body in a thickness direction of the first insulating body and having a stopper layer disposed as a bottom surface of the cavity; an electronic component disposed in the cavity and attached to the stopper layer; and a build-up structure including a second insulating body covering at least a portion of each of the core structure and the electronic component and disposed in at least a portion of the cavity, and one or more build-up wiring layers each disposed on or in the second insulating body, wherein the stopper layer has a first region in which a portion of one surface of the stopper layer is exposed from the first insulating body by the cavity and a second region in which the other portion of the one surface is covered with the first insulating body, and a surface roughness of the one surface of the stopper layer in the first region is greater than a surface roughness of the one surface of the stopper layer in the second region. 2. The electronic component embedded substrate of claim 1, wherein the one surface of the stopper layer in the first region has a center line average roughness Ra that is greater than a center line average roughness Ra of the one surface of the stopper layer in the second region. 3. The electronic component embedded substrate of claim 2, wherein the one surface of the stopper layer has the centerline average roughness Ra of 0.6 μm to 1.2 μm in the first region and 0.1 μm to 0.4 μm in the second region. 4. The electronic component embedded substrate of claim 1, wherein the one surface of the stopper layer in the first region has a ten point average roughness Rz that is greater than a ten point average roughness Rz of the one surface of the stopper layer in the second region. 5. The electronic component embedded substrate of claim 4, wherein the one surface of the stopper layer has the ten point average roughness Rz of 7 μm to 13 μm in the first region and 0.9 μm to 3 μm in the second region. 6. The electronic component embedded substrate of claim 1, wherein a thickness of the stopper layer in the first region is thinner than a thickness of the stopper layer in the second region. 7. The electronic component embedded substrate of claim 1, wherein the stopper layer is disposed on the same level as one of the plurality of core wiring layers. 8. The electronic component embedded substrate of claim 1, wherein the electronic component has a first surface on which a connection pad is disposed and a second surface opposite to the first surface, and
the second surface is attached to the stopper layer through a die attach film (DAF). 9. The electronic component embedded substrate of claim 8, wherein the core structure includes a first core insulating layer, a first core wiring layer and the stopper layer each disposed on one surface of the first core insulating layer, a second core wiring layer disposed on the other surface of the first core insulating layer, a second core insulating layer disposed on the first core insulating layer and covering at least a portion of each of the first core wiring layer and the stopper layer, a third core insulating layer disposed on the other surface of the first core insulating layer and covering at least a portion of the second core wiring layer, a third core wiring layer disposed on the second core insulating layer, a fourth core wiring layer disposed on the third core insulating layer, a first core via layer penetrating through the first core insulating layer and connecting the first and second core wiring layers to each other, a second core via layer penetrating through the second core insulating layer and connecting the first and third core wiring layers to each other, and a third core via layer penetrating through the third core insulating layer and connecting the second and fourth core wiring layers to each other,
the first insulating body includes the first to third core insulating layers, the plurality of core wiring layers include the first to fourth core wiring layers, the first core insulating layer has a thickness greater than a thickness of each of the second and third core insulating layers, and the second and third core via layers have profiles tapered in opposite directions. 10. The electronic component embedded substrate of claim 9, wherein the build-up structure includes a first build-up insulating layer covering at least a portion of each of the core structure and the electronic component and disposed in at least a portion of the cavity, a first build-up wiring layer disposed on the first build-up insulating layer, and a first build-up via layer penetrating through the first build-up insulating layer and connecting the first build-up wiring layer to the connection pad and the fourth core wiring layer, respectively,
the second insulating body includes the first build-up insulating layer, the one ore more build-up wiring layers include the first build-up wiring layer, and the first build-up via layer has a tapered profile in which a width of a cross section narrows in a direction from the build-up structure toward the core structure. 11. The electronic component embedded substrate of claim 10, wherein the build-up structure further includes a second build-up insulating layer disposed on the first build-up insulating layer and covering at least a portion of the first build-up wiring layer, a second build-up wiring layer disposed on the second build-up insulating layer, and a second build-up via layer penetrating through the second build-up insulating layer and connecting the first and second build-up wiring layers to each other,
the second insulating body further includes the second build-up insulating layer, the one or more build-up wiring layers further include the second build-up wiring layer, and the second build-up via layer has a tapered profile in which a width of a cross section narrows in the direction from the build-up structure toward the core structure. 12. The electronic component embedded substrate of claim 1, further comprising:
a first passivation layer disposed on an opposite side of the core structure on which the build-up structure is disposed and having a plurality of first openings, respectively exposing at least a portion of one of the plurality of core wiring layers; and a plurality of first electrical connection metal bumps disposed on the plurality of first openings, respectively, and each connected to at least a portion of the exposed core wiring layer. 13. The electronic component embedded substrate of claim 12, further comprising:
a second passivation layer disposed on an opposite side of the build-up structure on which the core structure is disposed and having a plurality of second openings, respectively exposing at least a portion of one of the one or more build-up wiring layers; a plurality of second electrical connection metal bumps disposed on the plurality of second openings, respectively, and each connected to at least a portion of the exposed build-up wiring layer; and one or more surface mounted components mounted on the second passivation layer through the plurality of second electrical connection metal bumps. 14. An electronic component embedded substrate comprising:
a core structure including a first insulating body and a plurality of core wiring layers, respectively disposed on or in the first insulating body, and having a cavity penetrating through at least a portion of the first insulating body in a thickness direction of the first insulating body and having a stopper layer disposed as a bottom surface of the cavity; an electronic component disposed in the cavity and attached to the stopper layer; and a build-up structure including a second insulating body covering at least a portion each of the core structure and the electronic component and disposed in at least a portion of the cavity, and one or more build-up wiring layers each disposed on or in the second insulating body, wherein a surface in a region, exposed from the first insulating body by the cavity, of one surface of the stopper layer has a first unevenness portion, and a second unevenness portion disposed on the first unevenness portion and having a smaller height difference of unevennesses than the first unevenness portion. 15. The electronic component embedded substrate of claim 14, wherein at least a portion of one surface of the stopper layer is buried in the first insulating body,
a surface of a region buried in the first insulating body of the one surface of the stopper layer has a third unevenness portion, and the first unevenness portion has a greater height difference of unevennesses than the third unevenness portion. 16. The electronic component embedded substrate of claim 15, wherein the second unevenness portion has a greater height difference of unevennesses than the third unevenness portion. 17. An electronic component embedded substrate comprising:
a core structure including a first insulating body and a plurality of core wiring layers, respectively disposed on or in the first insulating body, and having a cavity penetrating through at least a portion of the first insulating body in a thickness direction of the first insulating body and having a stopper layer disposed as a bottom surface of the cavity; an electronic component disposed in the cavity and attached to the stopper layer; and a build-up structure including a second insulating body covering at least a portion each of the core structure and the electronic component and disposed in at least a portion of the cavity, and one or more build-up wiring layers each disposed on or in the second insulating body, wherein a surface in a region, exposed from the first insulating body by the cavity, of one surface of the stopper layer has a center line average roughness Ra of 0.6 μm to 1.2 μm, and a ten point average roughness Rz of 7 μm to 13 μm. 18. The electronic component embedded substrate of claim 17, wherein a second region in a region, covered with the first insulating body, of the one surface of the stopper layer has a center line average roughness Ra less than that of the surface in the region, exposed from the first insulating body by the cavity, of the one surface of the stopper layer, and
the second region in the region, covered with the first insulating body, of the one surface of the stopper layer has a ten point average roughness Rz less than that of the surface in the region, exposed from the first insulating body by the cavity, of the one surface of the stopper layer. 19. The electronic component embedded substrate of claim 18, wherein the second region in the region, covered with the first insulating body, of the one surface of the stopper layer has the center line average roughness Ra of 0.1 μm to 0.4 μm, and the ten point average roughness Rz of 0.9 μm to 3 μm. | 3,700 |
346,013 | 16,804,450 | 3,785 | A system and method for simultaneous multi-slice nuclear spin tomography is provided which requires no sensitivity profile of a receiving coil along a slice axis. A pulse space region to be sampled can be specified. A first pulse space dimension (ky) can be assigned to a first phase-encoded axis and a second pulse space dimension (kz) can be assigned to a second phase-encoded axis and the second phase-encoded axis corresponds to the slice axis. A sampling scheme can also be specified, and a complete sampled can be provided along the second pulse space dimension (kz). A magnetic resonance scan can then be carried out within the pulse space region to be sampled based on the sampling scheme and respective phase-encodings of the first and second phase-encoded axis. | 1. A method for simultaneous multi-slice nuclear spin tomography using a magnetic resonance tomography (MRT) system having a MRT scanner and a controller, the method comprising:
specifying, by the controller of the MRT system, a pulse space region to be sampled by a processor of the controller, wherein a first pulse space dimension is assigned to a first phase-encoded axis, and assigning a second pulse space dimension to a second phase-encoded axis, the second phase-encoded axis corresponding to a slice axis; specifying, by the controller, a sampling scheme, wherein a complete sampling is provided along the second pulse space dimension; and performing, by the MRT scanner, a magnetic resonance scan within the pulse space region to be sampled based on the sampling scheme and respective phase-encodings of the first and second phase-encoded axis. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein an incomplete sampling is provided along the first pulse space dimension. 3. The method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:
determining coordinate pairs to be sampled the specified sampling scheme, wherein each coordinate pair contains a first coordinate in relation to the first pulse space dimension and an associated second coordinate in relation to the second pulse space dimension. 4. The method as claimed in claim 3, wherein performing the magnetic resonance scan comprises recording scan signals during associated recording time periods, each recording time period being assigned according to a segmentation scheme to an excitation pulse so that at least one segmentation index is unambiguously assigned to each recording time period. 5. The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein each recording time period is assigned according to the segmentation scheme to a refocusing pulse so that at least two segmentation indices are unambiguously assigned to each recording time period. 6. The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein performing the magnetic resonance scan comprises assigning each coordinate pair to exactly one tuple of segmentation indices to define a sequence of a sampling of the coordinate pairs during the magnetic resonance scan. 7. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein performing the magnetic resonance scan comprises assigning each coordinate pair to exactly one tuple of segmentation indices to define a sequence of a sampling of the coordinate pairs during the magnetic resonance scan. 8. The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein at least one gradient moment is applied between samplings of two successive coordinate pairs according to the defined sequence, the value of which is determined from at least one pulse difference between the successive coordinate pairs. 9. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein at least one gradient moment is applied between samplings of two successive coordinate pairs according to the defined sequence, the value of which is determined from at least one pulse difference between the successive coordinate pairs. 10. The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein between an excitation pulse and a sampling of a subsequent coordinate pair, at least one pre-phasing moment is applied, the value of which is determined from at least one pulse difference between the coordinate pair following the excitation pulse and the at least one reference pulse value. 11. The method as claimed in claim 8, wherein between an excitation pulse and a sampling of a subsequent coordinate pair, at least one pre-phasing moment is applied, the value of which is determined from at least one pulse difference between the coordinate pair following the excitation pulse and the at least one reference pulse value. 12. The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein between a sampling of a coordinate pair and a subsequent further one of the excitation pulses or a refocusing pulse, a re-phasing moment is applied, the value of which is determined from at least one pulse difference between the coordinate pair sampled before the further excitation pulse and the at least one reference pulse value. 13. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein:
for specifying the pulse space region to be sampled, a third pulse space dimension is assigned to a third phase-encoded axis or a third frequency-encoded axis; and the magnetic resonance scan is carried out according to a phase-encoding of the third phase-encoded axis or according to a frequency-encoding of the third frequency-encoded axis. 14. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein, in response to the pulse space region to be sampled being specified, restricting the pulse space region to be sampled along the second pulse space dimension according to a partial Fourier restriction. 15. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the magnetic resonance scan is carried out according to a turbo spin echo image acquisition. 16. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium with an executable program stored thereon, that when executed, instructs a processor to perform the method of claim 1. 17. A computer program product having a computer program which is directly loadable into a memory of the controller of the MRT system, when executed by the controller, causes the MRT system to perform the method as claimed in claim 1. 18. A system for simultaneous multi-slice nuclear spin tomography, comprising:
a magnetic resonance tomography (MRT) scanner; and a controller configured to:
specify a pulse space region to be sampled, a first pulse space dimension being assigned to a first phase-encoded axis;
assign a second pulse space dimension to a second phase-encoded axis and the second phase-encoded axis corresponds to a slice axis;
specify a sampling scheme, wherein a complete sampling is provided along the second pulse space dimension; and
activate the MRT scanner to control the MRT scanner to carry out a magnetic resonance scan within the pulse space region to be sampled based on the sampling scheme and respective phase-encodings of the first and second phase-encoded axis. | A system and method for simultaneous multi-slice nuclear spin tomography is provided which requires no sensitivity profile of a receiving coil along a slice axis. A pulse space region to be sampled can be specified. A first pulse space dimension (ky) can be assigned to a first phase-encoded axis and a second pulse space dimension (kz) can be assigned to a second phase-encoded axis and the second phase-encoded axis corresponds to the slice axis. A sampling scheme can also be specified, and a complete sampled can be provided along the second pulse space dimension (kz). A magnetic resonance scan can then be carried out within the pulse space region to be sampled based on the sampling scheme and respective phase-encodings of the first and second phase-encoded axis.1. A method for simultaneous multi-slice nuclear spin tomography using a magnetic resonance tomography (MRT) system having a MRT scanner and a controller, the method comprising:
specifying, by the controller of the MRT system, a pulse space region to be sampled by a processor of the controller, wherein a first pulse space dimension is assigned to a first phase-encoded axis, and assigning a second pulse space dimension to a second phase-encoded axis, the second phase-encoded axis corresponding to a slice axis; specifying, by the controller, a sampling scheme, wherein a complete sampling is provided along the second pulse space dimension; and performing, by the MRT scanner, a magnetic resonance scan within the pulse space region to be sampled based on the sampling scheme and respective phase-encodings of the first and second phase-encoded axis. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein an incomplete sampling is provided along the first pulse space dimension. 3. The method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:
determining coordinate pairs to be sampled the specified sampling scheme, wherein each coordinate pair contains a first coordinate in relation to the first pulse space dimension and an associated second coordinate in relation to the second pulse space dimension. 4. The method as claimed in claim 3, wherein performing the magnetic resonance scan comprises recording scan signals during associated recording time periods, each recording time period being assigned according to a segmentation scheme to an excitation pulse so that at least one segmentation index is unambiguously assigned to each recording time period. 5. The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein each recording time period is assigned according to the segmentation scheme to a refocusing pulse so that at least two segmentation indices are unambiguously assigned to each recording time period. 6. The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein performing the magnetic resonance scan comprises assigning each coordinate pair to exactly one tuple of segmentation indices to define a sequence of a sampling of the coordinate pairs during the magnetic resonance scan. 7. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein performing the magnetic resonance scan comprises assigning each coordinate pair to exactly one tuple of segmentation indices to define a sequence of a sampling of the coordinate pairs during the magnetic resonance scan. 8. The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein at least one gradient moment is applied between samplings of two successive coordinate pairs according to the defined sequence, the value of which is determined from at least one pulse difference between the successive coordinate pairs. 9. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein at least one gradient moment is applied between samplings of two successive coordinate pairs according to the defined sequence, the value of which is determined from at least one pulse difference between the successive coordinate pairs. 10. The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein between an excitation pulse and a sampling of a subsequent coordinate pair, at least one pre-phasing moment is applied, the value of which is determined from at least one pulse difference between the coordinate pair following the excitation pulse and the at least one reference pulse value. 11. The method as claimed in claim 8, wherein between an excitation pulse and a sampling of a subsequent coordinate pair, at least one pre-phasing moment is applied, the value of which is determined from at least one pulse difference between the coordinate pair following the excitation pulse and the at least one reference pulse value. 12. The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein between a sampling of a coordinate pair and a subsequent further one of the excitation pulses or a refocusing pulse, a re-phasing moment is applied, the value of which is determined from at least one pulse difference between the coordinate pair sampled before the further excitation pulse and the at least one reference pulse value. 13. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein:
for specifying the pulse space region to be sampled, a third pulse space dimension is assigned to a third phase-encoded axis or a third frequency-encoded axis; and the magnetic resonance scan is carried out according to a phase-encoding of the third phase-encoded axis or according to a frequency-encoding of the third frequency-encoded axis. 14. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein, in response to the pulse space region to be sampled being specified, restricting the pulse space region to be sampled along the second pulse space dimension according to a partial Fourier restriction. 15. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the magnetic resonance scan is carried out according to a turbo spin echo image acquisition. 16. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium with an executable program stored thereon, that when executed, instructs a processor to perform the method of claim 1. 17. A computer program product having a computer program which is directly loadable into a memory of the controller of the MRT system, when executed by the controller, causes the MRT system to perform the method as claimed in claim 1. 18. A system for simultaneous multi-slice nuclear spin tomography, comprising:
a magnetic resonance tomography (MRT) scanner; and a controller configured to:
specify a pulse space region to be sampled, a first pulse space dimension being assigned to a first phase-encoded axis;
assign a second pulse space dimension to a second phase-encoded axis and the second phase-encoded axis corresponds to a slice axis;
specify a sampling scheme, wherein a complete sampling is provided along the second pulse space dimension; and
activate the MRT scanner to control the MRT scanner to carry out a magnetic resonance scan within the pulse space region to be sampled based on the sampling scheme and respective phase-encodings of the first and second phase-encoded axis. | 3,700 |
346,014 | 16,804,444 | 3,785 | A system and method include performing digital block-out of one or more digital preparation teeth. | 1. A computer-implemented method of performing a digital block-out of one or more digital preparation teeth, comprising:
receiving a digital model comprising one or more digital preparation teeth; determining one or more concave digital surface regions on a surface of the one or more digital preparation teeth that interfaces with a dental restoration cavity; and reducing concavity of the one or more concave digital surface regions. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more concave digital surface regions comprise an undercut region. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein reducing concavity of one or more concave digital surface regions comprises digitally blocking out the undercut region. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the digital tooth is prepared for a crown. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein reducing concavity comprises:
reducing concavity in an inner region of a digital tooth surface by an inner region amount; and reducing concavity in a transition region of the digital tooth surface by a transition region amount. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the transition region amount is proportionate to a distance from a margin line of the digital tooth. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising a margin region wherein reducing concavity is skipped. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein reducing concavity comprises moving one or more vertices by a distance away from the digital surface. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein moving one or more vertices comprises along a normal of the vertex. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the computer-implemented method determines the distance based on a first and second neighbor vertex position. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the distance is proportionate to a user-configurable value. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein an inner region amount and the transition region amount comprises a user-configurable value. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein determining one or more concave digital surface regions is performed automatically. 14. A system for performing a digital block-out of one or more digital preparation teeth, comprising:
a processor; a computer-readable storage medium comprising instructions executable by the processor to perform steps comprising: receiving a digital model comprising one or more digital preparation teeth; determining one or more concave digital surface regions on a surface of the one or more digital preparation teeth that interfaces with a dental restoration cavity; and reducing concavity of the one or more concave digital surface regions. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein determining one or more concave digital surface regions is performed automatically. 16. A method of performing a digital block-out of one or more digital preparation teeth, comprising:
loading a digital model comprising one or more digital preparation teeth; and initiating concavity reduction of the one or more digital preparation teeth, wherein concavity reduction comprises determining one or more concave digital surface regions on a surface of the one or more digital preparation teeth that interfaces with a dental restoration cavity; and reducing concavity of the one or more concave digital surface regions. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein determining one or more concave digital surface regions is performed automatically. 18. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing executable computer program instructions for performing a digital block-out of one or more digital preparation teeth, comprising, the computer program instructions including instructions for:
receiving a digital model comprising one or more digital preparation teeth; determining one or more concave digital surface regions on a surface of the one or more digital preparation teeth that interfaces with a dental restoration cavity; and reducing concavity of the one or more concave digital surface regions. 19. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 18, wherein reducing concavity is performed automatically. | A system and method include performing digital block-out of one or more digital preparation teeth.1. A computer-implemented method of performing a digital block-out of one or more digital preparation teeth, comprising:
receiving a digital model comprising one or more digital preparation teeth; determining one or more concave digital surface regions on a surface of the one or more digital preparation teeth that interfaces with a dental restoration cavity; and reducing concavity of the one or more concave digital surface regions. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more concave digital surface regions comprise an undercut region. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein reducing concavity of one or more concave digital surface regions comprises digitally blocking out the undercut region. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the digital tooth is prepared for a crown. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein reducing concavity comprises:
reducing concavity in an inner region of a digital tooth surface by an inner region amount; and reducing concavity in a transition region of the digital tooth surface by a transition region amount. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the transition region amount is proportionate to a distance from a margin line of the digital tooth. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising a margin region wherein reducing concavity is skipped. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein reducing concavity comprises moving one or more vertices by a distance away from the digital surface. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein moving one or more vertices comprises along a normal of the vertex. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the computer-implemented method determines the distance based on a first and second neighbor vertex position. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the distance is proportionate to a user-configurable value. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein an inner region amount and the transition region amount comprises a user-configurable value. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein determining one or more concave digital surface regions is performed automatically. 14. A system for performing a digital block-out of one or more digital preparation teeth, comprising:
a processor; a computer-readable storage medium comprising instructions executable by the processor to perform steps comprising: receiving a digital model comprising one or more digital preparation teeth; determining one or more concave digital surface regions on a surface of the one or more digital preparation teeth that interfaces with a dental restoration cavity; and reducing concavity of the one or more concave digital surface regions. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein determining one or more concave digital surface regions is performed automatically. 16. A method of performing a digital block-out of one or more digital preparation teeth, comprising:
loading a digital model comprising one or more digital preparation teeth; and initiating concavity reduction of the one or more digital preparation teeth, wherein concavity reduction comprises determining one or more concave digital surface regions on a surface of the one or more digital preparation teeth that interfaces with a dental restoration cavity; and reducing concavity of the one or more concave digital surface regions. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein determining one or more concave digital surface regions is performed automatically. 18. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing executable computer program instructions for performing a digital block-out of one or more digital preparation teeth, comprising, the computer program instructions including instructions for:
receiving a digital model comprising one or more digital preparation teeth; determining one or more concave digital surface regions on a surface of the one or more digital preparation teeth that interfaces with a dental restoration cavity; and reducing concavity of the one or more concave digital surface regions. 19. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 18, wherein reducing concavity is performed automatically. | 3,700 |
346,015 | 16,804,440 | 3,785 | The present invention relates to the preparation of liquid mixtures, and more particularly to the preparation of a liquid mixture, such as a buffer, wherein the conductivity of the liquid mixture is measured and the pH indirectly determined if the buffer concentration is known. Another object of the present invention is to provide a method of preparing a liquid mixture with a predetermined pH value by using conductivity as feedback control parameter. | 1. A buffer system comprising,
a. measuring conductivity of a buffer using a conductivity sensor; b. measuring or calculating concentration of the buffer; and c. adding controlled amounts of buffer components to said buffer based on the measured conductivity and the measured or calculated concentration of the buffer to maintain buffer concentration constant until a specific conductivity value is obtained,
wherein said specific conductivity value is correlated to a predetermined pH value and the buffer concentration by a surface model, comprising using a training data set with known concentrations, specific conductivities and pHs obtained from a training set of buffer systems; and measuring the pH for the solutions belonging to the training data set and using a numerical regression method to obtain the surface model equation as a regression model from the training data. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the buffer is an acetate buffer, a citrate buffer, a phosphate buffer, or a Tris buffer. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the surface model equation is of the form:
pH=A+B*concentration of the buffer+C*concentration of the buffer {circumflex over ( )}2+D*specific conductivity; and
wherein A, B, C, and D are buffer specific constants determined through the regression modelling of the training data. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the surface model equation is of the form;
pH=A+B*concentration of the buffer+C*concentration of the buffer {circumflex over ( )}2+D*specific conductivity+E*specific conductivity{circumflex over ( )}2; and
wherein A, B, C, D, and E are buffer specific constants determined through the regression modelling of the training data. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the concentration of the buffer is measured by any of Index of Refraction (IoR), Infrared Red (IR), and Ultraviolet (UV) absorbance at several wavelengths. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the concentration of the buffer is calculated from the known flows from stock solutions of known concentrations and the flows of other components like water and non-buffering salts or additives to the point of mixture of the buffer. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the concentration of the buffer is calculated from the measured conductivities, IR values, or IoR values and known flows from stock solutions and the flows of other components like water and non-buffering salts or additives to the point of mixture of the buffer. 8. The system of claim 1, which is computer-implemented. 9. A method for controlling a buffer formulation, the method comprising using the buffer system of claim 1. 10. A method for controlling an in-line dilution system, the method comprising using the buffer system of claim 1. 11. A method for screening experiments wherein pH and the concentration of a buffer is used as a design of experiment (DoE) parameter, the method comprising using the buffer system of claim 1. 12. A device comprising a computer and a computer program product comprising instructions for causing the computer to perform a method of preparing a buffer having a predetermined pH value, the method comprising,
a. measuring conductivity of a buffer using a conductivity sensor; b. measuring or calculating concentration of the buffer; and c. adding controlled amounts of buffer components to said buffer based on the measured conductivity and the measured or calculated concentration of the buffer to maintain buffer concentration constant until a specific conductivity value is obtained,
wherein said specific conductivity value is correlated to a predetermined pH value and the buffer concentration by a surface model, comprising using a training data set with known concentrations, specific conductivities and pHs obtained from a training set of buffer systems; and measuring the pH for the solutions belonging to the training data set and using a numerical regression method to obtain the surface model equation as a regression model from the training data. 13. The device of claim 12, further comprising a conductivity sensor and a concentration sensor and the computer for calculating pH from measured conductivity. 14. The device of claim 12, further comprising a conductivity sensor and allowing input of buffer concentration and the computer for calculating pH from measured conductivity. | The present invention relates to the preparation of liquid mixtures, and more particularly to the preparation of a liquid mixture, such as a buffer, wherein the conductivity of the liquid mixture is measured and the pH indirectly determined if the buffer concentration is known. Another object of the present invention is to provide a method of preparing a liquid mixture with a predetermined pH value by using conductivity as feedback control parameter.1. A buffer system comprising,
a. measuring conductivity of a buffer using a conductivity sensor; b. measuring or calculating concentration of the buffer; and c. adding controlled amounts of buffer components to said buffer based on the measured conductivity and the measured or calculated concentration of the buffer to maintain buffer concentration constant until a specific conductivity value is obtained,
wherein said specific conductivity value is correlated to a predetermined pH value and the buffer concentration by a surface model, comprising using a training data set with known concentrations, specific conductivities and pHs obtained from a training set of buffer systems; and measuring the pH for the solutions belonging to the training data set and using a numerical regression method to obtain the surface model equation as a regression model from the training data. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the buffer is an acetate buffer, a citrate buffer, a phosphate buffer, or a Tris buffer. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the surface model equation is of the form:
pH=A+B*concentration of the buffer+C*concentration of the buffer {circumflex over ( )}2+D*specific conductivity; and
wherein A, B, C, and D are buffer specific constants determined through the regression modelling of the training data. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the surface model equation is of the form;
pH=A+B*concentration of the buffer+C*concentration of the buffer {circumflex over ( )}2+D*specific conductivity+E*specific conductivity{circumflex over ( )}2; and
wherein A, B, C, D, and E are buffer specific constants determined through the regression modelling of the training data. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the concentration of the buffer is measured by any of Index of Refraction (IoR), Infrared Red (IR), and Ultraviolet (UV) absorbance at several wavelengths. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the concentration of the buffer is calculated from the known flows from stock solutions of known concentrations and the flows of other components like water and non-buffering salts or additives to the point of mixture of the buffer. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the concentration of the buffer is calculated from the measured conductivities, IR values, or IoR values and known flows from stock solutions and the flows of other components like water and non-buffering salts or additives to the point of mixture of the buffer. 8. The system of claim 1, which is computer-implemented. 9. A method for controlling a buffer formulation, the method comprising using the buffer system of claim 1. 10. A method for controlling an in-line dilution system, the method comprising using the buffer system of claim 1. 11. A method for screening experiments wherein pH and the concentration of a buffer is used as a design of experiment (DoE) parameter, the method comprising using the buffer system of claim 1. 12. A device comprising a computer and a computer program product comprising instructions for causing the computer to perform a method of preparing a buffer having a predetermined pH value, the method comprising,
a. measuring conductivity of a buffer using a conductivity sensor; b. measuring or calculating concentration of the buffer; and c. adding controlled amounts of buffer components to said buffer based on the measured conductivity and the measured or calculated concentration of the buffer to maintain buffer concentration constant until a specific conductivity value is obtained,
wherein said specific conductivity value is correlated to a predetermined pH value and the buffer concentration by a surface model, comprising using a training data set with known concentrations, specific conductivities and pHs obtained from a training set of buffer systems; and measuring the pH for the solutions belonging to the training data set and using a numerical regression method to obtain the surface model equation as a regression model from the training data. 13. The device of claim 12, further comprising a conductivity sensor and a concentration sensor and the computer for calculating pH from measured conductivity. 14. The device of claim 12, further comprising a conductivity sensor and allowing input of buffer concentration and the computer for calculating pH from measured conductivity. | 3,700 |
346,016 | 16,804,451 | 3,785 | A power transmission apparatus of a hybrid electric vehicle using an engine and a motor/generator as power sources includes: a first input shaft selectively connected to a rotor of the motor/generator; a second input shaft disposed external to the first input shaft, and selectively connected to the rotor; an idle shaft disposed in parallel with the first input shaft; an intermediate shaft shifting rotational power transmitted from the first input shaft to the idle shaft; a first output shaft shifting and outputting rotational power transmitted from the second input shaft and the idle shaft; a second output shaft shifting and outputting rotational power transmitted from the first input shaft; and a plurality of gear sets shifting the rotational power input through the first and second input shafts. | 1. A power transmission apparatus for a hybrid electric vehicle using an engine and a motor/generator as power sources, the power transmission apparatus comprising:
a first input shaft disposed coaxial with an output shaft of the engine and selectively connected to a rotor of the motor/generator ; a second input shaft formed as a hollow shaft, disposed coaxial with and external to the first input shaft, and selectively connected to the rotor; an idle shaft disposed in parallel with the first input shaft; an intermediate shaft disposed in parallel with the first input shaft and the idle shaft and configured to shift rotational power transmitted from the first input shaft to the idle shaft; a first output shaft disposed in parallel with the second input shaft and the idle shaft, and configured to shift and output rotational power transmitted from the second input shaft and the idle shaft; a second output shaft disposed in parallel with the first input shaft and configured to shift and output rotational power transmitted from the first input shaft; and a plurality of gear sets disposed on the first and second input shafts, the idle shaft, the intermediate shaft, the first and second output shafts to shift the rotational power through the first and second input shafts. 2. The power transmission apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plurality of gear sets comprise:
a first gear set including a first input gear fixedly connected to the first input shaft, and a fifth shifting gear disposed coaxial with and external to the second output shaft, externally gear-meshed with the first input gear and selectively synchronously connected to the second output shaft; a second gear set including a second input gear fixedly connected to the first input shaft, and a first external gear fixedly connected on the intermediate shaft and externally gear-meshed with the second input gear; a third gear set including a second external gear fixedly connected to the idle shaft, and a third shifting gear disposed coaxial with and external to the intermediate shaft, externally gear-meshed with the second external gear and selectively synchronously connected to the intermediate shaft; a fourth gear set including a third input gear fixedly connected to the second input shaft, and a fourth and sixth shifting gears disposed coaxial with and external to the first and second output shafts respectively, externally gear-meshed with the third input gear, and selectively synchronously connected to the first and second output shafts respectively; a fifth gear set including a third external gear fixedly connected to the idle shaft and a fifth external gear fixedly connected to the first output shaft and externally gear-meshed with the third external gear; a sixth gear set including a fourth input gear fixedly connected to the second input shaft, and a second shifting gear disposed coaxial with and external to the second output shaft, externally gear-meshed with the fourth input gear and selectively synchronously connected to the second output shaft; a seventh gear set including a fourth external gear fixedly connected to the idle shaft, and a first shifting gear disposed coaxial with and external to the intermediate shaft, externally gear-meshed with the fourth external gear and selectively synchronously connected to the intermediate shaft; and an eighth gear set including a final reduction gear of a differential, and first and second output gears fixedly connected to the first and second output shafts respectively and externally gear-meshed with the final reduction gear respectively. 3. The power transmission apparatus of claim 2, further comprises four synchronizers for selectively synchronously connecting the first, second, third, fourth, fifth or sixth shifting gears to a corresponding shaft among the intermediate shaft, the first output shaft and the second output shaft. 4. The power transmission apparatus of claim 3, wherein the four synchronizers comprise:
a first synchronizer selectively synchronously connecting the third shifting gear of the third gear set or the first shifting gear of the seventh gear set to the intermediate shaft; a second synchronizer selectively synchronously connecting the sixth shifting gear of the fourth gear set or the second shifting gear of the sixth gear set to the second output shaft; a third synchronizer selectively synchronously connecting the fourth shifting gear of the fourth gear set to the first output shaft; and a fourth synchronizer selectively synchronously connecting the fifth shifting gear of the first gear set to the second output shaft. 5. The power transmission apparatus of claim 2, wherein:
the plurality of gear sets are arranged in the order of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth gear sets from an opposite side of the engine; and the third and fourth gear sets and the fifth and sixth gear sets are disposed in the same row respectively. 6. The power transmission apparatus of claim 2, wherein the power transmission apparatus realizes an engine mode in which the engine is driven, an electric vehicle mode in which the motor/generator is driven, and a parallel mode in which the engine and the motor/generator are driven. 7. The power transmission apparatus of claim 6, wherein the power transmission apparatus realizes six forward speeds in each driving mode, and
wherein the first and third shifting gears realizing a forward first speed and a forward third speed are configured on the intermediate shaft to transfer the rotational power transmitted from the first input shaft to the first output shaft via the idle shaft. 8. The power transmission apparatus of claim 6, wherein:
the first and third shifting gears selectively transfer the rotational power transmitted from the first input shaft through the second gear set to the idle shaft via the seventh and third gear set respectively; and the rotational power transmitted to the idle shaft is transferred to the first output shaft via the fifth gear set. 9. The power transmission apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plurality of gear sets comprise:
a first gear set including a first input gear fixedly connected to the first input shaft, and a fifth shifting gear disposed coaxial with and external to the second output shaft, externally gear-meshed with the first input gear and selectively synchronously connected to the second output shaft; a second gear set including a second input gear fixedly connected to the first input shaft, and a first external gear fixedly connected on the intermediate shaft and externally gear-meshed with the second input gear; a third gear set including a second external gear fixedly connected to the idle shaft, and a third shifting gear disposed coaxial with and external to the intermediate shaft, externally gear-meshed with the second external gear and selectively synchronously connected to the intermediate shaft; a fourth gear set including a third input gear fixedly connected to the second input shaft, and fourth and sixth shifting gears disposed coaxial with and external to the first and second output shafts respectively, externally gear-meshed with the third input gear, and selectively synchronously connected to the first and second output shafts respectively; a fifth gear set including a third external gear fixedly connected to the idle shaft and a fifth external gear fixedly connected to the first output shaft and externally gear-meshed with the third external gear; a sixth gear set including a fourth input gear fixedly connected to the second input shaft, a second shifting gear disposed coaxial with and external to the second output shaft, externally gear-meshed with the fourth input gear and the second shifting gear selectively connected to the second output shaft, and a reverse shifting gear disposed coaxial with and external to the first output shaft, externally gear-meshed with the second shifting gear and the reverse shifting gear selectively connected to the first output shaft; a seventh gear set including a fourth external gear fixedly connected to the idle shaft, and a first shifting gear disposed coaxial with and external to the intermediate shaft, externally gear-meshed with the fourth external gear and selectively synchronously connected to the intermediate shaft; and an eighth gear set including a final reduction gear of a differential, and first and second output gears fixedly connected to the first and second output shafts respectively and externally gear-meshed with the final reduction gear respectively. 10. The power transmission apparatus of claim 9, further comprises four synchronizers for selectively synchronous connecting the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, or reverse shifting gears to a corresponding shaft among the intermediate shaft, the first output shaft and the second output shaft. 11. The power transmission apparatus of claim 10, wherein the four synchronizers comprise:
a first synchronizer selectively synchronously connecting the third shifting gear of the third gear set or the first shifting gear of the seventh gear set to the intermediate shaft; a second synchronizer selectively synchronously connecting the sixth shifting gear of the fourth gear set or the second shifting gear of the sixth gear set to the second output shaft; a third synchronizer selectively synchronously connecting the fourth shifting gear of the fourth gear set or the reverse shifting gear of the sixth gear set to the first output shaft; and a fourth synchronizer selectively synchronously connecting the fifth shifting gear of the first gear set to the second output shaft. 12. The power transmission apparatus of claim 9, wherein:
the plurality of gear sets are arranged in the order of the first, second, fifth, third, fourth, sixth, seventh and eighth gear sets from an opposite side of the engine; and the third and fourth gear sets are disposed in the same row. 13. The power transmission apparatus of claim 9, wherein the power transmission apparatus realizes an engine mode in which the engine is driven, an electric vehicle mode in which the motor/generator is driven, and a parallel mode in which the engine and the motor/generator are driven. 14. The power transmission apparatus of claim 13, wherein the power transmission apparatus realizes six forward speeds in each driving mode, and
wherein the first and third shifting gears realizing a forward first speed and a forward third speed are configured on the intermediate shaft to transfer the rotational power transmitted from the first input shaft to the first output shaft via the idle shaft. 15. The power transmission apparatus of claim 13, wherein:
the first and third shifting gears selectively transfer the rotational power transmitted from the first input shaft through the second gear set to the idle shaft via the seventh and third gear sets respectively; and the rotational power transmitted to the idle shaft is transferred to the first output shaft via the fifth gear set. 16. The power transmission apparatus of claim 13, wherein the power transmission apparatus realizes six forward speeds and one reverse speed in each driving mode, and
wherein the reverse shifting gear realizing the reverse speed is configured on the first output shaft to receive the rotational power transmitted from the second input shaft via the second shifting gear on the second output shaft. | A power transmission apparatus of a hybrid electric vehicle using an engine and a motor/generator as power sources includes: a first input shaft selectively connected to a rotor of the motor/generator; a second input shaft disposed external to the first input shaft, and selectively connected to the rotor; an idle shaft disposed in parallel with the first input shaft; an intermediate shaft shifting rotational power transmitted from the first input shaft to the idle shaft; a first output shaft shifting and outputting rotational power transmitted from the second input shaft and the idle shaft; a second output shaft shifting and outputting rotational power transmitted from the first input shaft; and a plurality of gear sets shifting the rotational power input through the first and second input shafts.1. A power transmission apparatus for a hybrid electric vehicle using an engine and a motor/generator as power sources, the power transmission apparatus comprising:
a first input shaft disposed coaxial with an output shaft of the engine and selectively connected to a rotor of the motor/generator ; a second input shaft formed as a hollow shaft, disposed coaxial with and external to the first input shaft, and selectively connected to the rotor; an idle shaft disposed in parallel with the first input shaft; an intermediate shaft disposed in parallel with the first input shaft and the idle shaft and configured to shift rotational power transmitted from the first input shaft to the idle shaft; a first output shaft disposed in parallel with the second input shaft and the idle shaft, and configured to shift and output rotational power transmitted from the second input shaft and the idle shaft; a second output shaft disposed in parallel with the first input shaft and configured to shift and output rotational power transmitted from the first input shaft; and a plurality of gear sets disposed on the first and second input shafts, the idle shaft, the intermediate shaft, the first and second output shafts to shift the rotational power through the first and second input shafts. 2. The power transmission apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plurality of gear sets comprise:
a first gear set including a first input gear fixedly connected to the first input shaft, and a fifth shifting gear disposed coaxial with and external to the second output shaft, externally gear-meshed with the first input gear and selectively synchronously connected to the second output shaft; a second gear set including a second input gear fixedly connected to the first input shaft, and a first external gear fixedly connected on the intermediate shaft and externally gear-meshed with the second input gear; a third gear set including a second external gear fixedly connected to the idle shaft, and a third shifting gear disposed coaxial with and external to the intermediate shaft, externally gear-meshed with the second external gear and selectively synchronously connected to the intermediate shaft; a fourth gear set including a third input gear fixedly connected to the second input shaft, and a fourth and sixth shifting gears disposed coaxial with and external to the first and second output shafts respectively, externally gear-meshed with the third input gear, and selectively synchronously connected to the first and second output shafts respectively; a fifth gear set including a third external gear fixedly connected to the idle shaft and a fifth external gear fixedly connected to the first output shaft and externally gear-meshed with the third external gear; a sixth gear set including a fourth input gear fixedly connected to the second input shaft, and a second shifting gear disposed coaxial with and external to the second output shaft, externally gear-meshed with the fourth input gear and selectively synchronously connected to the second output shaft; a seventh gear set including a fourth external gear fixedly connected to the idle shaft, and a first shifting gear disposed coaxial with and external to the intermediate shaft, externally gear-meshed with the fourth external gear and selectively synchronously connected to the intermediate shaft; and an eighth gear set including a final reduction gear of a differential, and first and second output gears fixedly connected to the first and second output shafts respectively and externally gear-meshed with the final reduction gear respectively. 3. The power transmission apparatus of claim 2, further comprises four synchronizers for selectively synchronously connecting the first, second, third, fourth, fifth or sixth shifting gears to a corresponding shaft among the intermediate shaft, the first output shaft and the second output shaft. 4. The power transmission apparatus of claim 3, wherein the four synchronizers comprise:
a first synchronizer selectively synchronously connecting the third shifting gear of the third gear set or the first shifting gear of the seventh gear set to the intermediate shaft; a second synchronizer selectively synchronously connecting the sixth shifting gear of the fourth gear set or the second shifting gear of the sixth gear set to the second output shaft; a third synchronizer selectively synchronously connecting the fourth shifting gear of the fourth gear set to the first output shaft; and a fourth synchronizer selectively synchronously connecting the fifth shifting gear of the first gear set to the second output shaft. 5. The power transmission apparatus of claim 2, wherein:
the plurality of gear sets are arranged in the order of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth gear sets from an opposite side of the engine; and the third and fourth gear sets and the fifth and sixth gear sets are disposed in the same row respectively. 6. The power transmission apparatus of claim 2, wherein the power transmission apparatus realizes an engine mode in which the engine is driven, an electric vehicle mode in which the motor/generator is driven, and a parallel mode in which the engine and the motor/generator are driven. 7. The power transmission apparatus of claim 6, wherein the power transmission apparatus realizes six forward speeds in each driving mode, and
wherein the first and third shifting gears realizing a forward first speed and a forward third speed are configured on the intermediate shaft to transfer the rotational power transmitted from the first input shaft to the first output shaft via the idle shaft. 8. The power transmission apparatus of claim 6, wherein:
the first and third shifting gears selectively transfer the rotational power transmitted from the first input shaft through the second gear set to the idle shaft via the seventh and third gear set respectively; and the rotational power transmitted to the idle shaft is transferred to the first output shaft via the fifth gear set. 9. The power transmission apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plurality of gear sets comprise:
a first gear set including a first input gear fixedly connected to the first input shaft, and a fifth shifting gear disposed coaxial with and external to the second output shaft, externally gear-meshed with the first input gear and selectively synchronously connected to the second output shaft; a second gear set including a second input gear fixedly connected to the first input shaft, and a first external gear fixedly connected on the intermediate shaft and externally gear-meshed with the second input gear; a third gear set including a second external gear fixedly connected to the idle shaft, and a third shifting gear disposed coaxial with and external to the intermediate shaft, externally gear-meshed with the second external gear and selectively synchronously connected to the intermediate shaft; a fourth gear set including a third input gear fixedly connected to the second input shaft, and fourth and sixth shifting gears disposed coaxial with and external to the first and second output shafts respectively, externally gear-meshed with the third input gear, and selectively synchronously connected to the first and second output shafts respectively; a fifth gear set including a third external gear fixedly connected to the idle shaft and a fifth external gear fixedly connected to the first output shaft and externally gear-meshed with the third external gear; a sixth gear set including a fourth input gear fixedly connected to the second input shaft, a second shifting gear disposed coaxial with and external to the second output shaft, externally gear-meshed with the fourth input gear and the second shifting gear selectively connected to the second output shaft, and a reverse shifting gear disposed coaxial with and external to the first output shaft, externally gear-meshed with the second shifting gear and the reverse shifting gear selectively connected to the first output shaft; a seventh gear set including a fourth external gear fixedly connected to the idle shaft, and a first shifting gear disposed coaxial with and external to the intermediate shaft, externally gear-meshed with the fourth external gear and selectively synchronously connected to the intermediate shaft; and an eighth gear set including a final reduction gear of a differential, and first and second output gears fixedly connected to the first and second output shafts respectively and externally gear-meshed with the final reduction gear respectively. 10. The power transmission apparatus of claim 9, further comprises four synchronizers for selectively synchronous connecting the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, or reverse shifting gears to a corresponding shaft among the intermediate shaft, the first output shaft and the second output shaft. 11. The power transmission apparatus of claim 10, wherein the four synchronizers comprise:
a first synchronizer selectively synchronously connecting the third shifting gear of the third gear set or the first shifting gear of the seventh gear set to the intermediate shaft; a second synchronizer selectively synchronously connecting the sixth shifting gear of the fourth gear set or the second shifting gear of the sixth gear set to the second output shaft; a third synchronizer selectively synchronously connecting the fourth shifting gear of the fourth gear set or the reverse shifting gear of the sixth gear set to the first output shaft; and a fourth synchronizer selectively synchronously connecting the fifth shifting gear of the first gear set to the second output shaft. 12. The power transmission apparatus of claim 9, wherein:
the plurality of gear sets are arranged in the order of the first, second, fifth, third, fourth, sixth, seventh and eighth gear sets from an opposite side of the engine; and the third and fourth gear sets are disposed in the same row. 13. The power transmission apparatus of claim 9, wherein the power transmission apparatus realizes an engine mode in which the engine is driven, an electric vehicle mode in which the motor/generator is driven, and a parallel mode in which the engine and the motor/generator are driven. 14. The power transmission apparatus of claim 13, wherein the power transmission apparatus realizes six forward speeds in each driving mode, and
wherein the first and third shifting gears realizing a forward first speed and a forward third speed are configured on the intermediate shaft to transfer the rotational power transmitted from the first input shaft to the first output shaft via the idle shaft. 15. The power transmission apparatus of claim 13, wherein:
the first and third shifting gears selectively transfer the rotational power transmitted from the first input shaft through the second gear set to the idle shaft via the seventh and third gear sets respectively; and the rotational power transmitted to the idle shaft is transferred to the first output shaft via the fifth gear set. 16. The power transmission apparatus of claim 13, wherein the power transmission apparatus realizes six forward speeds and one reverse speed in each driving mode, and
wherein the reverse shifting gear realizing the reverse speed is configured on the first output shaft to receive the rotational power transmitted from the second input shaft via the second shifting gear on the second output shaft. | 3,700 |
346,017 | 16,804,456 | 3,785 | A seal support sensor includes a housing, an extension, a sensor and an electronic controller. The housing is configured to attach to a barrier fluid tank. The extension 64 has a distal end and a proximal end, the proximal end being connected to the housing. The sensor is disposed at the distal end, configured to be disposed within the barrier fluid tank and configured to detect a parameter within the barrier fluid tank. The electronic controller is configured to determine whether the parameter within the barrier fluid tank is within a predetermined range perform a mitigation operation when the parameter is not within the predetermined range. | 1. A seal support sensor, comprising:
a housing configured to attach to a barrier fluid tank; an extension having a distal and a proximal end, the proximal end being connected to the housing; a sensor disposed at the distal end, configured to be disposed within the barrier fluid tank and configured to detect a parameter within the barrier fluid tank; and an electronic controller configured to determine whether the parameter within the barrier fluid tank is within a predetermined range perform a mitigation operation when the parameter is not within the predetermined range. 2. The seal support sensor according to claim 1, further comprising
a display and the mitigation operation is a warning issued on the display. 3. The seal support sensor according to claim 1, further comprising
a wireless communication system and the mitigation operation is a warning issued on the wireless communication system. 4. The seal support sensor according to claim 1, wherein
the electronic controller is configured to send a signal altering a parameter of a pump operation based on the parameter detected within the barrier fluid tank. 5. The seal support sensor according to claim 1, wherein
the sensor is a temperature sensor configured to detect a temperature within the barrier fluid tank and produce a temperature signal based on the detected temperature. 6. The seal support sensor according to claim 5, further comprising
a capacitive level sensing probe is configured to produce a level probe signal. 7. The seal support sensor according to claim 6, wherein
the capacitive level sensing probe is an insulated spring steel rod. 8. The seal support sensor according to claim 6, wherein
the level probe is compensated by the temperature signal. 9. The seal support sensor according to claim 1, wherein
the sensor is a pressure transducer configured to detect a pressure within the barrier fluid tank. 10. The seal support sensor according to claim 9, wherein
the electronic controller is configured to analyze the pressure detected within the barrier seal fluid tank and compare the pressure with a pressure detected by an environmental pressure sensor. 11. The seal support sensor according to claim 1, further comprising
a multi-pole connector attached to the housing and configured to enable connection to test equipment. 12. The seal support sensor according to claim 1, wherein
the housing attaches to the barrier fluid tank by a pressure fitting adapter. 13. The seal support sensor according to claim 12, further comprising
an electrically insulated grounding plate connected to the pressure fitting adapter and attached to the extension. 14. The seal support sensor according to claim 1, further comprising
a sealed cap disposed at the distal end of the extension and the sensor disposed within the sealed cap. 15. The seal support sensor according to claim 1, wherein
the sensor is low-pass filtered with a one-second running average. | A seal support sensor includes a housing, an extension, a sensor and an electronic controller. The housing is configured to attach to a barrier fluid tank. The extension 64 has a distal end and a proximal end, the proximal end being connected to the housing. The sensor is disposed at the distal end, configured to be disposed within the barrier fluid tank and configured to detect a parameter within the barrier fluid tank. The electronic controller is configured to determine whether the parameter within the barrier fluid tank is within a predetermined range perform a mitigation operation when the parameter is not within the predetermined range.1. A seal support sensor, comprising:
a housing configured to attach to a barrier fluid tank; an extension having a distal and a proximal end, the proximal end being connected to the housing; a sensor disposed at the distal end, configured to be disposed within the barrier fluid tank and configured to detect a parameter within the barrier fluid tank; and an electronic controller configured to determine whether the parameter within the barrier fluid tank is within a predetermined range perform a mitigation operation when the parameter is not within the predetermined range. 2. The seal support sensor according to claim 1, further comprising
a display and the mitigation operation is a warning issued on the display. 3. The seal support sensor according to claim 1, further comprising
a wireless communication system and the mitigation operation is a warning issued on the wireless communication system. 4. The seal support sensor according to claim 1, wherein
the electronic controller is configured to send a signal altering a parameter of a pump operation based on the parameter detected within the barrier fluid tank. 5. The seal support sensor according to claim 1, wherein
the sensor is a temperature sensor configured to detect a temperature within the barrier fluid tank and produce a temperature signal based on the detected temperature. 6. The seal support sensor according to claim 5, further comprising
a capacitive level sensing probe is configured to produce a level probe signal. 7. The seal support sensor according to claim 6, wherein
the capacitive level sensing probe is an insulated spring steel rod. 8. The seal support sensor according to claim 6, wherein
the level probe is compensated by the temperature signal. 9. The seal support sensor according to claim 1, wherein
the sensor is a pressure transducer configured to detect a pressure within the barrier fluid tank. 10. The seal support sensor according to claim 9, wherein
the electronic controller is configured to analyze the pressure detected within the barrier seal fluid tank and compare the pressure with a pressure detected by an environmental pressure sensor. 11. The seal support sensor according to claim 1, further comprising
a multi-pole connector attached to the housing and configured to enable connection to test equipment. 12. The seal support sensor according to claim 1, wherein
the housing attaches to the barrier fluid tank by a pressure fitting adapter. 13. The seal support sensor according to claim 12, further comprising
an electrically insulated grounding plate connected to the pressure fitting adapter and attached to the extension. 14. The seal support sensor according to claim 1, further comprising
a sealed cap disposed at the distal end of the extension and the sensor disposed within the sealed cap. 15. The seal support sensor according to claim 1, wherein
the sensor is low-pass filtered with a one-second running average. | 3,700 |
346,018 | 16,804,436 | 3,785 | In some examples, a target device determines that each device of a plurality of devices (i) includes a certificate that is provided to each device during provisioning, (ii) is within a predetermined distance from the target device, (iii) includes a beacon secret that is broadcast to each device at a predetermined time interval, and (iv) that either: (a) a privilege level associated with at least one device of the plurality of devices satisfies a particular privilege level specified by an access policy or (b) a number of the plurality devices with the determined distance from the target device satisfies a predetermined number specified by the access policy. The target device grants at least one device of the plurality of devices access to the target device, and receives a message from the at least one device. The target device initiates an action based at least in part on the message. | 1. A method comprising:
determining, by one or more processors of a target device, that each device of a plurality of devices includes a certificate that is provided to each device during provisioning; determining, by the one or more processors, that each device of the plurality of devices is within a predetermined distance from the target device; determining, by the one or more processors, that each device of the plurality of devices includes a beacon secret that is broadcast to each device at a predetermined time interval; and determining, by the one or more processors, that either:
a privilege level associated with at least one device of the plurality of devices satisfies a particular privilege level specified by an access policy; or
a number of the plurality of devices within the predetermined distance from the target device satisfies a predetermined number specified by the access policy;
granting, by the one or more processors, at least one device of the plurality of devices access to the target device; receiving, by the one or more processors, a message from the at least one device of the plurality of devices; and initiating, by the target device, an action based at least in part on the message. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein determining that each device of the plurality of devices includes the certificate comprises:
performing a certificate-based handshake between the target device and each device of the plurality of devices. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
receiving a new beacon secret; and based at least in part on determining that at least one device did not receive the new beacon secret:
denying the at least one device of the plurality of devices access to the target device; or
reducing a level of access of the at least one device to the target device. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined distance comprises at least one of:
a minimum distance between each device and the target device; or a maximum distance between each device and the target device. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein each device of the plurality of devices performs a certificate-based handshake with other devices of the plurality of devices. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining that an unauthorized device does not satisfy at least a particular condition specified by the access policy; and creating a security notification associated with the unauthorized device. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the target device comprises one of:
a streaming media player; or a remote-controlled robotic device. 8. A target device comprising:
one or more processors; and one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media to store instructions executable by the one or more processors to perform operations comprising: determining that each device of a plurality of devices includes a certificate that is provided to each device during provisioning; determining that each device of the plurality of devices is within a predetermined distance from the target device; determining that each device of the plurality of devices includes a beacon secret that is broadcast to each device at a predetermined time interval; and determining that either:
a privilege level associated with at least one device of the plurality of devices satisfies a particular privilege level specified by an access policy; or
a number of the plurality of devices within the predetermined distance from the target device satisfies a predetermined number specified by the access policy;
granting, by the one or more processors, at least one device of the plurality of devices access to the target device; receiving, by the one or more processors, a message from the at least one device of the plurality of devices; and initiating, by the target device, an action based at least in part on the message. 9. The target device of claim 8, wherein determining that each device of the plurality of devices include the certificate comprises:
performing a certificate-based handshake between each device of the plurality of devices and the target device. 10. The target device of claim 8, the operations further comprising:
receiving a new beacon secret; and based at least in part on determining that at least one device did not receive the new beacon secret:
denying the at least one device of the plurality of devices access to the target device; or
reducing a level of access of the at least one device to the target device. 11. The target device of claim 8, wherein the predetermined distance comprises at least one of:
a minimum distance between each device and the target device; or a maximum distance between each device and the target device. 12. The target device of claim 8, wherein each device of the plurality of devices performs a certificate-based handshake with other devices of the plurality of devices before being granted access to the target device. 13. The target device of claim 8, the operations further comprising:
determining that an unauthorized device does not satisfy at least a particular condition of the access policy; and creating a security notification associated with the unauthorized device. 14. The target device of claim 8, wherein the target device comprises one of:
a streaming media player; or a remote-controlled robotic device. 15. One or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media to store instructions executable by one or more processors of a target device to perform operations comprising:
determining that each device of a plurality of devices includes a certificate that is provided to each device during provisioning; determining that each device of the plurality of devices is within a predetermined distance from the target device; determining that each device of the plurality of devices includes a beacon secret that is broadcast to each device at a predetermined time interval; and determining that either:
a privilege level associated with at least one device of the plurality of devices satisfies a particular privilege level specified by an access policy; or
a number of the plurality of devices within the predetermined distance from the target device satisfies a predetermined number specified by the access policy;
granting, by the one or more processors, at least one device of the plurality of devices access to the target device; receiving, by the one or more processors, a message from the at least one device of the plurality of devices; and initiating, by the target device, an action based at least in part on the message. 16. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 15, further comprising:
receiving a new beacon secret broadcast by a beacon at a predetermined time interval; and replacing a beacon secret stored in the one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media with the new beacon secret. 17. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 15, the operations further comprising:
receiving a new beacon secret; and based at least in part on determining that at least one device did not receive the new beacon secret:
denying the at least one device of the plurality of devices access to the target device; or
reducing a level of access of the at least one device to the target device. 18. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 15, wherein the predetermined distance comprises at least one of:
a minimum distance between each device and the target device; or a maximum distance between each device and the target device. 19. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 15, wherein determining that each device of the plurality of devices includes the certificate comprises:
performing a certificate-based handshake between the target device and each device of the plurality of devices. 20. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 15, further comprising:
determining that an unauthorized device does not satisfy at least a particular condition of the access policy; and sending a security notification indicating a presence of the unauthorized device. | In some examples, a target device determines that each device of a plurality of devices (i) includes a certificate that is provided to each device during provisioning, (ii) is within a predetermined distance from the target device, (iii) includes a beacon secret that is broadcast to each device at a predetermined time interval, and (iv) that either: (a) a privilege level associated with at least one device of the plurality of devices satisfies a particular privilege level specified by an access policy or (b) a number of the plurality devices with the determined distance from the target device satisfies a predetermined number specified by the access policy. The target device grants at least one device of the plurality of devices access to the target device, and receives a message from the at least one device. The target device initiates an action based at least in part on the message.1. A method comprising:
determining, by one or more processors of a target device, that each device of a plurality of devices includes a certificate that is provided to each device during provisioning; determining, by the one or more processors, that each device of the plurality of devices is within a predetermined distance from the target device; determining, by the one or more processors, that each device of the plurality of devices includes a beacon secret that is broadcast to each device at a predetermined time interval; and determining, by the one or more processors, that either:
a privilege level associated with at least one device of the plurality of devices satisfies a particular privilege level specified by an access policy; or
a number of the plurality of devices within the predetermined distance from the target device satisfies a predetermined number specified by the access policy;
granting, by the one or more processors, at least one device of the plurality of devices access to the target device; receiving, by the one or more processors, a message from the at least one device of the plurality of devices; and initiating, by the target device, an action based at least in part on the message. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein determining that each device of the plurality of devices includes the certificate comprises:
performing a certificate-based handshake between the target device and each device of the plurality of devices. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
receiving a new beacon secret; and based at least in part on determining that at least one device did not receive the new beacon secret:
denying the at least one device of the plurality of devices access to the target device; or
reducing a level of access of the at least one device to the target device. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined distance comprises at least one of:
a minimum distance between each device and the target device; or a maximum distance between each device and the target device. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein each device of the plurality of devices performs a certificate-based handshake with other devices of the plurality of devices. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining that an unauthorized device does not satisfy at least a particular condition specified by the access policy; and creating a security notification associated with the unauthorized device. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the target device comprises one of:
a streaming media player; or a remote-controlled robotic device. 8. A target device comprising:
one or more processors; and one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media to store instructions executable by the one or more processors to perform operations comprising: determining that each device of a plurality of devices includes a certificate that is provided to each device during provisioning; determining that each device of the plurality of devices is within a predetermined distance from the target device; determining that each device of the plurality of devices includes a beacon secret that is broadcast to each device at a predetermined time interval; and determining that either:
a privilege level associated with at least one device of the plurality of devices satisfies a particular privilege level specified by an access policy; or
a number of the plurality of devices within the predetermined distance from the target device satisfies a predetermined number specified by the access policy;
granting, by the one or more processors, at least one device of the plurality of devices access to the target device; receiving, by the one or more processors, a message from the at least one device of the plurality of devices; and initiating, by the target device, an action based at least in part on the message. 9. The target device of claim 8, wherein determining that each device of the plurality of devices include the certificate comprises:
performing a certificate-based handshake between each device of the plurality of devices and the target device. 10. The target device of claim 8, the operations further comprising:
receiving a new beacon secret; and based at least in part on determining that at least one device did not receive the new beacon secret:
denying the at least one device of the plurality of devices access to the target device; or
reducing a level of access of the at least one device to the target device. 11. The target device of claim 8, wherein the predetermined distance comprises at least one of:
a minimum distance between each device and the target device; or a maximum distance between each device and the target device. 12. The target device of claim 8, wherein each device of the plurality of devices performs a certificate-based handshake with other devices of the plurality of devices before being granted access to the target device. 13. The target device of claim 8, the operations further comprising:
determining that an unauthorized device does not satisfy at least a particular condition of the access policy; and creating a security notification associated with the unauthorized device. 14. The target device of claim 8, wherein the target device comprises one of:
a streaming media player; or a remote-controlled robotic device. 15. One or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media to store instructions executable by one or more processors of a target device to perform operations comprising:
determining that each device of a plurality of devices includes a certificate that is provided to each device during provisioning; determining that each device of the plurality of devices is within a predetermined distance from the target device; determining that each device of the plurality of devices includes a beacon secret that is broadcast to each device at a predetermined time interval; and determining that either:
a privilege level associated with at least one device of the plurality of devices satisfies a particular privilege level specified by an access policy; or
a number of the plurality of devices within the predetermined distance from the target device satisfies a predetermined number specified by the access policy;
granting, by the one or more processors, at least one device of the plurality of devices access to the target device; receiving, by the one or more processors, a message from the at least one device of the plurality of devices; and initiating, by the target device, an action based at least in part on the message. 16. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 15, further comprising:
receiving a new beacon secret broadcast by a beacon at a predetermined time interval; and replacing a beacon secret stored in the one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media with the new beacon secret. 17. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 15, the operations further comprising:
receiving a new beacon secret; and based at least in part on determining that at least one device did not receive the new beacon secret:
denying the at least one device of the plurality of devices access to the target device; or
reducing a level of access of the at least one device to the target device. 18. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 15, wherein the predetermined distance comprises at least one of:
a minimum distance between each device and the target device; or a maximum distance between each device and the target device. 19. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 15, wherein determining that each device of the plurality of devices includes the certificate comprises:
performing a certificate-based handshake between the target device and each device of the plurality of devices. 20. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 15, further comprising:
determining that an unauthorized device does not satisfy at least a particular condition of the access policy; and sending a security notification indicating a presence of the unauthorized device. | 3,700 |
346,019 | 16,804,441 | 3,785 | In some examples, a target device determines that each device of a plurality of devices (i) includes a certificate that is provided to each device during provisioning, (ii) is within a predetermined distance from the target device, (iii) includes a beacon secret that is broadcast to each device at a predetermined time interval, and (iv) that either: (a) a privilege level associated with at least one device of the plurality of devices satisfies a particular privilege level specified by an access policy or (b) a number of the plurality devices with the determined distance from the target device satisfies a predetermined number specified by the access policy. The target device grants at least one device of the plurality of devices access to the target device, and receives a message from the at least one device. The target device initiates an action based at least in part on the message. | 1. A method comprising:
determining, by one or more processors of a target device, that each device of a plurality of devices includes a certificate that is provided to each device during provisioning; determining, by the one or more processors, that each device of the plurality of devices is within a predetermined distance from the target device; determining, by the one or more processors, that each device of the plurality of devices includes a beacon secret that is broadcast to each device at a predetermined time interval; and determining, by the one or more processors, that either:
a privilege level associated with at least one device of the plurality of devices satisfies a particular privilege level specified by an access policy; or
a number of the plurality of devices within the predetermined distance from the target device satisfies a predetermined number specified by the access policy;
granting, by the one or more processors, at least one device of the plurality of devices access to the target device; receiving, by the one or more processors, a message from the at least one device of the plurality of devices; and initiating, by the target device, an action based at least in part on the message. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein determining that each device of the plurality of devices includes the certificate comprises:
performing a certificate-based handshake between the target device and each device of the plurality of devices. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
receiving a new beacon secret; and based at least in part on determining that at least one device did not receive the new beacon secret:
denying the at least one device of the plurality of devices access to the target device; or
reducing a level of access of the at least one device to the target device. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined distance comprises at least one of:
a minimum distance between each device and the target device; or a maximum distance between each device and the target device. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein each device of the plurality of devices performs a certificate-based handshake with other devices of the plurality of devices. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining that an unauthorized device does not satisfy at least a particular condition specified by the access policy; and creating a security notification associated with the unauthorized device. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the target device comprises one of:
a streaming media player; or a remote-controlled robotic device. 8. A target device comprising:
one or more processors; and one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media to store instructions executable by the one or more processors to perform operations comprising: determining that each device of a plurality of devices includes a certificate that is provided to each device during provisioning; determining that each device of the plurality of devices is within a predetermined distance from the target device; determining that each device of the plurality of devices includes a beacon secret that is broadcast to each device at a predetermined time interval; and determining that either:
a privilege level associated with at least one device of the plurality of devices satisfies a particular privilege level specified by an access policy; or
a number of the plurality of devices within the predetermined distance from the target device satisfies a predetermined number specified by the access policy;
granting, by the one or more processors, at least one device of the plurality of devices access to the target device; receiving, by the one or more processors, a message from the at least one device of the plurality of devices; and initiating, by the target device, an action based at least in part on the message. 9. The target device of claim 8, wherein determining that each device of the plurality of devices include the certificate comprises:
performing a certificate-based handshake between each device of the plurality of devices and the target device. 10. The target device of claim 8, the operations further comprising:
receiving a new beacon secret; and based at least in part on determining that at least one device did not receive the new beacon secret:
denying the at least one device of the plurality of devices access to the target device; or
reducing a level of access of the at least one device to the target device. 11. The target device of claim 8, wherein the predetermined distance comprises at least one of:
a minimum distance between each device and the target device; or a maximum distance between each device and the target device. 12. The target device of claim 8, wherein each device of the plurality of devices performs a certificate-based handshake with other devices of the plurality of devices before being granted access to the target device. 13. The target device of claim 8, the operations further comprising:
determining that an unauthorized device does not satisfy at least a particular condition of the access policy; and creating a security notification associated with the unauthorized device. 14. The target device of claim 8, wherein the target device comprises one of:
a streaming media player; or a remote-controlled robotic device. 15. One or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media to store instructions executable by one or more processors of a target device to perform operations comprising:
determining that each device of a plurality of devices includes a certificate that is provided to each device during provisioning; determining that each device of the plurality of devices is within a predetermined distance from the target device; determining that each device of the plurality of devices includes a beacon secret that is broadcast to each device at a predetermined time interval; and determining that either:
a privilege level associated with at least one device of the plurality of devices satisfies a particular privilege level specified by an access policy; or
a number of the plurality of devices within the predetermined distance from the target device satisfies a predetermined number specified by the access policy;
granting, by the one or more processors, at least one device of the plurality of devices access to the target device; receiving, by the one or more processors, a message from the at least one device of the plurality of devices; and initiating, by the target device, an action based at least in part on the message. 16. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 15, further comprising:
receiving a new beacon secret broadcast by a beacon at a predetermined time interval; and replacing a beacon secret stored in the one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media with the new beacon secret. 17. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 15, the operations further comprising:
receiving a new beacon secret; and based at least in part on determining that at least one device did not receive the new beacon secret:
denying the at least one device of the plurality of devices access to the target device; or
reducing a level of access of the at least one device to the target device. 18. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 15, wherein the predetermined distance comprises at least one of:
a minimum distance between each device and the target device; or a maximum distance between each device and the target device. 19. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 15, wherein determining that each device of the plurality of devices includes the certificate comprises:
performing a certificate-based handshake between the target device and each device of the plurality of devices. 20. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 15, further comprising:
determining that an unauthorized device does not satisfy at least a particular condition of the access policy; and sending a security notification indicating a presence of the unauthorized device. | In some examples, a target device determines that each device of a plurality of devices (i) includes a certificate that is provided to each device during provisioning, (ii) is within a predetermined distance from the target device, (iii) includes a beacon secret that is broadcast to each device at a predetermined time interval, and (iv) that either: (a) a privilege level associated with at least one device of the plurality of devices satisfies a particular privilege level specified by an access policy or (b) a number of the plurality devices with the determined distance from the target device satisfies a predetermined number specified by the access policy. The target device grants at least one device of the plurality of devices access to the target device, and receives a message from the at least one device. The target device initiates an action based at least in part on the message.1. A method comprising:
determining, by one or more processors of a target device, that each device of a plurality of devices includes a certificate that is provided to each device during provisioning; determining, by the one or more processors, that each device of the plurality of devices is within a predetermined distance from the target device; determining, by the one or more processors, that each device of the plurality of devices includes a beacon secret that is broadcast to each device at a predetermined time interval; and determining, by the one or more processors, that either:
a privilege level associated with at least one device of the plurality of devices satisfies a particular privilege level specified by an access policy; or
a number of the plurality of devices within the predetermined distance from the target device satisfies a predetermined number specified by the access policy;
granting, by the one or more processors, at least one device of the plurality of devices access to the target device; receiving, by the one or more processors, a message from the at least one device of the plurality of devices; and initiating, by the target device, an action based at least in part on the message. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein determining that each device of the plurality of devices includes the certificate comprises:
performing a certificate-based handshake between the target device and each device of the plurality of devices. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
receiving a new beacon secret; and based at least in part on determining that at least one device did not receive the new beacon secret:
denying the at least one device of the plurality of devices access to the target device; or
reducing a level of access of the at least one device to the target device. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined distance comprises at least one of:
a minimum distance between each device and the target device; or a maximum distance between each device and the target device. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein each device of the plurality of devices performs a certificate-based handshake with other devices of the plurality of devices. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining that an unauthorized device does not satisfy at least a particular condition specified by the access policy; and creating a security notification associated with the unauthorized device. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the target device comprises one of:
a streaming media player; or a remote-controlled robotic device. 8. A target device comprising:
one or more processors; and one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media to store instructions executable by the one or more processors to perform operations comprising: determining that each device of a plurality of devices includes a certificate that is provided to each device during provisioning; determining that each device of the plurality of devices is within a predetermined distance from the target device; determining that each device of the plurality of devices includes a beacon secret that is broadcast to each device at a predetermined time interval; and determining that either:
a privilege level associated with at least one device of the plurality of devices satisfies a particular privilege level specified by an access policy; or
a number of the plurality of devices within the predetermined distance from the target device satisfies a predetermined number specified by the access policy;
granting, by the one or more processors, at least one device of the plurality of devices access to the target device; receiving, by the one or more processors, a message from the at least one device of the plurality of devices; and initiating, by the target device, an action based at least in part on the message. 9. The target device of claim 8, wherein determining that each device of the plurality of devices include the certificate comprises:
performing a certificate-based handshake between each device of the plurality of devices and the target device. 10. The target device of claim 8, the operations further comprising:
receiving a new beacon secret; and based at least in part on determining that at least one device did not receive the new beacon secret:
denying the at least one device of the plurality of devices access to the target device; or
reducing a level of access of the at least one device to the target device. 11. The target device of claim 8, wherein the predetermined distance comprises at least one of:
a minimum distance between each device and the target device; or a maximum distance between each device and the target device. 12. The target device of claim 8, wherein each device of the plurality of devices performs a certificate-based handshake with other devices of the plurality of devices before being granted access to the target device. 13. The target device of claim 8, the operations further comprising:
determining that an unauthorized device does not satisfy at least a particular condition of the access policy; and creating a security notification associated with the unauthorized device. 14. The target device of claim 8, wherein the target device comprises one of:
a streaming media player; or a remote-controlled robotic device. 15. One or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media to store instructions executable by one or more processors of a target device to perform operations comprising:
determining that each device of a plurality of devices includes a certificate that is provided to each device during provisioning; determining that each device of the plurality of devices is within a predetermined distance from the target device; determining that each device of the plurality of devices includes a beacon secret that is broadcast to each device at a predetermined time interval; and determining that either:
a privilege level associated with at least one device of the plurality of devices satisfies a particular privilege level specified by an access policy; or
a number of the plurality of devices within the predetermined distance from the target device satisfies a predetermined number specified by the access policy;
granting, by the one or more processors, at least one device of the plurality of devices access to the target device; receiving, by the one or more processors, a message from the at least one device of the plurality of devices; and initiating, by the target device, an action based at least in part on the message. 16. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 15, further comprising:
receiving a new beacon secret broadcast by a beacon at a predetermined time interval; and replacing a beacon secret stored in the one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media with the new beacon secret. 17. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 15, the operations further comprising:
receiving a new beacon secret; and based at least in part on determining that at least one device did not receive the new beacon secret:
denying the at least one device of the plurality of devices access to the target device; or
reducing a level of access of the at least one device to the target device. 18. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 15, wherein the predetermined distance comprises at least one of:
a minimum distance between each device and the target device; or a maximum distance between each device and the target device. 19. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 15, wherein determining that each device of the plurality of devices includes the certificate comprises:
performing a certificate-based handshake between the target device and each device of the plurality of devices. 20. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 15, further comprising:
determining that an unauthorized device does not satisfy at least a particular condition of the access policy; and sending a security notification indicating a presence of the unauthorized device. | 3,700 |
346,020 | 16,804,428 | 3,785 | Presented herein is a tone plan that can accommodate multiple bandwidth options. This tone plan may be designed around a fundamental tile, such as 20 MHz tile, that is replicated to 40 and 80 MHz (and 160 MHz and beyond). For wider bandwidths, the otherwise-unused guard tones between the 20 MHz tiles are filled by a new resource unit and DC tones. There are DC tones placed to support any client, for all defined and plausible future values of its current operating bandwidth and center frequency (i.e. any 20 MHz, any 40 MHz, any 80 MHz, 160 MHz and 80+80 MHz, 320, 160+80 etc.), as well as plausible future preamble puncturing cases. | 1. A method performed by a wireless access point device operating in a wireless network and serving one or more wireless client devices in the wireless network, the method comprising:
defining a tone plan for orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) communication by the wireless access point device with the one or more wireless client devices, the tone plan including:
a fundamental tile for a channel of a predetermined bandwidth that is replicated across a frequency band and wherein multiples of the fundamental tile are bonded, on a selective basis, to form wider bandwidth channels across the frequency band; and
DC tones at positions that repeat across the frequency band on a regular basis;
obtaining a request to transmit to the one or more wireless client devices a downlink multi-user data transmission containing a data unit having one or more space time streams within one or more resource units each consisting of a set of a number of tones within the tone plan; based on the request, transmitting to the one or more wireless client devices an indication of which one or more space time streams within which one or more resource units consisting of a set of a number of tones within the tone plan are assigned to respective ones of the one or more wireless client devices; and transmitting the downlink multi-user data transmission according to the indication of the one or more space time streams and the one or more resource units. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined bandwidth of the fundamental tile is 20 MHz, and the DC tones repeat across the frequency band every 10 MHz. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein guard tones associated with adjacent fundamental tiles are allocated as part of a non-contiguous resource unit when multiples of the fundamental tile are bonded together to form wider bandwidth channels, wherein the non-contiguous resource unit is divided by a predetermined number of DC tones such that a predetermined number of the guard tones that are used as data tones of the non-contiguous resource unit are on a first side and a second side of the predetermined number of DC tones. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the non-contiguous resource unit consists of 18 tones, 9 tones on each of the first side and the second side of the predetermined number of DC tones, and the predetermined number of DC tones is 5. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein a size of the non-contiguous resource unit is one of 28 tones, 56 tones, 114 tones, 230 tones, 484 tones, 996 tones and larger. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the tone plan is symmetrical with respect to the DC tones for the fundamental tile and for multiples of the fundamental tile selectively bonded together. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the indication is transmitted in a preamble. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein a legacy tone plan is used for transmitting 20 MHz protocol data units and the tone plan is used for transmitting protocol data units that are multiples of 20 MHz. 9. A method performed by a wireless access point device operating in a wireless network and serving one or more wireless client devices in the wireless network, the method comprising:
defining a tone plan for orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) communication by the wireless access point device with the one or more wireless client devices, the tone plan including:
a fundamental tile for a channel of a predetermined bandwidth that is replicated across a frequency band and wherein multiples of the fundamental tile are bonded, on a selective basis, to form wider bandwidth channels across the frequency band; and
DC tones at positions that repeat across the frequency band on a regular basis;
obtaining a notification from within the wireless access point device that the wireless access point device should expect to receive, from the one or more wireless client devices, a superposition of uplink data transmissions that collectively form an uplink multi-user data transmission, the uplink data transmission from each wireless client device including a data unit that has one or more space time streams within a resource unit consisting of a set of a number of tones within the tone plan; receiving one or more data units in the uplink data transmissions, each data unit from an uplink data transmission sent by a respective one of the one or more wireless client devices and overlapping in time, and a preamble indicating that the uplink data transmissions should be in the superposition of uplink data transmissions forming the uplink multi-user data transmission; and obtaining the one or more data units in the uplink multi-user data transmission, according to the notification. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the predetermined bandwidth of the fundamental tile is 20 MHz, and the DC tones repeat across the frequency band every 10 MHz. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein guard tones associated with adjacent fundamental tiles are allocated as part of a non-contiguous resource unit when multiples of the fundamental tile are bonded together to form wider bandwidth channels, wherein the non-contiguous resource unit is divided by a predetermined number of DC tones such that a predetermined number of the guard tones that are used as data tones of the non-contiguous resource unit are on a first side and a second side of the predetermined number of DC tones. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the non-contiguous resource unit consists of 18 tones, 9 tones on each of the first side and the second side of the predetermined number of DC tones, and the predetermined number of DC tones is 5. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein a size of the non-contiguous resource unit is one of 28 tones, 56 tones, 114 tones, 230 tones, 484 tones, 996 tones and larger. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein the tone plan is symmetrical with respect to the DC tones for the fundamental tile and for multiples of the fundamental tile selectively bonded together. 15. The method of claim 9, wherein a legacy tone plan is used for transmitting 20 MHz protocol data units and the tone plan is used for transmitting protocol data units that are multiples of 20 MHz. 16. An apparatus comprising:
one or more radio transceivers configured to wirelessly transmit and wirelessly receive signals in a frequency band; one or more modems coupled to the one or more radio transceivers, wherein the one or more modems are configured to perform baseband modulation and demodulation; and a controller coupled to the one or more modems; wherein the controller or the one or more modems are configured to perform operations for serving one or more wireless client devices in a wireless network, the operations including:
storing information defining a tone plan for orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) communication with the one or more wireless client devices, the tone plan including:
a fundamental tile for a channel of a predetermined bandwidth that is replicated across a frequency band and wherein multiples of the fundamental tile are bonded, on a selective basis, to form wider bandwidth channels across the frequency band; and
DC tones at positions that repeat across the frequency band on a regular basis;
obtaining a request to transmit to the one or more wireless client devices a downlink multi-user data transmission containing a data unit having one or more space time streams within one or more resource units each consisting of a set of a number of tones within the tone plan;
based on the request, causing the one or more radio transceivers to transmit to the one or more wireless client devices an indication of which one or more space time streams within which one or more resource units consisting of a set of a number of tones within the tone plan are assigned to respective ones of the one or more wireless client devices; and
causing the one or more radio transceivers to transmit the downlink multi-user data transmission according to the indication of the one or more space time streams and the one or more resource units. 17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the predetermined bandwidth of the fundamental tile is 20 MHz, and the DC tones repeat across the frequency band every 10 MHz. 18. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein guard tones associated with adjacent fundamental tiles are used as part of a non-contiguous resource unit when multiples of the fundamental tile are bonded together to form wider bandwidth channels, wherein the non-contiguous resource unit is divided by a predetermined number of DC tones such that a predetermined number of the guard tones are used as data tones of the non-contiguous resource unit are on a first side and a second side of the predetermined number of DC tones. 19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the non-contiguous resource unit consists of 18 tones, 9 tones on each of the first side and the second side of the predetermined number of DC tones, and the predetermined number of DC tones is 5. 20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein a size of the non-contiguous resource unit is one of 18 tones, 28 tones, 56 tones, 230 tones, 484 tones, 996 tones and larger. | Presented herein is a tone plan that can accommodate multiple bandwidth options. This tone plan may be designed around a fundamental tile, such as 20 MHz tile, that is replicated to 40 and 80 MHz (and 160 MHz and beyond). For wider bandwidths, the otherwise-unused guard tones between the 20 MHz tiles are filled by a new resource unit and DC tones. There are DC tones placed to support any client, for all defined and plausible future values of its current operating bandwidth and center frequency (i.e. any 20 MHz, any 40 MHz, any 80 MHz, 160 MHz and 80+80 MHz, 320, 160+80 etc.), as well as plausible future preamble puncturing cases.1. A method performed by a wireless access point device operating in a wireless network and serving one or more wireless client devices in the wireless network, the method comprising:
defining a tone plan for orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) communication by the wireless access point device with the one or more wireless client devices, the tone plan including:
a fundamental tile for a channel of a predetermined bandwidth that is replicated across a frequency band and wherein multiples of the fundamental tile are bonded, on a selective basis, to form wider bandwidth channels across the frequency band; and
DC tones at positions that repeat across the frequency band on a regular basis;
obtaining a request to transmit to the one or more wireless client devices a downlink multi-user data transmission containing a data unit having one or more space time streams within one or more resource units each consisting of a set of a number of tones within the tone plan; based on the request, transmitting to the one or more wireless client devices an indication of which one or more space time streams within which one or more resource units consisting of a set of a number of tones within the tone plan are assigned to respective ones of the one or more wireless client devices; and transmitting the downlink multi-user data transmission according to the indication of the one or more space time streams and the one or more resource units. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined bandwidth of the fundamental tile is 20 MHz, and the DC tones repeat across the frequency band every 10 MHz. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein guard tones associated with adjacent fundamental tiles are allocated as part of a non-contiguous resource unit when multiples of the fundamental tile are bonded together to form wider bandwidth channels, wherein the non-contiguous resource unit is divided by a predetermined number of DC tones such that a predetermined number of the guard tones that are used as data tones of the non-contiguous resource unit are on a first side and a second side of the predetermined number of DC tones. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the non-contiguous resource unit consists of 18 tones, 9 tones on each of the first side and the second side of the predetermined number of DC tones, and the predetermined number of DC tones is 5. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein a size of the non-contiguous resource unit is one of 28 tones, 56 tones, 114 tones, 230 tones, 484 tones, 996 tones and larger. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the tone plan is symmetrical with respect to the DC tones for the fundamental tile and for multiples of the fundamental tile selectively bonded together. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the indication is transmitted in a preamble. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein a legacy tone plan is used for transmitting 20 MHz protocol data units and the tone plan is used for transmitting protocol data units that are multiples of 20 MHz. 9. A method performed by a wireless access point device operating in a wireless network and serving one or more wireless client devices in the wireless network, the method comprising:
defining a tone plan for orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) communication by the wireless access point device with the one or more wireless client devices, the tone plan including:
a fundamental tile for a channel of a predetermined bandwidth that is replicated across a frequency band and wherein multiples of the fundamental tile are bonded, on a selective basis, to form wider bandwidth channels across the frequency band; and
DC tones at positions that repeat across the frequency band on a regular basis;
obtaining a notification from within the wireless access point device that the wireless access point device should expect to receive, from the one or more wireless client devices, a superposition of uplink data transmissions that collectively form an uplink multi-user data transmission, the uplink data transmission from each wireless client device including a data unit that has one or more space time streams within a resource unit consisting of a set of a number of tones within the tone plan; receiving one or more data units in the uplink data transmissions, each data unit from an uplink data transmission sent by a respective one of the one or more wireless client devices and overlapping in time, and a preamble indicating that the uplink data transmissions should be in the superposition of uplink data transmissions forming the uplink multi-user data transmission; and obtaining the one or more data units in the uplink multi-user data transmission, according to the notification. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the predetermined bandwidth of the fundamental tile is 20 MHz, and the DC tones repeat across the frequency band every 10 MHz. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein guard tones associated with adjacent fundamental tiles are allocated as part of a non-contiguous resource unit when multiples of the fundamental tile are bonded together to form wider bandwidth channels, wherein the non-contiguous resource unit is divided by a predetermined number of DC tones such that a predetermined number of the guard tones that are used as data tones of the non-contiguous resource unit are on a first side and a second side of the predetermined number of DC tones. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the non-contiguous resource unit consists of 18 tones, 9 tones on each of the first side and the second side of the predetermined number of DC tones, and the predetermined number of DC tones is 5. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein a size of the non-contiguous resource unit is one of 28 tones, 56 tones, 114 tones, 230 tones, 484 tones, 996 tones and larger. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein the tone plan is symmetrical with respect to the DC tones for the fundamental tile and for multiples of the fundamental tile selectively bonded together. 15. The method of claim 9, wherein a legacy tone plan is used for transmitting 20 MHz protocol data units and the tone plan is used for transmitting protocol data units that are multiples of 20 MHz. 16. An apparatus comprising:
one or more radio transceivers configured to wirelessly transmit and wirelessly receive signals in a frequency band; one or more modems coupled to the one or more radio transceivers, wherein the one or more modems are configured to perform baseband modulation and demodulation; and a controller coupled to the one or more modems; wherein the controller or the one or more modems are configured to perform operations for serving one or more wireless client devices in a wireless network, the operations including:
storing information defining a tone plan for orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) communication with the one or more wireless client devices, the tone plan including:
a fundamental tile for a channel of a predetermined bandwidth that is replicated across a frequency band and wherein multiples of the fundamental tile are bonded, on a selective basis, to form wider bandwidth channels across the frequency band; and
DC tones at positions that repeat across the frequency band on a regular basis;
obtaining a request to transmit to the one or more wireless client devices a downlink multi-user data transmission containing a data unit having one or more space time streams within one or more resource units each consisting of a set of a number of tones within the tone plan;
based on the request, causing the one or more radio transceivers to transmit to the one or more wireless client devices an indication of which one or more space time streams within which one or more resource units consisting of a set of a number of tones within the tone plan are assigned to respective ones of the one or more wireless client devices; and
causing the one or more radio transceivers to transmit the downlink multi-user data transmission according to the indication of the one or more space time streams and the one or more resource units. 17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the predetermined bandwidth of the fundamental tile is 20 MHz, and the DC tones repeat across the frequency band every 10 MHz. 18. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein guard tones associated with adjacent fundamental tiles are used as part of a non-contiguous resource unit when multiples of the fundamental tile are bonded together to form wider bandwidth channels, wherein the non-contiguous resource unit is divided by a predetermined number of DC tones such that a predetermined number of the guard tones are used as data tones of the non-contiguous resource unit are on a first side and a second side of the predetermined number of DC tones. 19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the non-contiguous resource unit consists of 18 tones, 9 tones on each of the first side and the second side of the predetermined number of DC tones, and the predetermined number of DC tones is 5. 20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein a size of the non-contiguous resource unit is one of 18 tones, 28 tones, 56 tones, 230 tones, 484 tones, 996 tones and larger. | 3,700 |
346,021 | 16,804,449 | 3,785 | A circuit device includes first and second physical layer circuits, a bus switch circuit that switches connection between a first bus and a second bus, which are compliant with the USB standard, ON in a first period and OFF in a second period, and a processing circuit that performs processing for transferring a packet in a transfer route constituted by the first bus, the first and second physical layer circuits, and the second bus, in the second period. The second physical layer circuit includes a disconnection detection circuit that detects device disconnection of a device connected to the second bus side. If device disconnection is detected in the second period, the connection between the first bus and the second bus is switched from off to on after a wait period has elapsed from the timing at which the device disconnection was detected. | 1. A circuit device comprising:
a first physical layer circuit to which a first bus compliant with a USB standard is to be connected; a second physical layer circuit to which a second bus compliant with the USB standard is to be connected; a bus switch circuit that, one end of the bus switch circuit being connected to the first bus and another end being connected to the second bus, switches on connection between the first bus and the second bus in a first period, and switches off the connection in a second period; and a processing circuit that performs, in the second period, transfer processing for transmitting a packet received from the first bus via the first physical layer circuit to the second bus via the second physical layer circuit, and transmitting a packet received from the second bus via the second physical layer circuit to the first bus via the first physical layer circuit, wherein the second physical layer circuit includes a disconnection detection circuit on a second bus side that detects device disconnection of a device connected to the second bus side, and the bus switch circuit, if the device disconnection is detected by the disconnection detection circuit on the second bus side, in the second period, switches the connection between the first bus and the second bus from off to on after a wait period has elapsed from a timing at which the device disconnection was detected. 2. The circuit device according to claim 1, further comprising a timer circuit that measures an elapse of the wait period from the timing at which the device disconnection was detected. 3. The circuit device according to claim 1, wherein, when an issue interval of an SOF packet is denoted as TSF, the length TW of the wait period satisfies TW>TSF. 4. The circuit device according to claim 3, wherein TW≥2×TSF is satisfied. 5. The circuit device according to claim 1, wherein, if the device disconnection is detected by a disconnection detection circuit on the second bus side, the processing circuit stops the transfer processing, and the bus switch circuit switches connection between the first bus and the second bus from off to on after the wait period has elapsed from the timing at which the device disconnection was detected. 6. The circuit device according to claim 1,
wherein the first physical layer circuit includes a disconnection detection circuit on a first bus side that detects device disconnection with respect to the first bus, and when connection between the first bus and the second bus is off, if the device disconnection is detected by the disconnection detection circuit on the first bus side, the bus switch circuit switches the connection between the first bus and the second bus from off to on after the wait period has elapsed from the timing at which the device disconnection was detected. 7. The circuit device according to claim 6,
wherein the first physical layer circuit includes a first upstream port detection circuit that detects whether or not the first bus is a bus on an upstream side, the second physical layer circuit includes a second upstream port detection circuit that detects whether or not the second bus is a bus on the upstream side, if the first bus is determined to be a bus on the upstream side, the disconnection detection circuit on the second bus side detects the device disconnection with respect to the second bus, and if the second bus is determined to be a bus on the upstream side, the disconnection detection circuit on the first bus side detects the device disconnection with respect to the first bus. 8. The circuit device according to claim 7,
wherein the first upstream port detection circuit determines, when a packet received from the first bus is detected to be an SOF packet, that the first bus is a bus on the upstream side, and the second upstream port detection circuit determines, when a packet received from the second bus is detected to be an SOF packet, that the second bus is a bus on the upstream side. 9. The circuit device according to claim 1,
wherein the processing circuit, upon receiving an SOF packet from the first bus, performs processing for transmitting a repeat packet of the SOF packet to the second bus, and the disconnection detection circuit on the second bus side detects the device disconnection by detecting a signal amplitude of an EOP in the repeat packet of the SOF packet. 10. The circuit device according to claim 1, further comprising a bus monitor circuit that performs operation of monitoring the first bus and the second bus,
wherein the bus switch circuit switches connection between the first bus and the second bus on or off based on a monitoring result of the bus monitor circuit. 11. The circuit device according to claim 10, wherein the bus monitor circuit, when the device disconnection is detected by the disconnection detection circuit on the second bus side, outputs a signal for stopping the transfer processing of the processing circuit to the processing circuit, and outputs a signal for switching connection between the first bus and the second bus from off to on to the bus switch circuit, after the wait period has elapsed from a timing at which the device disconnection was detected. 12. An electronic device comprising:
the circuit device according to claim 1; and a processing device to be connected to the first bus. 13. A cable harness comprising:
the circuit device according to claim 1; and a cable. | A circuit device includes first and second physical layer circuits, a bus switch circuit that switches connection between a first bus and a second bus, which are compliant with the USB standard, ON in a first period and OFF in a second period, and a processing circuit that performs processing for transferring a packet in a transfer route constituted by the first bus, the first and second physical layer circuits, and the second bus, in the second period. The second physical layer circuit includes a disconnection detection circuit that detects device disconnection of a device connected to the second bus side. If device disconnection is detected in the second period, the connection between the first bus and the second bus is switched from off to on after a wait period has elapsed from the timing at which the device disconnection was detected.1. A circuit device comprising:
a first physical layer circuit to which a first bus compliant with a USB standard is to be connected; a second physical layer circuit to which a second bus compliant with the USB standard is to be connected; a bus switch circuit that, one end of the bus switch circuit being connected to the first bus and another end being connected to the second bus, switches on connection between the first bus and the second bus in a first period, and switches off the connection in a second period; and a processing circuit that performs, in the second period, transfer processing for transmitting a packet received from the first bus via the first physical layer circuit to the second bus via the second physical layer circuit, and transmitting a packet received from the second bus via the second physical layer circuit to the first bus via the first physical layer circuit, wherein the second physical layer circuit includes a disconnection detection circuit on a second bus side that detects device disconnection of a device connected to the second bus side, and the bus switch circuit, if the device disconnection is detected by the disconnection detection circuit on the second bus side, in the second period, switches the connection between the first bus and the second bus from off to on after a wait period has elapsed from a timing at which the device disconnection was detected. 2. The circuit device according to claim 1, further comprising a timer circuit that measures an elapse of the wait period from the timing at which the device disconnection was detected. 3. The circuit device according to claim 1, wherein, when an issue interval of an SOF packet is denoted as TSF, the length TW of the wait period satisfies TW>TSF. 4. The circuit device according to claim 3, wherein TW≥2×TSF is satisfied. 5. The circuit device according to claim 1, wherein, if the device disconnection is detected by a disconnection detection circuit on the second bus side, the processing circuit stops the transfer processing, and the bus switch circuit switches connection between the first bus and the second bus from off to on after the wait period has elapsed from the timing at which the device disconnection was detected. 6. The circuit device according to claim 1,
wherein the first physical layer circuit includes a disconnection detection circuit on a first bus side that detects device disconnection with respect to the first bus, and when connection between the first bus and the second bus is off, if the device disconnection is detected by the disconnection detection circuit on the first bus side, the bus switch circuit switches the connection between the first bus and the second bus from off to on after the wait period has elapsed from the timing at which the device disconnection was detected. 7. The circuit device according to claim 6,
wherein the first physical layer circuit includes a first upstream port detection circuit that detects whether or not the first bus is a bus on an upstream side, the second physical layer circuit includes a second upstream port detection circuit that detects whether or not the second bus is a bus on the upstream side, if the first bus is determined to be a bus on the upstream side, the disconnection detection circuit on the second bus side detects the device disconnection with respect to the second bus, and if the second bus is determined to be a bus on the upstream side, the disconnection detection circuit on the first bus side detects the device disconnection with respect to the first bus. 8. The circuit device according to claim 7,
wherein the first upstream port detection circuit determines, when a packet received from the first bus is detected to be an SOF packet, that the first bus is a bus on the upstream side, and the second upstream port detection circuit determines, when a packet received from the second bus is detected to be an SOF packet, that the second bus is a bus on the upstream side. 9. The circuit device according to claim 1,
wherein the processing circuit, upon receiving an SOF packet from the first bus, performs processing for transmitting a repeat packet of the SOF packet to the second bus, and the disconnection detection circuit on the second bus side detects the device disconnection by detecting a signal amplitude of an EOP in the repeat packet of the SOF packet. 10. The circuit device according to claim 1, further comprising a bus monitor circuit that performs operation of monitoring the first bus and the second bus,
wherein the bus switch circuit switches connection between the first bus and the second bus on or off based on a monitoring result of the bus monitor circuit. 11. The circuit device according to claim 10, wherein the bus monitor circuit, when the device disconnection is detected by the disconnection detection circuit on the second bus side, outputs a signal for stopping the transfer processing of the processing circuit to the processing circuit, and outputs a signal for switching connection between the first bus and the second bus from off to on to the bus switch circuit, after the wait period has elapsed from a timing at which the device disconnection was detected. 12. An electronic device comprising:
the circuit device according to claim 1; and a processing device to be connected to the first bus. 13. A cable harness comprising:
the circuit device according to claim 1; and a cable. | 3,700 |
346,022 | 16,804,431 | 3,785 | Provided herein is a method for fabricating transformable or transfectable molecules that includes an assembly reaction containing a variety of pre-made cassettes possessing ends that hybridize to one another, transforming or transfecting said molecules into a desired host cell and then selecting a transformed/transfected host cell containing plasmid molecules composed of said the cassettes. A kit for performing the method is also provided. | 1.-10. (canceled) 11. A kit comprising:
(i) a set of origin of replication cassettes; (ii) a set of selectable marker cassettes; (iii) one or two or more sets of functional cassettes; and (iv) a target cassette that comprises a sequence of interest; wherein the cassettes of each of the sets of (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) are in different vessels, and the cassettes are double stranded DNA molecules; and wherein hybridization of the target cassette with any of said origin of replication cassettes, any of said selectable marker cassettes, and any of said functional cassettes results in a transformable or transfectable product that can be introduced into host cells. 12. The kit of claim 11, wherein said kit comprises:
a first functional cassette from a first set of functional cassettes of the same function; and a second functional cassette from a second set of functional cassettes of the same function. 13. The kit of claim 11, wherein one or more sets of functional cassettes comprise a set of different promoters. 14. The kit of claim 13, wherein said promoters are active in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells. 15. The kit of claim 12, wherein one or more sets of functional cassettes comprise a set of cassettes that encode N-terminal purification tags. 16. The kit of claim 12, wherein one or more sets of functional cassettes comprise a set of cassettes that encode C-terminal purification tags. 17. The kit of claim 11, wherein one or more sets of functional cassettes comprise a set of terminators. 18. The kit of claim 11, wherein the target cassette comprises a universal cloning sequence at a 5′ end and a 3′ end. 19. The kit of claim 11, wherein (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv) are present in separate containers. 20. The kit of claim 19, further comprising a buffer or an enzyme in a separate container. 21. The kit of claim 1, further comprising:
(i) a DNA polymerase; (ii) a flap endonuclease; and (iii) a DNA ligase. | Provided herein is a method for fabricating transformable or transfectable molecules that includes an assembly reaction containing a variety of pre-made cassettes possessing ends that hybridize to one another, transforming or transfecting said molecules into a desired host cell and then selecting a transformed/transfected host cell containing plasmid molecules composed of said the cassettes. A kit for performing the method is also provided.1.-10. (canceled) 11. A kit comprising:
(i) a set of origin of replication cassettes; (ii) a set of selectable marker cassettes; (iii) one or two or more sets of functional cassettes; and (iv) a target cassette that comprises a sequence of interest; wherein the cassettes of each of the sets of (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) are in different vessels, and the cassettes are double stranded DNA molecules; and wherein hybridization of the target cassette with any of said origin of replication cassettes, any of said selectable marker cassettes, and any of said functional cassettes results in a transformable or transfectable product that can be introduced into host cells. 12. The kit of claim 11, wherein said kit comprises:
a first functional cassette from a first set of functional cassettes of the same function; and a second functional cassette from a second set of functional cassettes of the same function. 13. The kit of claim 11, wherein one or more sets of functional cassettes comprise a set of different promoters. 14. The kit of claim 13, wherein said promoters are active in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells. 15. The kit of claim 12, wherein one or more sets of functional cassettes comprise a set of cassettes that encode N-terminal purification tags. 16. The kit of claim 12, wherein one or more sets of functional cassettes comprise a set of cassettes that encode C-terminal purification tags. 17. The kit of claim 11, wherein one or more sets of functional cassettes comprise a set of terminators. 18. The kit of claim 11, wherein the target cassette comprises a universal cloning sequence at a 5′ end and a 3′ end. 19. The kit of claim 11, wherein (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv) are present in separate containers. 20. The kit of claim 19, further comprising a buffer or an enzyme in a separate container. 21. The kit of claim 1, further comprising:
(i) a DNA polymerase; (ii) a flap endonuclease; and (iii) a DNA ligase. | 3,700 |
346,023 | 16,804,420 | 3,785 | A treatment method is disclosed capable of reducing the burden on a patient and enhancing the effect of killing tumor cells. A treatment method for killing a tumor cell, the method including inserting a catheter into a main artery of an organ having the tumor cell, administering an antibody-photosensitive substance into a vein before the inserting of the catheter, inserting an optical fiber into the catheter, reducing an influence of blood in the artery on a near-infrared ray, irradiating at least one of a tumor, the vicinity of the tumor, or a regional lymph node with a first near-infrared ray by the optical fiber, and irradiating an antibody-photosensitive substance bound to a tumor cell membrane in the tumor cell with a second near-infrared ray having a shorter wavelength than that of the first near-infrared ray. | 1. A treatment method for killing a tumor cell, the method comprising:
inserting a catheter into a main artery of an organ having the tumor cell; administering an antibody-photosensitive substance into a vein before the insertion of the catheter or administering the antibody-photosensitive substance into the artery from the catheter after the insertion of the catheter; inserting an optical fiber into the catheter; reducing an influence of blood in the artery on a near-infrared ray; irradiating at least one of a tumor having the tumor cell, a vicinity of the tumor, or a regional lymph node with a first near-infrared ray by the optical fiber; and irradiating an antibody-photosensitive substance bound to a tumor cell membrane in the tumor cell with a second near-infrared ray having a shorter wavelength than that of the first near-infrared ray. 2. The treatment method according to claim 1, wherein, in the reducing of the influence of blood in the artery on the near-infrared ray, the method further comprises:
injecting a saline solution into the artery through the catheter to flush the blood in the artery. 3. The treatment method according to claim 2, comprising:
injecting the saline solution into the artery passing between a lumen of the catheter and the optical fiber. 4. The treatment method according to claim 1, wherein, in the reducing of the influence of blood in the artery on the near-infrared ray, the method further comprising:
inflating a balloon disposed in the catheter to block a flow of the blood in the artery. 5. The treatment method according to claim 1, comprising:
emitting the first near-infrared ray at a wavelength of about 1064 nm; and emitting the second near-infrared ray at a wavelength of 660 nm to 740 nm with a dose of 1 Jcm−2 to 50 Jcm−2. 6. The treat method according to claim 1, further comprising:
monitoring the tumor cell to which the antibody-photosensitive substance is bound being irradiated with the second near-infrared ray with a temperature measurement device and/or a hardness measurement device to detect change in temperature and/or hardness of the tumor cell. 7. The treatment method according to claim 6, wherein the hardness measurement device transmits ultrasound waves, which are detected by an ultrasound probe, the treatment method comprising:
calculating a tomographic image of the tumor cell; and detecting a change in a hardness of the tumor cell based on a change in a luminance of the tomographic image. 8. A treatment method for killing a tumor cell, the method comprising:
inserting an endoscope from a mouth, a nose, or an anal and bringing the endoscope to a vicinity of a tumor having the tumor cell reachable from the mouth, the nose, or the anal; protruding a tubular elongated tube in which a lumen is formed from the endoscope; bringing the elongated tube into contact with the tumor or puncturing the tumor with the elongated tube while checking a camera image and/or an ultrasound image obtained by the endoscope; bringing an optical fiber inserted into the lumen of the elongated tube into the tumor or the vicinity of the tumor; administering an antibody-photosensitive substance into a vein before the bringing of the endoscope to the vicinity of the tumor or administering the antibody-photosensitive substance into the tumor or the vicinity of the tumor from the elongated tube after the bringing of the elongated tube into contact with the tumor or puncturing with the elongated tube; irradiating at least one of the tumor, the vicinity of the tumor, or a regional lymph node with a first near-infrared ray by the optical fiber; and irradiating an antibody-photosensitive substance bound to a tumor cell membrane in the tumor cell with a second near-infrared ray having a shorter wavelength than that of the first near-infrared ray. 9. The treatment method according to claim 8, wherein, in the irradiating with the first near-infrared ray and/or the irradiating with the second near-infrared ray, a needle having a light-transmitting portion capable of transmitting a near-infrared ray at a distal portion, and wherein the method further comprises:
emitting the near-infrared ray from the optical fiber located inside the needle through the light-transmitting portion. 10. The treatment method according to claim 8, wherein, in the irradiating with the first near-infrared ray and/or the irradiating with the second near-infrared ray, the needle has a slit through which a near-infrared ray is emitted at a distal portion, and wherein the method further comprises:
emitting the near-infrared ray from the optical fiber located inside the needle through the slit. 11. The treatment method according to claim 8, wherein the endoscope is inserted from the mouth, the nose, or the anal and brought into the vicinity of the tumor having the tumor cell reachable from the mouth, the nose, or the anal, after 12 hours to 36 hours has elapsed from the administering of the antibody-photosensitive substance into the vein. 12. The treatment method according to claim 8, comprising:
monitoring the tumor cell to which the antibody-photosensitive substance is bound being irradiated with the second near-infrared ray with a temperature measurement device and/or a hardness measurement device to detect change in temperature and/or hardness of the tumor cell. 13. The treatment method according to claim 8, wherein the treatment method is for treating pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, stomach cancer, duodenal cancer, esophageal cancer, and/or colon cancer. 14. A treatment method for killing a tumor cell, the method comprising:
puncturing a tumor having the tumor cell or a vicinity of the tumor percutaneously with a hollow needle while acquiring and checking an ultrasound image percutaneously; bringing an optical fiber inserted into a lumen of the needle into the tumor or the vicinity of the tumor; administering an antibody-photosensitive substance into a vein before the bringing of the needle to the vicinity of the tumor or administering the antibody-photosensitive substance into the tumor or the vicinity of the tumor from the needle after the bringing of the needle to the vicinity of the tumor; irradiating at least one of the tumor, the vicinity of the tumor, or a regional lymph node with a first near-infrared ray by the optical fiber; and irradiating an antibody-photosensitive substance bound to a tumor cell membrane in the tumor cell with a second near-infrared ray having a shorter wavelength than that of the first near-infrared ray. 15. The treatment method according to claim 14, wherein, in the irradiating with the first near-infrared ray and/or the irradiating with the second near-infrared ray, the needle has a light-transmitting portion capable of transmitting a near-infrared ray at a distal portion, and wherein the method further comprises:
emitting the near-infrared ray from the optical fiber located inside the needle through the light-transmitting portion. 16. The treatment method according to claim 14, wherein, in the irradiating with the first near-infrared ray and/or the irradiating with the second near-infrared ray, the needle has a slit through which a near-infrared ray is emitted at a distal portion, and wherein the method further comprises:
emitting the near-infrared ray from the optical fiber located inside the needle through the slit. 17. The treatment method according to claim 14, wherein the treatment method is for treating pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, stomach cancer, duodenal cancer, esophageal cancer, and/or colon cancer. | A treatment method is disclosed capable of reducing the burden on a patient and enhancing the effect of killing tumor cells. A treatment method for killing a tumor cell, the method including inserting a catheter into a main artery of an organ having the tumor cell, administering an antibody-photosensitive substance into a vein before the inserting of the catheter, inserting an optical fiber into the catheter, reducing an influence of blood in the artery on a near-infrared ray, irradiating at least one of a tumor, the vicinity of the tumor, or a regional lymph node with a first near-infrared ray by the optical fiber, and irradiating an antibody-photosensitive substance bound to a tumor cell membrane in the tumor cell with a second near-infrared ray having a shorter wavelength than that of the first near-infrared ray.1. A treatment method for killing a tumor cell, the method comprising:
inserting a catheter into a main artery of an organ having the tumor cell; administering an antibody-photosensitive substance into a vein before the insertion of the catheter or administering the antibody-photosensitive substance into the artery from the catheter after the insertion of the catheter; inserting an optical fiber into the catheter; reducing an influence of blood in the artery on a near-infrared ray; irradiating at least one of a tumor having the tumor cell, a vicinity of the tumor, or a regional lymph node with a first near-infrared ray by the optical fiber; and irradiating an antibody-photosensitive substance bound to a tumor cell membrane in the tumor cell with a second near-infrared ray having a shorter wavelength than that of the first near-infrared ray. 2. The treatment method according to claim 1, wherein, in the reducing of the influence of blood in the artery on the near-infrared ray, the method further comprises:
injecting a saline solution into the artery through the catheter to flush the blood in the artery. 3. The treatment method according to claim 2, comprising:
injecting the saline solution into the artery passing between a lumen of the catheter and the optical fiber. 4. The treatment method according to claim 1, wherein, in the reducing of the influence of blood in the artery on the near-infrared ray, the method further comprising:
inflating a balloon disposed in the catheter to block a flow of the blood in the artery. 5. The treatment method according to claim 1, comprising:
emitting the first near-infrared ray at a wavelength of about 1064 nm; and emitting the second near-infrared ray at a wavelength of 660 nm to 740 nm with a dose of 1 Jcm−2 to 50 Jcm−2. 6. The treat method according to claim 1, further comprising:
monitoring the tumor cell to which the antibody-photosensitive substance is bound being irradiated with the second near-infrared ray with a temperature measurement device and/or a hardness measurement device to detect change in temperature and/or hardness of the tumor cell. 7. The treatment method according to claim 6, wherein the hardness measurement device transmits ultrasound waves, which are detected by an ultrasound probe, the treatment method comprising:
calculating a tomographic image of the tumor cell; and detecting a change in a hardness of the tumor cell based on a change in a luminance of the tomographic image. 8. A treatment method for killing a tumor cell, the method comprising:
inserting an endoscope from a mouth, a nose, or an anal and bringing the endoscope to a vicinity of a tumor having the tumor cell reachable from the mouth, the nose, or the anal; protruding a tubular elongated tube in which a lumen is formed from the endoscope; bringing the elongated tube into contact with the tumor or puncturing the tumor with the elongated tube while checking a camera image and/or an ultrasound image obtained by the endoscope; bringing an optical fiber inserted into the lumen of the elongated tube into the tumor or the vicinity of the tumor; administering an antibody-photosensitive substance into a vein before the bringing of the endoscope to the vicinity of the tumor or administering the antibody-photosensitive substance into the tumor or the vicinity of the tumor from the elongated tube after the bringing of the elongated tube into contact with the tumor or puncturing with the elongated tube; irradiating at least one of the tumor, the vicinity of the tumor, or a regional lymph node with a first near-infrared ray by the optical fiber; and irradiating an antibody-photosensitive substance bound to a tumor cell membrane in the tumor cell with a second near-infrared ray having a shorter wavelength than that of the first near-infrared ray. 9. The treatment method according to claim 8, wherein, in the irradiating with the first near-infrared ray and/or the irradiating with the second near-infrared ray, a needle having a light-transmitting portion capable of transmitting a near-infrared ray at a distal portion, and wherein the method further comprises:
emitting the near-infrared ray from the optical fiber located inside the needle through the light-transmitting portion. 10. The treatment method according to claim 8, wherein, in the irradiating with the first near-infrared ray and/or the irradiating with the second near-infrared ray, the needle has a slit through which a near-infrared ray is emitted at a distal portion, and wherein the method further comprises:
emitting the near-infrared ray from the optical fiber located inside the needle through the slit. 11. The treatment method according to claim 8, wherein the endoscope is inserted from the mouth, the nose, or the anal and brought into the vicinity of the tumor having the tumor cell reachable from the mouth, the nose, or the anal, after 12 hours to 36 hours has elapsed from the administering of the antibody-photosensitive substance into the vein. 12. The treatment method according to claim 8, comprising:
monitoring the tumor cell to which the antibody-photosensitive substance is bound being irradiated with the second near-infrared ray with a temperature measurement device and/or a hardness measurement device to detect change in temperature and/or hardness of the tumor cell. 13. The treatment method according to claim 8, wherein the treatment method is for treating pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, stomach cancer, duodenal cancer, esophageal cancer, and/or colon cancer. 14. A treatment method for killing a tumor cell, the method comprising:
puncturing a tumor having the tumor cell or a vicinity of the tumor percutaneously with a hollow needle while acquiring and checking an ultrasound image percutaneously; bringing an optical fiber inserted into a lumen of the needle into the tumor or the vicinity of the tumor; administering an antibody-photosensitive substance into a vein before the bringing of the needle to the vicinity of the tumor or administering the antibody-photosensitive substance into the tumor or the vicinity of the tumor from the needle after the bringing of the needle to the vicinity of the tumor; irradiating at least one of the tumor, the vicinity of the tumor, or a regional lymph node with a first near-infrared ray by the optical fiber; and irradiating an antibody-photosensitive substance bound to a tumor cell membrane in the tumor cell with a second near-infrared ray having a shorter wavelength than that of the first near-infrared ray. 15. The treatment method according to claim 14, wherein, in the irradiating with the first near-infrared ray and/or the irradiating with the second near-infrared ray, the needle has a light-transmitting portion capable of transmitting a near-infrared ray at a distal portion, and wherein the method further comprises:
emitting the near-infrared ray from the optical fiber located inside the needle through the light-transmitting portion. 16. The treatment method according to claim 14, wherein, in the irradiating with the first near-infrared ray and/or the irradiating with the second near-infrared ray, the needle has a slit through which a near-infrared ray is emitted at a distal portion, and wherein the method further comprises:
emitting the near-infrared ray from the optical fiber located inside the needle through the slit. 17. The treatment method according to claim 14, wherein the treatment method is for treating pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, stomach cancer, duodenal cancer, esophageal cancer, and/or colon cancer. | 3,700 |
346,024 | 16,804,429 | 3,785 | The technologies described herein are generally directed toward shedding processing loads associated with route updates. According to an embodiment, a system can comprise a processor and a memory that can enable operations facilitating performance of operations including facilitating identifying a route update for a route to a destination node on a network. Additional operations can include evaluating a value of the route update, resulting in an evaluated value of the route update. Additional operations can include determining whether to communicate the route update to a second routing device based on the evaluated value of the route update. | 1. A first routing device, comprising:
a processor; and a memory that stores executable instructions that, when executed by the processor, facilitate performance of operations, comprising:
facilitating identifying a route update for a route to a destination node on a network;
evaluating a value of the route update, resulting in an evaluated value of the route update; and
determining whether to communicate the route update to a second routing device based on the evaluated value of the route update. 2. The first routing device of claim 1, wherein the operations further comprise facilitating transmitting, to the second routing device, the route update. 3. The first routing device of claim 2, wherein the facilitating transmitting the route update is for updating an entry of a routing table of the second routing device based on the route update and the evaluated value of the route update. 4. The first routing device of claim 1, wherein the evaluated value of the route update is based on factors comprising an increment of time between the identifying the route update and an evaluation of the route update by the second routing device. 5. The first routing device of claim 4, wherein the factors further comprise a predicted utility of the route update. 6. The first routing device of claim 5, wherein the predicted utility of the route update is based on the factors comprising the predicted utility to the second routing device of the route update upon receipt by the second routing device. 7. The first routing device of claim 5, wherein the predicted utility of the route update is based on the factors further comprising an interval corresponding to a transit time for a signal on a link between the first routing device and the second routing device. 8. The first routing device of claim 1, wherein the facilitating the identifying of the route update for the route comprises receiving the route update from a third routing device. 9. The first routing device of claim 1, wherein the facilitating the identifying of the route update for the route comprises detecting route information corresponding to the route update. 10. A method, comprising:
facilitating, by a first routing device comprising a processor, receiving, from a second routing device, a route update for a route to a network device of a destination node on a network, wherein the second routing device determined to communicate the route update to the first routing device based on a predicted utility value of the route update to the first routing device; and updating, by the first routing device, an entry of a routing table of the first routing device based on the route update. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the updating the entry of the routing table is further based on the predicted utility value of the route update to the first routing device from the second routing device. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the predicted utility value of the route update comprises the predicted utility value of the route update at a time that the route update is predicted to be received by the first routing device. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein a time that the route update is predicted to be received by the first routing device is based on factors comprising an interval corresponding to a transit time for a signal on a link between the first routing device and the second routing device. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the predicted utility value of the route update comprises the predicted utility value of the route update based on an increment of time, determined by the second routing device, between an identifying the route update and an evaluation of the route update by the second routing device. 15. The method of claim 10, wherein the second routing device received the route update from a third routing device. 16. The method of claim 10, wherein the second routing device generated the route update by detecting route information corresponding to the route update. 17. A machine-readable storage medium comprising executable instructions that, when executed by a processor of a first routing device, facilitate performance of operations, the operations comprising:
facilitating identifying a route update for a route to a network device of a destination node on a network; predicting a future value of the route update to a second routing device at a defined future time, resulting in a predicted future value; and determining whether to communicate the route update to a second routing device based on the predicted future value. 18. The machine-readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein the operations further comprise predicting a receipt time of the route update at the second routing device as a result of transmission via a network link. 19. The machine-readable storage medium of claim 18, wherein the operations further comprise measuring a transmission time of the network link, resulting in a measured transmission time, and wherein the predicting the receipt time of the route update at the second routing device is based on the measured transmission time. 20. The machine-readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein the facilitating the identifying of the route update for the route comprises detecting route information corresponding to the route update. | The technologies described herein are generally directed toward shedding processing loads associated with route updates. According to an embodiment, a system can comprise a processor and a memory that can enable operations facilitating performance of operations including facilitating identifying a route update for a route to a destination node on a network. Additional operations can include evaluating a value of the route update, resulting in an evaluated value of the route update. Additional operations can include determining whether to communicate the route update to a second routing device based on the evaluated value of the route update.1. A first routing device, comprising:
a processor; and a memory that stores executable instructions that, when executed by the processor, facilitate performance of operations, comprising:
facilitating identifying a route update for a route to a destination node on a network;
evaluating a value of the route update, resulting in an evaluated value of the route update; and
determining whether to communicate the route update to a second routing device based on the evaluated value of the route update. 2. The first routing device of claim 1, wherein the operations further comprise facilitating transmitting, to the second routing device, the route update. 3. The first routing device of claim 2, wherein the facilitating transmitting the route update is for updating an entry of a routing table of the second routing device based on the route update and the evaluated value of the route update. 4. The first routing device of claim 1, wherein the evaluated value of the route update is based on factors comprising an increment of time between the identifying the route update and an evaluation of the route update by the second routing device. 5. The first routing device of claim 4, wherein the factors further comprise a predicted utility of the route update. 6. The first routing device of claim 5, wherein the predicted utility of the route update is based on the factors comprising the predicted utility to the second routing device of the route update upon receipt by the second routing device. 7. The first routing device of claim 5, wherein the predicted utility of the route update is based on the factors further comprising an interval corresponding to a transit time for a signal on a link between the first routing device and the second routing device. 8. The first routing device of claim 1, wherein the facilitating the identifying of the route update for the route comprises receiving the route update from a third routing device. 9. The first routing device of claim 1, wherein the facilitating the identifying of the route update for the route comprises detecting route information corresponding to the route update. 10. A method, comprising:
facilitating, by a first routing device comprising a processor, receiving, from a second routing device, a route update for a route to a network device of a destination node on a network, wherein the second routing device determined to communicate the route update to the first routing device based on a predicted utility value of the route update to the first routing device; and updating, by the first routing device, an entry of a routing table of the first routing device based on the route update. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the updating the entry of the routing table is further based on the predicted utility value of the route update to the first routing device from the second routing device. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the predicted utility value of the route update comprises the predicted utility value of the route update at a time that the route update is predicted to be received by the first routing device. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein a time that the route update is predicted to be received by the first routing device is based on factors comprising an interval corresponding to a transit time for a signal on a link between the first routing device and the second routing device. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the predicted utility value of the route update comprises the predicted utility value of the route update based on an increment of time, determined by the second routing device, between an identifying the route update and an evaluation of the route update by the second routing device. 15. The method of claim 10, wherein the second routing device received the route update from a third routing device. 16. The method of claim 10, wherein the second routing device generated the route update by detecting route information corresponding to the route update. 17. A machine-readable storage medium comprising executable instructions that, when executed by a processor of a first routing device, facilitate performance of operations, the operations comprising:
facilitating identifying a route update for a route to a network device of a destination node on a network; predicting a future value of the route update to a second routing device at a defined future time, resulting in a predicted future value; and determining whether to communicate the route update to a second routing device based on the predicted future value. 18. The machine-readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein the operations further comprise predicting a receipt time of the route update at the second routing device as a result of transmission via a network link. 19. The machine-readable storage medium of claim 18, wherein the operations further comprise measuring a transmission time of the network link, resulting in a measured transmission time, and wherein the predicting the receipt time of the route update at the second routing device is based on the measured transmission time. 20. The machine-readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein the facilitating the identifying of the route update for the route comprises detecting route information corresponding to the route update. | 3,700 |
346,025 | 16,804,452 | 2,816 | A semiconductor device is disclosed. The semiconductor device comprises a first die, a second die, and a redistribution structure. The first die and the second die are electrically connected to the redistribution structure. There are no solder bumps between the first die and the redistribution structure. There are no solder bumps between the second die and the redistribution structure. The first die and the second die have a shift with regard to each other from a top view. | 1. A semiconductor package, comprising:
a first die, the first die having an active surface and a back surface, the first die comprising a first connection end and a second connection end on the active surface, the first connection end being closer to a side edge of the first die than the second connection end; a second die, the second die having an active side and a back side, the second die comprising a third connection end and a fourth connection end on the active surface, the fourth connection end being closer to a side edge of the second die than the third connection end; a first set of metal pillars; a second set of metal pillars; a first redistribution structure, the first redistribution structure comprising at least two insulating layers, a first trace, and a second trace, the first die being connected to the first redistribution structure through the first set of metal pillars, the second die being connected to the first redistribution structure through the second set of metal pillars, the first trace being connected between the first connection end and the third connection end, the second trace being connected between the third connection end and the fourth connection end; and a first molding material, wherein the first molding material is beside the first die and the second die. 2. The semiconductor package of claim 1, further comprising:
a first adhesive layer, the first adhesive layer being located on the back surface of the first die; and a second adhesive layer, the second adhesive layer being located on the back surface of the second die. 3. The semiconductor package of claim 1, further comprising:
a third die, the third die having an active surface and a back surface; a third adhesive layer, the third adhesive layer being located on the back surface of the third die; a third set of metal pillars; a second redistribution structure, the second redistribution structure comprising at least two insulating layers, the third die being connected to the second redistribution structure through the third set of metal pillars; and a set of conductive posts, the set of conductive posts being located beside the first die and the second die, the set of conductive posts being connected between the first redistribution structure and the second redistribution structure. 4. The semiconductor package of claim 3, further comprises a second molding material beside the third die. 5. The semiconductor package of claim 1, wherein the first die is a processor and the second die is a memory. 6. The semiconductor package of claim 1, wherein the first set of metal pillars comprise copper and the second set of metal pillars comprise copper. 7. The semiconductor package of claim 1, wherein the at least two insulating layers in the first redistribution structure comprise polyimide. 8. The semiconductor package of claim 1, wherein a path length of the first trace and a path length of the second trace are substantially the same. 9. A semiconductor package, comprising:
a first die, the first die having an active surface and a back surface, the first die comprising a first connection end and a second connection end on the active surface, the first connection end being closer to a side edge of the first die than the second connection end; a second die, the second die having an active surface and a back surface, the second die comprising a third connection end and a fourth connection end on the active side, the fourth connection end being closer to a side edge of the second die than the third connection end; a first set of metal pillars; a second set of metal pillars; a redistribution structure, the redistribution structure comprising at least two insulating layers, a first trace, and a second trace, the first die being connected to the redistribution structure through the first set of metal pillars, the second die being connected to the redistribution structure through the second set of metal pillars, the first trace being connected between the first connection end and the third connection end, the second trace being connected between the third connection end and the fourth connection end; a first molding material, wherein the first molding material is beside the first die and the second die. a memory module; and a set of conductive posts, the set of conductive posts being located beside the first die and the second die, the set of conductive posts being connected between the redistribution structure and the memory module. 10. The semiconductor package of claim 9, further comprising a set of solder bumps, the set of conductive posts being connected to the memory module through the set of solder bumps. 11. The semiconductor package of claim 9, further comprising:
a first adhesive layer, the first adhesive layer being located on the back surface of the first die; and a second adhesive layer, the second adhesive layer being located on the back surface of the second die. 12. The semiconductor package of claim 9, wherein the first die is a processor and the second die is a memory. 13. The semiconductor package of claim 9, wherein the first set of metal pillars comprise copper and the second set of metal pillars comprise copper. 14. The semiconductor package of claim 9, wherein the at least two insulating layers in the redistribution structure comprise polyimide. 15. The semiconductor package of claim 9, wherein a path length of the first trace and a path length of the second trace are substantially the same. 16. The semiconductor package of claim 9, wherein the memory module is a DRAM module. 17. A semiconductor package, comprising:
a first die, the first die having an active surface and a back surface, the first die having an A1 side, an A2 side, an A3 side, and an A4 side, the A1 side being parallel to the A3 side, the A2 side being parallel to the A4 side, the A2 side being longer than the A1 side, the A1 side being along an A1 axis, the A3 side being along an A3 axis; a second die, the second die having an active surface and a back surface, the second die having a B1 side, a B2 side, a B3 side, and a B4 side, the B1 side being parallel to the B3 side, the B2 side being parallel to the B4 side, the B2 side being longer than the B1 side, the B1 side being along a B1 axis, the B3 side being along a B3 axis; a first set of metal pillars; a second set of metal pillars; a redistribution structure, the redistribution structure comprising at least two insulating layers, the first die being connected to the redistribution structure through the first set of metal pillars, the second die being connected to the redistribution structure through the second set of metal pillars; and a molding material, wherein the molding material is beside the first die and the second die; wherein the A1 axis intersects the second die. 18. The semiconductor package of claim 17, wherein the first die is a processor and the second die is a memory. 19. The semiconductor package of claim 17, wherein the first set of metal pillars comprise copper and the second set of metal pillars comprise copper. 20. The semiconductor package of claim 17, wherein the at least two insulating layers in the redistribution structure comprise polyimide. | A semiconductor device is disclosed. The semiconductor device comprises a first die, a second die, and a redistribution structure. The first die and the second die are electrically connected to the redistribution structure. There are no solder bumps between the first die and the redistribution structure. There are no solder bumps between the second die and the redistribution structure. The first die and the second die have a shift with regard to each other from a top view.1. A semiconductor package, comprising:
a first die, the first die having an active surface and a back surface, the first die comprising a first connection end and a second connection end on the active surface, the first connection end being closer to a side edge of the first die than the second connection end; a second die, the second die having an active side and a back side, the second die comprising a third connection end and a fourth connection end on the active surface, the fourth connection end being closer to a side edge of the second die than the third connection end; a first set of metal pillars; a second set of metal pillars; a first redistribution structure, the first redistribution structure comprising at least two insulating layers, a first trace, and a second trace, the first die being connected to the first redistribution structure through the first set of metal pillars, the second die being connected to the first redistribution structure through the second set of metal pillars, the first trace being connected between the first connection end and the third connection end, the second trace being connected between the third connection end and the fourth connection end; and a first molding material, wherein the first molding material is beside the first die and the second die. 2. The semiconductor package of claim 1, further comprising:
a first adhesive layer, the first adhesive layer being located on the back surface of the first die; and a second adhesive layer, the second adhesive layer being located on the back surface of the second die. 3. The semiconductor package of claim 1, further comprising:
a third die, the third die having an active surface and a back surface; a third adhesive layer, the third adhesive layer being located on the back surface of the third die; a third set of metal pillars; a second redistribution structure, the second redistribution structure comprising at least two insulating layers, the third die being connected to the second redistribution structure through the third set of metal pillars; and a set of conductive posts, the set of conductive posts being located beside the first die and the second die, the set of conductive posts being connected between the first redistribution structure and the second redistribution structure. 4. The semiconductor package of claim 3, further comprises a second molding material beside the third die. 5. The semiconductor package of claim 1, wherein the first die is a processor and the second die is a memory. 6. The semiconductor package of claim 1, wherein the first set of metal pillars comprise copper and the second set of metal pillars comprise copper. 7. The semiconductor package of claim 1, wherein the at least two insulating layers in the first redistribution structure comprise polyimide. 8. The semiconductor package of claim 1, wherein a path length of the first trace and a path length of the second trace are substantially the same. 9. A semiconductor package, comprising:
a first die, the first die having an active surface and a back surface, the first die comprising a first connection end and a second connection end on the active surface, the first connection end being closer to a side edge of the first die than the second connection end; a second die, the second die having an active surface and a back surface, the second die comprising a third connection end and a fourth connection end on the active side, the fourth connection end being closer to a side edge of the second die than the third connection end; a first set of metal pillars; a second set of metal pillars; a redistribution structure, the redistribution structure comprising at least two insulating layers, a first trace, and a second trace, the first die being connected to the redistribution structure through the first set of metal pillars, the second die being connected to the redistribution structure through the second set of metal pillars, the first trace being connected between the first connection end and the third connection end, the second trace being connected between the third connection end and the fourth connection end; a first molding material, wherein the first molding material is beside the first die and the second die. a memory module; and a set of conductive posts, the set of conductive posts being located beside the first die and the second die, the set of conductive posts being connected between the redistribution structure and the memory module. 10. The semiconductor package of claim 9, further comprising a set of solder bumps, the set of conductive posts being connected to the memory module through the set of solder bumps. 11. The semiconductor package of claim 9, further comprising:
a first adhesive layer, the first adhesive layer being located on the back surface of the first die; and a second adhesive layer, the second adhesive layer being located on the back surface of the second die. 12. The semiconductor package of claim 9, wherein the first die is a processor and the second die is a memory. 13. The semiconductor package of claim 9, wherein the first set of metal pillars comprise copper and the second set of metal pillars comprise copper. 14. The semiconductor package of claim 9, wherein the at least two insulating layers in the redistribution structure comprise polyimide. 15. The semiconductor package of claim 9, wherein a path length of the first trace and a path length of the second trace are substantially the same. 16. The semiconductor package of claim 9, wherein the memory module is a DRAM module. 17. A semiconductor package, comprising:
a first die, the first die having an active surface and a back surface, the first die having an A1 side, an A2 side, an A3 side, and an A4 side, the A1 side being parallel to the A3 side, the A2 side being parallel to the A4 side, the A2 side being longer than the A1 side, the A1 side being along an A1 axis, the A3 side being along an A3 axis; a second die, the second die having an active surface and a back surface, the second die having a B1 side, a B2 side, a B3 side, and a B4 side, the B1 side being parallel to the B3 side, the B2 side being parallel to the B4 side, the B2 side being longer than the B1 side, the B1 side being along a B1 axis, the B3 side being along a B3 axis; a first set of metal pillars; a second set of metal pillars; a redistribution structure, the redistribution structure comprising at least two insulating layers, the first die being connected to the redistribution structure through the first set of metal pillars, the second die being connected to the redistribution structure through the second set of metal pillars; and a molding material, wherein the molding material is beside the first die and the second die; wherein the A1 axis intersects the second die. 18. The semiconductor package of claim 17, wherein the first die is a processor and the second die is a memory. 19. The semiconductor package of claim 17, wherein the first set of metal pillars comprise copper and the second set of metal pillars comprise copper. 20. The semiconductor package of claim 17, wherein the at least two insulating layers in the redistribution structure comprise polyimide. | 2,800 |
346,026 | 16,804,410 | 2,816 | An occurrence of one or more “care events” is detected by an electronic device monitoring environmental data and/or user data from one or more sensors. The electronic device transmits one or more alerts regarding the detected occurrence to at least one other electronic device. In some cases, the electronic device may cooperate with at least one other electronic device in monitoring, detecting, and/or transmitting. For example, the electronic device may detect the occurrence based on sensor data received from a cooperative electronic device or such data in combination with the electronic device's sensor data. By way of another example, the electronic device may detect the occurrence and signal a cooperative electronic device to transmit one or more alerts. | 1. An electronic device, comprising:
a sensor that gathers sensor data; processing circuitry configured to:
monitor the sensor data to detect that a user has fallen;
present a prompt in response to detecting that the user has fallen; and
monitor the sensor data to detect a motion by the user within a time period; and
communication circuitry that transmits an alert if the motion is not detected. 2. The electronic device defined in claim 1, wherein the communication circuitry transmits the alert after an additional time period. 3. The electronic device defined in claim 2, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to detect a positive response to the prompt within the time period and the communication circuitry transmits the alert before the additional time period if the positive response is detected. 4. The electronic device defined in claim 3, further comprising a touch screen, wherein the positive response comprises a touch input on the touch screen. 5. The electronic device defined in claim 1, wherein the prompt comprises an audio notification. 6. The electronic device defined in claim 5, wherein the prompt further comprises a haptic notification. 7. The electronic device defined in claim 1, wherein the alert includes location data. 8. The electronic device defined in claim 1, further comprising a heart rate sensor. 9. The electronic device defined in claim 8, wherein the processing circuitry monitors heart rate data collected by the heart rate sensor to detect an irregular heart rate of the user and presents an additional prompt in response to detecting the irregular heart rate. 10. A wearable electronic device having first and second opposing sides, the wearable device comprising:
a display on the first side, wherein the second side is configured to face a user's arm; a sensor that collects sensor data; processing circuitry that monitors the sensor data to detect a fall by the user and that displays a prompt in response to detecting the fall; and wireless communication circuitry that transmits an alert if a negative response to the prompt is not detected. 11. The wearable electronic device defined in claim 10, wherein the negative response comprises a touch input. 12. The wearable electronic device defined in claim 11, wherein the alert is transmitted to emergency services automatically without user input. 13. The wearable electronic device defined in claim 12, wherein the alert is transmitted to local emergency services based on a location of the device. 14. The wearable electronic device defined in claim 12, wherein the alert includes a location of the wearable electronic device. 15. The wearable electronic device defined in claim 14, wherein the alert includes a voice response from the user. 16. The wearable electronic device defined in claim 10, wherein the display forms a majority of the first side. 17. The wearable electronic device defined in claim 10, wherein the display displays information regarding the fall. 18. The wearable electronic device defined in claim 10, wherein the wearable electronic device enters into a power saving mode in response to detecting the fall. 19. A method for contacting emergency services regarding a care event, comprising:
detecting an occurrence of a care event utilizing an electronic device by monitoring motion sensor data; displaying a visual prompt with the electronic device in response to detecting the occurrence; monitoring sensor data to detect a motion of a user while the prompt is displayed; and transmitting an alert regarding the occurrence if the motion is not detected within a timeout period. 20. The method defined in claim 19, wherein transmitting the alert comprises sending an audio alert and GPS information to emergency services. | An occurrence of one or more “care events” is detected by an electronic device monitoring environmental data and/or user data from one or more sensors. The electronic device transmits one or more alerts regarding the detected occurrence to at least one other electronic device. In some cases, the electronic device may cooperate with at least one other electronic device in monitoring, detecting, and/or transmitting. For example, the electronic device may detect the occurrence based on sensor data received from a cooperative electronic device or such data in combination with the electronic device's sensor data. By way of another example, the electronic device may detect the occurrence and signal a cooperative electronic device to transmit one or more alerts.1. An electronic device, comprising:
a sensor that gathers sensor data; processing circuitry configured to:
monitor the sensor data to detect that a user has fallen;
present a prompt in response to detecting that the user has fallen; and
monitor the sensor data to detect a motion by the user within a time period; and
communication circuitry that transmits an alert if the motion is not detected. 2. The electronic device defined in claim 1, wherein the communication circuitry transmits the alert after an additional time period. 3. The electronic device defined in claim 2, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to detect a positive response to the prompt within the time period and the communication circuitry transmits the alert before the additional time period if the positive response is detected. 4. The electronic device defined in claim 3, further comprising a touch screen, wherein the positive response comprises a touch input on the touch screen. 5. The electronic device defined in claim 1, wherein the prompt comprises an audio notification. 6. The electronic device defined in claim 5, wherein the prompt further comprises a haptic notification. 7. The electronic device defined in claim 1, wherein the alert includes location data. 8. The electronic device defined in claim 1, further comprising a heart rate sensor. 9. The electronic device defined in claim 8, wherein the processing circuitry monitors heart rate data collected by the heart rate sensor to detect an irregular heart rate of the user and presents an additional prompt in response to detecting the irregular heart rate. 10. A wearable electronic device having first and second opposing sides, the wearable device comprising:
a display on the first side, wherein the second side is configured to face a user's arm; a sensor that collects sensor data; processing circuitry that monitors the sensor data to detect a fall by the user and that displays a prompt in response to detecting the fall; and wireless communication circuitry that transmits an alert if a negative response to the prompt is not detected. 11. The wearable electronic device defined in claim 10, wherein the negative response comprises a touch input. 12. The wearable electronic device defined in claim 11, wherein the alert is transmitted to emergency services automatically without user input. 13. The wearable electronic device defined in claim 12, wherein the alert is transmitted to local emergency services based on a location of the device. 14. The wearable electronic device defined in claim 12, wherein the alert includes a location of the wearable electronic device. 15. The wearable electronic device defined in claim 14, wherein the alert includes a voice response from the user. 16. The wearable electronic device defined in claim 10, wherein the display forms a majority of the first side. 17. The wearable electronic device defined in claim 10, wherein the display displays information regarding the fall. 18. The wearable electronic device defined in claim 10, wherein the wearable electronic device enters into a power saving mode in response to detecting the fall. 19. A method for contacting emergency services regarding a care event, comprising:
detecting an occurrence of a care event utilizing an electronic device by monitoring motion sensor data; displaying a visual prompt with the electronic device in response to detecting the occurrence; monitoring sensor data to detect a motion of a user while the prompt is displayed; and transmitting an alert regarding the occurrence if the motion is not detected within a timeout period. 20. The method defined in claim 19, wherein transmitting the alert comprises sending an audio alert and GPS information to emergency services. | 2,800 |
346,027 | 16,804,416 | 2,816 | A detection device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a plurality of semiconductor layers, each including a plurality of electrode regions and a semiconductor region. The plurality of electrode regions are: arranged at intervals in a cross direction crossing a thickness direction; configured to generate electric charges by a photoelectric effect of irradiation of radiation; and configured to produce an electric field in the cross direction by voltage application. The semiconductor region is provided at least between the electrode regions adjacent to one another in the cross direction. The plurality of semiconductor layers are stacked in the thickness direction. | 1. A detection device comprising:
a plurality of semiconductor layers stacked in a thickness direction, each including a plurality of electrode regions and a semiconductor region,
the plurality of electrode regions being: arranged at intervals in a cross direction crossing the thickness direction; configured to generate electric charges by a photoelectric effect of irradiation of radiation; and configured to produce an electric field in the cross direction by voltage application,
the semiconductor region being provided at least between the electrode regions adjacent to one another in the cross direction. 2. The device according to claim 1, wherein three or more of the plurality of semiconductor layers are stacked. 3. The device according to claim 1, wherein the semiconductor region is an organic semiconductor region that converts energy of the radiation into electric charges. 4. The device according to claim 1, wherein
each of the plurality of semiconductor layers further includes insulating regions, and each of the plurality of electrode regions is configured such that at least part of a surface of the corresponding electrode region facing the other electrode region adjacent in the cross direction is covered by the insulating region. 5. The device according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of electrode regions are arranged in a single layer in the thickness direction within a corresponding one of the plurality of semiconductor layers. 6. The device according to claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of electrode regions is made of a heavy element or an alloy of the heavy element. 7. The device according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of electrode regions are configured such that a first electrode region and a second electrode region having different potentials from one another are alternately arranged at an interval in the cross direction. 8. The device according to claim 7, wherein
the first electrode region is a first electrode line pattern being continuous along a two-dimensional plane in the cross direction, and the second electrode region is a second electrode line pattern being continuous along the two-dimensional plane. 9. The device according to claim 7, wherein the first electrode region and the second electrode region is different in at least part of constituent materials. 10. The device according to claim 1, wherein potentials of the electrode regions arranged at an overlapping position in a plane view between the semiconductor layers are the same. 11. The device according to claim 1, further comprising a plurality of semiconductor blocks whose numbers of stacked semiconductor layers are different, wherein
the plurality of semiconductor blocks are stacked in the thickness direction, and the plurality of semiconductor blocks are arranged in ascending order of the number of stacked semiconductor layers from an upstream side to a downstream side in an incident direction of the radiation. 12. The device according to claim 11, further comprising metal layers, each being arranged between the semiconductor blocks. 13. A detector comprising:
the detection device according to claim 1; a voltage application circuit configured to apply voltages to the plurality of electrode regions of each of the plurality of semiconductor layers; and a detection circuit configured to detect output signals output from the plurality of electrode regions. 14. The detector according to claim 13, wherein the voltage application circuit applies the voltages to the electrode regions in each of the plurality of semiconductor layers such that the potentials of the electrode regions adjacent to one another in the cross direction are different. 15. The detector according to claim 13, wherein the voltage application circuit applies the voltages to the electrode regions arranged in the overlapping position in the plane view between the semiconductor layers stacked in the thickness direction such that the corresponding electrode regions have the same potential. | A detection device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a plurality of semiconductor layers, each including a plurality of electrode regions and a semiconductor region. The plurality of electrode regions are: arranged at intervals in a cross direction crossing a thickness direction; configured to generate electric charges by a photoelectric effect of irradiation of radiation; and configured to produce an electric field in the cross direction by voltage application. The semiconductor region is provided at least between the electrode regions adjacent to one another in the cross direction. The plurality of semiconductor layers are stacked in the thickness direction.1. A detection device comprising:
a plurality of semiconductor layers stacked in a thickness direction, each including a plurality of electrode regions and a semiconductor region,
the plurality of electrode regions being: arranged at intervals in a cross direction crossing the thickness direction; configured to generate electric charges by a photoelectric effect of irradiation of radiation; and configured to produce an electric field in the cross direction by voltage application,
the semiconductor region being provided at least between the electrode regions adjacent to one another in the cross direction. 2. The device according to claim 1, wherein three or more of the plurality of semiconductor layers are stacked. 3. The device according to claim 1, wherein the semiconductor region is an organic semiconductor region that converts energy of the radiation into electric charges. 4. The device according to claim 1, wherein
each of the plurality of semiconductor layers further includes insulating regions, and each of the plurality of electrode regions is configured such that at least part of a surface of the corresponding electrode region facing the other electrode region adjacent in the cross direction is covered by the insulating region. 5. The device according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of electrode regions are arranged in a single layer in the thickness direction within a corresponding one of the plurality of semiconductor layers. 6. The device according to claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of electrode regions is made of a heavy element or an alloy of the heavy element. 7. The device according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of electrode regions are configured such that a first electrode region and a second electrode region having different potentials from one another are alternately arranged at an interval in the cross direction. 8. The device according to claim 7, wherein
the first electrode region is a first electrode line pattern being continuous along a two-dimensional plane in the cross direction, and the second electrode region is a second electrode line pattern being continuous along the two-dimensional plane. 9. The device according to claim 7, wherein the first electrode region and the second electrode region is different in at least part of constituent materials. 10. The device according to claim 1, wherein potentials of the electrode regions arranged at an overlapping position in a plane view between the semiconductor layers are the same. 11. The device according to claim 1, further comprising a plurality of semiconductor blocks whose numbers of stacked semiconductor layers are different, wherein
the plurality of semiconductor blocks are stacked in the thickness direction, and the plurality of semiconductor blocks are arranged in ascending order of the number of stacked semiconductor layers from an upstream side to a downstream side in an incident direction of the radiation. 12. The device according to claim 11, further comprising metal layers, each being arranged between the semiconductor blocks. 13. A detector comprising:
the detection device according to claim 1; a voltage application circuit configured to apply voltages to the plurality of electrode regions of each of the plurality of semiconductor layers; and a detection circuit configured to detect output signals output from the plurality of electrode regions. 14. The detector according to claim 13, wherein the voltage application circuit applies the voltages to the electrode regions in each of the plurality of semiconductor layers such that the potentials of the electrode regions adjacent to one another in the cross direction are different. 15. The detector according to claim 13, wherein the voltage application circuit applies the voltages to the electrode regions arranged in the overlapping position in the plane view between the semiconductor layers stacked in the thickness direction such that the corresponding electrode regions have the same potential. | 2,800 |
346,028 | 16,804,486 | 3,657 | A controller in a first vehicle includes an electrical input port adapted to receive a first electrical signal, based on a presence of a first service brake demand associated with a first brake valve on the first vehicle, and a second electrical signal, based on a presence of a second service brake demand associated with a second brake valve on the first vehicle. The controller is capable of determining if at least one of the first electrical signal and the second electrical signal indicates the respective presence of the first service brake demand and the second service brake demand. An electrical output port is adapted to transmit an electrical deceleration signal based on the presence of the at least one of the first service brake demand and the second service brake demand. A speed reducing mechanism on a second vehicle is applied based on the electrical deceleration signal. | 1. A controller in a first vehicle, comprising:
an electrical input port adapted to receive a first electrical signal, based on a presence of a first service brake demand associated with a first brake valve on the first vehicle, and a second electrical signal, based on a presence of a second service brake demand associated with a second brake valve on the first vehicle, the controller being capable of determining if at least one of the first electrical signal and the second electrical signal indicates the respective presence of the first service brake demand and the second service brake demand; and an electrical output port adapted to transmit an electrical deceleration signal based on the presence of the at least one of the first service brake demand and the second service brake demand, a speed reducing mechanism on a second vehicle being applied based on the electrical deceleration signal. 2. The controller as set forth in claim 1, wherein the electrical deceleration signal is transmitted to activate the speed reducing mechanism on the second vehicle if at least one of the first electrical signal and the second electrical signal indicates the respective presence of the first service brake demand and the second service brake demand. 3. The controller as set forth in claim 1, wherein the first service brake demand is present when the first electrical signal indicates a first control associated with the first brake valve is actuated beyond a first threshold. 4. The controller as set forth in claim 3, wherein:
the first brake valve is a foot brake valve; and the first control is a foot brake pedal. 5. The controller as set forth in claim 1, wherein the first service brake demand is present when a first service brake demand pressure of at least about 3 psi is delivered from the first brake valve. 6. The controller as set forth in claim 1, wherein the second service brake demand is present when the second electrical signal indicates a second control associated with the second brake valve is actuated beyond a second threshold. 7. The controller as set forth in claim 6, wherein:
the second brake valve is a tractor protection valve; and the second control is a hand brake control. 8. The controller as set forth in claim 1, wherein the second service brake demand is present when a second service brake demand pressure delivered of at least about 3 psi is delivered from the second brake valve. 9. The controller as set forth in claim 1, wherein the second service brake demand is present when an electrical stop lamp signal is present for activating an associated stop lamp on the first vehicle. 10. A method for activating a speed reducing mechanism on a second vehicle, the method comprising:
receiving a first electrical signal based on a presence of a first service brake demand associated with a first brake valve on a first vehicle; receiving a second electrical signal based on a presence of a second service brake demand associated with a second brake valve on the first vehicle; determining if the first electrical signal and the second electrical signal indicates the respective presence of at least one of the first service brake demand and the second service brake demand; transmitting an electrical braking signal based on the first electrical signal and the second electrical signal; and activating the speed reducing mechanism on a second vehicle based on the electrical braking signal. 11. The method for activating a speed reducing mechanism on a second vehicle set forth in claim 10, further including:
activating the speed reducing mechanism on the second vehicle if at least one of the first electrical signal and the second electrical signal indicates the respective presence of the first service brake demand and the second service brake demand. 12. The method for activating a speed reducing mechanism on a second vehicle set forth in claim 10, further including:
determining the first service brake demand is present when the first electrical signal indicates a first control associated with the first brake valve is actuated beyond a first threshold. 13. The method for activating a speed reducing mechanism on a second vehicle set forth in claim 12, further including:
determining the first service brake demand is present when the first electrical signal indicates the first control associated with the first brake valve is actuated beyond the first threshold of at least about 3 psi. 14. The method for activating a speed reducing mechanism on a second vehicle set forth in claim 10, further including:
determining the second service brake demand is present when the second electrical signal indicates a second control associated with the second brake valve is actuated beyond a second threshold. 15. The method for activating a speed reducing mechanism on a second vehicle set forth in claim 14, further including:
determining the second service brake demand is present when the second electrical signal indicates the second control associated with the second brake valve is actuated beyond the second threshold of at least about 3 psi. 16. The method for activating a speed reducing mechanism on a second vehicle set forth in claim 10, further including:
determining the second service brake demand is present when an electrical stop lamp signal is present for activating an associated stop lamp on the first vehicle. 17. A system for controlling a speed reducing mechanism on a second vehicle based on braking on a first vehicle, the system comprising:
a first controller on the first vehicle, the first controller including:
a first electrical input port adapted to receive a first vehicle first electrical signal, based on a presence of a first vehicle first service brake demand associated with a first vehicle first brake valve, and a first vehicle second electrical signal based on a presence of a first vehicle second service brake demand associated with a first vehicle second brake valve, the first controller being capable of determining if at least one of the first vehicle first electrical signal and the first vehicle second electrical signal indicates the respective presence of the first vehicle first service brake demand and the first vehicle second service brake demand; and
a first electrical output adapted to transmit a first electrical deceleration signal based on the presence of at least one the first vehicle first service brake demand and the first vehicle second service brake demand; and
a second controller on the second vehicle, the second controller including:
a second electrical input port adapted to receive the first electrical deceleration signal; and
a second electrical output port adapted to transmit a second electrical deceleration signal based on the first electrical deceleration signal, a second vehicle deceleration mechanism being activated based on the second electrical deceleration signal. 18. The system as set forth in claim 17, further including a third controller on a third vehicle, the third controller including:
a third electrical input port adapted to receive at least one of the first electrical deceleration signal and the second electrical deceleration signal; and a third electrical output port adapted to transmit a third electrical deceleration signal based on the first electrical deceleration signal and the second electrical deceleration signal, a third vehicle deceleration mechanism being activated based on the third electrical deceleration signal. 19. The system as set forth in claim 18, wherein:
the second vehicle is a following vehicle relative to the first vehicle; and the third vehicle is a following vehicle relative to the first vehicle and the second vehicle. 20. The system as set forth in claim 17, wherein:
the second electrical input port is adapted to receive a second vehicle first electrical signal, based on a presence of a second vehicle first service brake demand associated with a second vehicle first brake valve, and a second vehicle second electrical signal based on a presence of a second vehicle second service brake demand associated with a second vehicle second brake valve, the second controller being capable of determining if at least one of the second vehicle first electrical signal and the second vehicle second electrical signal indicates the respective presence of the second vehicle first service brake demand and the second vehicle second service brake demand; and the second electrical output port is adapted to transmit the second electrical braking deceleration signal based on the second vehicle first electrical signal and the second vehicle second electrical signal. 21. The system as set forth in claim 20, wherein:
the second vehicle is in a vehicle platoon behind the first vehicle; if the second electrical input port receives at least one of the second vehicle first electrical signal and the second vehicle second electrical signal, the second electrical deceleration signal is transmitted to apply the second vehicle deceleration mechanism; and if the second electrical input port receives at least one of the second vehicle first electrical signal and the second vehicle second electrical signal, the second controller transmits, via the second electrical output port, a signal to the first vehicle that the platoon is terminated. 22. The system as set forth in claim 17, wherein:
the first electrical deceleration signal is transmitted to apply the brakes on the second vehicle if at least one of the first vehicle first electrical signal and the first vehicle second electrical signal indicates the respective presence of at least one of the first vehicle first service brake demand and the first vehicle second service brake demand. 23. The controller as set forth in claim 1, wherein:
the second vehicle is in a vehicle platoon behind the first vehicle; the first electrical signal is an analog signal; the second electrical signal is a digital signal; the first service brake demand is present when the analog signal indicates a first control associated with the first brake valve is actuated beyond a first threshold; the second service brake demand is present when the digital signal indicates a second control associated with the second brake valve is actuated beyond a second threshold; and if the analog signal indicates the first service brake demand is not present and the digital signal indicates the second service brake demand is present, a platoon termination signal is transmitted from the electrical output port to a controller on the second vehicle for terminating the vehicle platoon. 24. The controller as set forth in claim 23, wherein:
the first brake valve is a foot brake valve; and the second brake valve is a tractor protection valve. 25. The system as set forth in claim 17, wherein:
the second vehicle is in a vehicle platoon behind the first vehicle; if the first vehicle first electrical signal indicates the first vehicle first service brake demand is not present and the first vehicle second electrical signal indicates the second service brake demand is present:
the first controller transmits, via the first electrical output port, a signal to the second vehicle that the platoon is terminated; and
the second electrical deceleration signal is also based on a second vehicle radar signal transmitted from a second vehicle radar, the second vehicle radar signal being based on at least one of i) a relative velocity of the second vehicle with respect to the first vehicle and ii) a distance between the first vehicle and the second vehicle. 26. A system for controlling a speed reducing mechanism on a second vehicle based on braking on a first vehicle, the system comprising:
a first controller on the first vehicle, the first controller including:
a first electrical input port adapted to receive a first vehicle first electrical signal, based on a presence of a first vehicle first service brake demand associated with a first vehicle first brake valve, and a first vehicle second electrical signal based on a presence of a first vehicle second service brake demand associated with a first vehicle second brake valve, the first controller being capable of determining if at least one of the first vehicle first electrical signal and the first vehicle second electrical signal indicates the respective presence of the first vehicle first service brake demand and the first vehicle second service brake demand; and
a first electrical output adapted to transmit a first vehicle electrical brake status signal based on the presence of at least one the first vehicle first service brake demand and the first vehicle second service brake demand; and
a second controller on the second vehicle, the second controller including:
a second electrical input port adapted to receive the first vehicle electrical brake status signal; and
a second electrical output port adapted to transmit a second electrical deceleration signal based on the first vehicle electrical brake status signal, a second vehicle deceleration mechanism being activated based on the second electrical deceleration signal. 27. The controller as set forth in claim 26, wherein:
the first vehicle electrical brake status signal is transmitted when at least one of the first vehicle first electrical signal and the first vehicle second electrical signal indicates the respective presence of the first service brake demand and the second service brake demand; upon receiving the first vehicle electrical brake status signal, the second controller on the second vehicle determines at least one of the first service brake demand and the second service brake demand is present; the second controller on the second vehicle transmits the second electrical deceleration signal, after determining at least one of the first service brake demand and the second service brake demand is present, to activate the speed reducing mechanism on the second vehicle. | A controller in a first vehicle includes an electrical input port adapted to receive a first electrical signal, based on a presence of a first service brake demand associated with a first brake valve on the first vehicle, and a second electrical signal, based on a presence of a second service brake demand associated with a second brake valve on the first vehicle. The controller is capable of determining if at least one of the first electrical signal and the second electrical signal indicates the respective presence of the first service brake demand and the second service brake demand. An electrical output port is adapted to transmit an electrical deceleration signal based on the presence of the at least one of the first service brake demand and the second service brake demand. A speed reducing mechanism on a second vehicle is applied based on the electrical deceleration signal.1. A controller in a first vehicle, comprising:
an electrical input port adapted to receive a first electrical signal, based on a presence of a first service brake demand associated with a first brake valve on the first vehicle, and a second electrical signal, based on a presence of a second service brake demand associated with a second brake valve on the first vehicle, the controller being capable of determining if at least one of the first electrical signal and the second electrical signal indicates the respective presence of the first service brake demand and the second service brake demand; and an electrical output port adapted to transmit an electrical deceleration signal based on the presence of the at least one of the first service brake demand and the second service brake demand, a speed reducing mechanism on a second vehicle being applied based on the electrical deceleration signal. 2. The controller as set forth in claim 1, wherein the electrical deceleration signal is transmitted to activate the speed reducing mechanism on the second vehicle if at least one of the first electrical signal and the second electrical signal indicates the respective presence of the first service brake demand and the second service brake demand. 3. The controller as set forth in claim 1, wherein the first service brake demand is present when the first electrical signal indicates a first control associated with the first brake valve is actuated beyond a first threshold. 4. The controller as set forth in claim 3, wherein:
the first brake valve is a foot brake valve; and the first control is a foot brake pedal. 5. The controller as set forth in claim 1, wherein the first service brake demand is present when a first service brake demand pressure of at least about 3 psi is delivered from the first brake valve. 6. The controller as set forth in claim 1, wherein the second service brake demand is present when the second electrical signal indicates a second control associated with the second brake valve is actuated beyond a second threshold. 7. The controller as set forth in claim 6, wherein:
the second brake valve is a tractor protection valve; and the second control is a hand brake control. 8. The controller as set forth in claim 1, wherein the second service brake demand is present when a second service brake demand pressure delivered of at least about 3 psi is delivered from the second brake valve. 9. The controller as set forth in claim 1, wherein the second service brake demand is present when an electrical stop lamp signal is present for activating an associated stop lamp on the first vehicle. 10. A method for activating a speed reducing mechanism on a second vehicle, the method comprising:
receiving a first electrical signal based on a presence of a first service brake demand associated with a first brake valve on a first vehicle; receiving a second electrical signal based on a presence of a second service brake demand associated with a second brake valve on the first vehicle; determining if the first electrical signal and the second electrical signal indicates the respective presence of at least one of the first service brake demand and the second service brake demand; transmitting an electrical braking signal based on the first electrical signal and the second electrical signal; and activating the speed reducing mechanism on a second vehicle based on the electrical braking signal. 11. The method for activating a speed reducing mechanism on a second vehicle set forth in claim 10, further including:
activating the speed reducing mechanism on the second vehicle if at least one of the first electrical signal and the second electrical signal indicates the respective presence of the first service brake demand and the second service brake demand. 12. The method for activating a speed reducing mechanism on a second vehicle set forth in claim 10, further including:
determining the first service brake demand is present when the first electrical signal indicates a first control associated with the first brake valve is actuated beyond a first threshold. 13. The method for activating a speed reducing mechanism on a second vehicle set forth in claim 12, further including:
determining the first service brake demand is present when the first electrical signal indicates the first control associated with the first brake valve is actuated beyond the first threshold of at least about 3 psi. 14. The method for activating a speed reducing mechanism on a second vehicle set forth in claim 10, further including:
determining the second service brake demand is present when the second electrical signal indicates a second control associated with the second brake valve is actuated beyond a second threshold. 15. The method for activating a speed reducing mechanism on a second vehicle set forth in claim 14, further including:
determining the second service brake demand is present when the second electrical signal indicates the second control associated with the second brake valve is actuated beyond the second threshold of at least about 3 psi. 16. The method for activating a speed reducing mechanism on a second vehicle set forth in claim 10, further including:
determining the second service brake demand is present when an electrical stop lamp signal is present for activating an associated stop lamp on the first vehicle. 17. A system for controlling a speed reducing mechanism on a second vehicle based on braking on a first vehicle, the system comprising:
a first controller on the first vehicle, the first controller including:
a first electrical input port adapted to receive a first vehicle first electrical signal, based on a presence of a first vehicle first service brake demand associated with a first vehicle first brake valve, and a first vehicle second electrical signal based on a presence of a first vehicle second service brake demand associated with a first vehicle second brake valve, the first controller being capable of determining if at least one of the first vehicle first electrical signal and the first vehicle second electrical signal indicates the respective presence of the first vehicle first service brake demand and the first vehicle second service brake demand; and
a first electrical output adapted to transmit a first electrical deceleration signal based on the presence of at least one the first vehicle first service brake demand and the first vehicle second service brake demand; and
a second controller on the second vehicle, the second controller including:
a second electrical input port adapted to receive the first electrical deceleration signal; and
a second electrical output port adapted to transmit a second electrical deceleration signal based on the first electrical deceleration signal, a second vehicle deceleration mechanism being activated based on the second electrical deceleration signal. 18. The system as set forth in claim 17, further including a third controller on a third vehicle, the third controller including:
a third electrical input port adapted to receive at least one of the first electrical deceleration signal and the second electrical deceleration signal; and a third electrical output port adapted to transmit a third electrical deceleration signal based on the first electrical deceleration signal and the second electrical deceleration signal, a third vehicle deceleration mechanism being activated based on the third electrical deceleration signal. 19. The system as set forth in claim 18, wherein:
the second vehicle is a following vehicle relative to the first vehicle; and the third vehicle is a following vehicle relative to the first vehicle and the second vehicle. 20. The system as set forth in claim 17, wherein:
the second electrical input port is adapted to receive a second vehicle first electrical signal, based on a presence of a second vehicle first service brake demand associated with a second vehicle first brake valve, and a second vehicle second electrical signal based on a presence of a second vehicle second service brake demand associated with a second vehicle second brake valve, the second controller being capable of determining if at least one of the second vehicle first electrical signal and the second vehicle second electrical signal indicates the respective presence of the second vehicle first service brake demand and the second vehicle second service brake demand; and the second electrical output port is adapted to transmit the second electrical braking deceleration signal based on the second vehicle first electrical signal and the second vehicle second electrical signal. 21. The system as set forth in claim 20, wherein:
the second vehicle is in a vehicle platoon behind the first vehicle; if the second electrical input port receives at least one of the second vehicle first electrical signal and the second vehicle second electrical signal, the second electrical deceleration signal is transmitted to apply the second vehicle deceleration mechanism; and if the second electrical input port receives at least one of the second vehicle first electrical signal and the second vehicle second electrical signal, the second controller transmits, via the second electrical output port, a signal to the first vehicle that the platoon is terminated. 22. The system as set forth in claim 17, wherein:
the first electrical deceleration signal is transmitted to apply the brakes on the second vehicle if at least one of the first vehicle first electrical signal and the first vehicle second electrical signal indicates the respective presence of at least one of the first vehicle first service brake demand and the first vehicle second service brake demand. 23. The controller as set forth in claim 1, wherein:
the second vehicle is in a vehicle platoon behind the first vehicle; the first electrical signal is an analog signal; the second electrical signal is a digital signal; the first service brake demand is present when the analog signal indicates a first control associated with the first brake valve is actuated beyond a first threshold; the second service brake demand is present when the digital signal indicates a second control associated with the second brake valve is actuated beyond a second threshold; and if the analog signal indicates the first service brake demand is not present and the digital signal indicates the second service brake demand is present, a platoon termination signal is transmitted from the electrical output port to a controller on the second vehicle for terminating the vehicle platoon. 24. The controller as set forth in claim 23, wherein:
the first brake valve is a foot brake valve; and the second brake valve is a tractor protection valve. 25. The system as set forth in claim 17, wherein:
the second vehicle is in a vehicle platoon behind the first vehicle; if the first vehicle first electrical signal indicates the first vehicle first service brake demand is not present and the first vehicle second electrical signal indicates the second service brake demand is present:
the first controller transmits, via the first electrical output port, a signal to the second vehicle that the platoon is terminated; and
the second electrical deceleration signal is also based on a second vehicle radar signal transmitted from a second vehicle radar, the second vehicle radar signal being based on at least one of i) a relative velocity of the second vehicle with respect to the first vehicle and ii) a distance between the first vehicle and the second vehicle. 26. A system for controlling a speed reducing mechanism on a second vehicle based on braking on a first vehicle, the system comprising:
a first controller on the first vehicle, the first controller including:
a first electrical input port adapted to receive a first vehicle first electrical signal, based on a presence of a first vehicle first service brake demand associated with a first vehicle first brake valve, and a first vehicle second electrical signal based on a presence of a first vehicle second service brake demand associated with a first vehicle second brake valve, the first controller being capable of determining if at least one of the first vehicle first electrical signal and the first vehicle second electrical signal indicates the respective presence of the first vehicle first service brake demand and the first vehicle second service brake demand; and
a first electrical output adapted to transmit a first vehicle electrical brake status signal based on the presence of at least one the first vehicle first service brake demand and the first vehicle second service brake demand; and
a second controller on the second vehicle, the second controller including:
a second electrical input port adapted to receive the first vehicle electrical brake status signal; and
a second electrical output port adapted to transmit a second electrical deceleration signal based on the first vehicle electrical brake status signal, a second vehicle deceleration mechanism being activated based on the second electrical deceleration signal. 27. The controller as set forth in claim 26, wherein:
the first vehicle electrical brake status signal is transmitted when at least one of the first vehicle first electrical signal and the first vehicle second electrical signal indicates the respective presence of the first service brake demand and the second service brake demand; upon receiving the first vehicle electrical brake status signal, the second controller on the second vehicle determines at least one of the first service brake demand and the second service brake demand is present; the second controller on the second vehicle transmits the second electrical deceleration signal, after determining at least one of the first service brake demand and the second service brake demand is present, to activate the speed reducing mechanism on the second vehicle. | 3,600 |
346,029 | 16,804,472 | 3,657 | The technologies described herein are generally directed to facilitating the allocation, scheduling, and management of network slice resources. According some embodiments, a system can comprise a processor and a memory that can store executable instructions that, when executed by the processor, facilitate performance of operations. The operations can include identifying a slice configuration of a network slice that was allocated to a user device, the slice configuration being based on a characteristic of the user device, wherein a capacity of a resource of a network device of a network was previously assigned to support the network slice based on the slice configuration. The operations can further include monitoring usage of the network slice by the user device during the usage of the network slice, resulting in monitored usage of the network slice. Further, based on and during the monitored usage of the network slice, operations can include facilitating modifying the capacity of the resource assigned to support the network slice. | 1. A device, comprising:
a processor; and a memory that stores executable instructions that, when executed by the processor, facilitate performance of operations, comprising:
identifying a slice configuration of a network slice that was allocated to a user device, the slice configuration being based on a characteristic of the user device, wherein a capacity of a resource of a network device of a network was previously assigned to support the network slice based on the slice configuration;
monitoring usage of the network slice by the user device during the usage of the network slice, resulting in monitored usage of the network slice; and
based on and during the monitored usage of the network slice, facilitating modifying the capacity of the resource assigned to support the network slice. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the operations further comprise, based on and during the monitored usage of the network slice, predicting a future required capacity of the resource to support the network slice, and wherein the facilitating the modifying the capacity of the resource assigned to support the network slice is further based on the future required capacity of the resource. 3. The device of claim 1, wherein the facilitating the modifying the capacity of the resource is further based on historical information associated with the network device of the network comprised in a data store. 4. The device of claim 3, wherein the historical information associated with the network comprises historical information regarding usage of the user device. 5. The device of claim 3, wherein the historical information associated with the network comprises historical information regarding usage of user devices determined to be similar to the user device based on a defined similarity criterion. 6. The device of claim 3, wherein the operations further comprise, identifying a pattern of usage of the user device based on and during the monitored usage, resulting in an identified pattern of usage, and wherein the historical information associated with the network comprises historical information regarding user devices with patterns of usage determined to be similar to the identified pattern of usage. 7. The device of claim 3, wherein the data store comprises an artificial neural network of historical information associated with the network device. 8. The device of claim 7, wherein the artificial neural network was generated based on a process comprising:
training the artificial neural network based on a first portion of historical information associated with the network device; and optimizing the artificial neural network based on a second portion of historical information associated with the network device. 9. The device of claim 1, wherein the slice configuration comprises a service level agreement specifying a guideline for the capacity of the resource to be assigned to support the network slice. 10. The device of claim 1, wherein the slice configuration was further based on an enhanced mobile broadband network profile. 11. The device of claim 1, wherein the slice configuration was further based on an ultra-reliable low latency communications profile. 12. The device of claim 1, wherein the slice configuration was further based on a massive machine to machine communications profile. 13. A method, comprising:
receiving, by a user device comprising a processor via a network device of a network, an allocation of a network slice that was previously assigned, by an assigning device, with a first capacity of a resource of the network to support the network slice; using, by the user device, the network slice for operation of the user device; and exceeding, by the user device during the using the network slice, the first capacity of the resource of the network, wherein the exceeding the first capacity was enabled during the using the network slice for the user device prior to the exceeding based on a result of monitoring during the using the network slice, by the assigning device, the using of the network slice by the user device. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the exceeding the first capacity was enabled for the user device prior to the exceeding based on the first capacity of the resource of the network having been modified to a second capacity of the resource of the network as the result of the monitoring, and wherein the second capacity is greater than the first capacity of the resource of the network. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein enablement of the exceeding of the first capacity of the resource of the network prior to the exceeding was further based on a prediction of future usage, by the user device, of the resource of the network. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein enablement of the exceeding of the first capacity of the resource of the network prior to the exceeding was further based on a data store comprised of historical information associated with usage of the user device. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the network slice was previously assigned to support the network slice based on a service level agreement specifying a guideline for assigning the first capacity of the resource of the network and for the monitoring of the using of the network slice, and wherein enablement of the exceeding of the first capacity of the resource of the network prior to the exceeding was in accordance with the service level agreement. 18. A machine-readable storage medium, comprising executable instructions that, when executed by a processor of an assigning device, facilitate performance of operations, comprising:
identifying a slice configuration of a network slice that was allocated to a user device via a network, the slice configuration being based on a characteristic of the user device, wherein a capacity of a resource of the network accessible via network devices of the network was previously assigned to support the network slice based on the slice configuration; facilitating monitoring usage, by the user device, of the resource of the network, during the usage of the resource of the network, resulting in monitored resource usage of the network slice; and assigning, during the usage of the resource, additional capacity for the resource of the network based on and during the monitored resource usage of the network slice and a data structure of historical information associated with the network. 19. The machine-readable storage medium of claim 18, wherein the assigning the additional capacity for the resource of the network was further based on a prediction of future usage, by the user device, of the resource of the network. 20. The machine-readable storage medium of claim 19, wherein the data structure was configured to facilitate analysis based on machine learning, and wherein the operations further comprise generating the prediction of future usage based on a machine learning regression analysis of the historical information. | The technologies described herein are generally directed to facilitating the allocation, scheduling, and management of network slice resources. According some embodiments, a system can comprise a processor and a memory that can store executable instructions that, when executed by the processor, facilitate performance of operations. The operations can include identifying a slice configuration of a network slice that was allocated to a user device, the slice configuration being based on a characteristic of the user device, wherein a capacity of a resource of a network device of a network was previously assigned to support the network slice based on the slice configuration. The operations can further include monitoring usage of the network slice by the user device during the usage of the network slice, resulting in monitored usage of the network slice. Further, based on and during the monitored usage of the network slice, operations can include facilitating modifying the capacity of the resource assigned to support the network slice.1. A device, comprising:
a processor; and a memory that stores executable instructions that, when executed by the processor, facilitate performance of operations, comprising:
identifying a slice configuration of a network slice that was allocated to a user device, the slice configuration being based on a characteristic of the user device, wherein a capacity of a resource of a network device of a network was previously assigned to support the network slice based on the slice configuration;
monitoring usage of the network slice by the user device during the usage of the network slice, resulting in monitored usage of the network slice; and
based on and during the monitored usage of the network slice, facilitating modifying the capacity of the resource assigned to support the network slice. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the operations further comprise, based on and during the monitored usage of the network slice, predicting a future required capacity of the resource to support the network slice, and wherein the facilitating the modifying the capacity of the resource assigned to support the network slice is further based on the future required capacity of the resource. 3. The device of claim 1, wherein the facilitating the modifying the capacity of the resource is further based on historical information associated with the network device of the network comprised in a data store. 4. The device of claim 3, wherein the historical information associated with the network comprises historical information regarding usage of the user device. 5. The device of claim 3, wherein the historical information associated with the network comprises historical information regarding usage of user devices determined to be similar to the user device based on a defined similarity criterion. 6. The device of claim 3, wherein the operations further comprise, identifying a pattern of usage of the user device based on and during the monitored usage, resulting in an identified pattern of usage, and wherein the historical information associated with the network comprises historical information regarding user devices with patterns of usage determined to be similar to the identified pattern of usage. 7. The device of claim 3, wherein the data store comprises an artificial neural network of historical information associated with the network device. 8. The device of claim 7, wherein the artificial neural network was generated based on a process comprising:
training the artificial neural network based on a first portion of historical information associated with the network device; and optimizing the artificial neural network based on a second portion of historical information associated with the network device. 9. The device of claim 1, wherein the slice configuration comprises a service level agreement specifying a guideline for the capacity of the resource to be assigned to support the network slice. 10. The device of claim 1, wherein the slice configuration was further based on an enhanced mobile broadband network profile. 11. The device of claim 1, wherein the slice configuration was further based on an ultra-reliable low latency communications profile. 12. The device of claim 1, wherein the slice configuration was further based on a massive machine to machine communications profile. 13. A method, comprising:
receiving, by a user device comprising a processor via a network device of a network, an allocation of a network slice that was previously assigned, by an assigning device, with a first capacity of a resource of the network to support the network slice; using, by the user device, the network slice for operation of the user device; and exceeding, by the user device during the using the network slice, the first capacity of the resource of the network, wherein the exceeding the first capacity was enabled during the using the network slice for the user device prior to the exceeding based on a result of monitoring during the using the network slice, by the assigning device, the using of the network slice by the user device. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the exceeding the first capacity was enabled for the user device prior to the exceeding based on the first capacity of the resource of the network having been modified to a second capacity of the resource of the network as the result of the monitoring, and wherein the second capacity is greater than the first capacity of the resource of the network. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein enablement of the exceeding of the first capacity of the resource of the network prior to the exceeding was further based on a prediction of future usage, by the user device, of the resource of the network. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein enablement of the exceeding of the first capacity of the resource of the network prior to the exceeding was further based on a data store comprised of historical information associated with usage of the user device. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the network slice was previously assigned to support the network slice based on a service level agreement specifying a guideline for assigning the first capacity of the resource of the network and for the monitoring of the using of the network slice, and wherein enablement of the exceeding of the first capacity of the resource of the network prior to the exceeding was in accordance with the service level agreement. 18. A machine-readable storage medium, comprising executable instructions that, when executed by a processor of an assigning device, facilitate performance of operations, comprising:
identifying a slice configuration of a network slice that was allocated to a user device via a network, the slice configuration being based on a characteristic of the user device, wherein a capacity of a resource of the network accessible via network devices of the network was previously assigned to support the network slice based on the slice configuration; facilitating monitoring usage, by the user device, of the resource of the network, during the usage of the resource of the network, resulting in monitored resource usage of the network slice; and assigning, during the usage of the resource, additional capacity for the resource of the network based on and during the monitored resource usage of the network slice and a data structure of historical information associated with the network. 19. The machine-readable storage medium of claim 18, wherein the assigning the additional capacity for the resource of the network was further based on a prediction of future usage, by the user device, of the resource of the network. 20. The machine-readable storage medium of claim 19, wherein the data structure was configured to facilitate analysis based on machine learning, and wherein the operations further comprise generating the prediction of future usage based on a machine learning regression analysis of the historical information. | 3,600 |
346,030 | 16,804,457 | 3,657 | System, methods, and other embodiments described herein relate to generating depth estimates of an environment depicted in a monocular image. In one embodiment, a method includes identifying semantic features in the monocular image according to a semantic model. The method includes injecting the semantic features into a depth model using pixel-adaptive convolutions. The method includes generating a depth map from the monocular image using the depth model that is guided by the semantic features. The pixel-adaptive convolutions are integrated into a decoder of the depth model. The method includes providing the depth map as the depth estimates for the monocular image. | 1. A depth system for generating depth estimates of an environment depicted in a monocular image, comprising:
one or more processors; a memory communicably coupled to the one or more processors and storing: a depth module including instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to: identify semantic features in the monocular image according to a semantic model, inject the semantic features into a depth model using pixel-adaptive convolutions, and generate a depth map from the monocular image using the depth model that is guided by the semantic features, wherein the pixel-adaptive convolutions are integrated into a decoder of the depth model to provide the semantic features to the depth model; and an image module including instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to provide the depth map as the depth estimates for the monocular image. 2. The depth system of claim 1, wherein the depth module includes instructions to generate the depth map using the depth model including instructions to i) encode the monocular image according to encoding layers of the depth model to generate depth features at successively refined representations, and ii) decode the depth features according to decoding layers of the depth model that include the pixel-adaptive convolutions. 3. The depth system of claim 1, wherein the depth module includes instructions to inject the semantic features into the depth model according to guiding convolutions that accept the semantic features from the semantic model and transform the semantic features for use by the depth model to guide decoding layers of the depth model using the semantic features, wherein the guiding convolutions are intermediate convolutional layers that process the semantic features between the semantic model and the depth model, and
wherein the semantic features correspond to components depicted in the monocular image and define boundaries of components in the monocular image. 4. The depth system of claim 1, wherein the pixel-adaptive convolutions include kernels that adapt generation of the depth estimates for objects according to the semantic features by weighting kernels within a feature space associated with the image according to a correspondence with the semantic features to refine depth features. 5. The depth system of claim 1, wherein the semantic model is a machine learning model that performs semantic segmentation of the monocular image to identify objects, and
wherein the depth model is a machine learning model that performs depth estimation over images from a monocular camera. 6. The depth system of claim 1, wherein the depth module includes instructions to inject the semantic features into the depth model in order to guide generation of the depth map by delineating depth discontinuities in the monocular image according to the semantic features. 7. The depth system of claim 1, wherein the depth model is comprised of encoder layers and decoder layers with skip connections between encoder layers and decoder layers, wherein the semantic model provides the semantic features to separate ones of the decoder layers via guiding convolutions at successive resolutions,
wherein the depth model and the semantic model execute in parallel, and wherein the semantic model produces the semantic features for the depth model as a secondary task. 8. The depth system of claim 1, wherein the depth module includes instructions to train the depth model using a training algorithm that is self-supervised and accounts for motion of a camera between successive monocular training images using a loss function that accounts for structure from motion (SfM), and
wherein the depth module includes instructions to train the depth model by using a pose model to account for the motion, and adjusting the depth model including at least hyperparameters in the pixel-adaptive convolutions. 9. A non-transitory computer-readable medium for generating depth estimates of an environment depicted in a monocular image and including instructions that when executed by one or more processors cause the one or more processors to:
identify semantic features in the monocular image according to a semantic model; inject the semantic features into a depth model using pixel-adaptive convolutions; generate a depth map from the monocular image using the depth model that is guided by the semantic features, wherein the pixel-adaptive convolutions are integrated into a decoder of the depth model to provide the semantic features to the depth model; and provide the depth map as the depth estimates for the monocular image. 10. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 9, wherein the instructions to generate the depth map using the depth model include instructions to i) encode the monocular image according to encoding layers of the depth model to generate depth features at successively refined representations, and ii) decode the depth features according to decoding layers of the depth model that include the pixel-adaptive convolutions. 11. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 9, wherein the instructions to inject the semantic features into the depth model include instructions to inject the semantic features according to guiding convolutions that accept the semantic features from the semantic model and transform the semantic features for use by the depth model to guide decoding layers of the depth model using the semantic features,
wherein the guiding convolutions are intermediate convolutional layers that process the semantic features between the semantic model and the depth model, and wherein the semantic features correspond to components depicted in the moncoular image and define boundaries of the components in the monocular image. 12. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 9, wherein the pixel-adaptive convolutions include kernels that adapt generation of the depth estimates for objects according to the semantic features by weighting kernels within a feature space associated with the image according to a correspondence with the semantic features to refine depth features. 13. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 9, wherein the semantic model is a machine learning model that performs semantic segmentation of the monocular image to identify objects, and
wherein the depth model is a machine learning model that performs depth estimation over images from a monocular camera. 14. A method of generating depth estimates of an environment depicted in a monocular image, comprising:
identifying semantic features in the monocular image according to a semantic model; injecting the semantic features into a depth model using pixel-adaptive convolutions; generating a depth map from the monocular image using the depth model that is guided by the semantic features, wherein the pixel-adaptive convolutions are integrated into a decoder of the depth model; and providing the depth map as the depth estimates for the monocular image. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein generating the depth map using the depth model includes i) encoding depth features from the monocular image according to encoding layers of the depth model, and ii) decoding the depth features according to decoding layers of the depth model that include the pixel-adaptive convolutions. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein injecting the semantic features into the depth model includes applying guiding convolutions that accept the semantic features from the semantic model and transform the semantic features for use by the depth model to guide decoding layers of the depth model using the semantic features, wherein the guiding convolutions are intermediate convolutional layers that process the semantic features between the semantic model and the depth model, and
wherein the semantic features correspond to components depicted in the monocular image and define boundaries of the components in the monocular image. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the pixel-adaptive convolutions include adaptive kernels that adapt generation of the depth estimates for objects according to the semantic features by weighting kernels within a feature space associated with the image according to a correspondence with the semantic features to refine depth features. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the semantic model is a machine learning model that performs semantic segmentation of the monocular image to identify objects, and
wherein the depth model is a machine learning model that performs depth estimation over images from a monocular camera. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the depth model and the semantic model execute in parallel, wherein the semantic model produces the semantic features for the depth model as a secondary task, wherein injecting the semantic features into the depth model guides generation of the depth map by the depth model by delineating depth discontinuities in the monocular image according to the semantic features. 20. The method of claim 14, further comprising:
training the depth model using a training algorithm that is self-supervised and accounts for motion of a camera between successive monocular training images in training data using a loss function that accounts for structure from motion (SfM), wherein training the depth model includes executing a pose model to account for the motion, and adjusting the depth model including at least hyperparameters in the pixel-adaptive convolutions. | System, methods, and other embodiments described herein relate to generating depth estimates of an environment depicted in a monocular image. In one embodiment, a method includes identifying semantic features in the monocular image according to a semantic model. The method includes injecting the semantic features into a depth model using pixel-adaptive convolutions. The method includes generating a depth map from the monocular image using the depth model that is guided by the semantic features. The pixel-adaptive convolutions are integrated into a decoder of the depth model. The method includes providing the depth map as the depth estimates for the monocular image.1. A depth system for generating depth estimates of an environment depicted in a monocular image, comprising:
one or more processors; a memory communicably coupled to the one or more processors and storing: a depth module including instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to: identify semantic features in the monocular image according to a semantic model, inject the semantic features into a depth model using pixel-adaptive convolutions, and generate a depth map from the monocular image using the depth model that is guided by the semantic features, wherein the pixel-adaptive convolutions are integrated into a decoder of the depth model to provide the semantic features to the depth model; and an image module including instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to provide the depth map as the depth estimates for the monocular image. 2. The depth system of claim 1, wherein the depth module includes instructions to generate the depth map using the depth model including instructions to i) encode the monocular image according to encoding layers of the depth model to generate depth features at successively refined representations, and ii) decode the depth features according to decoding layers of the depth model that include the pixel-adaptive convolutions. 3. The depth system of claim 1, wherein the depth module includes instructions to inject the semantic features into the depth model according to guiding convolutions that accept the semantic features from the semantic model and transform the semantic features for use by the depth model to guide decoding layers of the depth model using the semantic features, wherein the guiding convolutions are intermediate convolutional layers that process the semantic features between the semantic model and the depth model, and
wherein the semantic features correspond to components depicted in the monocular image and define boundaries of components in the monocular image. 4. The depth system of claim 1, wherein the pixel-adaptive convolutions include kernels that adapt generation of the depth estimates for objects according to the semantic features by weighting kernels within a feature space associated with the image according to a correspondence with the semantic features to refine depth features. 5. The depth system of claim 1, wherein the semantic model is a machine learning model that performs semantic segmentation of the monocular image to identify objects, and
wherein the depth model is a machine learning model that performs depth estimation over images from a monocular camera. 6. The depth system of claim 1, wherein the depth module includes instructions to inject the semantic features into the depth model in order to guide generation of the depth map by delineating depth discontinuities in the monocular image according to the semantic features. 7. The depth system of claim 1, wherein the depth model is comprised of encoder layers and decoder layers with skip connections between encoder layers and decoder layers, wherein the semantic model provides the semantic features to separate ones of the decoder layers via guiding convolutions at successive resolutions,
wherein the depth model and the semantic model execute in parallel, and wherein the semantic model produces the semantic features for the depth model as a secondary task. 8. The depth system of claim 1, wherein the depth module includes instructions to train the depth model using a training algorithm that is self-supervised and accounts for motion of a camera between successive monocular training images using a loss function that accounts for structure from motion (SfM), and
wherein the depth module includes instructions to train the depth model by using a pose model to account for the motion, and adjusting the depth model including at least hyperparameters in the pixel-adaptive convolutions. 9. A non-transitory computer-readable medium for generating depth estimates of an environment depicted in a monocular image and including instructions that when executed by one or more processors cause the one or more processors to:
identify semantic features in the monocular image according to a semantic model; inject the semantic features into a depth model using pixel-adaptive convolutions; generate a depth map from the monocular image using the depth model that is guided by the semantic features, wherein the pixel-adaptive convolutions are integrated into a decoder of the depth model to provide the semantic features to the depth model; and provide the depth map as the depth estimates for the monocular image. 10. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 9, wherein the instructions to generate the depth map using the depth model include instructions to i) encode the monocular image according to encoding layers of the depth model to generate depth features at successively refined representations, and ii) decode the depth features according to decoding layers of the depth model that include the pixel-adaptive convolutions. 11. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 9, wherein the instructions to inject the semantic features into the depth model include instructions to inject the semantic features according to guiding convolutions that accept the semantic features from the semantic model and transform the semantic features for use by the depth model to guide decoding layers of the depth model using the semantic features,
wherein the guiding convolutions are intermediate convolutional layers that process the semantic features between the semantic model and the depth model, and wherein the semantic features correspond to components depicted in the moncoular image and define boundaries of the components in the monocular image. 12. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 9, wherein the pixel-adaptive convolutions include kernels that adapt generation of the depth estimates for objects according to the semantic features by weighting kernels within a feature space associated with the image according to a correspondence with the semantic features to refine depth features. 13. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 9, wherein the semantic model is a machine learning model that performs semantic segmentation of the monocular image to identify objects, and
wherein the depth model is a machine learning model that performs depth estimation over images from a monocular camera. 14. A method of generating depth estimates of an environment depicted in a monocular image, comprising:
identifying semantic features in the monocular image according to a semantic model; injecting the semantic features into a depth model using pixel-adaptive convolutions; generating a depth map from the monocular image using the depth model that is guided by the semantic features, wherein the pixel-adaptive convolutions are integrated into a decoder of the depth model; and providing the depth map as the depth estimates for the monocular image. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein generating the depth map using the depth model includes i) encoding depth features from the monocular image according to encoding layers of the depth model, and ii) decoding the depth features according to decoding layers of the depth model that include the pixel-adaptive convolutions. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein injecting the semantic features into the depth model includes applying guiding convolutions that accept the semantic features from the semantic model and transform the semantic features for use by the depth model to guide decoding layers of the depth model using the semantic features, wherein the guiding convolutions are intermediate convolutional layers that process the semantic features between the semantic model and the depth model, and
wherein the semantic features correspond to components depicted in the monocular image and define boundaries of the components in the monocular image. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the pixel-adaptive convolutions include adaptive kernels that adapt generation of the depth estimates for objects according to the semantic features by weighting kernels within a feature space associated with the image according to a correspondence with the semantic features to refine depth features. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the semantic model is a machine learning model that performs semantic segmentation of the monocular image to identify objects, and
wherein the depth model is a machine learning model that performs depth estimation over images from a monocular camera. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the depth model and the semantic model execute in parallel, wherein the semantic model produces the semantic features for the depth model as a secondary task, wherein injecting the semantic features into the depth model guides generation of the depth map by the depth model by delineating depth discontinuities in the monocular image according to the semantic features. 20. The method of claim 14, further comprising:
training the depth model using a training algorithm that is self-supervised and accounts for motion of a camera between successive monocular training images in training data using a loss function that accounts for structure from motion (SfM), wherein training the depth model includes executing a pose model to account for the motion, and adjusting the depth model including at least hyperparameters in the pixel-adaptive convolutions. | 3,600 |
346,031 | 16,804,473 | 3,657 | A wall component and other components for a building structure wherein the wall component has a spanning beam spanning the length of the wall component, one or more structural column assemblies positioned between the spanning beam and a floor plate which are structured to carry structural weights and loads received from the spanning beam. The structural column assemblies are separated by a longitudinal distance so as to define an intercolumnar region which is greater than a width of a member selected from the group consisting of a door assembly and a window assembly, and there is an exterior panel fastened between the first and second structural column assemblies that defines a generally continuous and uninterrupted planar surface over the intercolumnar region. | 1-4. (canceled) 5. A folded structure transportable to a desired site for erecting a building structure adapted to include a member having a width selected from the group consisting of a door assembly and a window assembly, the folded structure comprising:
a fixed space portion defined by a first floor component, a first ceiling component and a first wall component having a horizontal length and two vertical edges, the wall component comprising: a floor plate defining the lower longitudinal edge of the wall component and spanning the horizontal length of the wall component; a spanning beam defining the upper longitudinal edge of the wall component, said spanning beam positioned above the floor plate and spanning the horizontal length of the wall component, the spanning beam adapted to carry structural weights and loads received from the ceiling of the building and any additional floors; a first structural column assembly and a second structural column assembly, the first and second structural column assemblies positioned between the spanning beam and the floor plate and structured to carry structural weights and loads received from the spanning beam; the first and second structural column assemblies inset from the vertical edges and separated by a longitudinal distance to define an intercolumnar region, the width of the intercolumnar region being greater than the width of the member; and an exterior panel fastened between the first and second structural column assemblies to define a generally continuous and uninterrupted planar surface over the intercolumnar region; the folded structure further comprising: a second ceiling component horizontally stacked on the first ceiling component; a second floor component vertically positioned against the fixed space portion opposite to the first wall component; a second wall component vertically positioned against the second floor component; means for pivotally connecting the second ceiling component to the first ceiling component, means for pivotally connecting the second floor component to the first floor component, and means for pivotally connecting the second wall component to the second floor component. 6. A method of constructing a building structure, comprising:
receiving the folded structure described in claim 5; unfolding the second floor component so that it lies parallel to the first floor component; unfolding the second wall component to a vertical position; and unfolding the second ceiling component so that it is parallel to the first ceiling component and has a distal edge contacting the second wall component. 7. A folded building structure transportable to a desired site at which the building structure is to be erected, comprising:
a fixed space portion defined by a first floor component, a first ceiling component and a first wall component having a length; a second ceiling component horizontally stacked in a folded position on the first ceiling component; a third ceiling component horizontally stacked in a folded position on the second ceiling component; a second floor component vertically positioned in a folded position opposite to the first wall component; a second wall component having a length and vertically positioned in a folded position against the second floor component; first means for pivotally connecting the second ceiling component to the first ceiling component, such first means adapted to permit the second ceiling component to pivot, about a first horizontal axis relative to the first ceiling component, from its folded position to an unfolded position; second means for pivotally connecting the third ceiling component to the second ceiling component, such second means adapted to permit the third ceiling component to pivot, about a second horizontal axis relative to the second ceiling component, from its folded position to an unfolded position; third means for pivotally connecting the second floor component to the first floor component, such third means adapted to permit the second floor component to pivot, about a third horizontal axis relative to the first floor component, from its folded position to an unfolded position; and fourth means for pivotally connecting the second wall component to the second floor component, such fourth means adapted to permit the second wall component to pivot, about a fourth horizontal axis relative to the second floor component, from its folded position to an unfolded position. 8. The folded building structure of claim 7, further comprising:
a third wall component having a length and which includes a first fixed portion and a first pivoting portion; a fourth wall component having a length and which includes a second fixed portion and a second pivoting portion; wherein the fixed space portion is further defined by the first fixed portion of the third wall component and by the second fixed portion of the fourth wall component; fifth means for pivotally connecting the first fixed portion and the first pivoting portion of the third wall component, such fifth means adapted to permit the first pivoting portion to pivot about a first vertical axis relative to the first fixed portion, the first pivoting portion being folded about the first vertical axis relative to the first fixed portion and vertically positioned in a folded position against the fixed space portion; and sixth means for pivotally connecting the second fixed portion and the second pivoting portion of the fourth wall component, such sixth means adapted to permit the second pivoting portion to pivot about a second vertical axis relative to the second fixed portion, the second pivoting portion being folded about the second vertical axis and vertically positioned in a folded position against the fixed space portion. 9. The folded building structure of claim 7, wherein the first, second and third ceiling components each has a length and a width, the first means pivotally connects the first and second ceiling components along their respective lengths, and the second means pivotally connects the second and third ceiling components along their respective lengths. 10. The folded building structure of claim 9, wherein the length of each of the first, second and third ceiling components is approximately equal. 11. The folded building structure of claim 9, wherein the width of each of the first, second and third ceiling components is approximately equal. 12. The folded building structure of claim 10, wherein the width of each of the first, second and third ceiling components is approximately equal. 13. The folded building structure of claim 8, wherein the second wall component is vertically positioned in its folded position against the first pivoting portion of the third wall component in its folded position, and against the second pivoting portion of the fourth wall component in its folded position. 14. The folded building structure of claim 11, wherein the first and second wall components are of approximately equal length, the third and fourth wall components are of approximately equal length, and the length of the first and second wall components is approximately twice the length of the third and fourth wall components. 15. The folded building structure of claim 14, wherein the length of each of the first, second and third ceiling components is approximately equal to the length of each of the first and second wall components. 16. The folded building structure of claim 15, wherein the length of each of the first, second and third ceiling components is approximately six times the width of each of the first, second and third ceiling components. | A wall component and other components for a building structure wherein the wall component has a spanning beam spanning the length of the wall component, one or more structural column assemblies positioned between the spanning beam and a floor plate which are structured to carry structural weights and loads received from the spanning beam. The structural column assemblies are separated by a longitudinal distance so as to define an intercolumnar region which is greater than a width of a member selected from the group consisting of a door assembly and a window assembly, and there is an exterior panel fastened between the first and second structural column assemblies that defines a generally continuous and uninterrupted planar surface over the intercolumnar region.1-4. (canceled) 5. A folded structure transportable to a desired site for erecting a building structure adapted to include a member having a width selected from the group consisting of a door assembly and a window assembly, the folded structure comprising:
a fixed space portion defined by a first floor component, a first ceiling component and a first wall component having a horizontal length and two vertical edges, the wall component comprising: a floor plate defining the lower longitudinal edge of the wall component and spanning the horizontal length of the wall component; a spanning beam defining the upper longitudinal edge of the wall component, said spanning beam positioned above the floor plate and spanning the horizontal length of the wall component, the spanning beam adapted to carry structural weights and loads received from the ceiling of the building and any additional floors; a first structural column assembly and a second structural column assembly, the first and second structural column assemblies positioned between the spanning beam and the floor plate and structured to carry structural weights and loads received from the spanning beam; the first and second structural column assemblies inset from the vertical edges and separated by a longitudinal distance to define an intercolumnar region, the width of the intercolumnar region being greater than the width of the member; and an exterior panel fastened between the first and second structural column assemblies to define a generally continuous and uninterrupted planar surface over the intercolumnar region; the folded structure further comprising: a second ceiling component horizontally stacked on the first ceiling component; a second floor component vertically positioned against the fixed space portion opposite to the first wall component; a second wall component vertically positioned against the second floor component; means for pivotally connecting the second ceiling component to the first ceiling component, means for pivotally connecting the second floor component to the first floor component, and means for pivotally connecting the second wall component to the second floor component. 6. A method of constructing a building structure, comprising:
receiving the folded structure described in claim 5; unfolding the second floor component so that it lies parallel to the first floor component; unfolding the second wall component to a vertical position; and unfolding the second ceiling component so that it is parallel to the first ceiling component and has a distal edge contacting the second wall component. 7. A folded building structure transportable to a desired site at which the building structure is to be erected, comprising:
a fixed space portion defined by a first floor component, a first ceiling component and a first wall component having a length; a second ceiling component horizontally stacked in a folded position on the first ceiling component; a third ceiling component horizontally stacked in a folded position on the second ceiling component; a second floor component vertically positioned in a folded position opposite to the first wall component; a second wall component having a length and vertically positioned in a folded position against the second floor component; first means for pivotally connecting the second ceiling component to the first ceiling component, such first means adapted to permit the second ceiling component to pivot, about a first horizontal axis relative to the first ceiling component, from its folded position to an unfolded position; second means for pivotally connecting the third ceiling component to the second ceiling component, such second means adapted to permit the third ceiling component to pivot, about a second horizontal axis relative to the second ceiling component, from its folded position to an unfolded position; third means for pivotally connecting the second floor component to the first floor component, such third means adapted to permit the second floor component to pivot, about a third horizontal axis relative to the first floor component, from its folded position to an unfolded position; and fourth means for pivotally connecting the second wall component to the second floor component, such fourth means adapted to permit the second wall component to pivot, about a fourth horizontal axis relative to the second floor component, from its folded position to an unfolded position. 8. The folded building structure of claim 7, further comprising:
a third wall component having a length and which includes a first fixed portion and a first pivoting portion; a fourth wall component having a length and which includes a second fixed portion and a second pivoting portion; wherein the fixed space portion is further defined by the first fixed portion of the third wall component and by the second fixed portion of the fourth wall component; fifth means for pivotally connecting the first fixed portion and the first pivoting portion of the third wall component, such fifth means adapted to permit the first pivoting portion to pivot about a first vertical axis relative to the first fixed portion, the first pivoting portion being folded about the first vertical axis relative to the first fixed portion and vertically positioned in a folded position against the fixed space portion; and sixth means for pivotally connecting the second fixed portion and the second pivoting portion of the fourth wall component, such sixth means adapted to permit the second pivoting portion to pivot about a second vertical axis relative to the second fixed portion, the second pivoting portion being folded about the second vertical axis and vertically positioned in a folded position against the fixed space portion. 9. The folded building structure of claim 7, wherein the first, second and third ceiling components each has a length and a width, the first means pivotally connects the first and second ceiling components along their respective lengths, and the second means pivotally connects the second and third ceiling components along their respective lengths. 10. The folded building structure of claim 9, wherein the length of each of the first, second and third ceiling components is approximately equal. 11. The folded building structure of claim 9, wherein the width of each of the first, second and third ceiling components is approximately equal. 12. The folded building structure of claim 10, wherein the width of each of the first, second and third ceiling components is approximately equal. 13. The folded building structure of claim 8, wherein the second wall component is vertically positioned in its folded position against the first pivoting portion of the third wall component in its folded position, and against the second pivoting portion of the fourth wall component in its folded position. 14. The folded building structure of claim 11, wherein the first and second wall components are of approximately equal length, the third and fourth wall components are of approximately equal length, and the length of the first and second wall components is approximately twice the length of the third and fourth wall components. 15. The folded building structure of claim 14, wherein the length of each of the first, second and third ceiling components is approximately equal to the length of each of the first and second wall components. 16. The folded building structure of claim 15, wherein the length of each of the first, second and third ceiling components is approximately six times the width of each of the first, second and third ceiling components. | 3,600 |
346,032 | 16,804,466 | 3,657 | A system for a cluster application manager includes an input interface, a command determiner, and a node determiner. The input interface is for receiving a first management request for a management function for a first application of a set of different applications. The command determiner is for determining a first management base command for the first management request. A second management base command is the same as the first management base command for a second management request for the management function for a second application of the set of different applications that is different from the first application of the set of different applications. The command determiner is for determining a management command, wherein the management command is based at least in part on the first management base command and the first application. The node determiner is for determining a node of a cluster to send the management command. | 1. A system, comprising:
one or more processors configured to:
obtain a first management request for a management function for a first s application of a set of different applications, wherein the management function corresponds to a common function across a plurality of the set of different applications;
determine a base command based at least in part on the first management request, wherein the base command is determined based at least in part on performing a lookup with respect to the management function, the base command being a generic application management command common across a plurality of the set of different applications; and
communicate a command to a node of a cluster, wherein the command is based at least in part on the base command, and the base command is translated to a management command; and
one or more memories coupled to the one or more processors, configured to provide the is one or more processors with instructions. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein a wrapper for an application running on the node of the cluster translates the base command to an application-specific command for the application. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the base command is translated to an application specific command for at least one other application of the set of different applications, the at least one other application being different from the first application of the set of different applications. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein a cluster application manager determines a management command based at least in part on the base command and a particular application running on the node to which the management command is to be communicated, and the communication of the command to the node of the cluster comprises communicating the management command to the node of the cluster. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the management command is determined based at least in part on performing a lookup with respect to a mapping of management commands to management functions. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of the set of different applications are respectively configured with a corresponding interface that translates the management command to an application specific command. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to:
determine a node of a cluster to send the command, and the node of the cluster is determined based at least in part on the first management request. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the first management request comprises one or more of the following: a request to install software, a request to uninstall software, a request to upgrade software, or a request to check the status of software. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to receive a status. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the status includes one or more of the following: a success message, a failure message, or an error message. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to receive a log entry. 12. The system of claim 1, wherein the node of the cluster to which the command is to be communicated is determined is based at least in part on a heuristic. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the heuristic is based on at least one of: a security policy, a failsafe, a tenancy policy, a central processing unit determination, an install limit, a rack policy, a disk requirement, or a memory requirement. 14. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to provide to the node of the cluster a cluster ready application. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the cluster ready application is stored in an application repository. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the application repository stores a plurality of versions of a specific application. 17. The system of claim 14, wherein the cluster ready application includes an application wrapper. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the application wrapper includes an application programming interface to the cluster application manager. 19. The system of claim 1, wherein the first application comprises a wrapper that is configured to translate a set of a plurality of management commands received from a cluster application manager. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein the translator translates the set of the plurality of management commands to one or more commands in a format used by an application installer associated with the first application. 21. A method, comprising:
obtaining a first management request for a management function for a first application of a set of different applications, wherein the management function corresponds to a common function across a plurality of the set of different applications; determining a base command based at least in part on the first management request, wherein the base command is determined based at least in part on performing a lookup with respect to the management function, the base command being a generic application management is command common across a plurality of the set of different applications; and providing a command to a node of a cluster, wherein the command is based at least in part on the base command, and the base command is translated to a management command. 22. A computer program product, the computer program product being embodied in a non-transitory computer readable storage medium and comprising computer instructions for:
obtaining a first management request for a management function for a first application of a set of different applications, wherein the management function corresponds to a common function across a plurality of the set of different applications; determining a base command based at least in part on the first management request, wherein the base command is determined based at least in part on performing a lookup with respect to the management function, the base command being a generic application management command common across a plurality of the set of different applications; and providing a command to a node of a cluster, wherein the command is based at least in part on the base command, and the base command is translated to a management command. | A system for a cluster application manager includes an input interface, a command determiner, and a node determiner. The input interface is for receiving a first management request for a management function for a first application of a set of different applications. The command determiner is for determining a first management base command for the first management request. A second management base command is the same as the first management base command for a second management request for the management function for a second application of the set of different applications that is different from the first application of the set of different applications. The command determiner is for determining a management command, wherein the management command is based at least in part on the first management base command and the first application. The node determiner is for determining a node of a cluster to send the management command.1. A system, comprising:
one or more processors configured to:
obtain a first management request for a management function for a first s application of a set of different applications, wherein the management function corresponds to a common function across a plurality of the set of different applications;
determine a base command based at least in part on the first management request, wherein the base command is determined based at least in part on performing a lookup with respect to the management function, the base command being a generic application management command common across a plurality of the set of different applications; and
communicate a command to a node of a cluster, wherein the command is based at least in part on the base command, and the base command is translated to a management command; and
one or more memories coupled to the one or more processors, configured to provide the is one or more processors with instructions. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein a wrapper for an application running on the node of the cluster translates the base command to an application-specific command for the application. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the base command is translated to an application specific command for at least one other application of the set of different applications, the at least one other application being different from the first application of the set of different applications. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein a cluster application manager determines a management command based at least in part on the base command and a particular application running on the node to which the management command is to be communicated, and the communication of the command to the node of the cluster comprises communicating the management command to the node of the cluster. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the management command is determined based at least in part on performing a lookup with respect to a mapping of management commands to management functions. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of the set of different applications are respectively configured with a corresponding interface that translates the management command to an application specific command. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to:
determine a node of a cluster to send the command, and the node of the cluster is determined based at least in part on the first management request. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the first management request comprises one or more of the following: a request to install software, a request to uninstall software, a request to upgrade software, or a request to check the status of software. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to receive a status. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the status includes one or more of the following: a success message, a failure message, or an error message. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to receive a log entry. 12. The system of claim 1, wherein the node of the cluster to which the command is to be communicated is determined is based at least in part on a heuristic. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the heuristic is based on at least one of: a security policy, a failsafe, a tenancy policy, a central processing unit determination, an install limit, a rack policy, a disk requirement, or a memory requirement. 14. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to provide to the node of the cluster a cluster ready application. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the cluster ready application is stored in an application repository. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the application repository stores a plurality of versions of a specific application. 17. The system of claim 14, wherein the cluster ready application includes an application wrapper. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the application wrapper includes an application programming interface to the cluster application manager. 19. The system of claim 1, wherein the first application comprises a wrapper that is configured to translate a set of a plurality of management commands received from a cluster application manager. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein the translator translates the set of the plurality of management commands to one or more commands in a format used by an application installer associated with the first application. 21. A method, comprising:
obtaining a first management request for a management function for a first application of a set of different applications, wherein the management function corresponds to a common function across a plurality of the set of different applications; determining a base command based at least in part on the first management request, wherein the base command is determined based at least in part on performing a lookup with respect to the management function, the base command being a generic application management is command common across a plurality of the set of different applications; and providing a command to a node of a cluster, wherein the command is based at least in part on the base command, and the base command is translated to a management command. 22. A computer program product, the computer program product being embodied in a non-transitory computer readable storage medium and comprising computer instructions for:
obtaining a first management request for a management function for a first application of a set of different applications, wherein the management function corresponds to a common function across a plurality of the set of different applications; determining a base command based at least in part on the first management request, wherein the base command is determined based at least in part on performing a lookup with respect to the management function, the base command being a generic application management command common across a plurality of the set of different applications; and providing a command to a node of a cluster, wherein the command is based at least in part on the base command, and the base command is translated to a management command. | 3,600 |
346,033 | 16,804,493 | 2,688 | According to one embodiment, a storage device includes a storage medium, and a controller which controls reading and writing of data from and to the storage medium. The controller detects write-off-track having a write-off-track amount larger than a threshold value when the data is written, and interrupts writing of the data when the write-off-track is detected. The controller acquires a degradation amount of a write speed or a degree value indicating a degree of the write-off-track, when the write-off-track amount is equal to or smaller than the threshold value. The controller changes the threshold value based on the degradation amount or the degree value. | 1. A storage device comprising
a storage medium, and a controller which controls reading and writing of data from and to the storage medium, wherein the controller: detects write-off-track having a write-off-track amount larger than a threshold value when the data is written, the write-off-track amount indicating a degree of influence on peripheral data which is recorded on a periphery of a writing destination of the data, and interrupts writing of the data when the write-off-track is detected; acquires at least one of a degradation amount of a write speed or a degree value indicating a degree of the write-off-track, when the write-off-track amount is equal to or smaller than the threshold value; and changes the threshold value based on at least one of the degradation amount or the degree value. 2. The storage device of claim 1,
wherein the threshold value changed by the controller is acquired based on a difference between a write speed allowable limit and the degradation amount, the threshold value at a time of writing, and a proportionality coefficient. 3. The storage device of claim 1,
wherein the write-off-track amount is a position error amount which is acquired based on a write target position and a position of a write head, or a sensor output value from a vibration/impact sensor. 4. The storage device of claim 1,
wherein the write speed is a write-transmission amount per unit time, or the number of write requests processed per unit time. 5. The storage device of claim 1,
wherein the controller acquires the degradation amount based on a frequency of occurrence of the write-off-track, when the write-off-track amount is equal to or smaller than the threshold value, and changes the threshold value such that the degradation amount is within an allowable range. 6. The storage device of claim 5,
wherein the degradation amount is acquired based on the frequency of occurrence of the write-off-track, an average rotation waiting time, and an average servo sampling cycle. 7. The storage device of claim 1,
wherein the controller acquires a standard deviation of write-off-track amounts during a certain period, as the degree value, when the write-off-track amount is equal to or smaller than the threshold value, acquires a new threshold value based on the degree value and the threshold value, and changes the threshold value based on the new threshold value. 8. The storage device of claim 7,
wherein, at a time of observation of a write-off-track amount when passing through an N-th servo frame is performed, (N is an integer equal or larger than 2), the standard deviation is acquired using a standard deviation when passing through an N−1-th servo frame is performed. 9. The storage device of to claim 7,
wherein the new threshold value is acquired based on the standard deviation and the threshold value. 10. The storage device of claim 1,
wherein the controller acquires a quality value indicating a read/write quality of at least a part of the peripheral data, when the write-off-track is detected, and changes the threshold value based on at least one of the degradation amount or the degree value such that the quality value satisfies a quality criterion of the read/write quality. 11. The storage device of claim 10,
wherein the quality value is a bit error rate or a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). 12. The storage device of claim 10,
wherein the threshold value changed by the controller is obtained by comparing a quality criterion indicating a read/write quality to be ensured and the quality value. 13. The storage device of claim 12,
wherein the controller stops narrowing-down of the threshold value when the quality value is larger than the quality criterion, and the controller stops loosening-up of the threshold value when the quality value is equal to or smaller than the quality criterion. 14. The storage device of claim 1,
wherein the controller changes the threshold value within a preset variable range. 15. A method for controlling a storage device including a storage medium and a controller which controls reading and writing of data from and to the storage medium, the method comprising
detecting write-off-track having a write-off-track amount larger than a threshold value when the data is written, the write-off-track amount indicating a degree of influence on peripheral data which is recorded on a periphery of a writing destination of the data, and interrupting writing of the data when the write-off-track is detected, by the controller, acquiring at least one of a degradation amount of a write speed or a degree value indicating a degree of the write-off-track by the controller, when the write-off-track amount is equal to or smaller than the threshold value, and changing the threshold value based on at least one of the degradation amount or the degree value by the controller. | According to one embodiment, a storage device includes a storage medium, and a controller which controls reading and writing of data from and to the storage medium. The controller detects write-off-track having a write-off-track amount larger than a threshold value when the data is written, and interrupts writing of the data when the write-off-track is detected. The controller acquires a degradation amount of a write speed or a degree value indicating a degree of the write-off-track, when the write-off-track amount is equal to or smaller than the threshold value. The controller changes the threshold value based on the degradation amount or the degree value.1. A storage device comprising
a storage medium, and a controller which controls reading and writing of data from and to the storage medium, wherein the controller: detects write-off-track having a write-off-track amount larger than a threshold value when the data is written, the write-off-track amount indicating a degree of influence on peripheral data which is recorded on a periphery of a writing destination of the data, and interrupts writing of the data when the write-off-track is detected; acquires at least one of a degradation amount of a write speed or a degree value indicating a degree of the write-off-track, when the write-off-track amount is equal to or smaller than the threshold value; and changes the threshold value based on at least one of the degradation amount or the degree value. 2. The storage device of claim 1,
wherein the threshold value changed by the controller is acquired based on a difference between a write speed allowable limit and the degradation amount, the threshold value at a time of writing, and a proportionality coefficient. 3. The storage device of claim 1,
wherein the write-off-track amount is a position error amount which is acquired based on a write target position and a position of a write head, or a sensor output value from a vibration/impact sensor. 4. The storage device of claim 1,
wherein the write speed is a write-transmission amount per unit time, or the number of write requests processed per unit time. 5. The storage device of claim 1,
wherein the controller acquires the degradation amount based on a frequency of occurrence of the write-off-track, when the write-off-track amount is equal to or smaller than the threshold value, and changes the threshold value such that the degradation amount is within an allowable range. 6. The storage device of claim 5,
wherein the degradation amount is acquired based on the frequency of occurrence of the write-off-track, an average rotation waiting time, and an average servo sampling cycle. 7. The storage device of claim 1,
wherein the controller acquires a standard deviation of write-off-track amounts during a certain period, as the degree value, when the write-off-track amount is equal to or smaller than the threshold value, acquires a new threshold value based on the degree value and the threshold value, and changes the threshold value based on the new threshold value. 8. The storage device of claim 7,
wherein, at a time of observation of a write-off-track amount when passing through an N-th servo frame is performed, (N is an integer equal or larger than 2), the standard deviation is acquired using a standard deviation when passing through an N−1-th servo frame is performed. 9. The storage device of to claim 7,
wherein the new threshold value is acquired based on the standard deviation and the threshold value. 10. The storage device of claim 1,
wherein the controller acquires a quality value indicating a read/write quality of at least a part of the peripheral data, when the write-off-track is detected, and changes the threshold value based on at least one of the degradation amount or the degree value such that the quality value satisfies a quality criterion of the read/write quality. 11. The storage device of claim 10,
wherein the quality value is a bit error rate or a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). 12. The storage device of claim 10,
wherein the threshold value changed by the controller is obtained by comparing a quality criterion indicating a read/write quality to be ensured and the quality value. 13. The storage device of claim 12,
wherein the controller stops narrowing-down of the threshold value when the quality value is larger than the quality criterion, and the controller stops loosening-up of the threshold value when the quality value is equal to or smaller than the quality criterion. 14. The storage device of claim 1,
wherein the controller changes the threshold value within a preset variable range. 15. A method for controlling a storage device including a storage medium and a controller which controls reading and writing of data from and to the storage medium, the method comprising
detecting write-off-track having a write-off-track amount larger than a threshold value when the data is written, the write-off-track amount indicating a degree of influence on peripheral data which is recorded on a periphery of a writing destination of the data, and interrupting writing of the data when the write-off-track is detected, by the controller, acquiring at least one of a degradation amount of a write speed or a degree value indicating a degree of the write-off-track by the controller, when the write-off-track amount is equal to or smaller than the threshold value, and changing the threshold value based on at least one of the degradation amount or the degree value by the controller. | 2,600 |
346,034 | 16,804,443 | 2,688 | A hole opener comprising a shaft, a key, a first blade, and a second blade. The shaft includes a front end, a rear end, and a longitudinal axis that extends through the front end and the rear end, the shaft configured for rotation about the longitudinal axis by the horizontal directional drilling rig. The key is coupled to the shaft for rotation with the shaft. The first blade is removably coupled to the key, and is spaced a first radial distance from the longitudinal axis and spaced a first longitudinal distance from the front end. The second blade is removably coupled to the key and is spaced a second radial distance from the longitudinal axis that is greater than the first radial distance. The second blade is spaced a second longitudinal distance from the front end that is greater than the first longitudinal distance. | 1. A hole opener configured for use with a horizontal directional drilling rig, the hole opener comprising:
a shaft including a front end, a rear end, and a longitudinal axis that extends through the front end and the rear end, the shaft configured for rotation about the longitudinal axis by the horizontal directional drilling rig; a key coupled to the shaft for rotation with the shaft; a first blade removably coupled to the key, the first blade spaced a first radial distance from the longitudinal axis and spaced a first longitudinal distance from the front end; and a second blade removably coupled to the key, the second blade spaced a second radial distance from the longitudinal axis that is greater than the first radial distance, and the second blade spaced a second longitudinal distance from the front end that is greater than the first longitudinal distance. 2. The hole opener of claim 1, wherein the first blade includes a base and a cutter where the cutter is fixed to the base and the base is removably coupled to the key. 3. The hole opener of claim 1, wherein the first blade further comprises a pin bore and the key further comprises a key bore, the hole opener further comprising a pin, wherein the pin is received in the pin bore and the key bore to couple the first blade to the key. 4. The hole opener of claim 3, wherein the first blade and the second blade are welded to the key such that the first blade and the second blade are removably coupled to the key. 5. The hole opener of claim 1, further comprising a third blade removably coupled to the key when the first blade is removed from the key, the third blade spaced the first radial distance from the longitudinal axis and spaced the first longitudinal distance from the front end, wherein the first blade includes cutters of a first cutter type and the third blade includes cutters of a second cutter type different than the first cutter type. 6. The hole opener of claim 1, wherein the shaft includes a slot, and wherein the key is removably coupled to the shaft within the slot of the shaft. 7. The hole opener of claim 6, wherein the shaft includes multiple radially evenly spaced slots around the circumference of the shaft. 8. The hole opener of claim 7, wherein the slots define a flat surface having a front end and a rear end and a center located midway between the front end and the rear end, a line extending through the center and perpendicular to the flat surface does not pass through the longitudinal axis of the shaft. 9. The hole opener of claim 8, wherein a radially extending line passing through the center and the longitudinal axis of the shaft is angled relative to the line perpendicular to the flat surface at an angle in a range from 2 degrees to 25 degrees. 10. The hole opener of claim 9, wherein the angle is in a range between 5 and 15 degrees. 11. The hole opener of claim 6, further comprising a tail removably coupled within the slot of the shaft adjacent the key, wherein the key is closer to the front end than the tail. 12. The hole opener of claim 11, further comprising a gauge ring removably coupled to the tail and multiple tails each removably coupled within radially evenly spaced slots of the shaft, the gauge ring circumscribing the longitudinal axis and coupling the tails to each other. 13. The hole opener of claim 12, wherein the second blade is closer to the front end than the gauge ring. 14. The hole opener of claim 1, further comprising a second key coupled to the shaft for rotation with the shaft; a first blade removably coupled to the second key; and a second blade removably coupled to the second key, wherein the shaft includes a bore extending from the front end of the shaft to a rear end of the shaft such that the shaft is generally hollow, the hole opener further comprising fluid apertures configured to permit a drilling fluid to pass through the bore and the fluid apertures to remove cuttings from between the key and the second key. 15. The hole opener of claim 1, further comprising a guide ring removably coupled to the key and multiple keys each removably coupled within radially evenly spaced slots of the shaft, the guide ring circumscribing the longitudinal axis and coupling the keys to each other. 16. The hole opener of claim 15, wherein the guide ring is closer to the front end than the first blade. 17. The hole opener of claim 1, further comprising a wear bar removably coupled to the key, the wear bar being closer to the front end and closer to the longitudinal axis when compared to the first blade. 18. The hole opener of claim 17, wherein the wear bar further comprises cutters removably coupled to the wear bar. 19. The hole opener of claim 1, further comprising a cutter, and wherein the key further comprises a bore extending from an edge of the key towards the longitudinal axis of the shaft, wherein the cutter is removably coupled to the shaft in the bore. 20. The hole opener of claim 19, wherein the first blade and the second blade are closer to the front end of the shaft than the bore. | A hole opener comprising a shaft, a key, a first blade, and a second blade. The shaft includes a front end, a rear end, and a longitudinal axis that extends through the front end and the rear end, the shaft configured for rotation about the longitudinal axis by the horizontal directional drilling rig. The key is coupled to the shaft for rotation with the shaft. The first blade is removably coupled to the key, and is spaced a first radial distance from the longitudinal axis and spaced a first longitudinal distance from the front end. The second blade is removably coupled to the key and is spaced a second radial distance from the longitudinal axis that is greater than the first radial distance. The second blade is spaced a second longitudinal distance from the front end that is greater than the first longitudinal distance.1. A hole opener configured for use with a horizontal directional drilling rig, the hole opener comprising:
a shaft including a front end, a rear end, and a longitudinal axis that extends through the front end and the rear end, the shaft configured for rotation about the longitudinal axis by the horizontal directional drilling rig; a key coupled to the shaft for rotation with the shaft; a first blade removably coupled to the key, the first blade spaced a first radial distance from the longitudinal axis and spaced a first longitudinal distance from the front end; and a second blade removably coupled to the key, the second blade spaced a second radial distance from the longitudinal axis that is greater than the first radial distance, and the second blade spaced a second longitudinal distance from the front end that is greater than the first longitudinal distance. 2. The hole opener of claim 1, wherein the first blade includes a base and a cutter where the cutter is fixed to the base and the base is removably coupled to the key. 3. The hole opener of claim 1, wherein the first blade further comprises a pin bore and the key further comprises a key bore, the hole opener further comprising a pin, wherein the pin is received in the pin bore and the key bore to couple the first blade to the key. 4. The hole opener of claim 3, wherein the first blade and the second blade are welded to the key such that the first blade and the second blade are removably coupled to the key. 5. The hole opener of claim 1, further comprising a third blade removably coupled to the key when the first blade is removed from the key, the third blade spaced the first radial distance from the longitudinal axis and spaced the first longitudinal distance from the front end, wherein the first blade includes cutters of a first cutter type and the third blade includes cutters of a second cutter type different than the first cutter type. 6. The hole opener of claim 1, wherein the shaft includes a slot, and wherein the key is removably coupled to the shaft within the slot of the shaft. 7. The hole opener of claim 6, wherein the shaft includes multiple radially evenly spaced slots around the circumference of the shaft. 8. The hole opener of claim 7, wherein the slots define a flat surface having a front end and a rear end and a center located midway between the front end and the rear end, a line extending through the center and perpendicular to the flat surface does not pass through the longitudinal axis of the shaft. 9. The hole opener of claim 8, wherein a radially extending line passing through the center and the longitudinal axis of the shaft is angled relative to the line perpendicular to the flat surface at an angle in a range from 2 degrees to 25 degrees. 10. The hole opener of claim 9, wherein the angle is in a range between 5 and 15 degrees. 11. The hole opener of claim 6, further comprising a tail removably coupled within the slot of the shaft adjacent the key, wherein the key is closer to the front end than the tail. 12. The hole opener of claim 11, further comprising a gauge ring removably coupled to the tail and multiple tails each removably coupled within radially evenly spaced slots of the shaft, the gauge ring circumscribing the longitudinal axis and coupling the tails to each other. 13. The hole opener of claim 12, wherein the second blade is closer to the front end than the gauge ring. 14. The hole opener of claim 1, further comprising a second key coupled to the shaft for rotation with the shaft; a first blade removably coupled to the second key; and a second blade removably coupled to the second key, wherein the shaft includes a bore extending from the front end of the shaft to a rear end of the shaft such that the shaft is generally hollow, the hole opener further comprising fluid apertures configured to permit a drilling fluid to pass through the bore and the fluid apertures to remove cuttings from between the key and the second key. 15. The hole opener of claim 1, further comprising a guide ring removably coupled to the key and multiple keys each removably coupled within radially evenly spaced slots of the shaft, the guide ring circumscribing the longitudinal axis and coupling the keys to each other. 16. The hole opener of claim 15, wherein the guide ring is closer to the front end than the first blade. 17. The hole opener of claim 1, further comprising a wear bar removably coupled to the key, the wear bar being closer to the front end and closer to the longitudinal axis when compared to the first blade. 18. The hole opener of claim 17, wherein the wear bar further comprises cutters removably coupled to the wear bar. 19. The hole opener of claim 1, further comprising a cutter, and wherein the key further comprises a bore extending from an edge of the key towards the longitudinal axis of the shaft, wherein the cutter is removably coupled to the shaft in the bore. 20. The hole opener of claim 19, wherein the first blade and the second blade are closer to the front end of the shaft than the bore. | 2,600 |
346,035 | 16,804,455 | 2,688 | Presentation of content on a display device is adaptively modified based on the apparent size of a content area in which the content is presented. A distance between the first user and the display device is determined, as well as an actual size of the content area in which the content is being presented. Based on the distance and the actual size of the content area, an apparent size of the content area is calculated, and presentation of the content is modified based on the apparent size of the content area. | 1. A method of adaptively modifying presentation of content, the method comprising:
presenting content in a content area of a display device; determining a distance between a first user and the display device; determining an actual size of the content area in which the content is being presented; calculating an apparent size of the content area based on the actual size of the content area and the distance between the first user and the display device; comparing the apparent size for the first user to a size threshold; and in response to determining that the apparent size for the first user is smaller than the size threshold, modifying presentation of the content based on the apparent size of the content area. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein modifying the presentation of the content based on the apparent size comprises modifying a zoom level of the content. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein an amount by which the zoom level is modified is inversely proportional to the apparent size of the content area. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising:
calculating a ratio between the zoom level and the apparent size of the content area; detecting a change in distance between the first user and the display device; and in response to detecting the change in distance:
determining a second distance between the first user and the display device;
calculating a second apparent size of the content area based on the actual size of the content area and the second distance; and
modifying the zoom level of the content by an amount determined to maintain the ratio between the zoom level and the apparent size of the content area. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein modifying the zoom level of the content comprises:
comparing the apparent size of the content area to a first threshold size; in response to determining that the apparent size is larger than or equal to the first threshold size, setting the zoom level of the content to a default zoom level; and in response to determining that the apparent size is smaller than the first threshold size:
determining a difference between the apparent size and the first threshold size; and
increasing the zoom level of the content by a zoom factor corresponding to the difference. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein increasing the zoom level of the content comprises:
determining a zoom level at which the apparent size of the content matches an actual size of the content; and modifying the zoom level of the content by the zoom factor. 7. The method of claim 5, further comprising:
comparing the apparent size of the content area to a second threshold size that is smaller than the first threshold size; and in response to determining, based on the comparing, that the apparent size is smaller than the second threshold size, panning the content in the content area. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein panning the content in the content area comprises:
identifying a spatial portion of the content containing a current focus of the content; and generating for display the spatial portion of the content in the content area. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising:
determining a zoom factor at which the spatial portion of the content fills the content area; and modifying the zoom level of the content by the zoom factor. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the current focus comprises one of a character, an actor, a location, or an audio source. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein identifying a spatial portion of the content containing a current focus of the content comprises:
identifying a plurality of entities displayed in the content; determining, for each entity of the plurality of entities, a timestamp in the content at which the respective entity is the focus of the content; monitoring a current timestamp of the content; and in response to determining that the current timestamp matches a timestamp at which a respective entity of the plurality of entities is the focus of the content, selecting the spatial portion of the content in which the respective entity is displayed. 12. The method of claim 2, wherein modifying the zoom level of the content comprises:
identifying a plurality of entities displayed in the content; determining a respective importance level for each entity of the plurality of entities; selecting a subset of entities of the plurality of entities having an importance level that is higher than an importance threshold; determining a set of coordinates describing a position, a width, and a height of each entity of the subset of entities; identifying a minimum spatial portion of the content that contains every entity of the subset of entities; determining a zoom factor at which the minimum spatial portion of the content fills the content area; and modifying the zoom level of the content by the zoom factor. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein modifying presentation of the content based on the apparent size comprises:
determining a maximum size of the content area; detecting a current size of the content area; comparing the current size of the content area with the maximum size of the content area; and in response to determining, based on the comparing, that the current size of the content area is smaller than the maximum size of the content area:
determining a size of the content area at which the apparent size of the content area matches the actual size of the content area;
increasing the size of the content area to the determined size; and
modifying a zoom level of the content by a zoom factor corresponding to the increased size of the content area. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising, in response to determining, based on the comparing, that the current size of the content area is equal to the maximum size of the content area:
determining a current focus of the content item by:
identifying a plurality of entities displayed in the content;
determining, for each entity of the plurality of entities, a timestamp at which the respective entity is the focus of the content;
monitoring a current timestamp of the content; and
in response to determining that the current timestamp matches a timestamp at which a respective entity of the plurality of entities is the focus of the content, identifying the respective entity and the current focus of the content; and
generating for display only a spatial portion of the content in which the identified entity is displayed. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein modifying presentation of the content in the content area based on the apparent size comprises:
determining an ambient brightness level; comparing the ambient brightness level to a brightness threshold; and in response to determining, based on the comparing, that the ambient brightness level is below the brightness threshold:
identifying a plurality of entities displayed in the content;
determining, for each entity of the plurality of entities, a spatial portion of the content in which the respective entity is displayed;
identifying an entity of the plurality of entities that is currently the focus of the content; and
reducing the brightness of spatial portions of the content in which the identified entity is not currently displayed. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein a plurality of users is viewing the content on a single display device, the method further comprising:
determining a preference level for each user of the plurality of users; and identifying a preferred user, the preferred user having the highest preference level; wherein the user is the preferred user. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein a plurality of users is viewing the content on a single display device, the method further comprising:
determining, for each user of the plurality of users, a respective distance between the respective user and the display device; calculating, for each user, a respective apparent size of the content area based on the actual size of the content area and the respective distance of the respective user; and comparing the respective apparent size for each user to a size threshold; wherein modifying presentation of the content is in response to determining that the apparent size for at least one user is smaller than the size threshold. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein modifying presentation of the content comprises:
determining the smallest respective apparent size of the content area among the respective apparent sizes for each respective user of the plurality of users; and modifying a zoom level of the content by a zoom factor corresponding to the smallest apparent size of the content area. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein modifying presentation of the content comprises:
calculating an average apparent size of the content area based on the respective apparent sizes for each respective user of the plurality of users; and modifying a zoom level of the content based on the average apparent size of the content area. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein modifying presentation of the content comprises:
generating for display, in a picture-in-picture window, at least a spatial portion of the content; and modifying a zoom level of the at least a spatial portion of the content by a zoom factor corresponding to the apparent size of the picture-in-picture window. 21. The method of claim 17, wherein modifying presentation of the content comprises:
generating for display, in a picture-in-picture window, the content; and modifying a zoom level of the content by a zoom factor corresponding to the apparent size of the content area. 22. A system for adaptively modifying presentation of content, the system comprising:
a display device; and control circuitry configured to:
present content in a content area of the display device;
determine a distance between a first user and the display device;
determine an actual size of the content area in which the content is being presented;
calculate an apparent size of the content area based on the actual size of the content area and the distance between the first user and the display device;
comparing the apparent size for the first preferred user to a size threshold; and
in response to determining that the apparent size for the first user is smaller than the size threshold, modify presentation of the content based on the apparent size of the content area. 23. The system of claim 22, wherein the control circuitry configured to modify the presentation of the content based on the apparent size is further configured to modify a zoom level of the content. 24. The system of claim 23, wherein an amount by which the zoom level is modified is inversely proportional to the apparent size of the content area. 25. The system of claim 24, wherein the control circuitry is further configured to:
calculate a ratio between the zoom level and the apparent size of the content area; detect a change in distance between the first user and the display device; and in response to detecting the change in distance:
determine a second distance between the first user and the display device;
calculate a second apparent size of the content area based on the actual size of the content area and the second distance; and
modify the zoom level of the content by an amount determined to maintain the ratio between the zoom level and the apparent size of the content area. 26. The system of claim 23, wherein the control circuitry configured to modify the zoom level of the content is further configured to:
compare the apparent size of the content area to a first threshold size; in response to determining that the apparent size is larger than or equal to the first threshold size, set the zoom level of the content to a default zoom level; and in response to determining that the apparent size is smaller than the first threshold size:
determine a difference between the apparent size and the first threshold size; and
increase the zoom level of the content by a zoom factor corresponding to the difference. 27. The system of claim 26, wherein the control circuitry configured to increase the zoom level of the content is further configured to:
determine a zoom level at which the apparent size of the content matches an actual size of the content; and modify the zoom level of the content by the zoom factor. 28. The system of claim 26, wherein the control circuitry is further configured to:
compare the apparent size of the content area to a second threshold size that is smaller than the first threshold size; and in response to determining, based on the comparing, that the apparent size is smaller than the second threshold size, pan the content in the content area. 29. The system of claim 28, wherein the control circuitry configured to pan the content in the content area is further configured to:
identify a spatial portion of the content containing a current focus of the content; and generate for display the spatial portion of the content in the content area. 30. The system of claim 29, wherein the control circuitry is further configured to:
determine a zoom factor at which the spatial portion of the content fills the content area; and modify the zoom level of the content by the zoom factor. 31. The system of claim 29, wherein the current focus comprises one of a character, an actor, a location, or an audio source. 32. The system of claim 29, wherein the control circuitry configured to identify a spatial portion of the content containing a current focus of the content is further configured to:
identify a plurality of entities displayed in the content; determine, for each entity of the plurality of entities, a timestamp in the content at which the respective entity is the focus of the content; monitor a current timestamp of the content; and in response to determining that the current timestamp matches a timestamp at which a respective entity of the plurality of entities is the focus of the content, select the spatial portion of the content in which the respective entity is displayed. 33. The system of claim 23, wherein the control circuitry configured to modify the zoom level of the content is further configured to:
identify a plurality of entities displayed in the content; determine a respective importance level for each entity of the plurality of entities; select a subset of entities of the plurality of entities having an importance level that is higher than an importance threshold; determine a set of coordinates describing a position, a width, and a height of each entity of the subset of entities; identify a minimum spatial portion of the content that contains every entity of the subset of entities; determine a zoom factor at which the minimum spatial portion of the content fills the content area; and modify the zoom level of the content by the zoom factor. 34. The system of claim 22, wherein the control circuitry configured to modify presentation of the content based on the apparent size is further configured to:
determine a maximum size of the content area; detect a current size of the content area; compare the current size of the content area with the maximum size of the content area; and in response to determining, based on the comparing, that the current size of the content area is smaller than the maximum size of the content area:
determine a size of the content area at which the apparent size of the content area matches the actual size of the content area;
increase the size of the content area to the determined size; and
modify a zoom level of the content by a zoom factor corresponding to the increased size of the content area. 35. The system of claim 34, wherein the control circuitry is further configured to, in response to determining, based on the comparing, that the current size of the content area is equal to the maximum size of the content area:
determine a current focus of the content item by:
identifying a plurality of entities displayed in the content;
determining, for each entity of the plurality of entities, a timestamp at which the respective entity is the focus of the content;
monitoring a current timestamp of the content; and
in response to determining that the current timestamp matches a timestamp at which a respective entity of the plurality of entities is the focus of the content, identifying the respective entity and the current focus of the content; and
generating for display only a spatial portion of the content in which the identified entity is displayed. 36. The system of claim 22, wherein the control circuitry configured to modify presentation of the content in the content area based on the apparent size is further configured to:
determine an ambient brightness level; compare the ambient brightness level to a brightness threshold; and in response to determining, based on the comparing, that the ambient brightness level is below the brightness threshold:
identify a plurality of entities displayed in the content;
determine, for each entity of the plurality of entities, a spatial portion of the content in which the respective entity is displayed; and
identify an entity of the plurality of entities that is currently the focus of the content;
reduce the brightness of spatial portions of the content in which the identified entity is not currently displayed. 37. The system of claim 22, wherein a plurality of users is viewing the content on a single display device, and wherein the control circuitry is further configured to:
determine a preference level for each user of the plurality of users; and identify a preferred user, the preferred user having the highest preference level; wherein the user is the preferred user. 38. The system of claim 22, wherein a plurality of users is viewing the content on a single display device, and wherein the control circuitry is further configured to:
determine, for each user of the plurality of users, a respective distance between the respective user and the display device; calculate, for each user, a respective apparent size of the content area based on the actual size of the content area and the respective distance of the respective user; and compare the respective apparent size for each user to a size threshold; wherein the control circuitry is configured to modify presentation of the content in response to determining that the apparent size for at least one user is smaller than the size threshold. 39. The system of claim 38, wherein the control circuitry configured to modify presentation of the content is further configured to:
determine the smallest respective apparent size of the content area among the respective apparent sizes for each respective user of the plurality of users; and modify a zoom level of the content by a zoom factor corresponding to the smallest apparent size of the content area. 40. The system of claim 38, wherein the control circuitry configured to modify presentation of the content is further configured to:
calculate an average apparent size of the content area based on the respective apparent sizes for each respective user of the plurality of users; and modify a zoom level of the content based on the average apparent size of the content area. 41. The system of claim 38, wherein the control circuitry configured to modify presentation of the content is further configured to:
generate for display, in a picture-in-picture window, at least a spatial portion of the content; and modify a zoom level of the at least a spatial portion of the content by a zoom factor corresponding to the apparent size of the picture-in-picture window. 42. The system of claim 38, wherein the control circuitry configured to modify presentation of the content is further configured to:
generate for display, in a picture-in-picture window, the content; and modify a zoom level of the content by a zoom factor corresponding to the apparent size of the content area. 43-105. (canceled) | Presentation of content on a display device is adaptively modified based on the apparent size of a content area in which the content is presented. A distance between the first user and the display device is determined, as well as an actual size of the content area in which the content is being presented. Based on the distance and the actual size of the content area, an apparent size of the content area is calculated, and presentation of the content is modified based on the apparent size of the content area.1. A method of adaptively modifying presentation of content, the method comprising:
presenting content in a content area of a display device; determining a distance between a first user and the display device; determining an actual size of the content area in which the content is being presented; calculating an apparent size of the content area based on the actual size of the content area and the distance between the first user and the display device; comparing the apparent size for the first user to a size threshold; and in response to determining that the apparent size for the first user is smaller than the size threshold, modifying presentation of the content based on the apparent size of the content area. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein modifying the presentation of the content based on the apparent size comprises modifying a zoom level of the content. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein an amount by which the zoom level is modified is inversely proportional to the apparent size of the content area. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising:
calculating a ratio between the zoom level and the apparent size of the content area; detecting a change in distance between the first user and the display device; and in response to detecting the change in distance:
determining a second distance between the first user and the display device;
calculating a second apparent size of the content area based on the actual size of the content area and the second distance; and
modifying the zoom level of the content by an amount determined to maintain the ratio between the zoom level and the apparent size of the content area. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein modifying the zoom level of the content comprises:
comparing the apparent size of the content area to a first threshold size; in response to determining that the apparent size is larger than or equal to the first threshold size, setting the zoom level of the content to a default zoom level; and in response to determining that the apparent size is smaller than the first threshold size:
determining a difference between the apparent size and the first threshold size; and
increasing the zoom level of the content by a zoom factor corresponding to the difference. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein increasing the zoom level of the content comprises:
determining a zoom level at which the apparent size of the content matches an actual size of the content; and modifying the zoom level of the content by the zoom factor. 7. The method of claim 5, further comprising:
comparing the apparent size of the content area to a second threshold size that is smaller than the first threshold size; and in response to determining, based on the comparing, that the apparent size is smaller than the second threshold size, panning the content in the content area. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein panning the content in the content area comprises:
identifying a spatial portion of the content containing a current focus of the content; and generating for display the spatial portion of the content in the content area. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising:
determining a zoom factor at which the spatial portion of the content fills the content area; and modifying the zoom level of the content by the zoom factor. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the current focus comprises one of a character, an actor, a location, or an audio source. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein identifying a spatial portion of the content containing a current focus of the content comprises:
identifying a plurality of entities displayed in the content; determining, for each entity of the plurality of entities, a timestamp in the content at which the respective entity is the focus of the content; monitoring a current timestamp of the content; and in response to determining that the current timestamp matches a timestamp at which a respective entity of the plurality of entities is the focus of the content, selecting the spatial portion of the content in which the respective entity is displayed. 12. The method of claim 2, wherein modifying the zoom level of the content comprises:
identifying a plurality of entities displayed in the content; determining a respective importance level for each entity of the plurality of entities; selecting a subset of entities of the plurality of entities having an importance level that is higher than an importance threshold; determining a set of coordinates describing a position, a width, and a height of each entity of the subset of entities; identifying a minimum spatial portion of the content that contains every entity of the subset of entities; determining a zoom factor at which the minimum spatial portion of the content fills the content area; and modifying the zoom level of the content by the zoom factor. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein modifying presentation of the content based on the apparent size comprises:
determining a maximum size of the content area; detecting a current size of the content area; comparing the current size of the content area with the maximum size of the content area; and in response to determining, based on the comparing, that the current size of the content area is smaller than the maximum size of the content area:
determining a size of the content area at which the apparent size of the content area matches the actual size of the content area;
increasing the size of the content area to the determined size; and
modifying a zoom level of the content by a zoom factor corresponding to the increased size of the content area. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising, in response to determining, based on the comparing, that the current size of the content area is equal to the maximum size of the content area:
determining a current focus of the content item by:
identifying a plurality of entities displayed in the content;
determining, for each entity of the plurality of entities, a timestamp at which the respective entity is the focus of the content;
monitoring a current timestamp of the content; and
in response to determining that the current timestamp matches a timestamp at which a respective entity of the plurality of entities is the focus of the content, identifying the respective entity and the current focus of the content; and
generating for display only a spatial portion of the content in which the identified entity is displayed. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein modifying presentation of the content in the content area based on the apparent size comprises:
determining an ambient brightness level; comparing the ambient brightness level to a brightness threshold; and in response to determining, based on the comparing, that the ambient brightness level is below the brightness threshold:
identifying a plurality of entities displayed in the content;
determining, for each entity of the plurality of entities, a spatial portion of the content in which the respective entity is displayed;
identifying an entity of the plurality of entities that is currently the focus of the content; and
reducing the brightness of spatial portions of the content in which the identified entity is not currently displayed. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein a plurality of users is viewing the content on a single display device, the method further comprising:
determining a preference level for each user of the plurality of users; and identifying a preferred user, the preferred user having the highest preference level; wherein the user is the preferred user. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein a plurality of users is viewing the content on a single display device, the method further comprising:
determining, for each user of the plurality of users, a respective distance between the respective user and the display device; calculating, for each user, a respective apparent size of the content area based on the actual size of the content area and the respective distance of the respective user; and comparing the respective apparent size for each user to a size threshold; wherein modifying presentation of the content is in response to determining that the apparent size for at least one user is smaller than the size threshold. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein modifying presentation of the content comprises:
determining the smallest respective apparent size of the content area among the respective apparent sizes for each respective user of the plurality of users; and modifying a zoom level of the content by a zoom factor corresponding to the smallest apparent size of the content area. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein modifying presentation of the content comprises:
calculating an average apparent size of the content area based on the respective apparent sizes for each respective user of the plurality of users; and modifying a zoom level of the content based on the average apparent size of the content area. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein modifying presentation of the content comprises:
generating for display, in a picture-in-picture window, at least a spatial portion of the content; and modifying a zoom level of the at least a spatial portion of the content by a zoom factor corresponding to the apparent size of the picture-in-picture window. 21. The method of claim 17, wherein modifying presentation of the content comprises:
generating for display, in a picture-in-picture window, the content; and modifying a zoom level of the content by a zoom factor corresponding to the apparent size of the content area. 22. A system for adaptively modifying presentation of content, the system comprising:
a display device; and control circuitry configured to:
present content in a content area of the display device;
determine a distance between a first user and the display device;
determine an actual size of the content area in which the content is being presented;
calculate an apparent size of the content area based on the actual size of the content area and the distance between the first user and the display device;
comparing the apparent size for the first preferred user to a size threshold; and
in response to determining that the apparent size for the first user is smaller than the size threshold, modify presentation of the content based on the apparent size of the content area. 23. The system of claim 22, wherein the control circuitry configured to modify the presentation of the content based on the apparent size is further configured to modify a zoom level of the content. 24. The system of claim 23, wherein an amount by which the zoom level is modified is inversely proportional to the apparent size of the content area. 25. The system of claim 24, wherein the control circuitry is further configured to:
calculate a ratio between the zoom level and the apparent size of the content area; detect a change in distance between the first user and the display device; and in response to detecting the change in distance:
determine a second distance between the first user and the display device;
calculate a second apparent size of the content area based on the actual size of the content area and the second distance; and
modify the zoom level of the content by an amount determined to maintain the ratio between the zoom level and the apparent size of the content area. 26. The system of claim 23, wherein the control circuitry configured to modify the zoom level of the content is further configured to:
compare the apparent size of the content area to a first threshold size; in response to determining that the apparent size is larger than or equal to the first threshold size, set the zoom level of the content to a default zoom level; and in response to determining that the apparent size is smaller than the first threshold size:
determine a difference between the apparent size and the first threshold size; and
increase the zoom level of the content by a zoom factor corresponding to the difference. 27. The system of claim 26, wherein the control circuitry configured to increase the zoom level of the content is further configured to:
determine a zoom level at which the apparent size of the content matches an actual size of the content; and modify the zoom level of the content by the zoom factor. 28. The system of claim 26, wherein the control circuitry is further configured to:
compare the apparent size of the content area to a second threshold size that is smaller than the first threshold size; and in response to determining, based on the comparing, that the apparent size is smaller than the second threshold size, pan the content in the content area. 29. The system of claim 28, wherein the control circuitry configured to pan the content in the content area is further configured to:
identify a spatial portion of the content containing a current focus of the content; and generate for display the spatial portion of the content in the content area. 30. The system of claim 29, wherein the control circuitry is further configured to:
determine a zoom factor at which the spatial portion of the content fills the content area; and modify the zoom level of the content by the zoom factor. 31. The system of claim 29, wherein the current focus comprises one of a character, an actor, a location, or an audio source. 32. The system of claim 29, wherein the control circuitry configured to identify a spatial portion of the content containing a current focus of the content is further configured to:
identify a plurality of entities displayed in the content; determine, for each entity of the plurality of entities, a timestamp in the content at which the respective entity is the focus of the content; monitor a current timestamp of the content; and in response to determining that the current timestamp matches a timestamp at which a respective entity of the plurality of entities is the focus of the content, select the spatial portion of the content in which the respective entity is displayed. 33. The system of claim 23, wherein the control circuitry configured to modify the zoom level of the content is further configured to:
identify a plurality of entities displayed in the content; determine a respective importance level for each entity of the plurality of entities; select a subset of entities of the plurality of entities having an importance level that is higher than an importance threshold; determine a set of coordinates describing a position, a width, and a height of each entity of the subset of entities; identify a minimum spatial portion of the content that contains every entity of the subset of entities; determine a zoom factor at which the minimum spatial portion of the content fills the content area; and modify the zoom level of the content by the zoom factor. 34. The system of claim 22, wherein the control circuitry configured to modify presentation of the content based on the apparent size is further configured to:
determine a maximum size of the content area; detect a current size of the content area; compare the current size of the content area with the maximum size of the content area; and in response to determining, based on the comparing, that the current size of the content area is smaller than the maximum size of the content area:
determine a size of the content area at which the apparent size of the content area matches the actual size of the content area;
increase the size of the content area to the determined size; and
modify a zoom level of the content by a zoom factor corresponding to the increased size of the content area. 35. The system of claim 34, wherein the control circuitry is further configured to, in response to determining, based on the comparing, that the current size of the content area is equal to the maximum size of the content area:
determine a current focus of the content item by:
identifying a plurality of entities displayed in the content;
determining, for each entity of the plurality of entities, a timestamp at which the respective entity is the focus of the content;
monitoring a current timestamp of the content; and
in response to determining that the current timestamp matches a timestamp at which a respective entity of the plurality of entities is the focus of the content, identifying the respective entity and the current focus of the content; and
generating for display only a spatial portion of the content in which the identified entity is displayed. 36. The system of claim 22, wherein the control circuitry configured to modify presentation of the content in the content area based on the apparent size is further configured to:
determine an ambient brightness level; compare the ambient brightness level to a brightness threshold; and in response to determining, based on the comparing, that the ambient brightness level is below the brightness threshold:
identify a plurality of entities displayed in the content;
determine, for each entity of the plurality of entities, a spatial portion of the content in which the respective entity is displayed; and
identify an entity of the plurality of entities that is currently the focus of the content;
reduce the brightness of spatial portions of the content in which the identified entity is not currently displayed. 37. The system of claim 22, wherein a plurality of users is viewing the content on a single display device, and wherein the control circuitry is further configured to:
determine a preference level for each user of the plurality of users; and identify a preferred user, the preferred user having the highest preference level; wherein the user is the preferred user. 38. The system of claim 22, wherein a plurality of users is viewing the content on a single display device, and wherein the control circuitry is further configured to:
determine, for each user of the plurality of users, a respective distance between the respective user and the display device; calculate, for each user, a respective apparent size of the content area based on the actual size of the content area and the respective distance of the respective user; and compare the respective apparent size for each user to a size threshold; wherein the control circuitry is configured to modify presentation of the content in response to determining that the apparent size for at least one user is smaller than the size threshold. 39. The system of claim 38, wherein the control circuitry configured to modify presentation of the content is further configured to:
determine the smallest respective apparent size of the content area among the respective apparent sizes for each respective user of the plurality of users; and modify a zoom level of the content by a zoom factor corresponding to the smallest apparent size of the content area. 40. The system of claim 38, wherein the control circuitry configured to modify presentation of the content is further configured to:
calculate an average apparent size of the content area based on the respective apparent sizes for each respective user of the plurality of users; and modify a zoom level of the content based on the average apparent size of the content area. 41. The system of claim 38, wherein the control circuitry configured to modify presentation of the content is further configured to:
generate for display, in a picture-in-picture window, at least a spatial portion of the content; and modify a zoom level of the at least a spatial portion of the content by a zoom factor corresponding to the apparent size of the picture-in-picture window. 42. The system of claim 38, wherein the control circuitry configured to modify presentation of the content is further configured to:
generate for display, in a picture-in-picture window, the content; and modify a zoom level of the content by a zoom factor corresponding to the apparent size of the content area. 43-105. (canceled) | 2,600 |
346,036 | 16,804,480 | 2,688 | Presentation of content on a display device is adaptively modified based on the apparent size of a content area in which the content is presented. A distance between the first user and the display device is determined, as well as an actual size of the content area in which the content is being presented. Based on the distance and the actual size of the content area, an apparent size of the content area is calculated, and presentation of the content is modified based on the apparent size of the content area. | 1. A method of adaptively modifying presentation of content, the method comprising:
presenting content in a content area of a display device; determining a distance between a first user and the display device; determining an actual size of the content area in which the content is being presented; calculating an apparent size of the content area based on the actual size of the content area and the distance between the first user and the display device; comparing the apparent size for the first user to a size threshold; and in response to determining that the apparent size for the first user is smaller than the size threshold, modifying presentation of the content based on the apparent size of the content area. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein modifying the presentation of the content based on the apparent size comprises modifying a zoom level of the content. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein an amount by which the zoom level is modified is inversely proportional to the apparent size of the content area. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising:
calculating a ratio between the zoom level and the apparent size of the content area; detecting a change in distance between the first user and the display device; and in response to detecting the change in distance:
determining a second distance between the first user and the display device;
calculating a second apparent size of the content area based on the actual size of the content area and the second distance; and
modifying the zoom level of the content by an amount determined to maintain the ratio between the zoom level and the apparent size of the content area. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein modifying the zoom level of the content comprises:
comparing the apparent size of the content area to a first threshold size; in response to determining that the apparent size is larger than or equal to the first threshold size, setting the zoom level of the content to a default zoom level; and in response to determining that the apparent size is smaller than the first threshold size:
determining a difference between the apparent size and the first threshold size; and
increasing the zoom level of the content by a zoom factor corresponding to the difference. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein increasing the zoom level of the content comprises:
determining a zoom level at which the apparent size of the content matches an actual size of the content; and modifying the zoom level of the content by the zoom factor. 7. The method of claim 5, further comprising:
comparing the apparent size of the content area to a second threshold size that is smaller than the first threshold size; and in response to determining, based on the comparing, that the apparent size is smaller than the second threshold size, panning the content in the content area. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein panning the content in the content area comprises:
identifying a spatial portion of the content containing a current focus of the content; and generating for display the spatial portion of the content in the content area. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising:
determining a zoom factor at which the spatial portion of the content fills the content area; and modifying the zoom level of the content by the zoom factor. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the current focus comprises one of a character, an actor, a location, or an audio source. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein identifying a spatial portion of the content containing a current focus of the content comprises:
identifying a plurality of entities displayed in the content; determining, for each entity of the plurality of entities, a timestamp in the content at which the respective entity is the focus of the content; monitoring a current timestamp of the content; and in response to determining that the current timestamp matches a timestamp at which a respective entity of the plurality of entities is the focus of the content, selecting the spatial portion of the content in which the respective entity is displayed. 12. The method of claim 2, wherein modifying the zoom level of the content comprises:
identifying a plurality of entities displayed in the content; determining a respective importance level for each entity of the plurality of entities; selecting a subset of entities of the plurality of entities having an importance level that is higher than an importance threshold; determining a set of coordinates describing a position, a width, and a height of each entity of the subset of entities; identifying a minimum spatial portion of the content that contains every entity of the subset of entities; determining a zoom factor at which the minimum spatial portion of the content fills the content area; and modifying the zoom level of the content by the zoom factor. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein modifying presentation of the content based on the apparent size comprises:
determining a maximum size of the content area; detecting a current size of the content area; comparing the current size of the content area with the maximum size of the content area; and in response to determining, based on the comparing, that the current size of the content area is smaller than the maximum size of the content area:
determining a size of the content area at which the apparent size of the content area matches the actual size of the content area;
increasing the size of the content area to the determined size; and
modifying a zoom level of the content by a zoom factor corresponding to the increased size of the content area. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising, in response to determining, based on the comparing, that the current size of the content area is equal to the maximum size of the content area:
determining a current focus of the content item by:
identifying a plurality of entities displayed in the content;
determining, for each entity of the plurality of entities, a timestamp at which the respective entity is the focus of the content;
monitoring a current timestamp of the content; and
in response to determining that the current timestamp matches a timestamp at which a respective entity of the plurality of entities is the focus of the content, identifying the respective entity and the current focus of the content; and
generating for display only a spatial portion of the content in which the identified entity is displayed. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein modifying presentation of the content in the content area based on the apparent size comprises:
determining an ambient brightness level; comparing the ambient brightness level to a brightness threshold; and in response to determining, based on the comparing, that the ambient brightness level is below the brightness threshold:
identifying a plurality of entities displayed in the content;
determining, for each entity of the plurality of entities, a spatial portion of the content in which the respective entity is displayed;
identifying an entity of the plurality of entities that is currently the focus of the content; and
reducing the brightness of spatial portions of the content in which the identified entity is not currently displayed. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein a plurality of users is viewing the content on a single display device, the method further comprising:
determining a preference level for each user of the plurality of users; and identifying a preferred user, the preferred user having the highest preference level; wherein the user is the preferred user. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein a plurality of users is viewing the content on a single display device, the method further comprising:
determining, for each user of the plurality of users, a respective distance between the respective user and the display device; calculating, for each user, a respective apparent size of the content area based on the actual size of the content area and the respective distance of the respective user; and comparing the respective apparent size for each user to a size threshold; wherein modifying presentation of the content is in response to determining that the apparent size for at least one user is smaller than the size threshold. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein modifying presentation of the content comprises:
determining the smallest respective apparent size of the content area among the respective apparent sizes for each respective user of the plurality of users; and modifying a zoom level of the content by a zoom factor corresponding to the smallest apparent size of the content area. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein modifying presentation of the content comprises:
calculating an average apparent size of the content area based on the respective apparent sizes for each respective user of the plurality of users; and modifying a zoom level of the content based on the average apparent size of the content area. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein modifying presentation of the content comprises:
generating for display, in a picture-in-picture window, at least a spatial portion of the content; and modifying a zoom level of the at least a spatial portion of the content by a zoom factor corresponding to the apparent size of the picture-in-picture window. 21. The method of claim 17, wherein modifying presentation of the content comprises:
generating for display, in a picture-in-picture window, the content; and modifying a zoom level of the content by a zoom factor corresponding to the apparent size of the content area. 22. A system for adaptively modifying presentation of content, the system comprising:
a display device; and control circuitry configured to:
present content in a content area of the display device;
determine a distance between a first user and the display device;
determine an actual size of the content area in which the content is being presented;
calculate an apparent size of the content area based on the actual size of the content area and the distance between the first user and the display device;
comparing the apparent size for the first preferred user to a size threshold; and
in response to determining that the apparent size for the first user is smaller than the size threshold, modify presentation of the content based on the apparent size of the content area. 23. The system of claim 22, wherein the control circuitry configured to modify the presentation of the content based on the apparent size is further configured to modify a zoom level of the content. 24. The system of claim 23, wherein an amount by which the zoom level is modified is inversely proportional to the apparent size of the content area. 25. The system of claim 24, wherein the control circuitry is further configured to:
calculate a ratio between the zoom level and the apparent size of the content area; detect a change in distance between the first user and the display device; and in response to detecting the change in distance:
determine a second distance between the first user and the display device;
calculate a second apparent size of the content area based on the actual size of the content area and the second distance; and
modify the zoom level of the content by an amount determined to maintain the ratio between the zoom level and the apparent size of the content area. 26. The system of claim 23, wherein the control circuitry configured to modify the zoom level of the content is further configured to:
compare the apparent size of the content area to a first threshold size; in response to determining that the apparent size is larger than or equal to the first threshold size, set the zoom level of the content to a default zoom level; and in response to determining that the apparent size is smaller than the first threshold size:
determine a difference between the apparent size and the first threshold size; and
increase the zoom level of the content by a zoom factor corresponding to the difference. 27. The system of claim 26, wherein the control circuitry configured to increase the zoom level of the content is further configured to:
determine a zoom level at which the apparent size of the content matches an actual size of the content; and modify the zoom level of the content by the zoom factor. 28. The system of claim 26, wherein the control circuitry is further configured to:
compare the apparent size of the content area to a second threshold size that is smaller than the first threshold size; and in response to determining, based on the comparing, that the apparent size is smaller than the second threshold size, pan the content in the content area. 29. The system of claim 28, wherein the control circuitry configured to pan the content in the content area is further configured to:
identify a spatial portion of the content containing a current focus of the content; and generate for display the spatial portion of the content in the content area. 30. The system of claim 29, wherein the control circuitry is further configured to:
determine a zoom factor at which the spatial portion of the content fills the content area; and modify the zoom level of the content by the zoom factor. 31. The system of claim 29, wherein the current focus comprises one of a character, an actor, a location, or an audio source. 32. The system of claim 29, wherein the control circuitry configured to identify a spatial portion of the content containing a current focus of the content is further configured to:
identify a plurality of entities displayed in the content; determine, for each entity of the plurality of entities, a timestamp in the content at which the respective entity is the focus of the content; monitor a current timestamp of the content; and in response to determining that the current timestamp matches a timestamp at which a respective entity of the plurality of entities is the focus of the content, select the spatial portion of the content in which the respective entity is displayed. 33. The system of claim 23, wherein the control circuitry configured to modify the zoom level of the content is further configured to:
identify a plurality of entities displayed in the content; determine a respective importance level for each entity of the plurality of entities; select a subset of entities of the plurality of entities having an importance level that is higher than an importance threshold; determine a set of coordinates describing a position, a width, and a height of each entity of the subset of entities; identify a minimum spatial portion of the content that contains every entity of the subset of entities; determine a zoom factor at which the minimum spatial portion of the content fills the content area; and modify the zoom level of the content by the zoom factor. 34. The system of claim 22, wherein the control circuitry configured to modify presentation of the content based on the apparent size is further configured to:
determine a maximum size of the content area; detect a current size of the content area; compare the current size of the content area with the maximum size of the content area; and in response to determining, based on the comparing, that the current size of the content area is smaller than the maximum size of the content area:
determine a size of the content area at which the apparent size of the content area matches the actual size of the content area;
increase the size of the content area to the determined size; and
modify a zoom level of the content by a zoom factor corresponding to the increased size of the content area. 35. The system of claim 34, wherein the control circuitry is further configured to, in response to determining, based on the comparing, that the current size of the content area is equal to the maximum size of the content area:
determine a current focus of the content item by:
identifying a plurality of entities displayed in the content;
determining, for each entity of the plurality of entities, a timestamp at which the respective entity is the focus of the content;
monitoring a current timestamp of the content; and
in response to determining that the current timestamp matches a timestamp at which a respective entity of the plurality of entities is the focus of the content, identifying the respective entity and the current focus of the content; and
generating for display only a spatial portion of the content in which the identified entity is displayed. 36. The system of claim 22, wherein the control circuitry configured to modify presentation of the content in the content area based on the apparent size is further configured to:
determine an ambient brightness level; compare the ambient brightness level to a brightness threshold; and in response to determining, based on the comparing, that the ambient brightness level is below the brightness threshold:
identify a plurality of entities displayed in the content;
determine, for each entity of the plurality of entities, a spatial portion of the content in which the respective entity is displayed; and
identify an entity of the plurality of entities that is currently the focus of the content;
reduce the brightness of spatial portions of the content in which the identified entity is not currently displayed. 37. The system of claim 22, wherein a plurality of users is viewing the content on a single display device, and wherein the control circuitry is further configured to:
determine a preference level for each user of the plurality of users; and identify a preferred user, the preferred user having the highest preference level; wherein the user is the preferred user. 38. The system of claim 22, wherein a plurality of users is viewing the content on a single display device, and wherein the control circuitry is further configured to:
determine, for each user of the plurality of users, a respective distance between the respective user and the display device; calculate, for each user, a respective apparent size of the content area based on the actual size of the content area and the respective distance of the respective user; and compare the respective apparent size for each user to a size threshold; wherein the control circuitry is configured to modify presentation of the content in response to determining that the apparent size for at least one user is smaller than the size threshold. 39. The system of claim 38, wherein the control circuitry configured to modify presentation of the content is further configured to:
determine the smallest respective apparent size of the content area among the respective apparent sizes for each respective user of the plurality of users; and modify a zoom level of the content by a zoom factor corresponding to the smallest apparent size of the content area. 40. The system of claim 38, wherein the control circuitry configured to modify presentation of the content is further configured to:
calculate an average apparent size of the content area based on the respective apparent sizes for each respective user of the plurality of users; and modify a zoom level of the content based on the average apparent size of the content area. 41. The system of claim 38, wherein the control circuitry configured to modify presentation of the content is further configured to:
generate for display, in a picture-in-picture window, at least a spatial portion of the content; and modify a zoom level of the at least a spatial portion of the content by a zoom factor corresponding to the apparent size of the picture-in-picture window. 42. The system of claim 38, wherein the control circuitry configured to modify presentation of the content is further configured to:
generate for display, in a picture-in-picture window, the content; and modify a zoom level of the content by a zoom factor corresponding to the apparent size of the content area. 43-105. (canceled) | Presentation of content on a display device is adaptively modified based on the apparent size of a content area in which the content is presented. A distance between the first user and the display device is determined, as well as an actual size of the content area in which the content is being presented. Based on the distance and the actual size of the content area, an apparent size of the content area is calculated, and presentation of the content is modified based on the apparent size of the content area.1. A method of adaptively modifying presentation of content, the method comprising:
presenting content in a content area of a display device; determining a distance between a first user and the display device; determining an actual size of the content area in which the content is being presented; calculating an apparent size of the content area based on the actual size of the content area and the distance between the first user and the display device; comparing the apparent size for the first user to a size threshold; and in response to determining that the apparent size for the first user is smaller than the size threshold, modifying presentation of the content based on the apparent size of the content area. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein modifying the presentation of the content based on the apparent size comprises modifying a zoom level of the content. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein an amount by which the zoom level is modified is inversely proportional to the apparent size of the content area. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising:
calculating a ratio between the zoom level and the apparent size of the content area; detecting a change in distance between the first user and the display device; and in response to detecting the change in distance:
determining a second distance between the first user and the display device;
calculating a second apparent size of the content area based on the actual size of the content area and the second distance; and
modifying the zoom level of the content by an amount determined to maintain the ratio between the zoom level and the apparent size of the content area. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein modifying the zoom level of the content comprises:
comparing the apparent size of the content area to a first threshold size; in response to determining that the apparent size is larger than or equal to the first threshold size, setting the zoom level of the content to a default zoom level; and in response to determining that the apparent size is smaller than the first threshold size:
determining a difference between the apparent size and the first threshold size; and
increasing the zoom level of the content by a zoom factor corresponding to the difference. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein increasing the zoom level of the content comprises:
determining a zoom level at which the apparent size of the content matches an actual size of the content; and modifying the zoom level of the content by the zoom factor. 7. The method of claim 5, further comprising:
comparing the apparent size of the content area to a second threshold size that is smaller than the first threshold size; and in response to determining, based on the comparing, that the apparent size is smaller than the second threshold size, panning the content in the content area. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein panning the content in the content area comprises:
identifying a spatial portion of the content containing a current focus of the content; and generating for display the spatial portion of the content in the content area. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising:
determining a zoom factor at which the spatial portion of the content fills the content area; and modifying the zoom level of the content by the zoom factor. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the current focus comprises one of a character, an actor, a location, or an audio source. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein identifying a spatial portion of the content containing a current focus of the content comprises:
identifying a plurality of entities displayed in the content; determining, for each entity of the plurality of entities, a timestamp in the content at which the respective entity is the focus of the content; monitoring a current timestamp of the content; and in response to determining that the current timestamp matches a timestamp at which a respective entity of the plurality of entities is the focus of the content, selecting the spatial portion of the content in which the respective entity is displayed. 12. The method of claim 2, wherein modifying the zoom level of the content comprises:
identifying a plurality of entities displayed in the content; determining a respective importance level for each entity of the plurality of entities; selecting a subset of entities of the plurality of entities having an importance level that is higher than an importance threshold; determining a set of coordinates describing a position, a width, and a height of each entity of the subset of entities; identifying a minimum spatial portion of the content that contains every entity of the subset of entities; determining a zoom factor at which the minimum spatial portion of the content fills the content area; and modifying the zoom level of the content by the zoom factor. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein modifying presentation of the content based on the apparent size comprises:
determining a maximum size of the content area; detecting a current size of the content area; comparing the current size of the content area with the maximum size of the content area; and in response to determining, based on the comparing, that the current size of the content area is smaller than the maximum size of the content area:
determining a size of the content area at which the apparent size of the content area matches the actual size of the content area;
increasing the size of the content area to the determined size; and
modifying a zoom level of the content by a zoom factor corresponding to the increased size of the content area. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising, in response to determining, based on the comparing, that the current size of the content area is equal to the maximum size of the content area:
determining a current focus of the content item by:
identifying a plurality of entities displayed in the content;
determining, for each entity of the plurality of entities, a timestamp at which the respective entity is the focus of the content;
monitoring a current timestamp of the content; and
in response to determining that the current timestamp matches a timestamp at which a respective entity of the plurality of entities is the focus of the content, identifying the respective entity and the current focus of the content; and
generating for display only a spatial portion of the content in which the identified entity is displayed. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein modifying presentation of the content in the content area based on the apparent size comprises:
determining an ambient brightness level; comparing the ambient brightness level to a brightness threshold; and in response to determining, based on the comparing, that the ambient brightness level is below the brightness threshold:
identifying a plurality of entities displayed in the content;
determining, for each entity of the plurality of entities, a spatial portion of the content in which the respective entity is displayed;
identifying an entity of the plurality of entities that is currently the focus of the content; and
reducing the brightness of spatial portions of the content in which the identified entity is not currently displayed. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein a plurality of users is viewing the content on a single display device, the method further comprising:
determining a preference level for each user of the plurality of users; and identifying a preferred user, the preferred user having the highest preference level; wherein the user is the preferred user. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein a plurality of users is viewing the content on a single display device, the method further comprising:
determining, for each user of the plurality of users, a respective distance between the respective user and the display device; calculating, for each user, a respective apparent size of the content area based on the actual size of the content area and the respective distance of the respective user; and comparing the respective apparent size for each user to a size threshold; wherein modifying presentation of the content is in response to determining that the apparent size for at least one user is smaller than the size threshold. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein modifying presentation of the content comprises:
determining the smallest respective apparent size of the content area among the respective apparent sizes for each respective user of the plurality of users; and modifying a zoom level of the content by a zoom factor corresponding to the smallest apparent size of the content area. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein modifying presentation of the content comprises:
calculating an average apparent size of the content area based on the respective apparent sizes for each respective user of the plurality of users; and modifying a zoom level of the content based on the average apparent size of the content area. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein modifying presentation of the content comprises:
generating for display, in a picture-in-picture window, at least a spatial portion of the content; and modifying a zoom level of the at least a spatial portion of the content by a zoom factor corresponding to the apparent size of the picture-in-picture window. 21. The method of claim 17, wherein modifying presentation of the content comprises:
generating for display, in a picture-in-picture window, the content; and modifying a zoom level of the content by a zoom factor corresponding to the apparent size of the content area. 22. A system for adaptively modifying presentation of content, the system comprising:
a display device; and control circuitry configured to:
present content in a content area of the display device;
determine a distance between a first user and the display device;
determine an actual size of the content area in which the content is being presented;
calculate an apparent size of the content area based on the actual size of the content area and the distance between the first user and the display device;
comparing the apparent size for the first preferred user to a size threshold; and
in response to determining that the apparent size for the first user is smaller than the size threshold, modify presentation of the content based on the apparent size of the content area. 23. The system of claim 22, wherein the control circuitry configured to modify the presentation of the content based on the apparent size is further configured to modify a zoom level of the content. 24. The system of claim 23, wherein an amount by which the zoom level is modified is inversely proportional to the apparent size of the content area. 25. The system of claim 24, wherein the control circuitry is further configured to:
calculate a ratio between the zoom level and the apparent size of the content area; detect a change in distance between the first user and the display device; and in response to detecting the change in distance:
determine a second distance between the first user and the display device;
calculate a second apparent size of the content area based on the actual size of the content area and the second distance; and
modify the zoom level of the content by an amount determined to maintain the ratio between the zoom level and the apparent size of the content area. 26. The system of claim 23, wherein the control circuitry configured to modify the zoom level of the content is further configured to:
compare the apparent size of the content area to a first threshold size; in response to determining that the apparent size is larger than or equal to the first threshold size, set the zoom level of the content to a default zoom level; and in response to determining that the apparent size is smaller than the first threshold size:
determine a difference between the apparent size and the first threshold size; and
increase the zoom level of the content by a zoom factor corresponding to the difference. 27. The system of claim 26, wherein the control circuitry configured to increase the zoom level of the content is further configured to:
determine a zoom level at which the apparent size of the content matches an actual size of the content; and modify the zoom level of the content by the zoom factor. 28. The system of claim 26, wherein the control circuitry is further configured to:
compare the apparent size of the content area to a second threshold size that is smaller than the first threshold size; and in response to determining, based on the comparing, that the apparent size is smaller than the second threshold size, pan the content in the content area. 29. The system of claim 28, wherein the control circuitry configured to pan the content in the content area is further configured to:
identify a spatial portion of the content containing a current focus of the content; and generate for display the spatial portion of the content in the content area. 30. The system of claim 29, wherein the control circuitry is further configured to:
determine a zoom factor at which the spatial portion of the content fills the content area; and modify the zoom level of the content by the zoom factor. 31. The system of claim 29, wherein the current focus comprises one of a character, an actor, a location, or an audio source. 32. The system of claim 29, wherein the control circuitry configured to identify a spatial portion of the content containing a current focus of the content is further configured to:
identify a plurality of entities displayed in the content; determine, for each entity of the plurality of entities, a timestamp in the content at which the respective entity is the focus of the content; monitor a current timestamp of the content; and in response to determining that the current timestamp matches a timestamp at which a respective entity of the plurality of entities is the focus of the content, select the spatial portion of the content in which the respective entity is displayed. 33. The system of claim 23, wherein the control circuitry configured to modify the zoom level of the content is further configured to:
identify a plurality of entities displayed in the content; determine a respective importance level for each entity of the plurality of entities; select a subset of entities of the plurality of entities having an importance level that is higher than an importance threshold; determine a set of coordinates describing a position, a width, and a height of each entity of the subset of entities; identify a minimum spatial portion of the content that contains every entity of the subset of entities; determine a zoom factor at which the minimum spatial portion of the content fills the content area; and modify the zoom level of the content by the zoom factor. 34. The system of claim 22, wherein the control circuitry configured to modify presentation of the content based on the apparent size is further configured to:
determine a maximum size of the content area; detect a current size of the content area; compare the current size of the content area with the maximum size of the content area; and in response to determining, based on the comparing, that the current size of the content area is smaller than the maximum size of the content area:
determine a size of the content area at which the apparent size of the content area matches the actual size of the content area;
increase the size of the content area to the determined size; and
modify a zoom level of the content by a zoom factor corresponding to the increased size of the content area. 35. The system of claim 34, wherein the control circuitry is further configured to, in response to determining, based on the comparing, that the current size of the content area is equal to the maximum size of the content area:
determine a current focus of the content item by:
identifying a plurality of entities displayed in the content;
determining, for each entity of the plurality of entities, a timestamp at which the respective entity is the focus of the content;
monitoring a current timestamp of the content; and
in response to determining that the current timestamp matches a timestamp at which a respective entity of the plurality of entities is the focus of the content, identifying the respective entity and the current focus of the content; and
generating for display only a spatial portion of the content in which the identified entity is displayed. 36. The system of claim 22, wherein the control circuitry configured to modify presentation of the content in the content area based on the apparent size is further configured to:
determine an ambient brightness level; compare the ambient brightness level to a brightness threshold; and in response to determining, based on the comparing, that the ambient brightness level is below the brightness threshold:
identify a plurality of entities displayed in the content;
determine, for each entity of the plurality of entities, a spatial portion of the content in which the respective entity is displayed; and
identify an entity of the plurality of entities that is currently the focus of the content;
reduce the brightness of spatial portions of the content in which the identified entity is not currently displayed. 37. The system of claim 22, wherein a plurality of users is viewing the content on a single display device, and wherein the control circuitry is further configured to:
determine a preference level for each user of the plurality of users; and identify a preferred user, the preferred user having the highest preference level; wherein the user is the preferred user. 38. The system of claim 22, wherein a plurality of users is viewing the content on a single display device, and wherein the control circuitry is further configured to:
determine, for each user of the plurality of users, a respective distance between the respective user and the display device; calculate, for each user, a respective apparent size of the content area based on the actual size of the content area and the respective distance of the respective user; and compare the respective apparent size for each user to a size threshold; wherein the control circuitry is configured to modify presentation of the content in response to determining that the apparent size for at least one user is smaller than the size threshold. 39. The system of claim 38, wherein the control circuitry configured to modify presentation of the content is further configured to:
determine the smallest respective apparent size of the content area among the respective apparent sizes for each respective user of the plurality of users; and modify a zoom level of the content by a zoom factor corresponding to the smallest apparent size of the content area. 40. The system of claim 38, wherein the control circuitry configured to modify presentation of the content is further configured to:
calculate an average apparent size of the content area based on the respective apparent sizes for each respective user of the plurality of users; and modify a zoom level of the content based on the average apparent size of the content area. 41. The system of claim 38, wherein the control circuitry configured to modify presentation of the content is further configured to:
generate for display, in a picture-in-picture window, at least a spatial portion of the content; and modify a zoom level of the at least a spatial portion of the content by a zoom factor corresponding to the apparent size of the picture-in-picture window. 42. The system of claim 38, wherein the control circuitry configured to modify presentation of the content is further configured to:
generate for display, in a picture-in-picture window, the content; and modify a zoom level of the content by a zoom factor corresponding to the apparent size of the content area. 43-105. (canceled) | 2,600 |
346,037 | 16,804,385 | 2,688 | A system and method of an automated agent to automatically implement loan activities includes a data collection circuit structured to receive data related to at least one of a plurality of parties to a loan; a smart contract circuit structured to create a smart lending contract for the loan; and an automated agent circuit structured to automatically perform a loan-related action in response to the received data, wherein the loan-related action is a change in an interest rate for the loan, and wherein the smart contract circuit is further structured to update the smart lending contract with the changed interest rate. | 1. A system, comprising:
a data collection circuit structured to receive data related to at least one of a plurality of parties to a loan; a smart contract circuit structured to create a smart lending contract for the loan; and an automated agent circuit structured to automatically perform a loan-related action in response to the received data, wherein the loan-related action is a change in an interest rate for the loan, and wherein the smart contract circuit is further structured to update the smart lending contract with the changed interest rate. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the data collection circuit is further structured to receive collateral-related data related to a plurality of items of collateral acting as security for the loan and determine a condition of at least one of the plurality of items of collateral, wherein the change in the interest rate is further based on a condition of the at least one of the plurality of items of collateral. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the received data comprises an attribute of the at least one of the plurality of parties to the loan, and wherein the change in the interest rate is based in part on the attribute. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the smart contract circuit is further structured to:
determine at least one of a term or a condition for the smart lending contract based on the attribute; and modify the smart lending contract to include the at least one of the term or the condition. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the data collection circuit comprises an Internet of Things circuit structured to monitor attributes of at least one of the plurality of parties to the loan. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the data collection circuit comprises a wearable device associated with at least one of the plurality of parties, and wherein the wearable device is structured to acquire human-related data, and wherein the received data includes at least a portion of the human-related data. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the data collection circuit comprises a user interface circuit structured to receive data from at least one of the plurality of parties of the loan and provide the data from at least one of the plurality of parties of the loan as a portion of the received data. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the data collection circuit comprises an interactive crowdsourcing circuit structured to:
solicit data regarding at least one of the plurality of parties of the loan; receive solicited data; and provide at least a subset of the solicited data as a portion of the received data. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the data collection circuit further comprises an internet monitoring circuit structured to retrieve data related to at least one of the plurality of parties of the loan from at least one publicly available information site. 10. The system of claim 2, further comprising a valuation circuit structured to determine, based on the received data and a valuation model, a value for the at least one of the plurality of items of collateral. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the smart contract circuit is further structured to:
determine at least one of a term or a condition for the smart lending contract based on the value for the at least one of the plurality of items of collateral; and modify the smart lending contract to include the at least one of the term or the condition. 12. The system of claim 10, wherein the valuation circuit comprises a valuation model improvement circuit, wherein the valuation model improvement circuit modifies the valuation model based on a first set of valuation determinations for a first set of items of collateral and a corresponding set of loan outcomes having the first set of items of collateral as security. 13. The system of claim 2, further comprising a collateral classification circuit structured to identify a group of off-set items of collateral, wherein each member of the group of off-set items of collateral and at least one of the plurality of items of collateral share a common attribute. 14. The system of claim 10, wherein the valuation circuit further comprises a market value data collection circuit structured to monitor and report marketplace information for offset items of collateral relevant to the value of the at least one of the plurality of items of collateral. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the market value data collection circuit is further structured to: monitor one of pricing or financial data for the offset items of collateral in at least one public marketplace; and report the monitored one of pricing or financial data. 16. A method, comprising:
receiving data related to at least one of a plurality of parties to a loan; creating a smart lending contract for the loan; performing a loan-related action in response to the received data, wherein the loan-related action is a change in an interest rate for the loan; and updating the smart lending contract with the changed interest rate. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
receiving data related to a plurality of items of collateral acting as security for the loan; determining a condition of at least one of the plurality of items of collateral; and performing a loan-related action in response to the condition of the at least one of the plurality of items of collateral, wherein the loan-related action is a change in an interest rate for the loan. 18. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
receiving data related to a plurality of items of collateral acting as security for the loan; determining a condition of at least one of the plurality of items of collateral; determining at least one of a term or a condition for the smart lending contract based on the condition of the at least one of the plurality of items of collateral; and modifying the smart lending contract to include the at least one of the term or the condition. 19. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
identifying a group of off-set items of collateral wherein each member of the group of off-set items of collateral and at least one of a plurality of items of collateral share a common attribute; monitoring the group of off-set items of collateral in at least one public marketplace; and reporting monitored data. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising changing, based at least in part on the monitored group of off-set items of collateral, the interest rate of the loan secured by at least one of the plurality of items of collateral. | A system and method of an automated agent to automatically implement loan activities includes a data collection circuit structured to receive data related to at least one of a plurality of parties to a loan; a smart contract circuit structured to create a smart lending contract for the loan; and an automated agent circuit structured to automatically perform a loan-related action in response to the received data, wherein the loan-related action is a change in an interest rate for the loan, and wherein the smart contract circuit is further structured to update the smart lending contract with the changed interest rate.1. A system, comprising:
a data collection circuit structured to receive data related to at least one of a plurality of parties to a loan; a smart contract circuit structured to create a smart lending contract for the loan; and an automated agent circuit structured to automatically perform a loan-related action in response to the received data, wherein the loan-related action is a change in an interest rate for the loan, and wherein the smart contract circuit is further structured to update the smart lending contract with the changed interest rate. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the data collection circuit is further structured to receive collateral-related data related to a plurality of items of collateral acting as security for the loan and determine a condition of at least one of the plurality of items of collateral, wherein the change in the interest rate is further based on a condition of the at least one of the plurality of items of collateral. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the received data comprises an attribute of the at least one of the plurality of parties to the loan, and wherein the change in the interest rate is based in part on the attribute. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the smart contract circuit is further structured to:
determine at least one of a term or a condition for the smart lending contract based on the attribute; and modify the smart lending contract to include the at least one of the term or the condition. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the data collection circuit comprises an Internet of Things circuit structured to monitor attributes of at least one of the plurality of parties to the loan. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the data collection circuit comprises a wearable device associated with at least one of the plurality of parties, and wherein the wearable device is structured to acquire human-related data, and wherein the received data includes at least a portion of the human-related data. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the data collection circuit comprises a user interface circuit structured to receive data from at least one of the plurality of parties of the loan and provide the data from at least one of the plurality of parties of the loan as a portion of the received data. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the data collection circuit comprises an interactive crowdsourcing circuit structured to:
solicit data regarding at least one of the plurality of parties of the loan; receive solicited data; and provide at least a subset of the solicited data as a portion of the received data. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the data collection circuit further comprises an internet monitoring circuit structured to retrieve data related to at least one of the plurality of parties of the loan from at least one publicly available information site. 10. The system of claim 2, further comprising a valuation circuit structured to determine, based on the received data and a valuation model, a value for the at least one of the plurality of items of collateral. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the smart contract circuit is further structured to:
determine at least one of a term or a condition for the smart lending contract based on the value for the at least one of the plurality of items of collateral; and modify the smart lending contract to include the at least one of the term or the condition. 12. The system of claim 10, wherein the valuation circuit comprises a valuation model improvement circuit, wherein the valuation model improvement circuit modifies the valuation model based on a first set of valuation determinations for a first set of items of collateral and a corresponding set of loan outcomes having the first set of items of collateral as security. 13. The system of claim 2, further comprising a collateral classification circuit structured to identify a group of off-set items of collateral, wherein each member of the group of off-set items of collateral and at least one of the plurality of items of collateral share a common attribute. 14. The system of claim 10, wherein the valuation circuit further comprises a market value data collection circuit structured to monitor and report marketplace information for offset items of collateral relevant to the value of the at least one of the plurality of items of collateral. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the market value data collection circuit is further structured to: monitor one of pricing or financial data for the offset items of collateral in at least one public marketplace; and report the monitored one of pricing or financial data. 16. A method, comprising:
receiving data related to at least one of a plurality of parties to a loan; creating a smart lending contract for the loan; performing a loan-related action in response to the received data, wherein the loan-related action is a change in an interest rate for the loan; and updating the smart lending contract with the changed interest rate. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
receiving data related to a plurality of items of collateral acting as security for the loan; determining a condition of at least one of the plurality of items of collateral; and performing a loan-related action in response to the condition of the at least one of the plurality of items of collateral, wherein the loan-related action is a change in an interest rate for the loan. 18. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
receiving data related to a plurality of items of collateral acting as security for the loan; determining a condition of at least one of the plurality of items of collateral; determining at least one of a term or a condition for the smart lending contract based on the condition of the at least one of the plurality of items of collateral; and modifying the smart lending contract to include the at least one of the term or the condition. 19. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
identifying a group of off-set items of collateral wherein each member of the group of off-set items of collateral and at least one of a plurality of items of collateral share a common attribute; monitoring the group of off-set items of collateral in at least one public marketplace; and reporting monitored data. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising changing, based at least in part on the monitored group of off-set items of collateral, the interest rate of the loan secured by at least one of the plurality of items of collateral. | 2,600 |
346,038 | 16,804,467 | 2,688 | This application discloses midamble indication and receiving methods and apparatuses. In the method, a first device sends midamble indication information to a second device, where a duration of a midamble indicated by the midamble indication information is greater than or equal to a threshold, and the threshold is related to a processing capability of the second device; and the second device receives the midamble according to the indication information. | 1. A midamble indication method, comprising:
sending, by a first device, midamble indication information to a second device, wherein a duration of a high efficient long training field (HE-LTF) symbol comprised in a midamble indicated by the midamble indication information belongs to an available set. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the available set comprises one of following or any combination thereof:
the duration of the HE-LTF symbol excluding a guard interval (GI) part being four basic symbol durations and a duration of a GI being 0.8 μs; the duration of the HE-LTF symbol excluding a GI part being four basic symbol durations and a duration of a GI being 3.2 μs; the duration of the HE-LTF symbol excluding a GI part being two basic symbol durations and a duration of a GI being 0.8 μs; and the duration of the HE-LTF symbol excluding a GI part being two basic symbol durations and a duration of a GI being 1.6 μs. 3. A midamble receiving method, comprising:
receiving, by a second device, midamble indication information sent by a first device; and performing, by the second device, channel estimation based on a received midamble only when a duration of a high efficient long training field (HE-LTF) symbol comprised in the midamble indicated by the midamble indication information belongs to an available set. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the available set comprises one of following or a combination thereof:
the duration of the HE-LTF symbol excluding a guard interval (GI) part being four basic symbol durations and a duration of a GI being 0.8 μs; the duration of the HE-LTF symbol excluding a GI part being four basic symbol durations and a duration of a GI being 3.2 μs; the duration of the HE-LTF symbol excluding a GI part being two basic symbol durations and a duration of a GI being 0.8 μs; and the duration of the HE-LTF symbol excluding a GI part being two basic symbol durations and a duration of a GI being 1.6 μs. 5. A midamble indication method, comprising:
obtaining, by a first device, information about a midamble processing capability of a second device; and sending, by the first device, midamble indication information to the second device, wherein a duration of a midamble indicated by the midamble indication information is determined based on the capability information of the second device. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the capability information comprises at least one of following information:
a minimum value of the duration of the midamble supported by the second device; information about whether the second device supports a single-user Doppler mode and/or an extended distance single-user Doppler mode; information about whether the second device supports a multi-user Doppler mode; a maximum quantity that is of space time streams occupied by the midamble and that is supported by the second device; a maximum quantity that is of subcarriers occupied by the midamble and that is supported by the second device; and information about a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) that is supported by the second device when the midamble occupies L subcarriers and K space time streams, wherein both L and K are integers greater than or equal to 1. 7. A midamble receiving method, comprising:
sending, by a second device, information about a midamble processing capability of the second device to a first device; receiving, by the second device, midamble indication information sent by the first device, wherein a duration of a midamble indicated by the midamble indication information is determined based on the processing capability of the second device; and receiving, by the second device, the midamble according to the midamble indication information. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the processing capability comprises at least one of following information:
a minimum value of the duration of the midamble that is supported by the second device; information about whether the second device supports a single-user Doppler mode and/or an extended distance single-user Doppler mode; information about whether the second device supports a multi-user Doppler mode; a maximum quantity that is of space time streams occupied by the midamble and that is supported by the second device; a maximum quantity that is of subcarriers occupied by the midamble and that is supported by the second device; and information about a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) that is supported by the second device when the midamble occupies L subcarriers and K space time streams, wherein both L and K are integers greater than or equal to 1. 9. A device, comprising:
a processor; and a transceiver coupled to the processor, wherein the processor is configured to send, using the transceiver, midamble indication information to another device, wherein a duration of a high efficient long training field (HE-LTF) symbol comprised in a midamble indicated by the midamble indication information belongs to an available set. 10. The device according to claim 9, wherein the available set comprises one of following or any combination thereof:
the duration of the HE-LTF symbol excluding a guard interval (GI) part being four basic symbol durations and a duration of a GI being 0.8 μs; the duration of the HE-LTF symbol excluding a GI part being four basic symbol durations and a duration of a GI being 3.2 μs; the duration of the HE-LTF symbol excluding a GI part being two basic symbol durations and a duration of a GI being 0.8 μs; and the duration of the HE-LTF symbol excluding a GI part being two basic symbol durations and a duration of a GI being 1.6 μs. 11. A device, comprising:
a processor; and a transceiver coupled to the processor, wherein the processor is configured to receive, using the transceiver, midamble indication information sent by another device; and perform channel estimation based on a received midamble only when a duration of a high efficient long training field (HE-LTF) symbol comprised in the midamble indicated by the midamble indication information belongs to an available set. 12. The device according to claim 11, wherein the available set comprises one of following or a combination thereof:
the duration of the HE-LTF symbol excluding a guard interval (GI) part being four basic symbol durations and a duration of a GI being 0.8 μs; the duration of the HE-LTF symbol excluding a GI part being four basic symbol durations and a duration of a GI being 3.2 μs; the duration of the HE-LTF symbol excluding a GI part being two basic symbol durations and a duration of a GI being 0.8 μs; and the duration of the HE-LTF symbol excluding a GI part being two basic symbol durations and a duration of a GI being 1.6 μs. | This application discloses midamble indication and receiving methods and apparatuses. In the method, a first device sends midamble indication information to a second device, where a duration of a midamble indicated by the midamble indication information is greater than or equal to a threshold, and the threshold is related to a processing capability of the second device; and the second device receives the midamble according to the indication information.1. A midamble indication method, comprising:
sending, by a first device, midamble indication information to a second device, wherein a duration of a high efficient long training field (HE-LTF) symbol comprised in a midamble indicated by the midamble indication information belongs to an available set. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the available set comprises one of following or any combination thereof:
the duration of the HE-LTF symbol excluding a guard interval (GI) part being four basic symbol durations and a duration of a GI being 0.8 μs; the duration of the HE-LTF symbol excluding a GI part being four basic symbol durations and a duration of a GI being 3.2 μs; the duration of the HE-LTF symbol excluding a GI part being two basic symbol durations and a duration of a GI being 0.8 μs; and the duration of the HE-LTF symbol excluding a GI part being two basic symbol durations and a duration of a GI being 1.6 μs. 3. A midamble receiving method, comprising:
receiving, by a second device, midamble indication information sent by a first device; and performing, by the second device, channel estimation based on a received midamble only when a duration of a high efficient long training field (HE-LTF) symbol comprised in the midamble indicated by the midamble indication information belongs to an available set. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the available set comprises one of following or a combination thereof:
the duration of the HE-LTF symbol excluding a guard interval (GI) part being four basic symbol durations and a duration of a GI being 0.8 μs; the duration of the HE-LTF symbol excluding a GI part being four basic symbol durations and a duration of a GI being 3.2 μs; the duration of the HE-LTF symbol excluding a GI part being two basic symbol durations and a duration of a GI being 0.8 μs; and the duration of the HE-LTF symbol excluding a GI part being two basic symbol durations and a duration of a GI being 1.6 μs. 5. A midamble indication method, comprising:
obtaining, by a first device, information about a midamble processing capability of a second device; and sending, by the first device, midamble indication information to the second device, wherein a duration of a midamble indicated by the midamble indication information is determined based on the capability information of the second device. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the capability information comprises at least one of following information:
a minimum value of the duration of the midamble supported by the second device; information about whether the second device supports a single-user Doppler mode and/or an extended distance single-user Doppler mode; information about whether the second device supports a multi-user Doppler mode; a maximum quantity that is of space time streams occupied by the midamble and that is supported by the second device; a maximum quantity that is of subcarriers occupied by the midamble and that is supported by the second device; and information about a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) that is supported by the second device when the midamble occupies L subcarriers and K space time streams, wherein both L and K are integers greater than or equal to 1. 7. A midamble receiving method, comprising:
sending, by a second device, information about a midamble processing capability of the second device to a first device; receiving, by the second device, midamble indication information sent by the first device, wherein a duration of a midamble indicated by the midamble indication information is determined based on the processing capability of the second device; and receiving, by the second device, the midamble according to the midamble indication information. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the processing capability comprises at least one of following information:
a minimum value of the duration of the midamble that is supported by the second device; information about whether the second device supports a single-user Doppler mode and/or an extended distance single-user Doppler mode; information about whether the second device supports a multi-user Doppler mode; a maximum quantity that is of space time streams occupied by the midamble and that is supported by the second device; a maximum quantity that is of subcarriers occupied by the midamble and that is supported by the second device; and information about a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) that is supported by the second device when the midamble occupies L subcarriers and K space time streams, wherein both L and K are integers greater than or equal to 1. 9. A device, comprising:
a processor; and a transceiver coupled to the processor, wherein the processor is configured to send, using the transceiver, midamble indication information to another device, wherein a duration of a high efficient long training field (HE-LTF) symbol comprised in a midamble indicated by the midamble indication information belongs to an available set. 10. The device according to claim 9, wherein the available set comprises one of following or any combination thereof:
the duration of the HE-LTF symbol excluding a guard interval (GI) part being four basic symbol durations and a duration of a GI being 0.8 μs; the duration of the HE-LTF symbol excluding a GI part being four basic symbol durations and a duration of a GI being 3.2 μs; the duration of the HE-LTF symbol excluding a GI part being two basic symbol durations and a duration of a GI being 0.8 μs; and the duration of the HE-LTF symbol excluding a GI part being two basic symbol durations and a duration of a GI being 1.6 μs. 11. A device, comprising:
a processor; and a transceiver coupled to the processor, wherein the processor is configured to receive, using the transceiver, midamble indication information sent by another device; and perform channel estimation based on a received midamble only when a duration of a high efficient long training field (HE-LTF) symbol comprised in the midamble indicated by the midamble indication information belongs to an available set. 12. The device according to claim 11, wherein the available set comprises one of following or a combination thereof:
the duration of the HE-LTF symbol excluding a guard interval (GI) part being four basic symbol durations and a duration of a GI being 0.8 μs; the duration of the HE-LTF symbol excluding a GI part being four basic symbol durations and a duration of a GI being 3.2 μs; the duration of the HE-LTF symbol excluding a GI part being two basic symbol durations and a duration of a GI being 0.8 μs; and the duration of the HE-LTF symbol excluding a GI part being two basic symbol durations and a duration of a GI being 1.6 μs. | 2,600 |
346,039 | 16,804,481 | 2,688 | An intravascular catheter may include a distal end for insertion and a proximal end. The distal end for insertion may terminate with a tip. It may define at least two openings, of which one is the proximal-most in the distal end. The distal tip may include a first radiopaque marker that is discretely positioned at the proximal-most opening and radiographically distinguishes the proximal-most opening from the rest of the distal end. The distal tip may also include a second radiopaque marker that marks the tip. | 1. A dialysis catheter comprising a distal end for insertion and a proximal end, the dialysis catheter comprising:
a first lumen having a proximal end configured for delivery or aspiration of blood during a dialysis procedure and a distal end having an end opening; a second lumen having a proximal end configured for delivery or aspiration of blood during a dialysis procedure and a distal end having an end opening; one or more side openings in one or both of the first lumen and second lumen, one side opening of which is the proximal most side opening; a radiopaque marker positioned proximally adjacent to the proximal most side opening. 2. The dialysis catheter of claim 1, wherein the maximum distance between the end openings and the radiopaque marker is between 1.5 and 5 cm. | An intravascular catheter may include a distal end for insertion and a proximal end. The distal end for insertion may terminate with a tip. It may define at least two openings, of which one is the proximal-most in the distal end. The distal tip may include a first radiopaque marker that is discretely positioned at the proximal-most opening and radiographically distinguishes the proximal-most opening from the rest of the distal end. The distal tip may also include a second radiopaque marker that marks the tip.1. A dialysis catheter comprising a distal end for insertion and a proximal end, the dialysis catheter comprising:
a first lumen having a proximal end configured for delivery or aspiration of blood during a dialysis procedure and a distal end having an end opening; a second lumen having a proximal end configured for delivery or aspiration of blood during a dialysis procedure and a distal end having an end opening; one or more side openings in one or both of the first lumen and second lumen, one side opening of which is the proximal most side opening; a radiopaque marker positioned proximally adjacent to the proximal most side opening. 2. The dialysis catheter of claim 1, wherein the maximum distance between the end openings and the radiopaque marker is between 1.5 and 5 cm. | 2,600 |
346,040 | 16,804,459 | 2,688 | In certain aspects, the present invention provides compositions and methods for increasing red blood cell and/or hemoglobin levels in vertebrates, including rodents and primates, and particularly in humans. | 1. (canceled) 2. A method of treating or preventing anemia in a patient, the method comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a GDF15 polypeptide. 3-8. (canceled) 9. The method of claim 2, wherein the GDF15 polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of:
a) a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of an amino acid sequence that is at least 68%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, b) a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of an amino acid sequence that is at least 68%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, c) a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of an amino acid sequence that is at least 68%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, d) a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of an amino acid sequence that is at least 68%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, e) a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of an amino acid sequence that is at least 68%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, f) a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of an amino acid sequence that is at least 68%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6, g) a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of an amino acid sequence that is at least 68%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7, h) a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of an amino acid sequence that is at least 68%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8, i) a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of an amino acid sequence that is at least 68%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, j) a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of an amino acid sequence that is at least 68%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10, k) a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of an amino acid sequence that is at least 68%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11, l) a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of an amino acid sequence that is at least 68%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12, and m) a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of an amino acid sequence that is at least 68%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the sequence of amino acids 30-196 of SEQ ID NO: 1. 10. The method of claim 2, wherein the GDF15 polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is encoded by a nucleic acid that hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions to the a nucleic acid that is complementary to the sequence of nucleotides 589-924 of SEQ ID NO: 13. 11. The method of claim 2, wherein the GDF15 polypeptide is administered in a pharmaceutical preparation. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the pharmaceutical preparation comprises a GDF15 prodomain polypeptide. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the GDF15 prodomain polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 68%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the sequence of amino acids 30-196 of SEQ ID NO: 1. 14. The method of claim 12 or 13, wherein the pharmaceutical preparation comprises a GDF15 polypeptide noncovalently associated with the GDF15 prodomain polypeptide. 15. The method of claim 2, wherein the patient has anemia associated with chronic kidney disease. 16. The method of claim 2, wherein the patient has anemia associated with a chemotherapy treatment. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the chemotherapy treatment is a taxane. 18. The method of claim 2, wherein the patient has anemia associated with cancer. 19. The method of claim 2, wherein the patient has anemia as a consequence of blood loss. 20. The method of claim 2, wherein the patient has anemia of inflammation. 21-45. (canceled) | In certain aspects, the present invention provides compositions and methods for increasing red blood cell and/or hemoglobin levels in vertebrates, including rodents and primates, and particularly in humans.1. (canceled) 2. A method of treating or preventing anemia in a patient, the method comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a GDF15 polypeptide. 3-8. (canceled) 9. The method of claim 2, wherein the GDF15 polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of:
a) a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of an amino acid sequence that is at least 68%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, b) a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of an amino acid sequence that is at least 68%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, c) a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of an amino acid sequence that is at least 68%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, d) a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of an amino acid sequence that is at least 68%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, e) a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of an amino acid sequence that is at least 68%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, f) a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of an amino acid sequence that is at least 68%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6, g) a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of an amino acid sequence that is at least 68%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7, h) a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of an amino acid sequence that is at least 68%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8, i) a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of an amino acid sequence that is at least 68%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, j) a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of an amino acid sequence that is at least 68%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10, k) a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of an amino acid sequence that is at least 68%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11, l) a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of an amino acid sequence that is at least 68%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12, and m) a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of an amino acid sequence that is at least 68%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the sequence of amino acids 30-196 of SEQ ID NO: 1. 10. The method of claim 2, wherein the GDF15 polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is encoded by a nucleic acid that hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions to the a nucleic acid that is complementary to the sequence of nucleotides 589-924 of SEQ ID NO: 13. 11. The method of claim 2, wherein the GDF15 polypeptide is administered in a pharmaceutical preparation. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the pharmaceutical preparation comprises a GDF15 prodomain polypeptide. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the GDF15 prodomain polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 68%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the sequence of amino acids 30-196 of SEQ ID NO: 1. 14. The method of claim 12 or 13, wherein the pharmaceutical preparation comprises a GDF15 polypeptide noncovalently associated with the GDF15 prodomain polypeptide. 15. The method of claim 2, wherein the patient has anemia associated with chronic kidney disease. 16. The method of claim 2, wherein the patient has anemia associated with a chemotherapy treatment. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the chemotherapy treatment is a taxane. 18. The method of claim 2, wherein the patient has anemia associated with cancer. 19. The method of claim 2, wherein the patient has anemia as a consequence of blood loss. 20. The method of claim 2, wherein the patient has anemia of inflammation. 21-45. (canceled) | 2,600 |
346,041 | 16,804,468 | 2,688 | Systems and methods for estimating lane geometry are disclosed herein. One embodiment receives sensor data from one or more sensors; detects a road agent based on the sensor data; detects, based on the sensor data, that the road agent has performed a lane shift from a first lane of a roadway to a second lane of the roadway; and estimates a boundary line between the first lane of the roadway and the second lane of the roadway based, at least in part, on the detected lane shift. | 1. A system for estimating lane geometry, the system comprising:
one or more sensors; one or more processors; and a memory communicably coupled to the one or more processors and storing: a detection module including instructions that when executed by the one or more processors cause the one or more processors to:
receive sensor data from the one or more sensors;
detect a road agent based on the sensor data; and
detect, based on the sensor data, that the road agent has performed a lane shift from a first lane of a roadway to a second lane of the roadway; and
an estimation module including instructions that when executed by the one or more processors cause the one or more processors to estimate a boundary line between the first lane of the roadway and the second lane of the roadway based, at least in part, on the detected lane shift. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the instructions in the detection module to detect, based on the sensor data, that the road agent has performed the lane shift from the first lane of the roadway to the second lane of the roadway include instructions to track a trajectory of the road agent in relation to an estimated midline of the first lane of the roadway. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the instructions in the estimation module to estimate the boundary line between the first lane of the roadway and the second lane of the roadway based, at least in part, on the detected lane shift include instructions to estimate that the boundary line lies halfway between a first lateral position occupied by the road agent in the first lane of the roadway prior to the lane shift and a second lateral position occupied by the road agent in the second lane of the roadway upon completion of the lane shift. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the instructions in the estimation module to estimate the boundary line between the first lane of the roadway and the second lane of the roadway based, at least in part, on the detected lane shift include instructions to estimate that the boundary line passes through a point of inflection of a trajectory traversed by the road agent during the lane shift. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the estimation module includes further instructions that when executed by the one or more processors cause the one or more processors to compare the estimated boundary line with a prior estimated boundary line generated, at least in part, through detection of a different lane shift by a different road agent. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more sensors include at least one of an image sensor, a radar sensor, and a Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) sensor. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the road agent is one of a vehicle, a motorcycle, a scooter, and a bicycle. 8. A non-transitory computer-readable medium for estimating lane geometry and storing instructions that when executed by one or more processors cause the one or more processors to:
receive sensor data from one or more sensors; detect a road agent based on the sensor data; detect, based on the sensor data, that the road agent has performed a lane shift from a first lane of a roadway to a second lane of the roadway; and estimate a boundary line between the first lane of the roadway and the second lane of the roadway based, at least in part, on the detected lane shift. 9. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 8, wherein the instructions to detect, based on the sensor data, that the road agent has performed the lane shift from the first lane of the roadway to the second lane of the roadway include instructions to track a trajectory of the road agent in relation to an estimated midline of the first lane of the roadway. 10. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 8, wherein the instructions to estimate the boundary line between the first lane of the roadway and the second lane of the roadway based, at least in part, on the detected lane shift include instructions to estimate that the boundary line lies halfway between a first lateral position occupied by the road agent in the first lane of the roadway prior to the lane shift and a second lateral position occupied by the road agent in the second lane of the roadway upon completion of the lane shift. 11. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 8, wherein the instructions to estimate the boundary line between the first lane of the roadway and the second lane of the roadway based, at least in part, on the detected lane shift include instructions to estimate that the boundary line passes through a point of inflection of a trajectory traversed by the road agent during the lane shift. 12. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 8, further comprising instructions to compare the estimated boundary line with a prior estimated boundary line generated, at least in part, through detection of a different lane shift by a different road agent. 13. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 8, wherein the one or more sensors include at least one of an image sensor, a radar sensor, and a Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) sensor. 14. A method of estimating lane geometry, the method comprising:
receiving sensor data from one or more sensors; detecting a road agent based on the sensor data; detecting, based on the sensor data, that the road agent has performed a lane shift from a first lane of a roadway to a second lane of the roadway; and estimating a boundary line between the first lane of the roadway and the second lane of the roadway based, at least in part, on the detected lane shift. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the detecting, based on the sensor data, that the road agent has performed the lane shift from the first lane of the roadway to the second lane of the roadway includes tracking a trajectory of the road agent in relation to an estimated midline of the first lane of the roadway. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the estimating the boundary line between the first lane of the roadway and the second lane of the roadway based, at least in part, on the detected lane shift includes estimating that the boundary line lies halfway between a first lateral position occupied by the road agent in the first lane of the roadway prior to the lane shift and a second lateral position occupied by the road agent in the second lane of the roadway upon completion of the lane shift. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the estimating the boundary line between the first lane of the roadway and the second lane of the roadway based, at least in part, on the detected lane shift includes estimating that the boundary line passes through a point of inflection of a trajectory traversed by the road agent during the lane shift. 18. The method of claim 14, further comprising comparing the estimated boundary line with a prior estimated boundary line generated, at least in part, through detection of a different lane shift by a different road agent. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the one or more sensors include at least one of an image sensor, a radar sensor, and a Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) sensor. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the road agent is one of a vehicle, a motorcycle, a scooter, and a bicycle. | Systems and methods for estimating lane geometry are disclosed herein. One embodiment receives sensor data from one or more sensors; detects a road agent based on the sensor data; detects, based on the sensor data, that the road agent has performed a lane shift from a first lane of a roadway to a second lane of the roadway; and estimates a boundary line between the first lane of the roadway and the second lane of the roadway based, at least in part, on the detected lane shift.1. A system for estimating lane geometry, the system comprising:
one or more sensors; one or more processors; and a memory communicably coupled to the one or more processors and storing: a detection module including instructions that when executed by the one or more processors cause the one or more processors to:
receive sensor data from the one or more sensors;
detect a road agent based on the sensor data; and
detect, based on the sensor data, that the road agent has performed a lane shift from a first lane of a roadway to a second lane of the roadway; and
an estimation module including instructions that when executed by the one or more processors cause the one or more processors to estimate a boundary line between the first lane of the roadway and the second lane of the roadway based, at least in part, on the detected lane shift. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the instructions in the detection module to detect, based on the sensor data, that the road agent has performed the lane shift from the first lane of the roadway to the second lane of the roadway include instructions to track a trajectory of the road agent in relation to an estimated midline of the first lane of the roadway. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the instructions in the estimation module to estimate the boundary line between the first lane of the roadway and the second lane of the roadway based, at least in part, on the detected lane shift include instructions to estimate that the boundary line lies halfway between a first lateral position occupied by the road agent in the first lane of the roadway prior to the lane shift and a second lateral position occupied by the road agent in the second lane of the roadway upon completion of the lane shift. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the instructions in the estimation module to estimate the boundary line between the first lane of the roadway and the second lane of the roadway based, at least in part, on the detected lane shift include instructions to estimate that the boundary line passes through a point of inflection of a trajectory traversed by the road agent during the lane shift. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the estimation module includes further instructions that when executed by the one or more processors cause the one or more processors to compare the estimated boundary line with a prior estimated boundary line generated, at least in part, through detection of a different lane shift by a different road agent. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more sensors include at least one of an image sensor, a radar sensor, and a Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) sensor. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the road agent is one of a vehicle, a motorcycle, a scooter, and a bicycle. 8. A non-transitory computer-readable medium for estimating lane geometry and storing instructions that when executed by one or more processors cause the one or more processors to:
receive sensor data from one or more sensors; detect a road agent based on the sensor data; detect, based on the sensor data, that the road agent has performed a lane shift from a first lane of a roadway to a second lane of the roadway; and estimate a boundary line between the first lane of the roadway and the second lane of the roadway based, at least in part, on the detected lane shift. 9. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 8, wherein the instructions to detect, based on the sensor data, that the road agent has performed the lane shift from the first lane of the roadway to the second lane of the roadway include instructions to track a trajectory of the road agent in relation to an estimated midline of the first lane of the roadway. 10. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 8, wherein the instructions to estimate the boundary line between the first lane of the roadway and the second lane of the roadway based, at least in part, on the detected lane shift include instructions to estimate that the boundary line lies halfway between a first lateral position occupied by the road agent in the first lane of the roadway prior to the lane shift and a second lateral position occupied by the road agent in the second lane of the roadway upon completion of the lane shift. 11. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 8, wherein the instructions to estimate the boundary line between the first lane of the roadway and the second lane of the roadway based, at least in part, on the detected lane shift include instructions to estimate that the boundary line passes through a point of inflection of a trajectory traversed by the road agent during the lane shift. 12. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 8, further comprising instructions to compare the estimated boundary line with a prior estimated boundary line generated, at least in part, through detection of a different lane shift by a different road agent. 13. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 8, wherein the one or more sensors include at least one of an image sensor, a radar sensor, and a Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) sensor. 14. A method of estimating lane geometry, the method comprising:
receiving sensor data from one or more sensors; detecting a road agent based on the sensor data; detecting, based on the sensor data, that the road agent has performed a lane shift from a first lane of a roadway to a second lane of the roadway; and estimating a boundary line between the first lane of the roadway and the second lane of the roadway based, at least in part, on the detected lane shift. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the detecting, based on the sensor data, that the road agent has performed the lane shift from the first lane of the roadway to the second lane of the roadway includes tracking a trajectory of the road agent in relation to an estimated midline of the first lane of the roadway. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the estimating the boundary line between the first lane of the roadway and the second lane of the roadway based, at least in part, on the detected lane shift includes estimating that the boundary line lies halfway between a first lateral position occupied by the road agent in the first lane of the roadway prior to the lane shift and a second lateral position occupied by the road agent in the second lane of the roadway upon completion of the lane shift. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the estimating the boundary line between the first lane of the roadway and the second lane of the roadway based, at least in part, on the detected lane shift includes estimating that the boundary line passes through a point of inflection of a trajectory traversed by the road agent during the lane shift. 18. The method of claim 14, further comprising comparing the estimated boundary line with a prior estimated boundary line generated, at least in part, through detection of a different lane shift by a different road agent. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the one or more sensors include at least one of an image sensor, a radar sensor, and a Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) sensor. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the road agent is one of a vehicle, a motorcycle, a scooter, and a bicycle. | 2,600 |
346,042 | 16,804,479 | 2,688 | A method of executing a transaction on a social commerce network associated with a cryptocurrency transaction system includes receiving, from a client device, a purchase request to purchase a good or service from a third-party retailer. The method further includes converting a cost of the good or service from a fiat currency provided by the third-party retailer to a cryptocurrency cost. The method further includes providing, to the client device, a transaction request comprising the cryptocurrency cost and an address associated with a cryptocurrency wallet blockchain of the cryptocurrency transaction system. The method further includes, in response to verifying a transaction comprising cryptocurrency assets associated with the transaction request, executing the purchase request in fiat currency on the third-party retailer by a processing device. | 1. A social commerce network associated with a cryptocurrency transaction system, the system comprising:
a memory to store cryptocurrency assets; and a processing device, operatively coupled to the memory, the processing device to:
receive, from a client device, a purchase request to purchase a good or service from a third-party retailer;
convert a cost of the good or service from a fiat currency provided by the third-party retailer to a cryptocurrency cost;
provide, to the client device, a transaction request comprising the cryptocurrency cost and an address associated with a cryptocurrency wallet blockchain of the cryptocurrency transaction system; and
in response to verifying a transaction comprising the cryptocurrency assets associated with the transaction request, execute the purchase request in fiat currency on the third-party retailer. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the request comprises a Uniform Resource Locator (URL). 3. The system of claim 1, wherein to convert the fiat cost to the cryptocurrency cost, the processing device is to use an application programming interface (API). 4. The system of claim 1, wherein before receiving the purchase request, the processing device further to connect a cryptocurrency wallet associated with a user of the client device to the social commerce network. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the purchase request comprises a selected cryptocurrency payment method from a plurality of cryptocurrency payment methods, and wherein the cryptocurrency cost corresponds to the selected cryptocurrency payment method. 6. The system of claim 1, in response to verifying the transaction associated with the transaction request, the processing device further to provide a social commerce network security token to the client device, wherein a value associated with the security token is based on the cost of the good or service. 7. The system of claim 6, the processing device further to:
receive a request to redeem the security token; and in response to receiving the request, execute a transaction on the social commerce network. 8. The system of claim 1, the processing device further to post information associated with the transaction to at least one of: a live feed of the social commerce network or a profile corresponding to a user of the client device. 9. The system of claim 1, the processing device further to provide a recommendation for additional goods or services to the client device, the recommendation based on the transaction. 10. The system of claim 1, the processing device further to provide a referral credit to the client device, the referral credit based on an executed transaction of a referred user. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the referral credit comprises a social commerce network security token. 12. A method of executing a transaction on a social commerce network associated with a cryptocurrency transaction system, comprising:
receiving, from a client device, a purchase request to purchase a good or service from a third-party retailer; converting a cost of the good or service from a fiat currency provided by the third-party retailer to a cryptocurrency cost; providing, to the client device, a transaction request comprising the cryptocurrency cost and an address associated with a cryptocurrency wallet blockchain of the cryptocurrency transaction system; and in response to verifying a transaction comprising cryptocurrency assets associated with the transaction request, executing the purchase request in fiat currency on the third-party retailer by a processing device. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein before receiving the purchase request, the method comprises connecting a cryptocurrency wallet associated with a user of the client device to the social commerce network. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the purchase request comprises a selected cryptocurrency payment method from a plurality of cryptocurrency payment methods, and wherein the cryptocurrency cost corresponds to the selected cryptocurrency payment method. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein in response to verifying the transaction associated with the transaction request, the method further comprises providing a social commerce network security token to the client device, wherein a value associated with the security token is based on the cost of the good or service. 16. The method of claim 15, the method further comprising:
receiving a request to redeem the security token; and in response to receiving the request, executing a transaction on the social commerce network. 17. The method of claim 12, the method further comprising posting information associated with the transaction to at least one of: a live feed of the social commerce network or a profile corresponding to a user of the client device. 18. The method of claim 12, the method further comprising providing a recommendation for additional goods or services to the client device, the recommendation based on the transaction. 19. A social commerce network associated with a cryptocurrency transaction system, the system comprising:
a cryptocurrency wallet storing cryptocurrency assets held by the cryptocurrency transaction system and acquired by the cryptocurrency transaction system through interfacing with a cryptocurrency source system, wherein the cryptocurrency assets correspond to one or more distinct cryptocurrency addresses associated with a blockchain; a cryptocurrency ledger storing a plurality of amounts of cryptocurrency owned by the cryptocurrency transaction system, wherein a sum of the plurality of amounts of cryptocurrency owned by the cryptocurrency transaction system equals a total amount of cryptocurrency assets stored in the cryptocurrency wallet; and a processing device for executing instructions stored in a computer-readable medium, and based on the cryptocurrency transaction system receiving a purchase request from a user of the cryptocurrency transaction system to purchase a good or service from a third-party retailer, the instructions being executable to:
convert the cryptocurrency transaction requested by a client device to a fiat currency transaction associated with a third-party retailer; and
update, via the cryptocurrency ledger, the amounts of cryptocurrency owned by the cryptocurrency transaction system based on a value of the cryptocurrency associated with the purchase request. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein the third-party retailer does not accept cryptocurrency as a form of payment. | A method of executing a transaction on a social commerce network associated with a cryptocurrency transaction system includes receiving, from a client device, a purchase request to purchase a good or service from a third-party retailer. The method further includes converting a cost of the good or service from a fiat currency provided by the third-party retailer to a cryptocurrency cost. The method further includes providing, to the client device, a transaction request comprising the cryptocurrency cost and an address associated with a cryptocurrency wallet blockchain of the cryptocurrency transaction system. The method further includes, in response to verifying a transaction comprising cryptocurrency assets associated with the transaction request, executing the purchase request in fiat currency on the third-party retailer by a processing device.1. A social commerce network associated with a cryptocurrency transaction system, the system comprising:
a memory to store cryptocurrency assets; and a processing device, operatively coupled to the memory, the processing device to:
receive, from a client device, a purchase request to purchase a good or service from a third-party retailer;
convert a cost of the good or service from a fiat currency provided by the third-party retailer to a cryptocurrency cost;
provide, to the client device, a transaction request comprising the cryptocurrency cost and an address associated with a cryptocurrency wallet blockchain of the cryptocurrency transaction system; and
in response to verifying a transaction comprising the cryptocurrency assets associated with the transaction request, execute the purchase request in fiat currency on the third-party retailer. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the request comprises a Uniform Resource Locator (URL). 3. The system of claim 1, wherein to convert the fiat cost to the cryptocurrency cost, the processing device is to use an application programming interface (API). 4. The system of claim 1, wherein before receiving the purchase request, the processing device further to connect a cryptocurrency wallet associated with a user of the client device to the social commerce network. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the purchase request comprises a selected cryptocurrency payment method from a plurality of cryptocurrency payment methods, and wherein the cryptocurrency cost corresponds to the selected cryptocurrency payment method. 6. The system of claim 1, in response to verifying the transaction associated with the transaction request, the processing device further to provide a social commerce network security token to the client device, wherein a value associated with the security token is based on the cost of the good or service. 7. The system of claim 6, the processing device further to:
receive a request to redeem the security token; and in response to receiving the request, execute a transaction on the social commerce network. 8. The system of claim 1, the processing device further to post information associated with the transaction to at least one of: a live feed of the social commerce network or a profile corresponding to a user of the client device. 9. The system of claim 1, the processing device further to provide a recommendation for additional goods or services to the client device, the recommendation based on the transaction. 10. The system of claim 1, the processing device further to provide a referral credit to the client device, the referral credit based on an executed transaction of a referred user. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the referral credit comprises a social commerce network security token. 12. A method of executing a transaction on a social commerce network associated with a cryptocurrency transaction system, comprising:
receiving, from a client device, a purchase request to purchase a good or service from a third-party retailer; converting a cost of the good or service from a fiat currency provided by the third-party retailer to a cryptocurrency cost; providing, to the client device, a transaction request comprising the cryptocurrency cost and an address associated with a cryptocurrency wallet blockchain of the cryptocurrency transaction system; and in response to verifying a transaction comprising cryptocurrency assets associated with the transaction request, executing the purchase request in fiat currency on the third-party retailer by a processing device. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein before receiving the purchase request, the method comprises connecting a cryptocurrency wallet associated with a user of the client device to the social commerce network. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the purchase request comprises a selected cryptocurrency payment method from a plurality of cryptocurrency payment methods, and wherein the cryptocurrency cost corresponds to the selected cryptocurrency payment method. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein in response to verifying the transaction associated with the transaction request, the method further comprises providing a social commerce network security token to the client device, wherein a value associated with the security token is based on the cost of the good or service. 16. The method of claim 15, the method further comprising:
receiving a request to redeem the security token; and in response to receiving the request, executing a transaction on the social commerce network. 17. The method of claim 12, the method further comprising posting information associated with the transaction to at least one of: a live feed of the social commerce network or a profile corresponding to a user of the client device. 18. The method of claim 12, the method further comprising providing a recommendation for additional goods or services to the client device, the recommendation based on the transaction. 19. A social commerce network associated with a cryptocurrency transaction system, the system comprising:
a cryptocurrency wallet storing cryptocurrency assets held by the cryptocurrency transaction system and acquired by the cryptocurrency transaction system through interfacing with a cryptocurrency source system, wherein the cryptocurrency assets correspond to one or more distinct cryptocurrency addresses associated with a blockchain; a cryptocurrency ledger storing a plurality of amounts of cryptocurrency owned by the cryptocurrency transaction system, wherein a sum of the plurality of amounts of cryptocurrency owned by the cryptocurrency transaction system equals a total amount of cryptocurrency assets stored in the cryptocurrency wallet; and a processing device for executing instructions stored in a computer-readable medium, and based on the cryptocurrency transaction system receiving a purchase request from a user of the cryptocurrency transaction system to purchase a good or service from a third-party retailer, the instructions being executable to:
convert the cryptocurrency transaction requested by a client device to a fiat currency transaction associated with a third-party retailer; and
update, via the cryptocurrency ledger, the amounts of cryptocurrency owned by the cryptocurrency transaction system based on a value of the cryptocurrency associated with the purchase request. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein the third-party retailer does not accept cryptocurrency as a form of payment. | 2,600 |
346,043 | 16,804,460 | 2,662 | A method is provided for determining corrected acquisition geometries of projection images. The method includes providing a projection image dataset that has a plurality of projection images of an object under examination acquired by an acquisition device in different acquisition geometries. The method further includes determining a provisional acquisition geometry for each of the projection images by a first optimization method by minimizing a first cost function by varying the provisional acquisition geometry, wherein the first cost function is contingent on a plurality of consistency measures determined based on the provisional acquisition geometry for a respective pair of projection images. The method further includes determining the respective corrected acquisition geometry for each of the projection images by a second optimization method by minimizing a second cost function by varying the corrected acquisition geometries, wherein the second cost function is contingent on a measure for an image quality of image data reconstructed based on the projection images and the corrected acquisition geometries, and wherein, in a first iteration act of the second optimization method, the provisional acquisition geometries determined by the first optimization method are used as corrected acquisition geometries. | 1. A method for determining corrected acquisition geometries of projection images of a projection image dataset, the method comprising:
providing a projection image dataset having a plurality of projection images of an object under examination, wherein the plurality of projection images have been acquired by an acquisition device in different acquisition geometries; determining, by a first optimization method, a provisional acquisition geometry for each projection image of the plurality of projection images by minimizing a first cost function by varying the provisional acquisition geometry, wherein the first cost function is contingent on a plurality of consistency measures determined based on the provisional acquisition geometry for a respective pair of projection images; and determining, by a second optimization method, a respective corrected acquisition geometry for each projection image of the plurality of projection images by minimizing a second cost function by varying the corrected acquisition geometries, wherein the second cost function is contingent on a measure for an image quality of image data reconstructed based on the plurality of projection images and the corrected acquisition geometries for the plurality of projection images, wherein, in a first iteration act of the second optimization method, the provisional acquisition geometries determined by the first optimization method are used as corrected acquisition geometries. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the projection image dataset is determined by predefining for each projection image of the plurality of projection images a desired position and/or a desired orientation for the acquisition device and by using at least one actuator to place the acquisition device in the desired position and/or the desired orientation, after which the acquisition device is used to acquire the respective projection image, and
wherein, in a first iteration act of the first optimization method, acquisition geometries predefined based on the respective desired position and/or the desired orientation are used as the provisional acquisition geometries. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the desired positions and/or the desired orientations are predefined depending on one or more of the object under examination, a user input, or that the desired positions do not lie on a circular path. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the acquisition device is a C-arm having an X-ray detector that is disposed together with an X-ray source on a support. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the projection image dataset is determined by predefining for each projection image of the plurality of projection images a desired position and/or a desired orientation for the acquisition device with respect to a positioning device on which the object under examination is supported,
wherein at least one actuator is used to place the acquisition device in the desired position and/or the desired orientation, after which the acquisition device is used to acquire the respective projection image, and wherein, in a first iteration act of the first optimization method, the provisional acquisition geometries are predefined on an assumption that the object under examination does not move with respect to the positioning device between the acquisitions of the projection images or moves according to a predefined pattern of motion. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the second optimization method is carried out subject to a constraint that a value of the first cost function for the corrected acquisition geometries is less than or equal to a value of the first cost function for the provisional acquisition geometries determined by the first optimization method. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein an algorithm trained by machine learning is used to determine the measure for the image quality. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the algorithm has been or is trained by training datasets comprising, for each training dataset, the reconstructed image data and a desired value for the image quality measure to be determined for the reconstructed image data,
wherein the reconstructed image data is or has been reconstructed from predefined projection images such that an acquisition geometry for at least one projection image of the plurality of projection images that has been modified according to a modification predefinition is taken into account for the reconstruction, and wherein the desired value is or has been determined as a function of the modification predefinition. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the second cost function is additionally contingent on a plurality of consistency measures determined as a function of the corrected acquisition geometry for a respective pair of projection images. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the provisional acquisition geometry and the corrected acquisition geometry of each projection image of the plurality of projection images is described by a plurality of geometry parameters,
wherein each geometry parameter of the plurality of geometry parameters describes a translation or a rotation of the acquisition device or of a component the acquisition device with respect to the object under examination, and wherein, as part of the first optimization method, only a subgroup of geometry parameters less than all of the plurality of geometry parameters is varied in order to determine the provisional acquisition geometries. 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining, by a third optimization method, a final acquisition geometry for at least one projection image of the plurality of projection images by minimizing a third cost function by varying the final acquisition geometry, wherein the third cost function is contingent on a measure for a deviation between a forward projection of a three-dimensional image data according to a final imaging geometry from the projection image, and wherein, in a first iteration act of the third optimization method, the corrected acquisition geometry for the projection image determined by the second optimization method is used as the final acquisition geometry. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein one or more of the provisional acquisition geometry, corrected acquisition geometry, or final acquisition geometry for at least one respective projection image of the plurality of projection images is varied in each case based on result data of an algorithm trained by machine learning, and
wherein, as input data, the algorithm processes at least one image slice reconstructed based on the plurality of projection images. 13. A processing device for determining corrected acquisition geometries of projection images, wherein the processing device is configured to:
provide a projection image dataset having a plurality of projection images of an object under examination, wherein the plurality of projection images have been acquired by an acquisition device in different acquisition geometries; determine, by a first optimization method, a provisional acquisition geometry for each projection image of the plurality of projection images by minimizing a first cost function by varying the provisional acquisition geometry, wherein the first cost function is contingent on a plurality of consistency measures determined based on the provisional acquisition geometry for a respective pair of projection images; and determine, by a second optimization method, a respective corrected acquisition geometry for each projection image of the plurality of projection images by minimizing a second cost function by varying the corrected acquisition geometries, wherein the second cost function is contingent on a measure for an image quality of image data reconstructed based on the plurality of projection images and the corrected acquisition geometries for the plurality of projection images, wherein, in a first iteration act of the second optimization method, the provisional acquisition geometries determined by the first optimization method are used as corrected acquisition geometries. 14. A non-transitory computer-readable medium on which a computer program is stored, wherein the computer program, when executed by a processing device, is configured to:
provide a projection image dataset having a plurality of projection images of an object under examination, wherein the plurality of projection images have been acquired by an acquisition device in different acquisition geometries; determine, by a first optimization method, a provisional acquisition geometry for each projection image of the plurality of projection images by minimizing a first cost function by varying the provisional acquisition geometry, wherein the first cost function is contingent on a plurality of consistency measures determined based on the provisional acquisition geometry for a respective pair of projection images; and determine, by a second optimization method, a respective corrected acquisition geometry for each projection image of the plurality of projection images by minimizing a second cost function by varying the corrected acquisition geometries, wherein the second cost function is contingent on a measure for an image quality of image data reconstructed based on the plurality of projection images and the corrected acquisition geometries for the plurality of projection images, wherein, in a first iteration act of the second optimization method, the provisional acquisition geometries determined by the first optimization method are used as corrected acquisition geometries. | A method is provided for determining corrected acquisition geometries of projection images. The method includes providing a projection image dataset that has a plurality of projection images of an object under examination acquired by an acquisition device in different acquisition geometries. The method further includes determining a provisional acquisition geometry for each of the projection images by a first optimization method by minimizing a first cost function by varying the provisional acquisition geometry, wherein the first cost function is contingent on a plurality of consistency measures determined based on the provisional acquisition geometry for a respective pair of projection images. The method further includes determining the respective corrected acquisition geometry for each of the projection images by a second optimization method by minimizing a second cost function by varying the corrected acquisition geometries, wherein the second cost function is contingent on a measure for an image quality of image data reconstructed based on the projection images and the corrected acquisition geometries, and wherein, in a first iteration act of the second optimization method, the provisional acquisition geometries determined by the first optimization method are used as corrected acquisition geometries.1. A method for determining corrected acquisition geometries of projection images of a projection image dataset, the method comprising:
providing a projection image dataset having a plurality of projection images of an object under examination, wherein the plurality of projection images have been acquired by an acquisition device in different acquisition geometries; determining, by a first optimization method, a provisional acquisition geometry for each projection image of the plurality of projection images by minimizing a first cost function by varying the provisional acquisition geometry, wherein the first cost function is contingent on a plurality of consistency measures determined based on the provisional acquisition geometry for a respective pair of projection images; and determining, by a second optimization method, a respective corrected acquisition geometry for each projection image of the plurality of projection images by minimizing a second cost function by varying the corrected acquisition geometries, wherein the second cost function is contingent on a measure for an image quality of image data reconstructed based on the plurality of projection images and the corrected acquisition geometries for the plurality of projection images, wherein, in a first iteration act of the second optimization method, the provisional acquisition geometries determined by the first optimization method are used as corrected acquisition geometries. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the projection image dataset is determined by predefining for each projection image of the plurality of projection images a desired position and/or a desired orientation for the acquisition device and by using at least one actuator to place the acquisition device in the desired position and/or the desired orientation, after which the acquisition device is used to acquire the respective projection image, and
wherein, in a first iteration act of the first optimization method, acquisition geometries predefined based on the respective desired position and/or the desired orientation are used as the provisional acquisition geometries. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the desired positions and/or the desired orientations are predefined depending on one or more of the object under examination, a user input, or that the desired positions do not lie on a circular path. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the acquisition device is a C-arm having an X-ray detector that is disposed together with an X-ray source on a support. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the projection image dataset is determined by predefining for each projection image of the plurality of projection images a desired position and/or a desired orientation for the acquisition device with respect to a positioning device on which the object under examination is supported,
wherein at least one actuator is used to place the acquisition device in the desired position and/or the desired orientation, after which the acquisition device is used to acquire the respective projection image, and wherein, in a first iteration act of the first optimization method, the provisional acquisition geometries are predefined on an assumption that the object under examination does not move with respect to the positioning device between the acquisitions of the projection images or moves according to a predefined pattern of motion. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the second optimization method is carried out subject to a constraint that a value of the first cost function for the corrected acquisition geometries is less than or equal to a value of the first cost function for the provisional acquisition geometries determined by the first optimization method. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein an algorithm trained by machine learning is used to determine the measure for the image quality. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the algorithm has been or is trained by training datasets comprising, for each training dataset, the reconstructed image data and a desired value for the image quality measure to be determined for the reconstructed image data,
wherein the reconstructed image data is or has been reconstructed from predefined projection images such that an acquisition geometry for at least one projection image of the plurality of projection images that has been modified according to a modification predefinition is taken into account for the reconstruction, and wherein the desired value is or has been determined as a function of the modification predefinition. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the second cost function is additionally contingent on a plurality of consistency measures determined as a function of the corrected acquisition geometry for a respective pair of projection images. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the provisional acquisition geometry and the corrected acquisition geometry of each projection image of the plurality of projection images is described by a plurality of geometry parameters,
wherein each geometry parameter of the plurality of geometry parameters describes a translation or a rotation of the acquisition device or of a component the acquisition device with respect to the object under examination, and wherein, as part of the first optimization method, only a subgroup of geometry parameters less than all of the plurality of geometry parameters is varied in order to determine the provisional acquisition geometries. 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining, by a third optimization method, a final acquisition geometry for at least one projection image of the plurality of projection images by minimizing a third cost function by varying the final acquisition geometry, wherein the third cost function is contingent on a measure for a deviation between a forward projection of a three-dimensional image data according to a final imaging geometry from the projection image, and wherein, in a first iteration act of the third optimization method, the corrected acquisition geometry for the projection image determined by the second optimization method is used as the final acquisition geometry. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein one or more of the provisional acquisition geometry, corrected acquisition geometry, or final acquisition geometry for at least one respective projection image of the plurality of projection images is varied in each case based on result data of an algorithm trained by machine learning, and
wherein, as input data, the algorithm processes at least one image slice reconstructed based on the plurality of projection images. 13. A processing device for determining corrected acquisition geometries of projection images, wherein the processing device is configured to:
provide a projection image dataset having a plurality of projection images of an object under examination, wherein the plurality of projection images have been acquired by an acquisition device in different acquisition geometries; determine, by a first optimization method, a provisional acquisition geometry for each projection image of the plurality of projection images by minimizing a first cost function by varying the provisional acquisition geometry, wherein the first cost function is contingent on a plurality of consistency measures determined based on the provisional acquisition geometry for a respective pair of projection images; and determine, by a second optimization method, a respective corrected acquisition geometry for each projection image of the plurality of projection images by minimizing a second cost function by varying the corrected acquisition geometries, wherein the second cost function is contingent on a measure for an image quality of image data reconstructed based on the plurality of projection images and the corrected acquisition geometries for the plurality of projection images, wherein, in a first iteration act of the second optimization method, the provisional acquisition geometries determined by the first optimization method are used as corrected acquisition geometries. 14. A non-transitory computer-readable medium on which a computer program is stored, wherein the computer program, when executed by a processing device, is configured to:
provide a projection image dataset having a plurality of projection images of an object under examination, wherein the plurality of projection images have been acquired by an acquisition device in different acquisition geometries; determine, by a first optimization method, a provisional acquisition geometry for each projection image of the plurality of projection images by minimizing a first cost function by varying the provisional acquisition geometry, wherein the first cost function is contingent on a plurality of consistency measures determined based on the provisional acquisition geometry for a respective pair of projection images; and determine, by a second optimization method, a respective corrected acquisition geometry for each projection image of the plurality of projection images by minimizing a second cost function by varying the corrected acquisition geometries, wherein the second cost function is contingent on a measure for an image quality of image data reconstructed based on the plurality of projection images and the corrected acquisition geometries for the plurality of projection images, wherein, in a first iteration act of the second optimization method, the provisional acquisition geometries determined by the first optimization method are used as corrected acquisition geometries. | 2,600 |
346,044 | 16,804,442 | 2,662 | A light modulation element according to example embodiments includes a substrate; a first lower DBR layer on the substrate including a first material layer alternately stacked with a second material layer having a different refractive index from the first material layer; a second lower DBR layer on the first lower DBR layer with a surface area less than the first lower DBR layer and including a third material layer alternately stacked with a fourth material layer having a different refractive index from the third material layer; an active layer on the second lower DBR layer, including a semiconductor material having a multi-quantum well structure and having a refractive index that varies according to an applied voltage; and an upper DBR layer on the active layer including a fifth material layer alternately stacked with a sixth material layer having a different refractive index from the fifth material layer. | 1. A light modulation element comprising:
a substrate; a first lower distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) layer provided on the substrate, wherein the first lower DBR layer comprises at least one first material layer and at least one second material layer alternately stacked with the at least one first material layer, a first refractive index of the at least one first material layer is different from a second refractive index of the at least one second material layer; a second lower DBR layer provided on the first lower DBR layer, wherein the second lower DBR layer comprises at least one third material layer and at least one fourth material layer alternately stacked with the at least one third material layer, and a third refractive index of the at least one third material layer is different from a fourth refractive index of the at least one fourth material layer, the second lower DBR layer having a surface area less than a surface area of the first lower DBR layer; an active layer provided on the second lower DBR layer, the active layer comprising a semiconductor material having a multi-quantum well structure and having a refractive index that is variable according to an applied voltage; and an upper DBR layer provided on the active layer, wherein the upper DBR layer comprises at least one fifth material layer and at least one sixth material layer alternately stacked with the at least one fifth material layer, and a fifth refractive index of the at least one fifth material layer is different from a sixth refractive index of the at least one sixth material layer. 2. The light modulation element of claim 1, wherein a range of a variance of the refractive index of the active layer is set such that a reflectivity of the light modulation element with respect to an incident light thereon is maintained at 60% or more. 3. The light modulation element of claim 1, wherein an optical thickness of a material layer from among the at least one first material layer and the at least one second material layer is equal to an optical thickness of a material layer from among the at least one third material layer and the at least one fourth material layer. 4. The light modulation element of claim 1, wherein the second refractive index of the at least one second material layer is less than the first refractive index of the at least one first material layer,
the fourth refractive index of the at least one fourth material layer is less than the third refractive index of the at least one third material layer, the at least one first material layer and the at least one third material layer comprise a same first material, and the at least one second material layer and the at least one fourth material layer comprise a same second material. 5. The light modulation element of claim 1, wherein the active layer comprises a pair of GaAsxP1-x (0<x<1) lead barrier layers. 6. The light modulation element of claim 5, further comprising:
at least one GaAs sub-barrier layer alternately stacked with at least one InyGa1-yAs (0<y<1) well layer between the pair of GaAsxP1-x lead barrier layers. 7. The light modulation element of claim 1, further comprising:
a first electrode contacting the second lower DBR layer; and a second electrode contacting the upper DBR layer. 8. A light modulation element comprising:
a substrate comprising a metal; a lower DBR layer provided on the substrate, wherein the lower DBR layer comprises at least one first material layer and at least one second material layer alternately stacked with the at least one first material layer, and a first refractive index of the at least one first material layer is different from a second refractive index of the at least one second material layer; an active layer provided on the lower DBR layer, the active layer comprising a semiconductor material having a multi-quantum well structure and having a refractive index that is variable according to an applied voltage; and an upper DBR layer provided on the active layer, wherein the upper DBR layer comprises at least one third material layer and at least one fourth material layer alternately stacked with the at least one third material layer, and a third refractive index of the at least one third material layer is different from a fourth refractive index of the at least one fourth material layer. 9. The light modulation element of claim 8, wherein the metal comprises at least one from among Au, Al, and Ag. 10. The light modulation element of claim 8, wherein a range of a variance of the refractive index of the active layer is set such that a reflectivity of the light modulation element with respect to an incident light thereon is maintained at 60% or more. 11. An optical device comprising:
a substrate; a first lower DBR layer provided on the substrate, wherein the first lower DBR layer comprises at least one first material layer and at least one second material layer alternately stacked with the at least one first material layer, wherein a first refractive index of the at least one first material layer is different from a second refractive index of the at least one second material layer; a plurality of resonators spaced apart from each other and provided on the first lower DBR layer, each resonator from among the plurality of resonators having a refractive index that is variable according to an applied voltage; and a voltage controller configured to control the voltage applied to each resonator from among the plurality of resonators, wherein each resonator from among the plurality of resonators comprises: a second lower DBR layer provided on the first lower DBR layer, wherein the second lower DBR layer comprises at least one third material layer and at least one fourth material layer alternately stacked with the at least one third material layer, and a third refractive index of the at least one third material layer is different from a fourth refractive index of the at least one fourth material layer, the second lower DBR layer having a surface area less than a surface area of the first lower DBR layer; an active layer provided on the second lower DBR layer, the active layer comprising a semiconductor material having a multi-quantum well structure and having a refractive index that is variable according to the applied voltage; and an upper DBR layer provided on the active layer, wherein the upper DBR layer comprises at least one fifth material layer and at least one sixth material layer alternately stacked with the at least one fifth material layer, and a fifth refractive index of the at least one fifth material layer is different from a sixth refractive index of the at least one sixth material layer. 12. The optical device of claim 11, wherein a range of a variance of the refractive index of the active layer is set such that a reflectivity of the optical device with respect to an incident light thereon is maintained at 60% or more. 13. The optical device of claim 11, wherein an optical thickness of a material layer from among the at least one first material layer and the at least one second material layer is equal to an optical thickness of a material layer from among the at least one third material layer and the at least one fourth material layer. 14. The optical device of claim 11, wherein the second refractive index of the at least one second material layer is less than the first refractive index of the at least one first material layer,
the fourth refractive index of the at least one fourth material layer is less than the third refractive index of the at least one third material layer, the at least one first material layer and the at least one third material layer comprise a same first material, and the at least one second material layer and the at least one fourth material layer comprise a same second material. 15. The optical device of claim 11, wherein the active layer comprises a pair of GaAsxP1-x (0<x<1) lead barrier layers. 16. The optical device of claim 15, further comprising:
at least one GaAs sub-barrier layer alternately stacked with at least one InyGa1-yAs (0<y<1) well layer between the pair of GaAsxP1-x lead barrier layers. 17. An optical device comprising:
a substrate comprising a metal; a plurality of resonators spaced apart from each other and provided on the substrate, each resonator from among the plurality of resonators having a refractive index that is variable according to an applied voltage; and a voltage controller configured to control the voltage applied to each resonator from among the plurality of resonators, wherein each resonator from among the plurality of resonators comprises: a lower DBR layer provided on the substrate, wherein the lower DBR layer comprises at least one first material layer and at least one second material layer alternately stacked with the at least one first material layer, and a first refractive index of the at least one first material layer is different from a second refractive index of the at least one second material layer; an active layer provided on the lower DBR layer, the active layer comprising a semiconductor material having a multi-quantum well structure and having a refractive index that is variable according to the applied voltage; and an upper DBR layer provided on the active layer, wherein the upper DBR layer comprises at least one third material layer and at least one fourth material layer alternately stacked with the at least one third material layer, and a third refractive index of the at least one third material layer is different from a fourth refractive index of the at least one fourth material layer. 18. An electronic device comprising:
a light source; the optical device of claim 11, wherein the optical device controls a direction of light received from the light source to be transmitted towards an object; a sensor configured to receive light reflected from the object; and a processor configured to analyze the light received by the sensor. 19. The electronic device of claim 18, wherein an optical thickness of a material layer from among the at least one first material layer and the at least one second material layer is equal to an optical thickness of a material layer from among the at least one third material layer and the at least one fourth material layer. 20. The electronic device of claim 18, wherein the second refractive index of the at least one second material layer is less than the first refractive index of the at least one first material layer,
the fourth refractive index of the at least one fourth material layer is less than the third refractive index of the at least one third material layer, the at least one first material layer and the at least one third material layer comprise a same first material, and the at least one second material layer and the at least one fourth material layer comprise a same second material. | A light modulation element according to example embodiments includes a substrate; a first lower DBR layer on the substrate including a first material layer alternately stacked with a second material layer having a different refractive index from the first material layer; a second lower DBR layer on the first lower DBR layer with a surface area less than the first lower DBR layer and including a third material layer alternately stacked with a fourth material layer having a different refractive index from the third material layer; an active layer on the second lower DBR layer, including a semiconductor material having a multi-quantum well structure and having a refractive index that varies according to an applied voltage; and an upper DBR layer on the active layer including a fifth material layer alternately stacked with a sixth material layer having a different refractive index from the fifth material layer.1. A light modulation element comprising:
a substrate; a first lower distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) layer provided on the substrate, wherein the first lower DBR layer comprises at least one first material layer and at least one second material layer alternately stacked with the at least one first material layer, a first refractive index of the at least one first material layer is different from a second refractive index of the at least one second material layer; a second lower DBR layer provided on the first lower DBR layer, wherein the second lower DBR layer comprises at least one third material layer and at least one fourth material layer alternately stacked with the at least one third material layer, and a third refractive index of the at least one third material layer is different from a fourth refractive index of the at least one fourth material layer, the second lower DBR layer having a surface area less than a surface area of the first lower DBR layer; an active layer provided on the second lower DBR layer, the active layer comprising a semiconductor material having a multi-quantum well structure and having a refractive index that is variable according to an applied voltage; and an upper DBR layer provided on the active layer, wherein the upper DBR layer comprises at least one fifth material layer and at least one sixth material layer alternately stacked with the at least one fifth material layer, and a fifth refractive index of the at least one fifth material layer is different from a sixth refractive index of the at least one sixth material layer. 2. The light modulation element of claim 1, wherein a range of a variance of the refractive index of the active layer is set such that a reflectivity of the light modulation element with respect to an incident light thereon is maintained at 60% or more. 3. The light modulation element of claim 1, wherein an optical thickness of a material layer from among the at least one first material layer and the at least one second material layer is equal to an optical thickness of a material layer from among the at least one third material layer and the at least one fourth material layer. 4. The light modulation element of claim 1, wherein the second refractive index of the at least one second material layer is less than the first refractive index of the at least one first material layer,
the fourth refractive index of the at least one fourth material layer is less than the third refractive index of the at least one third material layer, the at least one first material layer and the at least one third material layer comprise a same first material, and the at least one second material layer and the at least one fourth material layer comprise a same second material. 5. The light modulation element of claim 1, wherein the active layer comprises a pair of GaAsxP1-x (0<x<1) lead barrier layers. 6. The light modulation element of claim 5, further comprising:
at least one GaAs sub-barrier layer alternately stacked with at least one InyGa1-yAs (0<y<1) well layer between the pair of GaAsxP1-x lead barrier layers. 7. The light modulation element of claim 1, further comprising:
a first electrode contacting the second lower DBR layer; and a second electrode contacting the upper DBR layer. 8. A light modulation element comprising:
a substrate comprising a metal; a lower DBR layer provided on the substrate, wherein the lower DBR layer comprises at least one first material layer and at least one second material layer alternately stacked with the at least one first material layer, and a first refractive index of the at least one first material layer is different from a second refractive index of the at least one second material layer; an active layer provided on the lower DBR layer, the active layer comprising a semiconductor material having a multi-quantum well structure and having a refractive index that is variable according to an applied voltage; and an upper DBR layer provided on the active layer, wherein the upper DBR layer comprises at least one third material layer and at least one fourth material layer alternately stacked with the at least one third material layer, and a third refractive index of the at least one third material layer is different from a fourth refractive index of the at least one fourth material layer. 9. The light modulation element of claim 8, wherein the metal comprises at least one from among Au, Al, and Ag. 10. The light modulation element of claim 8, wherein a range of a variance of the refractive index of the active layer is set such that a reflectivity of the light modulation element with respect to an incident light thereon is maintained at 60% or more. 11. An optical device comprising:
a substrate; a first lower DBR layer provided on the substrate, wherein the first lower DBR layer comprises at least one first material layer and at least one second material layer alternately stacked with the at least one first material layer, wherein a first refractive index of the at least one first material layer is different from a second refractive index of the at least one second material layer; a plurality of resonators spaced apart from each other and provided on the first lower DBR layer, each resonator from among the plurality of resonators having a refractive index that is variable according to an applied voltage; and a voltage controller configured to control the voltage applied to each resonator from among the plurality of resonators, wherein each resonator from among the plurality of resonators comprises: a second lower DBR layer provided on the first lower DBR layer, wherein the second lower DBR layer comprises at least one third material layer and at least one fourth material layer alternately stacked with the at least one third material layer, and a third refractive index of the at least one third material layer is different from a fourth refractive index of the at least one fourth material layer, the second lower DBR layer having a surface area less than a surface area of the first lower DBR layer; an active layer provided on the second lower DBR layer, the active layer comprising a semiconductor material having a multi-quantum well structure and having a refractive index that is variable according to the applied voltage; and an upper DBR layer provided on the active layer, wherein the upper DBR layer comprises at least one fifth material layer and at least one sixth material layer alternately stacked with the at least one fifth material layer, and a fifth refractive index of the at least one fifth material layer is different from a sixth refractive index of the at least one sixth material layer. 12. The optical device of claim 11, wherein a range of a variance of the refractive index of the active layer is set such that a reflectivity of the optical device with respect to an incident light thereon is maintained at 60% or more. 13. The optical device of claim 11, wherein an optical thickness of a material layer from among the at least one first material layer and the at least one second material layer is equal to an optical thickness of a material layer from among the at least one third material layer and the at least one fourth material layer. 14. The optical device of claim 11, wherein the second refractive index of the at least one second material layer is less than the first refractive index of the at least one first material layer,
the fourth refractive index of the at least one fourth material layer is less than the third refractive index of the at least one third material layer, the at least one first material layer and the at least one third material layer comprise a same first material, and the at least one second material layer and the at least one fourth material layer comprise a same second material. 15. The optical device of claim 11, wherein the active layer comprises a pair of GaAsxP1-x (0<x<1) lead barrier layers. 16. The optical device of claim 15, further comprising:
at least one GaAs sub-barrier layer alternately stacked with at least one InyGa1-yAs (0<y<1) well layer between the pair of GaAsxP1-x lead barrier layers. 17. An optical device comprising:
a substrate comprising a metal; a plurality of resonators spaced apart from each other and provided on the substrate, each resonator from among the plurality of resonators having a refractive index that is variable according to an applied voltage; and a voltage controller configured to control the voltage applied to each resonator from among the plurality of resonators, wherein each resonator from among the plurality of resonators comprises: a lower DBR layer provided on the substrate, wherein the lower DBR layer comprises at least one first material layer and at least one second material layer alternately stacked with the at least one first material layer, and a first refractive index of the at least one first material layer is different from a second refractive index of the at least one second material layer; an active layer provided on the lower DBR layer, the active layer comprising a semiconductor material having a multi-quantum well structure and having a refractive index that is variable according to the applied voltage; and an upper DBR layer provided on the active layer, wherein the upper DBR layer comprises at least one third material layer and at least one fourth material layer alternately stacked with the at least one third material layer, and a third refractive index of the at least one third material layer is different from a fourth refractive index of the at least one fourth material layer. 18. An electronic device comprising:
a light source; the optical device of claim 11, wherein the optical device controls a direction of light received from the light source to be transmitted towards an object; a sensor configured to receive light reflected from the object; and a processor configured to analyze the light received by the sensor. 19. The electronic device of claim 18, wherein an optical thickness of a material layer from among the at least one first material layer and the at least one second material layer is equal to an optical thickness of a material layer from among the at least one third material layer and the at least one fourth material layer. 20. The electronic device of claim 18, wherein the second refractive index of the at least one second material layer is less than the first refractive index of the at least one first material layer,
the fourth refractive index of the at least one fourth material layer is less than the third refractive index of the at least one third material layer, the at least one first material layer and the at least one third material layer comprise a same first material, and the at least one second material layer and the at least one fourth material layer comprise a same second material. | 2,600 |
346,045 | 16,804,485 | 2,662 | Provided is a production method capable of producing a high-quality continuously cast material. A cooling liquid is supplied to each of outer peripheral surfaces of a plurality of ingots extracted in parallel from a plurality of molds to cool the plurality of ingots. Of the outer peripheral surfaces of the ingot, a region which is open and does not face another ingot is defined as an open region, and a region which faces another ingot is defined as an ingot facing region. The open region is cooled with weak cooling in which the degree of cooling by the cooling liquid in the open region is set to be less than the degree of cooling by the cooling liquid in the ingot facing region. | 1. A method of producing a continuously cast metal rod in which a cooling liquid is supplied to each of outer peripheral surfaces of a plurality of ingots extracted from a plurality of molds in parallel to cool each of the plurality of ingots,
wherein when a region of the outer peripheral surface of the ingot which is open and does not face another ingot is defined as an open region, and a region of the outer peripheral surface of the ingot which faces another ingot is defined as an ingot facing region, the open region is cooled with weak cooling in which a degree of cooling by the cooling liquid at the open region is less than a degree of cooling by the cooling liquid at the ingot facing region. 2. The method of producing a continuously cast metal rod as recited in claim 1,
wherein a supply quantity of the cooling liquid to the open region is set to be less than a supply quantity of the cooling liquid to the ingot facing region. 3. The method of producing a continuously cast metal rod as recited in claim 1,
wherein supply pressure of the cooling liquid to the open region is set to be lower than supply pressure of the cooling liquid to the ingot facing region. 4. An apparatus of producing a continuously cast metal rod, comprising:
a plurality of molds arranged in parallel; and a plurality of cooling liquid spouting ports provided corresponding to each mold, wherein a cooling liquid is supplied from the plurality of cooling liquid spouting ports to each of outer peripheral surfaces of a plurality of ingots extracted in parallel from the plurality of molds to cool the plurality of ingots, respectively, wherein when a region of an outer peripheral surface of the ingot which is open and does not face another ingot is defined as an open region, and a region of the outer peripheral surface of the ingot which faces another ingot is defined as an ingot facing region, a supply quantity adjustment means configured to adjust such that a supply quantity of the cooling liquid to the open region is less than a supply quantity of the cooling liquid to the ingot facing region is provided. 5. The apparatus of producing a continuously cast metal rod as recited in claim 4,
wherein the plurality of cooling liquid spouting ports is arranged at intervals along an outer periphery of a corresponding ingot and is configured such that the cooling liquid is spouted from respective cooling liquid spouting ports to be supplied to the outer peripheral surface of a corresponding ingot, wherein a total opening area of the cooling liquid spouting ports arranged corresponding to the open region of the ingot among the plurality of cooling liquid spouting ports is set to be smaller than a total opening area of the cooling liquid spouting ports arranged corresponding to the ingot facing region among the plurality of cooling liquid spouting ports, and wherein the plurality of cooling liquid spouting ports serves as the supply quantity adjustment means. 6. The apparatus of producing a continuously cast metal rod as recited in claim 5,
wherein a caliber of the cooling liquid spouting port arranged corresponding to the open region of the ingot among the plurality of cooling liquid spouting ports is set to be smaller than a caliber of the cooling liquid spouting port arranged corresponding to the ingot facing region. 7. The apparatus of producing a continuously cast metal rod as recited in claim 5,
wherein an interval of the plurality of cooling liquid spouting ports arranged corresponding to the open region of the ingot among the plurality of cooling liquid spouting ports is set to be wider than an interval of a plurality of cooling liquid spouting ports arranged corresponding to the ingot facing region among the plurality of cooling liquid spouting ports. 8. The apparatus of producing a continuously cast metal rod as recited in claim 4, further comprising:
supply pressure adjustment means configured to adjust such that supply pressure of the cooling liquid to the open region is set to be lower than supply pressure of the cooling liquid to the ingot facing region, wherein the supply pressure adjustment means serves as the supply quantity adjustment means. | Provided is a production method capable of producing a high-quality continuously cast material. A cooling liquid is supplied to each of outer peripheral surfaces of a plurality of ingots extracted in parallel from a plurality of molds to cool the plurality of ingots. Of the outer peripheral surfaces of the ingot, a region which is open and does not face another ingot is defined as an open region, and a region which faces another ingot is defined as an ingot facing region. The open region is cooled with weak cooling in which the degree of cooling by the cooling liquid in the open region is set to be less than the degree of cooling by the cooling liquid in the ingot facing region.1. A method of producing a continuously cast metal rod in which a cooling liquid is supplied to each of outer peripheral surfaces of a plurality of ingots extracted from a plurality of molds in parallel to cool each of the plurality of ingots,
wherein when a region of the outer peripheral surface of the ingot which is open and does not face another ingot is defined as an open region, and a region of the outer peripheral surface of the ingot which faces another ingot is defined as an ingot facing region, the open region is cooled with weak cooling in which a degree of cooling by the cooling liquid at the open region is less than a degree of cooling by the cooling liquid at the ingot facing region. 2. The method of producing a continuously cast metal rod as recited in claim 1,
wherein a supply quantity of the cooling liquid to the open region is set to be less than a supply quantity of the cooling liquid to the ingot facing region. 3. The method of producing a continuously cast metal rod as recited in claim 1,
wherein supply pressure of the cooling liquid to the open region is set to be lower than supply pressure of the cooling liquid to the ingot facing region. 4. An apparatus of producing a continuously cast metal rod, comprising:
a plurality of molds arranged in parallel; and a plurality of cooling liquid spouting ports provided corresponding to each mold, wherein a cooling liquid is supplied from the plurality of cooling liquid spouting ports to each of outer peripheral surfaces of a plurality of ingots extracted in parallel from the plurality of molds to cool the plurality of ingots, respectively, wherein when a region of an outer peripheral surface of the ingot which is open and does not face another ingot is defined as an open region, and a region of the outer peripheral surface of the ingot which faces another ingot is defined as an ingot facing region, a supply quantity adjustment means configured to adjust such that a supply quantity of the cooling liquid to the open region is less than a supply quantity of the cooling liquid to the ingot facing region is provided. 5. The apparatus of producing a continuously cast metal rod as recited in claim 4,
wherein the plurality of cooling liquid spouting ports is arranged at intervals along an outer periphery of a corresponding ingot and is configured such that the cooling liquid is spouted from respective cooling liquid spouting ports to be supplied to the outer peripheral surface of a corresponding ingot, wherein a total opening area of the cooling liquid spouting ports arranged corresponding to the open region of the ingot among the plurality of cooling liquid spouting ports is set to be smaller than a total opening area of the cooling liquid spouting ports arranged corresponding to the ingot facing region among the plurality of cooling liquid spouting ports, and wherein the plurality of cooling liquid spouting ports serves as the supply quantity adjustment means. 6. The apparatus of producing a continuously cast metal rod as recited in claim 5,
wherein a caliber of the cooling liquid spouting port arranged corresponding to the open region of the ingot among the plurality of cooling liquid spouting ports is set to be smaller than a caliber of the cooling liquid spouting port arranged corresponding to the ingot facing region. 7. The apparatus of producing a continuously cast metal rod as recited in claim 5,
wherein an interval of the plurality of cooling liquid spouting ports arranged corresponding to the open region of the ingot among the plurality of cooling liquid spouting ports is set to be wider than an interval of a plurality of cooling liquid spouting ports arranged corresponding to the ingot facing region among the plurality of cooling liquid spouting ports. 8. The apparatus of producing a continuously cast metal rod as recited in claim 4, further comprising:
supply pressure adjustment means configured to adjust such that supply pressure of the cooling liquid to the open region is set to be lower than supply pressure of the cooling liquid to the ingot facing region, wherein the supply pressure adjustment means serves as the supply quantity adjustment means. | 2,600 |
346,046 | 16,804,447 | 2,662 | A projection optical system has first and second optical systems disposed in order from a demagnification side toward a magnification side. An intermediate image is formed between demagnification-side and magnification-side imaging surfaces. The second optical system is an optical element having first transmission, reflecting, and second transmission surfaces in order from the demagnification toward the magnification sides. The first transmission and reflecting surfaces are located at one side with respect to an optical axis. The second transmission surface is located at the other side with respect to the optical axis. The reflecting surface has a concavely curved surface shape. The second transmission surface has a convexly curved surface shape protruding toward the magnification side. The optical element has a first member and a second member different in refractive index from the first member. A bonding surface between the first member and the second member has a curved surface shape. | 1. A projection optical system comprising:
a first optical system; and a second optical system, wherein the first optical system and the second optical system are disposed in order from a demagnification side toward a magnification side, an intermediate image is formed between a demagnification-side imaging surface and a magnification-side imaging surface, the second optical system is an optical element having a first transmission surface, a reflecting surface, and a second transmission surface in order from the demagnification side toward the magnification side, the first transmission surface and the reflecting surface are located at one side with respect to an optical axis, the second transmission surface is located at the other side with respect to the optical axis, the reflecting surface has a concavely curved surface shape, the second transmission surface has a convexly curved surface shape protruding toward the magnification side, the optical element has a first member and a second member different in refractive index from the first member, and a bonding surface between the first member and the second member has a curved surface shape. 2. The projection optical system according to claim 1, wherein
the intermediate image is located between the first transmission surface and the reflecting surface in the optical element. 3. The projection optical system according to claim 1, wherein
three axes perpendicular to each other are defined as an X axis, a Y axis, and a Z axis, a direction in which the optical axis extends is defined as a Z-axis direction, one side of the Y axis is defined as an upper side, the other side of the Y axis is defined as a lower side, and a plane perpendicular to the X axis and including the Y axis and the Z axis is defined as a Y-Z plane, an imaginary line connecting an upper intersection point and a lower intersection point to each other is tilted with respect to an imaginary vertical line perpendicular to the optical axis in the Y-Z plane, the upper intersection point being an intersection where an upper peripheral ray of an upper end light beam passing through an upper end in the Y-axis direction in an effective range of the second transmission surface and an upper peripheral ray of a lower end light beam passing through a lower end in the Y-axis direction in the effective range on the Y-Z plane, and the lower intersection point being an intersection where a lower peripheral ray of the upper end light beam and a lower peripheral ray of the lower end light beam on the Y-Z plane. 4. The projection optical system according to claim 1, wherein
the second member is higher in heat resistance than the first member, and a flux diameter of a ray entering the optical element becomes smallest in the second member. 5. The projection optical system according to claim 1, wherein
the intermediate image is located in the second member. 6. The projection optical system according to claim 1, wherein
the first transmission surface, the reflecting surface, and the second transmission surface are provided to the first member. 7. The projection optical system according to claim 1, wherein
a material of the first member is resin. 8. The projection optical system according to claim 1, wherein
a material of the second member is glass. 9. The projection optical system according to claim 1, wherein
the optical element has an aperture. 10. The projection optical system according to claim 1, wherein
at least one of the first transmission surface, the reflecting surface, and the second transmission surface is an aspherical surface. 11. A projection-type image display device comprising:
the projection optical system according to claim 1; and an image formation section configured to form a projection image on the demagnification-side imaging surface. 12. A projection-type image display device comprising:
the projection optical system according to claim 2; and an image formation section configured to form a projection image on the demagnification-side imaging surface. 13. A projection-type image display device comprising:
the projection optical system according to claim 3; and an image formation section configured to form a projection image on the demagnification-side imaging surface. 14. A projection-type image display device comprising:
the projection optical system according to claim 4; and an image formation section configured to form a projection image on the demagnification-side imaging surface. 15. A projection-type image display device comprising:
the projection optical system according to claim 5; and an image formation section configured to form a projection image on the demagnification-side imaging surface. 16. A projection-type image display device comprising:
the projection optical system according to claim 6; and an image formation section configured to form a projection image on the demagnification-side imaging surface. 17. A projection-type image display device comprising:
the projection optical system according to claim 7; and an image formation section configured to form a projection image on the demagnification-side imaging surface. 18. A projection-type image display device comprising:
the projection optical system according to claim 8; and an image formation section configured to form a projection image on the demagnification-side imaging surface. 19. A projection-type image display device comprising:
the projection optical system according to claim 10; and an image formation section configured to form a projection image on the demagnification-side imaging surface. 20. An imaging device comprising:
the projection optical system according to claim 1; and an imaging element disposed on the demagnification-side imaging surface. | A projection optical system has first and second optical systems disposed in order from a demagnification side toward a magnification side. An intermediate image is formed between demagnification-side and magnification-side imaging surfaces. The second optical system is an optical element having first transmission, reflecting, and second transmission surfaces in order from the demagnification toward the magnification sides. The first transmission and reflecting surfaces are located at one side with respect to an optical axis. The second transmission surface is located at the other side with respect to the optical axis. The reflecting surface has a concavely curved surface shape. The second transmission surface has a convexly curved surface shape protruding toward the magnification side. The optical element has a first member and a second member different in refractive index from the first member. A bonding surface between the first member and the second member has a curved surface shape.1. A projection optical system comprising:
a first optical system; and a second optical system, wherein the first optical system and the second optical system are disposed in order from a demagnification side toward a magnification side, an intermediate image is formed between a demagnification-side imaging surface and a magnification-side imaging surface, the second optical system is an optical element having a first transmission surface, a reflecting surface, and a second transmission surface in order from the demagnification side toward the magnification side, the first transmission surface and the reflecting surface are located at one side with respect to an optical axis, the second transmission surface is located at the other side with respect to the optical axis, the reflecting surface has a concavely curved surface shape, the second transmission surface has a convexly curved surface shape protruding toward the magnification side, the optical element has a first member and a second member different in refractive index from the first member, and a bonding surface between the first member and the second member has a curved surface shape. 2. The projection optical system according to claim 1, wherein
the intermediate image is located between the first transmission surface and the reflecting surface in the optical element. 3. The projection optical system according to claim 1, wherein
three axes perpendicular to each other are defined as an X axis, a Y axis, and a Z axis, a direction in which the optical axis extends is defined as a Z-axis direction, one side of the Y axis is defined as an upper side, the other side of the Y axis is defined as a lower side, and a plane perpendicular to the X axis and including the Y axis and the Z axis is defined as a Y-Z plane, an imaginary line connecting an upper intersection point and a lower intersection point to each other is tilted with respect to an imaginary vertical line perpendicular to the optical axis in the Y-Z plane, the upper intersection point being an intersection where an upper peripheral ray of an upper end light beam passing through an upper end in the Y-axis direction in an effective range of the second transmission surface and an upper peripheral ray of a lower end light beam passing through a lower end in the Y-axis direction in the effective range on the Y-Z plane, and the lower intersection point being an intersection where a lower peripheral ray of the upper end light beam and a lower peripheral ray of the lower end light beam on the Y-Z plane. 4. The projection optical system according to claim 1, wherein
the second member is higher in heat resistance than the first member, and a flux diameter of a ray entering the optical element becomes smallest in the second member. 5. The projection optical system according to claim 1, wherein
the intermediate image is located in the second member. 6. The projection optical system according to claim 1, wherein
the first transmission surface, the reflecting surface, and the second transmission surface are provided to the first member. 7. The projection optical system according to claim 1, wherein
a material of the first member is resin. 8. The projection optical system according to claim 1, wherein
a material of the second member is glass. 9. The projection optical system according to claim 1, wherein
the optical element has an aperture. 10. The projection optical system according to claim 1, wherein
at least one of the first transmission surface, the reflecting surface, and the second transmission surface is an aspherical surface. 11. A projection-type image display device comprising:
the projection optical system according to claim 1; and an image formation section configured to form a projection image on the demagnification-side imaging surface. 12. A projection-type image display device comprising:
the projection optical system according to claim 2; and an image formation section configured to form a projection image on the demagnification-side imaging surface. 13. A projection-type image display device comprising:
the projection optical system according to claim 3; and an image formation section configured to form a projection image on the demagnification-side imaging surface. 14. A projection-type image display device comprising:
the projection optical system according to claim 4; and an image formation section configured to form a projection image on the demagnification-side imaging surface. 15. A projection-type image display device comprising:
the projection optical system according to claim 5; and an image formation section configured to form a projection image on the demagnification-side imaging surface. 16. A projection-type image display device comprising:
the projection optical system according to claim 6; and an image formation section configured to form a projection image on the demagnification-side imaging surface. 17. A projection-type image display device comprising:
the projection optical system according to claim 7; and an image formation section configured to form a projection image on the demagnification-side imaging surface. 18. A projection-type image display device comprising:
the projection optical system according to claim 8; and an image formation section configured to form a projection image on the demagnification-side imaging surface. 19. A projection-type image display device comprising:
the projection optical system according to claim 10; and an image formation section configured to form a projection image on the demagnification-side imaging surface. 20. An imaging device comprising:
the projection optical system according to claim 1; and an imaging element disposed on the demagnification-side imaging surface. | 2,600 |
346,047 | 16,804,469 | 2,662 | A method of sorting articles to be prepared into delivery rounds by means of at least first and second sorters (T1, T2), which method consists in distributing (St10) said articles between said sorters, in performing (St20) a first sorting pass (P1) for sorting the articles in parallel on the first sorter and on the second sorter, in retrieving (St30) first groups (G1) of articles at first sorting outlets (S1) of the first and second sorters, in bringing said first groups to the inlet (E) of the first sorter (T1), in retrieving (St30) second groups (G2) of articles at second sorting outlets (S2) of the first sorter and of the second sorter, in bringing said second groups to the inlet (E) of the second sorter (T2), and then in performing (St40) successive sorting passes (P2, P3) in parallel on the first sorter and on the second sorter until the preparation of the articles into delivery rounds is complete. | 1. A method of sorting articles to be prepared into delivery rounds in a plurality of sorting passes, said method using at least a first sorter and a second sorter, each sorter having sorting outlets, the method comprising the steps of:
distributing said articles between said first and second sorters; performing a first sorting pass for sorting the distributed articles on the first sorter and on the second sorter, this first sorting pass taking place simultaneously on the first sorter and on the second sorter; retrieving first groups of articles at the first sorting outlets of the first sorter and at the first sorting outlets of the second sorter, and bringing said first groups of articles to the inlet of the first sorter; and retrieving second groups of articles at the second sorting outlets of the first sorter and at the second sorting outlets of the second sorter, and bringing said second groups of articles to the inlet of the second sorter; and then performing successive sorting passes in parallel on the first sorter and on the second sorter on the groups of articles brought to the inlets of said sorters, each batch of articles formed at an outlet of a sorter at the end of one of the sorting passes being retrieved and sent back to the inlet of the same sorter to be sorted again, until the preparation of the articles into delivery rounds is complete. 2. The method of sorting the articles according to claim 1, wherein preparing the articles into sequences is performed by two sorters and by three sorting passes. 3. The method of sorting articles according to claim 1, wherein allocating the outlets to destinations follows a dynamic allocation method. 4. The method of sorting articles according to claim 1, wherein the articles are postal articles. | A method of sorting articles to be prepared into delivery rounds by means of at least first and second sorters (T1, T2), which method consists in distributing (St10) said articles between said sorters, in performing (St20) a first sorting pass (P1) for sorting the articles in parallel on the first sorter and on the second sorter, in retrieving (St30) first groups (G1) of articles at first sorting outlets (S1) of the first and second sorters, in bringing said first groups to the inlet (E) of the first sorter (T1), in retrieving (St30) second groups (G2) of articles at second sorting outlets (S2) of the first sorter and of the second sorter, in bringing said second groups to the inlet (E) of the second sorter (T2), and then in performing (St40) successive sorting passes (P2, P3) in parallel on the first sorter and on the second sorter until the preparation of the articles into delivery rounds is complete.1. A method of sorting articles to be prepared into delivery rounds in a plurality of sorting passes, said method using at least a first sorter and a second sorter, each sorter having sorting outlets, the method comprising the steps of:
distributing said articles between said first and second sorters; performing a first sorting pass for sorting the distributed articles on the first sorter and on the second sorter, this first sorting pass taking place simultaneously on the first sorter and on the second sorter; retrieving first groups of articles at the first sorting outlets of the first sorter and at the first sorting outlets of the second sorter, and bringing said first groups of articles to the inlet of the first sorter; and retrieving second groups of articles at the second sorting outlets of the first sorter and at the second sorting outlets of the second sorter, and bringing said second groups of articles to the inlet of the second sorter; and then performing successive sorting passes in parallel on the first sorter and on the second sorter on the groups of articles brought to the inlets of said sorters, each batch of articles formed at an outlet of a sorter at the end of one of the sorting passes being retrieved and sent back to the inlet of the same sorter to be sorted again, until the preparation of the articles into delivery rounds is complete. 2. The method of sorting the articles according to claim 1, wherein preparing the articles into sequences is performed by two sorters and by three sorting passes. 3. The method of sorting articles according to claim 1, wherein allocating the outlets to destinations follows a dynamic allocation method. 4. The method of sorting articles according to claim 1, wherein the articles are postal articles. | 2,600 |
346,048 | 16,804,446 | 2,662 | The present application discloses a method, device, and system for testing an image to assess whether the image was subject to tampering. The method includes obtaining an image, extracting residual data of the image from the image, obtaining a feature map of at least two neural layers based at least in part on the residual data of the image, obtaining a tamper probability map of the image based at least in part on the feature map, and outputting the tamper probability map or providing an indication of whether the image was subject to tampering based at least in part on the tamper probability map. | 1. A method, comprising:
obtaining, by one or more processors, an image; extracting, by the one or more processors, residual data of the image from the image; obtaining, by the one or more processors, a feature map of at least two neural network layers based at least in part on the residual data of the image; obtaining, by the one or more processors, a tamper probability map of the image based at least in part on the feature map; and outputting the tamper probability map or providing an indication of whether the image was subject to tampering based at least in part on the tamper probability map. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the providing the indication of whether the image was subject to tampering comprises:
providing, by the one or more processors, information pertaining to a likelihood that the image has been subject to tampering, the information being based at least in part on the tamper probability map, and the information being provided to a user, wherein the information pertaining to the likelihood that the image has been subject to tampering is provided on a user interface of a client terminal used by the user. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the image is obtained in response to a user invoking a function to test whether the image is genuine. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the extracting residual data of the image comprises:
performing a filter processing with respect to the image; and obtaining residual data of a filtered image output by the filter processing. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the performing the filter processing with respect to the image and obtaining the residual data collectively comprises:
performing the filtering processing with respect to the image based at least in part on a plurality of difference filters of different directions; and obtaining the residual data of the filtered image based at least in part on an output of the plurality of difference filters. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the performing the filter processing with respect to the image and obtaining the residual data collectively comprises:
performing the filtering processing with respect to the image based at least in part on a plurality of difference filters of different directions, wherein the plurality of difference filters individually subject different color channels of the image to convolution operations; obtaining convolution operation results for the different color channels of the image; and obtaining residual data of the filtered image based at least in part on the convolution operation results for the different color channels of the image. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the obtaining the feature map comprises:
performing a convolution processing with respect to input data of a current layer; obtain a first feature map based at least in part on results of convolution processing with respect to input data of a current layer to the convolution processing, wherein if the current layer is a first layer of a residual network, the input data of the current layer is the residual data of the image; and obtaining a feature map of the current layer based at least in part on an adding of the input data and the first feature map. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising:
performing normalization and nonlinear processing with respect to the input data, wherein the performing the convolution processing with respect to input data of the current layer and the obtaining the first feature map collectively comprises:
performing convolution processing with respect to normalized and nonlinear processed input data; and
obtaining the first feature map based at least in part on the convolution processing with respect to normalized and nonlinear processed input data. 9. The method claim 7, further comprising:
obtaining processed input data based at least in part on processing a resolution or a number of channels of the input data, wherein:
the processed input data is the same as a resolution and a number of channels of the first feature map; and
the obtaining the feature map of the current layer based at least in part on the adding of the input data and the first feature map comprises: obtaining the feature map of the current layer based at least in part on adding the processed input data and the first feature map. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the obtaining the processed input data based at least in part on processing a resolution or a number of channels of the input data comprises:
adjusting the resolution of the input data based at least in part on a max pooling operation; or adjusting the number of channels of the input data based at least in part on using a convolutional kernel having predetermined dimensions. 11. The method of claim 7, wherein the performing the convolution processing with respect to the input data of the current layer and the obtaining the first feature map collectively comprises:
performing convolution processing with respect to the input data based at least in part on three convolutional layers; and obtaining the first feature map based at least in part on the convolution processing performed with respect to the three convolution layers, and wherein a stride of a last convolutional layer of the three convolutional layers is 2. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the obtaining the feature map comprises:
performing a convolution processing with respect to input data of a current layer to the convolution processing; obtain a first feature map based at least in part on results of convolution processing with respect to input data of a current layer to the convolution processing, wherein if the current layer is a layer other than a first layer, the input data of the current layer is a first feature map output by a previous-layer residual network module; and obtaining a feature map of the current layer based at least in part on an adding of the input data and the first feature map. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the obtaining the tamper probability map of the image based at least in part on the feature map comprises:
obtaining the tamper probability map of the image based at least in part on performing an upsampling processing with respect to the feature map. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein a resolution of the tamper probability map and a resolution of the image are the same. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the performing the upsampling processing with respect to the feature map comprises:
performing upsampling processing with respect to the feature map based at least in part on a transposed convolution layer. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein a convolutional kernel of the transposed convolutional layer comprises one or more parameters corresponding to bilinear interpolation, and dimensions of a convolutional kernel of the transposed convolutional layer are double dimensions of an upsampling factor of the upsampling processing. 17. The method claim 13, wherein obtaining the tamper probability map of the image based at least in part on performing an upsampling processing with respect to the feature map comprises:
performing upsampling sub-processing with respect to the feature map at least two times; and obtaining the tamper probability map of the image based at least in part on results of the upsampling sub-processing, wherein a product of an upsampling factors of the upsampling sub-processing performed at least two times is an upsampling factor of the upsampling processing. 18. The method of claim 13, obtaining the tamper probability map of the image based at least in part on performing an upsampling processing with respect to the feature map comprises:
performing upsampling processing with respect to the feature map; obtaining an upsampled feature map based at least in part on results of the upsampling processing performed with respect to the feature map; performing a convolution operation on the upsampled feature map; and obtaining the tamper probability map of the image based at least in part on results of the convolution operation. 19. A device, comprising:
one or more processors configured to:
obtain an image;
extract residual data of the image from the image;
obtain a feature map of at least two neural network layers based at least in part on the residual data of the image;
obtain a tamper probability map of the image based at least in part on the feature map; and
output the tamper probability map or provide an indication of whether the image was subject to tampering based at least in part on the tamper probability map; and
one or more memories coupled to the one or more processors, configured to provide the one or more processors with instructions. 20. A computer program product, the computer program product being embodied in a non-transitory computer readable storage medium and comprising computer instructions for:
obtaining, by one or more processors, an image; extracting, by the one or more processors, residual data of the image from the image; obtaining, by the one or more processors, a feature map of at least two neural network layers based at least in part on the residual data of the image; obtaining, by the one or more processors, a tamper probability map of the image based at least in part on the feature map; and outputting the tamper probability map or providing an indication of whether the image was subject to tampering based at least in part on the tamper probability map. | The present application discloses a method, device, and system for testing an image to assess whether the image was subject to tampering. The method includes obtaining an image, extracting residual data of the image from the image, obtaining a feature map of at least two neural layers based at least in part on the residual data of the image, obtaining a tamper probability map of the image based at least in part on the feature map, and outputting the tamper probability map or providing an indication of whether the image was subject to tampering based at least in part on the tamper probability map.1. A method, comprising:
obtaining, by one or more processors, an image; extracting, by the one or more processors, residual data of the image from the image; obtaining, by the one or more processors, a feature map of at least two neural network layers based at least in part on the residual data of the image; obtaining, by the one or more processors, a tamper probability map of the image based at least in part on the feature map; and outputting the tamper probability map or providing an indication of whether the image was subject to tampering based at least in part on the tamper probability map. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the providing the indication of whether the image was subject to tampering comprises:
providing, by the one or more processors, information pertaining to a likelihood that the image has been subject to tampering, the information being based at least in part on the tamper probability map, and the information being provided to a user, wherein the information pertaining to the likelihood that the image has been subject to tampering is provided on a user interface of a client terminal used by the user. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the image is obtained in response to a user invoking a function to test whether the image is genuine. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the extracting residual data of the image comprises:
performing a filter processing with respect to the image; and obtaining residual data of a filtered image output by the filter processing. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the performing the filter processing with respect to the image and obtaining the residual data collectively comprises:
performing the filtering processing with respect to the image based at least in part on a plurality of difference filters of different directions; and obtaining the residual data of the filtered image based at least in part on an output of the plurality of difference filters. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the performing the filter processing with respect to the image and obtaining the residual data collectively comprises:
performing the filtering processing with respect to the image based at least in part on a plurality of difference filters of different directions, wherein the plurality of difference filters individually subject different color channels of the image to convolution operations; obtaining convolution operation results for the different color channels of the image; and obtaining residual data of the filtered image based at least in part on the convolution operation results for the different color channels of the image. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the obtaining the feature map comprises:
performing a convolution processing with respect to input data of a current layer; obtain a first feature map based at least in part on results of convolution processing with respect to input data of a current layer to the convolution processing, wherein if the current layer is a first layer of a residual network, the input data of the current layer is the residual data of the image; and obtaining a feature map of the current layer based at least in part on an adding of the input data and the first feature map. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising:
performing normalization and nonlinear processing with respect to the input data, wherein the performing the convolution processing with respect to input data of the current layer and the obtaining the first feature map collectively comprises:
performing convolution processing with respect to normalized and nonlinear processed input data; and
obtaining the first feature map based at least in part on the convolution processing with respect to normalized and nonlinear processed input data. 9. The method claim 7, further comprising:
obtaining processed input data based at least in part on processing a resolution or a number of channels of the input data, wherein:
the processed input data is the same as a resolution and a number of channels of the first feature map; and
the obtaining the feature map of the current layer based at least in part on the adding of the input data and the first feature map comprises: obtaining the feature map of the current layer based at least in part on adding the processed input data and the first feature map. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the obtaining the processed input data based at least in part on processing a resolution or a number of channels of the input data comprises:
adjusting the resolution of the input data based at least in part on a max pooling operation; or adjusting the number of channels of the input data based at least in part on using a convolutional kernel having predetermined dimensions. 11. The method of claim 7, wherein the performing the convolution processing with respect to the input data of the current layer and the obtaining the first feature map collectively comprises:
performing convolution processing with respect to the input data based at least in part on three convolutional layers; and obtaining the first feature map based at least in part on the convolution processing performed with respect to the three convolution layers, and wherein a stride of a last convolutional layer of the three convolutional layers is 2. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the obtaining the feature map comprises:
performing a convolution processing with respect to input data of a current layer to the convolution processing; obtain a first feature map based at least in part on results of convolution processing with respect to input data of a current layer to the convolution processing, wherein if the current layer is a layer other than a first layer, the input data of the current layer is a first feature map output by a previous-layer residual network module; and obtaining a feature map of the current layer based at least in part on an adding of the input data and the first feature map. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the obtaining the tamper probability map of the image based at least in part on the feature map comprises:
obtaining the tamper probability map of the image based at least in part on performing an upsampling processing with respect to the feature map. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein a resolution of the tamper probability map and a resolution of the image are the same. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the performing the upsampling processing with respect to the feature map comprises:
performing upsampling processing with respect to the feature map based at least in part on a transposed convolution layer. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein a convolutional kernel of the transposed convolutional layer comprises one or more parameters corresponding to bilinear interpolation, and dimensions of a convolutional kernel of the transposed convolutional layer are double dimensions of an upsampling factor of the upsampling processing. 17. The method claim 13, wherein obtaining the tamper probability map of the image based at least in part on performing an upsampling processing with respect to the feature map comprises:
performing upsampling sub-processing with respect to the feature map at least two times; and obtaining the tamper probability map of the image based at least in part on results of the upsampling sub-processing, wherein a product of an upsampling factors of the upsampling sub-processing performed at least two times is an upsampling factor of the upsampling processing. 18. The method of claim 13, obtaining the tamper probability map of the image based at least in part on performing an upsampling processing with respect to the feature map comprises:
performing upsampling processing with respect to the feature map; obtaining an upsampled feature map based at least in part on results of the upsampling processing performed with respect to the feature map; performing a convolution operation on the upsampled feature map; and obtaining the tamper probability map of the image based at least in part on results of the convolution operation. 19. A device, comprising:
one or more processors configured to:
obtain an image;
extract residual data of the image from the image;
obtain a feature map of at least two neural network layers based at least in part on the residual data of the image;
obtain a tamper probability map of the image based at least in part on the feature map; and
output the tamper probability map or provide an indication of whether the image was subject to tampering based at least in part on the tamper probability map; and
one or more memories coupled to the one or more processors, configured to provide the one or more processors with instructions. 20. A computer program product, the computer program product being embodied in a non-transitory computer readable storage medium and comprising computer instructions for:
obtaining, by one or more processors, an image; extracting, by the one or more processors, residual data of the image from the image; obtaining, by the one or more processors, a feature map of at least two neural network layers based at least in part on the residual data of the image; obtaining, by the one or more processors, a tamper probability map of the image based at least in part on the feature map; and outputting the tamper probability map or providing an indication of whether the image was subject to tampering based at least in part on the tamper probability map. | 2,600 |
346,049 | 16,804,453 | 2,662 | According to one embodiment, a reflective liquid crystal display apparatus includes a plurality of pixels and a temperature sensor. Further, the temperature sensor included in the reflective liquid crystal display apparatus is formed in one or more regions among a plurality of pixel regions partitioned into rows and columns. The reflective liquid crystal display apparatus can thereby measure the temperature of the pixels more accurately at real time compared with the case of using a temperature sensor attached onto a heatsink. | 1. A reflective liquid crystal display apparatus comprising:
a plurality of pixels; and a temperature sensor, wherein each of the pixels includes
a liquid crystal display element composed of a common electrode, a reflecting electrode, and liquid crystal sealed therebetween; and
a circuit unit configured to apply a voltage in accordance with an image to be displayed to the reflecting electrode,
the temperature sensor is formed in a region corresponding to the circuit unit of the pixel and in one or more regions among a plurality of pixel regions partitioned into rows and columns, the reflective liquid crystal display apparatus further includes a dummy liquid crystal display element formed to cover the temperature sensor, and a reflecting electrode of the dummy liquid crystal display element is formed so as to be short-circuited with a reflecting electrode of the liquid crystal display element disposed in the pixel adjacent to the dummy liquid crystal display element. 2. The reflective liquid crystal display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the temperature sensor is formed in any one of a plurality of regions disposed along a peripheral side among the plurality of pixel regions having a rectangular shape. 3. The reflective liquid crystal display apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising:
a dummy liquid crystal display element formed to cover the temperature sensor, wherein the temperature sensor is formed in a plurality of regions disposed along a peripheral side among the plurality of pixel regions having a rectangular shape when viewed from above, and a reflecting electrode of the dummy liquid crystal display element is formed so as to be short-circuited with a frame electrode surrounding the plurality of pixel regions. | According to one embodiment, a reflective liquid crystal display apparatus includes a plurality of pixels and a temperature sensor. Further, the temperature sensor included in the reflective liquid crystal display apparatus is formed in one or more regions among a plurality of pixel regions partitioned into rows and columns. The reflective liquid crystal display apparatus can thereby measure the temperature of the pixels more accurately at real time compared with the case of using a temperature sensor attached onto a heatsink.1. A reflective liquid crystal display apparatus comprising:
a plurality of pixels; and a temperature sensor, wherein each of the pixels includes
a liquid crystal display element composed of a common electrode, a reflecting electrode, and liquid crystal sealed therebetween; and
a circuit unit configured to apply a voltage in accordance with an image to be displayed to the reflecting electrode,
the temperature sensor is formed in a region corresponding to the circuit unit of the pixel and in one or more regions among a plurality of pixel regions partitioned into rows and columns, the reflective liquid crystal display apparatus further includes a dummy liquid crystal display element formed to cover the temperature sensor, and a reflecting electrode of the dummy liquid crystal display element is formed so as to be short-circuited with a reflecting electrode of the liquid crystal display element disposed in the pixel adjacent to the dummy liquid crystal display element. 2. The reflective liquid crystal display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the temperature sensor is formed in any one of a plurality of regions disposed along a peripheral side among the plurality of pixel regions having a rectangular shape. 3. The reflective liquid crystal display apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising:
a dummy liquid crystal display element formed to cover the temperature sensor, wherein the temperature sensor is formed in a plurality of regions disposed along a peripheral side among the plurality of pixel regions having a rectangular shape when viewed from above, and a reflecting electrode of the dummy liquid crystal display element is formed so as to be short-circuited with a frame electrode surrounding the plurality of pixel regions. | 2,600 |
346,050 | 16,804,478 | 2,662 | Novel tools and techniques for are provided for implementing a hybrid spectrum access system and access probe framework. A system includes a base station coupled to a network, a spectrum access system, and user equipment coupled to the base station and the spectrum access system. The user equipment is configured to transmit, to the base station, a first network access request following a first access sequence while transmitting signals under a first power limit. If no response is obtained from the base station, the user equipment is configured to transmit a second network access request above the first power limit, but under a second power limit. The user equipment is configured to obtain spectrum access from the spectrum access system and transmit a second network access request to the base station. | 1. A system comprising:
a base station coupled to a network; a spectrum access system; a user equipment coupled to the base station and the spectrum access system, the user equipment comprising:
a processor; and
non-transitory computer readable media comprising instructions executable by the processor to:
transmit, to the base station, a first network access request, the first network access request comprising a first access sequence including of one or more access request signals;
determine whether a response granting access to the network has been received from the base station;
in response to determining a response granting access to the network has not been received, transmit a spectrum access request to the spectrum access system, wherein the spectrum access request includes a request for access to one or more frequency ranges of a spectrum;
obtain, via the spectrum access system, a spectrum access response, wherein the spectrum access response is indicative of whether access to at least one of the one or more frequency ranges of the spectrum has been granted;
in response to the spectrum access response indicating access to the at least one of the one or more frequency ranges of the spectrum has been granted, transmit a second network access request to the base station; and
establish, in response to the response granting access to the network has been received from the base station, a communication channel with the base station. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more access request signals of the first network access request are transmitted at a power level up to a first power limit, and wherein the second network access request is transmitted at a power level exceeding the first power limit and up to a second power limit. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the first power limit is a maximum equivalent isotropically radiated power of 23 dBm/10 MHz. 4. The system of claim 2, wherein the second power limit is a maximum equivalent isotropically radiated power of 30 dBm/10 MHz. 5. The system of claim 2, wherein the first access sequence includes increasing the power of the one or more access request signals, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processor to:
transmit a first access request signal of the first access sequence at a first power; and transmit each subsequent access request signal of the one or more access request signals at a subsequent power greater than a preceding power, and wherein the subsequent power does not exceed the first power limit. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processor to:
obtain, via the base station, a reference signal; measure a reference signal power of the reference signal; in response to determining that the reference signal power exceeds a first reference signal power threshold, enter a first operational mode, wherein in the first operational mode, the one or more access request signals is repeated a first number of repetitions; and in response to determining that the reference signal power does not exceed the first reference signal power threshold, enter a second operational mode, wherein in the second operational mode, the one or more access request signals is repeated a second number of repetitions greater than the first number of repetitions. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the user equipment is coupled to the base station via a domain proxy, wherein each of the first network access request, second network access request, and response granting access to the network from the base station, are communicated between the base station and user equipment via the domain proxy. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processor to:
in response to determining that the response granting access to the network has not been received from the base station, determine whether the first access sequence has been transmitted to the base station a maximum number of times; and in response to determining that the first access sequence has not been transmitted to the based station the maximum number of times, repeat transmission of the first access sequence to the base station; wherein the spectrum access request is transmitted after it is determined that the first access sequence has been transmitted to the base station the maximum number of times. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processor to:
in response to the spectrum access response indicating access to the at least one of the one or more frequency ranges of the spectrum has been denied, modify the spectrum access request based on the spectrum access response, wherein modify the spectrum access request includes changing at least one of the one or more frequency ranges of the spectrum for which access is requested; and transmit the spectrum access request as modified. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more access request signals includes one of one or more access probes or one or more random access preambles. 11. An apparatus comprising:
a processor; and non-transitory computer readable media comprising instructions executable by the processor to:
transmit, to a base station, a first network access request, the first network access request comprising a first access sequence including of one or more access request signals;
determine whether a response granting access to a network has been received from the base station;
in response to determining a response granting access to the network has not been received, transmit a spectrum access request to a spectrum access system, wherein the spectrum access request includes a request for access to one or more frequency ranges of a spectrum;
obtain, via the spectrum access system, a spectrum access response, wherein the spectrum access response is indicative of whether access to at least one of the one or more frequency ranges of the spectrum has been granted;
in response to the spectrum access response indicating access to the at least one of the one or more frequency ranges of the spectrum has been granted, transmit a second network access request to the base station; and
establish, in response to the response granting access to the network has been received from the base station, a communication channel with the base station. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the one or more access request signals of the first network access request are transmitted at a power level up to a first power limit, and wherein the second network access request is transmitted at a power level exceeding the first power limit and up to a second power limit. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the first power limit is a maximum equivalent isotropically radiated power of 23 dBm/10 MHz. 14. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processor to:
transmit a first access request signal of the first access sequence at a first power; and transmit each subsequent access request signal of the one or more access request signals at a subsequent power greater than a preceding power, and wherein the subsequent power does not exceed the first power limit. 15. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processor to:
obtain, via the base station, a reference signal; measure a reference signal power of the reference signal; in response to determining that the reference signal power exceeds a first reference signal power threshold, enter a first operational mode, wherein in the first operational mode, the one or more access request signals is repeated a first number of repetitions; and in response to determining that the reference signal power does not exceed the first reference signal power threshold, enter a second operational mode, wherein in the second operational mode, the one or more access request signals is repeated a second number of repetitions greater than the first number of repetitions. 16. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processor to:
in response to determining that the response granting access to the network has not been received from the base station, determine whether the first access sequence has been transmitted to the base station a maximum number of times; and in response to determining that the first access sequence has not been transmitted to the based station the maximum number of times, repeat transmission of the first access sequence to the base station; wherein the spectrum access request is transmitted after it is determined that the first access sequence has been transmitted to the base station the maximum number of times. 17. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processor to:
in response to the spectrum access response indicating access to the at least one of the one or more frequency ranges of the spectrum has been denied, modify the spectrum access request based on the spectrum access response, wherein modify the spectrum access request includes changing at least one of the one or more frequency ranges of the spectrum for which access is requested; and transmit the spectrum access request as modified. 18. A method comprising:
transmitting, via user equipment, a first network access request to a base station, the first network access request comprising a first access sequence including of one or more access request signals; determining, via the user equipment, whether a response granting access to a network has been received from the base station; in response to determining a response granting access to the network has not been received, transmitting, via the user equipment, a spectrum access request to a spectrum access system, wherein the spectrum access request includes a request for access to one or more frequency ranges of a spectrum; obtaining, via the spectrum access system, a spectrum access response, wherein the spectrum access response is indicative of whether access to at least one of the one or more frequency ranges of the spectrum has been granted; in response to the spectrum access response indicating access to the at least one of the one or more frequency ranges of the spectrum has been granted, transmitting, via the user equipment, a second network access request to the base station; and establishing, in response to the response granting access to the network has been received from the base station, a communication channel between the base station and user equipment. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the one or more access request signals of the first network access request are transmitted at a power level up to a first power limit, and wherein the second network access request is transmitted at a power level exceeding the first power limit and up to a second power limit, the method further comprising:
transmitting, via the user equipment, a first access request signal of the first access sequence at a first power; and transmitting, via the user equipment, each subsequent access request signal of the one or more access request signals at a subsequent power greater than a preceding power, and wherein the subsequent power does not exceed the first power limit. 20. The method of claim 18 further comprising:
obtaining, via the base station, a reference signal;
measuring, via the user equipment, a reference signal power of the reference signal;
in response to determining that the reference signal power exceeds a first reference signal power threshold, entering, via the user equipment, a first operational mode, wherein in the first operational mode, the one or more access request signals is repeated a first number of repetitions; and
in response to determining that the reference signal power does not exceed the first reference signal power threshold, entering, via the user equipment, a second operational mode, wherein in the second operational mode, the one or more access request signals is repeated a second number of repetitions greater than the first number of repetitions. | Novel tools and techniques for are provided for implementing a hybrid spectrum access system and access probe framework. A system includes a base station coupled to a network, a spectrum access system, and user equipment coupled to the base station and the spectrum access system. The user equipment is configured to transmit, to the base station, a first network access request following a first access sequence while transmitting signals under a first power limit. If no response is obtained from the base station, the user equipment is configured to transmit a second network access request above the first power limit, but under a second power limit. The user equipment is configured to obtain spectrum access from the spectrum access system and transmit a second network access request to the base station.1. A system comprising:
a base station coupled to a network; a spectrum access system; a user equipment coupled to the base station and the spectrum access system, the user equipment comprising:
a processor; and
non-transitory computer readable media comprising instructions executable by the processor to:
transmit, to the base station, a first network access request, the first network access request comprising a first access sequence including of one or more access request signals;
determine whether a response granting access to the network has been received from the base station;
in response to determining a response granting access to the network has not been received, transmit a spectrum access request to the spectrum access system, wherein the spectrum access request includes a request for access to one or more frequency ranges of a spectrum;
obtain, via the spectrum access system, a spectrum access response, wherein the spectrum access response is indicative of whether access to at least one of the one or more frequency ranges of the spectrum has been granted;
in response to the spectrum access response indicating access to the at least one of the one or more frequency ranges of the spectrum has been granted, transmit a second network access request to the base station; and
establish, in response to the response granting access to the network has been received from the base station, a communication channel with the base station. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more access request signals of the first network access request are transmitted at a power level up to a first power limit, and wherein the second network access request is transmitted at a power level exceeding the first power limit and up to a second power limit. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the first power limit is a maximum equivalent isotropically radiated power of 23 dBm/10 MHz. 4. The system of claim 2, wherein the second power limit is a maximum equivalent isotropically radiated power of 30 dBm/10 MHz. 5. The system of claim 2, wherein the first access sequence includes increasing the power of the one or more access request signals, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processor to:
transmit a first access request signal of the first access sequence at a first power; and transmit each subsequent access request signal of the one or more access request signals at a subsequent power greater than a preceding power, and wherein the subsequent power does not exceed the first power limit. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processor to:
obtain, via the base station, a reference signal; measure a reference signal power of the reference signal; in response to determining that the reference signal power exceeds a first reference signal power threshold, enter a first operational mode, wherein in the first operational mode, the one or more access request signals is repeated a first number of repetitions; and in response to determining that the reference signal power does not exceed the first reference signal power threshold, enter a second operational mode, wherein in the second operational mode, the one or more access request signals is repeated a second number of repetitions greater than the first number of repetitions. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the user equipment is coupled to the base station via a domain proxy, wherein each of the first network access request, second network access request, and response granting access to the network from the base station, are communicated between the base station and user equipment via the domain proxy. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processor to:
in response to determining that the response granting access to the network has not been received from the base station, determine whether the first access sequence has been transmitted to the base station a maximum number of times; and in response to determining that the first access sequence has not been transmitted to the based station the maximum number of times, repeat transmission of the first access sequence to the base station; wherein the spectrum access request is transmitted after it is determined that the first access sequence has been transmitted to the base station the maximum number of times. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processor to:
in response to the spectrum access response indicating access to the at least one of the one or more frequency ranges of the spectrum has been denied, modify the spectrum access request based on the spectrum access response, wherein modify the spectrum access request includes changing at least one of the one or more frequency ranges of the spectrum for which access is requested; and transmit the spectrum access request as modified. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more access request signals includes one of one or more access probes or one or more random access preambles. 11. An apparatus comprising:
a processor; and non-transitory computer readable media comprising instructions executable by the processor to:
transmit, to a base station, a first network access request, the first network access request comprising a first access sequence including of one or more access request signals;
determine whether a response granting access to a network has been received from the base station;
in response to determining a response granting access to the network has not been received, transmit a spectrum access request to a spectrum access system, wherein the spectrum access request includes a request for access to one or more frequency ranges of a spectrum;
obtain, via the spectrum access system, a spectrum access response, wherein the spectrum access response is indicative of whether access to at least one of the one or more frequency ranges of the spectrum has been granted;
in response to the spectrum access response indicating access to the at least one of the one or more frequency ranges of the spectrum has been granted, transmit a second network access request to the base station; and
establish, in response to the response granting access to the network has been received from the base station, a communication channel with the base station. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the one or more access request signals of the first network access request are transmitted at a power level up to a first power limit, and wherein the second network access request is transmitted at a power level exceeding the first power limit and up to a second power limit. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the first power limit is a maximum equivalent isotropically radiated power of 23 dBm/10 MHz. 14. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processor to:
transmit a first access request signal of the first access sequence at a first power; and transmit each subsequent access request signal of the one or more access request signals at a subsequent power greater than a preceding power, and wherein the subsequent power does not exceed the first power limit. 15. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processor to:
obtain, via the base station, a reference signal; measure a reference signal power of the reference signal; in response to determining that the reference signal power exceeds a first reference signal power threshold, enter a first operational mode, wherein in the first operational mode, the one or more access request signals is repeated a first number of repetitions; and in response to determining that the reference signal power does not exceed the first reference signal power threshold, enter a second operational mode, wherein in the second operational mode, the one or more access request signals is repeated a second number of repetitions greater than the first number of repetitions. 16. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processor to:
in response to determining that the response granting access to the network has not been received from the base station, determine whether the first access sequence has been transmitted to the base station a maximum number of times; and in response to determining that the first access sequence has not been transmitted to the based station the maximum number of times, repeat transmission of the first access sequence to the base station; wherein the spectrum access request is transmitted after it is determined that the first access sequence has been transmitted to the base station the maximum number of times. 17. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processor to:
in response to the spectrum access response indicating access to the at least one of the one or more frequency ranges of the spectrum has been denied, modify the spectrum access request based on the spectrum access response, wherein modify the spectrum access request includes changing at least one of the one or more frequency ranges of the spectrum for which access is requested; and transmit the spectrum access request as modified. 18. A method comprising:
transmitting, via user equipment, a first network access request to a base station, the first network access request comprising a first access sequence including of one or more access request signals; determining, via the user equipment, whether a response granting access to a network has been received from the base station; in response to determining a response granting access to the network has not been received, transmitting, via the user equipment, a spectrum access request to a spectrum access system, wherein the spectrum access request includes a request for access to one or more frequency ranges of a spectrum; obtaining, via the spectrum access system, a spectrum access response, wherein the spectrum access response is indicative of whether access to at least one of the one or more frequency ranges of the spectrum has been granted; in response to the spectrum access response indicating access to the at least one of the one or more frequency ranges of the spectrum has been granted, transmitting, via the user equipment, a second network access request to the base station; and establishing, in response to the response granting access to the network has been received from the base station, a communication channel between the base station and user equipment. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the one or more access request signals of the first network access request are transmitted at a power level up to a first power limit, and wherein the second network access request is transmitted at a power level exceeding the first power limit and up to a second power limit, the method further comprising:
transmitting, via the user equipment, a first access request signal of the first access sequence at a first power; and transmitting, via the user equipment, each subsequent access request signal of the one or more access request signals at a subsequent power greater than a preceding power, and wherein the subsequent power does not exceed the first power limit. 20. The method of claim 18 further comprising:
obtaining, via the base station, a reference signal;
measuring, via the user equipment, a reference signal power of the reference signal;
in response to determining that the reference signal power exceeds a first reference signal power threshold, entering, via the user equipment, a first operational mode, wherein in the first operational mode, the one or more access request signals is repeated a first number of repetitions; and
in response to determining that the reference signal power does not exceed the first reference signal power threshold, entering, via the user equipment, a second operational mode, wherein in the second operational mode, the one or more access request signals is repeated a second number of repetitions greater than the first number of repetitions. | 2,600 |
346,051 | 16,804,482 | 2,662 | An inverter for a photovoltaic plant, which includes: a frame structure defining an internal volume and providing mechanical support to one or more components of the inverter; an inverter section including one or more first electronic boards, one or more second electronic boards and one or more electromagnetic modules electrically connected with the first and second electronic boards; each electromagnetic module is mechanically coupleable with a first electronic board and with one or more supporting members of the frame structure. | 1. An inverter for a photovoltaic plant, said inverter comprising:
a frame structure defining an internal volume and providing mechanical support to one or more components of said inverter; an inverter section comprising one or more first electronic boards, one or more second electronic boards and one or more electromagnetic modules electrically connected with said first and second electronic boards; an electromagnetic module comprises: an electromagnetic component; first electric contacts electrically connected with said electromagnetic component with a first electronic board of said inverter section; second electric contacts electrically connected with said electromagnetic component and adapted to electrically connect said electromagnetic component with a second electronic board of said inverter section; a supporting frame defining a seat for accommodating said electromagnetic component, wherein said supporting frame comprises one or more first coupling surfaces mechanically coupleable with said first electronic board, wherein said supporting frame comprises one or more second coupling surfaces spaced from said first coupling surfaces and mechanically coupleable with one or more supporting members of said frame structure. 2. The inverter, according to claim 1, wherein said supporting frame comprises opposite upper and lower walls spaced one from another and comprising said first and second coupling surfaces, respectively. 3. The inverter, according to claim 1, wherein said electromagnetic module comprises first mechanical connection means adapted to couple said supporting frame with said first electronic board at said first coupling surfaces. 4. The inverter, according to claim 1, wherein said electromagnetic module comprises second mechanical connection means adapted to couple said supporting frame with said supporting members at said second coupling surfaces. 5. The inverter, according to claim 1, wherein said electromagnetic module comprises third mechanical connection means adapted to couple said first electric contacts with corresponding third electric contacts of said first electronic board. 6. The inverter, according to claim 1, wherein said electromagnetic module comprises fourth mechanical connection means adapted to couple said second electric contacts with corresponding fourth electric contacts of said second electronic board. 7. The inverter, according to claim 1, wherein said supporting frame comprises housing means to define a seat for accommodating said first electric contacts. 8. The inverter, according to claim 1, wherein said supporting frame comprises distinct and mutually coupleable first and second frame portions respectively comprising said first and second coupling surfaces. 9. The inverter, according to claim 8, wherein said electromagnetic module comprises fifth mechanical connection means to mechanically couple said first and second frame portions one with another. 10. The inverter, according to claim 1, wherein said electromagnetic component has a magnetic core and one or more windings wound around said magnetic core. 11. The inverter, according to claim 10, wherein said electromagnetic component is a power inductor. 12. The inverter, according to claim 1, wherein said inverter section is a DC section of said inverter. 13. The inverter, according to claim 12, wherein said one or more first electronic boards include one or more filtering circuits of said DC section and said one or more second electronic boards include one or more power conversion circuits of said DC section. 14. The inverter, according to claim 1, wherein said inverter section is an AC section of said inverter. 15. An electromagnetic module for an inverter comprising:
an electromagnetic component; first electric contacts electrically connected with said electromagnetic component and adapted to electrically connect said electromagnetic component with a first electronic board of an inverter section of said inverter; second electric contacts electrically connected with said electromagnetic component and adapted to electrically connect said electromagnetic component with a second electronic board of said inverter section; a supporting frame defining a seat for accommodating said electromagnetic component, wherein said supporting frame comprises one or more first coupling surfaces mechanically coupleable with said first electronic board, wherein said supporting frame comprises one or more second coupling surfaces spaced from said first coupling surfaces and mechanically coupleable with one or more supporting members of said frame structure. 16. A photovoltaic plant comprising an inverter, according to claim 1. 17. The inverter, according to claim 2, wherein said electromagnetic module comprises first mechanical connection means adapted to couple said supporting frame with said first electronic board at said first coupling surfaces; and
wherein said electromagnetic module comprises second mechanical connection means adapted to couple said supporting frame with said supporting members at said second coupling surfaces. 18. The inverter, according to claim 17, wherein said electromagnetic module comprises third mechanical connection means adapted to couple said first electric contacts with corresponding third electric contacts of said first electronic board; and
wherein said electromagnetic module comprises fourth mechanical connection means adapted to couple said second electric contacts with corresponding fourth electric contacts of said second electronic board. 19. The inverter, according to claim 18, wherein said supporting frame comprises distinct and mutually coupleable first and second frame portions respectively comprising said first and second coupling surfaces; and
wherein said electromagnetic module comprises fifth mechanical connection means to mechanically couple said first and second frame portions one with another. 20. The inverter, according to claim 19, wherein said inverter section is a DC section of said inverter; and
wherein said one or more first electronic boards include one or more filtering circuits of said DC section and said one or more second electronic boards include one or more power conversion circuits of said DC section. | An inverter for a photovoltaic plant, which includes: a frame structure defining an internal volume and providing mechanical support to one or more components of the inverter; an inverter section including one or more first electronic boards, one or more second electronic boards and one or more electromagnetic modules electrically connected with the first and second electronic boards; each electromagnetic module is mechanically coupleable with a first electronic board and with one or more supporting members of the frame structure.1. An inverter for a photovoltaic plant, said inverter comprising:
a frame structure defining an internal volume and providing mechanical support to one or more components of said inverter; an inverter section comprising one or more first electronic boards, one or more second electronic boards and one or more electromagnetic modules electrically connected with said first and second electronic boards; an electromagnetic module comprises: an electromagnetic component; first electric contacts electrically connected with said electromagnetic component with a first electronic board of said inverter section; second electric contacts electrically connected with said electromagnetic component and adapted to electrically connect said electromagnetic component with a second electronic board of said inverter section; a supporting frame defining a seat for accommodating said electromagnetic component, wherein said supporting frame comprises one or more first coupling surfaces mechanically coupleable with said first electronic board, wherein said supporting frame comprises one or more second coupling surfaces spaced from said first coupling surfaces and mechanically coupleable with one or more supporting members of said frame structure. 2. The inverter, according to claim 1, wherein said supporting frame comprises opposite upper and lower walls spaced one from another and comprising said first and second coupling surfaces, respectively. 3. The inverter, according to claim 1, wherein said electromagnetic module comprises first mechanical connection means adapted to couple said supporting frame with said first electronic board at said first coupling surfaces. 4. The inverter, according to claim 1, wherein said electromagnetic module comprises second mechanical connection means adapted to couple said supporting frame with said supporting members at said second coupling surfaces. 5. The inverter, according to claim 1, wherein said electromagnetic module comprises third mechanical connection means adapted to couple said first electric contacts with corresponding third electric contacts of said first electronic board. 6. The inverter, according to claim 1, wherein said electromagnetic module comprises fourth mechanical connection means adapted to couple said second electric contacts with corresponding fourth electric contacts of said second electronic board. 7. The inverter, according to claim 1, wherein said supporting frame comprises housing means to define a seat for accommodating said first electric contacts. 8. The inverter, according to claim 1, wherein said supporting frame comprises distinct and mutually coupleable first and second frame portions respectively comprising said first and second coupling surfaces. 9. The inverter, according to claim 8, wherein said electromagnetic module comprises fifth mechanical connection means to mechanically couple said first and second frame portions one with another. 10. The inverter, according to claim 1, wherein said electromagnetic component has a magnetic core and one or more windings wound around said magnetic core. 11. The inverter, according to claim 10, wherein said electromagnetic component is a power inductor. 12. The inverter, according to claim 1, wherein said inverter section is a DC section of said inverter. 13. The inverter, according to claim 12, wherein said one or more first electronic boards include one or more filtering circuits of said DC section and said one or more second electronic boards include one or more power conversion circuits of said DC section. 14. The inverter, according to claim 1, wherein said inverter section is an AC section of said inverter. 15. An electromagnetic module for an inverter comprising:
an electromagnetic component; first electric contacts electrically connected with said electromagnetic component and adapted to electrically connect said electromagnetic component with a first electronic board of an inverter section of said inverter; second electric contacts electrically connected with said electromagnetic component and adapted to electrically connect said electromagnetic component with a second electronic board of said inverter section; a supporting frame defining a seat for accommodating said electromagnetic component, wherein said supporting frame comprises one or more first coupling surfaces mechanically coupleable with said first electronic board, wherein said supporting frame comprises one or more second coupling surfaces spaced from said first coupling surfaces and mechanically coupleable with one or more supporting members of said frame structure. 16. A photovoltaic plant comprising an inverter, according to claim 1. 17. The inverter, according to claim 2, wherein said electromagnetic module comprises first mechanical connection means adapted to couple said supporting frame with said first electronic board at said first coupling surfaces; and
wherein said electromagnetic module comprises second mechanical connection means adapted to couple said supporting frame with said supporting members at said second coupling surfaces. 18. The inverter, according to claim 17, wherein said electromagnetic module comprises third mechanical connection means adapted to couple said first electric contacts with corresponding third electric contacts of said first electronic board; and
wherein said electromagnetic module comprises fourth mechanical connection means adapted to couple said second electric contacts with corresponding fourth electric contacts of said second electronic board. 19. The inverter, according to claim 18, wherein said supporting frame comprises distinct and mutually coupleable first and second frame portions respectively comprising said first and second coupling surfaces; and
wherein said electromagnetic module comprises fifth mechanical connection means to mechanically couple said first and second frame portions one with another. 20. The inverter, according to claim 19, wherein said inverter section is a DC section of said inverter; and
wherein said one or more first electronic boards include one or more filtering circuits of said DC section and said one or more second electronic boards include one or more power conversion circuits of said DC section. | 2,600 |
346,052 | 16,804,371 | 2,662 | A semiconductor device includes, for example, an external terminal, an output element, a detecting element configured to detect occurrence of a negative voltage at the external terminal, and an off-circuit configured to forcibly turn off the output element when the detecting element detects occurrence of the negative voltage. | 1. A semiconductor device comprising:
an external terminal; an output element; a detecting element configured to detect occurrence of a negative voltage at the external terminal; and an off-circuit configured to forcibly turn off the output element when the detecting element detects occurrence of the negative voltage. 2. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein
the detecting element is
an N-channel transistor having
a gate connected to a reference potential terminal and
a source connected to the external terminal or
an npn-type transistor having
a base connected to the reference potential terminal and
an emitter connected to the external terminal. 3. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein
the off-circuit includes a switch element configured to short-circuit between a gate and a source of the output element when the detecting element detects occurrence of the negative voltage. 4. The semiconductor device according to claim 3, wherein
the switch element is a P-channel transistor having
a source connected to the source of the output element and
a drain connected to the gate of the output element. 5. The semiconductor device according to claim 3, wherein
the off-circuit further includes a resistor connected between the gate and the source of the switch element. 6. The semiconductor device according to claim 3, wherein
a gate of the switch element is connected to the drain or the collector of the detecting element. 7. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising:
a fault protection circuit configured to forcibly turn off the output element via the off-circuit not only when the fault protection circuit itself detects a fault in its own monitoring target but also when the detecting element detects occurrence of the negative voltage. 8. The semiconductor device according to claim 7, wherein
the fault protection circuit is an overcurrent protection circuit, an overheat protection circuit, or an overvoltage protection circuit. 9. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising:
an electrostatic protection element connected between the external terminal and the reference potential terminal. 10. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising:
an output driver configured to drive the output element connected between an input terminal for an input voltage and the external terminal such that an output voltage appearing at the external terminal or a feedback voltage commensurate with the output voltage equals a predetermined reference voltage. 11. A semiconductor device comprising:
an external terminal; an output element; a first semiconductor region connected to the external terminal; a second semiconductor region forming an internal circuit; a third semiconductor region formed closer to the first semiconductor region than the second semiconductor region is; and an off-circuit configured to forcibly turn off the output element when a parasitic element formed between the first and third semiconductor regions turns on. 12. The semiconductor device according to claim 11, wherein
the parasitic element is an npn-type transistor resulting from
a P-type semiconductor substrate acting as a base,
the first semiconductor region of an N type acting as an emitter, and
the third semiconductor region of an N type acting as a collector. 13. The semiconductor device according to claim 11, wherein
the off-circuit includes a switch element configured to short-circuit between a gate and a source of the output element when the parasitic element turns on. 14. The semiconductor device according to claim 13, wherein
the switch element is a P-channel transistor having
a source connected to the source of the output element and
a drain connected to the gate of the output element. 15. The semiconductor device according to claim 13, wherein
the off-circuit further includes a resistor connected between the gate and the source of the switch element. 16. The semiconductor device according to claim 13, wherein
a gate of the switch element is connected to the third semiconductor region. 17. The semiconductor device according to claim 11, further comprising:
a fault protection circuit configured to forcibly turn off the output element via the off-circuit not only when the fault protection circuit itself detects a fault in its own monitoring target but also when the parasitic element turns on. 18. The semiconductor device according to claim 17, wherein
the fault protection circuit is an overcurrent protection circuit, an overheat protection circuit, or an overvoltage protection circuit. 19. The semiconductor device according to claim 11, wherein
the first semiconductor region forms an electrostatic protection element connected between the external terminal and the reference potential terminal. 20. The semiconductor device according to claim 11, further comprising:
an output driver configured to drive the output element connected between an input terminal for an input voltage and the external terminal such that an output voltage appearing at the external terminal or a feedback voltage commensurate with the output voltage equals a predetermined reference voltage. 21. A semiconductor device comprising:
an external terminal; an output element; a parasitic factor element; a first element which, along with the parasitic factor element, forms a parasitic element that operates so as to turn on the output element when a negative voltage occurs at the external terminal; and a second element which, along with the parasitic factor element, forms a parasitic element that operates so as to turn off the output element when a negative voltage occurs at the external terminal, wherein the second element comprises at least one second element formed closer to the parasitic factor element than the first element is. 22. The semiconductor device according to claim 21, wherein
the first element is surrounded by an element separating region connected to a low-impedance node. 23. The semiconductor device according to claim 21, further comprising:
a fault protection circuit configured to forcibly turn off the output element not only when the fault protection circuit itself detects a fault in its own monitoring target but also when the parasitic element formed by the second element operates. 24. The semiconductor device according to claim 23, wherein
the fault protection circuit is an overcurrent protection circuit, an overheat protection circuit, or an overvoltage protection circuit. 25. The semiconductor device according to claim 21, wherein
the first and second elements are part of circuit elements constituting an output driver configured to drive the output element. 26. The semiconductor device according to claim 25, wherein
the output driver includes:
a first current source and a second current source;
a first PMOSFET having
a source connected to the first current source and
a gate connected to a first input terminal;
a second PMOSFET having
a source connected to the first current source and
a gate connected to a second input terminal;
a third PMOSFET having
a source connected to a first terminal of the output element and
a gate and a drain connected to a drain of the first PMOSFET;
a fourth PMOSFET having
a source connected to the first terminal of the output element,
a gate connected to the gate of the third PMOSFET, and
a drain connected to a drain of the second PMOSFET;
a fifth PMOSFET having
a source connected to the first terminal of the output element and
a gate connected to the gate of the third PMOSFET;
a sixth PMOSFET having
a source connected to the first terminal of the output element,
a gate connected to the drain of the fourth PMOSFET, and
a drain connected to a control terminal of the output element;
a first NMOSFET having
a drain and a gate connected to the second current source and
a source connected to a reference potential terminal;
a second NMOSFET having
a drain connected to the drain of the first PMOSFET,
a gate connected to a gate of the first NMOSFET, and
a source connected to the reference potential terminal;
a third NMOSFET having
a drain connected to the drain of the second PMOSFET,
a gate connected to the gate of the first NMOSFET, and
a source connected to the reference potential terminal;
a fourth NMOSFET having
a drain and a gate connected to a drain of the fifth PMOSFET and
a source connected to the reference potential terminal; and
a fifth NMOSFET having
a drain connected to the control terminal of the output element,
a gate connected to a gate of the fourth NMOSFET, and
a source connected to the reference potential terminal,
wherein the third and fourth NMOSFETs are formed closer to the parasitic factor element than the second and fifth NMOSFETs are. 27. The semiconductor device according to claim 25, wherein
the output driver includes:
a first current source and a second current source;
a first PMOSFET having
a source connected to the first current source and
a gate connected to a first input terminal;
a second PMOSFET having
a source connected to the first current source and
a gate connected to a second input terminal;
a third PMOSFET having
a source connected to a first terminal of the output element and
a gate and a drain connected to a drain of the first PMOSFET;
a fourth PMOSFET having
a source connected to the first terminal of the output element,
a gate connected to the gate of the third PMOSFET, and
a drain connected to a drain of the second PMOSFET;
a fifth PMOSFET having
a source connected to the first terminal of the output element and
a gate connected to the gate of the third PMOSFET;
a sixth PMOSFET having
a source connected to the first terminal of the output element,
a gate connected to the drain of the fourth PMOSFET, and
a drain connected to a control terminal of the output element;
a first NMOSFET having
a drain and a gate connected to the second current source and
a source connected to a reference potential terminal;
a second NMOSFET and a third NMOSFET each having
a gate connected to a gate of the first NMOSFET and
a source connected to the reference potential terminal;
a fourth NMOSFET having
a drain and a gate connected together and
a source connected to the reference potential terminal;
a fifth NMOSFET having
a gate connected to the gate of the fourth NMOSFET and
a source connected to the reference potential terminal;
a sixth NMOSFET having
a drain connected to the drain of the first PMOSFET,
a source connected to a drain of the second NMOSFET, and
a gate connected to a fixed potential terminal;
a seventh NMOSFET having
a drain connected to the drain of the second PMOSFET,
a source connected to a drain of the third NMOSFET, and
a gate connected to the fixed potential terminal;
an eighth NMOSFET having
a drain connected to a drain of the fifth PMOSFET,
a source connected to the drain of the fourth NMOSFET, and
a gate connected to the fixed potential terminal; and
a ninth NMOSFET having
a drain connected to the control terminal of the output element,
a source connected to a drain of the fifth NMOSFET, and
a gate connected to the fixed potential terminal,
wherein the seventh and eighth NMOSFETs are formed closer to the parasitic factor element than the sixth and ninth NMOSFETs are, and the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth NMOSFETs are formed farther away from the parasitic factor element than the sixth and ninth NMOSFETs are. 28. The semiconductor device according to claim 21, wherein
the parasitic factor element is an electrostatic protection element connected to the external terminal. 29. The semiconductor device according to claim 21, further comprising:
an output driver configured to drive the output element connected between an input terminal for an input voltage and the external terminal such that an output voltage appearing at the external terminal or a feedback voltage commensurate with the output voltage equals a predetermined reference voltage. 30. A semiconductor device comprising:
an external terminal; a parasitic factor element, a first element which, along with the parasitic factor element, forms a parasitic element that operates so as to impair functional safety when a negative voltage occurs at the external terminal; and a second element which, along with the parasitic factor element, forms a parasitic element that operates so as to contribute to functional safety when a negative voltage occurs at the external terminal, wherein the second element comprises at least one second element formed closer to the parasitic factor element than the first element is. | A semiconductor device includes, for example, an external terminal, an output element, a detecting element configured to detect occurrence of a negative voltage at the external terminal, and an off-circuit configured to forcibly turn off the output element when the detecting element detects occurrence of the negative voltage.1. A semiconductor device comprising:
an external terminal; an output element; a detecting element configured to detect occurrence of a negative voltage at the external terminal; and an off-circuit configured to forcibly turn off the output element when the detecting element detects occurrence of the negative voltage. 2. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein
the detecting element is
an N-channel transistor having
a gate connected to a reference potential terminal and
a source connected to the external terminal or
an npn-type transistor having
a base connected to the reference potential terminal and
an emitter connected to the external terminal. 3. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein
the off-circuit includes a switch element configured to short-circuit between a gate and a source of the output element when the detecting element detects occurrence of the negative voltage. 4. The semiconductor device according to claim 3, wherein
the switch element is a P-channel transistor having
a source connected to the source of the output element and
a drain connected to the gate of the output element. 5. The semiconductor device according to claim 3, wherein
the off-circuit further includes a resistor connected between the gate and the source of the switch element. 6. The semiconductor device according to claim 3, wherein
a gate of the switch element is connected to the drain or the collector of the detecting element. 7. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising:
a fault protection circuit configured to forcibly turn off the output element via the off-circuit not only when the fault protection circuit itself detects a fault in its own monitoring target but also when the detecting element detects occurrence of the negative voltage. 8. The semiconductor device according to claim 7, wherein
the fault protection circuit is an overcurrent protection circuit, an overheat protection circuit, or an overvoltage protection circuit. 9. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising:
an electrostatic protection element connected between the external terminal and the reference potential terminal. 10. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising:
an output driver configured to drive the output element connected between an input terminal for an input voltage and the external terminal such that an output voltage appearing at the external terminal or a feedback voltage commensurate with the output voltage equals a predetermined reference voltage. 11. A semiconductor device comprising:
an external terminal; an output element; a first semiconductor region connected to the external terminal; a second semiconductor region forming an internal circuit; a third semiconductor region formed closer to the first semiconductor region than the second semiconductor region is; and an off-circuit configured to forcibly turn off the output element when a parasitic element formed between the first and third semiconductor regions turns on. 12. The semiconductor device according to claim 11, wherein
the parasitic element is an npn-type transistor resulting from
a P-type semiconductor substrate acting as a base,
the first semiconductor region of an N type acting as an emitter, and
the third semiconductor region of an N type acting as a collector. 13. The semiconductor device according to claim 11, wherein
the off-circuit includes a switch element configured to short-circuit between a gate and a source of the output element when the parasitic element turns on. 14. The semiconductor device according to claim 13, wherein
the switch element is a P-channel transistor having
a source connected to the source of the output element and
a drain connected to the gate of the output element. 15. The semiconductor device according to claim 13, wherein
the off-circuit further includes a resistor connected between the gate and the source of the switch element. 16. The semiconductor device according to claim 13, wherein
a gate of the switch element is connected to the third semiconductor region. 17. The semiconductor device according to claim 11, further comprising:
a fault protection circuit configured to forcibly turn off the output element via the off-circuit not only when the fault protection circuit itself detects a fault in its own monitoring target but also when the parasitic element turns on. 18. The semiconductor device according to claim 17, wherein
the fault protection circuit is an overcurrent protection circuit, an overheat protection circuit, or an overvoltage protection circuit. 19. The semiconductor device according to claim 11, wherein
the first semiconductor region forms an electrostatic protection element connected between the external terminal and the reference potential terminal. 20. The semiconductor device according to claim 11, further comprising:
an output driver configured to drive the output element connected between an input terminal for an input voltage and the external terminal such that an output voltage appearing at the external terminal or a feedback voltage commensurate with the output voltage equals a predetermined reference voltage. 21. A semiconductor device comprising:
an external terminal; an output element; a parasitic factor element; a first element which, along with the parasitic factor element, forms a parasitic element that operates so as to turn on the output element when a negative voltage occurs at the external terminal; and a second element which, along with the parasitic factor element, forms a parasitic element that operates so as to turn off the output element when a negative voltage occurs at the external terminal, wherein the second element comprises at least one second element formed closer to the parasitic factor element than the first element is. 22. The semiconductor device according to claim 21, wherein
the first element is surrounded by an element separating region connected to a low-impedance node. 23. The semiconductor device according to claim 21, further comprising:
a fault protection circuit configured to forcibly turn off the output element not only when the fault protection circuit itself detects a fault in its own monitoring target but also when the parasitic element formed by the second element operates. 24. The semiconductor device according to claim 23, wherein
the fault protection circuit is an overcurrent protection circuit, an overheat protection circuit, or an overvoltage protection circuit. 25. The semiconductor device according to claim 21, wherein
the first and second elements are part of circuit elements constituting an output driver configured to drive the output element. 26. The semiconductor device according to claim 25, wherein
the output driver includes:
a first current source and a second current source;
a first PMOSFET having
a source connected to the first current source and
a gate connected to a first input terminal;
a second PMOSFET having
a source connected to the first current source and
a gate connected to a second input terminal;
a third PMOSFET having
a source connected to a first terminal of the output element and
a gate and a drain connected to a drain of the first PMOSFET;
a fourth PMOSFET having
a source connected to the first terminal of the output element,
a gate connected to the gate of the third PMOSFET, and
a drain connected to a drain of the second PMOSFET;
a fifth PMOSFET having
a source connected to the first terminal of the output element and
a gate connected to the gate of the third PMOSFET;
a sixth PMOSFET having
a source connected to the first terminal of the output element,
a gate connected to the drain of the fourth PMOSFET, and
a drain connected to a control terminal of the output element;
a first NMOSFET having
a drain and a gate connected to the second current source and
a source connected to a reference potential terminal;
a second NMOSFET having
a drain connected to the drain of the first PMOSFET,
a gate connected to a gate of the first NMOSFET, and
a source connected to the reference potential terminal;
a third NMOSFET having
a drain connected to the drain of the second PMOSFET,
a gate connected to the gate of the first NMOSFET, and
a source connected to the reference potential terminal;
a fourth NMOSFET having
a drain and a gate connected to a drain of the fifth PMOSFET and
a source connected to the reference potential terminal; and
a fifth NMOSFET having
a drain connected to the control terminal of the output element,
a gate connected to a gate of the fourth NMOSFET, and
a source connected to the reference potential terminal,
wherein the third and fourth NMOSFETs are formed closer to the parasitic factor element than the second and fifth NMOSFETs are. 27. The semiconductor device according to claim 25, wherein
the output driver includes:
a first current source and a second current source;
a first PMOSFET having
a source connected to the first current source and
a gate connected to a first input terminal;
a second PMOSFET having
a source connected to the first current source and
a gate connected to a second input terminal;
a third PMOSFET having
a source connected to a first terminal of the output element and
a gate and a drain connected to a drain of the first PMOSFET;
a fourth PMOSFET having
a source connected to the first terminal of the output element,
a gate connected to the gate of the third PMOSFET, and
a drain connected to a drain of the second PMOSFET;
a fifth PMOSFET having
a source connected to the first terminal of the output element and
a gate connected to the gate of the third PMOSFET;
a sixth PMOSFET having
a source connected to the first terminal of the output element,
a gate connected to the drain of the fourth PMOSFET, and
a drain connected to a control terminal of the output element;
a first NMOSFET having
a drain and a gate connected to the second current source and
a source connected to a reference potential terminal;
a second NMOSFET and a third NMOSFET each having
a gate connected to a gate of the first NMOSFET and
a source connected to the reference potential terminal;
a fourth NMOSFET having
a drain and a gate connected together and
a source connected to the reference potential terminal;
a fifth NMOSFET having
a gate connected to the gate of the fourth NMOSFET and
a source connected to the reference potential terminal;
a sixth NMOSFET having
a drain connected to the drain of the first PMOSFET,
a source connected to a drain of the second NMOSFET, and
a gate connected to a fixed potential terminal;
a seventh NMOSFET having
a drain connected to the drain of the second PMOSFET,
a source connected to a drain of the third NMOSFET, and
a gate connected to the fixed potential terminal;
an eighth NMOSFET having
a drain connected to a drain of the fifth PMOSFET,
a source connected to the drain of the fourth NMOSFET, and
a gate connected to the fixed potential terminal; and
a ninth NMOSFET having
a drain connected to the control terminal of the output element,
a source connected to a drain of the fifth NMOSFET, and
a gate connected to the fixed potential terminal,
wherein the seventh and eighth NMOSFETs are formed closer to the parasitic factor element than the sixth and ninth NMOSFETs are, and the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth NMOSFETs are formed farther away from the parasitic factor element than the sixth and ninth NMOSFETs are. 28. The semiconductor device according to claim 21, wherein
the parasitic factor element is an electrostatic protection element connected to the external terminal. 29. The semiconductor device according to claim 21, further comprising:
an output driver configured to drive the output element connected between an input terminal for an input voltage and the external terminal such that an output voltage appearing at the external terminal or a feedback voltage commensurate with the output voltage equals a predetermined reference voltage. 30. A semiconductor device comprising:
an external terminal; a parasitic factor element, a first element which, along with the parasitic factor element, forms a parasitic element that operates so as to impair functional safety when a negative voltage occurs at the external terminal; and a second element which, along with the parasitic factor element, forms a parasitic element that operates so as to contribute to functional safety when a negative voltage occurs at the external terminal, wherein the second element comprises at least one second element formed closer to the parasitic factor element than the first element is. | 2,600 |
346,053 | 16,804,461 | 2,662 | A gas turbine engine exhaust case assembly comprises: an exhaust case having an axis and defining an annular gas path; a bearing housing coaxially supported within the exhaust case; an exhaust cone coaxial and rearward of the exhaust case; a heat shield joined to the exhaust cone, the heat shield being disposed radially between the exhaust cone and the bearing housing; and a mounting bracket extending from the exhaust case and joining the exhaust case and the exhaust cone together. | 1. An exhaust case assembly for a gas turbine engine, the exhaust case assembly comprising:
an exhaust case having an axis and defining an annular gas path; a bearing housing coaxially supported within the exhaust case; an exhaust cone coaxial with and rearward of the exhaust case; a heat shield joined to the exhaust cone, the heat shield being disposed radially between the exhaust cone and the bearing housing; and a mounting bracket extending from the exhaust case and joining the exhaust case and the exhaust cone together. 2. The exhaust case assembly according to claim 1, comprising a circumferential array of connectors extending through the mounting bracket for joining the exhaust case and exhaust cone together on a plurality of radial axes. 3. The exhaust case assembly according to claim 2, wherein an external surface of the exhaust cone merges with an inner boundary of the annular gas path, the external surface of the exhaust cone having a circumferential array of inward recesses, and wherein the connectors have a head housed within the inward recesses. 4. The exhaust case assembly according to claim 3, wherein the mounting bracket includes bores aligned on the radial axes through which the connectors extend. 5. The exhaust case assembly according to claim 4, wherein the connectors include a bolt and a fixed inward blind hole nut. 6. The exhaust case assembly according to claim 5, wherein the heat shield includes bores aligned on the radial axes through which the bolts extend, and the fixed inward blind hole nuts comprise one of: a nut plate; a clip nut; press fit nut; and a welded nut disposed on an internal surface of the heat shield. 7. The exhaust case assembly according to claim 6, wherein an external surface of the heat shield includes outwardly extending bosses aligned on the radial axes. 8. The exhaust case assembly according to claim 6, wherein the heat shield has a sheet metal body with outwardly extending bosses comprising embossments and wherein the fixed inward blind hole nuts are disposed within the embossments. 9. The exhaust case assembly according to claim 1, wherein the exhaust cone and heat shield are joined together at a downstream end thereof. 10. The exhaust case assembly according to claim 9, wherein the exhaust cone and heat shield are joined together with a spot welded connection at the downstream end. 11. The exhaust case assembly according to claim 1, wherein the mounting bracket is disposed radially between the exhaust cone and the heat shield. 12. The exhaust case assembly according to claim 11, comprising a circumferential array of bolts and fixed inward blind hole nuts clamping the exhaust cone, mounting bracket and heat shield together on radial axes. 13. A method of heat shielding a bearing housing of a gas turbine engine, the bearing housing being within and coaxial to an exhaust case of the gas turbine engine, the method comprising:
joining a heat shield to an internal surface of an exhaust cone; and then securing the exhaust cone to a mounting bracket extending from the exhaust case, the exhaust case defining an annular gas path. 14. The method according to claim 13 comprising:
joining the mounting bracket of the exhaust case and exhaust cone together on a plurality of radial axes with a circumferential array of connectors. 15. The method according to claim 14 comprising:
forming bores in the mounting bracket and exhaust cone, the bores being aligned on the radial axes through which the connectors extend. 16. The method according to claim 15 comprising:
forming a circumferential array of inward recesses aligned on the radial axes on the external surface of the exhaust cone; and
housing a head of each connector in the inward recesses. 17. The method according to claim 16 comprising:
engaging a bolt connector with a fixed inward blind hole nut aligned on each radial axis of the radial axes. 18. The method according to claim 17 comprising:
forming a circumferential array of outwardly extending bosses aligned on the radial axes on the external surface of the heat shield; and
housing fixed inward blind hole nut in the outwardly extending bosses. 19. The method according to claim 13 comprising:
spot welding the exhaust cone and heat shield together at a downstream end. 20. The method according to claim 13 comprising:
securing the mounting bracket between the heat shield and the exhaust cone. | A gas turbine engine exhaust case assembly comprises: an exhaust case having an axis and defining an annular gas path; a bearing housing coaxially supported within the exhaust case; an exhaust cone coaxial and rearward of the exhaust case; a heat shield joined to the exhaust cone, the heat shield being disposed radially between the exhaust cone and the bearing housing; and a mounting bracket extending from the exhaust case and joining the exhaust case and the exhaust cone together.1. An exhaust case assembly for a gas turbine engine, the exhaust case assembly comprising:
an exhaust case having an axis and defining an annular gas path; a bearing housing coaxially supported within the exhaust case; an exhaust cone coaxial with and rearward of the exhaust case; a heat shield joined to the exhaust cone, the heat shield being disposed radially between the exhaust cone and the bearing housing; and a mounting bracket extending from the exhaust case and joining the exhaust case and the exhaust cone together. 2. The exhaust case assembly according to claim 1, comprising a circumferential array of connectors extending through the mounting bracket for joining the exhaust case and exhaust cone together on a plurality of radial axes. 3. The exhaust case assembly according to claim 2, wherein an external surface of the exhaust cone merges with an inner boundary of the annular gas path, the external surface of the exhaust cone having a circumferential array of inward recesses, and wherein the connectors have a head housed within the inward recesses. 4. The exhaust case assembly according to claim 3, wherein the mounting bracket includes bores aligned on the radial axes through which the connectors extend. 5. The exhaust case assembly according to claim 4, wherein the connectors include a bolt and a fixed inward blind hole nut. 6. The exhaust case assembly according to claim 5, wherein the heat shield includes bores aligned on the radial axes through which the bolts extend, and the fixed inward blind hole nuts comprise one of: a nut plate; a clip nut; press fit nut; and a welded nut disposed on an internal surface of the heat shield. 7. The exhaust case assembly according to claim 6, wherein an external surface of the heat shield includes outwardly extending bosses aligned on the radial axes. 8. The exhaust case assembly according to claim 6, wherein the heat shield has a sheet metal body with outwardly extending bosses comprising embossments and wherein the fixed inward blind hole nuts are disposed within the embossments. 9. The exhaust case assembly according to claim 1, wherein the exhaust cone and heat shield are joined together at a downstream end thereof. 10. The exhaust case assembly according to claim 9, wherein the exhaust cone and heat shield are joined together with a spot welded connection at the downstream end. 11. The exhaust case assembly according to claim 1, wherein the mounting bracket is disposed radially between the exhaust cone and the heat shield. 12. The exhaust case assembly according to claim 11, comprising a circumferential array of bolts and fixed inward blind hole nuts clamping the exhaust cone, mounting bracket and heat shield together on radial axes. 13. A method of heat shielding a bearing housing of a gas turbine engine, the bearing housing being within and coaxial to an exhaust case of the gas turbine engine, the method comprising:
joining a heat shield to an internal surface of an exhaust cone; and then securing the exhaust cone to a mounting bracket extending from the exhaust case, the exhaust case defining an annular gas path. 14. The method according to claim 13 comprising:
joining the mounting bracket of the exhaust case and exhaust cone together on a plurality of radial axes with a circumferential array of connectors. 15. The method according to claim 14 comprising:
forming bores in the mounting bracket and exhaust cone, the bores being aligned on the radial axes through which the connectors extend. 16. The method according to claim 15 comprising:
forming a circumferential array of inward recesses aligned on the radial axes on the external surface of the exhaust cone; and
housing a head of each connector in the inward recesses. 17. The method according to claim 16 comprising:
engaging a bolt connector with a fixed inward blind hole nut aligned on each radial axis of the radial axes. 18. The method according to claim 17 comprising:
forming a circumferential array of outwardly extending bosses aligned on the radial axes on the external surface of the heat shield; and
housing fixed inward blind hole nut in the outwardly extending bosses. 19. The method according to claim 13 comprising:
spot welding the exhaust cone and heat shield together at a downstream end. 20. The method according to claim 13 comprising:
securing the mounting bracket between the heat shield and the exhaust cone. | 2,600 |
346,054 | 16,804,496 | 2,662 | An HVAC system includes a compressor, condenser, and evaporator. A sensor measures a value associated with the refrigerant in the condenser or the evaporator, and a controller is communicatively coupled to the compressor and the sensor. The controller determines, based on an operational history the compressor, that pre-requisite criteria are satisfied for entering a sensor validation mode. After determining the pre-requisite criteria are satisfied, an initial sensor measurement value is determined. Following determining the initial sensor measurement value, the compressor is operated according to a sensor-validation mode. Following operating the compressor according to the sensor-validation mode for at least a minimum time, a current sensor measurement value is determined. The controller determines whether validation criteria are satisfied for the current sensor value. In response to determining that the validation criteria are satisfied, the controller determines that the sensor is validated. | 1. A heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system comprising a first compressor circuit, the first compressor circuit comprising:
a compressor configured to compress refrigerant flowing through the HVAC system; a condenser configured to receive compressed refrigerant and allow heat to transfer from a first flow of air to the compressed refrigerant; an evaporator configured to receive the heated refrigerant and allow heat to transfer from the heated refrigerant to a second flow of air; a sensor configured to measure a value associated with the refrigerant in the condenser or the evaporator; and a controller communicatively coupled to the compressor and the sensor, the controller configured to:
determine, based on an operational history the compressor, that pre-requisite criteria are satisfied for entering a sensor validation mode, the prerequisite criteria comprising a requirement that the compressor has been inactive for at least a minimum time;
in response to determining the pre-requisite criteria are satisfied, determine, using the sensor, an initial sensor measurement value;
following determining the initial sensor measurement value, operate the compressor according to a sensor-validation mode, wherein operating according to the sensor-validation mode comprises operating the compressor at a maximum recommended capacity;
following operating the compressor according to the sensor-validation mode for at least a minimum time, determine, using the sensor, a current sensor measurement value;
determine whether validation criteria are satisfied for the current sensor value, based on a comparison of the current sensor measurement value to the initial sensor measurement value;
in response to determining that the validation criteria are satisfied, determine that the sensor is validated; and
in response to determining that the validation criteria are not satisfied, determine that the sensor failed validation. 2. The HVAC system of claim 1, the HVAC system further comprising a second compressor circuit, the compressor circuit comprising:
a second compressor, a second condenser, a second evaporator, and a sensor configured to measure a value associated with refrigerant in the second condenser or the second evaporator; the controller coupled to the second compressor and the second sensor, the controller further configured to:
determine a first time since a most recent validation of the sensor of the first compressor circuit;
determine a second time since a most recent validation of the second sensor of the second compressor circuit;
determine the second time is greater than the first time; and
in response to determining the second time is greater than the second time, determine that the second sensor should be evaluated for validation. 3. The HVAC system of claim 1, wherein operating according to the sensor-validation mode further comprises over-riding a default cubic feet per meter per tonnage of cooling (CFM/ton) setting of the HVAC system and operating according to a decreased CFM/ton setting. 4. The HVAC system of claim 1, wherein operating according to the sensor-validation mode further comprises one or both of:
decreasing a speed of an outdoor fan configured to provide the first flow of air across the condenser; and closing dampers of an economizer of the HVAC system such that outdoor air is not included in the second flow of air across the evaporator. 5. The HVAC system of claim 1, the controller further configured to, prior to determining the initial sensor measurement value, determine that one or more secondary pre-requisite criteria are satisfied, the secondary pre-requisite criteria comprising a requirement that cooling is needed in a space being conditioned by the HVAC system, a requirement that a current time is within a predefined sensor validation time interval, and a requirement that the compressor is due for validation. 6. The HVAC system of claim 1, the evaporator of the first compressor circuit is an intertwined evaporator, wherein the sensor is located in or on the intertwined evaporator; and
the controller further configured to, prior to determining the initial sensor measurement value, determine that all compressors of the HVAC system have been inactive for at least the minimum time. 7. The HVAC system of claim 1, the controller further configured to determine whether the validation criteria are satisfied for the current sensor value by:
determining a difference between the current measurement value and the initial measurement value; determining whether the difference is within a predefined range of difference values, wherein the predefined range corresponds to range of values previously determined for the sensor being validated; responsive to determining the difference is within the predefined range, determining that the validation criteria are satisfied; and responsive to determining the difference is not within the predefined range, determining that the validation criteria are not satisfied. 8. The HVAC system of claim 1, the controller further configured to:
determine that one or more secondary sensor validation criteria are satisfied, the secondary sensor validation criteria comprising one or both of a requirement that an outdoor temperature is within a first predetermined temperature range and a requirement that a return air temperature is within a second predetermined temperature range; and in response to determining that at least one secondary sensor validation criteria is not satisfied, determine that the sensor failed validation. 9. A method of operating a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system, the method comprising:
determining, based on an operational history of a compressor of the HVAC system, that pre-requisite criteria are satisfied for entering a sensor validation mode, the prerequisite criteria comprising a requirement that the compressor has been inactive for at least a minimum time; in response to determining the pre-requisite criteria are satisfied, determining an initial sensor measurement value, based on a signal from a sensor of a first compressor circuit of the HVAC system; following determining the initial sensor measurement value, operating the compressor according to a sensor-validation mode, wherein operating according to the sensor-validation mode comprises operating the compressor at a maximum recommended capacity; following operating the compressor according to the sensor-validation mode for at least a minimum time, determining a current sensor measurement value; determining whether validation criteria are satisfied for the current sensor value, based on a comparison of the current sensor measurement value to the initial sensor measurement value; in response to determining that the validation criteria are satisfied, determining that the sensor is validated; and in response to determining that the validation criteria are not satisfied, determining that the sensor failed validation. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising:
determining a first time since a most recent validation of the sensor of the first compressor circuit of the HVAC system; determining a second time since a most recent validation of a second sensor of a second compressor circuit of the HVAC system; determining that the second time is greater than the first time; and in response to determining the second time is greater than the second time, determining that the second sensor should be evaluated for validation. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein operating according to the sensor-validation mode further comprises over-riding a default cubic feet per meter per tonnage of cooling (CFM/ton) setting of the HVAC system and operating according to a decreased CFM/ton setting. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein operating according to the sensor-validation mode further comprises one or both of:
decreasing a speed of an outdoor fan configured to provide the first flow of air across the condenser; and closing dampers of an economizer of the HVAC system such that outdoor air is not included in the second flow of air across the evaporator. 13. The method of claim 9, further comprising, prior to determining the initial sensor measurement value, determining that one or more secondary pre-requisite criteria are satisfied, the secondary pre-requisite criteria comprising a requirement that cooling is needed in a space being conditioned by the HVAC system, a requirement that a current time is within a predefined sensor validation time interval, and a requirement that the compressor is due for validation. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein the sensor is located in or on an intertwined evaporator; and
the method further comprising prior to determining the initial sensor measurement value, determining that all compressors of the HVAC system have been inactive for at least the minimum time. 15. The method of claim 9, further comprising determining whether the validation criteria are satisfied for the current sensor value by:
determining a difference between the current measurement value and the initial measurement value; determining whether the difference is within a predefined range of difference values, wherein the predefined range corresponds to range of values previously determined for the sensor being validated; responsive to determining the difference is within the predefined range, determining that the validation criteria are satisfied; and responsive to determining the difference is not within the predefined range, determining that the validation criteria are not satisfied. 16. The method of claim 9, further comprising:
determining that one or more secondary sensor validation criteria are satisfied, the secondary sensor validation criteria comprising one or both of a requirement that an outdoor temperature is within a first predetermined temperature range and a requirement that a return air temperature is within a second predetermined temperature range; and in response to determining that at least one secondary sensor validation criteria is not satisfied, determining that the sensor failed validation. 17. A controller of a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system, the controller comprising a processor configured to:
determine, based on an operational history a compressor of the HVAC system, that pre-requisite criteria are satisfied for entering a sensor validation mode, the prerequisite criteria comprising a requirement that the compressor has been inactive for at least a minimum time; in response to determining the pre-requisite criteria are satisfied, determine, using a sensor of a first compressor circuit of the HVAC system, an initial sensor measurement value; following determining the initial sensor measurement value, operate the compressor according to a sensor-validation mode, wherein operating according to the sensor-validation mode comprises operating under cooling conditions; following operating the compressor according to the sensor-validation mode for at least a minimum time, determine, using the sensor, a current sensor measurement value; determine whether validation criteria are satisfied for the current sensor value, based on a comparison of the current sensor measurement value to the initial sensor measurement value; in response to determining that the validation criteria are satisfied, determine that the sensor is validated; and in response to determining that the validation criteria are not satisfied, determine that the sensor failed validation. 18. The controller of claim 17, further configured to:
determine a first time since a most recent validation of the sensor of the first compressor circuit; determine a second time since a most recent validation of the second sensor of the second compressor circuit; determine the second time is greater than the first time; and in response to determining the second time is greater than the second time, determine that the second sensor should be evaluated for validation. 19. The controller of claim 17, wherein operating according to the sensor-validation mode further comprises one or more of:
over-riding a default cubic feet per meter per tonnage of cooling (CFM/ton) setting of the HVAC system and operating according to a decreased CFM/ton setting; decreasing a speed of an outdoor fan configured to provide the first flow of air across the condenser; and closing dampers of an economizer of the HVAC system such that outdoor air is not included in the second flow of air across the evaporator. 20. The controller of claim 17, further configured to, prior to determining the initial sensor measurement value, determine that one or more secondary pre-requisite criteria are satisfied, the secondary pre-requisite criteria comprising a requirement that cooling is needed in a space being conditioned by the HVAC system, a requirement that a current time is within a predefined sensor validation time interval, and a requirement that the compressor is due for validation. | An HVAC system includes a compressor, condenser, and evaporator. A sensor measures a value associated with the refrigerant in the condenser or the evaporator, and a controller is communicatively coupled to the compressor and the sensor. The controller determines, based on an operational history the compressor, that pre-requisite criteria are satisfied for entering a sensor validation mode. After determining the pre-requisite criteria are satisfied, an initial sensor measurement value is determined. Following determining the initial sensor measurement value, the compressor is operated according to a sensor-validation mode. Following operating the compressor according to the sensor-validation mode for at least a minimum time, a current sensor measurement value is determined. The controller determines whether validation criteria are satisfied for the current sensor value. In response to determining that the validation criteria are satisfied, the controller determines that the sensor is validated.1. A heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system comprising a first compressor circuit, the first compressor circuit comprising:
a compressor configured to compress refrigerant flowing through the HVAC system; a condenser configured to receive compressed refrigerant and allow heat to transfer from a first flow of air to the compressed refrigerant; an evaporator configured to receive the heated refrigerant and allow heat to transfer from the heated refrigerant to a second flow of air; a sensor configured to measure a value associated with the refrigerant in the condenser or the evaporator; and a controller communicatively coupled to the compressor and the sensor, the controller configured to:
determine, based on an operational history the compressor, that pre-requisite criteria are satisfied for entering a sensor validation mode, the prerequisite criteria comprising a requirement that the compressor has been inactive for at least a minimum time;
in response to determining the pre-requisite criteria are satisfied, determine, using the sensor, an initial sensor measurement value;
following determining the initial sensor measurement value, operate the compressor according to a sensor-validation mode, wherein operating according to the sensor-validation mode comprises operating the compressor at a maximum recommended capacity;
following operating the compressor according to the sensor-validation mode for at least a minimum time, determine, using the sensor, a current sensor measurement value;
determine whether validation criteria are satisfied for the current sensor value, based on a comparison of the current sensor measurement value to the initial sensor measurement value;
in response to determining that the validation criteria are satisfied, determine that the sensor is validated; and
in response to determining that the validation criteria are not satisfied, determine that the sensor failed validation. 2. The HVAC system of claim 1, the HVAC system further comprising a second compressor circuit, the compressor circuit comprising:
a second compressor, a second condenser, a second evaporator, and a sensor configured to measure a value associated with refrigerant in the second condenser or the second evaporator; the controller coupled to the second compressor and the second sensor, the controller further configured to:
determine a first time since a most recent validation of the sensor of the first compressor circuit;
determine a second time since a most recent validation of the second sensor of the second compressor circuit;
determine the second time is greater than the first time; and
in response to determining the second time is greater than the second time, determine that the second sensor should be evaluated for validation. 3. The HVAC system of claim 1, wherein operating according to the sensor-validation mode further comprises over-riding a default cubic feet per meter per tonnage of cooling (CFM/ton) setting of the HVAC system and operating according to a decreased CFM/ton setting. 4. The HVAC system of claim 1, wherein operating according to the sensor-validation mode further comprises one or both of:
decreasing a speed of an outdoor fan configured to provide the first flow of air across the condenser; and closing dampers of an economizer of the HVAC system such that outdoor air is not included in the second flow of air across the evaporator. 5. The HVAC system of claim 1, the controller further configured to, prior to determining the initial sensor measurement value, determine that one or more secondary pre-requisite criteria are satisfied, the secondary pre-requisite criteria comprising a requirement that cooling is needed in a space being conditioned by the HVAC system, a requirement that a current time is within a predefined sensor validation time interval, and a requirement that the compressor is due for validation. 6. The HVAC system of claim 1, the evaporator of the first compressor circuit is an intertwined evaporator, wherein the sensor is located in or on the intertwined evaporator; and
the controller further configured to, prior to determining the initial sensor measurement value, determine that all compressors of the HVAC system have been inactive for at least the minimum time. 7. The HVAC system of claim 1, the controller further configured to determine whether the validation criteria are satisfied for the current sensor value by:
determining a difference between the current measurement value and the initial measurement value; determining whether the difference is within a predefined range of difference values, wherein the predefined range corresponds to range of values previously determined for the sensor being validated; responsive to determining the difference is within the predefined range, determining that the validation criteria are satisfied; and responsive to determining the difference is not within the predefined range, determining that the validation criteria are not satisfied. 8. The HVAC system of claim 1, the controller further configured to:
determine that one or more secondary sensor validation criteria are satisfied, the secondary sensor validation criteria comprising one or both of a requirement that an outdoor temperature is within a first predetermined temperature range and a requirement that a return air temperature is within a second predetermined temperature range; and in response to determining that at least one secondary sensor validation criteria is not satisfied, determine that the sensor failed validation. 9. A method of operating a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system, the method comprising:
determining, based on an operational history of a compressor of the HVAC system, that pre-requisite criteria are satisfied for entering a sensor validation mode, the prerequisite criteria comprising a requirement that the compressor has been inactive for at least a minimum time; in response to determining the pre-requisite criteria are satisfied, determining an initial sensor measurement value, based on a signal from a sensor of a first compressor circuit of the HVAC system; following determining the initial sensor measurement value, operating the compressor according to a sensor-validation mode, wherein operating according to the sensor-validation mode comprises operating the compressor at a maximum recommended capacity; following operating the compressor according to the sensor-validation mode for at least a minimum time, determining a current sensor measurement value; determining whether validation criteria are satisfied for the current sensor value, based on a comparison of the current sensor measurement value to the initial sensor measurement value; in response to determining that the validation criteria are satisfied, determining that the sensor is validated; and in response to determining that the validation criteria are not satisfied, determining that the sensor failed validation. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising:
determining a first time since a most recent validation of the sensor of the first compressor circuit of the HVAC system; determining a second time since a most recent validation of a second sensor of a second compressor circuit of the HVAC system; determining that the second time is greater than the first time; and in response to determining the second time is greater than the second time, determining that the second sensor should be evaluated for validation. 11. The method of claim 9, wherein operating according to the sensor-validation mode further comprises over-riding a default cubic feet per meter per tonnage of cooling (CFM/ton) setting of the HVAC system and operating according to a decreased CFM/ton setting. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein operating according to the sensor-validation mode further comprises one or both of:
decreasing a speed of an outdoor fan configured to provide the first flow of air across the condenser; and closing dampers of an economizer of the HVAC system such that outdoor air is not included in the second flow of air across the evaporator. 13. The method of claim 9, further comprising, prior to determining the initial sensor measurement value, determining that one or more secondary pre-requisite criteria are satisfied, the secondary pre-requisite criteria comprising a requirement that cooling is needed in a space being conditioned by the HVAC system, a requirement that a current time is within a predefined sensor validation time interval, and a requirement that the compressor is due for validation. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein the sensor is located in or on an intertwined evaporator; and
the method further comprising prior to determining the initial sensor measurement value, determining that all compressors of the HVAC system have been inactive for at least the minimum time. 15. The method of claim 9, further comprising determining whether the validation criteria are satisfied for the current sensor value by:
determining a difference between the current measurement value and the initial measurement value; determining whether the difference is within a predefined range of difference values, wherein the predefined range corresponds to range of values previously determined for the sensor being validated; responsive to determining the difference is within the predefined range, determining that the validation criteria are satisfied; and responsive to determining the difference is not within the predefined range, determining that the validation criteria are not satisfied. 16. The method of claim 9, further comprising:
determining that one or more secondary sensor validation criteria are satisfied, the secondary sensor validation criteria comprising one or both of a requirement that an outdoor temperature is within a first predetermined temperature range and a requirement that a return air temperature is within a second predetermined temperature range; and in response to determining that at least one secondary sensor validation criteria is not satisfied, determining that the sensor failed validation. 17. A controller of a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system, the controller comprising a processor configured to:
determine, based on an operational history a compressor of the HVAC system, that pre-requisite criteria are satisfied for entering a sensor validation mode, the prerequisite criteria comprising a requirement that the compressor has been inactive for at least a minimum time; in response to determining the pre-requisite criteria are satisfied, determine, using a sensor of a first compressor circuit of the HVAC system, an initial sensor measurement value; following determining the initial sensor measurement value, operate the compressor according to a sensor-validation mode, wherein operating according to the sensor-validation mode comprises operating under cooling conditions; following operating the compressor according to the sensor-validation mode for at least a minimum time, determine, using the sensor, a current sensor measurement value; determine whether validation criteria are satisfied for the current sensor value, based on a comparison of the current sensor measurement value to the initial sensor measurement value; in response to determining that the validation criteria are satisfied, determine that the sensor is validated; and in response to determining that the validation criteria are not satisfied, determine that the sensor failed validation. 18. The controller of claim 17, further configured to:
determine a first time since a most recent validation of the sensor of the first compressor circuit; determine a second time since a most recent validation of the second sensor of the second compressor circuit; determine the second time is greater than the first time; and in response to determining the second time is greater than the second time, determine that the second sensor should be evaluated for validation. 19. The controller of claim 17, wherein operating according to the sensor-validation mode further comprises one or more of:
over-riding a default cubic feet per meter per tonnage of cooling (CFM/ton) setting of the HVAC system and operating according to a decreased CFM/ton setting; decreasing a speed of an outdoor fan configured to provide the first flow of air across the condenser; and closing dampers of an economizer of the HVAC system such that outdoor air is not included in the second flow of air across the evaporator. 20. The controller of claim 17, further configured to, prior to determining the initial sensor measurement value, determine that one or more secondary pre-requisite criteria are satisfied, the secondary pre-requisite criteria comprising a requirement that cooling is needed in a space being conditioned by the HVAC system, a requirement that a current time is within a predefined sensor validation time interval, and a requirement that the compressor is due for validation. | 2,600 |
346,055 | 16,804,499 | 3,668 | Embodiments include assemblies. An assembly includes a substrate having a first interconnect and a second interconnect. The first interconnect has a first conductive pad and a second conductive pad, and the second interconnect has a third conductive pad and a fourth conductive pad. The assembly includes a socket over the substrate. The socket has a first pin, a second pin, and a base layer with a first pad and a second pad. The first and second pins are vertically over the respective first and second interconnects. The first pad is directly coupled to the first pin and fourth conductive pad, while the second pad is directly coupled to the second pin and second conductive pad. The first pad is positioned partially within a footprint of the third conductive pad, and the second pad is positioned partially within a footprint of the first conductive pad. | 1. An assembly, comprising:
a substrate having a first interconnect and a second interconnect, wherein the first interconnect has a first conductive pad and a second conductive pad, and wherein the second interconnect has a third conductive pad and a fourth conductive pad; and a socket over the substrate, wherein the socket has a first pin, a second pin, and a base layer, wherein the base layer includes a first pad and a second pad, wherein the first pin is vertically over the first interconnect, wherein the second pin is vertically over the second interconnect, wherein the first pad is directly coupled to the first pin and the fourth conductive pad of the second interconnect, and wherein the second pad is directly coupled to the second pin and the second conductive pad of the first interconnect. 2. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the first pad of the socket is at least partially within a footprint of the third conductive pad of the second interconnect of the substrate, and wherein the second pad of the socket is at least partially within a footprint of the first conductive pad of the first interconnect of the substrate. 3. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the first pin is on the first pad, wherein the second pin is on the second pad, wherein the first pin of the socket is conductively coupled to the first interconnect of the substrate, and wherein the second pin of the socket is conductively coupled to the second interconnect of the substrate. 4. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the substrate is comprised of a high-density interconnect substrate, a low-density interconnect substrate, or an interposer. 5. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the first interconnect has a first via, a second via, a first conductive line, and a second conductive line, and wherein the second interconnect has a third via, a fourth via, a third conductive line, and a fourth conductive line. 6. The assembly of claim 5, wherein the first via conductively couples the first conductive pad to the first conductive line, wherein the second via conductively couples the first conductive line to the second conductive line, and wherein the second conductive line conductively couples the second via to the second conductive pad. 7. The assembly of claim 6, wherein the third via conductively couples the third conductive pad to the third conductive line, wherein the fourth via conductively couples the third conductive line to the fourth conductive line, and wherein the fourth conductive line conductively couples the fourth via to the fourth conductive pad. 8. The assembly of claim 7, wherein the first via of the first interconnect has a thickness that is substantially equal to a thickness of the third via of the second interconnect. 9. The assembly of claim 7, wherein the second via of the first interconnect has a thickness that is substantially equal to a thickness of the fourth via of the second interconnect. 10. A substrate, comprising:
a body having a top surface and a bottom surface that is opposite from the top surface, wherein the top surface has a first conductive layer and a first dielectric layer, and wherein the bottom surface has a second conductive layer and a second dielectric layer; a plurality of interconnects in the body, wherein the plurality of interconnects have a plurality of first conductive pads on the top surface of the body, and a plurality of second conductive pads on the bottom surface of the body, wherein the plurality of interconnects vertically extend from the plurality of first conductive pads to the plurality of second conductive pads, and wherein the plurality of interconnects conductively couple the plurality of first conductive pads to the plurality of second conductive pads; and a first interconnect and a second interconnect in the body, wherein the first interconnect has a first conductive pad on the bottom surface of the body, and a second conductive pad on the top surface of the body, wherein the second interconnect has a third conductive pad on the bottom surface of the body, and a fourth conductive pad on the top surface of the body, wherein the first interconnect is directly adjacent to the second interconnect, wherein the first and second interconnects are in between the plurality of interconnects, wherein the first and second interconnects are part of a swapped structure in the body, wherein the second conductive pad of the first interconnect is at least partially within a footprint of the third conductive pad of the second interconnect, and wherein the fourth conductive pad of the second interconnect is at least partially within a footprint of the first conductive pad of the first interconnect. 11. The substrate of claim 10, further comprising a third conductive layer in the body, wherein the third conductive layer is between the first and second conductive layers, wherein the third conductive layer is proximately below the first conductive layer, wherein the first interconnect has a first via, a second via, a first conductive line, and a second conductive line, wherein the second interconnect has a third via, a fourth via, a third conductive line, and a fourth conductive line, wherein the swapped structure is directly between the first conductive layer and the third conductive layer, and wherein the swapped structure is comprised of the second via, the first and second conductive lines, and the second conductive pad of the first interconnect, and comprised of the fourth via, the third and fourth conductive lines, and the fourth conductive pad of the second interconnect. 12. The substrate of claim 11, wherein the first conductive pad is below the second dielectric layer, wherein the first via vertically extends from the first conductive pad to the third conductive layer, wherein the first via conductively couples the first conductive pad to the first conductive line in the third conductive layer, wherein the second via vertically extends from the third conductive layer to the first conductive layer, wherein the second via conductively couples the first conductive line to the second conductive line in the first conductive layer, wherein the second conductive line conductively couples the second via to the second conductive pad, wherein the second conductive pad is on the second conductive line and the first dielectric layer, and wherein the first dielectric layer is over the second conductive line of the first conductive layer. 13. The substrate of claim 11, wherein the third conductive pad is below the second dielectric layer, wherein the third via vertically extends from the third conductive pad to the third conductive layer, wherein the third via conductively couples the third conductive pad to the third conductive line in the third conductive layer, wherein the fourth via vertically extends from the third conductive layer to the first conductive layer, wherein the fourth via conductively couples the third conductive line to the fourth conductive line in the first conductive layer, wherein the fourth conductive line conductively couples the fourth via to the fourth conductive pad, wherein the fourth conductive pad is on the fourth conductive line and the second dielectric layer, and wherein the first dielectric layer is over the second conductive line of the first conductive layer. 14. The substrate of claim 10, further comprising a socket over the top surface of the body, wherein the socket has a first pin, a second pin, and a base layer, wherein the base layer includes a first pad and a second pad, wherein the base layer is directly above and parallel to the first conductive layer, wherein the first pin is vertically over the first interconnect, wherein the second pin is vertically over the second interconnect, wherein the first pad is directly coupled to the first pin and the fourth conductive pad of the second interconnect, and wherein the second pad is directly coupled to the second pin and the second conductive pad of the first interconnect. 15. The substrate of claim 14, wherein the first pin is on the first pad, wherein the second pin is on the second pad, wherein the first pin of the socket is conductively coupled to the first interconnect, and wherein the second pin of the socket is conductively coupled to the second interconnect. 16. The substrate of claim 15, wherein the first pad of the socket is at least partially within the footprint of the third conductive pad of the second interconnect, and wherein the second pad of the socket is at least partially within the footprint of the first conductive pad of the first interconnect. 17. The substrate of claim 10, wherein the first via of the first interconnect has a thickness that is substantially equal to a thickness of the third via of the second interconnect. 18. The substrate of claim 10, wherein the second via of the first interconnect has a thickness that is substantially equal to a thickness of the fourth via of the second interconnect. 19. An electronic packaged assembly, comprising:
a substrate on a first package substrate, wherein the substrate has a first interconnect and a second interconnect, wherein the first interconnect has a first conductive pad and a second conductive pad, and wherein the second interconnect has a third conductive pad and a fourth conductive pad; a socket over the substrate, wherein the substrate conductively couples the socket to the first package substrate, wherein the socket has a first pin, a second pin, and a base layer, wherein the base layer includes a first pad and a second pad, wherein the first pin is vertically over the first interconnect, wherein the second pin is vertically over the second interconnect, wherein the first pad is directly coupled to the first pin and the fourth conductive pad of the second interconnect, and wherein the second pad is directly coupled to the second pin and the second conductive pad of the first interconnect; a second package substrate over the socket, wherein the socket conductively couples the second package substrate to the substrate; and a die over the second package substrate. 20. The electronic packaged assembly of claim 19, wherein the first pad of the socket is at least partially within a footprint of the third conductive pad of the second interconnect of the substrate, wherein the second pad of the socket is at least partially within a footprint of the first conductive pad of the first interconnect of the substrate, wherein the first pin is on the first pad, wherein the second pin is on the second pad, wherein the first pin of the socket is conductively coupled to the first interconnect of the substrate, and wherein the second pin of the socket is conductively coupled to the second interconnect of the substrate. 21. The electronic packaged assembly of claim 19, wherein the substrate is comprised of a high-density interconnect substrate, a low-density interconnect substrate, or an interposer, wherein the first package substrate is a board, and wherein the second package substrate is an electronic package substrate. 22. The electronic packaged assembly of claim 19, wherein the first interconnect has a first via, a second via, a first conductive line, and a second conductive line, and wherein the second interconnect has a third via, a fourth via, a third conductive line, and a fourth conductive line. 23. The electronic packaged assembly of claim 22, wherein the first via conductively couples the first conductive pad to the first conductive line, wherein the second via conductively couples the first conductive line to the second conductive line, and wherein the second conductive line conductively couples the second via to the second conductive pad. 24. The electronic packaged assembly of claim 23, wherein the third via conductively couples the third conductive pad to the third conductive line, wherein the fourth via conductively couples the third conductive line to the fourth conductive line, and wherein the fourth conductive line conductively couples the fourth via to the fourth conductive pad. 25. The electronic packaged assembly of claim 24, wherein the first via of the first interconnect has a thickness that is substantially equal to a thickness of the third via of the second interconnect, and wherein the second via of the first interconnect has a thickness that is substantially equal to a thickness of the fourth via of the second interconnect. | Embodiments include assemblies. An assembly includes a substrate having a first interconnect and a second interconnect. The first interconnect has a first conductive pad and a second conductive pad, and the second interconnect has a third conductive pad and a fourth conductive pad. The assembly includes a socket over the substrate. The socket has a first pin, a second pin, and a base layer with a first pad and a second pad. The first and second pins are vertically over the respective first and second interconnects. The first pad is directly coupled to the first pin and fourth conductive pad, while the second pad is directly coupled to the second pin and second conductive pad. The first pad is positioned partially within a footprint of the third conductive pad, and the second pad is positioned partially within a footprint of the first conductive pad.1. An assembly, comprising:
a substrate having a first interconnect and a second interconnect, wherein the first interconnect has a first conductive pad and a second conductive pad, and wherein the second interconnect has a third conductive pad and a fourth conductive pad; and a socket over the substrate, wherein the socket has a first pin, a second pin, and a base layer, wherein the base layer includes a first pad and a second pad, wherein the first pin is vertically over the first interconnect, wherein the second pin is vertically over the second interconnect, wherein the first pad is directly coupled to the first pin and the fourth conductive pad of the second interconnect, and wherein the second pad is directly coupled to the second pin and the second conductive pad of the first interconnect. 2. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the first pad of the socket is at least partially within a footprint of the third conductive pad of the second interconnect of the substrate, and wherein the second pad of the socket is at least partially within a footprint of the first conductive pad of the first interconnect of the substrate. 3. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the first pin is on the first pad, wherein the second pin is on the second pad, wherein the first pin of the socket is conductively coupled to the first interconnect of the substrate, and wherein the second pin of the socket is conductively coupled to the second interconnect of the substrate. 4. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the substrate is comprised of a high-density interconnect substrate, a low-density interconnect substrate, or an interposer. 5. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the first interconnect has a first via, a second via, a first conductive line, and a second conductive line, and wherein the second interconnect has a third via, a fourth via, a third conductive line, and a fourth conductive line. 6. The assembly of claim 5, wherein the first via conductively couples the first conductive pad to the first conductive line, wherein the second via conductively couples the first conductive line to the second conductive line, and wherein the second conductive line conductively couples the second via to the second conductive pad. 7. The assembly of claim 6, wherein the third via conductively couples the third conductive pad to the third conductive line, wherein the fourth via conductively couples the third conductive line to the fourth conductive line, and wherein the fourth conductive line conductively couples the fourth via to the fourth conductive pad. 8. The assembly of claim 7, wherein the first via of the first interconnect has a thickness that is substantially equal to a thickness of the third via of the second interconnect. 9. The assembly of claim 7, wherein the second via of the first interconnect has a thickness that is substantially equal to a thickness of the fourth via of the second interconnect. 10. A substrate, comprising:
a body having a top surface and a bottom surface that is opposite from the top surface, wherein the top surface has a first conductive layer and a first dielectric layer, and wherein the bottom surface has a second conductive layer and a second dielectric layer; a plurality of interconnects in the body, wherein the plurality of interconnects have a plurality of first conductive pads on the top surface of the body, and a plurality of second conductive pads on the bottom surface of the body, wherein the plurality of interconnects vertically extend from the plurality of first conductive pads to the plurality of second conductive pads, and wherein the plurality of interconnects conductively couple the plurality of first conductive pads to the plurality of second conductive pads; and a first interconnect and a second interconnect in the body, wherein the first interconnect has a first conductive pad on the bottom surface of the body, and a second conductive pad on the top surface of the body, wherein the second interconnect has a third conductive pad on the bottom surface of the body, and a fourth conductive pad on the top surface of the body, wherein the first interconnect is directly adjacent to the second interconnect, wherein the first and second interconnects are in between the plurality of interconnects, wherein the first and second interconnects are part of a swapped structure in the body, wherein the second conductive pad of the first interconnect is at least partially within a footprint of the third conductive pad of the second interconnect, and wherein the fourth conductive pad of the second interconnect is at least partially within a footprint of the first conductive pad of the first interconnect. 11. The substrate of claim 10, further comprising a third conductive layer in the body, wherein the third conductive layer is between the first and second conductive layers, wherein the third conductive layer is proximately below the first conductive layer, wherein the first interconnect has a first via, a second via, a first conductive line, and a second conductive line, wherein the second interconnect has a third via, a fourth via, a third conductive line, and a fourth conductive line, wherein the swapped structure is directly between the first conductive layer and the third conductive layer, and wherein the swapped structure is comprised of the second via, the first and second conductive lines, and the second conductive pad of the first interconnect, and comprised of the fourth via, the third and fourth conductive lines, and the fourth conductive pad of the second interconnect. 12. The substrate of claim 11, wherein the first conductive pad is below the second dielectric layer, wherein the first via vertically extends from the first conductive pad to the third conductive layer, wherein the first via conductively couples the first conductive pad to the first conductive line in the third conductive layer, wherein the second via vertically extends from the third conductive layer to the first conductive layer, wherein the second via conductively couples the first conductive line to the second conductive line in the first conductive layer, wherein the second conductive line conductively couples the second via to the second conductive pad, wherein the second conductive pad is on the second conductive line and the first dielectric layer, and wherein the first dielectric layer is over the second conductive line of the first conductive layer. 13. The substrate of claim 11, wherein the third conductive pad is below the second dielectric layer, wherein the third via vertically extends from the third conductive pad to the third conductive layer, wherein the third via conductively couples the third conductive pad to the third conductive line in the third conductive layer, wherein the fourth via vertically extends from the third conductive layer to the first conductive layer, wherein the fourth via conductively couples the third conductive line to the fourth conductive line in the first conductive layer, wherein the fourth conductive line conductively couples the fourth via to the fourth conductive pad, wherein the fourth conductive pad is on the fourth conductive line and the second dielectric layer, and wherein the first dielectric layer is over the second conductive line of the first conductive layer. 14. The substrate of claim 10, further comprising a socket over the top surface of the body, wherein the socket has a first pin, a second pin, and a base layer, wherein the base layer includes a first pad and a second pad, wherein the base layer is directly above and parallel to the first conductive layer, wherein the first pin is vertically over the first interconnect, wherein the second pin is vertically over the second interconnect, wherein the first pad is directly coupled to the first pin and the fourth conductive pad of the second interconnect, and wherein the second pad is directly coupled to the second pin and the second conductive pad of the first interconnect. 15. The substrate of claim 14, wherein the first pin is on the first pad, wherein the second pin is on the second pad, wherein the first pin of the socket is conductively coupled to the first interconnect, and wherein the second pin of the socket is conductively coupled to the second interconnect. 16. The substrate of claim 15, wherein the first pad of the socket is at least partially within the footprint of the third conductive pad of the second interconnect, and wherein the second pad of the socket is at least partially within the footprint of the first conductive pad of the first interconnect. 17. The substrate of claim 10, wherein the first via of the first interconnect has a thickness that is substantially equal to a thickness of the third via of the second interconnect. 18. The substrate of claim 10, wherein the second via of the first interconnect has a thickness that is substantially equal to a thickness of the fourth via of the second interconnect. 19. An electronic packaged assembly, comprising:
a substrate on a first package substrate, wherein the substrate has a first interconnect and a second interconnect, wherein the first interconnect has a first conductive pad and a second conductive pad, and wherein the second interconnect has a third conductive pad and a fourth conductive pad; a socket over the substrate, wherein the substrate conductively couples the socket to the first package substrate, wherein the socket has a first pin, a second pin, and a base layer, wherein the base layer includes a first pad and a second pad, wherein the first pin is vertically over the first interconnect, wherein the second pin is vertically over the second interconnect, wherein the first pad is directly coupled to the first pin and the fourth conductive pad of the second interconnect, and wherein the second pad is directly coupled to the second pin and the second conductive pad of the first interconnect; a second package substrate over the socket, wherein the socket conductively couples the second package substrate to the substrate; and a die over the second package substrate. 20. The electronic packaged assembly of claim 19, wherein the first pad of the socket is at least partially within a footprint of the third conductive pad of the second interconnect of the substrate, wherein the second pad of the socket is at least partially within a footprint of the first conductive pad of the first interconnect of the substrate, wherein the first pin is on the first pad, wherein the second pin is on the second pad, wherein the first pin of the socket is conductively coupled to the first interconnect of the substrate, and wherein the second pin of the socket is conductively coupled to the second interconnect of the substrate. 21. The electronic packaged assembly of claim 19, wherein the substrate is comprised of a high-density interconnect substrate, a low-density interconnect substrate, or an interposer, wherein the first package substrate is a board, and wherein the second package substrate is an electronic package substrate. 22. The electronic packaged assembly of claim 19, wherein the first interconnect has a first via, a second via, a first conductive line, and a second conductive line, and wherein the second interconnect has a third via, a fourth via, a third conductive line, and a fourth conductive line. 23. The electronic packaged assembly of claim 22, wherein the first via conductively couples the first conductive pad to the first conductive line, wherein the second via conductively couples the first conductive line to the second conductive line, and wherein the second conductive line conductively couples the second via to the second conductive pad. 24. The electronic packaged assembly of claim 23, wherein the third via conductively couples the third conductive pad to the third conductive line, wherein the fourth via conductively couples the third conductive line to the fourth conductive line, and wherein the fourth conductive line conductively couples the fourth via to the fourth conductive pad. 25. The electronic packaged assembly of claim 24, wherein the first via of the first interconnect has a thickness that is substantially equal to a thickness of the third via of the second interconnect, and wherein the second via of the first interconnect has a thickness that is substantially equal to a thickness of the fourth via of the second interconnect. | 3,600 |
346,056 | 16,804,492 | 3,668 | Embodiments include assemblies. An assembly includes a substrate having a first interconnect and a second interconnect. The first interconnect has a first conductive pad and a second conductive pad, and the second interconnect has a third conductive pad and a fourth conductive pad. The assembly includes a socket over the substrate. The socket has a first pin, a second pin, and a base layer with a first pad and a second pad. The first and second pins are vertically over the respective first and second interconnects. The first pad is directly coupled to the first pin and fourth conductive pad, while the second pad is directly coupled to the second pin and second conductive pad. The first pad is positioned partially within a footprint of the third conductive pad, and the second pad is positioned partially within a footprint of the first conductive pad. | 1. An assembly, comprising:
a substrate having a first interconnect and a second interconnect, wherein the first interconnect has a first conductive pad and a second conductive pad, and wherein the second interconnect has a third conductive pad and a fourth conductive pad; and a socket over the substrate, wherein the socket has a first pin, a second pin, and a base layer, wherein the base layer includes a first pad and a second pad, wherein the first pin is vertically over the first interconnect, wherein the second pin is vertically over the second interconnect, wherein the first pad is directly coupled to the first pin and the fourth conductive pad of the second interconnect, and wherein the second pad is directly coupled to the second pin and the second conductive pad of the first interconnect. 2. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the first pad of the socket is at least partially within a footprint of the third conductive pad of the second interconnect of the substrate, and wherein the second pad of the socket is at least partially within a footprint of the first conductive pad of the first interconnect of the substrate. 3. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the first pin is on the first pad, wherein the second pin is on the second pad, wherein the first pin of the socket is conductively coupled to the first interconnect of the substrate, and wherein the second pin of the socket is conductively coupled to the second interconnect of the substrate. 4. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the substrate is comprised of a high-density interconnect substrate, a low-density interconnect substrate, or an interposer. 5. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the first interconnect has a first via, a second via, a first conductive line, and a second conductive line, and wherein the second interconnect has a third via, a fourth via, a third conductive line, and a fourth conductive line. 6. The assembly of claim 5, wherein the first via conductively couples the first conductive pad to the first conductive line, wherein the second via conductively couples the first conductive line to the second conductive line, and wherein the second conductive line conductively couples the second via to the second conductive pad. 7. The assembly of claim 6, wherein the third via conductively couples the third conductive pad to the third conductive line, wherein the fourth via conductively couples the third conductive line to the fourth conductive line, and wherein the fourth conductive line conductively couples the fourth via to the fourth conductive pad. 8. The assembly of claim 7, wherein the first via of the first interconnect has a thickness that is substantially equal to a thickness of the third via of the second interconnect. 9. The assembly of claim 7, wherein the second via of the first interconnect has a thickness that is substantially equal to a thickness of the fourth via of the second interconnect. 10. A substrate, comprising:
a body having a top surface and a bottom surface that is opposite from the top surface, wherein the top surface has a first conductive layer and a first dielectric layer, and wherein the bottom surface has a second conductive layer and a second dielectric layer; a plurality of interconnects in the body, wherein the plurality of interconnects have a plurality of first conductive pads on the top surface of the body, and a plurality of second conductive pads on the bottom surface of the body, wherein the plurality of interconnects vertically extend from the plurality of first conductive pads to the plurality of second conductive pads, and wherein the plurality of interconnects conductively couple the plurality of first conductive pads to the plurality of second conductive pads; and a first interconnect and a second interconnect in the body, wherein the first interconnect has a first conductive pad on the bottom surface of the body, and a second conductive pad on the top surface of the body, wherein the second interconnect has a third conductive pad on the bottom surface of the body, and a fourth conductive pad on the top surface of the body, wherein the first interconnect is directly adjacent to the second interconnect, wherein the first and second interconnects are in between the plurality of interconnects, wherein the first and second interconnects are part of a swapped structure in the body, wherein the second conductive pad of the first interconnect is at least partially within a footprint of the third conductive pad of the second interconnect, and wherein the fourth conductive pad of the second interconnect is at least partially within a footprint of the first conductive pad of the first interconnect. 11. The substrate of claim 10, further comprising a third conductive layer in the body, wherein the third conductive layer is between the first and second conductive layers, wherein the third conductive layer is proximately below the first conductive layer, wherein the first interconnect has a first via, a second via, a first conductive line, and a second conductive line, wherein the second interconnect has a third via, a fourth via, a third conductive line, and a fourth conductive line, wherein the swapped structure is directly between the first conductive layer and the third conductive layer, and wherein the swapped structure is comprised of the second via, the first and second conductive lines, and the second conductive pad of the first interconnect, and comprised of the fourth via, the third and fourth conductive lines, and the fourth conductive pad of the second interconnect. 12. The substrate of claim 11, wherein the first conductive pad is below the second dielectric layer, wherein the first via vertically extends from the first conductive pad to the third conductive layer, wherein the first via conductively couples the first conductive pad to the first conductive line in the third conductive layer, wherein the second via vertically extends from the third conductive layer to the first conductive layer, wherein the second via conductively couples the first conductive line to the second conductive line in the first conductive layer, wherein the second conductive line conductively couples the second via to the second conductive pad, wherein the second conductive pad is on the second conductive line and the first dielectric layer, and wherein the first dielectric layer is over the second conductive line of the first conductive layer. 13. The substrate of claim 11, wherein the third conductive pad is below the second dielectric layer, wherein the third via vertically extends from the third conductive pad to the third conductive layer, wherein the third via conductively couples the third conductive pad to the third conductive line in the third conductive layer, wherein the fourth via vertically extends from the third conductive layer to the first conductive layer, wherein the fourth via conductively couples the third conductive line to the fourth conductive line in the first conductive layer, wherein the fourth conductive line conductively couples the fourth via to the fourth conductive pad, wherein the fourth conductive pad is on the fourth conductive line and the second dielectric layer, and wherein the first dielectric layer is over the second conductive line of the first conductive layer. 14. The substrate of claim 10, further comprising a socket over the top surface of the body, wherein the socket has a first pin, a second pin, and a base layer, wherein the base layer includes a first pad and a second pad, wherein the base layer is directly above and parallel to the first conductive layer, wherein the first pin is vertically over the first interconnect, wherein the second pin is vertically over the second interconnect, wherein the first pad is directly coupled to the first pin and the fourth conductive pad of the second interconnect, and wherein the second pad is directly coupled to the second pin and the second conductive pad of the first interconnect. 15. The substrate of claim 14, wherein the first pin is on the first pad, wherein the second pin is on the second pad, wherein the first pin of the socket is conductively coupled to the first interconnect, and wherein the second pin of the socket is conductively coupled to the second interconnect. 16. The substrate of claim 15, wherein the first pad of the socket is at least partially within the footprint of the third conductive pad of the second interconnect, and wherein the second pad of the socket is at least partially within the footprint of the first conductive pad of the first interconnect. 17. The substrate of claim 10, wherein the first via of the first interconnect has a thickness that is substantially equal to a thickness of the third via of the second interconnect. 18. The substrate of claim 10, wherein the second via of the first interconnect has a thickness that is substantially equal to a thickness of the fourth via of the second interconnect. 19. An electronic packaged assembly, comprising:
a substrate on a first package substrate, wherein the substrate has a first interconnect and a second interconnect, wherein the first interconnect has a first conductive pad and a second conductive pad, and wherein the second interconnect has a third conductive pad and a fourth conductive pad; a socket over the substrate, wherein the substrate conductively couples the socket to the first package substrate, wherein the socket has a first pin, a second pin, and a base layer, wherein the base layer includes a first pad and a second pad, wherein the first pin is vertically over the first interconnect, wherein the second pin is vertically over the second interconnect, wherein the first pad is directly coupled to the first pin and the fourth conductive pad of the second interconnect, and wherein the second pad is directly coupled to the second pin and the second conductive pad of the first interconnect; a second package substrate over the socket, wherein the socket conductively couples the second package substrate to the substrate; and a die over the second package substrate. 20. The electronic packaged assembly of claim 19, wherein the first pad of the socket is at least partially within a footprint of the third conductive pad of the second interconnect of the substrate, wherein the second pad of the socket is at least partially within a footprint of the first conductive pad of the first interconnect of the substrate, wherein the first pin is on the first pad, wherein the second pin is on the second pad, wherein the first pin of the socket is conductively coupled to the first interconnect of the substrate, and wherein the second pin of the socket is conductively coupled to the second interconnect of the substrate. 21. The electronic packaged assembly of claim 19, wherein the substrate is comprised of a high-density interconnect substrate, a low-density interconnect substrate, or an interposer, wherein the first package substrate is a board, and wherein the second package substrate is an electronic package substrate. 22. The electronic packaged assembly of claim 19, wherein the first interconnect has a first via, a second via, a first conductive line, and a second conductive line, and wherein the second interconnect has a third via, a fourth via, a third conductive line, and a fourth conductive line. 23. The electronic packaged assembly of claim 22, wherein the first via conductively couples the first conductive pad to the first conductive line, wherein the second via conductively couples the first conductive line to the second conductive line, and wherein the second conductive line conductively couples the second via to the second conductive pad. 24. The electronic packaged assembly of claim 23, wherein the third via conductively couples the third conductive pad to the third conductive line, wherein the fourth via conductively couples the third conductive line to the fourth conductive line, and wherein the fourth conductive line conductively couples the fourth via to the fourth conductive pad. 25. The electronic packaged assembly of claim 24, wherein the first via of the first interconnect has a thickness that is substantially equal to a thickness of the third via of the second interconnect, and wherein the second via of the first interconnect has a thickness that is substantially equal to a thickness of the fourth via of the second interconnect. | Embodiments include assemblies. An assembly includes a substrate having a first interconnect and a second interconnect. The first interconnect has a first conductive pad and a second conductive pad, and the second interconnect has a third conductive pad and a fourth conductive pad. The assembly includes a socket over the substrate. The socket has a first pin, a second pin, and a base layer with a first pad and a second pad. The first and second pins are vertically over the respective first and second interconnects. The first pad is directly coupled to the first pin and fourth conductive pad, while the second pad is directly coupled to the second pin and second conductive pad. The first pad is positioned partially within a footprint of the third conductive pad, and the second pad is positioned partially within a footprint of the first conductive pad.1. An assembly, comprising:
a substrate having a first interconnect and a second interconnect, wherein the first interconnect has a first conductive pad and a second conductive pad, and wherein the second interconnect has a third conductive pad and a fourth conductive pad; and a socket over the substrate, wherein the socket has a first pin, a second pin, and a base layer, wherein the base layer includes a first pad and a second pad, wherein the first pin is vertically over the first interconnect, wherein the second pin is vertically over the second interconnect, wherein the first pad is directly coupled to the first pin and the fourth conductive pad of the second interconnect, and wherein the second pad is directly coupled to the second pin and the second conductive pad of the first interconnect. 2. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the first pad of the socket is at least partially within a footprint of the third conductive pad of the second interconnect of the substrate, and wherein the second pad of the socket is at least partially within a footprint of the first conductive pad of the first interconnect of the substrate. 3. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the first pin is on the first pad, wherein the second pin is on the second pad, wherein the first pin of the socket is conductively coupled to the first interconnect of the substrate, and wherein the second pin of the socket is conductively coupled to the second interconnect of the substrate. 4. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the substrate is comprised of a high-density interconnect substrate, a low-density interconnect substrate, or an interposer. 5. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the first interconnect has a first via, a second via, a first conductive line, and a second conductive line, and wherein the second interconnect has a third via, a fourth via, a third conductive line, and a fourth conductive line. 6. The assembly of claim 5, wherein the first via conductively couples the first conductive pad to the first conductive line, wherein the second via conductively couples the first conductive line to the second conductive line, and wherein the second conductive line conductively couples the second via to the second conductive pad. 7. The assembly of claim 6, wherein the third via conductively couples the third conductive pad to the third conductive line, wherein the fourth via conductively couples the third conductive line to the fourth conductive line, and wherein the fourth conductive line conductively couples the fourth via to the fourth conductive pad. 8. The assembly of claim 7, wherein the first via of the first interconnect has a thickness that is substantially equal to a thickness of the third via of the second interconnect. 9. The assembly of claim 7, wherein the second via of the first interconnect has a thickness that is substantially equal to a thickness of the fourth via of the second interconnect. 10. A substrate, comprising:
a body having a top surface and a bottom surface that is opposite from the top surface, wherein the top surface has a first conductive layer and a first dielectric layer, and wherein the bottom surface has a second conductive layer and a second dielectric layer; a plurality of interconnects in the body, wherein the plurality of interconnects have a plurality of first conductive pads on the top surface of the body, and a plurality of second conductive pads on the bottom surface of the body, wherein the plurality of interconnects vertically extend from the plurality of first conductive pads to the plurality of second conductive pads, and wherein the plurality of interconnects conductively couple the plurality of first conductive pads to the plurality of second conductive pads; and a first interconnect and a second interconnect in the body, wherein the first interconnect has a first conductive pad on the bottom surface of the body, and a second conductive pad on the top surface of the body, wherein the second interconnect has a third conductive pad on the bottom surface of the body, and a fourth conductive pad on the top surface of the body, wherein the first interconnect is directly adjacent to the second interconnect, wherein the first and second interconnects are in between the plurality of interconnects, wherein the first and second interconnects are part of a swapped structure in the body, wherein the second conductive pad of the first interconnect is at least partially within a footprint of the third conductive pad of the second interconnect, and wherein the fourth conductive pad of the second interconnect is at least partially within a footprint of the first conductive pad of the first interconnect. 11. The substrate of claim 10, further comprising a third conductive layer in the body, wherein the third conductive layer is between the first and second conductive layers, wherein the third conductive layer is proximately below the first conductive layer, wherein the first interconnect has a first via, a second via, a first conductive line, and a second conductive line, wherein the second interconnect has a third via, a fourth via, a third conductive line, and a fourth conductive line, wherein the swapped structure is directly between the first conductive layer and the third conductive layer, and wherein the swapped structure is comprised of the second via, the first and second conductive lines, and the second conductive pad of the first interconnect, and comprised of the fourth via, the third and fourth conductive lines, and the fourth conductive pad of the second interconnect. 12. The substrate of claim 11, wherein the first conductive pad is below the second dielectric layer, wherein the first via vertically extends from the first conductive pad to the third conductive layer, wherein the first via conductively couples the first conductive pad to the first conductive line in the third conductive layer, wherein the second via vertically extends from the third conductive layer to the first conductive layer, wherein the second via conductively couples the first conductive line to the second conductive line in the first conductive layer, wherein the second conductive line conductively couples the second via to the second conductive pad, wherein the second conductive pad is on the second conductive line and the first dielectric layer, and wherein the first dielectric layer is over the second conductive line of the first conductive layer. 13. The substrate of claim 11, wherein the third conductive pad is below the second dielectric layer, wherein the third via vertically extends from the third conductive pad to the third conductive layer, wherein the third via conductively couples the third conductive pad to the third conductive line in the third conductive layer, wherein the fourth via vertically extends from the third conductive layer to the first conductive layer, wherein the fourth via conductively couples the third conductive line to the fourth conductive line in the first conductive layer, wherein the fourth conductive line conductively couples the fourth via to the fourth conductive pad, wherein the fourth conductive pad is on the fourth conductive line and the second dielectric layer, and wherein the first dielectric layer is over the second conductive line of the first conductive layer. 14. The substrate of claim 10, further comprising a socket over the top surface of the body, wherein the socket has a first pin, a second pin, and a base layer, wherein the base layer includes a first pad and a second pad, wherein the base layer is directly above and parallel to the first conductive layer, wherein the first pin is vertically over the first interconnect, wherein the second pin is vertically over the second interconnect, wherein the first pad is directly coupled to the first pin and the fourth conductive pad of the second interconnect, and wherein the second pad is directly coupled to the second pin and the second conductive pad of the first interconnect. 15. The substrate of claim 14, wherein the first pin is on the first pad, wherein the second pin is on the second pad, wherein the first pin of the socket is conductively coupled to the first interconnect, and wherein the second pin of the socket is conductively coupled to the second interconnect. 16. The substrate of claim 15, wherein the first pad of the socket is at least partially within the footprint of the third conductive pad of the second interconnect, and wherein the second pad of the socket is at least partially within the footprint of the first conductive pad of the first interconnect. 17. The substrate of claim 10, wherein the first via of the first interconnect has a thickness that is substantially equal to a thickness of the third via of the second interconnect. 18. The substrate of claim 10, wherein the second via of the first interconnect has a thickness that is substantially equal to a thickness of the fourth via of the second interconnect. 19. An electronic packaged assembly, comprising:
a substrate on a first package substrate, wherein the substrate has a first interconnect and a second interconnect, wherein the first interconnect has a first conductive pad and a second conductive pad, and wherein the second interconnect has a third conductive pad and a fourth conductive pad; a socket over the substrate, wherein the substrate conductively couples the socket to the first package substrate, wherein the socket has a first pin, a second pin, and a base layer, wherein the base layer includes a first pad and a second pad, wherein the first pin is vertically over the first interconnect, wherein the second pin is vertically over the second interconnect, wherein the first pad is directly coupled to the first pin and the fourth conductive pad of the second interconnect, and wherein the second pad is directly coupled to the second pin and the second conductive pad of the first interconnect; a second package substrate over the socket, wherein the socket conductively couples the second package substrate to the substrate; and a die over the second package substrate. 20. The electronic packaged assembly of claim 19, wherein the first pad of the socket is at least partially within a footprint of the third conductive pad of the second interconnect of the substrate, wherein the second pad of the socket is at least partially within a footprint of the first conductive pad of the first interconnect of the substrate, wherein the first pin is on the first pad, wherein the second pin is on the second pad, wherein the first pin of the socket is conductively coupled to the first interconnect of the substrate, and wherein the second pin of the socket is conductively coupled to the second interconnect of the substrate. 21. The electronic packaged assembly of claim 19, wherein the substrate is comprised of a high-density interconnect substrate, a low-density interconnect substrate, or an interposer, wherein the first package substrate is a board, and wherein the second package substrate is an electronic package substrate. 22. The electronic packaged assembly of claim 19, wherein the first interconnect has a first via, a second via, a first conductive line, and a second conductive line, and wherein the second interconnect has a third via, a fourth via, a third conductive line, and a fourth conductive line. 23. The electronic packaged assembly of claim 22, wherein the first via conductively couples the first conductive pad to the first conductive line, wherein the second via conductively couples the first conductive line to the second conductive line, and wherein the second conductive line conductively couples the second via to the second conductive pad. 24. The electronic packaged assembly of claim 23, wherein the third via conductively couples the third conductive pad to the third conductive line, wherein the fourth via conductively couples the third conductive line to the fourth conductive line, and wherein the fourth conductive line conductively couples the fourth via to the fourth conductive pad. 25. The electronic packaged assembly of claim 24, wherein the first via of the first interconnect has a thickness that is substantially equal to a thickness of the third via of the second interconnect, and wherein the second via of the first interconnect has a thickness that is substantially equal to a thickness of the fourth via of the second interconnect. | 3,600 |
346,057 | 16,804,470 | 3,668 | A program method of a non-volatile memory device, the non-volatile memory device including a cell string having memory cells stacked perpendicular to a surface of a substrate, the method includes performing a first program phase including programming a first memory cell connected to a first word line and applying a first pass voltage to other word lines above or below the first word line, and performing a second program phase including programming a second memory cell after the first memory cell is completely programmed, the second memory cell being connected to a second word line closer to the substrate than the first word line, applying a second pass voltage to a first word line group below the second word line and applying a third pass voltage to a second word line group above the second word line, the second pass voltage being lower than the third pass voltage. | 1. A program method of a non-volatile memory device, the non-volatile memory device including a cell string in which a plurality of memory cells are stacked in a direction perpendicular to a surface of a substrate, the method comprising:
performing a first program phase including programming a first memory cell among the plurality of memory cells, the first memory cell being connected to a first word line among a plurality of word lines of the cell string, the first program phase including applying a first pass voltage to other word lines among the plurality of word lines above or below the first word line with respect to the substrate; and performing a second program phase including programming a second memory cell among the plurality of memory cells after the first memory cell is completely programmed, the second memory cell being connected to a second word line among the plurality of word lines closer to the substrate than the first word line, the second program phase including applying a second pass voltage to a first word line group among the plurality of word lines below the second word line with respect to the substrate and applying a third pass voltage to a second word line group among the plurality of word lines above the second word line with respect to the substrate, the second pass voltage being lower than the third pass voltage. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the second word line is closer to the substrate than a reference word line among the plurality of word lines. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the second program phase includes applying a fourth pass voltage to a third word line group among the plurality of word lines above the second word line group with respect to the substrate, the fourth pass voltage being higher than the second pass voltage and lower than the third pass voltage. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
sensing a driving temperature of the non-volatile memory device; and adjusting the second pass voltage or the third pass voltage depending on the driving temperature. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the adjusting increases the third pass voltage based on a first offset in response to the driving temperature being higher than a reference temperature. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the adjusting decreases the second pass voltage based on a second offset in response to the driving temperature being higher than a reference temperature. 7-8. (canceled) 9. The method of claim 1, wherein a channel hole of the first memory cell is larger than a channel hole of the second memory cell. 10. A program method of a non-volatile memory device, the non-volatile memory device including a cell string in which a plurality of memory cells are stacked in a direction perpendicular to a surface of a substrate, the method comprising:
performing a program verify phase including applying a verify voltage to a selected word line among a plurality of word lines of the cell string and applying a read pass voltage to a plurality of unselected word lines among the plurality of word lines to verify whether a selected memory cell among the plurality of memory cells is programmed, the selected word line being programmed before a first word line among the plurality of word lines closer to the substrate or after a second word line among the plurality of word lines more distant from the substrate; performing a first recovery phase including applying a first recovery voltage to the selected word line and the plurality of unselected word lines and applying a precharge voltage to a common source line of the cell string; and performing a second recovery phase including discharging at least one of the plurality of unselected word lines to a ground voltage. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the first recovery voltage is higher than the ground voltage and lower than the read pass voltage. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the performing a second recovery phase includes applying the first recovery voltage to the selected word line and an unselected word line among the plurality of unselected word lines adjacent to the selected word line. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the performing a second recovery phase includes applying a second recovery voltage different in level from the first recovery voltage to the selected word line. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the performing a second recovery phase includes applying the second recovery voltage to at least one unselected word line among the plurality of unselected word lines above the selected word line with respect to the substrate. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the second recovery voltage is lower in level than the first recovery voltage. 16. The method of claim 10, wherein the performing a second recovery phase includes applying the first recovery voltage to the selected word line and a first group of unselected word lines among the plurality of unselected word lines above the selected word line with respect to the substrate. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the performing a second recovery phase includes discharging at least one unselected word line among the plurality of unselected word lines below the selected word line with respect to the substrate to the ground voltage. 18. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
discharging the selected word line to the ground voltage. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
discharging an unselected word line among the plurality of unselected word lines immediately adjacent to the selected word line to the ground voltage contemporaneous with the discharging the selected word line, the unselected word line being above the selected word line with respect to the substrate. 20. (canceled) 21. A non-volatile memory device comprising:
a memory cell array including a cell string in which a plurality of memory cells are stacked in a direction perpendicular to a surface of a substrate; an address decoder configured to select a word line among a plurality of word lines included in the cell string for programming the plurality of memory cells; a page buffer configured to control a bit line of the cell string; and a control logic circuit configured to,
control the address decoder and the page buffer such that a word line among the plurality of word lines furthest from the substrate is first programmed in a program operation, and
perform a recovery phase after a program verify operation, the recovery phase including applying a recovery voltage to a selected word line among the plurality of word lines and unselected word lines among the plurality of word lines, and the recovery phase including applying a precharge voltage to a common source line of the cell string. 22. The non-volatile memory device of claim 21, wherein the control logic circuit is configured to:
perform a first program operation including programming a first memory cell among the plurality of memory cells connected to a first word line among the plurality of word lines, and the first program operation including applying a first pass voltage to other word lines among the plurality of word lines above or below the first word line with respect to the substrate; and perform a second program operation including programming a second memory cell among the plurality of memory cells connected to a second word line among the plurality of word lines, and the second program operation including applying a second pass voltage a first word line group among the plurality of word lines below the second word line with respect to the substrate and applying a third pass voltage to a second word line group among the plurality of word lines above the second word line with respect to the substrate, the second word line being closer to the substrate than the first word line, the second pass voltage being less than the third pass voltage. 23. The non-volatile memory device of claim 21, further comprising:
a temperature sensor configured to measure a driving temperature and provide the measured driving temperature to the control logic circuit. | A program method of a non-volatile memory device, the non-volatile memory device including a cell string having memory cells stacked perpendicular to a surface of a substrate, the method includes performing a first program phase including programming a first memory cell connected to a first word line and applying a first pass voltage to other word lines above or below the first word line, and performing a second program phase including programming a second memory cell after the first memory cell is completely programmed, the second memory cell being connected to a second word line closer to the substrate than the first word line, applying a second pass voltage to a first word line group below the second word line and applying a third pass voltage to a second word line group above the second word line, the second pass voltage being lower than the third pass voltage.1. A program method of a non-volatile memory device, the non-volatile memory device including a cell string in which a plurality of memory cells are stacked in a direction perpendicular to a surface of a substrate, the method comprising:
performing a first program phase including programming a first memory cell among the plurality of memory cells, the first memory cell being connected to a first word line among a plurality of word lines of the cell string, the first program phase including applying a first pass voltage to other word lines among the plurality of word lines above or below the first word line with respect to the substrate; and performing a second program phase including programming a second memory cell among the plurality of memory cells after the first memory cell is completely programmed, the second memory cell being connected to a second word line among the plurality of word lines closer to the substrate than the first word line, the second program phase including applying a second pass voltage to a first word line group among the plurality of word lines below the second word line with respect to the substrate and applying a third pass voltage to a second word line group among the plurality of word lines above the second word line with respect to the substrate, the second pass voltage being lower than the third pass voltage. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the second word line is closer to the substrate than a reference word line among the plurality of word lines. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the second program phase includes applying a fourth pass voltage to a third word line group among the plurality of word lines above the second word line group with respect to the substrate, the fourth pass voltage being higher than the second pass voltage and lower than the third pass voltage. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
sensing a driving temperature of the non-volatile memory device; and adjusting the second pass voltage or the third pass voltage depending on the driving temperature. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the adjusting increases the third pass voltage based on a first offset in response to the driving temperature being higher than a reference temperature. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the adjusting decreases the second pass voltage based on a second offset in response to the driving temperature being higher than a reference temperature. 7-8. (canceled) 9. The method of claim 1, wherein a channel hole of the first memory cell is larger than a channel hole of the second memory cell. 10. A program method of a non-volatile memory device, the non-volatile memory device including a cell string in which a plurality of memory cells are stacked in a direction perpendicular to a surface of a substrate, the method comprising:
performing a program verify phase including applying a verify voltage to a selected word line among a plurality of word lines of the cell string and applying a read pass voltage to a plurality of unselected word lines among the plurality of word lines to verify whether a selected memory cell among the plurality of memory cells is programmed, the selected word line being programmed before a first word line among the plurality of word lines closer to the substrate or after a second word line among the plurality of word lines more distant from the substrate; performing a first recovery phase including applying a first recovery voltage to the selected word line and the plurality of unselected word lines and applying a precharge voltage to a common source line of the cell string; and performing a second recovery phase including discharging at least one of the plurality of unselected word lines to a ground voltage. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the first recovery voltage is higher than the ground voltage and lower than the read pass voltage. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the performing a second recovery phase includes applying the first recovery voltage to the selected word line and an unselected word line among the plurality of unselected word lines adjacent to the selected word line. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the performing a second recovery phase includes applying a second recovery voltage different in level from the first recovery voltage to the selected word line. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the performing a second recovery phase includes applying the second recovery voltage to at least one unselected word line among the plurality of unselected word lines above the selected word line with respect to the substrate. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the second recovery voltage is lower in level than the first recovery voltage. 16. The method of claim 10, wherein the performing a second recovery phase includes applying the first recovery voltage to the selected word line and a first group of unselected word lines among the plurality of unselected word lines above the selected word line with respect to the substrate. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the performing a second recovery phase includes discharging at least one unselected word line among the plurality of unselected word lines below the selected word line with respect to the substrate to the ground voltage. 18. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
discharging the selected word line to the ground voltage. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
discharging an unselected word line among the plurality of unselected word lines immediately adjacent to the selected word line to the ground voltage contemporaneous with the discharging the selected word line, the unselected word line being above the selected word line with respect to the substrate. 20. (canceled) 21. A non-volatile memory device comprising:
a memory cell array including a cell string in which a plurality of memory cells are stacked in a direction perpendicular to a surface of a substrate; an address decoder configured to select a word line among a plurality of word lines included in the cell string for programming the plurality of memory cells; a page buffer configured to control a bit line of the cell string; and a control logic circuit configured to,
control the address decoder and the page buffer such that a word line among the plurality of word lines furthest from the substrate is first programmed in a program operation, and
perform a recovery phase after a program verify operation, the recovery phase including applying a recovery voltage to a selected word line among the plurality of word lines and unselected word lines among the plurality of word lines, and the recovery phase including applying a precharge voltage to a common source line of the cell string. 22. The non-volatile memory device of claim 21, wherein the control logic circuit is configured to:
perform a first program operation including programming a first memory cell among the plurality of memory cells connected to a first word line among the plurality of word lines, and the first program operation including applying a first pass voltage to other word lines among the plurality of word lines above or below the first word line with respect to the substrate; and perform a second program operation including programming a second memory cell among the plurality of memory cells connected to a second word line among the plurality of word lines, and the second program operation including applying a second pass voltage a first word line group among the plurality of word lines below the second word line with respect to the substrate and applying a third pass voltage to a second word line group among the plurality of word lines above the second word line with respect to the substrate, the second word line being closer to the substrate than the first word line, the second pass voltage being less than the third pass voltage. 23. The non-volatile memory device of claim 21, further comprising:
a temperature sensor configured to measure a driving temperature and provide the measured driving temperature to the control logic circuit. | 3,600 |
346,058 | 16,804,490 | 3,668 | A sealed cooling system includes a coolant tank having a liquid space configured to hold liquid coolant, and a gas space configured to hold gas. A temperature sensor detects the temperature of the liquid coolant. A pressure sensor detects the pressure in the coolant tank. A processor compares the pressure in the coolant tank to predicted pressure in the coolant tank as a function of liquid coolant temperature. The processor determines and outputs a signal indicative of a leak in the sealed cooling system if the pressure in the coolant tank deviates from the predicted pressure in the coolant tank according to predetermined criteria. | 1. A sealed cooling system for use in an aerospace application, the sealed cooling system comprising:
a coolant tank configured to hold a liquid coolant and a gas comprising at least one of air and liquid coolant vapor, the coolant tank comprising:
a liquid coolant space configured to hold the liquid coolant; and
a gas space configured to hold the gas;
a heat source configured to transfer heat from the heat source to the liquid coolant; a heat exchanger configured to reject heat from the liquid coolant to an environment; a pressure sensor configured to detect a pressure in the coolant tank and to output signals indicative of the pressure in the coolant tank as a function of time; a temperature sensor configured to detect a temperature within the sealed cooling system and to output signals indicative of the temperature within the sealed cooling system as a function of time; and a processor configured to receive the signals indicative of the pressure and the signals indicative of the temperature and to provide an output indicative of a leak in the sealed cooling system based on detected changes in the pressure in the coolant tank as a function of detected changes in the temperature within the sealed cooling system compared to anticipated changes in the pressure in the coolant tank as a function of detected changes in temperature within the sealed cooling system. 2. The sealed cooling system of claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to provide the output indicative of a leak in the sealed cooling system when the detected pressure in the gas space is lower than an anticipated pressure in the coolant tank. 3. The sealed cooling system of claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to provide the output indicative of a leak in the sealed cooling system when the pressure in the coolant tank increases at a rate lower than an anticipated rate as a function of an increase in the temperature within the liquid cooling system. 4. The sealed cooling system of claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to provide the output indicative of a leak in the sealed cooling system when the pressure in the coolant tank decreases at a rate lower than an anticipated rate as a function of a decrease in the temperature within the liquid cooling system. 5. The sealed cooling system of claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to provide the output indicative of a leak in the sealed cooling system when:
the pressure in the coolant tank increases from an initial pressure to an elevated pressure as a function of an increase in the temperature within the sealed cooling system from an initial temperature to an elevated temperature, and the pressure in the coolant tank then decreases to a pressure less than the initial pressure as a function of a decrease in the temperature within the sealed cooling system from the elevated temperature to the initial temperature. 6. The sealed cooling system of claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to provide the output indicative of a leak in the sealed cooling system when:
the pressure in the coolant tank increases from an initial pressure to an elevated pressure as a function of an increase in the temperature within the sealed cooling system from an initial temperature to an elevated temperature, the pressure in the coolant tank then decreases to a pressure less than the initial pressure as a function of a decrease in the temperature within the sealed cooling system from the elevated temperature to the initial temperature, and the pressure in the coolant tank then increases to the initial pressure with the temperature within the sealed cooling system at or less than the initial temperature. 7. The sealed cooling system of claim 1, further comprising an ambient pressure sensor configured to detect ambient pressure outside the sealed cooling system and to output signals indicative of the ambient pressure outside the sealed cooling system as a function of time,
wherein the processor further is configured to receive the signals indicative of the ambient pressure outside the sealed cooling system and to provide the output indicative of the leak in the sealed cooling system when the pressure in the coolant tank increases or decreases as a function of corresponding increases or decreases in the temperature within the sealed cooling system and as a function of corresponding decreases or increases in the ambient pressure at a rate less than or greater than an anticipated rate. 8. The sealed cooling system of claim 1, further comprising an ambient pressure sensor configured to detect ambient pressure outside the sealed cooling system and to output signals indicative of the ambient pressure outside the sealed cooling system as a function of time,
wherein the processor further is configured to receive the signals indicative of the ambient pressure outside the sealed cooling system and to provide the output indicative of the leak in the sealed cooling system when the pressure in the coolant tank increases or decreases as a function of corresponding decreases or increases in the ambient pressure at a rate less than or greater than an anticipated rate. 9. The sealed cooling system of claim 1, further comprising a coolant pump configured to pump the liquid coolant and a coolant pump output pressure sensor configured to detect an output pressure of the coolant pump and to output signals indicative of the output pressure of the coolant pump,
wherein the processor further is configured to receive the signals indicative of the output pressure of the coolant pump and to provide the signal indicative of the leak in the sealed cooling system when the signals indicative of the output pressure of the coolant pump indicate that the output pressure of the coolant pump is decreasing consistent with pressure in the coolant tank or is less than a predetermined value when the coolant pump is running. 10. A method of detecting leakage in a sealed cooling system for use in an aerospace application, the method comprising the steps of:
providing a coolant tank configured to hold a liquid coolant and a gas comprising at least one of air and liquid coolant vapor, the coolant tank comprising:
a liquid coolant space configured to hold the liquid coolant; and
a gas space configured to hold the gas;
providing a heat source configured to transfer heat from the heat source to the liquid coolant; providing a heat exchanger configured to reject heat from the liquid coolant to an environment; providing a pressure sensor configured to detect a pressure in the coolant tank and to output signals indicative of the pressure in the coolant tank as a function of time; providing a temperature sensor configured to detect a temperature within the sealed cooling system and to output signals indicative of the temperature within the sealed cooling system as a function of time; providing a processor configured to receive the signals indicative of the pressure and the signals indicative of the temperature; and determining the presence of a leak in the sealed cooling system based on detected changes in the pressure in the coolant tank as a function of detected changes in the temperature within the sealed cooling system compared to anticipated changes in the pressure in the coolant tank as a function of detected changes in temperature within the sealed cooling system. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising the step of determining the presence of a leak in the sealed cooling system when the detected pressure in the coolant tank is lower than an anticipated pressure in the coolant tank. 12. The method of claim 10, further comprising the step of determining the presence of a leak in the sealed cooling system when the pressure in the coolant tank increases at a rate lower than an anticipated rate as a function of an increase in the temperature within the sealed cooling system. 13. The method of claim 10, further comprising the step of determining the presence of a leak in the sealed cooling system when the pressure in the coolant tank decreases at a rate lower than an anticipated rate as a function of a decrease in the temperature within the sealed cooling system. 14. The method of claim 10, further comprising the step of determining the presence of a leak in the sealed cooling system when:
the pressure in the coolant tank increases from an initial pressure to an elevated pressure as a function of an increase in the temperature within the sealed cooling system from an initial temperature to an elevated temperature, and the pressure in the coolant tank then decreases to a pressure less than the initial pressure as a function of a decrease in the temperature within the sealed cooling system from the elevated temperature to the initial temperature. 15. The method of claim 10, further comprising the step of determining the presence of a leak in the sealed cooling system when:
the pressure in the coolant tank increases from an initial pressure to an elevated pressure as a function of an increase in the temperature within the sealed cooling system from an initial temperature to an elevated temperature, the pressure in the coolant tank then decreases to a pressure less than the initial pressure as a function of a decrease in the temperature within the sealed cooling system from the elevated temperature to the initial temperature, and the pressure in the coolant tank then increases to the initial pressure with the temperature within the sealed cooling system at or less than the initial temperature. 16. The method of claim 10, further comprising the steps of:
providing an ambient pressure sensor configured to detect ambient pressure outside the sealed cooling system and to output signals indicative of the ambient pressure outside the sealed cooling system as a function of time, and determining the presence of a leak in the sealed cooling system when the pressure in the coolant tank increases or decreases as a function of corresponding increases or decreases in the temperature within the sealed cooling system and as a function of corresponding decreases or increases in the ambient pressure at a rate greater than an anticipated rate. 17. The method of claim 10, further comprising the steps of:
providing a coolant pump configured to pump the liquid coolant and a coolant pump output pressure sensor configured to detect coolant pump output pressure and to output signals indicative of the coolant pump output pressure as a function of time, and determining the presence of a leak in the sealed cooling system when the coolant pump output pressure is decreasing consistent with decreasing pressure in the coolant tank or is less than a predetermined value when the coolant pump is running. 18. A method of detecting leakage in a sealed cooling system for use in an aerospace application, the sealed cooling system including a coolant tank having a liquid space configured to hold a liquid coolant, and having a gas space configured to hold gas, the method comprising the steps of:
detecting a first temperature within the sealed cooling system; detecting a first pressure in the coolant tank corresponding to the first temperature; detecting a second temperature within the sealed cooling system greater than the first temperature; predicting a second pressure in the gas space corresponding to the second temperature; detecting a second pressure in the coolant tank corresponding to the second temperature; comparing the detected second pressure to the predicted second pressure; and determining the presence of a leak in the sealed cooling system if the detected second pressure deviates from the predicted second pressure according to predetermined criteria. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising the steps of:
detecting a third temperature within the sealed cooling system greater than the second temperature; predicting a third pressure in the gas space corresponding to the second temperature; detecting a third pressure in the gas space corresponding to the second temperature; comparing the detected third pressure to the predicted third pressure; and determining the presence of a leak in the sealed cooling system if a rate of change of pressure in the gas space based on the first, second, and third pressures deviates from a predicted rate of change of pressure in the coolant tank according to predetermined criteria. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising the steps of:
detecting first, second, and third ambient pressures of an environment outside the sealed cooling system corresponding to the first, second, and third temperatures; comparing the first, second, and third ambient pressures to the first, second third pressure; and determining the presence of a leak in the sealed cooling system if the first, second, and third detected pressures in the coolant tank track the first, second, and third ambient pressures according to predetermined criteria. | A sealed cooling system includes a coolant tank having a liquid space configured to hold liquid coolant, and a gas space configured to hold gas. A temperature sensor detects the temperature of the liquid coolant. A pressure sensor detects the pressure in the coolant tank. A processor compares the pressure in the coolant tank to predicted pressure in the coolant tank as a function of liquid coolant temperature. The processor determines and outputs a signal indicative of a leak in the sealed cooling system if the pressure in the coolant tank deviates from the predicted pressure in the coolant tank according to predetermined criteria.1. A sealed cooling system for use in an aerospace application, the sealed cooling system comprising:
a coolant tank configured to hold a liquid coolant and a gas comprising at least one of air and liquid coolant vapor, the coolant tank comprising:
a liquid coolant space configured to hold the liquid coolant; and
a gas space configured to hold the gas;
a heat source configured to transfer heat from the heat source to the liquid coolant; a heat exchanger configured to reject heat from the liquid coolant to an environment; a pressure sensor configured to detect a pressure in the coolant tank and to output signals indicative of the pressure in the coolant tank as a function of time; a temperature sensor configured to detect a temperature within the sealed cooling system and to output signals indicative of the temperature within the sealed cooling system as a function of time; and a processor configured to receive the signals indicative of the pressure and the signals indicative of the temperature and to provide an output indicative of a leak in the sealed cooling system based on detected changes in the pressure in the coolant tank as a function of detected changes in the temperature within the sealed cooling system compared to anticipated changes in the pressure in the coolant tank as a function of detected changes in temperature within the sealed cooling system. 2. The sealed cooling system of claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to provide the output indicative of a leak in the sealed cooling system when the detected pressure in the gas space is lower than an anticipated pressure in the coolant tank. 3. The sealed cooling system of claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to provide the output indicative of a leak in the sealed cooling system when the pressure in the coolant tank increases at a rate lower than an anticipated rate as a function of an increase in the temperature within the liquid cooling system. 4. The sealed cooling system of claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to provide the output indicative of a leak in the sealed cooling system when the pressure in the coolant tank decreases at a rate lower than an anticipated rate as a function of a decrease in the temperature within the liquid cooling system. 5. The sealed cooling system of claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to provide the output indicative of a leak in the sealed cooling system when:
the pressure in the coolant tank increases from an initial pressure to an elevated pressure as a function of an increase in the temperature within the sealed cooling system from an initial temperature to an elevated temperature, and the pressure in the coolant tank then decreases to a pressure less than the initial pressure as a function of a decrease in the temperature within the sealed cooling system from the elevated temperature to the initial temperature. 6. The sealed cooling system of claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to provide the output indicative of a leak in the sealed cooling system when:
the pressure in the coolant tank increases from an initial pressure to an elevated pressure as a function of an increase in the temperature within the sealed cooling system from an initial temperature to an elevated temperature, the pressure in the coolant tank then decreases to a pressure less than the initial pressure as a function of a decrease in the temperature within the sealed cooling system from the elevated temperature to the initial temperature, and the pressure in the coolant tank then increases to the initial pressure with the temperature within the sealed cooling system at or less than the initial temperature. 7. The sealed cooling system of claim 1, further comprising an ambient pressure sensor configured to detect ambient pressure outside the sealed cooling system and to output signals indicative of the ambient pressure outside the sealed cooling system as a function of time,
wherein the processor further is configured to receive the signals indicative of the ambient pressure outside the sealed cooling system and to provide the output indicative of the leak in the sealed cooling system when the pressure in the coolant tank increases or decreases as a function of corresponding increases or decreases in the temperature within the sealed cooling system and as a function of corresponding decreases or increases in the ambient pressure at a rate less than or greater than an anticipated rate. 8. The sealed cooling system of claim 1, further comprising an ambient pressure sensor configured to detect ambient pressure outside the sealed cooling system and to output signals indicative of the ambient pressure outside the sealed cooling system as a function of time,
wherein the processor further is configured to receive the signals indicative of the ambient pressure outside the sealed cooling system and to provide the output indicative of the leak in the sealed cooling system when the pressure in the coolant tank increases or decreases as a function of corresponding decreases or increases in the ambient pressure at a rate less than or greater than an anticipated rate. 9. The sealed cooling system of claim 1, further comprising a coolant pump configured to pump the liquid coolant and a coolant pump output pressure sensor configured to detect an output pressure of the coolant pump and to output signals indicative of the output pressure of the coolant pump,
wherein the processor further is configured to receive the signals indicative of the output pressure of the coolant pump and to provide the signal indicative of the leak in the sealed cooling system when the signals indicative of the output pressure of the coolant pump indicate that the output pressure of the coolant pump is decreasing consistent with pressure in the coolant tank or is less than a predetermined value when the coolant pump is running. 10. A method of detecting leakage in a sealed cooling system for use in an aerospace application, the method comprising the steps of:
providing a coolant tank configured to hold a liquid coolant and a gas comprising at least one of air and liquid coolant vapor, the coolant tank comprising:
a liquid coolant space configured to hold the liquid coolant; and
a gas space configured to hold the gas;
providing a heat source configured to transfer heat from the heat source to the liquid coolant; providing a heat exchanger configured to reject heat from the liquid coolant to an environment; providing a pressure sensor configured to detect a pressure in the coolant tank and to output signals indicative of the pressure in the coolant tank as a function of time; providing a temperature sensor configured to detect a temperature within the sealed cooling system and to output signals indicative of the temperature within the sealed cooling system as a function of time; providing a processor configured to receive the signals indicative of the pressure and the signals indicative of the temperature; and determining the presence of a leak in the sealed cooling system based on detected changes in the pressure in the coolant tank as a function of detected changes in the temperature within the sealed cooling system compared to anticipated changes in the pressure in the coolant tank as a function of detected changes in temperature within the sealed cooling system. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising the step of determining the presence of a leak in the sealed cooling system when the detected pressure in the coolant tank is lower than an anticipated pressure in the coolant tank. 12. The method of claim 10, further comprising the step of determining the presence of a leak in the sealed cooling system when the pressure in the coolant tank increases at a rate lower than an anticipated rate as a function of an increase in the temperature within the sealed cooling system. 13. The method of claim 10, further comprising the step of determining the presence of a leak in the sealed cooling system when the pressure in the coolant tank decreases at a rate lower than an anticipated rate as a function of a decrease in the temperature within the sealed cooling system. 14. The method of claim 10, further comprising the step of determining the presence of a leak in the sealed cooling system when:
the pressure in the coolant tank increases from an initial pressure to an elevated pressure as a function of an increase in the temperature within the sealed cooling system from an initial temperature to an elevated temperature, and the pressure in the coolant tank then decreases to a pressure less than the initial pressure as a function of a decrease in the temperature within the sealed cooling system from the elevated temperature to the initial temperature. 15. The method of claim 10, further comprising the step of determining the presence of a leak in the sealed cooling system when:
the pressure in the coolant tank increases from an initial pressure to an elevated pressure as a function of an increase in the temperature within the sealed cooling system from an initial temperature to an elevated temperature, the pressure in the coolant tank then decreases to a pressure less than the initial pressure as a function of a decrease in the temperature within the sealed cooling system from the elevated temperature to the initial temperature, and the pressure in the coolant tank then increases to the initial pressure with the temperature within the sealed cooling system at or less than the initial temperature. 16. The method of claim 10, further comprising the steps of:
providing an ambient pressure sensor configured to detect ambient pressure outside the sealed cooling system and to output signals indicative of the ambient pressure outside the sealed cooling system as a function of time, and determining the presence of a leak in the sealed cooling system when the pressure in the coolant tank increases or decreases as a function of corresponding increases or decreases in the temperature within the sealed cooling system and as a function of corresponding decreases or increases in the ambient pressure at a rate greater than an anticipated rate. 17. The method of claim 10, further comprising the steps of:
providing a coolant pump configured to pump the liquid coolant and a coolant pump output pressure sensor configured to detect coolant pump output pressure and to output signals indicative of the coolant pump output pressure as a function of time, and determining the presence of a leak in the sealed cooling system when the coolant pump output pressure is decreasing consistent with decreasing pressure in the coolant tank or is less than a predetermined value when the coolant pump is running. 18. A method of detecting leakage in a sealed cooling system for use in an aerospace application, the sealed cooling system including a coolant tank having a liquid space configured to hold a liquid coolant, and having a gas space configured to hold gas, the method comprising the steps of:
detecting a first temperature within the sealed cooling system; detecting a first pressure in the coolant tank corresponding to the first temperature; detecting a second temperature within the sealed cooling system greater than the first temperature; predicting a second pressure in the gas space corresponding to the second temperature; detecting a second pressure in the coolant tank corresponding to the second temperature; comparing the detected second pressure to the predicted second pressure; and determining the presence of a leak in the sealed cooling system if the detected second pressure deviates from the predicted second pressure according to predetermined criteria. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising the steps of:
detecting a third temperature within the sealed cooling system greater than the second temperature; predicting a third pressure in the gas space corresponding to the second temperature; detecting a third pressure in the gas space corresponding to the second temperature; comparing the detected third pressure to the predicted third pressure; and determining the presence of a leak in the sealed cooling system if a rate of change of pressure in the gas space based on the first, second, and third pressures deviates from a predicted rate of change of pressure in the coolant tank according to predetermined criteria. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising the steps of:
detecting first, second, and third ambient pressures of an environment outside the sealed cooling system corresponding to the first, second, and third temperatures; comparing the first, second, and third ambient pressures to the first, second third pressure; and determining the presence of a leak in the sealed cooling system if the first, second, and third detected pressures in the coolant tank track the first, second, and third ambient pressures according to predetermined criteria. | 3,600 |
346,059 | 16,804,471 | 3,668 | A system and method for compiling and converting Aeronautical Radio Incorporated (ARINC) 424 or Digital Aeronautical Flight Information File (DAFIF) files into a binary database. The system and method include a controller module for displaying a comparison interface using a data structure comprising a plurality of nodes and a data architecture for supporting integration of multiple disparate navigation databases. The controller module can also be configured for displaying an options box within the comparison interface, receiving, by a controller module, a first user selection related to a first database of the multiple disparate navigation databases, receiving, by the controller module, a second user selection related to a second database of the multiple disparate navigation databases, the second database distinct from the first database, comparing, by the controller module, first data in the first database to second data in the second database; and displaying a comparison result within the comparison interface, wherein the comparison result includes the first selection and the second selection. | 1. A method for displaying navigation database information, the method comprising:
displaying a comparison interface using a data structure comprising a plurality of nodes, wherein each of the plurality of nodes is related to a specific data type and a data architecture for supporting integration of multiple disparate navigation databases; displaying an options box within the comparison interface; receiving, by a controller module, a first user selection related to a first navigation database of the multiple disparate navigation databases; receiving, by the controller module, a second user selection related to a second navigation database of the multiple disparate navigation databases, the second navigation database distinct from the first navigation database; comparing, by the controller module, first data in the first navigation database to second data in the second navigation database, wherein the first data and the second data correspond to at least one of the plurality of nodes selected in the options box and are a same specific data type from each of the first navigation database and the second navigation database; displaying a comparison result within the comparison interface, wherein the comparison result includes the first user selection and the second user selection; changing, via user selection, the first data or the second data based on the comparison; and selectively displaying, within the comparison interface, a statistical summary of the comparison of the first data in the first navigation database to the second data in the second navigation database. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving, by the controller module, a comparison command from a user and wherein the comparing is prompted by the comparison command. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the comparison interface includes at least one of a changed button, an unchanged button, a left only button, or a right only button and a selection of the at least one of the changed button, the unchanged button, the left only button, or the right only button is the comparison command. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein displaying the plurality of nodes includes displaying a plurality of children within at least one of the plurality of nodes. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein displaying the comparison result also includes displaying the first user selection and the second user selection in a side-by-side view. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining, by the controller module, whether the first data of the first user selection is the same as a corresponding second data of the second user selection and providing an indicator thereof during the displaying. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining, by the controller module, whether at least one node of the first user selection differs to a corresponding at least one node of the second user selection and providing an indicator thereof during the displaying. 8. (canceled) 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the displaying includes displaying a tree-view of information and dynamically changing an indicator until at least one differentiating information of the comparison result is displayed down the tree-view. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein displaying the comparison result also includes displaying a tree-view of at least one of the first user selection and the second user selection comprising at least one node and at least one child node. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the multiple disparate navigation databases comprise at least two cycles of information for a flight management system of an aircraft. 12. (canceled) 13. A system for comparing a plurality of navigation databases, the system comprises:
a display; a controller module operably coupled to the display and configured to:
receive a set of disparate databases,
display a comparison interface using a data structure comprising a plurality of nodes wherein each of the plurality of nodes is related to a specific data type and a data architecture for supporting integration of multiple disparate navigation databases;
display an options box within the comparison interface;
receive, by the controller module, at least one of the plurality of nodes selected from the options box;
receive, by the controller module, a first selection related to a first navigation database of the multiple disparate navigation databases;
receive, by the controller module, a second selection related to a second navigation database of the multiple disparate navigation databases, the second navigation database different from the first navigation database;
compare, by the controller module, first data in the first navigation database to second data in the second navigation database, wherein the first data and the second data correspond to the at least one of the plurality of nodes or data types selected in the options box and are a same specific data type from each of the first navigation database and the second navigation database;
display a comparison result within the comparison interface, wherein the comparison result includes the first selection and the second selection; and
display, selectively, within the comparison interface, a statistical summary of the comparison of the first data in the first navigation database to the second data in the second navigation database. 14. The system of claim 13 further receives, by the controller module, a comparison command from a user, wherein the comparison command compares the set of disparate databases via the comparison interface including at least one of a changed button, an unchanged button, a left only button, or a right only button and a selection of the at least one of the changed button, the unchanged button, the left only button, or the right only button is the comparison command. 15. The system of claim 13, wherein the controller module displays, via the display, the plurality of nodes including a plurality of children within at least one of the plurality of nodes. 16. The system of claim 13, wherein the controller module displays, via the display, the comparison result as the first selection and the second selection in a side-by-side view. 17. The system of claim 13, further determines, by the controller module, at least one node of the first selection matches/un-matches a corresponding at least one node of the second selection and providing an indicator thereof during the displaying. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the indicator is one of a highlight or a color change. 19. The system of claim 13, wherein the controller module displays, via the display, a tree-view of information and dynamically changing an indicator until at least one differentiating information of the comparison result is displayed down the tree-view of at least one of the first selection and the second selection comprising at least one node and at least one child node. 20. The system of claim 13, wherein the multiple disparate navigation databases comprise at least two cycles of information for a flight management system of an aircraft. 21. A method for displaying navigation database information, the method comprising:
displaying an options box within a comparison interface for supporting integration of multiple disparate navigation databases, wherein the multiple disparate navigation databases include a first navigational database and a second navigational database, each of the first navigational database and second navigational database including data related to aircraft navigation; receiving at a controller module, via the options box, a first user selection of the first navigational database selected from the multiple disparate navigation databases, receiving at the controller module, via the options box, a second user selection of the second navigational database that is distinct from the first navigational database, wherein the second navigational database selected is from the multiple disparate navigation databases, comparing, by the controller module, first data in the first navigational database to second data in the second navigational database, wherein the first data and the second data correspond to at least one of a plurality of nodes or data types selected in the options box and are a same specific data type from each of the first navigational database and the second navigational database; determining a comparison result from the comparing; displaying the comparison result within the comparison interface, wherein the comparison result includes a side-by-side comparison of the first data in the first user selection and the second data in the second user selection; changing, via user selection, the first data or the second data based on the comparison to obtain a reference navigational database; and creating aircraft loadable media, based on the reference navigational database. 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising changing the first data or the second data based on the comparison. | A system and method for compiling and converting Aeronautical Radio Incorporated (ARINC) 424 or Digital Aeronautical Flight Information File (DAFIF) files into a binary database. The system and method include a controller module for displaying a comparison interface using a data structure comprising a plurality of nodes and a data architecture for supporting integration of multiple disparate navigation databases. The controller module can also be configured for displaying an options box within the comparison interface, receiving, by a controller module, a first user selection related to a first database of the multiple disparate navigation databases, receiving, by the controller module, a second user selection related to a second database of the multiple disparate navigation databases, the second database distinct from the first database, comparing, by the controller module, first data in the first database to second data in the second database; and displaying a comparison result within the comparison interface, wherein the comparison result includes the first selection and the second selection.1. A method for displaying navigation database information, the method comprising:
displaying a comparison interface using a data structure comprising a plurality of nodes, wherein each of the plurality of nodes is related to a specific data type and a data architecture for supporting integration of multiple disparate navigation databases; displaying an options box within the comparison interface; receiving, by a controller module, a first user selection related to a first navigation database of the multiple disparate navigation databases; receiving, by the controller module, a second user selection related to a second navigation database of the multiple disparate navigation databases, the second navigation database distinct from the first navigation database; comparing, by the controller module, first data in the first navigation database to second data in the second navigation database, wherein the first data and the second data correspond to at least one of the plurality of nodes selected in the options box and are a same specific data type from each of the first navigation database and the second navigation database; displaying a comparison result within the comparison interface, wherein the comparison result includes the first user selection and the second user selection; changing, via user selection, the first data or the second data based on the comparison; and selectively displaying, within the comparison interface, a statistical summary of the comparison of the first data in the first navigation database to the second data in the second navigation database. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving, by the controller module, a comparison command from a user and wherein the comparing is prompted by the comparison command. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the comparison interface includes at least one of a changed button, an unchanged button, a left only button, or a right only button and a selection of the at least one of the changed button, the unchanged button, the left only button, or the right only button is the comparison command. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein displaying the plurality of nodes includes displaying a plurality of children within at least one of the plurality of nodes. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein displaying the comparison result also includes displaying the first user selection and the second user selection in a side-by-side view. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining, by the controller module, whether the first data of the first user selection is the same as a corresponding second data of the second user selection and providing an indicator thereof during the displaying. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining, by the controller module, whether at least one node of the first user selection differs to a corresponding at least one node of the second user selection and providing an indicator thereof during the displaying. 8. (canceled) 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the displaying includes displaying a tree-view of information and dynamically changing an indicator until at least one differentiating information of the comparison result is displayed down the tree-view. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein displaying the comparison result also includes displaying a tree-view of at least one of the first user selection and the second user selection comprising at least one node and at least one child node. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the multiple disparate navigation databases comprise at least two cycles of information for a flight management system of an aircraft. 12. (canceled) 13. A system for comparing a plurality of navigation databases, the system comprises:
a display; a controller module operably coupled to the display and configured to:
receive a set of disparate databases,
display a comparison interface using a data structure comprising a plurality of nodes wherein each of the plurality of nodes is related to a specific data type and a data architecture for supporting integration of multiple disparate navigation databases;
display an options box within the comparison interface;
receive, by the controller module, at least one of the plurality of nodes selected from the options box;
receive, by the controller module, a first selection related to a first navigation database of the multiple disparate navigation databases;
receive, by the controller module, a second selection related to a second navigation database of the multiple disparate navigation databases, the second navigation database different from the first navigation database;
compare, by the controller module, first data in the first navigation database to second data in the second navigation database, wherein the first data and the second data correspond to the at least one of the plurality of nodes or data types selected in the options box and are a same specific data type from each of the first navigation database and the second navigation database;
display a comparison result within the comparison interface, wherein the comparison result includes the first selection and the second selection; and
display, selectively, within the comparison interface, a statistical summary of the comparison of the first data in the first navigation database to the second data in the second navigation database. 14. The system of claim 13 further receives, by the controller module, a comparison command from a user, wherein the comparison command compares the set of disparate databases via the comparison interface including at least one of a changed button, an unchanged button, a left only button, or a right only button and a selection of the at least one of the changed button, the unchanged button, the left only button, or the right only button is the comparison command. 15. The system of claim 13, wherein the controller module displays, via the display, the plurality of nodes including a plurality of children within at least one of the plurality of nodes. 16. The system of claim 13, wherein the controller module displays, via the display, the comparison result as the first selection and the second selection in a side-by-side view. 17. The system of claim 13, further determines, by the controller module, at least one node of the first selection matches/un-matches a corresponding at least one node of the second selection and providing an indicator thereof during the displaying. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the indicator is one of a highlight or a color change. 19. The system of claim 13, wherein the controller module displays, via the display, a tree-view of information and dynamically changing an indicator until at least one differentiating information of the comparison result is displayed down the tree-view of at least one of the first selection and the second selection comprising at least one node and at least one child node. 20. The system of claim 13, wherein the multiple disparate navigation databases comprise at least two cycles of information for a flight management system of an aircraft. 21. A method for displaying navigation database information, the method comprising:
displaying an options box within a comparison interface for supporting integration of multiple disparate navigation databases, wherein the multiple disparate navigation databases include a first navigational database and a second navigational database, each of the first navigational database and second navigational database including data related to aircraft navigation; receiving at a controller module, via the options box, a first user selection of the first navigational database selected from the multiple disparate navigation databases, receiving at the controller module, via the options box, a second user selection of the second navigational database that is distinct from the first navigational database, wherein the second navigational database selected is from the multiple disparate navigation databases, comparing, by the controller module, first data in the first navigational database to second data in the second navigational database, wherein the first data and the second data correspond to at least one of a plurality of nodes or data types selected in the options box and are a same specific data type from each of the first navigational database and the second navigational database; determining a comparison result from the comparing; displaying the comparison result within the comparison interface, wherein the comparison result includes a side-by-side comparison of the first data in the first user selection and the second data in the second user selection; changing, via user selection, the first data or the second data based on the comparison to obtain a reference navigational database; and creating aircraft loadable media, based on the reference navigational database. 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising changing the first data or the second data based on the comparison. | 3,600 |
346,060 | 16,804,514 | 3,668 | There is provided a frame rate adjusting method of a navigation device including: counting a frame period using a clock of a local oscillator of the navigation device; counting a polling period using the same clock; calculating a difference between the frame period and the polling period; adjusting a frame rate of the navigation device when the difference is smaller than a predetermined margin. | 1. A navigation device, comprising:
an internal oscillator configured to generate a clock signal having a clock frequency; and a processor coupled to the internal oscillator, and configured to
count the clock signal between successive displacement being readout to determine a polling period,
generate displacement every frame period, and
compare the polling period and the frame period to determine whether to adjust the frame period. 2. The navigation device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to count a number of pulses of the clock signal between a pair of adjacent requests from an external microcontroller unit (MCU) to determine the polling period. 3. The navigation device as claimed in claim 1, further comprising an I/O interface coupled to the processor, and configured to receive a request from an external MCU and output the displacement in response to the request, wherein
the processor is configured to count a number of pulses of the clock signal between a pair of displacement adjacently outputted from the I/O interface to the external MCU to determine the polling period. 4. The navigation device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to adjust the frame period when a difference between the polling period and the frame period is smaller than a predetermined margin. 5. The navigation device as claimed in claim 4, wherein
the processor is configured to count the clock signal between the successive displacement being readout every predetermined time interval, and the predetermined time interval covers more numbers of displacement being readout when the predetermined margin is smaller. 6. The navigation device as claimed in claim 4, wherein the processor is configured to adjust the frame period by increasing or decreasing the clock frequency. 7. The navigation device as claimed in claim 4, wherein the processor is configured to
count a number of pulses of the clock signal up to a predetermined number as the frame period, and adjust the frame period by increasing or decreasing the predetermined number. 8. The navigation device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to
count one polling period using the clock signal between a pair of displacement being readout, and then stop counting another polling period using the clock signal for a predetermined number of displacement being readout. 9. A navigation system, comprising:
a computer system configured to send requests to read displacement; and a navigation device, coupled to the computer system, and comprising:
an I/O interface configured to receive the requests from the computer system and output the displacement to the computer system;
an internal oscillator configured to generate a clock signal having a clock frequency; and
a processor coupled to the I/O interface and the internal oscillator, and configured to
count the clock signal between successive displacement being readout to determine a polling period,
generate the displacement every frame period,
calculate a difference between the polling period and the frame period, and
compare the difference with a predetermined margin. 10. The navigation system as claimed in claim 9, wherein the processor is configured to count a number of pulses of the clock signal between a pair of adjacent requests received from the computer system to determine the polling period. 11. The navigation system as claimed in claim 9, wherein the processor is configured to count a number of pulses of the clock signal between a pair of displacement adjacently outputted from the I/O interface to the computer system to determine the polling period. 12. The navigation system as claimed in claim 9, wherein the processor is configured to adjust the frame period when the difference is smaller than a predetermined margin. 13. The navigation system as claimed in claim 12, wherein the processor is configured to adjust the frame period by increasing or decreasing the clock frequency. 14. The navigation system as claimed in claim 12, wherein the processor is configured to
count a number of pulses of the clock signal up to a predetermined number as the frame period, and adjust the frame period by increasing or decreasing the predetermined number. 15. The navigation system as claimed in claim 12, wherein
the processor is configured to count the clock signal between the successive displacement being readout every predetermined time interval, and the predetermined time interval covers more numbers of displacement being readout when the predetermined margin is smaller. 16. The navigation system as claimed in claim 9, wherein the processor is configured to
count one polling period using the clock signal between a pair of displacement being readout, and then stop counting another polling period using the clock signal for a predetermined number of displacement being readout. 17. A frame rate adjusting method of a navigation device, the navigation device comprising an internal oscillator and a processor, the method comprising:
counting, by the processor, a frame period using a clock signal of the internal oscillator; counting, by the processor, a polling period using the clock signal of the internal oscillator to output displacement every polling period; calculating, by the processor, a difference between the frame period and the polling period; and adjusting, by the processor, the frame period when the difference is smaller than a predetermined margin. 18. The frame rate adjusting method as claimed in claim 17, wherein the predetermined margin is from 0.1% to 16%. 19. The frame rate adjusting method as claimed in claim 17, wherein the polling period is a number of pulses of the clock signal being counted between adjacent two requests from an external MCU or between adjacent two outputted displacement. 20. The frame rate adjusting method as claimed in claim 17, wherein the frame period is adjusted
by increasing or decreasing a clock frequency of the internal oscillator, or by increasing or decreasing a predetermined number of pulses of the clock signal to generate one image frame. | There is provided a frame rate adjusting method of a navigation device including: counting a frame period using a clock of a local oscillator of the navigation device; counting a polling period using the same clock; calculating a difference between the frame period and the polling period; adjusting a frame rate of the navigation device when the difference is smaller than a predetermined margin.1. A navigation device, comprising:
an internal oscillator configured to generate a clock signal having a clock frequency; and a processor coupled to the internal oscillator, and configured to
count the clock signal between successive displacement being readout to determine a polling period,
generate displacement every frame period, and
compare the polling period and the frame period to determine whether to adjust the frame period. 2. The navigation device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to count a number of pulses of the clock signal between a pair of adjacent requests from an external microcontroller unit (MCU) to determine the polling period. 3. The navigation device as claimed in claim 1, further comprising an I/O interface coupled to the processor, and configured to receive a request from an external MCU and output the displacement in response to the request, wherein
the processor is configured to count a number of pulses of the clock signal between a pair of displacement adjacently outputted from the I/O interface to the external MCU to determine the polling period. 4. The navigation device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to adjust the frame period when a difference between the polling period and the frame period is smaller than a predetermined margin. 5. The navigation device as claimed in claim 4, wherein
the processor is configured to count the clock signal between the successive displacement being readout every predetermined time interval, and the predetermined time interval covers more numbers of displacement being readout when the predetermined margin is smaller. 6. The navigation device as claimed in claim 4, wherein the processor is configured to adjust the frame period by increasing or decreasing the clock frequency. 7. The navigation device as claimed in claim 4, wherein the processor is configured to
count a number of pulses of the clock signal up to a predetermined number as the frame period, and adjust the frame period by increasing or decreasing the predetermined number. 8. The navigation device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to
count one polling period using the clock signal between a pair of displacement being readout, and then stop counting another polling period using the clock signal for a predetermined number of displacement being readout. 9. A navigation system, comprising:
a computer system configured to send requests to read displacement; and a navigation device, coupled to the computer system, and comprising:
an I/O interface configured to receive the requests from the computer system and output the displacement to the computer system;
an internal oscillator configured to generate a clock signal having a clock frequency; and
a processor coupled to the I/O interface and the internal oscillator, and configured to
count the clock signal between successive displacement being readout to determine a polling period,
generate the displacement every frame period,
calculate a difference between the polling period and the frame period, and
compare the difference with a predetermined margin. 10. The navigation system as claimed in claim 9, wherein the processor is configured to count a number of pulses of the clock signal between a pair of adjacent requests received from the computer system to determine the polling period. 11. The navigation system as claimed in claim 9, wherein the processor is configured to count a number of pulses of the clock signal between a pair of displacement adjacently outputted from the I/O interface to the computer system to determine the polling period. 12. The navigation system as claimed in claim 9, wherein the processor is configured to adjust the frame period when the difference is smaller than a predetermined margin. 13. The navigation system as claimed in claim 12, wherein the processor is configured to adjust the frame period by increasing or decreasing the clock frequency. 14. The navigation system as claimed in claim 12, wherein the processor is configured to
count a number of pulses of the clock signal up to a predetermined number as the frame period, and adjust the frame period by increasing or decreasing the predetermined number. 15. The navigation system as claimed in claim 12, wherein
the processor is configured to count the clock signal between the successive displacement being readout every predetermined time interval, and the predetermined time interval covers more numbers of displacement being readout when the predetermined margin is smaller. 16. The navigation system as claimed in claim 9, wherein the processor is configured to
count one polling period using the clock signal between a pair of displacement being readout, and then stop counting another polling period using the clock signal for a predetermined number of displacement being readout. 17. A frame rate adjusting method of a navigation device, the navigation device comprising an internal oscillator and a processor, the method comprising:
counting, by the processor, a frame period using a clock signal of the internal oscillator; counting, by the processor, a polling period using the clock signal of the internal oscillator to output displacement every polling period; calculating, by the processor, a difference between the frame period and the polling period; and adjusting, by the processor, the frame period when the difference is smaller than a predetermined margin. 18. The frame rate adjusting method as claimed in claim 17, wherein the predetermined margin is from 0.1% to 16%. 19. The frame rate adjusting method as claimed in claim 17, wherein the polling period is a number of pulses of the clock signal being counted between adjacent two requests from an external MCU or between adjacent two outputted displacement. 20. The frame rate adjusting method as claimed in claim 17, wherein the frame period is adjusted
by increasing or decreasing a clock frequency of the internal oscillator, or by increasing or decreasing a predetermined number of pulses of the clock signal to generate one image frame. | 3,600 |
346,061 | 16,804,474 | 3,668 | Reducing the space occupied by a voltage regulation integrated circuit (IC) that includes an inductor is achieved by implementing the inductor as a 3D inductor having windings formed of conductive elements integrated into a lower substrate, a circuit layer, and an upper substrate, and positioning other components within a core space of the 3D inductor in the circuit layer. The space occupied by the inductor is shared with the other circuit components and with the structural layers of the voltage regulation IC. A voltage regulation IC may be a switched-mode power supply (SMPS) that includes an inductor with a capacitor and/or a switching circuit. The inductor is implemented as upper horizontal traces in an upper substrate, lower horizontal traces in a lower substrate, and vertical interconnects in a circuit layer between the upper substrate and the lower substrate, and the conductive elements form the 3D inductor as a rectangular coil. | 1. A voltage regulation integrated circuit (IC), comprising:
an upper substrate comprising a plurality of upper horizontal traces; a lower substrate below the upper substrate and comprising a plurality of lower horizontal traces; and a circuit layer between the upper substrate and the lower substrate, the circuit layer comprising:
a plurality of first vertical interconnects each coupled to a first end of one of the plurality of upper horizontal traces and a first end of one of the plurality of lower horizontal traces;
a plurality of second vertical interconnects each coupled to a second end of one of the plurality of upper horizontal traces and a second end of one of the plurality of lower horizontal traces;
one or more circuit components disposed on the lower substrate; and
a three-dimensional (3D) inductor electrically coupled to at least one of the one or more circuit components, the 3D inductor comprising a coil extending along a longitudinal axis, a cross-section of the coil orthogonal to the longitudinal axis including the at least one of the one or more circuit components. 2. The voltage regulation IC of claim 1, wherein the coil comprises windings formed by the plurality of upper horizontal traces, the plurality of first vertical interconnects, the plurality of lower horizontal traces, and the plurality of second vertical interconnects. 3. The voltage regulation IC of claim 1, wherein the at least one of the one or more circuit components comprises a switching circuit, and at least one other circuit component among the one or more circuit components comprises a capacitor. 4. The voltage regulation IC of claim 3, wherein the circuit layer further comprises:
a first magnetic layer on sides of the capacitor; and a second magnetic layer on sides of the switching circuit. 5. The voltage regulation IC of claim 1, wherein the upper substrate further comprises the plurality of upper horizontal traces parallel to each other, and a magnetic thin-film layer between the plurality of upper horizontal traces and the circuit layer. 6. The voltage regulation IC of claim 3, wherein:
the longitudinal axis of the 3D inductor extends in a first direction; the cross-section of the coil of the 3D inductor orthogonal to the longitudinal axis includes the capacitor and the switching circuit. 7. The voltage regulation IC of claim 3, wherein:
the longitudinal axis of the 3D inductor extends in a first direction; the cross-section of the coil of the 3D inductor orthogonal to the longitudinal axis includes only one of the capacitor and the switching circuit. 8. The voltage regulation IC of claim 3, wherein the lower substrate further comprises:
a first surface comprising connections to the capacitor and the switching circuit; and a second surface comprising connections configured to couple at least one of the one or more circuit components to a printed circuit board (PCB). 9. The voltage regulation IC of claim 1, wherein:
the longitudinal axis of the 3D inductor extends in a first direction; the plurality of upper horizontal traces are disposed parallel to each other in an upper row in the upper substrate, the upper row extending in the first direction; the plurality of lower horizontal traces are disposed parallel to each other in a lower row in the lower substrate, the lower row extending in the first direction; and the plurality of first vertical interconnects are disposed parallel to each other in a first row, the plurality of second vertical interconnects are disposed parallel to each other in a second row, and the first and second rows extend in the first direction. 10. The voltage regulation IC of claim 9, wherein a winding of the 3D inductor comprises:
a first one of the plurality of first vertical interconnects coupled to a first end of a first one of the plurality of upper horizontal traces and to a first end of a first one of the plurality of lower horizontal traces; and a first one of the plurality of second vertical interconnects coupled to a second end of the first one of the plurality of lower horizontal traces and to a second end of another one of the plurality of upper horizontal traces next to the first one of the plurality of upper horizontal traces in the upper row. 11. The voltage regulation IC of claim 3, wherein the lower substrate further comprises a molding compound. 12. The voltage regulation IC of claim 1 integrated in an integrated circuit (IC). 13. The voltage regulation IC of claim 1, integrated into a device selected from the group consisting of: a set top box; an entertainment unit; a navigation device; a communications device; a fixed location data unit; a mobile location data unit; a global positioning system (GPS) device; a mobile phone; a cellular phone; a smart phone; a session initiation protocol (SIP) phone; a tablet; a phablet; a server; a computer; a portable computer; a mobile computing device; a wearable computing device; a desktop computer; a personal digital assistant (PDA); a monitor; a computer monitor; a television; a tuner; a radio; a satellite radio; a music player; a digital music player; a portable music player; a digital video player; a video player; a digital video disc (DVD) player; a portable digital video player; an automobile; a vehicle component; avionics systems; a drone; and a multicopter. 14. A method of fabricating a voltage regulation integrated circuit (IC), the method comprising:
forming an upper substrate comprising a plurality of upper horizontal traces; forming a lower substrate comprising a plurality of lower horizontal traces; and forming a circuit layer, comprising:
disposing one or more circuit components on a surface of the lower substrate on a region including the plurality of lower horizontal traces;
forming a molding compound over the one or more circuit components;
forming a plurality of first vertical interconnects and a plurality of second vertical interconnects in the molding compound, a bottom end of each of the plurality of first vertical interconnects and the plurality of second vertical interconnects coupled to one of the plurality of lower horizontal traces in the lower substrate; and
disposing the upper substrate on the circuit layer, comprising coupling each of the plurality of upper horizontal traces to one of the plurality of first vertical interconnects and to one of the plurality of second vertical interconnects, such that the plurality of upper horizontal traces, the plurality of first vertical interconnects, the plurality of lower horizontal traces, and the plurality of second vertical interconnects form a three-dimensional (3D) inductor. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein:
forming the upper substrate further comprises forming the plurality of upper horizontal traces parallel to each other in an upper row in the upper substrate, the upper row extending in a first direction of a longitudinal axis of the 3D inductor; and forming the lower substrate further comprises forming the plurality of lower horizontal traces parallel to each other in a lower row in the lower substrate, the lower row extending in the first direction. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein:
the 3D inductor comprises a coil extending along a longitudinal axis; and a cross-section of the coil orthogonal to the longitudinal axis includes at least one of the one or more circuit components. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein forming the upper substrate further comprises forming a magnetic thin-film layer in a region of the upper substrate comprising the plurality of upper horizontal traces. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein disposing the one or more circuit components on the surface of the lower substrate further comprises disposing a capacitor and a switching circuit on the lower substrate. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
forming a first magnetic layer on sides of the capacitor; and forming a second magnetic layer on sides of the switching circuit. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein:
a longitudinal axis of the 3D inductor extends in a first direction; and disposing the one or more circuit components on the surface of the lower substrate further comprises disposing the capacitor and the switching circuit in a cross-section of the 3D inductor orthogonal to the longitudinal axis. 21. The method of claim 18, wherein:
a longitudinal axis of the 3D inductor extends in a first direction; and disposing the one or more circuit components on the surface of the lower substrate further comprises disposing the capacitor and the switching circuit in a cross-section of the 3D inductor parallel to the longitudinal axis. | Reducing the space occupied by a voltage regulation integrated circuit (IC) that includes an inductor is achieved by implementing the inductor as a 3D inductor having windings formed of conductive elements integrated into a lower substrate, a circuit layer, and an upper substrate, and positioning other components within a core space of the 3D inductor in the circuit layer. The space occupied by the inductor is shared with the other circuit components and with the structural layers of the voltage regulation IC. A voltage regulation IC may be a switched-mode power supply (SMPS) that includes an inductor with a capacitor and/or a switching circuit. The inductor is implemented as upper horizontal traces in an upper substrate, lower horizontal traces in a lower substrate, and vertical interconnects in a circuit layer between the upper substrate and the lower substrate, and the conductive elements form the 3D inductor as a rectangular coil.1. A voltage regulation integrated circuit (IC), comprising:
an upper substrate comprising a plurality of upper horizontal traces; a lower substrate below the upper substrate and comprising a plurality of lower horizontal traces; and a circuit layer between the upper substrate and the lower substrate, the circuit layer comprising:
a plurality of first vertical interconnects each coupled to a first end of one of the plurality of upper horizontal traces and a first end of one of the plurality of lower horizontal traces;
a plurality of second vertical interconnects each coupled to a second end of one of the plurality of upper horizontal traces and a second end of one of the plurality of lower horizontal traces;
one or more circuit components disposed on the lower substrate; and
a three-dimensional (3D) inductor electrically coupled to at least one of the one or more circuit components, the 3D inductor comprising a coil extending along a longitudinal axis, a cross-section of the coil orthogonal to the longitudinal axis including the at least one of the one or more circuit components. 2. The voltage regulation IC of claim 1, wherein the coil comprises windings formed by the plurality of upper horizontal traces, the plurality of first vertical interconnects, the plurality of lower horizontal traces, and the plurality of second vertical interconnects. 3. The voltage regulation IC of claim 1, wherein the at least one of the one or more circuit components comprises a switching circuit, and at least one other circuit component among the one or more circuit components comprises a capacitor. 4. The voltage regulation IC of claim 3, wherein the circuit layer further comprises:
a first magnetic layer on sides of the capacitor; and a second magnetic layer on sides of the switching circuit. 5. The voltage regulation IC of claim 1, wherein the upper substrate further comprises the plurality of upper horizontal traces parallel to each other, and a magnetic thin-film layer between the plurality of upper horizontal traces and the circuit layer. 6. The voltage regulation IC of claim 3, wherein:
the longitudinal axis of the 3D inductor extends in a first direction; the cross-section of the coil of the 3D inductor orthogonal to the longitudinal axis includes the capacitor and the switching circuit. 7. The voltage regulation IC of claim 3, wherein:
the longitudinal axis of the 3D inductor extends in a first direction; the cross-section of the coil of the 3D inductor orthogonal to the longitudinal axis includes only one of the capacitor and the switching circuit. 8. The voltage regulation IC of claim 3, wherein the lower substrate further comprises:
a first surface comprising connections to the capacitor and the switching circuit; and a second surface comprising connections configured to couple at least one of the one or more circuit components to a printed circuit board (PCB). 9. The voltage regulation IC of claim 1, wherein:
the longitudinal axis of the 3D inductor extends in a first direction; the plurality of upper horizontal traces are disposed parallel to each other in an upper row in the upper substrate, the upper row extending in the first direction; the plurality of lower horizontal traces are disposed parallel to each other in a lower row in the lower substrate, the lower row extending in the first direction; and the plurality of first vertical interconnects are disposed parallel to each other in a first row, the plurality of second vertical interconnects are disposed parallel to each other in a second row, and the first and second rows extend in the first direction. 10. The voltage regulation IC of claim 9, wherein a winding of the 3D inductor comprises:
a first one of the plurality of first vertical interconnects coupled to a first end of a first one of the plurality of upper horizontal traces and to a first end of a first one of the plurality of lower horizontal traces; and a first one of the plurality of second vertical interconnects coupled to a second end of the first one of the plurality of lower horizontal traces and to a second end of another one of the plurality of upper horizontal traces next to the first one of the plurality of upper horizontal traces in the upper row. 11. The voltage regulation IC of claim 3, wherein the lower substrate further comprises a molding compound. 12. The voltage regulation IC of claim 1 integrated in an integrated circuit (IC). 13. The voltage regulation IC of claim 1, integrated into a device selected from the group consisting of: a set top box; an entertainment unit; a navigation device; a communications device; a fixed location data unit; a mobile location data unit; a global positioning system (GPS) device; a mobile phone; a cellular phone; a smart phone; a session initiation protocol (SIP) phone; a tablet; a phablet; a server; a computer; a portable computer; a mobile computing device; a wearable computing device; a desktop computer; a personal digital assistant (PDA); a monitor; a computer monitor; a television; a tuner; a radio; a satellite radio; a music player; a digital music player; a portable music player; a digital video player; a video player; a digital video disc (DVD) player; a portable digital video player; an automobile; a vehicle component; avionics systems; a drone; and a multicopter. 14. A method of fabricating a voltage regulation integrated circuit (IC), the method comprising:
forming an upper substrate comprising a plurality of upper horizontal traces; forming a lower substrate comprising a plurality of lower horizontal traces; and forming a circuit layer, comprising:
disposing one or more circuit components on a surface of the lower substrate on a region including the plurality of lower horizontal traces;
forming a molding compound over the one or more circuit components;
forming a plurality of first vertical interconnects and a plurality of second vertical interconnects in the molding compound, a bottom end of each of the plurality of first vertical interconnects and the plurality of second vertical interconnects coupled to one of the plurality of lower horizontal traces in the lower substrate; and
disposing the upper substrate on the circuit layer, comprising coupling each of the plurality of upper horizontal traces to one of the plurality of first vertical interconnects and to one of the plurality of second vertical interconnects, such that the plurality of upper horizontal traces, the plurality of first vertical interconnects, the plurality of lower horizontal traces, and the plurality of second vertical interconnects form a three-dimensional (3D) inductor. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein:
forming the upper substrate further comprises forming the plurality of upper horizontal traces parallel to each other in an upper row in the upper substrate, the upper row extending in a first direction of a longitudinal axis of the 3D inductor; and forming the lower substrate further comprises forming the plurality of lower horizontal traces parallel to each other in a lower row in the lower substrate, the lower row extending in the first direction. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein:
the 3D inductor comprises a coil extending along a longitudinal axis; and a cross-section of the coil orthogonal to the longitudinal axis includes at least one of the one or more circuit components. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein forming the upper substrate further comprises forming a magnetic thin-film layer in a region of the upper substrate comprising the plurality of upper horizontal traces. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein disposing the one or more circuit components on the surface of the lower substrate further comprises disposing a capacitor and a switching circuit on the lower substrate. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
forming a first magnetic layer on sides of the capacitor; and forming a second magnetic layer on sides of the switching circuit. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein:
a longitudinal axis of the 3D inductor extends in a first direction; and disposing the one or more circuit components on the surface of the lower substrate further comprises disposing the capacitor and the switching circuit in a cross-section of the 3D inductor orthogonal to the longitudinal axis. 21. The method of claim 18, wherein:
a longitudinal axis of the 3D inductor extends in a first direction; and disposing the one or more circuit components on the surface of the lower substrate further comprises disposing the capacitor and the switching circuit in a cross-section of the 3D inductor parallel to the longitudinal axis. | 3,600 |
346,062 | 16,804,476 | 3,668 | A light emitting diode (LED) display device includes a plurality of pixel units. Each of the plurality of pixel units includes a red subpixel, a green subpixel, and a blue subpixel. The red subpixel is arranged with a first LED chip, the green subpixel is arranged with a second LED chip, and the blue subpixel is arranged with a third LED chip. The first LED chip is a blue LED chip or a green LED chip. The second LED chip is the green LED chip. The third LED chip is the blue LED chip. The red subpixel is further arranged with a red light conversion block arranged on the first LED chip. | 1. A light emitting diode display device, comprising a plurality of pixel units, each of the plurality of pixel units comprising a red subpixel, a green subpixel, and a blue subpixel, wherein
the red subpixel is arranged with a first light emitting diode chip, the green subpixel is arranged with a second light emitting diode chip, and the blue subpixel is arranged with a third light emitting diode chip; the first light emitting diode chip is a blue light emitting diode chip or a green light emitting diode chip; the second light emitting diode chip is the green light emitting diode chip; the third light emitting diode chip is the blue light emitting diode chip; and the red subpixel is further arranged with a red light conversion block arranged on the first light emitting diode chip. 2. The light emitting diode display device of claim 1, wherein the green light emitting diode chip comprises a gallium nitride-based light emitting diode chip. 3. The light emitting diode display device of claim 2, wherein a material of the gallium nitride-based light emitting diode chip comprises indium gallium nitride. 4. The light emitting diode display device of claim 1, wherein the red light conversion block comprises a quantum dot light conversion material. 5. The light emitting diode display device of claim 1, wherein the red subpixel further comprises an adhesion layer arranged between the red light conversion block and the first light emitting diode chip. 6. The light emitting diode display device of claim 1, wherein a sealing material is arranged on the second light emitting diode chip and the third light emitting diode chip, the sealing material is further arranged to seal the red light conversion block, and the sealing material and the red light conversion block form a seal layer cooperatively. 7. The light emitting diode display device of claim 6, further comprising an adhesion layer provided on a surface of the seal layer facing towards the first light emitting diode chip, the second light emitting diode chip, and the third light emitting diode chip. 8. The light emitting diode display device of claim 6, wherein
the seal layer is formed on a plate, and is arranged between the plate and the first light emitting diode chip, between the plate and the second light emitting diode chip, and between the plate and the third light emitting diode chip; the first light emitting diode chip, the second light emitting diode chip, and the third light emitting diode chip are arranged on a substrate; and a periphery of the plate is arranged with an adhesion layer, and the plate is adhered with the substrate at the periphery. 9. The light emitting diode display device of claim 8, wherein the adhesion layer is a layer of glue. 10. The light emitting diode display device of claim 8, wherein the substrate is a glass substrate, a plastic substrate, or a flexible substrate. 11. A light emitting diode display panel, comprising a driving circuit and a light emitting diode display device, wherein
the light emitting diode display device comprises a plurality of pixel units, each of the plurality of pixel units comprises a red subpixel, a green subpixel, and a blue subpixel; the red subpixel is arranged with a first light emitting diode chip, the green subpixel is arranged with a second light emitting diode chip, and the blue subpixel is arranged with a third light emitting diode chip; the first light emitting diode chip is a blue light emitting diode chip or a green light emitting diode chip; the second light emitting diode chip is the green light emitting diode chip; the third light emitting diode chip is the blue light emitting diode chip; the red subpixel is further arranged with a red light conversion block arranged on the first light emitting diode chip; and the driving circuit is electrically coupled with the first light emitting diode chip, the second light emitting diode chip, and the third light emitting diode chip. 12. The light emitting diode display panel of claim 11, wherein the green light emitting diode chip comprises a gallium nitride-based light emitting diode chip. 13. The light emitting diode display panel of claim 11, wherein the red light conversion block comprises a quantum dot light conversion material. 14. The light emitting diode display panel of claim 11, wherein the light emitting diode display panel is a flexible display panel. 15. A method for manufacturing a light emitting diode display device, comprising:
providing a substrate, the substrate comprising a first region at which a red subpixel is formed, a second region at which a green subpixel is formed, and a third region at which a blue subpixel is formed; arranging a first light emitting diode chip, a second light emitting diode chip, and a third light emitting diode chip in the first region, the second region, and the third region, respectively, wherein the first light emitting diode chip is a blue light emitting diode chip or a green light emitting diode chip, the second light emitting diode chip is the green light emitting diode chip, and the third light emitting diode chip is the blue light emitting diode chip; and arranging a red light conversion block on the first light emitting diode chip in the first region. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the green light emitting diode chip comprises a gallium nitride-based light emitting diode chip. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the arranging a red light conversion block on the first light emitting diode chip in the first region comprises:
arranging a masking plate having a plurality of hollow regions above a layer of the first light emitting diode chip, the second light emitting diode chip, and the third light emitting diode chip, enabling each of the plurality of hollow regions to align with each first light emitting diode chip vertically, such that each first light emitting diode chip is arranged to extend into each hollow region; performing ink jet printing to allow red light quantum dot ink to pass through the plurality of hollow regions to deposit on the first light emitting diode chip in the first region; and drying the red light quantum dot ink to form the red light conversion block. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the arranging a red light conversion block on the first light emitting diode chip in the first region comprises:
arranging a masking plate having a plurality of hollow regions on a transfer medium; performing ink jet printing to allow red light quantum dot ink to pass through the plurality of hollow regions to deposit on the transfer medium; drying the red light quantum dot ink to form the red light conversion block; forming an adhesion layer on a top surface of the red light conversion block; and adhering the red light conversion block with the first light emitting diode chip in the first region correspondingly via the adhesion layer. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein
the first light emitting diode chip is the blue light emitting diode chip; and mass transfer is performed to simultaneously transfer the first light emitting diode chip and the third light emitting diode chip into the first region and the third region, respectively, and subsequently transfer the second light emitting diode chip into the second region. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein
the first light emitting diode chip is the green light emitting diode chip; and mass transfer is performed to transfer the third light emitting diode chip into the third region, and transfer simultaneously the second light emitting diode chip and the first light emitting diode chip into the second region and the first region, respectively. | A light emitting diode (LED) display device includes a plurality of pixel units. Each of the plurality of pixel units includes a red subpixel, a green subpixel, and a blue subpixel. The red subpixel is arranged with a first LED chip, the green subpixel is arranged with a second LED chip, and the blue subpixel is arranged with a third LED chip. The first LED chip is a blue LED chip or a green LED chip. The second LED chip is the green LED chip. The third LED chip is the blue LED chip. The red subpixel is further arranged with a red light conversion block arranged on the first LED chip.1. A light emitting diode display device, comprising a plurality of pixel units, each of the plurality of pixel units comprising a red subpixel, a green subpixel, and a blue subpixel, wherein
the red subpixel is arranged with a first light emitting diode chip, the green subpixel is arranged with a second light emitting diode chip, and the blue subpixel is arranged with a third light emitting diode chip; the first light emitting diode chip is a blue light emitting diode chip or a green light emitting diode chip; the second light emitting diode chip is the green light emitting diode chip; the third light emitting diode chip is the blue light emitting diode chip; and the red subpixel is further arranged with a red light conversion block arranged on the first light emitting diode chip. 2. The light emitting diode display device of claim 1, wherein the green light emitting diode chip comprises a gallium nitride-based light emitting diode chip. 3. The light emitting diode display device of claim 2, wherein a material of the gallium nitride-based light emitting diode chip comprises indium gallium nitride. 4. The light emitting diode display device of claim 1, wherein the red light conversion block comprises a quantum dot light conversion material. 5. The light emitting diode display device of claim 1, wherein the red subpixel further comprises an adhesion layer arranged between the red light conversion block and the first light emitting diode chip. 6. The light emitting diode display device of claim 1, wherein a sealing material is arranged on the second light emitting diode chip and the third light emitting diode chip, the sealing material is further arranged to seal the red light conversion block, and the sealing material and the red light conversion block form a seal layer cooperatively. 7. The light emitting diode display device of claim 6, further comprising an adhesion layer provided on a surface of the seal layer facing towards the first light emitting diode chip, the second light emitting diode chip, and the third light emitting diode chip. 8. The light emitting diode display device of claim 6, wherein
the seal layer is formed on a plate, and is arranged between the plate and the first light emitting diode chip, between the plate and the second light emitting diode chip, and between the plate and the third light emitting diode chip; the first light emitting diode chip, the second light emitting diode chip, and the third light emitting diode chip are arranged on a substrate; and a periphery of the plate is arranged with an adhesion layer, and the plate is adhered with the substrate at the periphery. 9. The light emitting diode display device of claim 8, wherein the adhesion layer is a layer of glue. 10. The light emitting diode display device of claim 8, wherein the substrate is a glass substrate, a plastic substrate, or a flexible substrate. 11. A light emitting diode display panel, comprising a driving circuit and a light emitting diode display device, wherein
the light emitting diode display device comprises a plurality of pixel units, each of the plurality of pixel units comprises a red subpixel, a green subpixel, and a blue subpixel; the red subpixel is arranged with a first light emitting diode chip, the green subpixel is arranged with a second light emitting diode chip, and the blue subpixel is arranged with a third light emitting diode chip; the first light emitting diode chip is a blue light emitting diode chip or a green light emitting diode chip; the second light emitting diode chip is the green light emitting diode chip; the third light emitting diode chip is the blue light emitting diode chip; the red subpixel is further arranged with a red light conversion block arranged on the first light emitting diode chip; and the driving circuit is electrically coupled with the first light emitting diode chip, the second light emitting diode chip, and the third light emitting diode chip. 12. The light emitting diode display panel of claim 11, wherein the green light emitting diode chip comprises a gallium nitride-based light emitting diode chip. 13. The light emitting diode display panel of claim 11, wherein the red light conversion block comprises a quantum dot light conversion material. 14. The light emitting diode display panel of claim 11, wherein the light emitting diode display panel is a flexible display panel. 15. A method for manufacturing a light emitting diode display device, comprising:
providing a substrate, the substrate comprising a first region at which a red subpixel is formed, a second region at which a green subpixel is formed, and a third region at which a blue subpixel is formed; arranging a first light emitting diode chip, a second light emitting diode chip, and a third light emitting diode chip in the first region, the second region, and the third region, respectively, wherein the first light emitting diode chip is a blue light emitting diode chip or a green light emitting diode chip, the second light emitting diode chip is the green light emitting diode chip, and the third light emitting diode chip is the blue light emitting diode chip; and arranging a red light conversion block on the first light emitting diode chip in the first region. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the green light emitting diode chip comprises a gallium nitride-based light emitting diode chip. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the arranging a red light conversion block on the first light emitting diode chip in the first region comprises:
arranging a masking plate having a plurality of hollow regions above a layer of the first light emitting diode chip, the second light emitting diode chip, and the third light emitting diode chip, enabling each of the plurality of hollow regions to align with each first light emitting diode chip vertically, such that each first light emitting diode chip is arranged to extend into each hollow region; performing ink jet printing to allow red light quantum dot ink to pass through the plurality of hollow regions to deposit on the first light emitting diode chip in the first region; and drying the red light quantum dot ink to form the red light conversion block. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the arranging a red light conversion block on the first light emitting diode chip in the first region comprises:
arranging a masking plate having a plurality of hollow regions on a transfer medium; performing ink jet printing to allow red light quantum dot ink to pass through the plurality of hollow regions to deposit on the transfer medium; drying the red light quantum dot ink to form the red light conversion block; forming an adhesion layer on a top surface of the red light conversion block; and adhering the red light conversion block with the first light emitting diode chip in the first region correspondingly via the adhesion layer. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein
the first light emitting diode chip is the blue light emitting diode chip; and mass transfer is performed to simultaneously transfer the first light emitting diode chip and the third light emitting diode chip into the first region and the third region, respectively, and subsequently transfer the second light emitting diode chip into the second region. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein
the first light emitting diode chip is the green light emitting diode chip; and mass transfer is performed to transfer the third light emitting diode chip into the third region, and transfer simultaneously the second light emitting diode chip and the first light emitting diode chip into the second region and the first region, respectively. | 3,600 |
346,063 | 16,804,475 | 3,668 | The present invention relates to methods of treating patients suffering from Contact dermatitis, Drug induced delayed type cutaneous allergic reactions, Toxic epidermal necrolysis, Cutaneous T cell Lymphoma, Bullous pemphigoid, Alopecia aereata, Vitiligo, Acne Rosacea, Prurigo nodularis, Scleroderma, Herpes simplex virus, or combination by administering an IL-31RA antagonist. | 1. A method of treating a patient with a skin disorder comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising an anti-Interleukin-31RA (IL-31RA) antibody and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier to the patient, wherein the anti-IL-31RA antibody binds amino acid residues 20-519 of SEQ ID NO:6 or a portion thereof, and wherein the skin disorder is prurigo nodularis. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the anti-IL-31RA antibody is neutralizing. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the Fc region of the anti-IL-31RA antibody is IgG, IgA, IgD, IgM or IgE. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the Fc region of the anti-IL-31RA antibody is IgG. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the anti-IL-31RA antibody is humanized. | The present invention relates to methods of treating patients suffering from Contact dermatitis, Drug induced delayed type cutaneous allergic reactions, Toxic epidermal necrolysis, Cutaneous T cell Lymphoma, Bullous pemphigoid, Alopecia aereata, Vitiligo, Acne Rosacea, Prurigo nodularis, Scleroderma, Herpes simplex virus, or combination by administering an IL-31RA antagonist.1. A method of treating a patient with a skin disorder comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising an anti-Interleukin-31RA (IL-31RA) antibody and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier to the patient, wherein the anti-IL-31RA antibody binds amino acid residues 20-519 of SEQ ID NO:6 or a portion thereof, and wherein the skin disorder is prurigo nodularis. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the anti-IL-31RA antibody is neutralizing. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the Fc region of the anti-IL-31RA antibody is IgG, IgA, IgD, IgM or IgE. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the Fc region of the anti-IL-31RA antibody is IgG. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the anti-IL-31RA antibody is humanized. | 3,600 |
346,064 | 16,804,503 | 3,668 | An optical system and, specifically an HMD, is disclosed for increasing brightness efficiency of light transmitted from a display. By including one polarization selective mirror between a half mirror and a display and another polarization selective mirror between the half mirror and a lens, brightness efficiency is increased without a substantial increase in thickness. | 1. A head mounted display (HMD) comprising:
a display medium having a plurality of pixels and configured to emit light from at least one of the plurality of pixels; an optical arrangement providing at least two light paths for the emitted light; wherein the optical arrangement comprises:
a first polarization selective mirror configured to transmit a first polarization component of the emitted light;
a second polarization selective mirror configured to transmit a second polarization component of the emitted light; and
a partial mirror between the first polarization selective mirror and the second polarization selective mirror. 2. The HMD of claim 1, further comprising a lens, wherein the optical arrangement is between the display medium and the lens. 3. The HMD of claim 1, further comprising a lens, wherein at least one of the first polarization selective mirror, the second polarization selective mirror, and the partial mirror is either integrated in the lens or adhered to a surface of the lens. 4. The HMD of claim 1, further comprising:
a first retarder film between the first polarization selective mirror and the partial mirror; and a second retarder film between the partial mirror and the second polarization selective mirror. 5. The HMD of claim 4, wherein:
the partial mirror is a half mirror; the first retarder film is a first quarter wave plate; and the second retarder film is a second quarter wave plate. 6. The HMD of claim 4, wherein the first retarder film and the second retarder film are arranged symmetrically with respect to the partial mirror. 7. The HMD of claim 1, wherein the first polarization selective mirror and the second polarization selective mirror are arranged symmetrically with respect to the partial mirror. 8. The HMD of claim 1, wherein the first polarization component is orthogonal to the second polarization component. 9. The HMD of claim 1, wherein the at least two light paths are substantially collinear when exiting the optical arrangement. 10. The HMD of claim 1, wherein the emitted light is linearly polarized having the first polarization component. 11. The HMD of claim 1, wherein the first polarization selective mirror and the second polarization selective mirror are each curved such that the at least two light paths are substantially collinear when exiting the optical arrangement. 12. The HMD of claim 11, further comprising a refracting medium that supports the optical arrangement such that different wavelengths of the emitted light are not laterally separated. 13. A head mounted display (HMD) comprising:
a display medium having a plurality of pixels and configured to emit light from at least one of a plurality of pixels; an optical arrangement providing at least two light paths for the emitted light; wherein the optical arrangement comprises:
a first linear polarization selective mirror configured to transmit a first polarization component of the light;
a second linear polarization selective mirror configured to transmit a second polarization component of the light;
a half mirror between the first linear polarization selective mirror and the second linear polarization selective mirror;
a first quarter wave plate between the first linear polarization selective mirror and the partial mirror; and
a second quarter wave plate between the partial mirror and the second linear polarization selective mirror. 14. The HMD of claim 13, further comprising a lens, wherein the optical arrangement is between the display medium and the lens. 15. The HMD of claim 13, further comprising a lens, wherein at least one of the first linear polarization selective mirror, the second linear polarization selective mirror, the half mirror, the first quarter wave plate, and the second quarter wave plate is either integrated in the lens or adhered to a surface of the lens. 16. The HMD of claim 13, wherein:
the first linear polarization selective mirror and the second linear polarization selective mirror are arranged symmetrically with respect to the partial mirror; and the first quarter wave plate and the second quarter wave plate are arranged symmetrically with respect to the partial mirror. 17. The HMD of claim 13, wherein the at least two light paths are substantially collinear when exiting the optical arrangement. 18. The HMD of claim 13, wherein:
the emitted light is linearly polarized having the first polarization component; and the first polarization component is orthogonal to the second polarization component. 19. The HMD of claim 1, wherein the first linear polarization selective mirror and the second linear polarization selective mirror are each curved such that the at least two light paths are substantially collinear when exiting the optical arrangement. 20. The HMD of claim 19, further comprising a refracting medium that supports the optical arrangement such that different wavelengths of the emitted light are not laterally separated. | An optical system and, specifically an HMD, is disclosed for increasing brightness efficiency of light transmitted from a display. By including one polarization selective mirror between a half mirror and a display and another polarization selective mirror between the half mirror and a lens, brightness efficiency is increased without a substantial increase in thickness.1. A head mounted display (HMD) comprising:
a display medium having a plurality of pixels and configured to emit light from at least one of the plurality of pixels; an optical arrangement providing at least two light paths for the emitted light; wherein the optical arrangement comprises:
a first polarization selective mirror configured to transmit a first polarization component of the emitted light;
a second polarization selective mirror configured to transmit a second polarization component of the emitted light; and
a partial mirror between the first polarization selective mirror and the second polarization selective mirror. 2. The HMD of claim 1, further comprising a lens, wherein the optical arrangement is between the display medium and the lens. 3. The HMD of claim 1, further comprising a lens, wherein at least one of the first polarization selective mirror, the second polarization selective mirror, and the partial mirror is either integrated in the lens or adhered to a surface of the lens. 4. The HMD of claim 1, further comprising:
a first retarder film between the first polarization selective mirror and the partial mirror; and a second retarder film between the partial mirror and the second polarization selective mirror. 5. The HMD of claim 4, wherein:
the partial mirror is a half mirror; the first retarder film is a first quarter wave plate; and the second retarder film is a second quarter wave plate. 6. The HMD of claim 4, wherein the first retarder film and the second retarder film are arranged symmetrically with respect to the partial mirror. 7. The HMD of claim 1, wherein the first polarization selective mirror and the second polarization selective mirror are arranged symmetrically with respect to the partial mirror. 8. The HMD of claim 1, wherein the first polarization component is orthogonal to the second polarization component. 9. The HMD of claim 1, wherein the at least two light paths are substantially collinear when exiting the optical arrangement. 10. The HMD of claim 1, wherein the emitted light is linearly polarized having the first polarization component. 11. The HMD of claim 1, wherein the first polarization selective mirror and the second polarization selective mirror are each curved such that the at least two light paths are substantially collinear when exiting the optical arrangement. 12. The HMD of claim 11, further comprising a refracting medium that supports the optical arrangement such that different wavelengths of the emitted light are not laterally separated. 13. A head mounted display (HMD) comprising:
a display medium having a plurality of pixels and configured to emit light from at least one of a plurality of pixels; an optical arrangement providing at least two light paths for the emitted light; wherein the optical arrangement comprises:
a first linear polarization selective mirror configured to transmit a first polarization component of the light;
a second linear polarization selective mirror configured to transmit a second polarization component of the light;
a half mirror between the first linear polarization selective mirror and the second linear polarization selective mirror;
a first quarter wave plate between the first linear polarization selective mirror and the partial mirror; and
a second quarter wave plate between the partial mirror and the second linear polarization selective mirror. 14. The HMD of claim 13, further comprising a lens, wherein the optical arrangement is between the display medium and the lens. 15. The HMD of claim 13, further comprising a lens, wherein at least one of the first linear polarization selective mirror, the second linear polarization selective mirror, the half mirror, the first quarter wave plate, and the second quarter wave plate is either integrated in the lens or adhered to a surface of the lens. 16. The HMD of claim 13, wherein:
the first linear polarization selective mirror and the second linear polarization selective mirror are arranged symmetrically with respect to the partial mirror; and the first quarter wave plate and the second quarter wave plate are arranged symmetrically with respect to the partial mirror. 17. The HMD of claim 13, wherein the at least two light paths are substantially collinear when exiting the optical arrangement. 18. The HMD of claim 13, wherein:
the emitted light is linearly polarized having the first polarization component; and the first polarization component is orthogonal to the second polarization component. 19. The HMD of claim 1, wherein the first linear polarization selective mirror and the second linear polarization selective mirror are each curved such that the at least two light paths are substantially collinear when exiting the optical arrangement. 20. The HMD of claim 19, further comprising a refracting medium that supports the optical arrangement such that different wavelengths of the emitted light are not laterally separated. | 3,600 |
346,065 | 16,804,487 | 2,856 | A pressure gauge includes: an outer container defining an outer chamber set to a reference pressure (Pr); an inner container disposed in the outer container; and a tube setting the inside of a first inner chamber of the inner container to a measurement pressure (Px). The inner container includes: a cylindrical rigid wall portion; first and second pressure receiving plates that displace due to a differential pressure between the reference pressure and the measurement pressure; a bellows partitioning the inner container into the first inner chamber and a second inner chamber; and a pressure detection element disposed in the second inner chamber and detecting the measurement pressure based on the displacements of the first and the second pressure receiving plates. The outer chamber and the second inner chamber are set to the reference pressure of a high vacuum that is lower than a lower limit of the measurement pressure. | 1. A pressure gauge comprising:
an outer container defining an outer chamber set to a reference pressure; an inner container partitioning an inner chamber disposed in the outer container into a first inner chamber air-tightly partitioned from the outer chamber and into a second inner chamber communicating with the outer chamber; and a tube setting the first inner chamber to a measurement pressure, the inner chamber including: a cylindrical rigid wall portion; first and second pressure receiving plates formed as opposing wall portions of the inner container and displaced due to a differential pressure between the reference pressure and the measurement pressure; a bellows disposed in the inner chamber surrounded by the cylindrical rigid wall portion and the first and the second pressure receiving plates so as to partition the inner chamber into the first inner chamber and into the second inner chamber, the bellows being deformable to allow displacements of the first and the second pressure plates; and a pressure detection element disposed in the second inner chamber and detecting the measurement pressure based on the displacements of the first and the second pressure receiving plates, the outer chamber and the second inner chamber being set to the reference pressure of a high vacuum that is lower than a lower limit of the measurement pressure. 2. The pressure gauge according to claim 1, further comprising:
a first rigid body portion that connects the first pressure receiving plate to the bellows; and a second rigid body portion that connects the second pressure receiving plate to the bellows, wherein: one end of the pressure detection element is fixed to the first rigid body portion and the other end of the pressure detection element is fixed to the second rigid body portion; and each of the first and the second rigid body portions has an opening that allows the second inner chamber to communicate with the outer chamber. 3. The pressure gauge according to claim 2, wherein
the one end of the pressure detection element is fixed to the opening of the first rigid body portion, and the other end of the pressure detection element is fixed to the opening of the second rigid body portion. 4. The pressure gauge according to claim 1, wherein
the pressure detection element is a piezoelectric element. 5. The pressure gauge according to claim 4, wherein
a tensile force acts on the piezoelectric element when the measurement pressure is at the lower limit. 6. The pressure gauge according to claim 1, further comprising elastically deformable first and second connecting members that air-tightly connect the first and the second pressure receiving plates to the rigid wall portion. 7. The pressure gauge according to claim 6, wherein
an elastic coefficient of each of the first and the second connecting members is larger than an elastic coefficient of the bellows. 8. The pressure gauge according to claim 7, wherein
each of the first and the second connecting members has a ring-shaped member having a U-shaped cross section. 9. The pressure gauge according to claim 1, wherein
the reference pressure is 1/10000 or less of a lower limit of the measurement pressure. 10. The pressure gauge according to claim 1, wherein
one of the tube and the inner container that are disposed in the outer container is provided with a heater. | A pressure gauge includes: an outer container defining an outer chamber set to a reference pressure (Pr); an inner container disposed in the outer container; and a tube setting the inside of a first inner chamber of the inner container to a measurement pressure (Px). The inner container includes: a cylindrical rigid wall portion; first and second pressure receiving plates that displace due to a differential pressure between the reference pressure and the measurement pressure; a bellows partitioning the inner container into the first inner chamber and a second inner chamber; and a pressure detection element disposed in the second inner chamber and detecting the measurement pressure based on the displacements of the first and the second pressure receiving plates. The outer chamber and the second inner chamber are set to the reference pressure of a high vacuum that is lower than a lower limit of the measurement pressure.1. A pressure gauge comprising:
an outer container defining an outer chamber set to a reference pressure; an inner container partitioning an inner chamber disposed in the outer container into a first inner chamber air-tightly partitioned from the outer chamber and into a second inner chamber communicating with the outer chamber; and a tube setting the first inner chamber to a measurement pressure, the inner chamber including: a cylindrical rigid wall portion; first and second pressure receiving plates formed as opposing wall portions of the inner container and displaced due to a differential pressure between the reference pressure and the measurement pressure; a bellows disposed in the inner chamber surrounded by the cylindrical rigid wall portion and the first and the second pressure receiving plates so as to partition the inner chamber into the first inner chamber and into the second inner chamber, the bellows being deformable to allow displacements of the first and the second pressure plates; and a pressure detection element disposed in the second inner chamber and detecting the measurement pressure based on the displacements of the first and the second pressure receiving plates, the outer chamber and the second inner chamber being set to the reference pressure of a high vacuum that is lower than a lower limit of the measurement pressure. 2. The pressure gauge according to claim 1, further comprising:
a first rigid body portion that connects the first pressure receiving plate to the bellows; and a second rigid body portion that connects the second pressure receiving plate to the bellows, wherein: one end of the pressure detection element is fixed to the first rigid body portion and the other end of the pressure detection element is fixed to the second rigid body portion; and each of the first and the second rigid body portions has an opening that allows the second inner chamber to communicate with the outer chamber. 3. The pressure gauge according to claim 2, wherein
the one end of the pressure detection element is fixed to the opening of the first rigid body portion, and the other end of the pressure detection element is fixed to the opening of the second rigid body portion. 4. The pressure gauge according to claim 1, wherein
the pressure detection element is a piezoelectric element. 5. The pressure gauge according to claim 4, wherein
a tensile force acts on the piezoelectric element when the measurement pressure is at the lower limit. 6. The pressure gauge according to claim 1, further comprising elastically deformable first and second connecting members that air-tightly connect the first and the second pressure receiving plates to the rigid wall portion. 7. The pressure gauge according to claim 6, wherein
an elastic coefficient of each of the first and the second connecting members is larger than an elastic coefficient of the bellows. 8. The pressure gauge according to claim 7, wherein
each of the first and the second connecting members has a ring-shaped member having a U-shaped cross section. 9. The pressure gauge according to claim 1, wherein
the reference pressure is 1/10000 or less of a lower limit of the measurement pressure. 10. The pressure gauge according to claim 1, wherein
one of the tube and the inner container that are disposed in the outer container is provided with a heater. | 2,800 |
346,066 | 16,804,497 | 2,856 | An animal transfer box for containing and transporting live animals, such as quail, includes two ventilated end panels opposite each other, two ventilated side panels opposite each other and connected to the end panels, a substantially non-ventilated bottom panel connected to the side panels, and a ventilated top panel connected to the side panels. Feet are secured to the bottom panel for supporting the bottom panel above a surface upon which the animal transfer box may be resting. The animal transfer box is formed from a single blank of cardboard having tabs and slots formed therein for securing the shape of the animal transfer box upon assembly. The end panels each comprise double-wall panels and one of the end panels has a full-length door while the other end panel has a partial-length door. | 1. An animal transfer box for containing and transporting live animals, said animal transfer box comprising:
two ventilated end panels opposite each other, with at least one of said end panels having an openable door formed therein; two ventilated side panels opposite each other and connected to said end panels; a substantially non-ventilated bottom panel connected to said side panels; a ventilated top panel connected to said side panels; and a plurality of spacers secured adjacent edges of said bottom panel or said top panel for allowing multiple ones of the transfer box to be stacked while still providing ventilation through the top panels. 2. An animal transfer box as claimed in claim 1 wherein said end panels, said side panels, said bottom panel, and said top panel are formed from a single blank of cardboard and folded up to form the animal transfer box, said single blank of cardboard having tabs and slots formed therein for securing the shape of the animal transfer box upon erection. 3. An animal transfer box as claimed in claim 2 wherein said single blank of cardboard comprises corrugated cardboard. 4. An animal transfer box as claimed in claim 1 wherein said end panels each comprise double-wall panels. 5. An animal transfer box as claimed in claim 1 wherein one of said end panels comprises a full-length door and the other of said end panels comprises a partial-length door. 6. An animal transfer box as claimed in claim 1 wherein said end panels and said side panels are between about 4 inches and 6 inches high. 7. An animal transfer box as claimed in claim 6 wherein said end panels and said side panels are between about 4½ inches and 5½ inches high. 8. An animal transfer box as claimed in claim 1 wherein the spacers are mounted to the top panel. 9. An animal transfer box for containing and transporting live animals, said animal transfer box comprising:
a first ventilated end panel having a partial-length door formed therein extending only partially along said first ventilated end panel; a second ventilated end panel having a full-length door formed therein and positioned opposite said first ventilated end panel, said full-length door extending along substantially the entirety of the length of said first ventilated end panel; two ventilated side panels opposite each other and connected to said end panels; a substantially non-ventilated bottom panel connected to said side panels; a ventilated top panel connected to said side panels; and wherein said end panels, said side panels, said bottom panel, and said top panel are formed from a single blank of cardboard and folded up to form the animal transfer box, said single blank of cardboard having tabs and slots formed therein for securing the shape of the animal transfer box upon assembly. 10. An animal transfer box as claimed in claim 9 further comprising spacers positioned adjacent corners of said top panel or bottom panel for allowing multiple ones of the transfer box to be stacked while still providing ventilation through the top panels. 11. An animal transfer box as claimed in claim 9 wherein said single blank of cardboard comprises corrugated cardboard. 12. An animal transfer box as claimed in claim 9 wherein said end panels each comprise double-wall panels. 13. An animal transfer box as claimed in claim 9 wherein said end panels and said side panels are between about 4½ inches and 5½ inches high. 14. An animal transfer box for containing and transporting live animals, said animal transfer box comprising:
two ventilated end panels opposite each other, with at least one of said end panels having an openable door formed therein; two ventilated side panels opposite each other and connected to said end panels; a substantially non-ventilated bottom panel connected to said side panels; a ventilated top panel connected to said side panels; and wherein said end panels, said side panels, said bottom panel, and said top panel are formed from a single blank of cardboard and folded up to form the animal transfer box. 15. An animal transfer box as claimed in claim 14 further comprising a plurality of spacers positioned adjacent corners of said top panel or bottom panel for allowing multiple ones of the transfer box to be stacked while still providing ventilation through the top panels. 16. An animal transfer box as claimed in claim 14 wherein said single blank of cardboard comprises corrugated cardboard. 17. An animal transfer box as claimed in claim 14 wherein said end panels each comprise double-wall panels. 18. An animal transfer box as claimed in claim 14 wherein one of said end panels comprises a full-length door and the other of said end panels comprises a partial-length door. 19. An animal transfer box as claimed in claim 14 wherein said end panels and said side panels are between about 4 inches and 6 inches high. 20. An animal transfer box as claimed in claim 14 wherein said end panels and said side panels are between about 4½ inches and 5½ inches high. 21. An animal transfer box as claimed in claim 14 wherein said single blank of cardboard comprises tabs and slots formed therein for securing the shape of the animal transfer box once assembled. | An animal transfer box for containing and transporting live animals, such as quail, includes two ventilated end panels opposite each other, two ventilated side panels opposite each other and connected to the end panels, a substantially non-ventilated bottom panel connected to the side panels, and a ventilated top panel connected to the side panels. Feet are secured to the bottom panel for supporting the bottom panel above a surface upon which the animal transfer box may be resting. The animal transfer box is formed from a single blank of cardboard having tabs and slots formed therein for securing the shape of the animal transfer box upon assembly. The end panels each comprise double-wall panels and one of the end panels has a full-length door while the other end panel has a partial-length door.1. An animal transfer box for containing and transporting live animals, said animal transfer box comprising:
two ventilated end panels opposite each other, with at least one of said end panels having an openable door formed therein; two ventilated side panels opposite each other and connected to said end panels; a substantially non-ventilated bottom panel connected to said side panels; a ventilated top panel connected to said side panels; and a plurality of spacers secured adjacent edges of said bottom panel or said top panel for allowing multiple ones of the transfer box to be stacked while still providing ventilation through the top panels. 2. An animal transfer box as claimed in claim 1 wherein said end panels, said side panels, said bottom panel, and said top panel are formed from a single blank of cardboard and folded up to form the animal transfer box, said single blank of cardboard having tabs and slots formed therein for securing the shape of the animal transfer box upon erection. 3. An animal transfer box as claimed in claim 2 wherein said single blank of cardboard comprises corrugated cardboard. 4. An animal transfer box as claimed in claim 1 wherein said end panels each comprise double-wall panels. 5. An animal transfer box as claimed in claim 1 wherein one of said end panels comprises a full-length door and the other of said end panels comprises a partial-length door. 6. An animal transfer box as claimed in claim 1 wherein said end panels and said side panels are between about 4 inches and 6 inches high. 7. An animal transfer box as claimed in claim 6 wherein said end panels and said side panels are between about 4½ inches and 5½ inches high. 8. An animal transfer box as claimed in claim 1 wherein the spacers are mounted to the top panel. 9. An animal transfer box for containing and transporting live animals, said animal transfer box comprising:
a first ventilated end panel having a partial-length door formed therein extending only partially along said first ventilated end panel; a second ventilated end panel having a full-length door formed therein and positioned opposite said first ventilated end panel, said full-length door extending along substantially the entirety of the length of said first ventilated end panel; two ventilated side panels opposite each other and connected to said end panels; a substantially non-ventilated bottom panel connected to said side panels; a ventilated top panel connected to said side panels; and wherein said end panels, said side panels, said bottom panel, and said top panel are formed from a single blank of cardboard and folded up to form the animal transfer box, said single blank of cardboard having tabs and slots formed therein for securing the shape of the animal transfer box upon assembly. 10. An animal transfer box as claimed in claim 9 further comprising spacers positioned adjacent corners of said top panel or bottom panel for allowing multiple ones of the transfer box to be stacked while still providing ventilation through the top panels. 11. An animal transfer box as claimed in claim 9 wherein said single blank of cardboard comprises corrugated cardboard. 12. An animal transfer box as claimed in claim 9 wherein said end panels each comprise double-wall panels. 13. An animal transfer box as claimed in claim 9 wherein said end panels and said side panels are between about 4½ inches and 5½ inches high. 14. An animal transfer box for containing and transporting live animals, said animal transfer box comprising:
two ventilated end panels opposite each other, with at least one of said end panels having an openable door formed therein; two ventilated side panels opposite each other and connected to said end panels; a substantially non-ventilated bottom panel connected to said side panels; a ventilated top panel connected to said side panels; and wherein said end panels, said side panels, said bottom panel, and said top panel are formed from a single blank of cardboard and folded up to form the animal transfer box. 15. An animal transfer box as claimed in claim 14 further comprising a plurality of spacers positioned adjacent corners of said top panel or bottom panel for allowing multiple ones of the transfer box to be stacked while still providing ventilation through the top panels. 16. An animal transfer box as claimed in claim 14 wherein said single blank of cardboard comprises corrugated cardboard. 17. An animal transfer box as claimed in claim 14 wherein said end panels each comprise double-wall panels. 18. An animal transfer box as claimed in claim 14 wherein one of said end panels comprises a full-length door and the other of said end panels comprises a partial-length door. 19. An animal transfer box as claimed in claim 14 wherein said end panels and said side panels are between about 4 inches and 6 inches high. 20. An animal transfer box as claimed in claim 14 wherein said end panels and said side panels are between about 4½ inches and 5½ inches high. 21. An animal transfer box as claimed in claim 14 wherein said single blank of cardboard comprises tabs and slots formed therein for securing the shape of the animal transfer box once assembled. | 2,800 |
346,067 | 16,804,501 | 3,628 | A method, computer program product and a system for receiving information corresponding to an event ticket, determining a value of the event ticket, publishing at least a portion of the information corresponding to the event ticket and the value of the event ticket, receiving an offer for the event ticket and providing the offer to a current owner of the event ticket. | 1. A method, comprising:
receiving information corresponding to an event ticket; determining a value of the event ticket; publishing at least a portion of the information corresponding to the event ticket and the value of the event ticket; receiving an offer for the event ticket; and providing the offer to a current owner of the event ticket. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
completing a transaction for the event ticket based on the offer. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the offer is received from one of another user or from a system that determines the value of the event ticket. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
providing the value of the event ticket to the current owner of the event ticket prior to publishing the at least the portion of the information corresponding to the event ticket and the value of the event ticket. 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising:
receiving one of (i) a confirmation from the current owner that the at least the portion of the information corresponding to the event ticket and the value of the event ticket is to be published or (ii) a different value that is to be published for the event ticket. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
receiving, from the current owner of the event ticket, a counter-offer for the event ticket; providing, to a user that made the offer, the counter-offer; and completing a transaction for the event ticket based on the counter-offer. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the value includes one of a monetary value, a ticket swap value or a point value. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the value of the event ticket is based on at least price information from a secondary marketplace. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the information includes one of an indication of an event corresponding to the event ticket, a date of the event, a time of the event, a face value of the event ticket, a seat number corresponding to the event ticket, or a section number corresponding to the event ticket. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
providing profile information about a user that made the offer to the current owner of the event ticket. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the profile information includes one of a number of completed transactions by the user or a favorite sports team of the user. 12. A computer program product configured to perform the method of claim 1. 13. A system, comprising:
a memory storing information corresponding to an event and event tickets for the event; and a processor configured to receive information corresponding to one of the event tickets, determine a value of the one of the event tickets, publish at least a portion of the information corresponding to the one of the event tickets and the value of the one of the event tickets, receive an offer for the one of the event tickets and provide the offer to a current owner of the one of the event tickets. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the processor is further configured to complete a transaction for the one of the event tickets based on the offer. 15. The system of claim 13, wherein the processor is further configured to provide the value of the one of the event tickets to the current owner of the one of the event tickets prior to publishing the at least the portion of the information corresponding to the one of the event tickets and the value of the one of the event tickets. 16. The system of claim 13, wherein the processor is further configured to receive, from the current owner of the one of the event tickets, a counter-offer for the one of the event tickets, provide, to a user that made the offer, the counter-offer and complete a transaction for the one of the event tickets based on the counter-offer. 17. The system of claim 13, wherein the value includes one of a monetary value, a ticket swap value or a point value. 18. The system of claim 13, wherein determining the value of the one of the event tickets is based on at least price information from a secondary marketplace. 19. The system of claim 13, wherein the information includes one of an indication of the event corresponding to the one of the event tickets, a date of the event, a time of the event, a face value of the one of the event tickets, a seat number corresponding to the one of the event tickets, or a section number corresponding to the one of the event tickets. 20. The system of claim 13, wherein the processor is further configured to provide profile information about a user that made the offer to the current owner of the one of the event tickets, wherein the profile information includes one of a number of completed transactions by the user or a favorite sports team of the user. | A method, computer program product and a system for receiving information corresponding to an event ticket, determining a value of the event ticket, publishing at least a portion of the information corresponding to the event ticket and the value of the event ticket, receiving an offer for the event ticket and providing the offer to a current owner of the event ticket.1. A method, comprising:
receiving information corresponding to an event ticket; determining a value of the event ticket; publishing at least a portion of the information corresponding to the event ticket and the value of the event ticket; receiving an offer for the event ticket; and providing the offer to a current owner of the event ticket. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
completing a transaction for the event ticket based on the offer. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the offer is received from one of another user or from a system that determines the value of the event ticket. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
providing the value of the event ticket to the current owner of the event ticket prior to publishing the at least the portion of the information corresponding to the event ticket and the value of the event ticket. 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising:
receiving one of (i) a confirmation from the current owner that the at least the portion of the information corresponding to the event ticket and the value of the event ticket is to be published or (ii) a different value that is to be published for the event ticket. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
receiving, from the current owner of the event ticket, a counter-offer for the event ticket; providing, to a user that made the offer, the counter-offer; and completing a transaction for the event ticket based on the counter-offer. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the value includes one of a monetary value, a ticket swap value or a point value. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the value of the event ticket is based on at least price information from a secondary marketplace. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the information includes one of an indication of an event corresponding to the event ticket, a date of the event, a time of the event, a face value of the event ticket, a seat number corresponding to the event ticket, or a section number corresponding to the event ticket. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
providing profile information about a user that made the offer to the current owner of the event ticket. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the profile information includes one of a number of completed transactions by the user or a favorite sports team of the user. 12. A computer program product configured to perform the method of claim 1. 13. A system, comprising:
a memory storing information corresponding to an event and event tickets for the event; and a processor configured to receive information corresponding to one of the event tickets, determine a value of the one of the event tickets, publish at least a portion of the information corresponding to the one of the event tickets and the value of the one of the event tickets, receive an offer for the one of the event tickets and provide the offer to a current owner of the one of the event tickets. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the processor is further configured to complete a transaction for the one of the event tickets based on the offer. 15. The system of claim 13, wherein the processor is further configured to provide the value of the one of the event tickets to the current owner of the one of the event tickets prior to publishing the at least the portion of the information corresponding to the one of the event tickets and the value of the one of the event tickets. 16. The system of claim 13, wherein the processor is further configured to receive, from the current owner of the one of the event tickets, a counter-offer for the one of the event tickets, provide, to a user that made the offer, the counter-offer and complete a transaction for the one of the event tickets based on the counter-offer. 17. The system of claim 13, wherein the value includes one of a monetary value, a ticket swap value or a point value. 18. The system of claim 13, wherein determining the value of the one of the event tickets is based on at least price information from a secondary marketplace. 19. The system of claim 13, wherein the information includes one of an indication of the event corresponding to the one of the event tickets, a date of the event, a time of the event, a face value of the one of the event tickets, a seat number corresponding to the one of the event tickets, or a section number corresponding to the one of the event tickets. 20. The system of claim 13, wherein the processor is further configured to provide profile information about a user that made the offer to the current owner of the one of the event tickets, wherein the profile information includes one of a number of completed transactions by the user or a favorite sports team of the user. | 3,600 |
346,068 | 16,804,491 | 3,628 | A system and method for compiling and converting Aeronautical Radio Incorporated (ARINC) 424 or Digital Aeronautical Flight Information File (DAFIF) files into a binary database. The system and method include a controller module for receiving, extracting, converting, performing a set of quality checks, and directing the output or communication of the binary database to a remote server. The remote server can include a controller module that can verify validity of the communicated binary database and create aircraft loadable media for a flight management system navigational database. | 1. A method for navigation database interaction, the method comprising:
receiving, at a controller module, a set of navigation databases, each navigation database including a digital signature; automatically determining, by the controller module, a validity of the digital signature; in response to the determining the digital signature is valid, controlling, by the controller module, accessing the data records for the set of navigation databases; and creating, by the controller module, aircraft loadable media for a flight management system based on the set of navigation databases. 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising automatically identifying duplicative or invalid instances of information in independent fields, interrelated fields, interrelated records, or support data from the set of navigation databases. 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the duplicative or the invalid instances of information are determined by the controller module recursively comparing the independent fields, interrelated fields, interrelated records, and support data. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the set of navigation databases includes multiple disparate navigation databases comprising at least two cycles of information for a flight management system of an aircraft. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the set of navigation databases includes multiple disparate navigation databases comprising at least two cycles of information for a flight management system of an aircraft and further comprising comparing a data record between the at least two cycles of information. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising determining one of a sameness or a differentness of data records and providing an indication of the sameness or the differentness. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the determining the sameness or a differentness includes determining an overall change statistic between a first database and a second database. 8. The method of claim 6 wherein the indication includes a display of a side-by-side comparison with differences highlighted. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising creating, by the controller module, a reference database containing previously validated data records. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising determining one of a sameness or a differentness of a data record between the reference database and the received set of navigation databases. 11. The method of claim 9 wherein the reference database further comprises history information for a data record including at least user-provided comments and date stamp for entry updates. 12. A method for navigation database interaction, the method comprising:
receiving, at a controller module, a set of navigation databases, each navigation database including a digital signature; automatically determining, by the controller module, a validity of the digital signature before accessing data records of a corresponding database of the set of navigation databases; in response to the digital signature having validity, controlling, by the controller module, an accessing the data records for the set of navigation databases; creating, by the controller module, a reference database containing previously validated data records; and determining one of a sameness or a differentness of data records between two navigation databases in the set of navigation databases and providing an indication of the sameness or the differentness. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein the two navigation databases in the set of navigation databases comprises two cycles of information for a flight management system of an aircraft and wherein duplicative or invalid instances of information are found over multiple disparate navigation databases. 14. A system adapted to interact with a navigation database, to perform the steps of:
receiving a set of navigation databases, each navigation database including a digital signature; automatically determining a validity of the digital signature before accessing data records of a corresponding database of the set of navigation databases; based on the determining, controlling access of the data records for the set of navigation databases; determining one of a sameness or a differentness of data records between two navigation databases in the set of navigation databases and providing an indication of the sameness or the differentness; allowing access and revisions to the data records for the set of navigation databases; and creating aircraft loadable media for a flight management system based on the set of navigation databases. 15. The system of claim 14 wherein duplicative or the invalid instances of information is recursively identified in independent fields, interrelated fields, interrelated records, or support data of the two navigational databases. 16. The system of claim 15 wherein the two navigation databases in the set of navigation databases comprises two cycles of information for a flight management system of an aircraft and wherein the duplicative or the invalid instances of information are found over the two navigation databases. 17. The system of claim 14 wherein the set of navigation databases includes multiple disparate navigation databases comprising at least two cycles of information for a flight management system of an aircraft and further comprising comparing a data record between the at least two cycles. 18. The system of claim 17, further comprising determining one of a sameness or a differentness of data records and providing an indication of the sameness or the differentness. 19. The system of claim 17 wherein the determining the sameness or a differentness includes determining an overall change statistic between a first database and a second database or wherein the indication includes a display of a side-by-side comparison with differences highlighted. 20. The system of claim 14, further comprising creating a reference database containing previously validated data records and determining one of a sameness or a differentness of a data record between the reference database and the received set of navigation databases. | A system and method for compiling and converting Aeronautical Radio Incorporated (ARINC) 424 or Digital Aeronautical Flight Information File (DAFIF) files into a binary database. The system and method include a controller module for receiving, extracting, converting, performing a set of quality checks, and directing the output or communication of the binary database to a remote server. The remote server can include a controller module that can verify validity of the communicated binary database and create aircraft loadable media for a flight management system navigational database.1. A method for navigation database interaction, the method comprising:
receiving, at a controller module, a set of navigation databases, each navigation database including a digital signature; automatically determining, by the controller module, a validity of the digital signature; in response to the determining the digital signature is valid, controlling, by the controller module, accessing the data records for the set of navigation databases; and creating, by the controller module, aircraft loadable media for a flight management system based on the set of navigation databases. 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising automatically identifying duplicative or invalid instances of information in independent fields, interrelated fields, interrelated records, or support data from the set of navigation databases. 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the duplicative or the invalid instances of information are determined by the controller module recursively comparing the independent fields, interrelated fields, interrelated records, and support data. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the set of navigation databases includes multiple disparate navigation databases comprising at least two cycles of information for a flight management system of an aircraft. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the set of navigation databases includes multiple disparate navigation databases comprising at least two cycles of information for a flight management system of an aircraft and further comprising comparing a data record between the at least two cycles of information. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising determining one of a sameness or a differentness of data records and providing an indication of the sameness or the differentness. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the determining the sameness or a differentness includes determining an overall change statistic between a first database and a second database. 8. The method of claim 6 wherein the indication includes a display of a side-by-side comparison with differences highlighted. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising creating, by the controller module, a reference database containing previously validated data records. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising determining one of a sameness or a differentness of a data record between the reference database and the received set of navigation databases. 11. The method of claim 9 wherein the reference database further comprises history information for a data record including at least user-provided comments and date stamp for entry updates. 12. A method for navigation database interaction, the method comprising:
receiving, at a controller module, a set of navigation databases, each navigation database including a digital signature; automatically determining, by the controller module, a validity of the digital signature before accessing data records of a corresponding database of the set of navigation databases; in response to the digital signature having validity, controlling, by the controller module, an accessing the data records for the set of navigation databases; creating, by the controller module, a reference database containing previously validated data records; and determining one of a sameness or a differentness of data records between two navigation databases in the set of navigation databases and providing an indication of the sameness or the differentness. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein the two navigation databases in the set of navigation databases comprises two cycles of information for a flight management system of an aircraft and wherein duplicative or invalid instances of information are found over multiple disparate navigation databases. 14. A system adapted to interact with a navigation database, to perform the steps of:
receiving a set of navigation databases, each navigation database including a digital signature; automatically determining a validity of the digital signature before accessing data records of a corresponding database of the set of navigation databases; based on the determining, controlling access of the data records for the set of navigation databases; determining one of a sameness or a differentness of data records between two navigation databases in the set of navigation databases and providing an indication of the sameness or the differentness; allowing access and revisions to the data records for the set of navigation databases; and creating aircraft loadable media for a flight management system based on the set of navigation databases. 15. The system of claim 14 wherein duplicative or the invalid instances of information is recursively identified in independent fields, interrelated fields, interrelated records, or support data of the two navigational databases. 16. The system of claim 15 wherein the two navigation databases in the set of navigation databases comprises two cycles of information for a flight management system of an aircraft and wherein the duplicative or the invalid instances of information are found over the two navigation databases. 17. The system of claim 14 wherein the set of navigation databases includes multiple disparate navigation databases comprising at least two cycles of information for a flight management system of an aircraft and further comprising comparing a data record between the at least two cycles. 18. The system of claim 17, further comprising determining one of a sameness or a differentness of data records and providing an indication of the sameness or the differentness. 19. The system of claim 17 wherein the determining the sameness or a differentness includes determining an overall change statistic between a first database and a second database or wherein the indication includes a display of a side-by-side comparison with differences highlighted. 20. The system of claim 14, further comprising creating a reference database containing previously validated data records and determining one of a sameness or a differentness of a data record between the reference database and the received set of navigation databases. | 3,600 |
346,069 | 16,804,477 | 2,864 | Disclosed is a method for detecting and identifying toxic and harmful gases based on machine olfactory. Information about the toxic and harmful gases is firstly collected through the machine olfactory system and then analyzed through a Selected Linear Discriminate Analysis (SLDA) combined with a Markov two-dimensional distance discriminant method to identify various toxic and harmful gases. The algorithm disclosed in the invention extracts the characteristic information of the sample data, and then fast processes and identifies the information as a linear recognition algorithm does, having wide applications in the field of machine olfaction, especially in detecting and identifying the toxic and harmful gases in real-time based on machine olfaction. The algorithm involves low complexity and high recognition efficiency. | 1. A method for detecting and identifying toxic and harmful gases based on machine olfaction, comprising:
(1) collecting and placing a gas sample in a constant temperature and humidity device; (2) delivering the gas sample to a sensor chamber to contact a sensor array to obtain measurement data, wherein the sensor array integrates multiple types of gas sensors; performing A/D conversion on the measurement data through an A/D acquisition card; and transferring the converted data to a computer and saving the data as Sdata; (3) performing data feature extraction on the collected data Sdata, and obtaining a recognition feature matrix Mtrain through a selected linear discriminate analysis; and (4) repeating steps (1)-(3) to obtain a recognition feature matrix Mtest of a gas sample; and comparing Mtest and Mtrain by using a two-dimensional distance discriminant method to identify the type of the gas sample. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein step (1) comprises the following steps:
collecting and storing the gas sample in a sampling bag through an electric air pump; and then delivering the gas sample in the sampling bag via a gas valve to a gas chamber provided in the constant temperature and humidity device. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein in step (1), a hole diameter of the gas valve is 5 mm; a volume of the sampling bag is 600 ml; a volume of the gas chamber is 600 ml; the gas is delivered to the gas chamber at a flow rate of 5 ml/s; the constant temperature and humidity device is Type ZH-TH-80 with an internal dimension of 400×500×400 mm and an external dimension of 1050×1650×980 mm, and is set with a temperature of 30° C., and a relative humidity of 50-60%. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein in step (2), the sensor array consists of 10 metal oxide gas sensors which are uniformly arranged in a circle with a diameter of 10.2 cm; a gas sampling time is 120 s; and the A/D acquisition card is Type AD7705. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the selected linear discriminate analysis in step (3) comprises the following steps:
(1) classifying gas samples into K types each having N gas samples; setting the collected and measured data of single gas sample as Sdata1, wherein Sdata1∈R120×10, and Sdata1 has 120 rows and 10 columns; selecting and saving data from rows 55-69 of Sdata1 as Sij, wherein Sij∈R15×10, and Sij has 15 rows and 10 columns; calculating a mathematical characteristic, a mean matrix μ for each column of Sij of the single gas sample according to the following equation; 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the two-dimensional distance discriminant method in step (4) comprises the following steps:
(1) setting a recognition feature matrix of trained gas samples as Mtrain, and setting a recognition feature matrix of each type of trained gas samples as Mtraink, and calculating a mean matrix Atraink for all columns of Mtraink according to the following equation: | Disclosed is a method for detecting and identifying toxic and harmful gases based on machine olfactory. Information about the toxic and harmful gases is firstly collected through the machine olfactory system and then analyzed through a Selected Linear Discriminate Analysis (SLDA) combined with a Markov two-dimensional distance discriminant method to identify various toxic and harmful gases. The algorithm disclosed in the invention extracts the characteristic information of the sample data, and then fast processes and identifies the information as a linear recognition algorithm does, having wide applications in the field of machine olfaction, especially in detecting and identifying the toxic and harmful gases in real-time based on machine olfaction. The algorithm involves low complexity and high recognition efficiency.1. A method for detecting and identifying toxic and harmful gases based on machine olfaction, comprising:
(1) collecting and placing a gas sample in a constant temperature and humidity device; (2) delivering the gas sample to a sensor chamber to contact a sensor array to obtain measurement data, wherein the sensor array integrates multiple types of gas sensors; performing A/D conversion on the measurement data through an A/D acquisition card; and transferring the converted data to a computer and saving the data as Sdata; (3) performing data feature extraction on the collected data Sdata, and obtaining a recognition feature matrix Mtrain through a selected linear discriminate analysis; and (4) repeating steps (1)-(3) to obtain a recognition feature matrix Mtest of a gas sample; and comparing Mtest and Mtrain by using a two-dimensional distance discriminant method to identify the type of the gas sample. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein step (1) comprises the following steps:
collecting and storing the gas sample in a sampling bag through an electric air pump; and then delivering the gas sample in the sampling bag via a gas valve to a gas chamber provided in the constant temperature and humidity device. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein in step (1), a hole diameter of the gas valve is 5 mm; a volume of the sampling bag is 600 ml; a volume of the gas chamber is 600 ml; the gas is delivered to the gas chamber at a flow rate of 5 ml/s; the constant temperature and humidity device is Type ZH-TH-80 with an internal dimension of 400×500×400 mm and an external dimension of 1050×1650×980 mm, and is set with a temperature of 30° C., and a relative humidity of 50-60%. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein in step (2), the sensor array consists of 10 metal oxide gas sensors which are uniformly arranged in a circle with a diameter of 10.2 cm; a gas sampling time is 120 s; and the A/D acquisition card is Type AD7705. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the selected linear discriminate analysis in step (3) comprises the following steps:
(1) classifying gas samples into K types each having N gas samples; setting the collected and measured data of single gas sample as Sdata1, wherein Sdata1∈R120×10, and Sdata1 has 120 rows and 10 columns; selecting and saving data from rows 55-69 of Sdata1 as Sij, wherein Sij∈R15×10, and Sij has 15 rows and 10 columns; calculating a mathematical characteristic, a mean matrix μ for each column of Sij of the single gas sample according to the following equation; 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the two-dimensional distance discriminant method in step (4) comprises the following steps:
(1) setting a recognition feature matrix of trained gas samples as Mtrain, and setting a recognition feature matrix of each type of trained gas samples as Mtraink, and calculating a mean matrix Atraink for all columns of Mtraink according to the following equation: | 2,800 |
346,070 | 16,804,464 | 2,864 | Slides provided herein may be configured to support substantial loads while experiencing vibration and shock in the retracted position without degradation of the slide mechanism. An example slide may include: a fixed rail member; a second rail member, a third rail member, where the second rail member is disposed between the fixed rail member and the third rail member, where the second and third rail members translate between an extended position relative to the fixed rail member and a retracted position relative to the fixed rail member; and at least one bearing attached to one of the second rail member or the third rail member, where the at least one bearing is engaged when the second rail member is in the extended position, and disengaged in response to the third rail member being in the retracted position. | 1. A slide comprising:
a fixed rail member; a second rail member, wherein the second rail member translates between an extended position relative to the fixed rail member and a retracted position relative to the fixed rail member; a third rail member, wherein the second rail member is disposed between the fixed rail member and the third rail member, wherein the third rail member translates between an extended position relative to the fixed rail member and a retracted position relative to the fixed rail member; and at least one bearing attached to one of the second rail member or the third rail member, wherein the at least one bearing is engaged with both the second rail member and the third rail member when the second rail member is in the extended position, and wherein the at least one bearing is disengaged from at least one of the second rail member or the third rail member when the third rail member is in the retracted position. 2. The slide of claim 1, wherein the fixed rail member comprises a first lifting element, wherein the third rail member comprises a second lifting element, wherein in response to the third rail member being moved to the retracted position, the first lifting element cooperates with the second lifting element to raise the third rail member relative to the fixed rail member, and in response to the third rail member being raised, the third rail member raises the second rail member thereby disengaging the at least one bearing from at least one of the second rail member and the third rail member. 3. The slide of claim 2, wherein the first lifting element comprises at least one of a pin, a wedge element, a conical element, a frustoconical element, a pyramidal element, a frusto-pyramidal element, and a recess, and wherein the second lifting element comprises at least one of a pin, a wedge element, a conical element, a frustoconical element, a pyramidal element, a frusto-pyramidal element, and a recess. 4. The slide of claim 1, further comprising at least one second bearing attached to one of the fixed rail member or the second rail member, wherein the at least one second bearing is engaged with both the fixed rail member and the second rail member in response to the third rail member being in the extended position, and wherein the at least one second bearing is disengaged from at least one of the fixed rail member and the second rail member in response to the second rail member being disposed in the retracted position. 5. The slide of claim 4, wherein the third rail member comprises a third lifting element, wherein in response to the third rail member being moved to the retracted position, a first lifting element cooperates with the third lifting element to raise the third rail member relative to the fixed rail member, thereby disengaging the at least one second bearing from at least one of the second rail member and the third rail member. 6. The slide of claim 1, further comprising a fastener coupled to the third rail member, wherein the fastener secures the third rail member to the fixed rail member in response to the third rail member being in the retracted position and the fastener being engaged with the fixed rail member. 7. The slide of claim 6, wherein engagement of the fastener with the fixed rail member drives the third rail member into the retracted position. 8. The slide of claim 1, further comprising a front member attached to the second rail member and a fastener extending through the front member, wherein the fastener is configured to engage the fixed rail member and secure the third rail member to the fixed rail member in the retracted position. 9. A slide comprising:
a fixed rail member comprising a first lifting element; a second rail member comprising a second lifting element, wherein the second rail member translates between an extended position relative to the fixed rail member and a retracted position relative to the fixed rail member; and an intermediate rail member disposed between the fixed rail member and the second rail member, wherein the intermediate rail member translates between an extended position relative to the fixed rail member and a retracted position relative to the fixed rail member; wherein in response to the second rail member translating to the retracted position, the first lifting element cooperates with the second lifting element to raise the intermediate rail member relative to the fixed rail member. 10. The slide of claim 9, wherein the second rail member supports a payload, the slide further comprising at least one bearing disposed between the intermediate rail member and the second rail member, wherein in response to the second rail member being in the extended position relative to the fixed rail member, the at least one bearing bears at least a portion of a weight of the payload. 11. The slide of claim 10, wherein in response to the second rail member being in the retracted position, the at least one bearing does not bear at least a portion of the weight of the payload. 12. The slide of claim 9, wherein the second rail member supports a payload, the slide further comprising at least one first bearing disposed between the fixed rail member and the intermediate rail member, and at least one second bearing disposed between the intermediate rail member and the second rail member, wherein in response to the intermediate rail member being in the extended position relative to the fixed rail member, the at least one first bearing bears at least a portion of a weight of the payload, and in response to the second rail member being in the extended position relative to the fixed rail member, the at least one second bearing bears at least a portion of the weight of the payload. 13. The slide of claim 12, wherein in response to the intermediate rail member being in the retracted position and the second rail member being in the retracted position, the at least one first bearing does not bear at least a portion of the weight of the payload and the at least one second bearing does not bear at least a portion of the weight of the payload. 14. The slide of claim 9, further comprising a fastener coupled to the second rail member, wherein the fastener secures the second rail member to the first rail member in response to the second rail member being in the retracted position and the fastener being engaged with the fixed rail member. 15. The slide of claim 14, wherein engagement of the fastener with the fixed rail member drives the second rail member into the retracted position. 16. The slide of claim 9, further comprising a front member attached to the second rail member and a fastener extending through the front member, wherein the fastener is configured to engage the fixed rail member and secure the second rail member to the fixed rail member in the retracted position. 17. A method comprising:
supporting a payload on a second rail member in response to the second rail member being in an extended position relative to a fixed rail member and an intermediate rail member between the fixed rail member and the second rail member, wherein the payload weight is transferred from the second rail member through the intermediate rail member to the fixed rail member through at least one bearing; and lifting the intermediate rail member relative to the fixed rail member in response to the second rail member being moved to a retracted position, wherein the payload weight ceases to be transferred from the second rail member to the intermediate rail member and the fixed rail member through the at least one bearing. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the lifting of the intermediate rail member relative to the fixed rail member is performed in response to a first lifting element of the fixed rail member engaging a second lifting element of the second rail member in response to the second rail member being secured in the retracted position. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the first lifting element comprises at least one of a pin, a wedge element, a conical element, a frustoconical element, a pyramidal element, a frusto-pyramidal element, and a recess, and wherein the second lifting element comprises at least one of a pin, a wedge element, a conical element, a frustoconical element, a pyramidal element, a frusto-pyramidal element, and a recess. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein lifting the intermediate rail member relative to the fixed rail in response to the second rail member being moved to the retracted position further comprises driving the second rail member to the retracted position with a fastener engaging the second rail member with the fixed rail member. | Slides provided herein may be configured to support substantial loads while experiencing vibration and shock in the retracted position without degradation of the slide mechanism. An example slide may include: a fixed rail member; a second rail member, a third rail member, where the second rail member is disposed between the fixed rail member and the third rail member, where the second and third rail members translate between an extended position relative to the fixed rail member and a retracted position relative to the fixed rail member; and at least one bearing attached to one of the second rail member or the third rail member, where the at least one bearing is engaged when the second rail member is in the extended position, and disengaged in response to the third rail member being in the retracted position.1. A slide comprising:
a fixed rail member; a second rail member, wherein the second rail member translates between an extended position relative to the fixed rail member and a retracted position relative to the fixed rail member; a third rail member, wherein the second rail member is disposed between the fixed rail member and the third rail member, wherein the third rail member translates between an extended position relative to the fixed rail member and a retracted position relative to the fixed rail member; and at least one bearing attached to one of the second rail member or the third rail member, wherein the at least one bearing is engaged with both the second rail member and the third rail member when the second rail member is in the extended position, and wherein the at least one bearing is disengaged from at least one of the second rail member or the third rail member when the third rail member is in the retracted position. 2. The slide of claim 1, wherein the fixed rail member comprises a first lifting element, wherein the third rail member comprises a second lifting element, wherein in response to the third rail member being moved to the retracted position, the first lifting element cooperates with the second lifting element to raise the third rail member relative to the fixed rail member, and in response to the third rail member being raised, the third rail member raises the second rail member thereby disengaging the at least one bearing from at least one of the second rail member and the third rail member. 3. The slide of claim 2, wherein the first lifting element comprises at least one of a pin, a wedge element, a conical element, a frustoconical element, a pyramidal element, a frusto-pyramidal element, and a recess, and wherein the second lifting element comprises at least one of a pin, a wedge element, a conical element, a frustoconical element, a pyramidal element, a frusto-pyramidal element, and a recess. 4. The slide of claim 1, further comprising at least one second bearing attached to one of the fixed rail member or the second rail member, wherein the at least one second bearing is engaged with both the fixed rail member and the second rail member in response to the third rail member being in the extended position, and wherein the at least one second bearing is disengaged from at least one of the fixed rail member and the second rail member in response to the second rail member being disposed in the retracted position. 5. The slide of claim 4, wherein the third rail member comprises a third lifting element, wherein in response to the third rail member being moved to the retracted position, a first lifting element cooperates with the third lifting element to raise the third rail member relative to the fixed rail member, thereby disengaging the at least one second bearing from at least one of the second rail member and the third rail member. 6. The slide of claim 1, further comprising a fastener coupled to the third rail member, wherein the fastener secures the third rail member to the fixed rail member in response to the third rail member being in the retracted position and the fastener being engaged with the fixed rail member. 7. The slide of claim 6, wherein engagement of the fastener with the fixed rail member drives the third rail member into the retracted position. 8. The slide of claim 1, further comprising a front member attached to the second rail member and a fastener extending through the front member, wherein the fastener is configured to engage the fixed rail member and secure the third rail member to the fixed rail member in the retracted position. 9. A slide comprising:
a fixed rail member comprising a first lifting element; a second rail member comprising a second lifting element, wherein the second rail member translates between an extended position relative to the fixed rail member and a retracted position relative to the fixed rail member; and an intermediate rail member disposed between the fixed rail member and the second rail member, wherein the intermediate rail member translates between an extended position relative to the fixed rail member and a retracted position relative to the fixed rail member; wherein in response to the second rail member translating to the retracted position, the first lifting element cooperates with the second lifting element to raise the intermediate rail member relative to the fixed rail member. 10. The slide of claim 9, wherein the second rail member supports a payload, the slide further comprising at least one bearing disposed between the intermediate rail member and the second rail member, wherein in response to the second rail member being in the extended position relative to the fixed rail member, the at least one bearing bears at least a portion of a weight of the payload. 11. The slide of claim 10, wherein in response to the second rail member being in the retracted position, the at least one bearing does not bear at least a portion of the weight of the payload. 12. The slide of claim 9, wherein the second rail member supports a payload, the slide further comprising at least one first bearing disposed between the fixed rail member and the intermediate rail member, and at least one second bearing disposed between the intermediate rail member and the second rail member, wherein in response to the intermediate rail member being in the extended position relative to the fixed rail member, the at least one first bearing bears at least a portion of a weight of the payload, and in response to the second rail member being in the extended position relative to the fixed rail member, the at least one second bearing bears at least a portion of the weight of the payload. 13. The slide of claim 12, wherein in response to the intermediate rail member being in the retracted position and the second rail member being in the retracted position, the at least one first bearing does not bear at least a portion of the weight of the payload and the at least one second bearing does not bear at least a portion of the weight of the payload. 14. The slide of claim 9, further comprising a fastener coupled to the second rail member, wherein the fastener secures the second rail member to the first rail member in response to the second rail member being in the retracted position and the fastener being engaged with the fixed rail member. 15. The slide of claim 14, wherein engagement of the fastener with the fixed rail member drives the second rail member into the retracted position. 16. The slide of claim 9, further comprising a front member attached to the second rail member and a fastener extending through the front member, wherein the fastener is configured to engage the fixed rail member and secure the second rail member to the fixed rail member in the retracted position. 17. A method comprising:
supporting a payload on a second rail member in response to the second rail member being in an extended position relative to a fixed rail member and an intermediate rail member between the fixed rail member and the second rail member, wherein the payload weight is transferred from the second rail member through the intermediate rail member to the fixed rail member through at least one bearing; and lifting the intermediate rail member relative to the fixed rail member in response to the second rail member being moved to a retracted position, wherein the payload weight ceases to be transferred from the second rail member to the intermediate rail member and the fixed rail member through the at least one bearing. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the lifting of the intermediate rail member relative to the fixed rail member is performed in response to a first lifting element of the fixed rail member engaging a second lifting element of the second rail member in response to the second rail member being secured in the retracted position. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the first lifting element comprises at least one of a pin, a wedge element, a conical element, a frustoconical element, a pyramidal element, a frusto-pyramidal element, and a recess, and wherein the second lifting element comprises at least one of a pin, a wedge element, a conical element, a frustoconical element, a pyramidal element, a frusto-pyramidal element, and a recess. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein lifting the intermediate rail member relative to the fixed rail in response to the second rail member being moved to the retracted position further comprises driving the second rail member to the retracted position with a fastener engaging the second rail member with the fixed rail member. | 2,800 |
346,071 | 16,804,525 | 2,864 | A particle detection element used to detect particles in gas, the particle detection element includes a housing having a gas flow passage through which the gas passes, wherein the gas flow passage is a rectangular-cuboid-shaped space that extends continuously from a gas inlet having a rectangular shape to a gas outlet having same shape as the shape of the gas inlet, and when the particle detection element is disposed in the flow of the gas so that the gas passes through the gas flow passage, a low-flow-velocity region in which the gas flows at a flow velocity lower than a flow velocity at which the gas passes through the gas flow passage is generated in a region downstream of the gas outlet. | 1. A particle detection element used to detect particles in gas, the particle detection element comprising:
a housing having a gas flow passage through which the gas passes; an electric-charge-generating unit that supplies electric charges generated due to a discharge to the particles in the gas introduced into the housing, thereby changing the particles into charged particles; and a collecting electrode disposed in the housing at a location downstream of the electric-charge-generating unit along a flow of the gas, the collecting electrode collecting the charged particles, wherein the gas flow passage is a rectangular-cuboid-shaped space that extends continuously from a gas inlet having a rectangular shape to a gas outlet having same shape as the shape of the gas inlet, and when the particle detection element is disposed in the flow of the gas so that the gas passes through the gas flow passage, a low-flow-velocity region in which the gas flows at a flow velocity lower than a flow velocity at which the gas passes through the gas flow passage is generated in a region downstream of the gas outlet. 2. The particle detection element according to claim 1, wherein (flow velocity of the gas in the low-flow-velocity region)/(maximum flow velocity of the gas that passes through the gas flow passage)≤0.57 is satisfied. 3. The particle detection element according to claim 1, wherein the low-flow-velocity region is formed to cover the gas outlet. 4. The particle detection element according to claim 1, wherein the housing includes a pair of flow passage walls that define the gas flow passage, and when a distance between the pair of flow passage walls is defined as a flow passage width of the gas flow passage, (wall thickness of the flow passage walls)/(flow passage width)≤0.65 is satisfied. 5. The particle detection element according to claim 1, wherein a corner including a side of the housing that is positioned around the gas inlet has a radius of curvature of 1.0 mm or less. 6. The particle detection element according to claim 1, wherein the housing is an elongated body that extends in a longitudinal direction that crosses an axial direction of the gas flow passage, one end of the elongated body in the longitudinal direction having the gas flow passage and being disposed in a pipe through which the gas flows, other end of the elongated body in the longitudinal direction having at least a terminal of the electric-charge-generating unit and a terminal of the collecting electrode and being disposed outside the pipe. 7. A particle detector comprising:
particle detection element according to claim 1; and a detection unit that detects the particles based on a physical quantity that varies depending on the charged particles collected by the collecting electrode. | A particle detection element used to detect particles in gas, the particle detection element includes a housing having a gas flow passage through which the gas passes, wherein the gas flow passage is a rectangular-cuboid-shaped space that extends continuously from a gas inlet having a rectangular shape to a gas outlet having same shape as the shape of the gas inlet, and when the particle detection element is disposed in the flow of the gas so that the gas passes through the gas flow passage, a low-flow-velocity region in which the gas flows at a flow velocity lower than a flow velocity at which the gas passes through the gas flow passage is generated in a region downstream of the gas outlet.1. A particle detection element used to detect particles in gas, the particle detection element comprising:
a housing having a gas flow passage through which the gas passes; an electric-charge-generating unit that supplies electric charges generated due to a discharge to the particles in the gas introduced into the housing, thereby changing the particles into charged particles; and a collecting electrode disposed in the housing at a location downstream of the electric-charge-generating unit along a flow of the gas, the collecting electrode collecting the charged particles, wherein the gas flow passage is a rectangular-cuboid-shaped space that extends continuously from a gas inlet having a rectangular shape to a gas outlet having same shape as the shape of the gas inlet, and when the particle detection element is disposed in the flow of the gas so that the gas passes through the gas flow passage, a low-flow-velocity region in which the gas flows at a flow velocity lower than a flow velocity at which the gas passes through the gas flow passage is generated in a region downstream of the gas outlet. 2. The particle detection element according to claim 1, wherein (flow velocity of the gas in the low-flow-velocity region)/(maximum flow velocity of the gas that passes through the gas flow passage)≤0.57 is satisfied. 3. The particle detection element according to claim 1, wherein the low-flow-velocity region is formed to cover the gas outlet. 4. The particle detection element according to claim 1, wherein the housing includes a pair of flow passage walls that define the gas flow passage, and when a distance between the pair of flow passage walls is defined as a flow passage width of the gas flow passage, (wall thickness of the flow passage walls)/(flow passage width)≤0.65 is satisfied. 5. The particle detection element according to claim 1, wherein a corner including a side of the housing that is positioned around the gas inlet has a radius of curvature of 1.0 mm or less. 6. The particle detection element according to claim 1, wherein the housing is an elongated body that extends in a longitudinal direction that crosses an axial direction of the gas flow passage, one end of the elongated body in the longitudinal direction having the gas flow passage and being disposed in a pipe through which the gas flows, other end of the elongated body in the longitudinal direction having at least a terminal of the electric-charge-generating unit and a terminal of the collecting electrode and being disposed outside the pipe. 7. A particle detector comprising:
particle detection element according to claim 1; and a detection unit that detects the particles based on a physical quantity that varies depending on the charged particles collected by the collecting electrode. | 2,800 |
346,072 | 16,804,502 | 2,864 | Presented herein are removable pull tabs that are configured to be detachably coupled to pluggable modules in a manner that facilitates removal of the pull tabs from the module without disassembling the modules. In particular, a removable pull tab may comprise a handle and first and second substantially parallel attachment arms extending from the handle. The first and second attachment arms comprise first and second attachment mechanisms, respectively, disposed at a distal end of the respective attachment arm. The first and second attachment mechanisms are configured to detachably couple to first and second apertures, respectively, of a pluggable module. | 1. A pull tab comprising:
a handle; a first attachment arm extending from the handle; a second attachment arm extending from the handle substantially parallel to the first attachment arm; a first attachment mechanism disposed at a distal end of the first attachment arm; and a second attachment mechanism disposed at a distal end of the second attachment arm, wherein the first and second attachment mechanisms are configured to detachably couple to a corresponding first and second aperture, respectively, of a pluggable module. 2. The pull tab of claim 1, wherein the first and second attachment mechanisms each comprise a hook that is configured to engage with the corresponding first and second apertures in a slide of the pluggable module to detachably couple the pull tab to the pluggable module. 3. The pull tab of claim 2, wherein the hooks of the first and second attachment mechanisms snap-fit into the corresponding first and second apertures. 4. The pull tab of claim 3, wherein the pull tab is detached from the pluggable module by depressing the hooks of the first and second attachment mechanisms to disengage the hooks from the corresponding first and second apertures. 5. The pull tab of claim 1, wherein the first attachment arm and the second attachment arm are comprised of a flexible material. 6. The pull tab of claim 5, wherein the flexible material comprises a thermoplastic vulcanizate. 7. The pull tab of claim 1, wherein the first insert and the second insert are each comprised of a metal selected from a group of: beryllium copper, and stainless steel. 8. The pull tab of claim 1, wherein the first and second attachment mechanisms each include one or more openings, wherein a portion of the first attachment arm passes through the one or more openings of the first attachment mechanism and wherein a portion of the second attachment arm passes through the one or more openings of the second attachment mechanism. 9. The pull tab of claim 1, wherein applying a force to place the first attachment arm and the second attachment arm in compression detachably couples the pull tab to the pluggable module. 10. A method of removing a pull tab from a pluggable module, the method comprising:
providing a pull tab that is detachably coupled to a pluggable module, wherein the pull tab comprises a handle, a first attachment arm extending from the handle, a second attachment arm extending from the handle substantially parallel to the first attachment arm, a first attachment mechanism disposed at a distal end of the first attachment arm, and a second attachment mechanism disposed at a distal end of the second attachment arm, and wherein the first and second attachment mechanisms are detachably coupled to a corresponding first and second aperture, respectively, of a pluggable module; applying a first force to disengage the first attachment mechanism from the first aperture and applying a second force to disengage the second attachment mechanism from the second aperture; and while the first force and the second force are applied, applying a third force to the pull tab to place the first attachment arm and the second attachment arm in tension, wherein applying the third force causes the pull tab to detach from the pluggable module. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the first attachment mechanism comprises a first hook and the second attachment mechanisms comprises a second hook, and wherein the first force is applied to the first hook to disengage the first attachment mechanism and the second force is applied to the second hook to disengage the second attachment mechanism. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the first force and the second force are each applied using a removal tool to apply pressure to external portions of the first attachment mechanism and the second attachment mechanism. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the first force is applied by inserting a first removal tool between the first attachment arm and the pluggable module, and wherein the second force is applied by inserting a second removal tool between the second attachment arm and the pluggable module. 14. A pull tab comprising:
a handle; a first attachment arm extending from the handle; a second attachment arm extending from the handle substantially parallel to the first attachment arm; a first cavity disposed at a distal end of the first attachment arm; and a second cavity disposed at a distal end of the second attachment arm, wherein the first cavity and the second cavity are adapted to mate with a corresponding first slide arm and second slide arm of a slide of a pluggable module, and wherein the pull tab is attachable to the pluggable module by inserting the first slide arm into the first cavity and inserting the second slide arm into the second cavity. 15. The pull tab of claim 14, wherein the first attachment arm and the second attachment arm are comprised of a flexible material. 16. The pull tab of claim 15, wherein the flexible material comprises a thermoplastic vulcanizate. 17. The pull tab of claim 15, wherein the flexible material is penetrable by one or more barbs of the first slide arm and the second slide arm that penetrate into the flexible material when the first cavity and the second cavity are mated with the first slide arm and second slide arm. 18. The pull tab of claim 14, wherein the pull tab locks onto a slide of the pluggable module when the first slide arm is inserted into the first cavity and the second slide arm is inserted into the second cavity. 19. The pull tab of claim 14, further comprising a knob disposed in each of the first cavity and the second cavity, wherein each knob is configured to mate with a corresponding first and second aperture, respectively, of the first slide arm and a second slide arm. 20. The pull tab of claim 14, wherein the first and second cavities are disposed in a corresponding pair of extensions extending substantially orthogonal from the distal ends of the first and second attachment arms. | Presented herein are removable pull tabs that are configured to be detachably coupled to pluggable modules in a manner that facilitates removal of the pull tabs from the module without disassembling the modules. In particular, a removable pull tab may comprise a handle and first and second substantially parallel attachment arms extending from the handle. The first and second attachment arms comprise first and second attachment mechanisms, respectively, disposed at a distal end of the respective attachment arm. The first and second attachment mechanisms are configured to detachably couple to first and second apertures, respectively, of a pluggable module.1. A pull tab comprising:
a handle; a first attachment arm extending from the handle; a second attachment arm extending from the handle substantially parallel to the first attachment arm; a first attachment mechanism disposed at a distal end of the first attachment arm; and a second attachment mechanism disposed at a distal end of the second attachment arm, wherein the first and second attachment mechanisms are configured to detachably couple to a corresponding first and second aperture, respectively, of a pluggable module. 2. The pull tab of claim 1, wherein the first and second attachment mechanisms each comprise a hook that is configured to engage with the corresponding first and second apertures in a slide of the pluggable module to detachably couple the pull tab to the pluggable module. 3. The pull tab of claim 2, wherein the hooks of the first and second attachment mechanisms snap-fit into the corresponding first and second apertures. 4. The pull tab of claim 3, wherein the pull tab is detached from the pluggable module by depressing the hooks of the first and second attachment mechanisms to disengage the hooks from the corresponding first and second apertures. 5. The pull tab of claim 1, wherein the first attachment arm and the second attachment arm are comprised of a flexible material. 6. The pull tab of claim 5, wherein the flexible material comprises a thermoplastic vulcanizate. 7. The pull tab of claim 1, wherein the first insert and the second insert are each comprised of a metal selected from a group of: beryllium copper, and stainless steel. 8. The pull tab of claim 1, wherein the first and second attachment mechanisms each include one or more openings, wherein a portion of the first attachment arm passes through the one or more openings of the first attachment mechanism and wherein a portion of the second attachment arm passes through the one or more openings of the second attachment mechanism. 9. The pull tab of claim 1, wherein applying a force to place the first attachment arm and the second attachment arm in compression detachably couples the pull tab to the pluggable module. 10. A method of removing a pull tab from a pluggable module, the method comprising:
providing a pull tab that is detachably coupled to a pluggable module, wherein the pull tab comprises a handle, a first attachment arm extending from the handle, a second attachment arm extending from the handle substantially parallel to the first attachment arm, a first attachment mechanism disposed at a distal end of the first attachment arm, and a second attachment mechanism disposed at a distal end of the second attachment arm, and wherein the first and second attachment mechanisms are detachably coupled to a corresponding first and second aperture, respectively, of a pluggable module; applying a first force to disengage the first attachment mechanism from the first aperture and applying a second force to disengage the second attachment mechanism from the second aperture; and while the first force and the second force are applied, applying a third force to the pull tab to place the first attachment arm and the second attachment arm in tension, wherein applying the third force causes the pull tab to detach from the pluggable module. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the first attachment mechanism comprises a first hook and the second attachment mechanisms comprises a second hook, and wherein the first force is applied to the first hook to disengage the first attachment mechanism and the second force is applied to the second hook to disengage the second attachment mechanism. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the first force and the second force are each applied using a removal tool to apply pressure to external portions of the first attachment mechanism and the second attachment mechanism. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the first force is applied by inserting a first removal tool between the first attachment arm and the pluggable module, and wherein the second force is applied by inserting a second removal tool between the second attachment arm and the pluggable module. 14. A pull tab comprising:
a handle; a first attachment arm extending from the handle; a second attachment arm extending from the handle substantially parallel to the first attachment arm; a first cavity disposed at a distal end of the first attachment arm; and a second cavity disposed at a distal end of the second attachment arm, wherein the first cavity and the second cavity are adapted to mate with a corresponding first slide arm and second slide arm of a slide of a pluggable module, and wherein the pull tab is attachable to the pluggable module by inserting the first slide arm into the first cavity and inserting the second slide arm into the second cavity. 15. The pull tab of claim 14, wherein the first attachment arm and the second attachment arm are comprised of a flexible material. 16. The pull tab of claim 15, wherein the flexible material comprises a thermoplastic vulcanizate. 17. The pull tab of claim 15, wherein the flexible material is penetrable by one or more barbs of the first slide arm and the second slide arm that penetrate into the flexible material when the first cavity and the second cavity are mated with the first slide arm and second slide arm. 18. The pull tab of claim 14, wherein the pull tab locks onto a slide of the pluggable module when the first slide arm is inserted into the first cavity and the second slide arm is inserted into the second cavity. 19. The pull tab of claim 14, further comprising a knob disposed in each of the first cavity and the second cavity, wherein each knob is configured to mate with a corresponding first and second aperture, respectively, of the first slide arm and a second slide arm. 20. The pull tab of claim 14, wherein the first and second cavities are disposed in a corresponding pair of extensions extending substantially orthogonal from the distal ends of the first and second attachment arms. | 2,800 |
346,073 | 16,804,509 | 2,864 | A sample container carrier, a laboratory sample distribution system comprising such a sample container carrier and a laboratory automation system comprising such a laboratory sample distribution system are presented. | 1. A sample container carrier for holding a laboratory sample container and for transporting the held laboratory sample container in a laboratory sample distribution system, the sample container carrier comprising:
a first holding element; a second holding element, wherein the first holding element and the second holding element are displaceable towards and/or away from each other within a holding region for holding the laboratory sample container and wherein at least one of the first and second holding elements is rotationally displaceable; a coupler, wherein the coupler is connected to the first holding element and to the second holding element within a coupling region such that the coupler couples displacements of the first holding element and the second holding element and wherein the coupler is rotationally moveable such that the coupler couples by its rotational movement the displacements of the first holding element and the second holding element; a prevention element, wherein the prevention element is spatially arranged between the holding region and the coupling region and is configured to prevent the laboratory sample container and/or a laboratory sample from getting into the coupling region, wherein the coupling region and the holding region are arranged along a central axis (CA) of the sample container carrier, and wherein the coupler is moveably mounted to the prevention element; and a coupler-holder, wherein the coupler-holder extends from the prevention element away into the coupling region, wherein the prevention element and the coupler-holder are embodied as one piece, and wherein the coupler is pivot-mounted to the coupler-holder such that the central axis (CA) is a rotational axis of the coupler. 2. The sample container carrier according to claim 1, further comprising,
a gear tooth system, wherein the coupler is connected to the first holding element and/or to the second holding element by the gear tooth system. 3. The sample container carrier according to claim 1, further comprising,
a stop element, wherein the stop element is configured to cooperate with the first holding element and/or the second holding element and/or the coupler such that the displacements of the first holding element and the second holding element are limited. 4. The sample container carrier according to claim 1, wherein the first holding element and/or the second holding element are mounted to the prevention element. 5. The sample container carrier according to claim 1, wherein the first holding element and/or the second holding element extend/s from the prevention element away into the holding region by maximum of 35 mm. 6. The sample container carrier according to claim 1, wherein the first holding element and/or the second holding element extend/s from the prevention element away into the holding region by maximum of 30 mm. 7. The sample container carrier according to claim 1, wherein the first holding element and/or the second holding element extend/s from the prevention element away into the holding region by maximum of 25 mm. 8. The sample container carrier according to claim 1, wherein the first holding element and/or the second holding element extend/s from the prevention element away into the holding region by maximum of 15 mm. 9. The sample container carrier according to claim 1, wherein the first holding element and/or the second holding element comprise/s a number of jaws within the holding region for holding the laboratory sample container. 10. The sample container carrier according to claim 9, wherein the first holding element and/or the second holding element comprise/s a lever arm, wherein the lever arm comprises a curved shape and wherein the jaw is arranged at the lever arm such that the lever arm is not in contact with the laboratory sample container when the laboratory sample container is inserted into, held by and/or removed from the sample container carrier. 11. The sample container carrier according to claim 9, wherein the number of jaws comprises a flexible and/or soft material for holding the laboratory sample container. 12. The sample container carrier according to claim 1, wherein the first holding element and/or the second holding element comprise/s an insertion support, wherein the insertion support is configured to cooperate together with the laboratory sample container to be held such that the holding element comprising the insertion support is displaced when the laboratory sample container is inserted into the sample container carrier. 13. The sample container carrier according to claim 1, further comprising,
a retaining element applying a force to the first holding element and/or to the second holding element and/or to the coupler such that the first holding element and the second holding element are force-loaded towards each other for holding the laboratory sample container. 14. The sample container carrier according to claim 1, further comprising,
a magnetically active element, wherein the magnetically active element is configured to interact with a magnetic field generated by a drive element such that a driving force is applied to the sample container carrier. 15. A laboratory sample distribution system, the laboratory sample distribution system comprising:
a number of sample container carriers according to claim 1; a transport plane, wherein the transport plane is configured to support the number of sample container carriers; a number of drive elements, wherein the number of drive elements is configured to move the number of sample container carriers on the transport plane; and a control device, wherein the control device is configured to control the number of drive elements such that the number of sample container carriers moves on the transport plane along corresponding transport paths. 16. The laboratory sample distribution system according to claim 15, wherein the number of drive elements comprises a number of electro-magnetic actuators, wherein the number of electro-magnetic actuators is stationary arranged below the transport plane and is configured to generate a magnetic field to move the number of sample container carriers on the transport plane, wherein each of the number of sample container carriers comprises a magnetically active element, wherein the magnetically active element is configured to interact with the magnetic field generated by the number of electro-magnetic actuators such that a driving force is applied to the sample container carrier, and wherein the control device is configured to control the number of electro-magnetic actuators such that the number of sample container carriers moves on the transport plane along corresponding transport paths. 17. A laboratory automation system, the laboratory automation system comprising:
a number of laboratory stations; and a laboratory sample distribution system according to claim 15, wherein the laboratory sample distribution system is configured to distribute the number of sample container carriers and/or laboratory sample containers between the laboratory stations. | A sample container carrier, a laboratory sample distribution system comprising such a sample container carrier and a laboratory automation system comprising such a laboratory sample distribution system are presented.1. A sample container carrier for holding a laboratory sample container and for transporting the held laboratory sample container in a laboratory sample distribution system, the sample container carrier comprising:
a first holding element; a second holding element, wherein the first holding element and the second holding element are displaceable towards and/or away from each other within a holding region for holding the laboratory sample container and wherein at least one of the first and second holding elements is rotationally displaceable; a coupler, wherein the coupler is connected to the first holding element and to the second holding element within a coupling region such that the coupler couples displacements of the first holding element and the second holding element and wherein the coupler is rotationally moveable such that the coupler couples by its rotational movement the displacements of the first holding element and the second holding element; a prevention element, wherein the prevention element is spatially arranged between the holding region and the coupling region and is configured to prevent the laboratory sample container and/or a laboratory sample from getting into the coupling region, wherein the coupling region and the holding region are arranged along a central axis (CA) of the sample container carrier, and wherein the coupler is moveably mounted to the prevention element; and a coupler-holder, wherein the coupler-holder extends from the prevention element away into the coupling region, wherein the prevention element and the coupler-holder are embodied as one piece, and wherein the coupler is pivot-mounted to the coupler-holder such that the central axis (CA) is a rotational axis of the coupler. 2. The sample container carrier according to claim 1, further comprising,
a gear tooth system, wherein the coupler is connected to the first holding element and/or to the second holding element by the gear tooth system. 3. The sample container carrier according to claim 1, further comprising,
a stop element, wherein the stop element is configured to cooperate with the first holding element and/or the second holding element and/or the coupler such that the displacements of the first holding element and the second holding element are limited. 4. The sample container carrier according to claim 1, wherein the first holding element and/or the second holding element are mounted to the prevention element. 5. The sample container carrier according to claim 1, wherein the first holding element and/or the second holding element extend/s from the prevention element away into the holding region by maximum of 35 mm. 6. The sample container carrier according to claim 1, wherein the first holding element and/or the second holding element extend/s from the prevention element away into the holding region by maximum of 30 mm. 7. The sample container carrier according to claim 1, wherein the first holding element and/or the second holding element extend/s from the prevention element away into the holding region by maximum of 25 mm. 8. The sample container carrier according to claim 1, wherein the first holding element and/or the second holding element extend/s from the prevention element away into the holding region by maximum of 15 mm. 9. The sample container carrier according to claim 1, wherein the first holding element and/or the second holding element comprise/s a number of jaws within the holding region for holding the laboratory sample container. 10. The sample container carrier according to claim 9, wherein the first holding element and/or the second holding element comprise/s a lever arm, wherein the lever arm comprises a curved shape and wherein the jaw is arranged at the lever arm such that the lever arm is not in contact with the laboratory sample container when the laboratory sample container is inserted into, held by and/or removed from the sample container carrier. 11. The sample container carrier according to claim 9, wherein the number of jaws comprises a flexible and/or soft material for holding the laboratory sample container. 12. The sample container carrier according to claim 1, wherein the first holding element and/or the second holding element comprise/s an insertion support, wherein the insertion support is configured to cooperate together with the laboratory sample container to be held such that the holding element comprising the insertion support is displaced when the laboratory sample container is inserted into the sample container carrier. 13. The sample container carrier according to claim 1, further comprising,
a retaining element applying a force to the first holding element and/or to the second holding element and/or to the coupler such that the first holding element and the second holding element are force-loaded towards each other for holding the laboratory sample container. 14. The sample container carrier according to claim 1, further comprising,
a magnetically active element, wherein the magnetically active element is configured to interact with a magnetic field generated by a drive element such that a driving force is applied to the sample container carrier. 15. A laboratory sample distribution system, the laboratory sample distribution system comprising:
a number of sample container carriers according to claim 1; a transport plane, wherein the transport plane is configured to support the number of sample container carriers; a number of drive elements, wherein the number of drive elements is configured to move the number of sample container carriers on the transport plane; and a control device, wherein the control device is configured to control the number of drive elements such that the number of sample container carriers moves on the transport plane along corresponding transport paths. 16. The laboratory sample distribution system according to claim 15, wherein the number of drive elements comprises a number of electro-magnetic actuators, wherein the number of electro-magnetic actuators is stationary arranged below the transport plane and is configured to generate a magnetic field to move the number of sample container carriers on the transport plane, wherein each of the number of sample container carriers comprises a magnetically active element, wherein the magnetically active element is configured to interact with the magnetic field generated by the number of electro-magnetic actuators such that a driving force is applied to the sample container carrier, and wherein the control device is configured to control the number of electro-magnetic actuators such that the number of sample container carriers moves on the transport plane along corresponding transport paths. 17. A laboratory automation system, the laboratory automation system comprising:
a number of laboratory stations; and a laboratory sample distribution system according to claim 15, wherein the laboratory sample distribution system is configured to distribute the number of sample container carriers and/or laboratory sample containers between the laboratory stations. | 2,800 |
346,074 | 16,804,510 | 2,864 | A journal bearing assembly for rotatably supporting a gear in a gear system. The journal bearing assembly comprises a journal bearing for rotatably supporting the at least one gear. The journal bearing includes an engagement feature at a distal end thereof. The distal end is insertable into an opening in a gear carrier of the gear system. The opening includes an anti-rotation feature engageable with the engagement feature to block the journal bearing from rotating about an axis extending longitudinally through the center of the journal bearing. The journal bearing assembly further includes a fastening feature for fastening the journal bearing to the gear carrier. | 1. A journal bearing assembly for rotatably supporting a gear in a gear system, the journal bearing assembly comprising:
a journal bearing for rotatably supporting the at least one gear, the journal bearing including an inner cylindrical member with an annular end face at a distal end of the journal bearing, an engagement feature at the distal end of the journal bearing, the engagement feature including at least one protrusion protruding from the annular end face, and a cylindrical bore at a center of the annular end face, the distal end of the journal bearing insertable into an opening in a gear carrier of the gear system, the opening in the gear carrier including an anti-rotation feature engageable with the at least one protrusion of the engagement feature to block the journal bearing from rotating about an axis extending longitudinally through a center of the journal bearing; and a fastening feature for fastening the journal bearing to the gear carrier. 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. The journal bearing assembly as defined in claim 1, wherein the at least one protrusion is radially arranged around the annular end face. 5. The journal bearing assembly as defined in claim 1, wherein the fastening feature includes a fastener insertable through the opening in the gear carrier into the cylindrical bore. 6. The journal bearing assembly as defined in claim 1, wherein the anti-rotation feature includes at least one radially-arranged slot around the opening in the gear carrier, the at least one radially-arranged slot configured to engage with the at least one protrusion. 7. The journal bearing assembly as defined in claim 6, wherein a number and a spatial arrangement of the at least one radially-arranged slot correspond to a number and a spatial arrangement of the at least one protrusion, respectively. 8. The journal bearing assembly as defined in claim 1, wherein the fastening feature includes a cup washer and a bolt. 9. The journal bearing assembly as defined in claim 8, wherein the cup washer includes at least one flexible tang engageable with the engagement feature. 10. The journal bearing assembly as defined in claim 1, wherein the center of the journal bearing is axially aligned with a center of the opening in the gear carrier and a center of the fastening feature. 11. A gear system for a gas turbine engine, comprising:
a gear carrier defining a carrier opening extending along an axis; a journal bearing disposed on a first side of the gear carrier, the journal bearing removably received in the carrier opening, the journal bearing defining a bore along the axis; a slot in one of the carrier opening and a distal end of the journal bearing and a protrusion in the other one of the carrier opening and the distal end of the journal bearing, the slot and the protrusion mated with one another to secure the journal bearing against rotation about the axis relative to the gear carrier; and a fastening feature disposed on a second side of the gear carrier, the second side being opposite the first side, the fastening feature removably received in the bore to secure the journal bearing against movement relative to the gear carrier along the axis. 12. The gear system as defined in claim 11, wherein the gear system is a planetary gearbox comprising a sun gear, a plurality of planet gears and a ring gear. 13. The gear system as defined in claim 11, wherein the carrier opening includes a plurality of slots and the distal end of the journal bearing includes a plurality of protrusions, the plurality of protrusions received in and mated with the plurality of slots in the carrier opening. 14. The gear system as defined in claim 13, wherein a number and spatial arrangement of the plurality of slots corresponds to a number and spatial arrangement of the plurality of protrusions. 15. The gear system as defined in claim 11, wherein the fastening feature includes a cup washer and a bolt. 16. The gear system as defined in claim 11, wherein a center of the journal bearing is axially aligned with a center of the carrier opening and a center of the fastening feature. 17. A method for installing a journal bearing including an engagement feature at a distal end of the journal bearing into a gear carrier of a gear system, comprising:
inserting the distal end of the journal bearing into an opening in the gear carrier with an anti-rotation feature configured to engage with the engagement feature to block the journal bearing from rotating; and fastening the journal bearing to the gear carrier by inserting a cup washer into the opening in the gear carrier so that at least one flexible tang engages with the engagement feature and then inserting a bolt through the cup washer and through the opening in the gear carrier into a cylindrical bore at the distal end of the journal bearing. 18. The method according to claim 17, wherein inserting the distal end of the journal bearing into the opening in the gear carrier includes aligning at least one protrusion at the distal end of the journal bearing with at least one radially-arranged slot around the opening in the gear carrier and engaging each at least one protrusion with the corresponding at least one radially-arranged slot. 19. (canceled) | A journal bearing assembly for rotatably supporting a gear in a gear system. The journal bearing assembly comprises a journal bearing for rotatably supporting the at least one gear. The journal bearing includes an engagement feature at a distal end thereof. The distal end is insertable into an opening in a gear carrier of the gear system. The opening includes an anti-rotation feature engageable with the engagement feature to block the journal bearing from rotating about an axis extending longitudinally through the center of the journal bearing. The journal bearing assembly further includes a fastening feature for fastening the journal bearing to the gear carrier.1. A journal bearing assembly for rotatably supporting a gear in a gear system, the journal bearing assembly comprising:
a journal bearing for rotatably supporting the at least one gear, the journal bearing including an inner cylindrical member with an annular end face at a distal end of the journal bearing, an engagement feature at the distal end of the journal bearing, the engagement feature including at least one protrusion protruding from the annular end face, and a cylindrical bore at a center of the annular end face, the distal end of the journal bearing insertable into an opening in a gear carrier of the gear system, the opening in the gear carrier including an anti-rotation feature engageable with the at least one protrusion of the engagement feature to block the journal bearing from rotating about an axis extending longitudinally through a center of the journal bearing; and a fastening feature for fastening the journal bearing to the gear carrier. 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. The journal bearing assembly as defined in claim 1, wherein the at least one protrusion is radially arranged around the annular end face. 5. The journal bearing assembly as defined in claim 1, wherein the fastening feature includes a fastener insertable through the opening in the gear carrier into the cylindrical bore. 6. The journal bearing assembly as defined in claim 1, wherein the anti-rotation feature includes at least one radially-arranged slot around the opening in the gear carrier, the at least one radially-arranged slot configured to engage with the at least one protrusion. 7. The journal bearing assembly as defined in claim 6, wherein a number and a spatial arrangement of the at least one radially-arranged slot correspond to a number and a spatial arrangement of the at least one protrusion, respectively. 8. The journal bearing assembly as defined in claim 1, wherein the fastening feature includes a cup washer and a bolt. 9. The journal bearing assembly as defined in claim 8, wherein the cup washer includes at least one flexible tang engageable with the engagement feature. 10. The journal bearing assembly as defined in claim 1, wherein the center of the journal bearing is axially aligned with a center of the opening in the gear carrier and a center of the fastening feature. 11. A gear system for a gas turbine engine, comprising:
a gear carrier defining a carrier opening extending along an axis; a journal bearing disposed on a first side of the gear carrier, the journal bearing removably received in the carrier opening, the journal bearing defining a bore along the axis; a slot in one of the carrier opening and a distal end of the journal bearing and a protrusion in the other one of the carrier opening and the distal end of the journal bearing, the slot and the protrusion mated with one another to secure the journal bearing against rotation about the axis relative to the gear carrier; and a fastening feature disposed on a second side of the gear carrier, the second side being opposite the first side, the fastening feature removably received in the bore to secure the journal bearing against movement relative to the gear carrier along the axis. 12. The gear system as defined in claim 11, wherein the gear system is a planetary gearbox comprising a sun gear, a plurality of planet gears and a ring gear. 13. The gear system as defined in claim 11, wherein the carrier opening includes a plurality of slots and the distal end of the journal bearing includes a plurality of protrusions, the plurality of protrusions received in and mated with the plurality of slots in the carrier opening. 14. The gear system as defined in claim 13, wherein a number and spatial arrangement of the plurality of slots corresponds to a number and spatial arrangement of the plurality of protrusions. 15. The gear system as defined in claim 11, wherein the fastening feature includes a cup washer and a bolt. 16. The gear system as defined in claim 11, wherein a center of the journal bearing is axially aligned with a center of the carrier opening and a center of the fastening feature. 17. A method for installing a journal bearing including an engagement feature at a distal end of the journal bearing into a gear carrier of a gear system, comprising:
inserting the distal end of the journal bearing into an opening in the gear carrier with an anti-rotation feature configured to engage with the engagement feature to block the journal bearing from rotating; and fastening the journal bearing to the gear carrier by inserting a cup washer into the opening in the gear carrier so that at least one flexible tang engages with the engagement feature and then inserting a bolt through the cup washer and through the opening in the gear carrier into a cylindrical bore at the distal end of the journal bearing. 18. The method according to claim 17, wherein inserting the distal end of the journal bearing into the opening in the gear carrier includes aligning at least one protrusion at the distal end of the journal bearing with at least one radially-arranged slot around the opening in the gear carrier and engaging each at least one protrusion with the corresponding at least one radially-arranged slot. 19. (canceled) | 2,800 |
346,075 | 16,804,535 | 2,864 | The present invention relates to treated cellulosic fibers comprising embedded silver nanoparticles, where the cellulosic treated fiber is not a swollen cellulosic fiber. The invention includes methods for preparing such cellulosic fibers, articles comprising such cellulosic fibers, and uses for such articles. The invention further relates to methods for preparing treated swollen cellulosic fibers comprising embedded silver nanoparticles. | 1. A treated cellulosic fiber comprising embedded silver nanoparticles, wherein the cellulosic fiber treated is not a swollen cellulosic fiber. 2. The treated cellulosic fiber of claim 1, wherein the cellulosic fiber treated is selected from the group consisting of white cotton, sticky white cotton, naturally colored cotton, scoured and bleached cotton, flax, hemp, jute, ramie, pineapple leaf, and abaca. 3. The treated cellulosic fiber of claim 1, wherein:
the cellulosic fiber treated is raw white cotton fiber, and the silver nanoparticles are embedded on the cuticle and primary wall of the treated fiber; or the cellulosic fiber treated is selected from the group consisting of ramie, white cotton fiber, sticky fiber, naturally colored cotton fiber, and scoured and bleached cotton fiber, and the silver nanoparticles are embedded throughout the inner layers of the treated fiber. 4. The treated cellulosic fiber of claim 1, wherein at least about 50% of the silver nanoparticles remain embedded in the treated cellulosic fiber after at least about 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 laundering cycles. 5. An article comprising at least one treated cellulosic fiber of claim 1. 6. The article of claim 5, wherein the article is selected from the group consisting of a yarn, a thread, a twine, a rope, a cloth, a woven fabric, a knitted fabric, a film-based composite, a nonwoven fabric, and a final article. 7. Athletic wear, an undergarment, military wear, a medical textile, a washable sanitizing wipe, a disposable sanitizing wipe, a film-based fiber-containing composite, a functional barrier, a towel, a bedding, a shoe liner, a garment liner, or a curtain comprising at least one treated cellulosic fiber of claim 1. 8. The medical textile of claim 7, wherein the medical textile is selected from the group consisting of a curtain, a bedding, a surgical arena fabric, a surgical personnel protective garment, and a wound or non-wound patient dressing, a bandage, a gauze, a packing, or a cleaning material. 9. The article of claim 5, wherein the article is antimicrobial, antibacterial, anti-odor, antiviral, or anti-fungal. 10. A method for preparing the treated cellulosic fiber of claim 1, wherein the method comprises:
immersing cellulosic fiber in a silver ion precursor solution; and maintaining the immersed fiber in the solution at a set temperature; wherein the silver ion precursor is selected from the group consisting of silver nitrate, silver sulfate, and silver perchlorate, and is present at a set concentration in water; wherein the solution optionally comprises at least one of a wetting agent, an ammonium source, and an alkali source; and wherein the method does not require adding a stabilizing agent, or adding a reducing agent. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the cellulosic fiber is selected from the group consisting of scoured and bleached cotton, raw white cotton, naturally colored cotton, sticky cotton, flax, hemp, jute, ramie, pineapple leaf, and abaca. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the physical form of the cellulosic fiber is selected from a fiber, a yarn, a package, a fabric, a thread, a twine, a rope, a cloth, a woven fabric, a knitted fabric, a film-based composite, and a nonwoven fabric. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the solution further comprises about 0.02 wt % to about 0.1 wt % of a wetting agent selected from the group consisting of octyl phenol ethoxylate, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 60, polysorbate 80, polyethylene glycol, glycerin, thiodiglycol, diethylene glycol, urea, thiourea, dicyandiamide, and 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl-polyethylene glycol). 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the silver ion precursor is silver nitrate, the silver nitrate concentration is from about 0.001 mM to about 1 M, the set temperature is from about 80° C. to about 100° C.; the water is deionized (DI) water; and wherein:
the cellulosic fiber is raw white cotton fiber, and the silver nanoparticles are formed embedded mostly on the cuticle and primary wall of the treated cellulosic fiber; or
the cellulosic fiber is selected from the group consisting of naturally colored cotton, sticky cotton, flax, hemp, jute, ramie, pineapple leaf, and abaca; and
wherein the silver nanoparticles are formed embedded throughout the treated cellulosic fiber. 15. A treated cellulosic fiber comprising embedded silver nanoparticles prepared by the method of claim 14. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the silver ion precursor concentration is from about 0.001 mM to about 1 M; the set temperature is about 80° C. to about 100° C.; the water is tap water; and
wherein the silver nanoparticles are formed embedded throughout the fiber. 17. A treated cellulosic fiber comprising embedded silver nanoparticles prepared by the method of claim 16. 18. The method of claim 13, wherein the solution further comprises an ammonium source selected from ammonia, and an ammonium salt selected from the group comprising of hydroxide, fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, acetate, carbonate, carbamate, nitrite, nitrate, hydrogen sulfate, sulfate, thiosulfate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, tetrafluoroborate, perchlorate, chlorate, chlorite, dihydrogenphosphate, hydrogen phosphate, phosphate, and phosphite. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the silver ion precursor concentration is from about 0.001 mM to about 1 M; the ammonium source is present from about 0.003 mM to about 3 M; the water is DI water or tap water; the temperature is about 100° C.; and
wherein the silver nanoparticles are formed embedded throughout the fiber. 20. A treated cellulosic fiber comprising embedded silver nanoparticles prepared by the method of claim 19. 21. The method of claim 18, wherein the solution further comprises an alkali source selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, sodium carbamate, sodium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, lithium carbamate, lithium carbonate, potassium hydroxide, potassium carbamate, potassium carbonate, rubidium hydroxide, rubidium carbamate, rubidium carbonate, cesium hydroxide, cesium carbamate, cesium carbonate, beryllium hydroxide, beryllium carbamate, beryllium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbamate, magnesium carbonate, calcium hydroxide, calcium carbamate, and calcium carbonate. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the silver ion precursor concentration is from about 0.001 mm to about 1 M; the ammonium source is present from about 0.022 mM to about 22 M;
the alkali source is present from about 0.0012 wt % to about 50 wt %; the water is DI water; the temperature is from about 20° C. to about 100° C.; and wherein the silver nanoparticles are formed embedded throughout the fiber. 23. A treated cellulosic fiber comprising embedded silver nanoparticles prepared by the method of claim 22. 24. The method of claim 21, wherein the silver ion precursor concentration is from about 0.001 mm to about 1 M; the ammonium source is present from about 0.022 mM to about 22 M;
the alkali source is present from about 0.0012 wt % to about 50 wt %; the water is DI water; the temperature is about 40° C. to about 100° C.; and wherein the silver nanoparticles are formed embedded throughout the fiber. 25. A treated cellulosic fiber comprising embedded silver nanoparticles prepared by the method of claim 24. 26. The method of claim 10, wherein the solution further comprises an alkali source selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, sodium carbamate, sodium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, lithium carbamate, lithium carbonate, potassium hydroxide, potassium carbamate, potassium carbonate, rubidium hydroxide, rubidium carbamate, rubidium carbonate, cesium hydroxide, cesium carbamate, cesium carbonate, beryllium hydroxide, beryllium carbamate, beryllium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbamate, magnesium carbonate, calcium hydroxide, calcium carbamate, and calcium carbonate. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the silver ion precursor concentration is from about 0.001 mM to about 1 M; the alkali source is present from about 0.0000057 wt % to about 50 wt %;
the water is tap water; the temperature is about 60° C. to about 100° C.; and wherein the silver nanoparticles are formed embedded throughout the fiber. 28. A treated cellulosic fiber comprising embedded silver nanoparticles prepared by the method of claim 27. 29. A method for preparing a treated swollen cellulosic fiber comprising embedded silver nanoparticles, the method comprising:
immersing swollen cellulosic fiber in a solution comprising from about 0.001 mM to about 1 M silver ion precursor and from about 0.0033 mM to about 3.3 M ammonium source; in DI water; and maintaining the immersed fiber in the solution at a set temperature from about 20° C. to about 100° C.; wherein the method does not require adding a reducing agent or adding a stabilizing agent. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein prior to immersing the swollen cellulosic fiber in a solution comprising a silver ion precursor and an ammonium source, the cellulosic fiber is swollen by immersing in a high concentration alkaline solution. 31. The method of claim 29, wherein silver nanoparticles are formed embedded in at least about 90% of the swollen treated fibers. | The present invention relates to treated cellulosic fibers comprising embedded silver nanoparticles, where the cellulosic treated fiber is not a swollen cellulosic fiber. The invention includes methods for preparing such cellulosic fibers, articles comprising such cellulosic fibers, and uses for such articles. The invention further relates to methods for preparing treated swollen cellulosic fibers comprising embedded silver nanoparticles.1. A treated cellulosic fiber comprising embedded silver nanoparticles, wherein the cellulosic fiber treated is not a swollen cellulosic fiber. 2. The treated cellulosic fiber of claim 1, wherein the cellulosic fiber treated is selected from the group consisting of white cotton, sticky white cotton, naturally colored cotton, scoured and bleached cotton, flax, hemp, jute, ramie, pineapple leaf, and abaca. 3. The treated cellulosic fiber of claim 1, wherein:
the cellulosic fiber treated is raw white cotton fiber, and the silver nanoparticles are embedded on the cuticle and primary wall of the treated fiber; or the cellulosic fiber treated is selected from the group consisting of ramie, white cotton fiber, sticky fiber, naturally colored cotton fiber, and scoured and bleached cotton fiber, and the silver nanoparticles are embedded throughout the inner layers of the treated fiber. 4. The treated cellulosic fiber of claim 1, wherein at least about 50% of the silver nanoparticles remain embedded in the treated cellulosic fiber after at least about 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 laundering cycles. 5. An article comprising at least one treated cellulosic fiber of claim 1. 6. The article of claim 5, wherein the article is selected from the group consisting of a yarn, a thread, a twine, a rope, a cloth, a woven fabric, a knitted fabric, a film-based composite, a nonwoven fabric, and a final article. 7. Athletic wear, an undergarment, military wear, a medical textile, a washable sanitizing wipe, a disposable sanitizing wipe, a film-based fiber-containing composite, a functional barrier, a towel, a bedding, a shoe liner, a garment liner, or a curtain comprising at least one treated cellulosic fiber of claim 1. 8. The medical textile of claim 7, wherein the medical textile is selected from the group consisting of a curtain, a bedding, a surgical arena fabric, a surgical personnel protective garment, and a wound or non-wound patient dressing, a bandage, a gauze, a packing, or a cleaning material. 9. The article of claim 5, wherein the article is antimicrobial, antibacterial, anti-odor, antiviral, or anti-fungal. 10. A method for preparing the treated cellulosic fiber of claim 1, wherein the method comprises:
immersing cellulosic fiber in a silver ion precursor solution; and maintaining the immersed fiber in the solution at a set temperature; wherein the silver ion precursor is selected from the group consisting of silver nitrate, silver sulfate, and silver perchlorate, and is present at a set concentration in water; wherein the solution optionally comprises at least one of a wetting agent, an ammonium source, and an alkali source; and wherein the method does not require adding a stabilizing agent, or adding a reducing agent. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the cellulosic fiber is selected from the group consisting of scoured and bleached cotton, raw white cotton, naturally colored cotton, sticky cotton, flax, hemp, jute, ramie, pineapple leaf, and abaca. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the physical form of the cellulosic fiber is selected from a fiber, a yarn, a package, a fabric, a thread, a twine, a rope, a cloth, a woven fabric, a knitted fabric, a film-based composite, and a nonwoven fabric. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the solution further comprises about 0.02 wt % to about 0.1 wt % of a wetting agent selected from the group consisting of octyl phenol ethoxylate, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 60, polysorbate 80, polyethylene glycol, glycerin, thiodiglycol, diethylene glycol, urea, thiourea, dicyandiamide, and 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl-polyethylene glycol). 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the silver ion precursor is silver nitrate, the silver nitrate concentration is from about 0.001 mM to about 1 M, the set temperature is from about 80° C. to about 100° C.; the water is deionized (DI) water; and wherein:
the cellulosic fiber is raw white cotton fiber, and the silver nanoparticles are formed embedded mostly on the cuticle and primary wall of the treated cellulosic fiber; or
the cellulosic fiber is selected from the group consisting of naturally colored cotton, sticky cotton, flax, hemp, jute, ramie, pineapple leaf, and abaca; and
wherein the silver nanoparticles are formed embedded throughout the treated cellulosic fiber. 15. A treated cellulosic fiber comprising embedded silver nanoparticles prepared by the method of claim 14. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the silver ion precursor concentration is from about 0.001 mM to about 1 M; the set temperature is about 80° C. to about 100° C.; the water is tap water; and
wherein the silver nanoparticles are formed embedded throughout the fiber. 17. A treated cellulosic fiber comprising embedded silver nanoparticles prepared by the method of claim 16. 18. The method of claim 13, wherein the solution further comprises an ammonium source selected from ammonia, and an ammonium salt selected from the group comprising of hydroxide, fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, acetate, carbonate, carbamate, nitrite, nitrate, hydrogen sulfate, sulfate, thiosulfate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, tetrafluoroborate, perchlorate, chlorate, chlorite, dihydrogenphosphate, hydrogen phosphate, phosphate, and phosphite. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the silver ion precursor concentration is from about 0.001 mM to about 1 M; the ammonium source is present from about 0.003 mM to about 3 M; the water is DI water or tap water; the temperature is about 100° C.; and
wherein the silver nanoparticles are formed embedded throughout the fiber. 20. A treated cellulosic fiber comprising embedded silver nanoparticles prepared by the method of claim 19. 21. The method of claim 18, wherein the solution further comprises an alkali source selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, sodium carbamate, sodium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, lithium carbamate, lithium carbonate, potassium hydroxide, potassium carbamate, potassium carbonate, rubidium hydroxide, rubidium carbamate, rubidium carbonate, cesium hydroxide, cesium carbamate, cesium carbonate, beryllium hydroxide, beryllium carbamate, beryllium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbamate, magnesium carbonate, calcium hydroxide, calcium carbamate, and calcium carbonate. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the silver ion precursor concentration is from about 0.001 mm to about 1 M; the ammonium source is present from about 0.022 mM to about 22 M;
the alkali source is present from about 0.0012 wt % to about 50 wt %; the water is DI water; the temperature is from about 20° C. to about 100° C.; and wherein the silver nanoparticles are formed embedded throughout the fiber. 23. A treated cellulosic fiber comprising embedded silver nanoparticles prepared by the method of claim 22. 24. The method of claim 21, wherein the silver ion precursor concentration is from about 0.001 mm to about 1 M; the ammonium source is present from about 0.022 mM to about 22 M;
the alkali source is present from about 0.0012 wt % to about 50 wt %; the water is DI water; the temperature is about 40° C. to about 100° C.; and wherein the silver nanoparticles are formed embedded throughout the fiber. 25. A treated cellulosic fiber comprising embedded silver nanoparticles prepared by the method of claim 24. 26. The method of claim 10, wherein the solution further comprises an alkali source selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, sodium carbamate, sodium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, lithium carbamate, lithium carbonate, potassium hydroxide, potassium carbamate, potassium carbonate, rubidium hydroxide, rubidium carbamate, rubidium carbonate, cesium hydroxide, cesium carbamate, cesium carbonate, beryllium hydroxide, beryllium carbamate, beryllium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbamate, magnesium carbonate, calcium hydroxide, calcium carbamate, and calcium carbonate. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the silver ion precursor concentration is from about 0.001 mM to about 1 M; the alkali source is present from about 0.0000057 wt % to about 50 wt %;
the water is tap water; the temperature is about 60° C. to about 100° C.; and wherein the silver nanoparticles are formed embedded throughout the fiber. 28. A treated cellulosic fiber comprising embedded silver nanoparticles prepared by the method of claim 27. 29. A method for preparing a treated swollen cellulosic fiber comprising embedded silver nanoparticles, the method comprising:
immersing swollen cellulosic fiber in a solution comprising from about 0.001 mM to about 1 M silver ion precursor and from about 0.0033 mM to about 3.3 M ammonium source; in DI water; and maintaining the immersed fiber in the solution at a set temperature from about 20° C. to about 100° C.; wherein the method does not require adding a reducing agent or adding a stabilizing agent. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein prior to immersing the swollen cellulosic fiber in a solution comprising a silver ion precursor and an ammonium source, the cellulosic fiber is swollen by immersing in a high concentration alkaline solution. 31. The method of claim 29, wherein silver nanoparticles are formed embedded in at least about 90% of the swollen treated fibers. | 2,800 |
346,076 | 16,804,511 | 2,864 | Disclosed are various embodiments for securely distributing certificates or encryption keys. A management service can receive an enrollment request from a client device. The management service can then send a key request to a certificate provider, the key request comprising a user identifier. The management service can also send a skeleton payload to an enterprise gateway. In response, the management service can receive an encrypted profile from the enterprise gateway, the encrypted profile comprising the skeleton payload with an encryption key inserted by the enterprise gateway into the skeleton payload. Finally, the management service can send the encrypted profile to the client device. | 1. A system, comprising:
a computing device comprising a processor and a memory; and machine-readable instructions stored in the memory that, when executed by the processor, cause the computing device to at least:
receive an enrollment request from a client device;
send a key request to a certificate provider, the key request comprising a user identifier;
send a skeleton payload to an enterprise gateway;
receive an encrypted profile from the enterprise gateway, the encrypted profile comprising the skeleton payload with an encryption key inserted by the enterprise gateway into the skeleton payload; and
send the encrypted profile to the client device. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the machine-readable instructions further cause the computing device to at least insert the user identifier into the skeleton payload. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the machine-readable instructions further cause the computing device to at least send the user identifier to the enterprise gateway. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the encrypted profile further comprises a certificate included in the skeleton payload and the certificate comprises the encryption key. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the certificate is a Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME) certificate. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the machine-readable instructions further cause the computing device to sign the encrypted profile with a signing certificate. The system of claim 1, wherein the enrollment request comprises the user identifier. 8. A method, comprising:
receiving an enrollment request from a client device; sending a key request to a certificate provider, the key request comprising a user identifier; sending a skeleton payload to an enterprise gateway; receiving an encrypted profile from the enterprise gateway, the encrypted profile comprising the skeleton payload with an encryption key inserted by the enterprise gateway into the skeleton payload; and sending the encrypted profile to the client device. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising inserting the user identifier into the skeleton payload. 10. The method of claim 8, further comprising sending the user identifier to the enterprise gateway. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the encrypted profile further comprises a certificate included in the skeleton payload and the certificate comprises the encryption key. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the certificate is a Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME) certificate. 13. The method of claim 8, further comprising signing the encrypted profile with a signing certificate. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein the enrollment request comprises the user identifier. 15. A non-transitory, computer-readable medium, comprising machine-readable instructions that, when executed by a processor of a computing device, cause the computing device to at least:
receive an enrollment request from a client device; send a key request to a certificate provider, the key request comprising a user identifier; send a skeleton payload to an enterprise gateway; receive an encrypted profile from the enterprise gateway, the encrypted profile comprising the skeleton payload with an encryption key inserted by the enterprise gateway into the skeleton payload; and send the encrypted profile to the client device. 16. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the machine-readable instructions further cause the computing device to at least insert the user identifier into the skeleton payload. 17. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the encrypted profile further comprises a certificate included in the skeleton payload and the certificate comprises the encryption key. 18. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 17, wherein the certificate is a Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME) certificate. 19. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the machine-readable instructions further cause the computing device to sign the encrypted profile with a signing certificate. 20. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the enrollment request comprises the user identifier. | Disclosed are various embodiments for securely distributing certificates or encryption keys. A management service can receive an enrollment request from a client device. The management service can then send a key request to a certificate provider, the key request comprising a user identifier. The management service can also send a skeleton payload to an enterprise gateway. In response, the management service can receive an encrypted profile from the enterprise gateway, the encrypted profile comprising the skeleton payload with an encryption key inserted by the enterprise gateway into the skeleton payload. Finally, the management service can send the encrypted profile to the client device.1. A system, comprising:
a computing device comprising a processor and a memory; and machine-readable instructions stored in the memory that, when executed by the processor, cause the computing device to at least:
receive an enrollment request from a client device;
send a key request to a certificate provider, the key request comprising a user identifier;
send a skeleton payload to an enterprise gateway;
receive an encrypted profile from the enterprise gateway, the encrypted profile comprising the skeleton payload with an encryption key inserted by the enterprise gateway into the skeleton payload; and
send the encrypted profile to the client device. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the machine-readable instructions further cause the computing device to at least insert the user identifier into the skeleton payload. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the machine-readable instructions further cause the computing device to at least send the user identifier to the enterprise gateway. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the encrypted profile further comprises a certificate included in the skeleton payload and the certificate comprises the encryption key. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the certificate is a Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME) certificate. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the machine-readable instructions further cause the computing device to sign the encrypted profile with a signing certificate. The system of claim 1, wherein the enrollment request comprises the user identifier. 8. A method, comprising:
receiving an enrollment request from a client device; sending a key request to a certificate provider, the key request comprising a user identifier; sending a skeleton payload to an enterprise gateway; receiving an encrypted profile from the enterprise gateway, the encrypted profile comprising the skeleton payload with an encryption key inserted by the enterprise gateway into the skeleton payload; and sending the encrypted profile to the client device. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising inserting the user identifier into the skeleton payload. 10. The method of claim 8, further comprising sending the user identifier to the enterprise gateway. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the encrypted profile further comprises a certificate included in the skeleton payload and the certificate comprises the encryption key. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the certificate is a Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME) certificate. 13. The method of claim 8, further comprising signing the encrypted profile with a signing certificate. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein the enrollment request comprises the user identifier. 15. A non-transitory, computer-readable medium, comprising machine-readable instructions that, when executed by a processor of a computing device, cause the computing device to at least:
receive an enrollment request from a client device; send a key request to a certificate provider, the key request comprising a user identifier; send a skeleton payload to an enterprise gateway; receive an encrypted profile from the enterprise gateway, the encrypted profile comprising the skeleton payload with an encryption key inserted by the enterprise gateway into the skeleton payload; and send the encrypted profile to the client device. 16. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the machine-readable instructions further cause the computing device to at least insert the user identifier into the skeleton payload. 17. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the encrypted profile further comprises a certificate included in the skeleton payload and the certificate comprises the encryption key. 18. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 17, wherein the certificate is a Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME) certificate. 19. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the machine-readable instructions further cause the computing device to sign the encrypted profile with a signing certificate. 20. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the enrollment request comprises the user identifier. | 2,800 |
346,077 | 16,804,529 | 2,864 | Disclosed are various embodiments for securely distributing certificates or encryption keys. A management service can receive an enrollment request from a client device. The management service can then send a key request to a certificate provider, the key request comprising a user identifier. The management service can also send a skeleton payload to an enterprise gateway. In response, the management service can receive an encrypted profile from the enterprise gateway, the encrypted profile comprising the skeleton payload with an encryption key inserted by the enterprise gateway into the skeleton payload. Finally, the management service can send the encrypted profile to the client device. | 1. A system, comprising:
a computing device comprising a processor and a memory; and machine-readable instructions stored in the memory that, when executed by the processor, cause the computing device to at least:
receive an enrollment request from a client device;
send a key request to a certificate provider, the key request comprising a user identifier;
send a skeleton payload to an enterprise gateway;
receive an encrypted profile from the enterprise gateway, the encrypted profile comprising the skeleton payload with an encryption key inserted by the enterprise gateway into the skeleton payload; and
send the encrypted profile to the client device. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the machine-readable instructions further cause the computing device to at least insert the user identifier into the skeleton payload. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the machine-readable instructions further cause the computing device to at least send the user identifier to the enterprise gateway. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the encrypted profile further comprises a certificate included in the skeleton payload and the certificate comprises the encryption key. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the certificate is a Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME) certificate. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the machine-readable instructions further cause the computing device to sign the encrypted profile with a signing certificate. The system of claim 1, wherein the enrollment request comprises the user identifier. 8. A method, comprising:
receiving an enrollment request from a client device; sending a key request to a certificate provider, the key request comprising a user identifier; sending a skeleton payload to an enterprise gateway; receiving an encrypted profile from the enterprise gateway, the encrypted profile comprising the skeleton payload with an encryption key inserted by the enterprise gateway into the skeleton payload; and sending the encrypted profile to the client device. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising inserting the user identifier into the skeleton payload. 10. The method of claim 8, further comprising sending the user identifier to the enterprise gateway. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the encrypted profile further comprises a certificate included in the skeleton payload and the certificate comprises the encryption key. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the certificate is a Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME) certificate. 13. The method of claim 8, further comprising signing the encrypted profile with a signing certificate. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein the enrollment request comprises the user identifier. 15. A non-transitory, computer-readable medium, comprising machine-readable instructions that, when executed by a processor of a computing device, cause the computing device to at least:
receive an enrollment request from a client device; send a key request to a certificate provider, the key request comprising a user identifier; send a skeleton payload to an enterprise gateway; receive an encrypted profile from the enterprise gateway, the encrypted profile comprising the skeleton payload with an encryption key inserted by the enterprise gateway into the skeleton payload; and send the encrypted profile to the client device. 16. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the machine-readable instructions further cause the computing device to at least insert the user identifier into the skeleton payload. 17. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the encrypted profile further comprises a certificate included in the skeleton payload and the certificate comprises the encryption key. 18. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 17, wherein the certificate is a Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME) certificate. 19. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the machine-readable instructions further cause the computing device to sign the encrypted profile with a signing certificate. 20. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the enrollment request comprises the user identifier. | Disclosed are various embodiments for securely distributing certificates or encryption keys. A management service can receive an enrollment request from a client device. The management service can then send a key request to a certificate provider, the key request comprising a user identifier. The management service can also send a skeleton payload to an enterprise gateway. In response, the management service can receive an encrypted profile from the enterprise gateway, the encrypted profile comprising the skeleton payload with an encryption key inserted by the enterprise gateway into the skeleton payload. Finally, the management service can send the encrypted profile to the client device.1. A system, comprising:
a computing device comprising a processor and a memory; and machine-readable instructions stored in the memory that, when executed by the processor, cause the computing device to at least:
receive an enrollment request from a client device;
send a key request to a certificate provider, the key request comprising a user identifier;
send a skeleton payload to an enterprise gateway;
receive an encrypted profile from the enterprise gateway, the encrypted profile comprising the skeleton payload with an encryption key inserted by the enterprise gateway into the skeleton payload; and
send the encrypted profile to the client device. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the machine-readable instructions further cause the computing device to at least insert the user identifier into the skeleton payload. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the machine-readable instructions further cause the computing device to at least send the user identifier to the enterprise gateway. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the encrypted profile further comprises a certificate included in the skeleton payload and the certificate comprises the encryption key. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the certificate is a Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME) certificate. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the machine-readable instructions further cause the computing device to sign the encrypted profile with a signing certificate. The system of claim 1, wherein the enrollment request comprises the user identifier. 8. A method, comprising:
receiving an enrollment request from a client device; sending a key request to a certificate provider, the key request comprising a user identifier; sending a skeleton payload to an enterprise gateway; receiving an encrypted profile from the enterprise gateway, the encrypted profile comprising the skeleton payload with an encryption key inserted by the enterprise gateway into the skeleton payload; and sending the encrypted profile to the client device. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising inserting the user identifier into the skeleton payload. 10. The method of claim 8, further comprising sending the user identifier to the enterprise gateway. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the encrypted profile further comprises a certificate included in the skeleton payload and the certificate comprises the encryption key. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the certificate is a Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME) certificate. 13. The method of claim 8, further comprising signing the encrypted profile with a signing certificate. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein the enrollment request comprises the user identifier. 15. A non-transitory, computer-readable medium, comprising machine-readable instructions that, when executed by a processor of a computing device, cause the computing device to at least:
receive an enrollment request from a client device; send a key request to a certificate provider, the key request comprising a user identifier; send a skeleton payload to an enterprise gateway; receive an encrypted profile from the enterprise gateway, the encrypted profile comprising the skeleton payload with an encryption key inserted by the enterprise gateway into the skeleton payload; and send the encrypted profile to the client device. 16. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the machine-readable instructions further cause the computing device to at least insert the user identifier into the skeleton payload. 17. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the encrypted profile further comprises a certificate included in the skeleton payload and the certificate comprises the encryption key. 18. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 17, wherein the certificate is a Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME) certificate. 19. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the machine-readable instructions further cause the computing device to sign the encrypted profile with a signing certificate. 20. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the enrollment request comprises the user identifier. | 2,800 |
346,078 | 16,804,433 | 2,864 | Implementations of the present specification provide facial recognition payment methods and apparatuses. The method includes the following: receiving as input a payment amount; collecting face image information of a payer when receiving a facial recognition payment request; and sending a payment request to a payment server, where the payment request includes the payment amount, a device identifier of a facial recognition payment device, and the face image information, so that the payment server determines an account bound to payee based on the device identifier, and transfers the payment amount to the payee account from a payer account corresponding to the face image information. | 1. A computer-implemented method comprising:
generating, by a payment server, a prompt responsive to establishing a binding relationship between an account bound to a payee and a device identifier of a facial recognition payment device; transmitting, by the payment server, the prompt to at least one of the facial recognition payment device or a payment client of the payee, wherein the prompt is transmitted over a communications network connecting the payment server to at least one of the facial recognition payment device or the payment client of the payee; receiving, by the payment server, a payment request from the facial recognition payment device, wherein the payment request comprises a payment amount, the device identifier of the facial recognition payment device, and face image information of a payer; and the payment amount is an amount received as input by the facial recognition payment device; determining the account bound to the payee based on the device identifier and the binding relationship, and determining an account bound to the payer based on the face image information; and transferring the payment amount from the account bound to the payer to the account bound to the payee. 2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein after determining the account bound to the payer based on the face image information, the method further comprises:
determining a payer account identifier of the account bound to the payer and adding the payer account identifier to the payment request. 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the payment request further comprises a mobile phone number of the payer; and before transferring the payment amount from the account bound to the payer to the account bound to the payee, the method further comprises:
determining a corresponding payer account based on the mobile phone number; and determining the corresponding payer account matches the account bound to the payer determined based on the face image information. 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein before receiving the payment request from the facial recognition payment device, the method further comprises:
receiving a binding request from the payment client of the payee, wherein the binding request comprises the device identifier of the facial recognition payment device and a payee account identifier of the payee; and establishing the binding relationship between a payee account corresponding to the payee account identifier and the device identifier. 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 4 wherein the binding request comprises the device identifier of the facial recognition payment device and the payee account identifier of the payee, and wherein the binding request is initiated, in part, by displaying a graphic code configured to allow the payment client of the payee to scan the graphic code and request the payment server to establish the binding relationship between the device identifier and the payee account. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the payment request does not comprise account information of the account bound to the payee. 7. A non-transitory, computer-readable medium storing one or more instructions executable by a computer system to perform operations comprising:
generating, by a payment server, a prompt responsive to establishing a binding relationship between an account bound to a payee and a device identifier of a facial recognition payment device: transmitting, by the payment server, the prompt to at least one of the facial recognition payment device or a payment client of the payee, wherein the prompt is transmitted over a communications network connecting the payment server to at least one of the facial recognition payment device or the payment client of the payee; receiving, by the payment server, a payment request from the facial recognition payment device, wherein the payment request comprises a payment amount, the device identifier of the facial recognition payment device, and face image information of a payer; and the payment amount is an amount received as input by the facial recognition payment device; determining the account bound to the payee based on the device identifier and the binding relationship, and determining an account bound to the payer based on the face image information; and transferring the payment amount from the account bound to the payer to the account bound to the payee. 8. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 7, wherein after determining the account bound to the payer based on the face image information, the operations further comprise:
determining a payer account identifier of the account bound to the payer and adding the payer account identifier to the payment request. 9. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 7, wherein the payment request further comprises a mobile phone number of the payer; and before transferring the payment amount from the account bound to the payer to the account bound to the payee, the operations further comprise:
determining a corresponding payer account based on the mobile phone number; and determining the corresponding payer account matches the account bound to the payer determined based on the face image information. 10. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 7, wherein before receiving the payment request from the facial recognition payment device, the operations further comprise:
receiving a binding request from the payment client of the payee, wherein the binding request comprises the device identifier of the facial recognition payment device and a payee account identifier of the payee; and establishing the binding relationship between a payee account corresponding to the payee account identifier and the device identifier. 11. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 10 wherein the binding request comprises the device identifier of the facial recognition payment device and the payee account identifier of the payee, and wherein the binding request is initiated, in part, by displaying a graphic code configured to allow the payment client of the payee to scan the graphic code and request the payment server to establish the binding relationship between the device identifier and the payee account. 12. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 7, wherein the payment request does not comprise account information of the account bound to the payee. 13. A system, comprising:
one or more computers; and one or more computer memory devices interoperably coupled with the one or more computers and having tangible, non-transitory, machine-readable media storing one or more instructions that, when executed by the one or more computers, perform one or more operations comprising: generating, by a payment server, a prompt responsive to establishing a binding relationship between an account bound to a payee and a device identifier of a facial recognition payment device; transmitting, by the payment server, the prompt to at least one of the facial recognition payment device or a payment client of the payee, wherein the prompt is transmitted over a communications network connecting the payment server to at least one of the facial recognition payment device or the payment client of the payee; receiving, by the payment server, a payment request from the facial recognition payment device, wherein the payment request comprises a payment amount, the device identifier of the facial recognition payment device, and face image information of a payer; and the payment amount is an amount received as input by the facial recognition payment device; determining the account bound to the payee based on the device identifier and the binding relationship, and determining an account bound to the payer based on the face image information; and transferring the payment amount from the account bound to the payer to the account bound to the payee. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein after determining the account bound to the payer based on the face image information, the operations further comprise:
determining a payer account identifier of the account bound to the payer and adding the payer account identifier to the payment request. 15. The system of claim 13, wherein the payment request further comprises a mobile phone number of the payer; and before transferring the payment amount from the account bound to the payer to the account bound to the payee, the operations further comprise:
determining a corresponding payer account based on the mobile phone number; and determining the corresponding payer account matches the account bound to the payer determined based on the face image information. 16. The system of claim 13, wherein before receiving the payment request from the facial recognition payment device, the operations further comprise:
receiving a binding request from the payment client of the payee, wherein the binding request comprises the device identifier of the facial recognition payment device and a payee account identifier of the payee; and establishing the binding relationship between a payee account corresponding to the payee account identifier and the device identifier. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the binding request comprises the device identifier of the facial recognition payment device and the payee account identifier of the payee, and wherein the binding request is initiated, in part, by displaying a graphic code configured to allow the payment client of the payee to scan the graphic code and request the payment server to establish the binding relationship between the device identifier and the payee account. 18. The system of claim 13, wherein the payment request does not comprise account information of the account bound to the payee. | Implementations of the present specification provide facial recognition payment methods and apparatuses. The method includes the following: receiving as input a payment amount; collecting face image information of a payer when receiving a facial recognition payment request; and sending a payment request to a payment server, where the payment request includes the payment amount, a device identifier of a facial recognition payment device, and the face image information, so that the payment server determines an account bound to payee based on the device identifier, and transfers the payment amount to the payee account from a payer account corresponding to the face image information.1. A computer-implemented method comprising:
generating, by a payment server, a prompt responsive to establishing a binding relationship between an account bound to a payee and a device identifier of a facial recognition payment device; transmitting, by the payment server, the prompt to at least one of the facial recognition payment device or a payment client of the payee, wherein the prompt is transmitted over a communications network connecting the payment server to at least one of the facial recognition payment device or the payment client of the payee; receiving, by the payment server, a payment request from the facial recognition payment device, wherein the payment request comprises a payment amount, the device identifier of the facial recognition payment device, and face image information of a payer; and the payment amount is an amount received as input by the facial recognition payment device; determining the account bound to the payee based on the device identifier and the binding relationship, and determining an account bound to the payer based on the face image information; and transferring the payment amount from the account bound to the payer to the account bound to the payee. 2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein after determining the account bound to the payer based on the face image information, the method further comprises:
determining a payer account identifier of the account bound to the payer and adding the payer account identifier to the payment request. 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the payment request further comprises a mobile phone number of the payer; and before transferring the payment amount from the account bound to the payer to the account bound to the payee, the method further comprises:
determining a corresponding payer account based on the mobile phone number; and determining the corresponding payer account matches the account bound to the payer determined based on the face image information. 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein before receiving the payment request from the facial recognition payment device, the method further comprises:
receiving a binding request from the payment client of the payee, wherein the binding request comprises the device identifier of the facial recognition payment device and a payee account identifier of the payee; and establishing the binding relationship between a payee account corresponding to the payee account identifier and the device identifier. 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 4 wherein the binding request comprises the device identifier of the facial recognition payment device and the payee account identifier of the payee, and wherein the binding request is initiated, in part, by displaying a graphic code configured to allow the payment client of the payee to scan the graphic code and request the payment server to establish the binding relationship between the device identifier and the payee account. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the payment request does not comprise account information of the account bound to the payee. 7. A non-transitory, computer-readable medium storing one or more instructions executable by a computer system to perform operations comprising:
generating, by a payment server, a prompt responsive to establishing a binding relationship between an account bound to a payee and a device identifier of a facial recognition payment device: transmitting, by the payment server, the prompt to at least one of the facial recognition payment device or a payment client of the payee, wherein the prompt is transmitted over a communications network connecting the payment server to at least one of the facial recognition payment device or the payment client of the payee; receiving, by the payment server, a payment request from the facial recognition payment device, wherein the payment request comprises a payment amount, the device identifier of the facial recognition payment device, and face image information of a payer; and the payment amount is an amount received as input by the facial recognition payment device; determining the account bound to the payee based on the device identifier and the binding relationship, and determining an account bound to the payer based on the face image information; and transferring the payment amount from the account bound to the payer to the account bound to the payee. 8. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 7, wherein after determining the account bound to the payer based on the face image information, the operations further comprise:
determining a payer account identifier of the account bound to the payer and adding the payer account identifier to the payment request. 9. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 7, wherein the payment request further comprises a mobile phone number of the payer; and before transferring the payment amount from the account bound to the payer to the account bound to the payee, the operations further comprise:
determining a corresponding payer account based on the mobile phone number; and determining the corresponding payer account matches the account bound to the payer determined based on the face image information. 10. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 7, wherein before receiving the payment request from the facial recognition payment device, the operations further comprise:
receiving a binding request from the payment client of the payee, wherein the binding request comprises the device identifier of the facial recognition payment device and a payee account identifier of the payee; and establishing the binding relationship between a payee account corresponding to the payee account identifier and the device identifier. 11. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 10 wherein the binding request comprises the device identifier of the facial recognition payment device and the payee account identifier of the payee, and wherein the binding request is initiated, in part, by displaying a graphic code configured to allow the payment client of the payee to scan the graphic code and request the payment server to establish the binding relationship between the device identifier and the payee account. 12. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 7, wherein the payment request does not comprise account information of the account bound to the payee. 13. A system, comprising:
one or more computers; and one or more computer memory devices interoperably coupled with the one or more computers and having tangible, non-transitory, machine-readable media storing one or more instructions that, when executed by the one or more computers, perform one or more operations comprising: generating, by a payment server, a prompt responsive to establishing a binding relationship between an account bound to a payee and a device identifier of a facial recognition payment device; transmitting, by the payment server, the prompt to at least one of the facial recognition payment device or a payment client of the payee, wherein the prompt is transmitted over a communications network connecting the payment server to at least one of the facial recognition payment device or the payment client of the payee; receiving, by the payment server, a payment request from the facial recognition payment device, wherein the payment request comprises a payment amount, the device identifier of the facial recognition payment device, and face image information of a payer; and the payment amount is an amount received as input by the facial recognition payment device; determining the account bound to the payee based on the device identifier and the binding relationship, and determining an account bound to the payer based on the face image information; and transferring the payment amount from the account bound to the payer to the account bound to the payee. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein after determining the account bound to the payer based on the face image information, the operations further comprise:
determining a payer account identifier of the account bound to the payer and adding the payer account identifier to the payment request. 15. The system of claim 13, wherein the payment request further comprises a mobile phone number of the payer; and before transferring the payment amount from the account bound to the payer to the account bound to the payee, the operations further comprise:
determining a corresponding payer account based on the mobile phone number; and determining the corresponding payer account matches the account bound to the payer determined based on the face image information. 16. The system of claim 13, wherein before receiving the payment request from the facial recognition payment device, the operations further comprise:
receiving a binding request from the payment client of the payee, wherein the binding request comprises the device identifier of the facial recognition payment device and a payee account identifier of the payee; and establishing the binding relationship between a payee account corresponding to the payee account identifier and the device identifier. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the binding request comprises the device identifier of the facial recognition payment device and the payee account identifier of the payee, and wherein the binding request is initiated, in part, by displaying a graphic code configured to allow the payment client of the payee to scan the graphic code and request the payment server to establish the binding relationship between the device identifier and the payee account. 18. The system of claim 13, wherein the payment request does not comprise account information of the account bound to the payee. | 2,800 |
346,079 | 16,804,494 | 2,864 | A heating cooker to manage surface and inside temperatures of food. A heating portion heats inside of a heating space where the food material is placed. At least one processor controls the heating portion to perform driving for high-temperature heating after performing driving for low-temperature heating. During the driving for low-temperature heating, the heating portion may heat the inside of the heating space such that an average increase velocity of a reference temperature of the food material is lower than an average increase velocity of the reference temperature of the food material during the driving for high-temperature heating. During the driving for high-temperature heating, the heating portion may heat the inside of the heating space such that an average increase velocity of the reference temperature of the food material is higher than the average increase velocity of the reference temperature of the food material during the driving for low-temperature heating. | 1. A heating cooker comprising:
a housing forming a heating space where a food material is placed; a heating portion configured to heat an inside of the heating space; and at least one processor configured to control the heating portion to:
perform driving for low-temperature heating on the inside of the heating space, and
perform driving for high-temperature heating on the inside of the heating space,
wherein the heating portion is configured to:
heat the inside of the heating space such that an average increase velocity of a reference temperature of the food material during the driving for low-temperature heating is lower than an average increase velocity of the reference temperature of the food material during the driving for high-temperature heating, and
heat the inside of the heating space such that the average increase velocity of the reference temperature of the food material during the driving for high-temperature heating is higher than the average increase velocity of the reference temperature of the food material during the driving for low-temperature heating. 2. The heating cooker of claim 1, wherein the reference temperature of the food material includes at least one of a surface temperature or an inside temperature of the food material. 3. The heating cooker of claim 2, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to control the heating portion to:
terminate the driving for low-temperature heating and start the driving for high-temperature heating when a predetermined driving switching condition is satisfied during the driving for low-temperature heating, and terminate the driving for high-temperature heating when a predetermined driving completion condition is satisfied during the driving for high-temperature heating. 4. The heating cooker of claim 3, wherein the predetermined driving switching condition is one of:
a first switching condition wherein the inside temperature of the food material reaches a predetermined switching inside temperature, a second switching condition wherein the surface temperature of the food material reaches a predetermined switching surface temperature, or a third switching condition wherein a time period elapsed from a time at which the driving of low-temperature heating starts reaches a predetermined switching time period. 5. The heating cooker of claim 3, wherein the predetermined driving completion condition is one of:
a first completion condition wherein the surface temperature of the food material reaches a predetermined target surface temperature and the inside temperature of the food material reaches a predetermined target inside temperature, a second completion condition wherein the inside temperature of the food material reaches the predetermined target inside temperature, or a third completion condition wherein the surface temperature of the food material reaches the predetermined target surface temperature. 6. The heating cooker of claim 4, wherein:
the at least one processor is further configured to set the predetermined driving switching condition based on at least one of a kind, size, or position of the food material, and set the predetermined switching inside temperature to correspond to the predetermined driving switching condition, and the predetermined switching inside temperature is determined based on a predetermined target inside temperature of the food material, an average increase velocity of the inside temperature of the food material determined according to an output of the heating portion for the driving for low-temperature heating, and an average increase velocity of the inside temperature of the food material determined according to an output of the heating portion for the driving for high-temperature heating. 7. The heating cooker of claim 5, wherein:
the at least one processor is further configured to set the predetermined driving completion condition based on at least one of a kind, size, or position of the food material, and set the predetermined target surface temperature and the predetermined target inside temperature to correspond to the predetermined driving completion condition, the predetermined target surface temperature is a pre-set temperature at which a surface of the food material is heated without being burned, and the predetermined target inside temperature is a pre-set temperature at which an inside of the food material is heated and sterilized. 8. The heating cooker of claim 6, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to set the output of the heating portion for at least one of the driving for low-temperature heating or the driving for high-temperature heating based on at least one of the kind, size, or position of the food material. 9. The heating cooker of claim 1, wherein:
the heating portion comprises a first heater, a second heater, and a third heater positioned inside the heating space, an output of the second heater is set to be higher than an output of the first heater, and an output of the third heater is set to be higher than the output of the first heater and lower than the output of the second heater. 10. The heating cooker of claim 9, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to:
control the first heater and the third heater to operate when the driving for low-temperature heating starts, and control the first heater, the second heater, and the third heater to operate when the driving for high-temperature heating starts. 11. The heating cooker of claim 1, wherein an operating time period of the driving for high-temperature heating is shorter than an operating time period of the driving for low-temperature heating. 12. The heating cooker of claim 1, further comprising a steam generator configured to generate steam in the heating space. 13. The heating cooker of claim 12, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to control the steam generator to generate steam in the heating space during the driving for low-temperature heating. 14. The heating cooker of claim 13, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to control the steam generator to generate steam in the heating space when an inside temperature of the heating space exceeds a predetermined steam generation start temperature during the driving for low-temperature heating. 15. The heating cooker of claim 14, wherein:
the at least one processor is further configured to control the steam generator to stop generating steam in the heating space when the inside temperature of the heating space exceeds a steam generation termination temperature that is higher than the predetermined steam generation start temperature, and the predetermined steam generation start temperature and the steam generation termination temperature are determined based on at least one of a kind, size, or position of the food material. 16. The heating cooker of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to:
perform a first low-temperature heating control for controlling the heating portion such that an increase velocity of the reference temperature of the food material is within a predetermined range in a predetermined time period until a predetermined condition for switching the driving for low-temperature heating is satisfied during the driving for low-temperature heating, and perform, when the predetermined condition for switching the driving for low-temperature heating is satisfied during the driving for low-temperature heating, a second low-temperature heating control for controlling the heating portion such that an inside temperature of the heating space is in a predetermined temperature range. 17. The heating cooker of claim 16, wherein:
the predetermined condition for switching the driving for low-temperature heating is a condition that the inside temperature of the heating space reaches a predetermined inside temperature for switching the driving for low-temperature heating, and the predetermined inside temperature for switching the driving for low-temperature heating is set based on at least one of a kind, size, or position of the food material. 18. The heating cooker of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to:
perform, until a predetermined condition for switching the driving for high-temperature heating is satisfied during the driving for high-temperature heating, a first high-temperature heating control for controlling the heating portion such that an average increase velocity of the reference temperature of the food material is higher than the average increase velocity of the reference temperature of the food material during the driving for low-temperature heating, and perform, when the predetermined condition for switching the driving for high-temperature heating is satisfied during the driving for high-temperature heating, a second high-temperature heating control for controlling the heating portion such that an average increase velocity of the reference temperature of the food material is higher than the average increase velocity of the reference temperature of the food material during the driving for low-temperature heating and an output of the heating portion is different from an output of the heating portion during the first high-temperature heating control. 19. The heating cooker of claim 18, wherein:
the predetermined condition for switching the driving of low-temperature heating is that the inside temperature of the food material reaches a predetermined inside temperature for switching to high-temperature heating, and the predetermined inside temperature for switching to high-temperature heating is set based on at least one of a kind, size, or position of the food material. 20. A heating cooking method of a heating cooker, the heating cooker including a housing forming a heating space where a food material is placed, a heating portion configured to heat inside of the heating space, and at least one processor configured to control the heating portion, the heating cooking method comprising:
performing, by the at least one processor, driving for low-temperature heating on the inside of the heating space where the food material is placed; and performing, by the at least one processor, driving for high-temperature heating after performing the driving for low-temperature heating, wherein the driving for low-temperature heating comprises heating, by the heating portion, the inside of the heating space such that an average increase velocity of a reference temperature of the food material is lower than an average increase velocity of the reference temperature of the food material during driving for high-temperature heating, and wherein the driving for high-temperature heating comprises heating, by the heating portion, the inside of the heating space such that an average increase velocity of the reference temperature of the food material is higher than the average increase velocity of the reference temperature of the food material during the driving for low-temperature heating. | A heating cooker to manage surface and inside temperatures of food. A heating portion heats inside of a heating space where the food material is placed. At least one processor controls the heating portion to perform driving for high-temperature heating after performing driving for low-temperature heating. During the driving for low-temperature heating, the heating portion may heat the inside of the heating space such that an average increase velocity of a reference temperature of the food material is lower than an average increase velocity of the reference temperature of the food material during the driving for high-temperature heating. During the driving for high-temperature heating, the heating portion may heat the inside of the heating space such that an average increase velocity of the reference temperature of the food material is higher than the average increase velocity of the reference temperature of the food material during the driving for low-temperature heating.1. A heating cooker comprising:
a housing forming a heating space where a food material is placed; a heating portion configured to heat an inside of the heating space; and at least one processor configured to control the heating portion to:
perform driving for low-temperature heating on the inside of the heating space, and
perform driving for high-temperature heating on the inside of the heating space,
wherein the heating portion is configured to:
heat the inside of the heating space such that an average increase velocity of a reference temperature of the food material during the driving for low-temperature heating is lower than an average increase velocity of the reference temperature of the food material during the driving for high-temperature heating, and
heat the inside of the heating space such that the average increase velocity of the reference temperature of the food material during the driving for high-temperature heating is higher than the average increase velocity of the reference temperature of the food material during the driving for low-temperature heating. 2. The heating cooker of claim 1, wherein the reference temperature of the food material includes at least one of a surface temperature or an inside temperature of the food material. 3. The heating cooker of claim 2, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to control the heating portion to:
terminate the driving for low-temperature heating and start the driving for high-temperature heating when a predetermined driving switching condition is satisfied during the driving for low-temperature heating, and terminate the driving for high-temperature heating when a predetermined driving completion condition is satisfied during the driving for high-temperature heating. 4. The heating cooker of claim 3, wherein the predetermined driving switching condition is one of:
a first switching condition wherein the inside temperature of the food material reaches a predetermined switching inside temperature, a second switching condition wherein the surface temperature of the food material reaches a predetermined switching surface temperature, or a third switching condition wherein a time period elapsed from a time at which the driving of low-temperature heating starts reaches a predetermined switching time period. 5. The heating cooker of claim 3, wherein the predetermined driving completion condition is one of:
a first completion condition wherein the surface temperature of the food material reaches a predetermined target surface temperature and the inside temperature of the food material reaches a predetermined target inside temperature, a second completion condition wherein the inside temperature of the food material reaches the predetermined target inside temperature, or a third completion condition wherein the surface temperature of the food material reaches the predetermined target surface temperature. 6. The heating cooker of claim 4, wherein:
the at least one processor is further configured to set the predetermined driving switching condition based on at least one of a kind, size, or position of the food material, and set the predetermined switching inside temperature to correspond to the predetermined driving switching condition, and the predetermined switching inside temperature is determined based on a predetermined target inside temperature of the food material, an average increase velocity of the inside temperature of the food material determined according to an output of the heating portion for the driving for low-temperature heating, and an average increase velocity of the inside temperature of the food material determined according to an output of the heating portion for the driving for high-temperature heating. 7. The heating cooker of claim 5, wherein:
the at least one processor is further configured to set the predetermined driving completion condition based on at least one of a kind, size, or position of the food material, and set the predetermined target surface temperature and the predetermined target inside temperature to correspond to the predetermined driving completion condition, the predetermined target surface temperature is a pre-set temperature at which a surface of the food material is heated without being burned, and the predetermined target inside temperature is a pre-set temperature at which an inside of the food material is heated and sterilized. 8. The heating cooker of claim 6, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to set the output of the heating portion for at least one of the driving for low-temperature heating or the driving for high-temperature heating based on at least one of the kind, size, or position of the food material. 9. The heating cooker of claim 1, wherein:
the heating portion comprises a first heater, a second heater, and a third heater positioned inside the heating space, an output of the second heater is set to be higher than an output of the first heater, and an output of the third heater is set to be higher than the output of the first heater and lower than the output of the second heater. 10. The heating cooker of claim 9, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to:
control the first heater and the third heater to operate when the driving for low-temperature heating starts, and control the first heater, the second heater, and the third heater to operate when the driving for high-temperature heating starts. 11. The heating cooker of claim 1, wherein an operating time period of the driving for high-temperature heating is shorter than an operating time period of the driving for low-temperature heating. 12. The heating cooker of claim 1, further comprising a steam generator configured to generate steam in the heating space. 13. The heating cooker of claim 12, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to control the steam generator to generate steam in the heating space during the driving for low-temperature heating. 14. The heating cooker of claim 13, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to control the steam generator to generate steam in the heating space when an inside temperature of the heating space exceeds a predetermined steam generation start temperature during the driving for low-temperature heating. 15. The heating cooker of claim 14, wherein:
the at least one processor is further configured to control the steam generator to stop generating steam in the heating space when the inside temperature of the heating space exceeds a steam generation termination temperature that is higher than the predetermined steam generation start temperature, and the predetermined steam generation start temperature and the steam generation termination temperature are determined based on at least one of a kind, size, or position of the food material. 16. The heating cooker of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to:
perform a first low-temperature heating control for controlling the heating portion such that an increase velocity of the reference temperature of the food material is within a predetermined range in a predetermined time period until a predetermined condition for switching the driving for low-temperature heating is satisfied during the driving for low-temperature heating, and perform, when the predetermined condition for switching the driving for low-temperature heating is satisfied during the driving for low-temperature heating, a second low-temperature heating control for controlling the heating portion such that an inside temperature of the heating space is in a predetermined temperature range. 17. The heating cooker of claim 16, wherein:
the predetermined condition for switching the driving for low-temperature heating is a condition that the inside temperature of the heating space reaches a predetermined inside temperature for switching the driving for low-temperature heating, and the predetermined inside temperature for switching the driving for low-temperature heating is set based on at least one of a kind, size, or position of the food material. 18. The heating cooker of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to:
perform, until a predetermined condition for switching the driving for high-temperature heating is satisfied during the driving for high-temperature heating, a first high-temperature heating control for controlling the heating portion such that an average increase velocity of the reference temperature of the food material is higher than the average increase velocity of the reference temperature of the food material during the driving for low-temperature heating, and perform, when the predetermined condition for switching the driving for high-temperature heating is satisfied during the driving for high-temperature heating, a second high-temperature heating control for controlling the heating portion such that an average increase velocity of the reference temperature of the food material is higher than the average increase velocity of the reference temperature of the food material during the driving for low-temperature heating and an output of the heating portion is different from an output of the heating portion during the first high-temperature heating control. 19. The heating cooker of claim 18, wherein:
the predetermined condition for switching the driving of low-temperature heating is that the inside temperature of the food material reaches a predetermined inside temperature for switching to high-temperature heating, and the predetermined inside temperature for switching to high-temperature heating is set based on at least one of a kind, size, or position of the food material. 20. A heating cooking method of a heating cooker, the heating cooker including a housing forming a heating space where a food material is placed, a heating portion configured to heat inside of the heating space, and at least one processor configured to control the heating portion, the heating cooking method comprising:
performing, by the at least one processor, driving for low-temperature heating on the inside of the heating space where the food material is placed; and performing, by the at least one processor, driving for high-temperature heating after performing the driving for low-temperature heating, wherein the driving for low-temperature heating comprises heating, by the heating portion, the inside of the heating space such that an average increase velocity of a reference temperature of the food material is lower than an average increase velocity of the reference temperature of the food material during driving for high-temperature heating, and wherein the driving for high-temperature heating comprises heating, by the heating portion, the inside of the heating space such that an average increase velocity of the reference temperature of the food material is higher than the average increase velocity of the reference temperature of the food material during the driving for low-temperature heating. | 2,800 |
346,080 | 16,804,504 | 2,864 | Various embodiments of SST dies and solid state lighting (“SSL”) devices with SST dies, assemblies, and methods of manufacturing are described herein. In one embodiment, a SST die includes a substrate material, a first semiconductor material and a second semiconductor material on the substrate material, an active region between the first semiconductor material and the second semiconductor material, and a support structure defined by the substrate material. In some embodiments, the support structure has an opening that is vertically aligned with the active region. | 1. A solid state transducer (SST) die, comprising:
a growth substrate; a SST structure on the growth substrate, the SST structure including a first semiconductor material and a second semiconductor material; a first contact on the first semiconductor material; a second contact on the second semiconductor material; an insulating material on the SST structure, the first contact and the second contact; and a conductive material on the insulating material and in contact with the first contact and the second contact; wherein the growth substrate includes an opening aligned with the second contact and a rigid structure aligned with the first contact. 2. The SST die of claim 1, further comprising a gap between the first contact and the second semiconductor material. 3. The SST die of claim 2, wherein the first semiconductor material is exposed at a bottom portion of the gap. 4. The SST die of claim 1, further comprising a peripheral gap between an outward-facing sidewall of the first contact and an outside edge of the first semiconductor material. 5. The SST die of claim 4, wherein the first semiconductor material is exposed at a bottom portion of the peripheral gap. 6. The SST die of claim 1, wherein the first semiconductor material is directly in contact with the growth substrate. 7. The SST die of claim 6, further comprising an active region on the first semiconductor material. 8. The SST die of claim 7, wherein the second semiconductor material is on the active region. 9. The SST die of claim 1, wherein the first contact is on a first side of the first semiconductor material, and wherein a second side of the first semiconductor material is exposed through the opening. 10. The SST die of claim 1, further comprising a buffer material between the growth substrate and the first semiconductor material. 11. The SST die of claim 10, wherein the buffer material is exposed through the opening. 12. The SST die of claim 1, wherein the SST structure includes a contact opening, and wherein the first contact is formed in the contact opening. 13. The SST die of claim 1, wherein the insulating material includes a plurality of channels extending therethrough. 14. The SST die of claim 1, wherein the growth substrate has a thickness of about 20 to about 50 microns. 15. The SST die of claim 1, further comprising: a channel dividing the conductive material into a first terminal and a second terminal. 16. The SST die of claim 1, wherein the growth substrate comprises an engineered substrate having a structural material and a growth surface suitable for epitaxy, and wherein the support structure comprises silicon on poly-aluminum nitride and the growth surface comprises silicon (1,1,1). 17. A solid state transducer (SST) die, comprising:
a growth substrate; a buffer material on the growth substrate; a SST structure on the growth substrate, the SST structure including a first semiconductor material and a second semiconductor material; a first contact on the first semiconductor material; a second contact on the second semiconductor material; an insulating material on the SST structure, the first contact and the second contact; and a conductive material on the insulating material and in contact with the first contact and the second contact; wherein the growth substrate includes an opening aligned with the second contact and a rigid structure aligned with the first contact. 18. The SST die of claim 17, wherein the support structure comprises silicon on poly-aluminum nitride and the growth surface comprises silicon (1,1,1), and further comprising:
a channel dividing the conductive material into a first terminal and a second terminal. | Various embodiments of SST dies and solid state lighting (“SSL”) devices with SST dies, assemblies, and methods of manufacturing are described herein. In one embodiment, a SST die includes a substrate material, a first semiconductor material and a second semiconductor material on the substrate material, an active region between the first semiconductor material and the second semiconductor material, and a support structure defined by the substrate material. In some embodiments, the support structure has an opening that is vertically aligned with the active region.1. A solid state transducer (SST) die, comprising:
a growth substrate; a SST structure on the growth substrate, the SST structure including a first semiconductor material and a second semiconductor material; a first contact on the first semiconductor material; a second contact on the second semiconductor material; an insulating material on the SST structure, the first contact and the second contact; and a conductive material on the insulating material and in contact with the first contact and the second contact; wherein the growth substrate includes an opening aligned with the second contact and a rigid structure aligned with the first contact. 2. The SST die of claim 1, further comprising a gap between the first contact and the second semiconductor material. 3. The SST die of claim 2, wherein the first semiconductor material is exposed at a bottom portion of the gap. 4. The SST die of claim 1, further comprising a peripheral gap between an outward-facing sidewall of the first contact and an outside edge of the first semiconductor material. 5. The SST die of claim 4, wherein the first semiconductor material is exposed at a bottom portion of the peripheral gap. 6. The SST die of claim 1, wherein the first semiconductor material is directly in contact with the growth substrate. 7. The SST die of claim 6, further comprising an active region on the first semiconductor material. 8. The SST die of claim 7, wherein the second semiconductor material is on the active region. 9. The SST die of claim 1, wherein the first contact is on a first side of the first semiconductor material, and wherein a second side of the first semiconductor material is exposed through the opening. 10. The SST die of claim 1, further comprising a buffer material between the growth substrate and the first semiconductor material. 11. The SST die of claim 10, wherein the buffer material is exposed through the opening. 12. The SST die of claim 1, wherein the SST structure includes a contact opening, and wherein the first contact is formed in the contact opening. 13. The SST die of claim 1, wherein the insulating material includes a plurality of channels extending therethrough. 14. The SST die of claim 1, wherein the growth substrate has a thickness of about 20 to about 50 microns. 15. The SST die of claim 1, further comprising: a channel dividing the conductive material into a first terminal and a second terminal. 16. The SST die of claim 1, wherein the growth substrate comprises an engineered substrate having a structural material and a growth surface suitable for epitaxy, and wherein the support structure comprises silicon on poly-aluminum nitride and the growth surface comprises silicon (1,1,1). 17. A solid state transducer (SST) die, comprising:
a growth substrate; a buffer material on the growth substrate; a SST structure on the growth substrate, the SST structure including a first semiconductor material and a second semiconductor material; a first contact on the first semiconductor material; a second contact on the second semiconductor material; an insulating material on the SST structure, the first contact and the second contact; and a conductive material on the insulating material and in contact with the first contact and the second contact; wherein the growth substrate includes an opening aligned with the second contact and a rigid structure aligned with the first contact. 18. The SST die of claim 17, wherein the support structure comprises silicon on poly-aluminum nitride and the growth surface comprises silicon (1,1,1), and further comprising:
a channel dividing the conductive material into a first terminal and a second terminal. | 2,800 |
346,081 | 16,804,523 | 2,864 | An anti-pest film may be provided. The anti-pest film has an upward-facing reflective surface and one or more inner reflective layers overlaying an opaque downward-facing layer. The anti-pest film may include a barrier layer between two inner reflective layers, where sandwiching the barrier layer may be two malaic anhydride layers. The upward-facing reflective surface may be a vacuum metalized layer, and in certain embodiments, the vacuum metalized layer may be embossed for providing a plurality of half ellipsoid indentation for increasing the angles of incidents for reflected sunlight. Additional embodiments may include bookending opaque layers on opposing sides of the vacuum metalized layer. | 1. An anti-pest film for agriculture, comprising:
an upward-facing reflective surface; a downward-facing opaque layer; and one or more inner reflective layers sandwiched between the upward-facing reflective surface and the downward-facing opaque layer. 2. The anti-pest film for agriculture of claim 1, wherein the one or more inner reflective layers are two inner reflective layers; and
a barrier layer between the two inner reflective layers. 3. The anti-pest film for agriculture of claim 2, wherein the barrier layers is ethylene vinyl alcohol. 4. The anti-pest film for agriculture of claim 2, further comprising two malaic anhydride layers sandwiching the barrier layer. 5. The anti-pest film for agriculture of claim 1, wherein the upward-facing reflective surface is embossed with more than a hundred half ellipsoid indentation per square foot for increasing the angles of incidents for reflected sunlight. 6. The anti-pest film for agriculture of claim 5, further comprising an opaque layer bookending and coplanar with the upward-facing reflective surface. 7. The anti-pest film for agriculture of claim 1, wherein the upward-facing reflective surface is a vacuum metalized layer. 8. An anti-pest film for agriculture, comprising:
an upward-facing vacuum metalized surface embossed with more than a hundred half ellipsoid indentation per square foot for increasing the angles of incidents for reflected sunlight; an opaque layer bookending and coplanar with each longitudinal side the upward-facing vacuum metalized surface; a downward-facing opaque layer; two inner reflective layers sandwiched between the upward-facing vacuum metalized surface and the downward-facing opaque layer; an ethylene vinyl alcohol barrier layer between the two inner reflective layers; and two malaic anhydride layers sandwiching the ethylene vinyl alcohol barrier layer. 9. An anti-pest film for agriculture, comprising:
an upward-facing vacuum metalized surface embossed with more than a hundred half ellipsoid indentation per square foot for increasing the angles of incidents for reflected sunlight; an opaque layer bookending and coplanar with each longitudinal side of the upward-facing vacuum metalized surface. | An anti-pest film may be provided. The anti-pest film has an upward-facing reflective surface and one or more inner reflective layers overlaying an opaque downward-facing layer. The anti-pest film may include a barrier layer between two inner reflective layers, where sandwiching the barrier layer may be two malaic anhydride layers. The upward-facing reflective surface may be a vacuum metalized layer, and in certain embodiments, the vacuum metalized layer may be embossed for providing a plurality of half ellipsoid indentation for increasing the angles of incidents for reflected sunlight. Additional embodiments may include bookending opaque layers on opposing sides of the vacuum metalized layer.1. An anti-pest film for agriculture, comprising:
an upward-facing reflective surface; a downward-facing opaque layer; and one or more inner reflective layers sandwiched between the upward-facing reflective surface and the downward-facing opaque layer. 2. The anti-pest film for agriculture of claim 1, wherein the one or more inner reflective layers are two inner reflective layers; and
a barrier layer between the two inner reflective layers. 3. The anti-pest film for agriculture of claim 2, wherein the barrier layers is ethylene vinyl alcohol. 4. The anti-pest film for agriculture of claim 2, further comprising two malaic anhydride layers sandwiching the barrier layer. 5. The anti-pest film for agriculture of claim 1, wherein the upward-facing reflective surface is embossed with more than a hundred half ellipsoid indentation per square foot for increasing the angles of incidents for reflected sunlight. 6. The anti-pest film for agriculture of claim 5, further comprising an opaque layer bookending and coplanar with the upward-facing reflective surface. 7. The anti-pest film for agriculture of claim 1, wherein the upward-facing reflective surface is a vacuum metalized layer. 8. An anti-pest film for agriculture, comprising:
an upward-facing vacuum metalized surface embossed with more than a hundred half ellipsoid indentation per square foot for increasing the angles of incidents for reflected sunlight; an opaque layer bookending and coplanar with each longitudinal side the upward-facing vacuum metalized surface; a downward-facing opaque layer; two inner reflective layers sandwiched between the upward-facing vacuum metalized surface and the downward-facing opaque layer; an ethylene vinyl alcohol barrier layer between the two inner reflective layers; and two malaic anhydride layers sandwiching the ethylene vinyl alcohol barrier layer. 9. An anti-pest film for agriculture, comprising:
an upward-facing vacuum metalized surface embossed with more than a hundred half ellipsoid indentation per square foot for increasing the angles of incidents for reflected sunlight; an opaque layer bookending and coplanar with each longitudinal side of the upward-facing vacuum metalized surface. | 2,800 |
346,082 | 16,804,505 | 2,864 | The disclosure of the present invention relates to a rifle barrel vibration dampener or to a vibration dampener sleeve configured to be fit over a portion of a rifle barrel in order to control the harmonic frequency vibration amplitude within the barrel, improving shot group accuracy; while additionally, improving the appearance of the rifle and protecting the outside surface of the rifle barrel. | 1. A rifle barrel vibration dampener comprising;
a elastomeric sleeve,
the sleeve having;
a length,
an inside diameter with an inside surface,
an outside diameter with an outside surface,
a wall thickness,
wherein, the wall thickness is thin, measuring less than one tenth of the outside diameter,
the sleeve configured to form a compression fit over a portion of a rifle barrel,
the rifle barrel having an outside diameter, and,
the rifle barrel having a length. 2. The vibration dampener of claim 1, wherein the length of the sleeve is substantially the same length as the rifle barrel. 3. The vibration dampener of claim 1, wherein the length of the sleeve covers at least one quarter of the length of the rifle barrel and up to three-quarters of the of the length of the rifle barrel. 4. The vibration dampener of claim 1, wherein the length of the sleeve is one third of the length of the rifle barrel. 5. The vibration dampener of claim 1, wherein the sleeve is formed using one of, neoprene, silicone, and rubber. 6. The vibration dampener of claim 5, wherein the inside diameter of the sleeve is smaller than the outside diameter of the rifle barrel. 7. The vibration dampener of claim 1, wherein the sleeve is formed using one of polypropylene and polyethylene. 8. The vibration dampener of claim 7, wherein the inside diameter of the sleeve is slightly smaller than the outside diameter of the rifle barrel and the sleeve requiring heat to fit over the outside diameter of the rifle barrel. 9. The vibration dampener of claim 7, wherein the inside diameter of the sleeve is larger than the outside diameter of the rifle barrel and the sleeve is heated for a secure fit on the rifle barrel. 10. The vibration dampener of claim 7, wherein a uniform layer of elastomeric material is applied to the inside surface of the sleeve prior to installation on the rifle barrel. 11. The vibration dampener of claim 7, wherein elastomeric ribs are applied to the inside surface of the sleeve prior to installation on the rifle barrel. 12. The vibration dampener of claim 1, wherein the inside surface of the sleeve is treated with a rust inhibitor. 13. The vibration dampener of claim 1 where the outside surface of the sleeve having a faux finish comprising one of, camouflage, composite fiber, metal, and wood. 14. A method of installing a vibration dampener sleeve comprising,
providing a elastomeric dampener sleeve,
the sleeve having,
an inside diameter,
a length,
a wall thickness,
wherein, the wall thickness is thin, measuring less than one tenth of the outside diameter,
providing a rifle barrel,
the rifle barrel having,
an outside diameter,
a length,
installing the sleeve onto the rifle barrel, and, the sleeve configured to provide a compression fit over the outside diameter of the rifle barrel. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the sleeve comprising one of, neoprene, silicone and rubber. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the inside diameter of the sleeve is smaller than the outside diameter if the rifle barrel. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the sleeve comprising one of polypropylene and polyethylene. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the inside diameter of the sleeve is slightly smaller than the outside diameter of the rifle barrel and the sleeve and installation comprising;
heating the sleeve, placing the sleeve on the rifle barrel, and, heating the sleeve to shrink around the outside surface of the rifle barrel. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the inside diameter of the sleeve is larger than the outside diameter of the rifle barrel install comprising;
placing the sleeve on the rifle barrel, and, heating the sleeve to shrink around the outside surface of the rifle barrel. | The disclosure of the present invention relates to a rifle barrel vibration dampener or to a vibration dampener sleeve configured to be fit over a portion of a rifle barrel in order to control the harmonic frequency vibration amplitude within the barrel, improving shot group accuracy; while additionally, improving the appearance of the rifle and protecting the outside surface of the rifle barrel.1. A rifle barrel vibration dampener comprising;
a elastomeric sleeve,
the sleeve having;
a length,
an inside diameter with an inside surface,
an outside diameter with an outside surface,
a wall thickness,
wherein, the wall thickness is thin, measuring less than one tenth of the outside diameter,
the sleeve configured to form a compression fit over a portion of a rifle barrel,
the rifle barrel having an outside diameter, and,
the rifle barrel having a length. 2. The vibration dampener of claim 1, wherein the length of the sleeve is substantially the same length as the rifle barrel. 3. The vibration dampener of claim 1, wherein the length of the sleeve covers at least one quarter of the length of the rifle barrel and up to three-quarters of the of the length of the rifle barrel. 4. The vibration dampener of claim 1, wherein the length of the sleeve is one third of the length of the rifle barrel. 5. The vibration dampener of claim 1, wherein the sleeve is formed using one of, neoprene, silicone, and rubber. 6. The vibration dampener of claim 5, wherein the inside diameter of the sleeve is smaller than the outside diameter of the rifle barrel. 7. The vibration dampener of claim 1, wherein the sleeve is formed using one of polypropylene and polyethylene. 8. The vibration dampener of claim 7, wherein the inside diameter of the sleeve is slightly smaller than the outside diameter of the rifle barrel and the sleeve requiring heat to fit over the outside diameter of the rifle barrel. 9. The vibration dampener of claim 7, wherein the inside diameter of the sleeve is larger than the outside diameter of the rifle barrel and the sleeve is heated for a secure fit on the rifle barrel. 10. The vibration dampener of claim 7, wherein a uniform layer of elastomeric material is applied to the inside surface of the sleeve prior to installation on the rifle barrel. 11. The vibration dampener of claim 7, wherein elastomeric ribs are applied to the inside surface of the sleeve prior to installation on the rifle barrel. 12. The vibration dampener of claim 1, wherein the inside surface of the sleeve is treated with a rust inhibitor. 13. The vibration dampener of claim 1 where the outside surface of the sleeve having a faux finish comprising one of, camouflage, composite fiber, metal, and wood. 14. A method of installing a vibration dampener sleeve comprising,
providing a elastomeric dampener sleeve,
the sleeve having,
an inside diameter,
a length,
a wall thickness,
wherein, the wall thickness is thin, measuring less than one tenth of the outside diameter,
providing a rifle barrel,
the rifle barrel having,
an outside diameter,
a length,
installing the sleeve onto the rifle barrel, and, the sleeve configured to provide a compression fit over the outside diameter of the rifle barrel. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the sleeve comprising one of, neoprene, silicone and rubber. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the inside diameter of the sleeve is smaller than the outside diameter if the rifle barrel. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the sleeve comprising one of polypropylene and polyethylene. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the inside diameter of the sleeve is slightly smaller than the outside diameter of the rifle barrel and the sleeve and installation comprising;
heating the sleeve, placing the sleeve on the rifle barrel, and, heating the sleeve to shrink around the outside surface of the rifle barrel. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the inside diameter of the sleeve is larger than the outside diameter of the rifle barrel install comprising;
placing the sleeve on the rifle barrel, and, heating the sleeve to shrink around the outside surface of the rifle barrel. | 2,800 |
346,083 | 16,804,519 | 3,772 | A method of installing a dental prosthetic device includes securing a first guide member to an alveolar arch in a mouth of a patient. The first guide member is utilized to achieve a substantially planar bone surface along the alveolar arch. A second guide member is coupled with the first guide member. The second guide member is utilized to install one or more implants in the alveolar arch through substantially planar bone surface. A dental prosthetic is secured to the one or more implants. The dental prosthetic includes nanoceramic material. | 1. A method of installing a dental prosthetic device, the method comprising:
(a) securing a first guide member to an alveolar arch in a mouth of a patient; (b) utilizing the first guide member to achieve a substantially planar bone surface along the alveolar arch; (c) coupling a second guide member with the first guide member; (d) utilizing the second guide member to install one or more implants in the alveolar arch through substantially planar bone surface; and (e) securing a dental prosthetic to the one or more implants, wherein the dental prosthetic comprises a nanoceramic material. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first guide member comprises:
(i) a horizontal body portion, wherein the horizontal body portion has an arcuate configuration, wherein the horizontal body portion includes:
(A) a first horizontal surface, wherein the first horizontal surface is flat,
(B) a front surface,
(C) a rear surface, wherein the rear surface is configured to closely mate with a front-facing bone structure of the alveolar arch of a patient, and
(D) a second horizontal surface,
wherein the front and rear surfaces extend between the first and second horizontal surfaces,
(ii) a first upright body portion positioned at one end of the horizontal body portion, wherein the first upright body portion includes a first inwardly extending portion, wherein a first engagement surface of the first inwardly extending portion is configured to rest on a ridge of the alveolar arch of the patient, and (iii) a second upright body portion positioned at another end of the horizontal body portion, wherein the second upright body portion includes a second inwardly extending portion, wherein a second engagement surface of the second inwardly extending portion is configured to rest on a ridge of the alveolar arch of the patient, wherein the first guide member lacks a component configured to extend along a lingual or palatal side of the alveolar arch of the patient. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
(a) mounting a strut assembly to the first guide member to confirm proper placement of the first guide member, wherein the strut assembly comprises:
(i) a horizontal body portion, wherein the horizontal body portion of the strut assembly has an arcuate configuration generally corresponding to the arcuate configuration of the first guide member,
(ii) a set of strut members configured to engage a horizontal body portion of the first guide member, and
(iii) a set of three-dimensional representations of teeth, wherein the strut members are configured to position the teeth at a predetermined distance from a first horizontal surface of the first guide member; and
(b) removing the strut assembly from the first guide member before coupling the second guide member to the first guide member. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the second guide member comprises:
(i) a horizontal body portion, wherein the horizontal body portion of the second guide member has an arcuate configuration generally corresponding to an arcuate configuration of the first guide member, (ii) a set of flange members configured to engage a horizontal body portion of the first guide member, and (iii) a set of guide passageways. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the horizontal body portion of the second guide member defines a pair of tabs at each end of the arcuate configuration, wherein the first guide member defines a pair of slots, wherein the slots are configured to receive the tabs. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the slots are defined by first and second upright body portions of the first guide member. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the dental prosthetic comprises a full arch bridge spanning the full alveolar arch. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the dental prosthetic includes one or more metallic inserts in the nanoceramic material, wherein the dental prosthetic is secured to the one or more implants via the one or more metallic inserts, the method further comprising securing one or more abutments to the one or more implants, wherein securing the dental prosthetic to the one or more implants comprises securing the one or more metallic inserts to the one or more abutments, wherein securing the one or more metallic inserts to the one or more abutments comprises:
(i) inserting one or more screws through the dental prosthetic, and (ii) securing the one or more metallic inserts to the one or more abutments via the one or more inserted screws. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising:
(i) securing the one or metallic inserts to the one or more abutments, before the one or more metallic inserts are secured to the dental prosthetic, (ii) applying cement in one or more recesses formed in the dental prosthetic, (iii) positioning the dental prosthetic on the one or more metallic inserts such that the one or more metallic inserts are received in the one or more recesses formed in the dental prosthetic, (iv) waiting for the cement to cure such that the one or more metallic inserts are secured to the dental prosthetic via the cement, (v) removing the one or more metallic inserts and the dental prosthetic from the one or more abutments, wherein the one or more metallic inserts remain secured to the dental prosthetic via the cement after removing the one or more metallic inserts and the dental prosthetic from the one or more abutments, and (vi) securing the dental prosthetic and the one or more metallic inserts to the abutments. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising:
(i) securing another one or metallic inserts to the one or more abutments after removing the one or more metallic inserts and the dental prosthetic from the one or more abutments, (ii) applying cement in one or more recesses formed in a second dental prosthetic, (iii) positioning the second dental prosthetic on the another one or more metallic inserts such that the another one or more metallic inserts are received in the one or more recesses formed in the second dental prosthetic, (iv) waiting for the cement to cure such that the another one or more metallic inserts are secured to the second dental prosthetic via the cement; and (v) removing the another one or more metallic inserts and the second dental prosthetic from the one or more abutments, wherein the another one or more metallic inserts remain secured to the second dental prosthetic via the cement after removing the another one or more metallic inserts and the second dental prosthetic from the one or more abutments, wherein the second dental prosthetic comprises poly(methyl methacrylate). 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
(a) injecting a dental reline material in one or more gaps defined between gum tissue of the alveolar arch and a corresponding surface of the dental prosthetic; and (b) modifying a configuration of the dental prosthetic based on the injected dental reline material. 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
(a) injecting a dental impression material in one or more gaps defined between gum tissue of the alveolar arch and a corresponding surface of the dental prosthetic; and (b) modifying a configuration of the dental prosthetic based on the injected dental impression material. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein utilizing the first guide member to achieve a substantially planar bone surface along the alveolar arch comprises one or both of removing bone protruding past a plane defined by a horizontal surface of the first guide member or adding bone augmentation material bone recessed below a plane defined by a horizontal surface of the first guide member. 14. An apparatus, comprising:
(a) a first guide member, the first guide member being configured to be secured to an alveolar arch in a mouth of a patient; (b) a second guide member, the second guide member being configured to couple with the first guide member while the first guide member is secured to the alveolar arch, the second guide member being configured to guide installation of one or more implants in the alveolar arch; and (c) a dental prosthetic, the dental prosthetic being configured to be secured to the alveolar arch by at least one or more implants installed in the alveolar arch, the dental prosthetic comprising nanoceramic material. 15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the first guide member comprises:
(i) a horizontal body portion, wherein the horizontal body portion has an arcuate configuration, wherein the horizontal body portion includes:
(A) a first horizontal surface, wherein the first horizontal surface is flat,
(B) a front surface,
(C) a rear surface, wherein the rear surface is configured to closely mate with a front-facing bone structure of the alveolar arch, and
(D) a second horizontal surface,
wherein the front and rear surfaces extend between the first and second horizontal surfaces,
(ii) a first upright body portion positioned at one end of the horizontal body portion, wherein the first upright body portion includes a first inwardly extending portion, wherein a first engagement surface of the first inwardly extending portion is configured to rest on a ridge of the alveolar arch, and (iii) a second upright body portion positioned at another end of the horizontal body portion, wherein the second upright body portion includes a second inwardly extending portion, wherein a second engagement surface of the second inwardly extending portion is configured to rest on a ridge of the alveolar arch, wherein the first guide member lacks a component configured to extend along a lingual or palatal side of the alveolar arch. 16. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the second guide member comprises:
(i) a horizontal body portion, wherein the horizontal body portion of the second guide member has an arcuate configuration generally corresponding to an arcuate configuration of the first guide member, (ii) a set of flange members configured to engage a horizontal body portion of the first guide member, and (iii) a set of guide passageways. 17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the horizontal body portion of the second guide member defines a pair of tabs at each end of the arcuate configuration, wherein the first guide member defines a pair of slots, wherein the slots are configured to receive the tabs, wherein the slots are defined by first and second upright body portions of the first guide member. 18. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the dental prosthetic comprises a full arch bridge spanning the full alveolar arch. 19. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the dental prosthetic includes:
(i) a base having a polymer material, (ii) a pink gingiva resin layer over the nanoceramic material, and (iii) an acrylic material layer over the nanoceramic material. 20. The apparatus of claim 14, further comprising:
(a) one or more metallic inserts; and (b) one or more abutments, wherein the one or more abutments are configured to be secured to the one or more implants, wherein the one or more metallic inserts are configured to be secured to the one or more abutments, wherein the dental prosthetic is configured to be secured to the one or more implants via the one or more metallic inserts and the one or more abutments. | A method of installing a dental prosthetic device includes securing a first guide member to an alveolar arch in a mouth of a patient. The first guide member is utilized to achieve a substantially planar bone surface along the alveolar arch. A second guide member is coupled with the first guide member. The second guide member is utilized to install one or more implants in the alveolar arch through substantially planar bone surface. A dental prosthetic is secured to the one or more implants. The dental prosthetic includes nanoceramic material.1. A method of installing a dental prosthetic device, the method comprising:
(a) securing a first guide member to an alveolar arch in a mouth of a patient; (b) utilizing the first guide member to achieve a substantially planar bone surface along the alveolar arch; (c) coupling a second guide member with the first guide member; (d) utilizing the second guide member to install one or more implants in the alveolar arch through substantially planar bone surface; and (e) securing a dental prosthetic to the one or more implants, wherein the dental prosthetic comprises a nanoceramic material. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first guide member comprises:
(i) a horizontal body portion, wherein the horizontal body portion has an arcuate configuration, wherein the horizontal body portion includes:
(A) a first horizontal surface, wherein the first horizontal surface is flat,
(B) a front surface,
(C) a rear surface, wherein the rear surface is configured to closely mate with a front-facing bone structure of the alveolar arch of a patient, and
(D) a second horizontal surface,
wherein the front and rear surfaces extend between the first and second horizontal surfaces,
(ii) a first upright body portion positioned at one end of the horizontal body portion, wherein the first upright body portion includes a first inwardly extending portion, wherein a first engagement surface of the first inwardly extending portion is configured to rest on a ridge of the alveolar arch of the patient, and (iii) a second upright body portion positioned at another end of the horizontal body portion, wherein the second upright body portion includes a second inwardly extending portion, wherein a second engagement surface of the second inwardly extending portion is configured to rest on a ridge of the alveolar arch of the patient, wherein the first guide member lacks a component configured to extend along a lingual or palatal side of the alveolar arch of the patient. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
(a) mounting a strut assembly to the first guide member to confirm proper placement of the first guide member, wherein the strut assembly comprises:
(i) a horizontal body portion, wherein the horizontal body portion of the strut assembly has an arcuate configuration generally corresponding to the arcuate configuration of the first guide member,
(ii) a set of strut members configured to engage a horizontal body portion of the first guide member, and
(iii) a set of three-dimensional representations of teeth, wherein the strut members are configured to position the teeth at a predetermined distance from a first horizontal surface of the first guide member; and
(b) removing the strut assembly from the first guide member before coupling the second guide member to the first guide member. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the second guide member comprises:
(i) a horizontal body portion, wherein the horizontal body portion of the second guide member has an arcuate configuration generally corresponding to an arcuate configuration of the first guide member, (ii) a set of flange members configured to engage a horizontal body portion of the first guide member, and (iii) a set of guide passageways. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the horizontal body portion of the second guide member defines a pair of tabs at each end of the arcuate configuration, wherein the first guide member defines a pair of slots, wherein the slots are configured to receive the tabs. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the slots are defined by first and second upright body portions of the first guide member. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the dental prosthetic comprises a full arch bridge spanning the full alveolar arch. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the dental prosthetic includes one or more metallic inserts in the nanoceramic material, wherein the dental prosthetic is secured to the one or more implants via the one or more metallic inserts, the method further comprising securing one or more abutments to the one or more implants, wherein securing the dental prosthetic to the one or more implants comprises securing the one or more metallic inserts to the one or more abutments, wherein securing the one or more metallic inserts to the one or more abutments comprises:
(i) inserting one or more screws through the dental prosthetic, and (ii) securing the one or more metallic inserts to the one or more abutments via the one or more inserted screws. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising:
(i) securing the one or metallic inserts to the one or more abutments, before the one or more metallic inserts are secured to the dental prosthetic, (ii) applying cement in one or more recesses formed in the dental prosthetic, (iii) positioning the dental prosthetic on the one or more metallic inserts such that the one or more metallic inserts are received in the one or more recesses formed in the dental prosthetic, (iv) waiting for the cement to cure such that the one or more metallic inserts are secured to the dental prosthetic via the cement, (v) removing the one or more metallic inserts and the dental prosthetic from the one or more abutments, wherein the one or more metallic inserts remain secured to the dental prosthetic via the cement after removing the one or more metallic inserts and the dental prosthetic from the one or more abutments, and (vi) securing the dental prosthetic and the one or more metallic inserts to the abutments. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising:
(i) securing another one or metallic inserts to the one or more abutments after removing the one or more metallic inserts and the dental prosthetic from the one or more abutments, (ii) applying cement in one or more recesses formed in a second dental prosthetic, (iii) positioning the second dental prosthetic on the another one or more metallic inserts such that the another one or more metallic inserts are received in the one or more recesses formed in the second dental prosthetic, (iv) waiting for the cement to cure such that the another one or more metallic inserts are secured to the second dental prosthetic via the cement; and (v) removing the another one or more metallic inserts and the second dental prosthetic from the one or more abutments, wherein the another one or more metallic inserts remain secured to the second dental prosthetic via the cement after removing the another one or more metallic inserts and the second dental prosthetic from the one or more abutments, wherein the second dental prosthetic comprises poly(methyl methacrylate). 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
(a) injecting a dental reline material in one or more gaps defined between gum tissue of the alveolar arch and a corresponding surface of the dental prosthetic; and (b) modifying a configuration of the dental prosthetic based on the injected dental reline material. 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
(a) injecting a dental impression material in one or more gaps defined between gum tissue of the alveolar arch and a corresponding surface of the dental prosthetic; and (b) modifying a configuration of the dental prosthetic based on the injected dental impression material. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein utilizing the first guide member to achieve a substantially planar bone surface along the alveolar arch comprises one or both of removing bone protruding past a plane defined by a horizontal surface of the first guide member or adding bone augmentation material bone recessed below a plane defined by a horizontal surface of the first guide member. 14. An apparatus, comprising:
(a) a first guide member, the first guide member being configured to be secured to an alveolar arch in a mouth of a patient; (b) a second guide member, the second guide member being configured to couple with the first guide member while the first guide member is secured to the alveolar arch, the second guide member being configured to guide installation of one or more implants in the alveolar arch; and (c) a dental prosthetic, the dental prosthetic being configured to be secured to the alveolar arch by at least one or more implants installed in the alveolar arch, the dental prosthetic comprising nanoceramic material. 15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the first guide member comprises:
(i) a horizontal body portion, wherein the horizontal body portion has an arcuate configuration, wherein the horizontal body portion includes:
(A) a first horizontal surface, wherein the first horizontal surface is flat,
(B) a front surface,
(C) a rear surface, wherein the rear surface is configured to closely mate with a front-facing bone structure of the alveolar arch, and
(D) a second horizontal surface,
wherein the front and rear surfaces extend between the first and second horizontal surfaces,
(ii) a first upright body portion positioned at one end of the horizontal body portion, wherein the first upright body portion includes a first inwardly extending portion, wherein a first engagement surface of the first inwardly extending portion is configured to rest on a ridge of the alveolar arch, and (iii) a second upright body portion positioned at another end of the horizontal body portion, wherein the second upright body portion includes a second inwardly extending portion, wherein a second engagement surface of the second inwardly extending portion is configured to rest on a ridge of the alveolar arch, wherein the first guide member lacks a component configured to extend along a lingual or palatal side of the alveolar arch. 16. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the second guide member comprises:
(i) a horizontal body portion, wherein the horizontal body portion of the second guide member has an arcuate configuration generally corresponding to an arcuate configuration of the first guide member, (ii) a set of flange members configured to engage a horizontal body portion of the first guide member, and (iii) a set of guide passageways. 17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the horizontal body portion of the second guide member defines a pair of tabs at each end of the arcuate configuration, wherein the first guide member defines a pair of slots, wherein the slots are configured to receive the tabs, wherein the slots are defined by first and second upright body portions of the first guide member. 18. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the dental prosthetic comprises a full arch bridge spanning the full alveolar arch. 19. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the dental prosthetic includes:
(i) a base having a polymer material, (ii) a pink gingiva resin layer over the nanoceramic material, and (iii) an acrylic material layer over the nanoceramic material. 20. The apparatus of claim 14, further comprising:
(a) one or more metallic inserts; and (b) one or more abutments, wherein the one or more abutments are configured to be secured to the one or more implants, wherein the one or more metallic inserts are configured to be secured to the one or more abutments, wherein the dental prosthetic is configured to be secured to the one or more implants via the one or more metallic inserts and the one or more abutments. | 3,700 |
346,084 | 16,804,508 | 3,772 | A method and system are used to enhance a marker material to include a plurality of air bubbles. The method of manufacturing a marker includes enhancing a marker material to include a plurality of air bubbles using at least a first EFD and a second EFD. The method may include cycling repeatedly through a transfer process between a first container and a second container. A system for enhancing a marker material includes a transfer apparatus configured to receive a marker material and a selected amount of air. The system comprises a first EFD coupled to a first end of the transfer apparatus and a second EFD coupled to a second end of the transfer apparatus. | 1.-20. (canceled) 21. A system for enhancing a marker material, the system comprising:
a transfer apparatus configured to receive a marker material and a selected amount of air; a first EFD coupled to a first end of the transfer apparatus; and a second EFD coupled to a second end of the transfer apparatus. 22. The system of claim 21, wherein the first end of the transfer apparatus includes a first opening to which the first EFD is coupled and the second end of the transfer apparatus includes a second opening opposite the first opening, the second EFD being coupled to the second opening. 23. The system of claim 22, wherein the transfer apparatus includes a first syringe coupled to a second syringe. 24. The system of claim 23, further comprising a support component configured to hold the transfer apparatus in a fixed position. 25. The system of claim 21, further comprising:
memory; and at least one processor coupled to the memory and configured to:
cycle the first EFD and the second EFD through a repeated transfer process including:
transferring the marker material from a first portion of the transfer apparatus to a second portion of the transfer apparatus using the first EFD; and
transferring the marker material from the second portion of the transfer apparatus back to the first portion of the transfer apparatus using the second EFD. 26. A system for aerating a marker material, the system comprising:
a transfer apparatus including a first portion and a second portion, wherein the first portion is in communication with the second portion to transfer at least the marker material between the first portion and the second portion; a first EFD, wherein the first EFD is in communication with the first portion of the transfer apparatus such that the first EFD is configured to selectively drive at least the marker material from the first portion to the second portion; a second EFD, wherein the second EFD is in communication with the second portion of the transfer apparatus such that the second EFD is configured to selectively drive at least a portion of the marker material from the second portion to the first portion; and a controller, wherein the controller is in communication with both of the first EFD and the second EFD to thereby coordinate operation of the first EFD and the second EFD. 27. The system of claim 26, wherein the controller includes a first switch and a second switch, wherein the first switch is configured to communicate with at least the first EFD to initiate an aeration cycle. 28. The system of claim 27, wherein the second switch of the controller is in communication with at least the first EFD to restart the aeration cycle. 29. The system of claim 26, wherein the first EFD and the second EFD are both configured to transition between an active state and a waiting state. 30. The system of claim 9, wherein the controller includes a processor, wherein the processor is configured to coordinate operation of both the first EFD and the second EFD. 31. The system of claim 30, wherein the processor is configured to alternatingly transition both the first EFD and the second EFD between the active state and the waiting state to provide an aeration cycle. 32. The system of claim 29, wherein the first EFD is configured to drive at least the marker material from the first portion to the second portion when the first EFD is in the active state, wherein the second EFD is configured to drive at least the marker material from the second portion to the first portion when the second EFD is in the active state. | A method and system are used to enhance a marker material to include a plurality of air bubbles. The method of manufacturing a marker includes enhancing a marker material to include a plurality of air bubbles using at least a first EFD and a second EFD. The method may include cycling repeatedly through a transfer process between a first container and a second container. A system for enhancing a marker material includes a transfer apparatus configured to receive a marker material and a selected amount of air. The system comprises a first EFD coupled to a first end of the transfer apparatus and a second EFD coupled to a second end of the transfer apparatus.1.-20. (canceled) 21. A system for enhancing a marker material, the system comprising:
a transfer apparatus configured to receive a marker material and a selected amount of air; a first EFD coupled to a first end of the transfer apparatus; and a second EFD coupled to a second end of the transfer apparatus. 22. The system of claim 21, wherein the first end of the transfer apparatus includes a first opening to which the first EFD is coupled and the second end of the transfer apparatus includes a second opening opposite the first opening, the second EFD being coupled to the second opening. 23. The system of claim 22, wherein the transfer apparatus includes a first syringe coupled to a second syringe. 24. The system of claim 23, further comprising a support component configured to hold the transfer apparatus in a fixed position. 25. The system of claim 21, further comprising:
memory; and at least one processor coupled to the memory and configured to:
cycle the first EFD and the second EFD through a repeated transfer process including:
transferring the marker material from a first portion of the transfer apparatus to a second portion of the transfer apparatus using the first EFD; and
transferring the marker material from the second portion of the transfer apparatus back to the first portion of the transfer apparatus using the second EFD. 26. A system for aerating a marker material, the system comprising:
a transfer apparatus including a first portion and a second portion, wherein the first portion is in communication with the second portion to transfer at least the marker material between the first portion and the second portion; a first EFD, wherein the first EFD is in communication with the first portion of the transfer apparatus such that the first EFD is configured to selectively drive at least the marker material from the first portion to the second portion; a second EFD, wherein the second EFD is in communication with the second portion of the transfer apparatus such that the second EFD is configured to selectively drive at least a portion of the marker material from the second portion to the first portion; and a controller, wherein the controller is in communication with both of the first EFD and the second EFD to thereby coordinate operation of the first EFD and the second EFD. 27. The system of claim 26, wherein the controller includes a first switch and a second switch, wherein the first switch is configured to communicate with at least the first EFD to initiate an aeration cycle. 28. The system of claim 27, wherein the second switch of the controller is in communication with at least the first EFD to restart the aeration cycle. 29. The system of claim 26, wherein the first EFD and the second EFD are both configured to transition between an active state and a waiting state. 30. The system of claim 9, wherein the controller includes a processor, wherein the processor is configured to coordinate operation of both the first EFD and the second EFD. 31. The system of claim 30, wherein the processor is configured to alternatingly transition both the first EFD and the second EFD between the active state and the waiting state to provide an aeration cycle. 32. The system of claim 29, wherein the first EFD is configured to drive at least the marker material from the first portion to the second portion when the first EFD is in the active state, wherein the second EFD is configured to drive at least the marker material from the second portion to the first portion when the second EFD is in the active state. | 3,700 |
346,085 | 16,804,489 | 3,772 | According to one embodiment, a separator is provided. The separator includes a composite membrane. The composite membrane includes a substrate layer, a first composite layer, and a second composite layer. The first composite layer is located on one surface of the substrate layer. The second composite layer is located on the other surface of the substrate layer. The composite membrane has a coefficient of air permeability of 1×10−14 m2 or less. The first composite layer has a first surface and a second surface. The first surface is in contact with the substrate layer. The second surface is located on an opposite side to the first surface. Denseness of a portion including the first surface is lower than denseness of a portion including the second surface in the first composite layer. | 1. A separator comprising a composite membrane that includes:
a substrate layer; a first composite layer located on one surface of the substrate layer; and a second composite layer located on the other surface of the substrate layer, wherein the composite membrane has a coefficient of air permeability of 1×10−14 m2 or less, the first composite layer and the second composite layer each includes inorganic solid particles and a polymeric material, the first composite layer has a first surface in contact with the substrate layer and a second surface located on an opposite side to the first surface, and denseness of a portion including the first surface in the first composite layer is lower than denseness of a portion including the second surface in the first composite layer. 2. The separator according to claim 1, wherein
a ratio SDC1/FDC1 of a second density SDC1 to a first density FDC1 is 1.03 or more in the first composite layer, wherein the first density FDC1 of the first composite layer is a proportion occupied by a portion other than holes in a region from the first surface to a surface located at a depth of 0.2 TC1 with respect to a thickness TC1 of the first composite layer and the second density SDC1 of the first composite layer is a proportion occupied by a portion other than holes in a region from the second surface to a surface located at a depth of 0.2 TC1 with respect to the thickness TC1 of the first composite layer. 3. The separator according to claim 1, wherein the second composite layer has a first surface in contact with the substrate layer and a second surface located on an opposite side to the first surface, and
denseness of a portion including the first surface in the second composite layer is lower than denseness of a portion including the second surface in the second composite layer. 4. The separator according to claim 3, wherein
a ratio SDC2/FDC2 of a first density FDC2 to a second density SDC2 is 1.03 or more in the second composite layer, the first density FDC2 of the second composite layer is a proportion occupied by a portion other than holes in a region from the first surface of the second composite layer to a surface located at a depth of 0.2 TC2 with respect to a thickness TC2 of the second composite layer and the second density SDC2 of the second composite layer is a proportion occupied by a portion other than holes in a region from the second surface of the second composite layer to a surface located at a depth of 0.2 TC2 with respect to the thickness TC2 of the second composite layer. 5. The separator according to claim 1, wherein the substrate layer is a nonwoven fabric or a self-supporting porous membrane. 6. The separator according to claim 1, wherein the inorganic solid particles contain solid electrolyte particles having ion conductivity of an alkali metal ion. 7. The separator according to claim 1, wherein the inorganic solid particles contain at least one compound selected from the group consisting of LATP (Li1+xAlxTi2-x(PO4)3), where 0.1≤x≤0.5, having a NASICON type skeleton, Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3, amorphous LIPON (Li2.9PO3.3N0.46), and garnet type LLZ (Li7La3Zr2O12). 8. The separator according to claim 1, wherein the polymeric material has a portion formed of a monomer unit containing a hydrocarbon having a functional group containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of oxygen (O), sulfur (S), nitrogen (N), and fluorine (F) and a proportion occupied by the portion formed of a monomer unit is 70 mol % or more. 9. The separator according to claim 8, wherein a functional group of the monomer unit includes at least one selected from the group consisting of a formal group, a butyral group, a carboxymethyl ester group, an acetyl group, a carbonyl group, a hydroxyl group, and a fluoro group. 10. An electrode group comprising:
a positive electrode containing a positive electrode active material; a negative electrode containing a negative electrode active material; and the separator according to claim 1, located at least between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. 11. The electrode group according to claim 10, wherein the negative electrode active material contains a compound having a lithium ion insertion/extraction potential of 1 V or more and 3 V or less (vs. Li/Li+) with respect to a potential based on metal lithium. 12. The electrode group according to claim 10, wherein the positive electrode active material contains a compound having a lithium ion insertion/extraction potential of 2.5 V or more and 5.5 V or less (vs. Li/Li+) with respect to a potential based on metal lithium. 13. A secondary battery comprising the electrode group according to claim 10 and an aqueous electrolyte. 14. A battery pack comprising the secondary battery according to claim 13. 15. The battery pack according to claim 14, further comprising:
an external power distribution terminal; and a protective circuit. 16. The battery pack according to claim 14, which comprises plural of the secondary battery, wherein the plural of the secondary battery are electrically connected in series, in parallel, or in combination of series and parallel. 17. A vehicle comprising the battery pack according to claim 14. 18. The vehicle according to claim 17, which comprises a mechanism configured to convert kinetic energy of the vehicle into regenerative energy. 19. A stationary power supply comprising the battery pack according to claim 14. | According to one embodiment, a separator is provided. The separator includes a composite membrane. The composite membrane includes a substrate layer, a first composite layer, and a second composite layer. The first composite layer is located on one surface of the substrate layer. The second composite layer is located on the other surface of the substrate layer. The composite membrane has a coefficient of air permeability of 1×10−14 m2 or less. The first composite layer has a first surface and a second surface. The first surface is in contact with the substrate layer. The second surface is located on an opposite side to the first surface. Denseness of a portion including the first surface is lower than denseness of a portion including the second surface in the first composite layer.1. A separator comprising a composite membrane that includes:
a substrate layer; a first composite layer located on one surface of the substrate layer; and a second composite layer located on the other surface of the substrate layer, wherein the composite membrane has a coefficient of air permeability of 1×10−14 m2 or less, the first composite layer and the second composite layer each includes inorganic solid particles and a polymeric material, the first composite layer has a first surface in contact with the substrate layer and a second surface located on an opposite side to the first surface, and denseness of a portion including the first surface in the first composite layer is lower than denseness of a portion including the second surface in the first composite layer. 2. The separator according to claim 1, wherein
a ratio SDC1/FDC1 of a second density SDC1 to a first density FDC1 is 1.03 or more in the first composite layer, wherein the first density FDC1 of the first composite layer is a proportion occupied by a portion other than holes in a region from the first surface to a surface located at a depth of 0.2 TC1 with respect to a thickness TC1 of the first composite layer and the second density SDC1 of the first composite layer is a proportion occupied by a portion other than holes in a region from the second surface to a surface located at a depth of 0.2 TC1 with respect to the thickness TC1 of the first composite layer. 3. The separator according to claim 1, wherein the second composite layer has a first surface in contact with the substrate layer and a second surface located on an opposite side to the first surface, and
denseness of a portion including the first surface in the second composite layer is lower than denseness of a portion including the second surface in the second composite layer. 4. The separator according to claim 3, wherein
a ratio SDC2/FDC2 of a first density FDC2 to a second density SDC2 is 1.03 or more in the second composite layer, the first density FDC2 of the second composite layer is a proportion occupied by a portion other than holes in a region from the first surface of the second composite layer to a surface located at a depth of 0.2 TC2 with respect to a thickness TC2 of the second composite layer and the second density SDC2 of the second composite layer is a proportion occupied by a portion other than holes in a region from the second surface of the second composite layer to a surface located at a depth of 0.2 TC2 with respect to the thickness TC2 of the second composite layer. 5. The separator according to claim 1, wherein the substrate layer is a nonwoven fabric or a self-supporting porous membrane. 6. The separator according to claim 1, wherein the inorganic solid particles contain solid electrolyte particles having ion conductivity of an alkali metal ion. 7. The separator according to claim 1, wherein the inorganic solid particles contain at least one compound selected from the group consisting of LATP (Li1+xAlxTi2-x(PO4)3), where 0.1≤x≤0.5, having a NASICON type skeleton, Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3, amorphous LIPON (Li2.9PO3.3N0.46), and garnet type LLZ (Li7La3Zr2O12). 8. The separator according to claim 1, wherein the polymeric material has a portion formed of a monomer unit containing a hydrocarbon having a functional group containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of oxygen (O), sulfur (S), nitrogen (N), and fluorine (F) and a proportion occupied by the portion formed of a monomer unit is 70 mol % or more. 9. The separator according to claim 8, wherein a functional group of the monomer unit includes at least one selected from the group consisting of a formal group, a butyral group, a carboxymethyl ester group, an acetyl group, a carbonyl group, a hydroxyl group, and a fluoro group. 10. An electrode group comprising:
a positive electrode containing a positive electrode active material; a negative electrode containing a negative electrode active material; and the separator according to claim 1, located at least between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. 11. The electrode group according to claim 10, wherein the negative electrode active material contains a compound having a lithium ion insertion/extraction potential of 1 V or more and 3 V or less (vs. Li/Li+) with respect to a potential based on metal lithium. 12. The electrode group according to claim 10, wherein the positive electrode active material contains a compound having a lithium ion insertion/extraction potential of 2.5 V or more and 5.5 V or less (vs. Li/Li+) with respect to a potential based on metal lithium. 13. A secondary battery comprising the electrode group according to claim 10 and an aqueous electrolyte. 14. A battery pack comprising the secondary battery according to claim 13. 15. The battery pack according to claim 14, further comprising:
an external power distribution terminal; and a protective circuit. 16. The battery pack according to claim 14, which comprises plural of the secondary battery, wherein the plural of the secondary battery are electrically connected in series, in parallel, or in combination of series and parallel. 17. A vehicle comprising the battery pack according to claim 14. 18. The vehicle according to claim 17, which comprises a mechanism configured to convert kinetic energy of the vehicle into regenerative energy. 19. A stationary power supply comprising the battery pack according to claim 14. | 3,700 |
346,086 | 16,804,513 | 3,772 | A device may provide a verification indicator to a device associated with a website. The verification indicator may be associated with verifying access to the website. The device may detect that the verification indicator has been associated with code associated with the website based on processing the code. The device may provide a script to the device. The script may be included in the code. The script may be associated with monitoring operations of the website. The device may receive data related to the operations. The device may analyze the data using a model. The model may be associated with making a prediction related to at least one of: a value to be received via the website, or traffic associated with the website. The device may perform one or more actions related to the website based on a result of the analyzing. | 1. A method, comprising:
providing, by a device, a verification indicator to another device associated with a web site,
wherein the verification indicator includes at least one of:
a unique identifier included in commented code of the website,
other code of the website that causes a particular page, associated with the website, to be generated when executed or parsed, or
a text file stored on a server device that hosts the website;
processing, by the device and after the providing the verification indicator to the other device, website code associated with the website; detecting, by the device, that the verification indicator has been associated with the website code based on processing the website code; and performing, by the device, one or more actions related to the website based on detecting that the verification indicator has been associated with the website code. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the other device provides access to one or more website files stored on the server device. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
accessing the website code, via the other device, using a set of credentials associated with the website; and wherein providing the verification indicator comprises:
providing the verification indicator, via the other device, based on accessing the website code. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
generating the verification indicator by hashing data associated with a request to generate the verification indicator. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
identifying a pre-stored code snippet, from a plurality of pre-stored code snippets written in multiple programming languages, based on a programming language associated with the website code; and generating the verification indicator using the pre-stored code snippet. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining, prior to the providing the verification indicator, a particular verification indicator type based on at least one of:
the website code, or
a security level associated with an account associated with the website. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising:
generating, after the determining the particular verification indicator type, the verification indicator based on the website code or the security level associated with the account. 8. A device, comprising:
one or more memories; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories, configured to:
provide a verification indicator to another device associated with a website,
wherein the verification indicator includes at least one of:
a unique identifier included in commented code of the website,
other code of the website that causes a particular page, associated with the website, to be generated when executed or parsed, or
a text file stored on a server device that hosts the website;
process, after the providing the verification indicator to the other device, website code associated with the website;
detect that the verification indicator has been associated with the website code based on processing the website code; and
perform one or more actions related to the website based on detecting that the verification indicator has been associated with the website code. 9. The device of claim 8, wherein the other device provides access to one or more website files stored on the server device. 10. The device of claim 8, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to:
access the website code, via the other device, using a set of credentials associated with the website; and wherein the one or more processors, when provide the verification indicator, are configured to:
provide the verification indicator, via the other device, based on accessing the website code. 11. The device of claim 8, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to:
generate the verification indicator by hashing data associated with a request to generate the verification indicator. 12. The device of claim 8, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to:
identify a pre-stored code snippet, from a plurality of pre-stored code snippets written in multiple programming languages, based on a programming language associated with the website code; and generate the verification indicator using the pre-stored code snippet. 13. The device of claim 8, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to:
determine, prior to the providing the verification indicator, a particular verification indicator type based on at least one of:
the website code, or
a security level associated with an account associated with the website. 14. The device of claim 13, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to:
generate, after the determining the particular verification indicator type, the verification indicator based on the website code or the security level associated with the account. 15. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions, the instructions comprising:
one or more instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to:
provide a verification indicator to another device associated with a website,
wherein the verification indicator includes at least one of:
a unique identifier included in commented code of the website,
other code of the website that causes a particular page, associated with the website, to be generated when executed or parsed, or
a text file stored on a server device that hosts the website;
process, after the providing the verification indicator to the other device, website code associated with the website;
detect that the verification indicator has been associated with the website code based on processing the website code; and
perform one or more actions related to the website based on detecting that the verification indicator has been associated with the website code. 16. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the other device provides access to one or more website files stored on the server device. 17. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the one or more instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the one or more processors to:
access the website code, via the other device, using a set of credentials associated with the web site; and wherein the one or more instructions, that cause the one or more processors to provide the verification indicator, cause the one or more processors to:
provide the verification indicator, via the other device, based on accessing the web site code. 18. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the one or more instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the one or more processors to:
generate the verification indicator by hashing data associated with a request to generate the verification indicator. 19. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the one or more instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the one or more processors to:
identify a pre-stored code snippet, from a plurality of pre-stored code snippets written in multiple programming languages, based on a programming language associated with the website code; and generate the verification indicator using the pre-stored code snippet. 20. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the one or more instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the one or more processors to:
determine, prior to the providing the verification indicator, a particular verification indicator type based on at least one of:
the website code, or
a security level associated with an account associated with the website. | A device may provide a verification indicator to a device associated with a website. The verification indicator may be associated with verifying access to the website. The device may detect that the verification indicator has been associated with code associated with the website based on processing the code. The device may provide a script to the device. The script may be included in the code. The script may be associated with monitoring operations of the website. The device may receive data related to the operations. The device may analyze the data using a model. The model may be associated with making a prediction related to at least one of: a value to be received via the website, or traffic associated with the website. The device may perform one or more actions related to the website based on a result of the analyzing.1. A method, comprising:
providing, by a device, a verification indicator to another device associated with a web site,
wherein the verification indicator includes at least one of:
a unique identifier included in commented code of the website,
other code of the website that causes a particular page, associated with the website, to be generated when executed or parsed, or
a text file stored on a server device that hosts the website;
processing, by the device and after the providing the verification indicator to the other device, website code associated with the website; detecting, by the device, that the verification indicator has been associated with the website code based on processing the website code; and performing, by the device, one or more actions related to the website based on detecting that the verification indicator has been associated with the website code. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the other device provides access to one or more website files stored on the server device. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
accessing the website code, via the other device, using a set of credentials associated with the website; and wherein providing the verification indicator comprises:
providing the verification indicator, via the other device, based on accessing the website code. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
generating the verification indicator by hashing data associated with a request to generate the verification indicator. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
identifying a pre-stored code snippet, from a plurality of pre-stored code snippets written in multiple programming languages, based on a programming language associated with the website code; and generating the verification indicator using the pre-stored code snippet. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining, prior to the providing the verification indicator, a particular verification indicator type based on at least one of:
the website code, or
a security level associated with an account associated with the website. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising:
generating, after the determining the particular verification indicator type, the verification indicator based on the website code or the security level associated with the account. 8. A device, comprising:
one or more memories; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories, configured to:
provide a verification indicator to another device associated with a website,
wherein the verification indicator includes at least one of:
a unique identifier included in commented code of the website,
other code of the website that causes a particular page, associated with the website, to be generated when executed or parsed, or
a text file stored on a server device that hosts the website;
process, after the providing the verification indicator to the other device, website code associated with the website;
detect that the verification indicator has been associated with the website code based on processing the website code; and
perform one or more actions related to the website based on detecting that the verification indicator has been associated with the website code. 9. The device of claim 8, wherein the other device provides access to one or more website files stored on the server device. 10. The device of claim 8, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to:
access the website code, via the other device, using a set of credentials associated with the website; and wherein the one or more processors, when provide the verification indicator, are configured to:
provide the verification indicator, via the other device, based on accessing the website code. 11. The device of claim 8, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to:
generate the verification indicator by hashing data associated with a request to generate the verification indicator. 12. The device of claim 8, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to:
identify a pre-stored code snippet, from a plurality of pre-stored code snippets written in multiple programming languages, based on a programming language associated with the website code; and generate the verification indicator using the pre-stored code snippet. 13. The device of claim 8, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to:
determine, prior to the providing the verification indicator, a particular verification indicator type based on at least one of:
the website code, or
a security level associated with an account associated with the website. 14. The device of claim 13, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to:
generate, after the determining the particular verification indicator type, the verification indicator based on the website code or the security level associated with the account. 15. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions, the instructions comprising:
one or more instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to:
provide a verification indicator to another device associated with a website,
wherein the verification indicator includes at least one of:
a unique identifier included in commented code of the website,
other code of the website that causes a particular page, associated with the website, to be generated when executed or parsed, or
a text file stored on a server device that hosts the website;
process, after the providing the verification indicator to the other device, website code associated with the website;
detect that the verification indicator has been associated with the website code based on processing the website code; and
perform one or more actions related to the website based on detecting that the verification indicator has been associated with the website code. 16. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the other device provides access to one or more website files stored on the server device. 17. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the one or more instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the one or more processors to:
access the website code, via the other device, using a set of credentials associated with the web site; and wherein the one or more instructions, that cause the one or more processors to provide the verification indicator, cause the one or more processors to:
provide the verification indicator, via the other device, based on accessing the web site code. 18. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the one or more instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the one or more processors to:
generate the verification indicator by hashing data associated with a request to generate the verification indicator. 19. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the one or more instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the one or more processors to:
identify a pre-stored code snippet, from a plurality of pre-stored code snippets written in multiple programming languages, based on a programming language associated with the website code; and generate the verification indicator using the pre-stored code snippet. 20. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the one or more instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the one or more processors to:
determine, prior to the providing the verification indicator, a particular verification indicator type based on at least one of:
the website code, or
a security level associated with an account associated with the website. | 3,700 |
346,087 | 16,804,483 | 3,772 | A device may provide a verification indicator to a device associated with a website. The verification indicator may be associated with verifying access to the website. The device may detect that the verification indicator has been associated with code associated with the website based on processing the code. The device may provide a script to the device. The script may be included in the code. The script may be associated with monitoring operations of the website. The device may receive data related to the operations. The device may analyze the data using a model. The model may be associated with making a prediction related to at least one of: a value to be received via the website, or traffic associated with the website. The device may perform one or more actions related to the website based on a result of the analyzing. | 1. A method, comprising:
providing, by a device, a verification indicator to another device associated with a web site,
wherein the verification indicator includes at least one of:
a unique identifier included in commented code of the website,
other code of the website that causes a particular page, associated with the website, to be generated when executed or parsed, or
a text file stored on a server device that hosts the website;
processing, by the device and after the providing the verification indicator to the other device, website code associated with the website; detecting, by the device, that the verification indicator has been associated with the website code based on processing the website code; and performing, by the device, one or more actions related to the website based on detecting that the verification indicator has been associated with the website code. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the other device provides access to one or more website files stored on the server device. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
accessing the website code, via the other device, using a set of credentials associated with the website; and wherein providing the verification indicator comprises:
providing the verification indicator, via the other device, based on accessing the website code. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
generating the verification indicator by hashing data associated with a request to generate the verification indicator. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
identifying a pre-stored code snippet, from a plurality of pre-stored code snippets written in multiple programming languages, based on a programming language associated with the website code; and generating the verification indicator using the pre-stored code snippet. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining, prior to the providing the verification indicator, a particular verification indicator type based on at least one of:
the website code, or
a security level associated with an account associated with the website. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising:
generating, after the determining the particular verification indicator type, the verification indicator based on the website code or the security level associated with the account. 8. A device, comprising:
one or more memories; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories, configured to:
provide a verification indicator to another device associated with a website,
wherein the verification indicator includes at least one of:
a unique identifier included in commented code of the website,
other code of the website that causes a particular page, associated with the website, to be generated when executed or parsed, or
a text file stored on a server device that hosts the website;
process, after the providing the verification indicator to the other device, website code associated with the website;
detect that the verification indicator has been associated with the website code based on processing the website code; and
perform one or more actions related to the website based on detecting that the verification indicator has been associated with the website code. 9. The device of claim 8, wherein the other device provides access to one or more website files stored on the server device. 10. The device of claim 8, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to:
access the website code, via the other device, using a set of credentials associated with the website; and wherein the one or more processors, when provide the verification indicator, are configured to:
provide the verification indicator, via the other device, based on accessing the website code. 11. The device of claim 8, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to:
generate the verification indicator by hashing data associated with a request to generate the verification indicator. 12. The device of claim 8, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to:
identify a pre-stored code snippet, from a plurality of pre-stored code snippets written in multiple programming languages, based on a programming language associated with the website code; and generate the verification indicator using the pre-stored code snippet. 13. The device of claim 8, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to:
determine, prior to the providing the verification indicator, a particular verification indicator type based on at least one of:
the website code, or
a security level associated with an account associated with the website. 14. The device of claim 13, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to:
generate, after the determining the particular verification indicator type, the verification indicator based on the website code or the security level associated with the account. 15. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions, the instructions comprising:
one or more instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to:
provide a verification indicator to another device associated with a website,
wherein the verification indicator includes at least one of:
a unique identifier included in commented code of the website,
other code of the website that causes a particular page, associated with the website, to be generated when executed or parsed, or
a text file stored on a server device that hosts the website;
process, after the providing the verification indicator to the other device, website code associated with the website;
detect that the verification indicator has been associated with the website code based on processing the website code; and
perform one or more actions related to the website based on detecting that the verification indicator has been associated with the website code. 16. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the other device provides access to one or more website files stored on the server device. 17. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the one or more instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the one or more processors to:
access the website code, via the other device, using a set of credentials associated with the web site; and wherein the one or more instructions, that cause the one or more processors to provide the verification indicator, cause the one or more processors to:
provide the verification indicator, via the other device, based on accessing the web site code. 18. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the one or more instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the one or more processors to:
generate the verification indicator by hashing data associated with a request to generate the verification indicator. 19. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the one or more instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the one or more processors to:
identify a pre-stored code snippet, from a plurality of pre-stored code snippets written in multiple programming languages, based on a programming language associated with the website code; and generate the verification indicator using the pre-stored code snippet. 20. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the one or more instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the one or more processors to:
determine, prior to the providing the verification indicator, a particular verification indicator type based on at least one of:
the website code, or
a security level associated with an account associated with the website. | A device may provide a verification indicator to a device associated with a website. The verification indicator may be associated with verifying access to the website. The device may detect that the verification indicator has been associated with code associated with the website based on processing the code. The device may provide a script to the device. The script may be included in the code. The script may be associated with monitoring operations of the website. The device may receive data related to the operations. The device may analyze the data using a model. The model may be associated with making a prediction related to at least one of: a value to be received via the website, or traffic associated with the website. The device may perform one or more actions related to the website based on a result of the analyzing.1. A method, comprising:
providing, by a device, a verification indicator to another device associated with a web site,
wherein the verification indicator includes at least one of:
a unique identifier included in commented code of the website,
other code of the website that causes a particular page, associated with the website, to be generated when executed or parsed, or
a text file stored on a server device that hosts the website;
processing, by the device and after the providing the verification indicator to the other device, website code associated with the website; detecting, by the device, that the verification indicator has been associated with the website code based on processing the website code; and performing, by the device, one or more actions related to the website based on detecting that the verification indicator has been associated with the website code. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the other device provides access to one or more website files stored on the server device. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
accessing the website code, via the other device, using a set of credentials associated with the website; and wherein providing the verification indicator comprises:
providing the verification indicator, via the other device, based on accessing the website code. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
generating the verification indicator by hashing data associated with a request to generate the verification indicator. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
identifying a pre-stored code snippet, from a plurality of pre-stored code snippets written in multiple programming languages, based on a programming language associated with the website code; and generating the verification indicator using the pre-stored code snippet. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining, prior to the providing the verification indicator, a particular verification indicator type based on at least one of:
the website code, or
a security level associated with an account associated with the website. 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising:
generating, after the determining the particular verification indicator type, the verification indicator based on the website code or the security level associated with the account. 8. A device, comprising:
one or more memories; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories, configured to:
provide a verification indicator to another device associated with a website,
wherein the verification indicator includes at least one of:
a unique identifier included in commented code of the website,
other code of the website that causes a particular page, associated with the website, to be generated when executed or parsed, or
a text file stored on a server device that hosts the website;
process, after the providing the verification indicator to the other device, website code associated with the website;
detect that the verification indicator has been associated with the website code based on processing the website code; and
perform one or more actions related to the website based on detecting that the verification indicator has been associated with the website code. 9. The device of claim 8, wherein the other device provides access to one or more website files stored on the server device. 10. The device of claim 8, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to:
access the website code, via the other device, using a set of credentials associated with the website; and wherein the one or more processors, when provide the verification indicator, are configured to:
provide the verification indicator, via the other device, based on accessing the website code. 11. The device of claim 8, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to:
generate the verification indicator by hashing data associated with a request to generate the verification indicator. 12. The device of claim 8, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to:
identify a pre-stored code snippet, from a plurality of pre-stored code snippets written in multiple programming languages, based on a programming language associated with the website code; and generate the verification indicator using the pre-stored code snippet. 13. The device of claim 8, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to:
determine, prior to the providing the verification indicator, a particular verification indicator type based on at least one of:
the website code, or
a security level associated with an account associated with the website. 14. The device of claim 13, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to:
generate, after the determining the particular verification indicator type, the verification indicator based on the website code or the security level associated with the account. 15. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions, the instructions comprising:
one or more instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to:
provide a verification indicator to another device associated with a website,
wherein the verification indicator includes at least one of:
a unique identifier included in commented code of the website,
other code of the website that causes a particular page, associated with the website, to be generated when executed or parsed, or
a text file stored on a server device that hosts the website;
process, after the providing the verification indicator to the other device, website code associated with the website;
detect that the verification indicator has been associated with the website code based on processing the website code; and
perform one or more actions related to the website based on detecting that the verification indicator has been associated with the website code. 16. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the other device provides access to one or more website files stored on the server device. 17. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the one or more instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the one or more processors to:
access the website code, via the other device, using a set of credentials associated with the web site; and wherein the one or more instructions, that cause the one or more processors to provide the verification indicator, cause the one or more processors to:
provide the verification indicator, via the other device, based on accessing the web site code. 18. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the one or more instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the one or more processors to:
generate the verification indicator by hashing data associated with a request to generate the verification indicator. 19. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the one or more instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the one or more processors to:
identify a pre-stored code snippet, from a plurality of pre-stored code snippets written in multiple programming languages, based on a programming language associated with the website code; and generate the verification indicator using the pre-stored code snippet. 20. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the one or more instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, further cause the one or more processors to:
determine, prior to the providing the verification indicator, a particular verification indicator type based on at least one of:
the website code, or
a security level associated with an account associated with the website. | 3,700 |
346,088 | 16,804,495 | 3,772 | Systems and methods for determining a skip time for navigating a media content in a media content system are disclosed herein. An input to perform a media content skip operation on the media content is detected. A current play position time in the media content is further detected, and a skip time amount based on the current play position time and a total media content play time is determined. The media content is skipped to a new play position time based on the skip time amount in response to the detected input. | 1. A method of determining a skip time for navigating media content, the method comprising:
detecting an input to perform a media content skip operation on the media content; detecting a current play position time in the media content; determining a remaining media content play time based on the current play position time and an ending time of the media content; determining a skip time amount based on the remaining media content play time, wherein the skip time amount decreases as the remaining media content play time decreases and the current play position time approaches the ending time; and skipping to a new play position time in the media content based on the skip time amount in response to detecting the input. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the skip time amount comprises:
determining a ratio between a total media content play time and the play position time; and determining the skip time amount based on the ratio between the total media content play time and the play position time. 3.-4. (canceled) 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising displaying the skip time amount with a skip button. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising detecting an input to adjust the skip time amount. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the input to adjust the skip time amount comprises a swipe action. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising adjusting the skip time amount based on a direction of the swipe action. 9. The method of claim 7, further comprising adjusting the skip time amount based on a length of the swipe action. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the skip operation comprises one of a skip forward operation and a skip backward operation. 11. A system for determining a skip time amount for navigating media content, the system comprising:
an input circuit configured to detect an input to perform a media content skip operation on the media content; and control circuitry configured to:
detect a current play position time in the media content;
determine a remaining media content play time based on the current play position time and an ending time of the media content;
determine a skip time amount based on the remaining media content play time, wherein the skip time amount decreases as the remaining media content play time decreases and the current play position time approaches the ending time; and
skip to a new play position time in the media content based on the skip time amount. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein to determine the skip time amount, the control circuitry is further configured to:
determine a ratio between a total media content play time and the play position time; and determine the skip time amount based on the ratio between the total media content play time and the play position time. 13.-14. (canceled) 15. The system of claim 11, wherein the control circuitry is further configured to display the skip time amount with a skip button. 16. The system of claim 11, wherein the input circuitry is further configured to detect an input to adjust the skip time amount. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the input to adjust the skip time amount comprises a swipe action. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the control circuitry is further configured to adjust the skip time amount based on a direction of the swipe action. 19. The system of claim 17, wherein the control circuitry is further configured to adjust the skip time amount based on a length of the swipe action. 20. The system of claim 11, wherein the skip operation comprises one of a skip forward operation and a skip backward operation. | Systems and methods for determining a skip time for navigating a media content in a media content system are disclosed herein. An input to perform a media content skip operation on the media content is detected. A current play position time in the media content is further detected, and a skip time amount based on the current play position time and a total media content play time is determined. The media content is skipped to a new play position time based on the skip time amount in response to the detected input.1. A method of determining a skip time for navigating media content, the method comprising:
detecting an input to perform a media content skip operation on the media content; detecting a current play position time in the media content; determining a remaining media content play time based on the current play position time and an ending time of the media content; determining a skip time amount based on the remaining media content play time, wherein the skip time amount decreases as the remaining media content play time decreases and the current play position time approaches the ending time; and skipping to a new play position time in the media content based on the skip time amount in response to detecting the input. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the skip time amount comprises:
determining a ratio between a total media content play time and the play position time; and determining the skip time amount based on the ratio between the total media content play time and the play position time. 3.-4. (canceled) 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising displaying the skip time amount with a skip button. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising detecting an input to adjust the skip time amount. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the input to adjust the skip time amount comprises a swipe action. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising adjusting the skip time amount based on a direction of the swipe action. 9. The method of claim 7, further comprising adjusting the skip time amount based on a length of the swipe action. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the skip operation comprises one of a skip forward operation and a skip backward operation. 11. A system for determining a skip time amount for navigating media content, the system comprising:
an input circuit configured to detect an input to perform a media content skip operation on the media content; and control circuitry configured to:
detect a current play position time in the media content;
determine a remaining media content play time based on the current play position time and an ending time of the media content;
determine a skip time amount based on the remaining media content play time, wherein the skip time amount decreases as the remaining media content play time decreases and the current play position time approaches the ending time; and
skip to a new play position time in the media content based on the skip time amount. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein to determine the skip time amount, the control circuitry is further configured to:
determine a ratio between a total media content play time and the play position time; and determine the skip time amount based on the ratio between the total media content play time and the play position time. 13.-14. (canceled) 15. The system of claim 11, wherein the control circuitry is further configured to display the skip time amount with a skip button. 16. The system of claim 11, wherein the input circuitry is further configured to detect an input to adjust the skip time amount. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the input to adjust the skip time amount comprises a swipe action. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the control circuitry is further configured to adjust the skip time amount based on a direction of the swipe action. 19. The system of claim 17, wherein the control circuitry is further configured to adjust the skip time amount based on a length of the swipe action. 20. The system of claim 11, wherein the skip operation comprises one of a skip forward operation and a skip backward operation. | 3,700 |
346,089 | 16,804,488 | 3,772 | Systems and methods are disclosed for enabling sharing of audio feeds. One method includes receiving, from a user over a network, a request to add an audio feed to a collection managed by the user; storing, in a database, a URL of the audio feed in relation to the collection; receiving, from the user over the network, a request to share the collection; and generating an RSS URL of the collection by searching the database for URLs of audio feeds stored in relation to the collection. | 1-20. (canceled) 21. A computer-implemented method for enabling sharing of sets of data, the method including:
receiving, over a network, a request to add a first portion of data to a set of data; storing, in a database, a location indicator of the first portion of data in relation to the set of data; receiving, over the network, a request to share the set of data; and generating a sharable location indicator of the set of data by searching the database for one or more location indicators for locating the set of data. 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
adding to the set of data a second portion of data based on content of the first portion of data stored in relation to the set of data. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the first portion of data includes audio data. 24. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
receiving, over the network, a request to add a third portion of data to the set of data, wherein the third portion of data includes a subject matter similar to a subject matter of the first portion of data. 25. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
receiving, over the network, a request to add a third portion of data to the set of data, wherein the third portion of data is hosted by an entity different from an entity that hosts the first portion of data. 26. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
receiving, over the network, a request to create a set of data, the request including at least one of a name of the set of data and ID of the set of data. 27. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
displaying a list of a first type of data stored in relation to the set of data. 28. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
displaying to the user an RSS URL of the set of data by searching the database for URLs relating to the set of data. 29. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
enabling the user to send a third party an RSS URL of the set of data by searching the database for URLs relating to the set of data. 30. A system for enabling sharing of data, the system including:
a data storage device storing instructions for enabling sharing of data; a processor configured to execute the instructions to perform a method including:
receiving, over a network, a request to add a first portion of data to a set of data;
storing, in a database, a location indicator of the first portion of data in relation to the set of data;
receiving, over the network, a request to share the set of data; and
generating a sharable location indicator of the set of data by searching the database for one or more location indicators for locating the set of data. 31. The system of claim 30, wherein the processor is configured to execute the instructions to perform the method further including:
adding to the set of data a second portion of data based on content of the first portion of data stored in relation to the set of data. 32. The system of claim 30, wherein the first portion of data includes audio data. 33. The system of claim 30, wherein the processor is configured to execute the instructions to perform the method further including:
receiving, over the network, a request to add a third portion of data to the set of data, wherein the third portion of data has a subject matter similar to a subject matter of the first portion of data. 34. The system of claim 30, wherein the processor is configured to execute the instructions to perform the method further including:
receiving, over the network, a request to add a third portion of data to the set of data, wherein the third portion of data is hosted by an entity different from an entity that hosts the first portion of data. 35. The system of claim 30, wherein the processor is configured to execute the instructions to perform the method further including:
receiving, over the network, a request to create a set of data, the request including at least one of a name of the set of data and ID of the set of data. 36. The system of claim 30, wherein the processor is configured to execute the instructions to perform the method further including:
displaying to the user an RSS URL of the set of data by searching the database for URLs relating to the set of data. 37. The system of claim 30, wherein the processor is configured to execute the instructions to perform the method further including:
enabling the user to send a third party an RSS URL of the set of data by searching the database for URLs relating to the set of data. 38. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to perform a method of enabling sharing of data, the method including:
receiving, over a network, a request to add a first portion of data to a set of data; storing, in a database, a location indicator of the first portion of data in relation to the set of data; receiving, over the network, a request to share the set of data; and generating a sharable location indicator of the set of data by searching the database for one or more location indicators for locating the set of data. 39. The computer-readable medium of claim 38, further comprising:
adding to the set of data a second portion of data based on content relating to the set of data. 40. The computer-readable medium of claim 38, wherein the first portion of data includes audio data. | Systems and methods are disclosed for enabling sharing of audio feeds. One method includes receiving, from a user over a network, a request to add an audio feed to a collection managed by the user; storing, in a database, a URL of the audio feed in relation to the collection; receiving, from the user over the network, a request to share the collection; and generating an RSS URL of the collection by searching the database for URLs of audio feeds stored in relation to the collection.1-20. (canceled) 21. A computer-implemented method for enabling sharing of sets of data, the method including:
receiving, over a network, a request to add a first portion of data to a set of data; storing, in a database, a location indicator of the first portion of data in relation to the set of data; receiving, over the network, a request to share the set of data; and generating a sharable location indicator of the set of data by searching the database for one or more location indicators for locating the set of data. 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
adding to the set of data a second portion of data based on content of the first portion of data stored in relation to the set of data. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the first portion of data includes audio data. 24. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
receiving, over the network, a request to add a third portion of data to the set of data, wherein the third portion of data includes a subject matter similar to a subject matter of the first portion of data. 25. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
receiving, over the network, a request to add a third portion of data to the set of data, wherein the third portion of data is hosted by an entity different from an entity that hosts the first portion of data. 26. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
receiving, over the network, a request to create a set of data, the request including at least one of a name of the set of data and ID of the set of data. 27. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
displaying a list of a first type of data stored in relation to the set of data. 28. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
displaying to the user an RSS URL of the set of data by searching the database for URLs relating to the set of data. 29. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
enabling the user to send a third party an RSS URL of the set of data by searching the database for URLs relating to the set of data. 30. A system for enabling sharing of data, the system including:
a data storage device storing instructions for enabling sharing of data; a processor configured to execute the instructions to perform a method including:
receiving, over a network, a request to add a first portion of data to a set of data;
storing, in a database, a location indicator of the first portion of data in relation to the set of data;
receiving, over the network, a request to share the set of data; and
generating a sharable location indicator of the set of data by searching the database for one or more location indicators for locating the set of data. 31. The system of claim 30, wherein the processor is configured to execute the instructions to perform the method further including:
adding to the set of data a second portion of data based on content of the first portion of data stored in relation to the set of data. 32. The system of claim 30, wherein the first portion of data includes audio data. 33. The system of claim 30, wherein the processor is configured to execute the instructions to perform the method further including:
receiving, over the network, a request to add a third portion of data to the set of data, wherein the third portion of data has a subject matter similar to a subject matter of the first portion of data. 34. The system of claim 30, wherein the processor is configured to execute the instructions to perform the method further including:
receiving, over the network, a request to add a third portion of data to the set of data, wherein the third portion of data is hosted by an entity different from an entity that hosts the first portion of data. 35. The system of claim 30, wherein the processor is configured to execute the instructions to perform the method further including:
receiving, over the network, a request to create a set of data, the request including at least one of a name of the set of data and ID of the set of data. 36. The system of claim 30, wherein the processor is configured to execute the instructions to perform the method further including:
displaying to the user an RSS URL of the set of data by searching the database for URLs relating to the set of data. 37. The system of claim 30, wherein the processor is configured to execute the instructions to perform the method further including:
enabling the user to send a third party an RSS URL of the set of data by searching the database for URLs relating to the set of data. 38. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to perform a method of enabling sharing of data, the method including:
receiving, over a network, a request to add a first portion of data to a set of data; storing, in a database, a location indicator of the first portion of data in relation to the set of data; receiving, over the network, a request to share the set of data; and generating a sharable location indicator of the set of data by searching the database for one or more location indicators for locating the set of data. 39. The computer-readable medium of claim 38, further comprising:
adding to the set of data a second portion of data based on content relating to the set of data. 40. The computer-readable medium of claim 38, wherein the first portion of data includes audio data. | 3,700 |
346,090 | 16,804,537 | 3,772 | Systems and methods are disclosed for enabling sharing of audio feeds. One method includes receiving, from a user over a network, a request to add an audio feed to a collection managed by the user; storing, in a database, a URL of the audio feed in relation to the collection; receiving, from the user over the network, a request to share the collection; and generating an RSS URL of the collection by searching the database for URLs of audio feeds stored in relation to the collection. | 1-20. (canceled) 21. A computer-implemented method for enabling sharing of sets of data, the method including:
receiving, over a network, a request to add a first portion of data to a set of data; storing, in a database, a location indicator of the first portion of data in relation to the set of data; receiving, over the network, a request to share the set of data; and generating a sharable location indicator of the set of data by searching the database for one or more location indicators for locating the set of data. 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
adding to the set of data a second portion of data based on content of the first portion of data stored in relation to the set of data. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the first portion of data includes audio data. 24. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
receiving, over the network, a request to add a third portion of data to the set of data, wherein the third portion of data includes a subject matter similar to a subject matter of the first portion of data. 25. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
receiving, over the network, a request to add a third portion of data to the set of data, wherein the third portion of data is hosted by an entity different from an entity that hosts the first portion of data. 26. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
receiving, over the network, a request to create a set of data, the request including at least one of a name of the set of data and ID of the set of data. 27. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
displaying a list of a first type of data stored in relation to the set of data. 28. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
displaying to the user an RSS URL of the set of data by searching the database for URLs relating to the set of data. 29. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
enabling the user to send a third party an RSS URL of the set of data by searching the database for URLs relating to the set of data. 30. A system for enabling sharing of data, the system including:
a data storage device storing instructions for enabling sharing of data; a processor configured to execute the instructions to perform a method including:
receiving, over a network, a request to add a first portion of data to a set of data;
storing, in a database, a location indicator of the first portion of data in relation to the set of data;
receiving, over the network, a request to share the set of data; and
generating a sharable location indicator of the set of data by searching the database for one or more location indicators for locating the set of data. 31. The system of claim 30, wherein the processor is configured to execute the instructions to perform the method further including:
adding to the set of data a second portion of data based on content of the first portion of data stored in relation to the set of data. 32. The system of claim 30, wherein the first portion of data includes audio data. 33. The system of claim 30, wherein the processor is configured to execute the instructions to perform the method further including:
receiving, over the network, a request to add a third portion of data to the set of data, wherein the third portion of data has a subject matter similar to a subject matter of the first portion of data. 34. The system of claim 30, wherein the processor is configured to execute the instructions to perform the method further including:
receiving, over the network, a request to add a third portion of data to the set of data, wherein the third portion of data is hosted by an entity different from an entity that hosts the first portion of data. 35. The system of claim 30, wherein the processor is configured to execute the instructions to perform the method further including:
receiving, over the network, a request to create a set of data, the request including at least one of a name of the set of data and ID of the set of data. 36. The system of claim 30, wherein the processor is configured to execute the instructions to perform the method further including:
displaying to the user an RSS URL of the set of data by searching the database for URLs relating to the set of data. 37. The system of claim 30, wherein the processor is configured to execute the instructions to perform the method further including:
enabling the user to send a third party an RSS URL of the set of data by searching the database for URLs relating to the set of data. 38. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to perform a method of enabling sharing of data, the method including:
receiving, over a network, a request to add a first portion of data to a set of data; storing, in a database, a location indicator of the first portion of data in relation to the set of data; receiving, over the network, a request to share the set of data; and generating a sharable location indicator of the set of data by searching the database for one or more location indicators for locating the set of data. 39. The computer-readable medium of claim 38, further comprising:
adding to the set of data a second portion of data based on content relating to the set of data. 40. The computer-readable medium of claim 38, wherein the first portion of data includes audio data. | Systems and methods are disclosed for enabling sharing of audio feeds. One method includes receiving, from a user over a network, a request to add an audio feed to a collection managed by the user; storing, in a database, a URL of the audio feed in relation to the collection; receiving, from the user over the network, a request to share the collection; and generating an RSS URL of the collection by searching the database for URLs of audio feeds stored in relation to the collection.1-20. (canceled) 21. A computer-implemented method for enabling sharing of sets of data, the method including:
receiving, over a network, a request to add a first portion of data to a set of data; storing, in a database, a location indicator of the first portion of data in relation to the set of data; receiving, over the network, a request to share the set of data; and generating a sharable location indicator of the set of data by searching the database for one or more location indicators for locating the set of data. 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
adding to the set of data a second portion of data based on content of the first portion of data stored in relation to the set of data. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the first portion of data includes audio data. 24. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
receiving, over the network, a request to add a third portion of data to the set of data, wherein the third portion of data includes a subject matter similar to a subject matter of the first portion of data. 25. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
receiving, over the network, a request to add a third portion of data to the set of data, wherein the third portion of data is hosted by an entity different from an entity that hosts the first portion of data. 26. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
receiving, over the network, a request to create a set of data, the request including at least one of a name of the set of data and ID of the set of data. 27. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
displaying a list of a first type of data stored in relation to the set of data. 28. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
displaying to the user an RSS URL of the set of data by searching the database for URLs relating to the set of data. 29. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
enabling the user to send a third party an RSS URL of the set of data by searching the database for URLs relating to the set of data. 30. A system for enabling sharing of data, the system including:
a data storage device storing instructions for enabling sharing of data; a processor configured to execute the instructions to perform a method including:
receiving, over a network, a request to add a first portion of data to a set of data;
storing, in a database, a location indicator of the first portion of data in relation to the set of data;
receiving, over the network, a request to share the set of data; and
generating a sharable location indicator of the set of data by searching the database for one or more location indicators for locating the set of data. 31. The system of claim 30, wherein the processor is configured to execute the instructions to perform the method further including:
adding to the set of data a second portion of data based on content of the first portion of data stored in relation to the set of data. 32. The system of claim 30, wherein the first portion of data includes audio data. 33. The system of claim 30, wherein the processor is configured to execute the instructions to perform the method further including:
receiving, over the network, a request to add a third portion of data to the set of data, wherein the third portion of data has a subject matter similar to a subject matter of the first portion of data. 34. The system of claim 30, wherein the processor is configured to execute the instructions to perform the method further including:
receiving, over the network, a request to add a third portion of data to the set of data, wherein the third portion of data is hosted by an entity different from an entity that hosts the first portion of data. 35. The system of claim 30, wherein the processor is configured to execute the instructions to perform the method further including:
receiving, over the network, a request to create a set of data, the request including at least one of a name of the set of data and ID of the set of data. 36. The system of claim 30, wherein the processor is configured to execute the instructions to perform the method further including:
displaying to the user an RSS URL of the set of data by searching the database for URLs relating to the set of data. 37. The system of claim 30, wherein the processor is configured to execute the instructions to perform the method further including:
enabling the user to send a third party an RSS URL of the set of data by searching the database for URLs relating to the set of data. 38. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to perform a method of enabling sharing of data, the method including:
receiving, over a network, a request to add a first portion of data to a set of data; storing, in a database, a location indicator of the first portion of data in relation to the set of data; receiving, over the network, a request to share the set of data; and generating a sharable location indicator of the set of data by searching the database for one or more location indicators for locating the set of data. 39. The computer-readable medium of claim 38, further comprising:
adding to the set of data a second portion of data based on content relating to the set of data. 40. The computer-readable medium of claim 38, wherein the first portion of data includes audio data. | 3,700 |
346,091 | 16,804,517 | 3,772 | According to one embodiment, a semiconductor memory device includes a mounting board and memory dies. The memory dies include first pad electrodes, first pull-up circuits connected to the first pad electrodes, a first output circuit that outputs a first parameter to the first pull-up circuits, first pull-down circuits connected to the first pad electrodes, a second output circuit that outputs a second parameter to the first pull-down circuits, a second pad electrode, a second pull-up circuit connected to the second pad electrode, a third output circuit that is connected to the second pad electrode, a third pad electrode, a second pull-down circuit connected to the third pad electrode, and a fourth output circuit that is connected to the third pad electrode. The second pad electrode of the second memory die is connected to the third pad electrode of the first memory die. | 1. A semiconductor memory device comprising:
a mounting board; and a first and a second memory die mounted to the mounting board, wherein the first and the second memory die each include:
a plurality of first pad electrodes usable for inputting/outputting data;
a plurality of first pull-up circuits connected to the plurality of first pad electrodes;
a first output circuit that outputs a first parameter to the plurality of first pull-up circuits;
a plurality of first pull-down circuits connected to the plurality of first pad electrodes;
a second output circuit that outputs a second parameter to the plurality of first pull-down circuits;
a second pad electrode;
a second pull-up circuit connected to the second pad electrode;
a third output circuit connected to the second pad electrode, the third output circuit outputting the first parameter to the second pull-up circuit;
a third pad electrode;
a second pull-down circuit connected to the third pad electrode; and
a fourth output circuit connected to the third pad electrode, the fourth output circuit outputting the second parameter to the second pull-down circuit, and
the second pad electrode of the second memory die is connected to the third pad electrode of the first memory die. 2. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, further comprising:
a third pull-up circuit connected to the third pad electrode; and a fifth output circuit that outputs the first parameter to the third pull-up circuit. 3. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, wherein:
the third output circuit includes:
a first comparing circuit that outputs a signal indicating a magnitude relationship between a voltage of the second pad electrode and a first reference voltage; and
a first arithmetic circuit that adjusts the first parameter corresponding to an output signal of the first comparing circuit,
the fourth output circuit includes:
a second comparing circuit that outputs a signal indicating a magnitude relationship between a voltage of the third pad electrode and a second reference voltage; and
a second arithmetic circuit that adjusts the second parameter corresponding to an output signal of the second comparing circuit. 4. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, wherein
when the first parameter and the second parameter are adjusted,
a voltage of the second pad electrode of the first memory die fluctuates from a first timing to a second timing after the first timing,
voltages of the third pad electrode of the first memory die and the second pad electrode of the second memory die fluctuate from the first timing or a third timing after the first timing to a fourth timing after the second timing and the third timing, and
a voltage of the third pad electrode of the second memory die fluctuates from a fifth timing after the second timing and the third timing to a sixth timing after the fourth timing and the fifth timing. 5. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, further comprising:
a plurality of first wirings connected to the plurality of first pad electrodes of the first memory die and the plurality of first pad electrodes of the second memory die; and a second wiring connected to the third pad electrode of the first memory die and the second pad electrode of the second memory die, wherein viewing from a laminating direction of the first and the second memory die,
the plurality of first wirings each extends in a first direction, and
the second wiring extends in a second direction intersecting with the first direction. 6. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, further comprising:
a plurality of first wirings connected to the plurality of first pad electrodes of the first memory die and the plurality of first pad electrodes of the second memory die; and a second wiring connected to the third pad electrode of the first memory die and the second pad electrode of the second memory die, wherein viewing from a laminating direction of the first and the second memory die,
the plurality of first wirings each extend in a first direction, and
the second wiring extend in the first direction. 7. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, further comprising:
a third memory die mounted to the mounting board, wherein the third memory die includes:
the plurality of first pad electrodes;
the plurality of first pull-up circuits;
the first output circuit;
the plurality of first pull-down circuit;
the second output circuit;
the second pad electrode;
the second pull-up circuit;
the third output circuit;
the third pad electrode;
the second pull-down circuit; and
the fourth output circuit, and
the second pad electrode of the third memory die is connected to the third pad electrode of the second memory die. 8. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 7, further comprising:
a plurality of first wirings connected to the plurality of first pad electrodes of the first memory die, the plurality of first pad electrodes of the second memory die, and the plurality of first pad electrodes of the third memory die; a second wiring connected to the third pad electrode of the first memory die and the second pad electrode of the second memory die; and a third wiring connected to the third pad electrode of the second memory die and the second pad electrode of the third memory die, wherein viewing from a laminating direction of the first to the third memory die,
the plurality of first wirings each extend in a first direction, and
the second wiring and the third wiring extend in a second direction intersecting with the first direction. 9. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 8, wherein
viewing from the laminating direction of the first to the third memory die,
the second pad electrode of the first to the third memory die align in one row in the first direction, and
the third pad electrode of the first to the third memory die align in one row in the first direction 10. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 8, wherein
viewing from the laminating direction of the first to the third memory die, the second wiring and the third wiring align in the first direction. 11. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 7, further comprising:
a plurality of first wirings connected to the plurality of first pad electrodes of the first memory die, the plurality of first pad electrodes of the second memory die, and the plurality of first pad electrodes of the third memory die; a second wiring connected to the third pad electrode of the first memory die and the second pad electrode of the second memory die; and a third wiring connected to the third pad electrode of the second memory die and the second pad electrode of the third memory die, wherein viewing from a laminating direction of the first to the third memory die,
the plurality of first wirings each extend in a first direction, and
the second wiring and the third wiring extend in the first direction. 12. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 11, wherein
viewing from the laminating direction of the first to the third memory die, the second pad electrode of the first memory die, the third pad electrode of the second memory die, and the second pad electrode of the third memory die align in one row in the first direction, and the third pad electrode of the first memory die, the second pad electrode of the second memory die, and the third pad electrode of the third memory die align in one row in the first direction. 13. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 11, wherein
viewing from the laminating direction of the first to the third memory die, the second wiring and the third wiring have different positions in a third direction perpendicular to the first direction. 14. A semiconductor memory device comprising:
a mounting board; and a first and a second memory die mounted to the mounting board, wherein the first and the second memory die each include:
a plurality of first pad electrodes usable for inputting/outputting data;
a second pad electrode;
a third pad electrode; and
an input/output control circuit connected to the plurality of first pad electrodes, the second pad electrode, and the third pad electrode, wherein
the second pad electrode of the second memory die is connected to the third pad electrode of the first memory die, a voltage of the second pad electrode of the first memory die fluctuates from a first timing to a second timing after the first timing, voltages of the third pad electrode of the first memory die and the second pad electrode of the second memory die fluctuate from the first timing or a third timing after the first timing to a fourth timing after the second timing and the third timing; and a voltage of the third pad electrode of the second memory die fluctuates from a fifth timing after the second timing and the third timing to a sixth timing after the fourth timing and the fifth timing. 15. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 14, further comprising:
a plurality of first wirings connected to the plurality of first pad electrodes of the first memory die and the plurality of first pad electrodes of the second memory die; and a second wiring connected to the third pad electrode of the first memory die and the second pad electrode of the second memory die, wherein viewing from a laminating direction of the first and the second memory die,
the plurality of first wirings each extend in a first direction;
the second wiring extend in a second direction intersecting with the first direction. 16. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 14, further comprising:
a plurality of first wirings connected to the plurality of first pad electrodes of the first memory die and the plurality of first pad electrodes of the second memory die; and a second wiring connected to the third pad electrode of the first memory die and the second pad electrode of the second memory die, viewing from a laminating direction of the first and the second memory die,
the plurality of first wirings each extend in a first direction, and
the second wiring extends in the first direction. | According to one embodiment, a semiconductor memory device includes a mounting board and memory dies. The memory dies include first pad electrodes, first pull-up circuits connected to the first pad electrodes, a first output circuit that outputs a first parameter to the first pull-up circuits, first pull-down circuits connected to the first pad electrodes, a second output circuit that outputs a second parameter to the first pull-down circuits, a second pad electrode, a second pull-up circuit connected to the second pad electrode, a third output circuit that is connected to the second pad electrode, a third pad electrode, a second pull-down circuit connected to the third pad electrode, and a fourth output circuit that is connected to the third pad electrode. The second pad electrode of the second memory die is connected to the third pad electrode of the first memory die.1. A semiconductor memory device comprising:
a mounting board; and a first and a second memory die mounted to the mounting board, wherein the first and the second memory die each include:
a plurality of first pad electrodes usable for inputting/outputting data;
a plurality of first pull-up circuits connected to the plurality of first pad electrodes;
a first output circuit that outputs a first parameter to the plurality of first pull-up circuits;
a plurality of first pull-down circuits connected to the plurality of first pad electrodes;
a second output circuit that outputs a second parameter to the plurality of first pull-down circuits;
a second pad electrode;
a second pull-up circuit connected to the second pad electrode;
a third output circuit connected to the second pad electrode, the third output circuit outputting the first parameter to the second pull-up circuit;
a third pad electrode;
a second pull-down circuit connected to the third pad electrode; and
a fourth output circuit connected to the third pad electrode, the fourth output circuit outputting the second parameter to the second pull-down circuit, and
the second pad electrode of the second memory die is connected to the third pad electrode of the first memory die. 2. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, further comprising:
a third pull-up circuit connected to the third pad electrode; and a fifth output circuit that outputs the first parameter to the third pull-up circuit. 3. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, wherein:
the third output circuit includes:
a first comparing circuit that outputs a signal indicating a magnitude relationship between a voltage of the second pad electrode and a first reference voltage; and
a first arithmetic circuit that adjusts the first parameter corresponding to an output signal of the first comparing circuit,
the fourth output circuit includes:
a second comparing circuit that outputs a signal indicating a magnitude relationship between a voltage of the third pad electrode and a second reference voltage; and
a second arithmetic circuit that adjusts the second parameter corresponding to an output signal of the second comparing circuit. 4. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, wherein
when the first parameter and the second parameter are adjusted,
a voltage of the second pad electrode of the first memory die fluctuates from a first timing to a second timing after the first timing,
voltages of the third pad electrode of the first memory die and the second pad electrode of the second memory die fluctuate from the first timing or a third timing after the first timing to a fourth timing after the second timing and the third timing, and
a voltage of the third pad electrode of the second memory die fluctuates from a fifth timing after the second timing and the third timing to a sixth timing after the fourth timing and the fifth timing. 5. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, further comprising:
a plurality of first wirings connected to the plurality of first pad electrodes of the first memory die and the plurality of first pad electrodes of the second memory die; and a second wiring connected to the third pad electrode of the first memory die and the second pad electrode of the second memory die, wherein viewing from a laminating direction of the first and the second memory die,
the plurality of first wirings each extends in a first direction, and
the second wiring extends in a second direction intersecting with the first direction. 6. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, further comprising:
a plurality of first wirings connected to the plurality of first pad electrodes of the first memory die and the plurality of first pad electrodes of the second memory die; and a second wiring connected to the third pad electrode of the first memory die and the second pad electrode of the second memory die, wherein viewing from a laminating direction of the first and the second memory die,
the plurality of first wirings each extend in a first direction, and
the second wiring extend in the first direction. 7. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, further comprising:
a third memory die mounted to the mounting board, wherein the third memory die includes:
the plurality of first pad electrodes;
the plurality of first pull-up circuits;
the first output circuit;
the plurality of first pull-down circuit;
the second output circuit;
the second pad electrode;
the second pull-up circuit;
the third output circuit;
the third pad electrode;
the second pull-down circuit; and
the fourth output circuit, and
the second pad electrode of the third memory die is connected to the third pad electrode of the second memory die. 8. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 7, further comprising:
a plurality of first wirings connected to the plurality of first pad electrodes of the first memory die, the plurality of first pad electrodes of the second memory die, and the plurality of first pad electrodes of the third memory die; a second wiring connected to the third pad electrode of the first memory die and the second pad electrode of the second memory die; and a third wiring connected to the third pad electrode of the second memory die and the second pad electrode of the third memory die, wherein viewing from a laminating direction of the first to the third memory die,
the plurality of first wirings each extend in a first direction, and
the second wiring and the third wiring extend in a second direction intersecting with the first direction. 9. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 8, wherein
viewing from the laminating direction of the first to the third memory die,
the second pad electrode of the first to the third memory die align in one row in the first direction, and
the third pad electrode of the first to the third memory die align in one row in the first direction 10. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 8, wherein
viewing from the laminating direction of the first to the third memory die, the second wiring and the third wiring align in the first direction. 11. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 7, further comprising:
a plurality of first wirings connected to the plurality of first pad electrodes of the first memory die, the plurality of first pad electrodes of the second memory die, and the plurality of first pad electrodes of the third memory die; a second wiring connected to the third pad electrode of the first memory die and the second pad electrode of the second memory die; and a third wiring connected to the third pad electrode of the second memory die and the second pad electrode of the third memory die, wherein viewing from a laminating direction of the first to the third memory die,
the plurality of first wirings each extend in a first direction, and
the second wiring and the third wiring extend in the first direction. 12. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 11, wherein
viewing from the laminating direction of the first to the third memory die, the second pad electrode of the first memory die, the third pad electrode of the second memory die, and the second pad electrode of the third memory die align in one row in the first direction, and the third pad electrode of the first memory die, the second pad electrode of the second memory die, and the third pad electrode of the third memory die align in one row in the first direction. 13. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 11, wherein
viewing from the laminating direction of the first to the third memory die, the second wiring and the third wiring have different positions in a third direction perpendicular to the first direction. 14. A semiconductor memory device comprising:
a mounting board; and a first and a second memory die mounted to the mounting board, wherein the first and the second memory die each include:
a plurality of first pad electrodes usable for inputting/outputting data;
a second pad electrode;
a third pad electrode; and
an input/output control circuit connected to the plurality of first pad electrodes, the second pad electrode, and the third pad electrode, wherein
the second pad electrode of the second memory die is connected to the third pad electrode of the first memory die, a voltage of the second pad electrode of the first memory die fluctuates from a first timing to a second timing after the first timing, voltages of the third pad electrode of the first memory die and the second pad electrode of the second memory die fluctuate from the first timing or a third timing after the first timing to a fourth timing after the second timing and the third timing; and a voltage of the third pad electrode of the second memory die fluctuates from a fifth timing after the second timing and the third timing to a sixth timing after the fourth timing and the fifth timing. 15. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 14, further comprising:
a plurality of first wirings connected to the plurality of first pad electrodes of the first memory die and the plurality of first pad electrodes of the second memory die; and a second wiring connected to the third pad electrode of the first memory die and the second pad electrode of the second memory die, wherein viewing from a laminating direction of the first and the second memory die,
the plurality of first wirings each extend in a first direction;
the second wiring extend in a second direction intersecting with the first direction. 16. The semiconductor memory device according to claim 14, further comprising:
a plurality of first wirings connected to the plurality of first pad electrodes of the first memory die and the plurality of first pad electrodes of the second memory die; and a second wiring connected to the third pad electrode of the first memory die and the second pad electrode of the second memory die, viewing from a laminating direction of the first and the second memory die,
the plurality of first wirings each extend in a first direction, and
the second wiring extends in the first direction. | 3,700 |
346,092 | 16,804,527 | 3,772 | An operation lever is rotatable in a vertical rotation direction about a vertical rotation shaft and rotatable in a front-rear rotation direction about a front-rear rotation shaft non-parallel to the vertical rotation shaft. An urging portion urges the operation lever to move to a predetermined initial position. A neutral cam portion rotates following a rotation of the operation lever in the vertical rotation direction; a forward/backward cam portion rotates following a rotation of the operation lever in the front-rear rotation direction; a neutral switch portion is pressed by the neutral cam portion and detects the pressing in a state where the neutral cam portion is rotated to a neutral pressing position; and a forward/backward switch portion is pressed by the forward/backward cam portion and detects the pressing in a state where the forward/backward cam portion is rotated to a forward pressing position or a backward pressing position. | 1. An operation device capable of switching operation of a transmission of a work vehicle, comprising:
an operation lever that is rotatable in a first rotation direction about a first rotation shaft and rotatable in a second rotation direction about a second rotation shaft non-parallel to the first rotation shaft; an urging portion that urges the operation lever to move to a predetermined initial position; a first cam portion that rotates following a rotation of the operation lever in the first rotation direction; a second cam portion that rotates following a rotation of the operation lever in the second rotation direction; a first switch portion that is pressed by the first cam portion and detects the pressing in a state where the first cam portion is rotated to a predetermined position; and a second switch portion that is pressed by the second cam portion and detects the pressing in a state where the second cam portion is rotated to a predetermined position. 2. The operation device as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:
a first transmission portion that transmits the rotation of the operation lever in the first rotation direction to the first cam portion and does not transmit the rotation of the operation lever in the second rotation direction to the first cam portion. 3. The operation device as claimed in claim 2, wherein
the first transmission portion includes a first receiving portion that moves following the rotation of the operation lever by receiving a force due to the rotation of the operation lever in the first rotation direction and does not receive a force due to the rotation of the operation lever in the second rotation direction, and a first cam portion fixing portion that is rotatably supported with a movement of the first receiving portion and to which the first cam portion is fixed. 4. The operation device as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:
a second transmission portion that transmits the rotation of the operation lever in the second rotation direction to the second cam portion and does not transmit the rotation of the operation lever in the first rotation direction to the second cam portion. 5. The operation device as claimed in claim 4, wherein
the second transmission portion includes a second receiving portion that moves following the rotation of the operation lever by receiving a force due to the rotation of the operation lever in the second rotation direction and supports the operation lever to be rotatable in the first rotation direction, and a second cam portion fixing portion that is rotatably supported with a movement of the second receiving portion and to which the second cam portion is fixed. 6. The operation device as claimed in claim 1, wherein
the second switch portion includes a first cam position detection switch portion that detects pressing by the second cam portion rotated to a first cam position, a second cam position detection switch portion that detects pressing by the second cam portion rotated to a second cam position, and a common switch portion that detects pressing by the second cam portion rotated to the first cam position and pressing by the second cam portion rotated to the second cam position. 7. The operation device as claimed in claim 6, wherein
the second cam portion includes a first pressing portion that presses the first cam position detection switch portion, a second pressing portion that presses the second cam position detection switch portion, and a recess that is formed between the first pressing portion and the second pressing portion and avoids contact with the first cam position detection switch portion and the second cam position detection switch portion in a state where the operation lever is positioned at the initial position. 8. The operation device as claimed in claim 1, wherein
the operation lever is displaceable to
a first position positioned on one side in the first rotation direction from the initial position,
a rotation allowable position that is positioned on another side in the first rotation direction from the initial position and in which rotation about the second rotation shaft is possible,
a second position that is positioned on one side in the second rotation direction from the rotation allowable position, and
a third position that is positioned on another side in the second rotation direction from the rotation allowable position,
the first switch portion detects pressing of the first cam portion in a state where the operation lever is positioned at the first position, and the second switch portion detects pressing of the second cam portion in a state where the operation lever is positioned at the second position and pressing of the second cam portion in a state where the operation lever is positioned at the third position. 9. The operation device as claimed in claim 8, further comprising:
a control device capable of executing a control for switching the transmission among a neutral state, a forward state, and a backward state, wherein the control device sets the transmission to the neutral state based on detection of the pressing of the first cam portion in a state where the operation lever is positioned at the first position, the transmission to the forward state based on detection of the pressing of the second cam portion in a state where the operation lever is positioned at the second position, and the transmission to the backward state based on detection of the pressing of the second cam portion in a state where the operation lever is positioned at the third position. 10. The operation device as claimed in claim 8, wherein
the operation lever is rotatable about the second rotation shaft at a position different from the rotation allowable position. 11. The operation device as claimed in claim 1, wherein
the operation lever is movable to a plurality of operation positions, the operation device further comprising: a movement holding portion that moves the operation lever to the initial position when the operation lever is positioned at a first operation position among the plurality of operation positions and holds the operation lever in a state where the operation lever is positioned at a second operation position when the operation lever is positioned at the second operation position. 12. The operation device as claimed in claim 11, wherein
the movement holding portion includes
an extendable portion that is provided on the operation lever and is expandable, and
a recess that receives a tip portion of the extendable portion in an extension direction,
the urging portion urges the extendable portion to extend such that the tip portion in the extension direction abuts on the recess, and the recess includes
a first inclined portion that guides the extendable portion such that the operation lever positioned at the first operation position is moved to the initial position, and
a second inclined portion that guides the extendable portion such that the operation lever positioned at the second operation position is held at the second operation position. 13. The operation device as claimed in claim 12, wherein
the recess guides a movement of the operation lever to the plurality of operation positions. 14. The operation device as claimed in claim 11, further comprising:
a control device capable of executing a control for switching the transmission between a predetermined shift state and a parking state, wherein the control device sets the transmission to the shift state based on a movement of the operation lever to the first operation position, and the transmission to the parking state based on a movement of the operation lever to the second operation position. 15. The operation device as claimed in claim 14, wherein
the shift state includes a neutral state, a forward state, and a backward state, the first operation position includes a neutral position, a forward position, and a backward position, and the control device sets
the transmission to the neutral state based on a movement of the operation lever to the neutral position,
the transmission to the forward state based on a movement of the operation lever to the forward position, and
the transmission to the backward state based on a movement of the operation lever to the backward position. 16. The operation device as claimed in claim 15, wherein
the operation lever is at a position rotated from the initial position to one side in the first rotation direction and is movable to a rotation allowable position where rotation about the second rotation shaft is possible, the forward position is a position rotated from the rotation allowable position to one side in the second rotation direction, the backward position is a position rotated from the rotation allowable position to another side in the second rotation direction, the neutral position is a position rotated from the initial position to another side in the first rotation direction, and a position where rotation about the second rotation shaft is possible, and the second operation position is a position rotated from the neutral position to the one side or the other side in the second rotation direction. 17. The operation device as claimed in claim 11, further comprising:
a first transmission portion that transmits the rotation of the operation lever in the first rotation direction to the first cam portion and does not transmit the rotation of the operation lever in the second rotation direction to the first cam portion. 18. The operation device as claimed in claim 11, further comprising:
a second transmission portion that transmits the rotation of the operation lever in the second rotation direction to the second cam portion and does not transmit the rotation of the operation lever in the first rotation direction to the second cam portion. 19. A work vehicle comprising the operation device as claimed in claim 1. | An operation lever is rotatable in a vertical rotation direction about a vertical rotation shaft and rotatable in a front-rear rotation direction about a front-rear rotation shaft non-parallel to the vertical rotation shaft. An urging portion urges the operation lever to move to a predetermined initial position. A neutral cam portion rotates following a rotation of the operation lever in the vertical rotation direction; a forward/backward cam portion rotates following a rotation of the operation lever in the front-rear rotation direction; a neutral switch portion is pressed by the neutral cam portion and detects the pressing in a state where the neutral cam portion is rotated to a neutral pressing position; and a forward/backward switch portion is pressed by the forward/backward cam portion and detects the pressing in a state where the forward/backward cam portion is rotated to a forward pressing position or a backward pressing position.1. An operation device capable of switching operation of a transmission of a work vehicle, comprising:
an operation lever that is rotatable in a first rotation direction about a first rotation shaft and rotatable in a second rotation direction about a second rotation shaft non-parallel to the first rotation shaft; an urging portion that urges the operation lever to move to a predetermined initial position; a first cam portion that rotates following a rotation of the operation lever in the first rotation direction; a second cam portion that rotates following a rotation of the operation lever in the second rotation direction; a first switch portion that is pressed by the first cam portion and detects the pressing in a state where the first cam portion is rotated to a predetermined position; and a second switch portion that is pressed by the second cam portion and detects the pressing in a state where the second cam portion is rotated to a predetermined position. 2. The operation device as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:
a first transmission portion that transmits the rotation of the operation lever in the first rotation direction to the first cam portion and does not transmit the rotation of the operation lever in the second rotation direction to the first cam portion. 3. The operation device as claimed in claim 2, wherein
the first transmission portion includes a first receiving portion that moves following the rotation of the operation lever by receiving a force due to the rotation of the operation lever in the first rotation direction and does not receive a force due to the rotation of the operation lever in the second rotation direction, and a first cam portion fixing portion that is rotatably supported with a movement of the first receiving portion and to which the first cam portion is fixed. 4. The operation device as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:
a second transmission portion that transmits the rotation of the operation lever in the second rotation direction to the second cam portion and does not transmit the rotation of the operation lever in the first rotation direction to the second cam portion. 5. The operation device as claimed in claim 4, wherein
the second transmission portion includes a second receiving portion that moves following the rotation of the operation lever by receiving a force due to the rotation of the operation lever in the second rotation direction and supports the operation lever to be rotatable in the first rotation direction, and a second cam portion fixing portion that is rotatably supported with a movement of the second receiving portion and to which the second cam portion is fixed. 6. The operation device as claimed in claim 1, wherein
the second switch portion includes a first cam position detection switch portion that detects pressing by the second cam portion rotated to a first cam position, a second cam position detection switch portion that detects pressing by the second cam portion rotated to a second cam position, and a common switch portion that detects pressing by the second cam portion rotated to the first cam position and pressing by the second cam portion rotated to the second cam position. 7. The operation device as claimed in claim 6, wherein
the second cam portion includes a first pressing portion that presses the first cam position detection switch portion, a second pressing portion that presses the second cam position detection switch portion, and a recess that is formed between the first pressing portion and the second pressing portion and avoids contact with the first cam position detection switch portion and the second cam position detection switch portion in a state where the operation lever is positioned at the initial position. 8. The operation device as claimed in claim 1, wherein
the operation lever is displaceable to
a first position positioned on one side in the first rotation direction from the initial position,
a rotation allowable position that is positioned on another side in the first rotation direction from the initial position and in which rotation about the second rotation shaft is possible,
a second position that is positioned on one side in the second rotation direction from the rotation allowable position, and
a third position that is positioned on another side in the second rotation direction from the rotation allowable position,
the first switch portion detects pressing of the first cam portion in a state where the operation lever is positioned at the first position, and the second switch portion detects pressing of the second cam portion in a state where the operation lever is positioned at the second position and pressing of the second cam portion in a state where the operation lever is positioned at the third position. 9. The operation device as claimed in claim 8, further comprising:
a control device capable of executing a control for switching the transmission among a neutral state, a forward state, and a backward state, wherein the control device sets the transmission to the neutral state based on detection of the pressing of the first cam portion in a state where the operation lever is positioned at the first position, the transmission to the forward state based on detection of the pressing of the second cam portion in a state where the operation lever is positioned at the second position, and the transmission to the backward state based on detection of the pressing of the second cam portion in a state where the operation lever is positioned at the third position. 10. The operation device as claimed in claim 8, wherein
the operation lever is rotatable about the second rotation shaft at a position different from the rotation allowable position. 11. The operation device as claimed in claim 1, wherein
the operation lever is movable to a plurality of operation positions, the operation device further comprising: a movement holding portion that moves the operation lever to the initial position when the operation lever is positioned at a first operation position among the plurality of operation positions and holds the operation lever in a state where the operation lever is positioned at a second operation position when the operation lever is positioned at the second operation position. 12. The operation device as claimed in claim 11, wherein
the movement holding portion includes
an extendable portion that is provided on the operation lever and is expandable, and
a recess that receives a tip portion of the extendable portion in an extension direction,
the urging portion urges the extendable portion to extend such that the tip portion in the extension direction abuts on the recess, and the recess includes
a first inclined portion that guides the extendable portion such that the operation lever positioned at the first operation position is moved to the initial position, and
a second inclined portion that guides the extendable portion such that the operation lever positioned at the second operation position is held at the second operation position. 13. The operation device as claimed in claim 12, wherein
the recess guides a movement of the operation lever to the plurality of operation positions. 14. The operation device as claimed in claim 11, further comprising:
a control device capable of executing a control for switching the transmission between a predetermined shift state and a parking state, wherein the control device sets the transmission to the shift state based on a movement of the operation lever to the first operation position, and the transmission to the parking state based on a movement of the operation lever to the second operation position. 15. The operation device as claimed in claim 14, wherein
the shift state includes a neutral state, a forward state, and a backward state, the first operation position includes a neutral position, a forward position, and a backward position, and the control device sets
the transmission to the neutral state based on a movement of the operation lever to the neutral position,
the transmission to the forward state based on a movement of the operation lever to the forward position, and
the transmission to the backward state based on a movement of the operation lever to the backward position. 16. The operation device as claimed in claim 15, wherein
the operation lever is at a position rotated from the initial position to one side in the first rotation direction and is movable to a rotation allowable position where rotation about the second rotation shaft is possible, the forward position is a position rotated from the rotation allowable position to one side in the second rotation direction, the backward position is a position rotated from the rotation allowable position to another side in the second rotation direction, the neutral position is a position rotated from the initial position to another side in the first rotation direction, and a position where rotation about the second rotation shaft is possible, and the second operation position is a position rotated from the neutral position to the one side or the other side in the second rotation direction. 17. The operation device as claimed in claim 11, further comprising:
a first transmission portion that transmits the rotation of the operation lever in the first rotation direction to the first cam portion and does not transmit the rotation of the operation lever in the second rotation direction to the first cam portion. 18. The operation device as claimed in claim 11, further comprising:
a second transmission portion that transmits the rotation of the operation lever in the second rotation direction to the second cam portion and does not transmit the rotation of the operation lever in the first rotation direction to the second cam portion. 19. A work vehicle comprising the operation device as claimed in claim 1. | 3,700 |
346,093 | 16,804,540 | 3,772 | An operation lever is rotatable in a vertical rotation direction about a vertical rotation shaft and rotatable in a front-rear rotation direction about a front-rear rotation shaft non-parallel to the vertical rotation shaft. An urging portion urges the operation lever to move to a predetermined initial position. A neutral cam portion rotates following a rotation of the operation lever in the vertical rotation direction; a forward/backward cam portion rotates following a rotation of the operation lever in the front-rear rotation direction; a neutral switch portion is pressed by the neutral cam portion and detects the pressing in a state where the neutral cam portion is rotated to a neutral pressing position; and a forward/backward switch portion is pressed by the forward/backward cam portion and detects the pressing in a state where the forward/backward cam portion is rotated to a forward pressing position or a backward pressing position. | 1. An operation device capable of switching operation of a transmission of a work vehicle, comprising:
an operation lever that is rotatable in a first rotation direction about a first rotation shaft and rotatable in a second rotation direction about a second rotation shaft non-parallel to the first rotation shaft; an urging portion that urges the operation lever to move to a predetermined initial position; a first cam portion that rotates following a rotation of the operation lever in the first rotation direction; a second cam portion that rotates following a rotation of the operation lever in the second rotation direction; a first switch portion that is pressed by the first cam portion and detects the pressing in a state where the first cam portion is rotated to a predetermined position; and a second switch portion that is pressed by the second cam portion and detects the pressing in a state where the second cam portion is rotated to a predetermined position. 2. The operation device as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:
a first transmission portion that transmits the rotation of the operation lever in the first rotation direction to the first cam portion and does not transmit the rotation of the operation lever in the second rotation direction to the first cam portion. 3. The operation device as claimed in claim 2, wherein
the first transmission portion includes a first receiving portion that moves following the rotation of the operation lever by receiving a force due to the rotation of the operation lever in the first rotation direction and does not receive a force due to the rotation of the operation lever in the second rotation direction, and a first cam portion fixing portion that is rotatably supported with a movement of the first receiving portion and to which the first cam portion is fixed. 4. The operation device as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:
a second transmission portion that transmits the rotation of the operation lever in the second rotation direction to the second cam portion and does not transmit the rotation of the operation lever in the first rotation direction to the second cam portion. 5. The operation device as claimed in claim 4, wherein
the second transmission portion includes a second receiving portion that moves following the rotation of the operation lever by receiving a force due to the rotation of the operation lever in the second rotation direction and supports the operation lever to be rotatable in the first rotation direction, and a second cam portion fixing portion that is rotatably supported with a movement of the second receiving portion and to which the second cam portion is fixed. 6. The operation device as claimed in claim 1, wherein
the second switch portion includes a first cam position detection switch portion that detects pressing by the second cam portion rotated to a first cam position, a second cam position detection switch portion that detects pressing by the second cam portion rotated to a second cam position, and a common switch portion that detects pressing by the second cam portion rotated to the first cam position and pressing by the second cam portion rotated to the second cam position. 7. The operation device as claimed in claim 6, wherein
the second cam portion includes a first pressing portion that presses the first cam position detection switch portion, a second pressing portion that presses the second cam position detection switch portion, and a recess that is formed between the first pressing portion and the second pressing portion and avoids contact with the first cam position detection switch portion and the second cam position detection switch portion in a state where the operation lever is positioned at the initial position. 8. The operation device as claimed in claim 1, wherein
the operation lever is displaceable to
a first position positioned on one side in the first rotation direction from the initial position,
a rotation allowable position that is positioned on another side in the first rotation direction from the initial position and in which rotation about the second rotation shaft is possible,
a second position that is positioned on one side in the second rotation direction from the rotation allowable position, and
a third position that is positioned on another side in the second rotation direction from the rotation allowable position,
the first switch portion detects pressing of the first cam portion in a state where the operation lever is positioned at the first position, and the second switch portion detects pressing of the second cam portion in a state where the operation lever is positioned at the second position and pressing of the second cam portion in a state where the operation lever is positioned at the third position. 9. The operation device as claimed in claim 8, further comprising:
a control device capable of executing a control for switching the transmission among a neutral state, a forward state, and a backward state, wherein the control device sets the transmission to the neutral state based on detection of the pressing of the first cam portion in a state where the operation lever is positioned at the first position, the transmission to the forward state based on detection of the pressing of the second cam portion in a state where the operation lever is positioned at the second position, and the transmission to the backward state based on detection of the pressing of the second cam portion in a state where the operation lever is positioned at the third position. 10. The operation device as claimed in claim 8, wherein
the operation lever is rotatable about the second rotation shaft at a position different from the rotation allowable position. 11. The operation device as claimed in claim 1, wherein
the operation lever is movable to a plurality of operation positions, the operation device further comprising: a movement holding portion that moves the operation lever to the initial position when the operation lever is positioned at a first operation position among the plurality of operation positions and holds the operation lever in a state where the operation lever is positioned at a second operation position when the operation lever is positioned at the second operation position. 12. The operation device as claimed in claim 11, wherein
the movement holding portion includes
an extendable portion that is provided on the operation lever and is expandable, and
a recess that receives a tip portion of the extendable portion in an extension direction,
the urging portion urges the extendable portion to extend such that the tip portion in the extension direction abuts on the recess, and the recess includes
a first inclined portion that guides the extendable portion such that the operation lever positioned at the first operation position is moved to the initial position, and
a second inclined portion that guides the extendable portion such that the operation lever positioned at the second operation position is held at the second operation position. 13. The operation device as claimed in claim 12, wherein
the recess guides a movement of the operation lever to the plurality of operation positions. 14. The operation device as claimed in claim 11, further comprising:
a control device capable of executing a control for switching the transmission between a predetermined shift state and a parking state, wherein the control device sets the transmission to the shift state based on a movement of the operation lever to the first operation position, and the transmission to the parking state based on a movement of the operation lever to the second operation position. 15. The operation device as claimed in claim 14, wherein
the shift state includes a neutral state, a forward state, and a backward state, the first operation position includes a neutral position, a forward position, and a backward position, and the control device sets
the transmission to the neutral state based on a movement of the operation lever to the neutral position,
the transmission to the forward state based on a movement of the operation lever to the forward position, and
the transmission to the backward state based on a movement of the operation lever to the backward position. 16. The operation device as claimed in claim 15, wherein
the operation lever is at a position rotated from the initial position to one side in the first rotation direction and is movable to a rotation allowable position where rotation about the second rotation shaft is possible, the forward position is a position rotated from the rotation allowable position to one side in the second rotation direction, the backward position is a position rotated from the rotation allowable position to another side in the second rotation direction, the neutral position is a position rotated from the initial position to another side in the first rotation direction, and a position where rotation about the second rotation shaft is possible, and the second operation position is a position rotated from the neutral position to the one side or the other side in the second rotation direction. 17. The operation device as claimed in claim 11, further comprising:
a first transmission portion that transmits the rotation of the operation lever in the first rotation direction to the first cam portion and does not transmit the rotation of the operation lever in the second rotation direction to the first cam portion. 18. The operation device as claimed in claim 11, further comprising:
a second transmission portion that transmits the rotation of the operation lever in the second rotation direction to the second cam portion and does not transmit the rotation of the operation lever in the first rotation direction to the second cam portion. 19. A work vehicle comprising the operation device as claimed in claim 1. | An operation lever is rotatable in a vertical rotation direction about a vertical rotation shaft and rotatable in a front-rear rotation direction about a front-rear rotation shaft non-parallel to the vertical rotation shaft. An urging portion urges the operation lever to move to a predetermined initial position. A neutral cam portion rotates following a rotation of the operation lever in the vertical rotation direction; a forward/backward cam portion rotates following a rotation of the operation lever in the front-rear rotation direction; a neutral switch portion is pressed by the neutral cam portion and detects the pressing in a state where the neutral cam portion is rotated to a neutral pressing position; and a forward/backward switch portion is pressed by the forward/backward cam portion and detects the pressing in a state where the forward/backward cam portion is rotated to a forward pressing position or a backward pressing position.1. An operation device capable of switching operation of a transmission of a work vehicle, comprising:
an operation lever that is rotatable in a first rotation direction about a first rotation shaft and rotatable in a second rotation direction about a second rotation shaft non-parallel to the first rotation shaft; an urging portion that urges the operation lever to move to a predetermined initial position; a first cam portion that rotates following a rotation of the operation lever in the first rotation direction; a second cam portion that rotates following a rotation of the operation lever in the second rotation direction; a first switch portion that is pressed by the first cam portion and detects the pressing in a state where the first cam portion is rotated to a predetermined position; and a second switch portion that is pressed by the second cam portion and detects the pressing in a state where the second cam portion is rotated to a predetermined position. 2. The operation device as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:
a first transmission portion that transmits the rotation of the operation lever in the first rotation direction to the first cam portion and does not transmit the rotation of the operation lever in the second rotation direction to the first cam portion. 3. The operation device as claimed in claim 2, wherein
the first transmission portion includes a first receiving portion that moves following the rotation of the operation lever by receiving a force due to the rotation of the operation lever in the first rotation direction and does not receive a force due to the rotation of the operation lever in the second rotation direction, and a first cam portion fixing portion that is rotatably supported with a movement of the first receiving portion and to which the first cam portion is fixed. 4. The operation device as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:
a second transmission portion that transmits the rotation of the operation lever in the second rotation direction to the second cam portion and does not transmit the rotation of the operation lever in the first rotation direction to the second cam portion. 5. The operation device as claimed in claim 4, wherein
the second transmission portion includes a second receiving portion that moves following the rotation of the operation lever by receiving a force due to the rotation of the operation lever in the second rotation direction and supports the operation lever to be rotatable in the first rotation direction, and a second cam portion fixing portion that is rotatably supported with a movement of the second receiving portion and to which the second cam portion is fixed. 6. The operation device as claimed in claim 1, wherein
the second switch portion includes a first cam position detection switch portion that detects pressing by the second cam portion rotated to a first cam position, a second cam position detection switch portion that detects pressing by the second cam portion rotated to a second cam position, and a common switch portion that detects pressing by the second cam portion rotated to the first cam position and pressing by the second cam portion rotated to the second cam position. 7. The operation device as claimed in claim 6, wherein
the second cam portion includes a first pressing portion that presses the first cam position detection switch portion, a second pressing portion that presses the second cam position detection switch portion, and a recess that is formed between the first pressing portion and the second pressing portion and avoids contact with the first cam position detection switch portion and the second cam position detection switch portion in a state where the operation lever is positioned at the initial position. 8. The operation device as claimed in claim 1, wherein
the operation lever is displaceable to
a first position positioned on one side in the first rotation direction from the initial position,
a rotation allowable position that is positioned on another side in the first rotation direction from the initial position and in which rotation about the second rotation shaft is possible,
a second position that is positioned on one side in the second rotation direction from the rotation allowable position, and
a third position that is positioned on another side in the second rotation direction from the rotation allowable position,
the first switch portion detects pressing of the first cam portion in a state where the operation lever is positioned at the first position, and the second switch portion detects pressing of the second cam portion in a state where the operation lever is positioned at the second position and pressing of the second cam portion in a state where the operation lever is positioned at the third position. 9. The operation device as claimed in claim 8, further comprising:
a control device capable of executing a control for switching the transmission among a neutral state, a forward state, and a backward state, wherein the control device sets the transmission to the neutral state based on detection of the pressing of the first cam portion in a state where the operation lever is positioned at the first position, the transmission to the forward state based on detection of the pressing of the second cam portion in a state where the operation lever is positioned at the second position, and the transmission to the backward state based on detection of the pressing of the second cam portion in a state where the operation lever is positioned at the third position. 10. The operation device as claimed in claim 8, wherein
the operation lever is rotatable about the second rotation shaft at a position different from the rotation allowable position. 11. The operation device as claimed in claim 1, wherein
the operation lever is movable to a plurality of operation positions, the operation device further comprising: a movement holding portion that moves the operation lever to the initial position when the operation lever is positioned at a first operation position among the plurality of operation positions and holds the operation lever in a state where the operation lever is positioned at a second operation position when the operation lever is positioned at the second operation position. 12. The operation device as claimed in claim 11, wherein
the movement holding portion includes
an extendable portion that is provided on the operation lever and is expandable, and
a recess that receives a tip portion of the extendable portion in an extension direction,
the urging portion urges the extendable portion to extend such that the tip portion in the extension direction abuts on the recess, and the recess includes
a first inclined portion that guides the extendable portion such that the operation lever positioned at the first operation position is moved to the initial position, and
a second inclined portion that guides the extendable portion such that the operation lever positioned at the second operation position is held at the second operation position. 13. The operation device as claimed in claim 12, wherein
the recess guides a movement of the operation lever to the plurality of operation positions. 14. The operation device as claimed in claim 11, further comprising:
a control device capable of executing a control for switching the transmission between a predetermined shift state and a parking state, wherein the control device sets the transmission to the shift state based on a movement of the operation lever to the first operation position, and the transmission to the parking state based on a movement of the operation lever to the second operation position. 15. The operation device as claimed in claim 14, wherein
the shift state includes a neutral state, a forward state, and a backward state, the first operation position includes a neutral position, a forward position, and a backward position, and the control device sets
the transmission to the neutral state based on a movement of the operation lever to the neutral position,
the transmission to the forward state based on a movement of the operation lever to the forward position, and
the transmission to the backward state based on a movement of the operation lever to the backward position. 16. The operation device as claimed in claim 15, wherein
the operation lever is at a position rotated from the initial position to one side in the first rotation direction and is movable to a rotation allowable position where rotation about the second rotation shaft is possible, the forward position is a position rotated from the rotation allowable position to one side in the second rotation direction, the backward position is a position rotated from the rotation allowable position to another side in the second rotation direction, the neutral position is a position rotated from the initial position to another side in the first rotation direction, and a position where rotation about the second rotation shaft is possible, and the second operation position is a position rotated from the neutral position to the one side or the other side in the second rotation direction. 17. The operation device as claimed in claim 11, further comprising:
a first transmission portion that transmits the rotation of the operation lever in the first rotation direction to the first cam portion and does not transmit the rotation of the operation lever in the second rotation direction to the first cam portion. 18. The operation device as claimed in claim 11, further comprising:
a second transmission portion that transmits the rotation of the operation lever in the second rotation direction to the second cam portion and does not transmit the rotation of the operation lever in the first rotation direction to the second cam portion. 19. A work vehicle comprising the operation device as claimed in claim 1. | 3,700 |
346,094 | 16,804,542 | 3,772 | An assembly including a seal adapter having a bearing retainer and a bearing, wherein the bearing retainer is cylindrical and has a bearing retainer inside surface and a bearing retainer outside surface, and wherein the bearing retainer comprises a cavity along the bearing retainer inside surface, and wherein the bearing is cylindrical, wherein the bearing has a bearing outside surface, a bearing inside surface, a bearing front surface and a bearing back surface, and wherein, when assembled, the bearing is at least partially within the cavity, such that the bearing outside surface and the bearing back surface are in contact with the bearing retainer inside surface. | 1. An assembly comprising:
a seal adapter comprising:
a bearing retainer; and
a bearing,
wherein the bearing retainer is cylindrical and has a bearing retainer inside surface and a bearing retainer outside surface, and wherein the bearing retainer comprises a cavity along the bearing retainer inside surface, and wherein the bearing is cylindrical, wherein the bearing has a bearing outside surface, a bearing inside surface, a bearing front surface and a bearing back surface, and wherein, when assembled, the bearing is at least partially within the cavity, such that the bearing outside surface and the bearing back surface are in contact with the bearing retainer inside surface. 2. The assembly of claim 1 further comprising:
a packing adapter, wherein the packing adapter is cylindrical, wherein the packing adapter has a packing adapter inside surface, a packing adapter outside surface, and a packing adapter front surface, and wherein the front surface of the packing adapter has a non-linear cross section,
wherein the assembly is a packing carrier. 3. The assembly of claim 2:
wherein the packing adapter and the bearing retainer are integrated as a single, unitary piece; or wherein the packing adapter and the bearing retainer are disparate components, wherein the bearing retainer further has a bearing retainer front surface and a bearing retainer back surface, wherein the packing adapter further comprises a packing adapter back surface, and wherein, in the assembled configuration of the assembly, the bearing front surface is axially aligned along a central axis of the assembly with the bearing retainer front surface and the packing adapter back surface abuts the bearing retainer front surface. 4. The assembly of claim 2, wherein the packing adapter front surface has a cylindrical cross-section. 5. The assembly of claim 2, wherein the packing adapter further comprises a hole extending from the packing adapter inside surface to the packing adapter outside surface. 6. The assembly of claim 2, wherein the bearing retainer outside surface further comprises a groove. 7. The assembly of claim 6, wherein the groove is proximate the cavity. 8. The assembly of claim 6 further comprising an o-ring in the groove. 9. The assembly of claim 8, wherein the bearing retainer further comprises a hole extending from the bearing retainer outside surface to the bearing retainer inside surface. 10. The assembly of claim 9 further comprising a packing lube seal in contact with the bearing retainer inside surface and in fluid communication with the hole extending from the bearing retainer outside surface to the bearing retainer inside surface. 11. The assembly of claim 10 further comprising a backup ring, wherein the backup ring is cylindrical, wherein the backup ring has a backup ring front surface and a backup ring back surface, wherein, in the assembled configuration of the assembly, the backup ring back surface is adjacent to the packing adapter front surface. 12. The assembly of claim 11 further comprising a packing, wherein the packing is cylindrical, wherein the packing has a packing front surface and a packing back surface, and wherein, in the assembled configuration of the assembly, the packing back surface is adjacent to the backup ring front surface. 13. The assembly of claim 12 further comprising a header ring, wherein the header ring is cylindrical, wherein the header ring has a header ring front surface and a header ring back surface, and wherein, in the assembled configuration of the assembly, the header ring back surface is adjacent to the packing front surface. 14. The assembly of claim 13 further comprising a header ring adapter, wherein the header ring adapter has a header ring adapter front surface and a header ring adapter back surface, and where, in the assembled configuration of the assembly, the header ring adapter back surface is adjacent to the header ring front surface. 15. A packing assembly comprising:
a packing carrier comprising a seal adapter and a packing adapter,
wherein the seal adapter comprises a bearing retainer and a bearing, wherein the bearing retainer is cylindrical, a bearing retainer inside surface and a bearing retainer outside surface, and wherein the bearing retainer comprises a cavity along the bearing retainer inside surface, and wherein the bearing is cylindrical, wherein the bearing has a bearing outside surface, a bearing inside surface, a bearing front surface and a bearing back surface, and wherein, when assembled, the bearing is at least partially within the cavity, such that the bearing outside surface and the bearing back surface are in contact with the bearing retainer inside surface; and
wherein the packing adapter is cylindrical, wherein the packing adapter has a packing adapter inside surface, a packing adapter outside surface, and a packing adapter front surface, and wherein the front surface of the packing adapter has a non-linear cross section,
wherein the packing adapter and the bearing retainer are integrated as a single, unitary piece; or wherein the packing adapter and the bearing retainer are disparate components, wherein the bearing retainer further has a bearing retainer front surface and a bearing retainer back surface, wherein the packing adapter further comprises a packing adapter back surface, and wherein, in the assembled configuration of the packing assembly, the bearing front surface is axially aligned along a central axis of the packing assembly with the bearing retainer front surface, and the packing adapter back surface abuts the bearing retainer front surface. 16. The packing assembly of claim 15 further comprising:
an o-ring in a groove in the bearing retainer outside surface;
a packing lube seal in contact with the inside surface of the bearing retainer and in fluid communication with a hole extending from the bearing retainer outside surface to the bearing retainer inside surface;
a backup ring, wherein the backup ring is cylindrical, wherein the backup ring has a backup ring front surface and a backup ring back surface, wherein, in the assembled configuration of the packing assembly, the backup ring back surface is adjacent the packing adapter front surface;
a packing, wherein the packing is cylindrical, wherein the packing has a packing front surface and a packing back surface, and wherein, in the assembled configuration of the packing assembly, the packing back surface is adjacent to the backup ring front surface;
a header ring, wherein the header ring is cylindrical, wherein the header ring has a header ring front surface and a header ring back surface, and wherein, in the assembled configuration of the packing assembly, the header ring back surface is adjacent to the packing front surface; and/or
a header ring adapter, wherein the header ring adapter has a header ring adapter front surface and a header ring adapter back surface, and where, in the assembled configuration, the header ring adapter back surface is adjacent to the header ring front surface. 17. A method of servicing a wellbore, the method comprising:
fluidly coupling a pump to a source of a wellbore servicing fluid and to the wellbore; and communicating wellbore servicing fluid into the wellbore via the pump,
wherein the pump comprises a pump fluid end and a pump power end, wherein the pump fluid end comprises:
a reciprocating element disposed at least partially within a reciprocating element bore of the pump fluid end;
a discharge valve assembly;
a suction valve assembly; and
a packing assembly comprising a packing carrier, wherein the packing carrier comprises a seal adapter and a packing adapter, wherein the seal adapter comprises a bearing retainer and a bearing, wherein the bearing retainer is cylindrical and has a bearing retainer inside surface and a bearing retainer outside surface, and wherein the bearing retainer comprises a cavity along the bearing retainer inside surface, and wherein the bearing is cylindrical, wherein the bearing has a bearing outside surface, a bearing inside surface, a bearing front surface and a bearing back surface, and wherein, in an assembled configuration of the packing assembly, the bearing is at least partially within the cavity, such that the bearing outside surface and the bearing back surface are in contact with the bearing retainer inside surface; and wherein the packing adapter is cylindrical, wherein the packing adapter has a packing adapter inside surface, a packing adapter outside surface, and a packing adapter front surface, and wherein the front surface of the packing adapter has a non-linear cross section,
wherein the packing adapter and the bearing retainer are integrated as a single, unitary piece; or wherein the packing adapter and the bearing retainer are disparate components, wherein the bearing retainer further has a bearing retainer front surface and a bearing retainer back surface, wherein the packing adapter further comprises a packing adapter back surface, and wherein, in the assembled configuration of the packing assembly, the bearing front surface is axially aligned along a central axis of the packing assembly with the bearing retainer front surface, and the packing adapter back surface abuts the bearing retainer front surface, and
wherein the pump power end is operable to reciprocate the reciprocating element within the reciprocating element bore of the pump fluid end. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the wellbore servicing fluid comprises a fracturing fluid, a cementitious fluid, a remedial fluid, a perforating fluid, a sealant, a drilling fluid, a spacer fluid, a completion fluid, a gravel pack fluid, a diverter fluid, a gelation fluid, a polymeric fluid, an aqueous fluid, an oleaginous fluid, or a combination thereof. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the pump operates during the pumping of the wellbore servicing fluid at a pressure of greater than or equal to about 3,000 psi. 20. The method of claim 17 wherein the pump operates during the pumping of the wellbore servicing fluid at a volumetric flow rate of greater than or equal to about 3 barrels per minute (BPM). | An assembly including a seal adapter having a bearing retainer and a bearing, wherein the bearing retainer is cylindrical and has a bearing retainer inside surface and a bearing retainer outside surface, and wherein the bearing retainer comprises a cavity along the bearing retainer inside surface, and wherein the bearing is cylindrical, wherein the bearing has a bearing outside surface, a bearing inside surface, a bearing front surface and a bearing back surface, and wherein, when assembled, the bearing is at least partially within the cavity, such that the bearing outside surface and the bearing back surface are in contact with the bearing retainer inside surface.1. An assembly comprising:
a seal adapter comprising:
a bearing retainer; and
a bearing,
wherein the bearing retainer is cylindrical and has a bearing retainer inside surface and a bearing retainer outside surface, and wherein the bearing retainer comprises a cavity along the bearing retainer inside surface, and wherein the bearing is cylindrical, wherein the bearing has a bearing outside surface, a bearing inside surface, a bearing front surface and a bearing back surface, and wherein, when assembled, the bearing is at least partially within the cavity, such that the bearing outside surface and the bearing back surface are in contact with the bearing retainer inside surface. 2. The assembly of claim 1 further comprising:
a packing adapter, wherein the packing adapter is cylindrical, wherein the packing adapter has a packing adapter inside surface, a packing adapter outside surface, and a packing adapter front surface, and wherein the front surface of the packing adapter has a non-linear cross section,
wherein the assembly is a packing carrier. 3. The assembly of claim 2:
wherein the packing adapter and the bearing retainer are integrated as a single, unitary piece; or wherein the packing adapter and the bearing retainer are disparate components, wherein the bearing retainer further has a bearing retainer front surface and a bearing retainer back surface, wherein the packing adapter further comprises a packing adapter back surface, and wherein, in the assembled configuration of the assembly, the bearing front surface is axially aligned along a central axis of the assembly with the bearing retainer front surface and the packing adapter back surface abuts the bearing retainer front surface. 4. The assembly of claim 2, wherein the packing adapter front surface has a cylindrical cross-section. 5. The assembly of claim 2, wherein the packing adapter further comprises a hole extending from the packing adapter inside surface to the packing adapter outside surface. 6. The assembly of claim 2, wherein the bearing retainer outside surface further comprises a groove. 7. The assembly of claim 6, wherein the groove is proximate the cavity. 8. The assembly of claim 6 further comprising an o-ring in the groove. 9. The assembly of claim 8, wherein the bearing retainer further comprises a hole extending from the bearing retainer outside surface to the bearing retainer inside surface. 10. The assembly of claim 9 further comprising a packing lube seal in contact with the bearing retainer inside surface and in fluid communication with the hole extending from the bearing retainer outside surface to the bearing retainer inside surface. 11. The assembly of claim 10 further comprising a backup ring, wherein the backup ring is cylindrical, wherein the backup ring has a backup ring front surface and a backup ring back surface, wherein, in the assembled configuration of the assembly, the backup ring back surface is adjacent to the packing adapter front surface. 12. The assembly of claim 11 further comprising a packing, wherein the packing is cylindrical, wherein the packing has a packing front surface and a packing back surface, and wherein, in the assembled configuration of the assembly, the packing back surface is adjacent to the backup ring front surface. 13. The assembly of claim 12 further comprising a header ring, wherein the header ring is cylindrical, wherein the header ring has a header ring front surface and a header ring back surface, and wherein, in the assembled configuration of the assembly, the header ring back surface is adjacent to the packing front surface. 14. The assembly of claim 13 further comprising a header ring adapter, wherein the header ring adapter has a header ring adapter front surface and a header ring adapter back surface, and where, in the assembled configuration of the assembly, the header ring adapter back surface is adjacent to the header ring front surface. 15. A packing assembly comprising:
a packing carrier comprising a seal adapter and a packing adapter,
wherein the seal adapter comprises a bearing retainer and a bearing, wherein the bearing retainer is cylindrical, a bearing retainer inside surface and a bearing retainer outside surface, and wherein the bearing retainer comprises a cavity along the bearing retainer inside surface, and wherein the bearing is cylindrical, wherein the bearing has a bearing outside surface, a bearing inside surface, a bearing front surface and a bearing back surface, and wherein, when assembled, the bearing is at least partially within the cavity, such that the bearing outside surface and the bearing back surface are in contact with the bearing retainer inside surface; and
wherein the packing adapter is cylindrical, wherein the packing adapter has a packing adapter inside surface, a packing adapter outside surface, and a packing adapter front surface, and wherein the front surface of the packing adapter has a non-linear cross section,
wherein the packing adapter and the bearing retainer are integrated as a single, unitary piece; or wherein the packing adapter and the bearing retainer are disparate components, wherein the bearing retainer further has a bearing retainer front surface and a bearing retainer back surface, wherein the packing adapter further comprises a packing adapter back surface, and wherein, in the assembled configuration of the packing assembly, the bearing front surface is axially aligned along a central axis of the packing assembly with the bearing retainer front surface, and the packing adapter back surface abuts the bearing retainer front surface. 16. The packing assembly of claim 15 further comprising:
an o-ring in a groove in the bearing retainer outside surface;
a packing lube seal in contact with the inside surface of the bearing retainer and in fluid communication with a hole extending from the bearing retainer outside surface to the bearing retainer inside surface;
a backup ring, wherein the backup ring is cylindrical, wherein the backup ring has a backup ring front surface and a backup ring back surface, wherein, in the assembled configuration of the packing assembly, the backup ring back surface is adjacent the packing adapter front surface;
a packing, wherein the packing is cylindrical, wherein the packing has a packing front surface and a packing back surface, and wherein, in the assembled configuration of the packing assembly, the packing back surface is adjacent to the backup ring front surface;
a header ring, wherein the header ring is cylindrical, wherein the header ring has a header ring front surface and a header ring back surface, and wherein, in the assembled configuration of the packing assembly, the header ring back surface is adjacent to the packing front surface; and/or
a header ring adapter, wherein the header ring adapter has a header ring adapter front surface and a header ring adapter back surface, and where, in the assembled configuration, the header ring adapter back surface is adjacent to the header ring front surface. 17. A method of servicing a wellbore, the method comprising:
fluidly coupling a pump to a source of a wellbore servicing fluid and to the wellbore; and communicating wellbore servicing fluid into the wellbore via the pump,
wherein the pump comprises a pump fluid end and a pump power end, wherein the pump fluid end comprises:
a reciprocating element disposed at least partially within a reciprocating element bore of the pump fluid end;
a discharge valve assembly;
a suction valve assembly; and
a packing assembly comprising a packing carrier, wherein the packing carrier comprises a seal adapter and a packing adapter, wherein the seal adapter comprises a bearing retainer and a bearing, wherein the bearing retainer is cylindrical and has a bearing retainer inside surface and a bearing retainer outside surface, and wherein the bearing retainer comprises a cavity along the bearing retainer inside surface, and wherein the bearing is cylindrical, wherein the bearing has a bearing outside surface, a bearing inside surface, a bearing front surface and a bearing back surface, and wherein, in an assembled configuration of the packing assembly, the bearing is at least partially within the cavity, such that the bearing outside surface and the bearing back surface are in contact with the bearing retainer inside surface; and wherein the packing adapter is cylindrical, wherein the packing adapter has a packing adapter inside surface, a packing adapter outside surface, and a packing adapter front surface, and wherein the front surface of the packing adapter has a non-linear cross section,
wherein the packing adapter and the bearing retainer are integrated as a single, unitary piece; or wherein the packing adapter and the bearing retainer are disparate components, wherein the bearing retainer further has a bearing retainer front surface and a bearing retainer back surface, wherein the packing adapter further comprises a packing adapter back surface, and wherein, in the assembled configuration of the packing assembly, the bearing front surface is axially aligned along a central axis of the packing assembly with the bearing retainer front surface, and the packing adapter back surface abuts the bearing retainer front surface, and
wherein the pump power end is operable to reciprocate the reciprocating element within the reciprocating element bore of the pump fluid end. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the wellbore servicing fluid comprises a fracturing fluid, a cementitious fluid, a remedial fluid, a perforating fluid, a sealant, a drilling fluid, a spacer fluid, a completion fluid, a gravel pack fluid, a diverter fluid, a gelation fluid, a polymeric fluid, an aqueous fluid, an oleaginous fluid, or a combination thereof. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the pump operates during the pumping of the wellbore servicing fluid at a pressure of greater than or equal to about 3,000 psi. 20. The method of claim 17 wherein the pump operates during the pumping of the wellbore servicing fluid at a volumetric flow rate of greater than or equal to about 3 barrels per minute (BPM). | 3,700 |
346,095 | 16,804,522 | 3,772 | Apparatus, circuits and methods for reducing mismatch in an electro-optic modulator are described herein. In some embodiments, a described optical includes: a splitter configured for splitting an input optical signal into a first optical signal and a second optical signal; a phase shifter coupled to the splitter; and a combiner coupled to the phase shifter. The phase shifter includes: a first waveguide arm configured for controlling a first phase of the first optical signal to generate a first phase-controlled optical signal, and a second waveguide arm configured for controlling a second phase of the second optical signal to generate a second phase-controlled optical signal. Each of the first and second waveguide arms includes: a plurality of straight segments and a plurality of curved segments. The combiner is configured for combining the first and second phase-controlled optical signals to generate an output optical signal. | 1. An optical device, comprising:
a splitter configured for splitting an input optical signal into a first optical signal and a second optical signal; a phase shifter coupled to the splitter, wherein the phase shifter comprises:
a first waveguide arm configured for controlling a first phase of the first optical signal to generate a first phase-controlled optical signal, and
a second waveguide arm configured for controlling a second phase of the second optical signal to generate a second phase-controlled optical signal, wherein each of the first and second waveguide arms comprises: a plurality of straight segments and a plurality of curved segments; and
a combiner, coupled to the phase shifter and configured for combining the first and second phase-controlled optical signals to generate an output optical signal, wherein:
the phase shifter comprises an interferometer comprising: a first curved segment in the plurality of curved segments of the first waveguide arm, and a second curved segment in the plurality of curved segments of the second waveguide arm,
the first curved segment is a semicircle segment having a first radius, and
the second curved segment includes: two circular arcs each having a 90 degree and a third radius that is larger than the first radius, and one straight portion connecting the two circular arcs. 2. The optical device of claim 1, wherein, for each of the first and second waveguide arms:
the plurality of straight segments are parallel to each other; and the plurality of straight segments have a same length. 3. The optical device of claim 1, wherein, for each of the first and second waveguide arms:
any adjacent two straight segments among the plurality of straight segments are connected via one of the plurality of curved segments. 4. The optical device of claim 1, wherein, for each of the first and second waveguide arms:
the plurality of straight segments and the plurality of curved segments are alternatively arranged. 5. The optical device of claim 1, wherein each of the first and second waveguide arms includes an even number of straight segments and an odd number of curved segments. 6. The optical device of claim 1, wherein the second curved segment is longer than the first curved segment by a length difference predetermined based on a phase shift requirement associated with the interferometer. 7. The optical device of claim 6, wherein:
the splitter is a multi-mode interference (MMI) splitter; the combiner is a MMI combiner; the interferometer is a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI); and the optical device forms a Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM). 8. An optical device, comprising:
a splitter configured for splitting an input optical signal into a first optical signal and a second optical signal; a plurality of phase calibrators configured for generating a plurality of sets of electrical signals, wherein each of the plurality of sets includes electrical signals with different phase delays; and a phase shifter coupled to the splitter, wherein the phase shifter comprises:
a first waveguide arm configured for controlling a first phase of the first optical signal, based on at least one set of the plurality of sets of electrical signals, to generate a first phase-controlled optical signal, and
a second waveguide arm configured for controlling a second phase of the second optical signal, based on at least one set of the plurality of sets of electrical signals, to generate a second phase-controlled optical signal; and
a combiner, coupled to the phase shifter and configured for combining the first and second phase-controlled optical signals to generate an output optical signal, wherein:
each of the plurality of phase calibrators utilizes N digital bit signals to control phase delays of electrical signals generated by the phase calibrator, wherein N is a predetermined integer, and
at least one of the plurality of phase calibrators comprises an array of delay cells, and utilizes the N digital bit signals to control the phase delays by controlling a current of at least one of the delay cells. 9. The optical device of claim 8, wherein each of the first and second waveguide arms comprises: a plurality of straight segments and a plurality of curved segments. 10. The optical device of claim 9, wherein, for each of the first and second waveguide arms:
each of the plurality of straight segments corresponds to one of the plurality of phase calibrators; and a quantity of the plurality of straight segments is equal to a quantity of the plurality of phase calibrators. 11. The optical device of claim 9, wherein:
at least one of the plurality of phase calibrators comprises an array of delay cells, and utilizes the N digital bit signals to control the phase delays by controlling a resistance of at least one of the delay cells. 12. The optical device of claim 9, wherein:
at least one of the plurality of phase calibrators comprises an array of switched capacitors; and the N digital bit signals control the phase delays by controlling the array of switched capacitors. 13. The optical device of claim 9, wherein:
at least one of the plurality of phase calibrators comprises an array of delay cells, and utilizes the N digital bit signals to control the phase delays by controlling a capacitance of at least one of the delay cells. 14. A method, comprising:
splitting an input optical signal into a first optical signal and a second optical signal; generating a plurality of sets of electrical signals, wherein each of the plurality of sets includes electrical signals with different phase delays; utilizing a plurality of digital bit signals to control phase delays of the electrical signals by controlling resistances of an array of delay cells; controlling a first phase of the first optical signal, based on at least one set of the plurality of sets of electrical signals, to generate a first phase-controlled optical signal; controlling a second phase of the second optical signal, based on at least one set of the plurality of sets of electrical signals, to generate a second phase-controlled optical signal; and combining the first and second phase-controlled optical signals to generate an output optical signal. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein:
the first phase of the first optical signal is controlled based on a first set and a second set of the plurality of sets of electrical signals; and the second phase of the second optical signal is controlled based on a third set and a fourth set of the plurality of sets of electrical signals. 16. A phase shifter, comprising:
a first waveguide arm configured for controlling a first phase of the first optical signal to generate a first phase-controlled optical signal; and a second waveguide arm configured for controlling a second phase of the second optical signal to generate a second phase-controlled optical signal, wherein:
each of the first and second waveguide arms comprises: a plurality of straight segments and a plurality of curved segments,
the phase shifter comprises an interferometer comprising: a first curved segment in the plurality of curved segments of the first waveguide arm, and a second curved segment in the plurality of curved segments of the second waveguide arm,
the second curved segment is longer than the first curved segment by a length difference that is equal to a total length difference between the first waveguide arm and the second waveguide arm. 17. The phase shifter of claim 16, wherein:
the length difference is predetermined based on a phase shift requirement associated with the interferometer. 18. The phase shifter of claim 16, wherein:
the first curved segment is a semicircle segment having a first radius; the second curved segment includes: three straight portions and two circular arcs connecting the three straight portions; and each of the two circular arcs has a 90 degree and the first radius. 19. The phase shifter of claim 16, wherein:
the first curved segment is a semicircle segment having a first radius; and the second curved segment is a semicircle segment having a second radius that is larger than the first radius. 20. The phase shifter of claim 16, wherein:
the first curved segment is a semicircle segment having a first radius; and the second curved segment includes: two circular arcs each having a 90 degree and a third radius that is larger than the first radius, and one straight portion connecting the two circular arcs. | Apparatus, circuits and methods for reducing mismatch in an electro-optic modulator are described herein. In some embodiments, a described optical includes: a splitter configured for splitting an input optical signal into a first optical signal and a second optical signal; a phase shifter coupled to the splitter; and a combiner coupled to the phase shifter. The phase shifter includes: a first waveguide arm configured for controlling a first phase of the first optical signal to generate a first phase-controlled optical signal, and a second waveguide arm configured for controlling a second phase of the second optical signal to generate a second phase-controlled optical signal. Each of the first and second waveguide arms includes: a plurality of straight segments and a plurality of curved segments. The combiner is configured for combining the first and second phase-controlled optical signals to generate an output optical signal.1. An optical device, comprising:
a splitter configured for splitting an input optical signal into a first optical signal and a second optical signal; a phase shifter coupled to the splitter, wherein the phase shifter comprises:
a first waveguide arm configured for controlling a first phase of the first optical signal to generate a first phase-controlled optical signal, and
a second waveguide arm configured for controlling a second phase of the second optical signal to generate a second phase-controlled optical signal, wherein each of the first and second waveguide arms comprises: a plurality of straight segments and a plurality of curved segments; and
a combiner, coupled to the phase shifter and configured for combining the first and second phase-controlled optical signals to generate an output optical signal, wherein:
the phase shifter comprises an interferometer comprising: a first curved segment in the plurality of curved segments of the first waveguide arm, and a second curved segment in the plurality of curved segments of the second waveguide arm,
the first curved segment is a semicircle segment having a first radius, and
the second curved segment includes: two circular arcs each having a 90 degree and a third radius that is larger than the first radius, and one straight portion connecting the two circular arcs. 2. The optical device of claim 1, wherein, for each of the first and second waveguide arms:
the plurality of straight segments are parallel to each other; and the plurality of straight segments have a same length. 3. The optical device of claim 1, wherein, for each of the first and second waveguide arms:
any adjacent two straight segments among the plurality of straight segments are connected via one of the plurality of curved segments. 4. The optical device of claim 1, wherein, for each of the first and second waveguide arms:
the plurality of straight segments and the plurality of curved segments are alternatively arranged. 5. The optical device of claim 1, wherein each of the first and second waveguide arms includes an even number of straight segments and an odd number of curved segments. 6. The optical device of claim 1, wherein the second curved segment is longer than the first curved segment by a length difference predetermined based on a phase shift requirement associated with the interferometer. 7. The optical device of claim 6, wherein:
the splitter is a multi-mode interference (MMI) splitter; the combiner is a MMI combiner; the interferometer is a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI); and the optical device forms a Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM). 8. An optical device, comprising:
a splitter configured for splitting an input optical signal into a first optical signal and a second optical signal; a plurality of phase calibrators configured for generating a plurality of sets of electrical signals, wherein each of the plurality of sets includes electrical signals with different phase delays; and a phase shifter coupled to the splitter, wherein the phase shifter comprises:
a first waveguide arm configured for controlling a first phase of the first optical signal, based on at least one set of the plurality of sets of electrical signals, to generate a first phase-controlled optical signal, and
a second waveguide arm configured for controlling a second phase of the second optical signal, based on at least one set of the plurality of sets of electrical signals, to generate a second phase-controlled optical signal; and
a combiner, coupled to the phase shifter and configured for combining the first and second phase-controlled optical signals to generate an output optical signal, wherein:
each of the plurality of phase calibrators utilizes N digital bit signals to control phase delays of electrical signals generated by the phase calibrator, wherein N is a predetermined integer, and
at least one of the plurality of phase calibrators comprises an array of delay cells, and utilizes the N digital bit signals to control the phase delays by controlling a current of at least one of the delay cells. 9. The optical device of claim 8, wherein each of the first and second waveguide arms comprises: a plurality of straight segments and a plurality of curved segments. 10. The optical device of claim 9, wherein, for each of the first and second waveguide arms:
each of the plurality of straight segments corresponds to one of the plurality of phase calibrators; and a quantity of the plurality of straight segments is equal to a quantity of the plurality of phase calibrators. 11. The optical device of claim 9, wherein:
at least one of the plurality of phase calibrators comprises an array of delay cells, and utilizes the N digital bit signals to control the phase delays by controlling a resistance of at least one of the delay cells. 12. The optical device of claim 9, wherein:
at least one of the plurality of phase calibrators comprises an array of switched capacitors; and the N digital bit signals control the phase delays by controlling the array of switched capacitors. 13. The optical device of claim 9, wherein:
at least one of the plurality of phase calibrators comprises an array of delay cells, and utilizes the N digital bit signals to control the phase delays by controlling a capacitance of at least one of the delay cells. 14. A method, comprising:
splitting an input optical signal into a first optical signal and a second optical signal; generating a plurality of sets of electrical signals, wherein each of the plurality of sets includes electrical signals with different phase delays; utilizing a plurality of digital bit signals to control phase delays of the electrical signals by controlling resistances of an array of delay cells; controlling a first phase of the first optical signal, based on at least one set of the plurality of sets of electrical signals, to generate a first phase-controlled optical signal; controlling a second phase of the second optical signal, based on at least one set of the plurality of sets of electrical signals, to generate a second phase-controlled optical signal; and combining the first and second phase-controlled optical signals to generate an output optical signal. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein:
the first phase of the first optical signal is controlled based on a first set and a second set of the plurality of sets of electrical signals; and the second phase of the second optical signal is controlled based on a third set and a fourth set of the plurality of sets of electrical signals. 16. A phase shifter, comprising:
a first waveguide arm configured for controlling a first phase of the first optical signal to generate a first phase-controlled optical signal; and a second waveguide arm configured for controlling a second phase of the second optical signal to generate a second phase-controlled optical signal, wherein:
each of the first and second waveguide arms comprises: a plurality of straight segments and a plurality of curved segments,
the phase shifter comprises an interferometer comprising: a first curved segment in the plurality of curved segments of the first waveguide arm, and a second curved segment in the plurality of curved segments of the second waveguide arm,
the second curved segment is longer than the first curved segment by a length difference that is equal to a total length difference between the first waveguide arm and the second waveguide arm. 17. The phase shifter of claim 16, wherein:
the length difference is predetermined based on a phase shift requirement associated with the interferometer. 18. The phase shifter of claim 16, wherein:
the first curved segment is a semicircle segment having a first radius; the second curved segment includes: three straight portions and two circular arcs connecting the three straight portions; and each of the two circular arcs has a 90 degree and the first radius. 19. The phase shifter of claim 16, wherein:
the first curved segment is a semicircle segment having a first radius; and the second curved segment is a semicircle segment having a second radius that is larger than the first radius. 20. The phase shifter of claim 16, wherein:
the first curved segment is a semicircle segment having a first radius; and the second curved segment includes: two circular arcs each having a 90 degree and a third radius that is larger than the first radius, and one straight portion connecting the two circular arcs. | 3,700 |
346,096 | 16,804,536 | 3,772 | A control device is configured to: obtain target image data; generate dot data using the target image data; and control a print execution device to print a print image using the dot data by executing: a first partial printing of forming the dots in an overlapping area and a first non-overlapping area; and a second partial printing of forming the dots in the overlapping area and a second non-overlapping area. The control device generates data of the dot data corresponding to the overlapping area by executing an overlapping area processing including first processing for values of pixels within a first range and second processing for values of pixels within a second range, the first processing including lowering a density of an image to be printed in the overlapping area. | 1. A control device for controlling a print execution device, the print execution device comprising a print head having a plurality of nozzles configured to eject ink, a head driver configured to cause the print head to eject the ink to form dots on a printing medium, and a mover configured to move the printing medium relative to the print head in a moving direction, the control device being configured to:
obtain target image data; generate dot data indicating a formation state of the dots for each pixel using the target image data; and control the print execution device to print a print image using the dot data by alternately executing a partial printing of controlling the print head to form the dots and a moving of controlling the mover to move the printing medium for plural times, wherein in the controlling of the print execution device, the control device is configured to:
control the print execution device to execute a first partial printing;
control the mover to move the printing medium by a specific moving amount after the first partial printing; and
control the print execution device to execute a second partial printing after moving the printing medium by the specific moving amount,
in the first partial printing, the control device being configured to control the print head to:
form the dots in an overlapping area and a first non-overlapping area, the overlapping area including an upstream end of an area printable by the first partial printing with respect to the moving direction, the first non-overlapping area being a non-overlapping area different from the overlapping area and located downstream of the overlapping area of the area printable by the first partial printing with respect to the moving direction; and
not to form the dots in a second non-overlapping area, the second non-overlapping area being a non-overlapping area located upstream of the overlapping area of an area printable by the second partial printing with respect to the moving direction, and
in the second partial printing, the control device being configured to control the print head to:
form the dots in the overlapping area and the second non-overlapping area; and
not to form the dots in the first non-overlapping area,
wherein in the generating of the dot data, the control device is configured to:
generate first data of the dot data, the first data corresponding to the non-overlapping area, by executing non-overlapping area processing for non-overlapping area data of the target image data, the non-overlapping area data corresponding to the non-overlapping area; and
generate second data of the dot data, the second data corresponding to the overlapping area, by executing overlapping area processing for overlapping area data of the target image data, the overlapping area processing being different from the non-overlapping area processing, the overlapping area data corresponding to the overlapping area,
wherein the overlapping area processing includes:
first processing to be executed for values of pixels within a first range; and
second processing to be executed for values of pixels within a second range different from the first range, the second processing being different from the first processing; and
wherein the first processing includes first density lowering processing of lowering a density of an image to be printed in the overlapping area, as compared to if the non-overlapping area processing was executed on the overlapping area data. 2. The control device according to claim 1, wherein the second processing is any one of:
processing does not include processing of lowering the density of the image to be printed in the overlapping area, as compared to the case in which the non-overlapping area processing is to be executed on the overlapping area data; and processing including second density lowering processing of lowering the density of the image to be printed in the overlapping area, as compared to the case in which the non-overlapping area processing is to be executed on the overlapping area data, a degree of lowering the density being lower in the second density lowering processing than in the first density lowering processing. 3. The control device according to claim 2,
wherein the print execution device is configured to form the dots by using a plurality of types of inks including cyan, magenta and yellow inks, wherein the first range includes a first color that is to be expressed using the cyan and magenta inks without using the yellow ink, and wherein the second range includes a second color that is to be expressed using the yellow ink without using at least one of the cyan and magenta inks. 4. The control device according to claim 2,
wherein the first range includes a value indicating a first color of achromatic colors, the first color having a density within a specific range and without including black and white, and wherein the second range includes a value indicating a second color of the achromatic colors, the second color having a density outside of the specific range. 5. The control device according to claim 1, wherein in the generating of the dot data, the control device is configured to:
determine whether notice data of the target image data is the non-overlapping area data or the overlapping area data; in a case it is determined that the notice data is the non-overlapping area data, execute the non-overlapping area processing including conversion processing using a first profile for the notice data; and in a case it is determined that the notice data is the overlapping area data, execute the overlapping area processing including conversion processing using a second profile on the notice data, the second profile being different from the first profile. 6. The control device according to claim 5,
wherein the target image data is image data indicating a color for each pixel with a color value of a first color coordinate system, wherein the first profile and the second profile are respectively a profile of defining a correspondence relation between the color value of the first color coordinate system and a color value of a second color coordinate system including a plurality of components corresponding to a plurality of types inks to be used for printing by the print execution device, and wherein the conversion processings include processing of converting color values of the first color coordinate system included in the notice data into color values of the second color coordinate system. 7. The control device according to claim 1, wherein in the generating of the dot data, the control device is configured to:
determine whether notice data of the target image data is the non-overlapping area data or the overlapping area data; in a case it is determined that the notice data is the overlapping area data, execute the overlapping area processing including specific conversion processing of correcting values of pixels included in the notice data; and in a case it is determined that the notice data is the non-overlapping area data, execute the non-overlapping area processing not including the specific correction processing. 8. The control device according to claim 7,
wherein the target image data is image data indicating a color for each pixel with a color value of a first color coordinate system, wherein the non-overlapping area processing and the overlapping area processing include color conversion processing of converting color values of the first color coordinate system into color values of a second color coordinate system including a plurality of components corresponding to a plurality of types inks to be used for printing by the print execution device, and wherein the specific correction processing is any one of processing of correcting the color values of the first color coordinate system and processing of correcting the color values of the second color coordinate system. 9. A printer comprising:
a print execution device comprising:
a print head having a plurality of nozzles configured to eject ink;
a head driver configured to cause the print head to eject the ink to form dots on a printing medium; and
a mover configured to move the printing medium relative to the print head in a moving direction; and
the control device according to claim 1. 10. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a computer program readable by a computer configured to control a print execution device, the print execution device comprising a print head having a plurality of nozzles configured to eject ink, a head driver configured to cause the print head to eject the ink to form dots on a printing medium, and a mover configured to move the printing medium relative to the print head in a moving direction, the computer program, when executed by the computer, causes the computer to perform:
obtaining target image data; generating dot data indicating a formation state of the dots for each pixel by using the target image data; and controlling the print execution device to print a print image using the dot data by alternately executing a partial printing of controlling the print head to form the dots and a moving of controlling the mover to move the printing medium, wherein in the controlling of the print execution device, the computer program further causes the computer to perform:
controlling the print execution device to execute a first partial printing;
controlling the mover to move the printing medium by a specific moving amount after the first partial printing; and
controlling the print execution device to execute a second partial printing after moving the printing medium by the specific moving amount,
in the first partial printing, the computer program causes the computer to control the print head to:
form the dots in an overlapping area and a first non-overlapping area, the overlapping area including an upstream end of an area printable by the first partial printing with respect to the moving direction, the first non-overlapping area being a non-overlapping area different from the overlapping area and located downstream of the overlapping area of the printable by the first partial printing with respect to the moving direction; and
not to form the dots in a second non-overlapping area, the second non-overlapping area being a non-overlapping area located upstream of the overlapping area of an area printable by the second partial printing with respect to the moving direction, and
in the second partial printing, the computer program causes the computer to control the print head to:
form the dots in the overlapping area and the second non-overlapping area; and
not to form the dots in the first non-overlapping area,
wherein in the generating of the dot data, the computer program further causes the computer to perform:
generating first data of the dot data, the first data corresponding to the non-overlapping area, by executing non-overlapping area processing for non-overlapping area data of the target image data, the non-overlapping area data corresponding to the non-overlapping area; and
generating second data of the dot data, the second data corresponding to the overlapping area, by executing overlapping area processing for overlapping area data of the target image data, the overlapping area processing being different from the non-overlapping area processing, the overlapping data corresponding to the overlapping area,
wherein the overlapping area processing includes:
first processing to be executed for values of pixels within a first color range; and
second processing to be executed for values of pixels within a second color range different from the first color range, the second processing being different from the first processing, and
wherein the first processing includes first density lowering processing of lowering a density of an image to be printed in the overlapping area, as compared to if the non-overlapping area processing was executed on the overlapping area data. 11. A control device for controlling a print execution device, the print execution device comprising a print head having a plurality of nozzles configured to eject ink, a head driver configured to cause the print head to eject the ink to form dots on a printing medium, and a mover configured to move the printing medium relative to the print head in a moving direction, the control device being configured to:
obtain target image data; generate dot data indicating a formation state of the dots for each pixel using the target image data; and control the print execution device to print a print image using the dot data by alternately executing a partial printing of controlling the print head to form the dots and a moving of controlling the mover to move the printing medium for plural times, wherein in the controlling of the print execution device, the control device is configured to:
control the print execution device to execute a first partial printing;
control the mover to move the printing medium by a specific moving amount after the first partial printing; and
control the print execution device to execute a second partial printing after moving the printing medium by the specific moving amount,
in the first partial printing, the control device being configured to control the print head to:
form the dots in an overlapping area and a first non-overlapping area, the overlapping area including an upstream end of an area printable by the first partial printing with respect to the moving direction, the first non-overlapping area being a non-overlapping area different from the overlapping area and located downstream of the overlapping area of the area printable by the first partial printing with respect to the moving direction; and
not to form the dots in a second non-overlapping area, the second non-overlapping area being a non-overlapping area located upstream of the overlapping area of an area printable by the second partial printing with respect to the moving direction, and
in the second partial printing, the control device being configured to control the print head to:
form the dots in the overlapping area and the second non-overlapping area; and
not to form the dots in the first non-overlapping area,
wherein in the generating of the dot data, the control device is configured to:
generate data of the dot data corresponding to first area by executing first area processing for first area data of the target image data, the first area data corresponding to the first area, the first area being at least part of the overlapping area; and
generate data of the dot data corresponding to second area by executing second area processing for second area data of the target image data, the second area processing being different from the first area processing, the second area data corresponding to the second area, the second area being different from the first area,
wherein the first area processing includes:
first processing to be executed for values of pixels within a first range; and
second processing to be executed for values of pixels within a second range different from the first range, the second processing being different from the first processing; and
wherein the first processing includes first density lowering processing of lowering a density of an image to be printed in the first area, as compared to if the second area processing was executed on the first area data. 12. The control device according to claim 11, wherein the control device is configured to perform the first area processing for the first area data of the target image data, the first area data corresponding to the first area, the first area corresponding to center area of the overlapping area in the moving direction. 13. The control device according to claim 11, wherein the control device is configured to perform the first area processing for the first area data of the target image data, the first area data corresponding to the first area, the first area corresponding to:
the overlapping area; part of the first non-overlapping area adjacent to the overlapping area; and part of the second non-overlapping area adjacent to the overlapping area. 14. A printer comprising:
a print execution device comprising:
a print head having a plurality of nozzles configured to eject ink;
a head driver configured to cause the print head to eject the ink to form dots on a printing medium; and
a mover configured to move the printing medium relative to the print head in a moving direction; and
the control device according to claim 11. 15. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a computer program readable by a computer configured to control a print execution device, the print execution device comprising a print head having a plurality of nozzles configured to eject ink, a head driver configured to cause the print head to eject the ink to form dots on a printing medium, and a mover configured to move the printing medium relative to the print head in a moving direction, the computer program, when executed by the computer, causes the computer to perform:
obtaining target image data; generating dot data indicating a formation state of the dots for each pixel by using the target image data; and controlling the print execution device to print a print image using the dot data by alternately executing a partial printing of controlling the print head to form the dots and a moving of controlling the mover to move the printing medium, wherein in the controlling of the print execution device, the computer program further causes the computer to perform:
controlling the print execution device to execute a first partial printing;
controlling the mover to move the printing medium by a specific moving amount after the first partial printing; and
controlling the print execution device to execute a second partial printing after moving the printing medium by the specific moving amount,
in the first partial printing, the computer program causes the computer to control the print head to:
form the dots in an overlapping area and a first non-overlapping area, the overlapping area including an upstream end of an area printable by the first partial printing with respect to the moving direction, the first non-overlapping area being a non-overlapping area different from the overlapping area and located downstream of the overlapping area of the printable by the first partial printing with respect to the moving direction; and
not to form the dots in a second non-overlapping area, the second non-overlapping area being a non-overlapping area located upstream of the overlapping area of an area printable by the second partial printing with respect to the moving direction, and
in the second partial printing, the computer program causes the computer to control the print head to:
form the dots in the overlapping area and the second non-overlapping area; and
not to form the dots in the first non-overlapping area,
wherein in the generating of the dot data, the computer program further causes the computer to perform:
generating data of the dot data corresponding to first area by executing first area processing for first area data of the target image data, the first area data corresponding to the first area, the first area being at least part of the overlapping area; and
generating data of the dot data corresponding to second area by executing second area processing for second area data of the target image data, the second area processing being different from the first area processing, the second area data corresponding to the second area, the second area being different from the first area,
wherein the first area processing includes:
first processing to be executed for values of pixels within a first color range; and
second processing to be executed for values of pixels within a second color range different from the first color range, the second processing being different from the first processing, and
wherein the first processing includes first density lowering processing of lowering a density of an image to be printed in the first area, as compared to if the second area processing was executed on the first area data. | A control device is configured to: obtain target image data; generate dot data using the target image data; and control a print execution device to print a print image using the dot data by executing: a first partial printing of forming the dots in an overlapping area and a first non-overlapping area; and a second partial printing of forming the dots in the overlapping area and a second non-overlapping area. The control device generates data of the dot data corresponding to the overlapping area by executing an overlapping area processing including first processing for values of pixels within a first range and second processing for values of pixels within a second range, the first processing including lowering a density of an image to be printed in the overlapping area.1. A control device for controlling a print execution device, the print execution device comprising a print head having a plurality of nozzles configured to eject ink, a head driver configured to cause the print head to eject the ink to form dots on a printing medium, and a mover configured to move the printing medium relative to the print head in a moving direction, the control device being configured to:
obtain target image data; generate dot data indicating a formation state of the dots for each pixel using the target image data; and control the print execution device to print a print image using the dot data by alternately executing a partial printing of controlling the print head to form the dots and a moving of controlling the mover to move the printing medium for plural times, wherein in the controlling of the print execution device, the control device is configured to:
control the print execution device to execute a first partial printing;
control the mover to move the printing medium by a specific moving amount after the first partial printing; and
control the print execution device to execute a second partial printing after moving the printing medium by the specific moving amount,
in the first partial printing, the control device being configured to control the print head to:
form the dots in an overlapping area and a first non-overlapping area, the overlapping area including an upstream end of an area printable by the first partial printing with respect to the moving direction, the first non-overlapping area being a non-overlapping area different from the overlapping area and located downstream of the overlapping area of the area printable by the first partial printing with respect to the moving direction; and
not to form the dots in a second non-overlapping area, the second non-overlapping area being a non-overlapping area located upstream of the overlapping area of an area printable by the second partial printing with respect to the moving direction, and
in the second partial printing, the control device being configured to control the print head to:
form the dots in the overlapping area and the second non-overlapping area; and
not to form the dots in the first non-overlapping area,
wherein in the generating of the dot data, the control device is configured to:
generate first data of the dot data, the first data corresponding to the non-overlapping area, by executing non-overlapping area processing for non-overlapping area data of the target image data, the non-overlapping area data corresponding to the non-overlapping area; and
generate second data of the dot data, the second data corresponding to the overlapping area, by executing overlapping area processing for overlapping area data of the target image data, the overlapping area processing being different from the non-overlapping area processing, the overlapping area data corresponding to the overlapping area,
wherein the overlapping area processing includes:
first processing to be executed for values of pixels within a first range; and
second processing to be executed for values of pixels within a second range different from the first range, the second processing being different from the first processing; and
wherein the first processing includes first density lowering processing of lowering a density of an image to be printed in the overlapping area, as compared to if the non-overlapping area processing was executed on the overlapping area data. 2. The control device according to claim 1, wherein the second processing is any one of:
processing does not include processing of lowering the density of the image to be printed in the overlapping area, as compared to the case in which the non-overlapping area processing is to be executed on the overlapping area data; and processing including second density lowering processing of lowering the density of the image to be printed in the overlapping area, as compared to the case in which the non-overlapping area processing is to be executed on the overlapping area data, a degree of lowering the density being lower in the second density lowering processing than in the first density lowering processing. 3. The control device according to claim 2,
wherein the print execution device is configured to form the dots by using a plurality of types of inks including cyan, magenta and yellow inks, wherein the first range includes a first color that is to be expressed using the cyan and magenta inks without using the yellow ink, and wherein the second range includes a second color that is to be expressed using the yellow ink without using at least one of the cyan and magenta inks. 4. The control device according to claim 2,
wherein the first range includes a value indicating a first color of achromatic colors, the first color having a density within a specific range and without including black and white, and wherein the second range includes a value indicating a second color of the achromatic colors, the second color having a density outside of the specific range. 5. The control device according to claim 1, wherein in the generating of the dot data, the control device is configured to:
determine whether notice data of the target image data is the non-overlapping area data or the overlapping area data; in a case it is determined that the notice data is the non-overlapping area data, execute the non-overlapping area processing including conversion processing using a first profile for the notice data; and in a case it is determined that the notice data is the overlapping area data, execute the overlapping area processing including conversion processing using a second profile on the notice data, the second profile being different from the first profile. 6. The control device according to claim 5,
wherein the target image data is image data indicating a color for each pixel with a color value of a first color coordinate system, wherein the first profile and the second profile are respectively a profile of defining a correspondence relation between the color value of the first color coordinate system and a color value of a second color coordinate system including a plurality of components corresponding to a plurality of types inks to be used for printing by the print execution device, and wherein the conversion processings include processing of converting color values of the first color coordinate system included in the notice data into color values of the second color coordinate system. 7. The control device according to claim 1, wherein in the generating of the dot data, the control device is configured to:
determine whether notice data of the target image data is the non-overlapping area data or the overlapping area data; in a case it is determined that the notice data is the overlapping area data, execute the overlapping area processing including specific conversion processing of correcting values of pixels included in the notice data; and in a case it is determined that the notice data is the non-overlapping area data, execute the non-overlapping area processing not including the specific correction processing. 8. The control device according to claim 7,
wherein the target image data is image data indicating a color for each pixel with a color value of a first color coordinate system, wherein the non-overlapping area processing and the overlapping area processing include color conversion processing of converting color values of the first color coordinate system into color values of a second color coordinate system including a plurality of components corresponding to a plurality of types inks to be used for printing by the print execution device, and wherein the specific correction processing is any one of processing of correcting the color values of the first color coordinate system and processing of correcting the color values of the second color coordinate system. 9. A printer comprising:
a print execution device comprising:
a print head having a plurality of nozzles configured to eject ink;
a head driver configured to cause the print head to eject the ink to form dots on a printing medium; and
a mover configured to move the printing medium relative to the print head in a moving direction; and
the control device according to claim 1. 10. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a computer program readable by a computer configured to control a print execution device, the print execution device comprising a print head having a plurality of nozzles configured to eject ink, a head driver configured to cause the print head to eject the ink to form dots on a printing medium, and a mover configured to move the printing medium relative to the print head in a moving direction, the computer program, when executed by the computer, causes the computer to perform:
obtaining target image data; generating dot data indicating a formation state of the dots for each pixel by using the target image data; and controlling the print execution device to print a print image using the dot data by alternately executing a partial printing of controlling the print head to form the dots and a moving of controlling the mover to move the printing medium, wherein in the controlling of the print execution device, the computer program further causes the computer to perform:
controlling the print execution device to execute a first partial printing;
controlling the mover to move the printing medium by a specific moving amount after the first partial printing; and
controlling the print execution device to execute a second partial printing after moving the printing medium by the specific moving amount,
in the first partial printing, the computer program causes the computer to control the print head to:
form the dots in an overlapping area and a first non-overlapping area, the overlapping area including an upstream end of an area printable by the first partial printing with respect to the moving direction, the first non-overlapping area being a non-overlapping area different from the overlapping area and located downstream of the overlapping area of the printable by the first partial printing with respect to the moving direction; and
not to form the dots in a second non-overlapping area, the second non-overlapping area being a non-overlapping area located upstream of the overlapping area of an area printable by the second partial printing with respect to the moving direction, and
in the second partial printing, the computer program causes the computer to control the print head to:
form the dots in the overlapping area and the second non-overlapping area; and
not to form the dots in the first non-overlapping area,
wherein in the generating of the dot data, the computer program further causes the computer to perform:
generating first data of the dot data, the first data corresponding to the non-overlapping area, by executing non-overlapping area processing for non-overlapping area data of the target image data, the non-overlapping area data corresponding to the non-overlapping area; and
generating second data of the dot data, the second data corresponding to the overlapping area, by executing overlapping area processing for overlapping area data of the target image data, the overlapping area processing being different from the non-overlapping area processing, the overlapping data corresponding to the overlapping area,
wherein the overlapping area processing includes:
first processing to be executed for values of pixels within a first color range; and
second processing to be executed for values of pixels within a second color range different from the first color range, the second processing being different from the first processing, and
wherein the first processing includes first density lowering processing of lowering a density of an image to be printed in the overlapping area, as compared to if the non-overlapping area processing was executed on the overlapping area data. 11. A control device for controlling a print execution device, the print execution device comprising a print head having a plurality of nozzles configured to eject ink, a head driver configured to cause the print head to eject the ink to form dots on a printing medium, and a mover configured to move the printing medium relative to the print head in a moving direction, the control device being configured to:
obtain target image data; generate dot data indicating a formation state of the dots for each pixel using the target image data; and control the print execution device to print a print image using the dot data by alternately executing a partial printing of controlling the print head to form the dots and a moving of controlling the mover to move the printing medium for plural times, wherein in the controlling of the print execution device, the control device is configured to:
control the print execution device to execute a first partial printing;
control the mover to move the printing medium by a specific moving amount after the first partial printing; and
control the print execution device to execute a second partial printing after moving the printing medium by the specific moving amount,
in the first partial printing, the control device being configured to control the print head to:
form the dots in an overlapping area and a first non-overlapping area, the overlapping area including an upstream end of an area printable by the first partial printing with respect to the moving direction, the first non-overlapping area being a non-overlapping area different from the overlapping area and located downstream of the overlapping area of the area printable by the first partial printing with respect to the moving direction; and
not to form the dots in a second non-overlapping area, the second non-overlapping area being a non-overlapping area located upstream of the overlapping area of an area printable by the second partial printing with respect to the moving direction, and
in the second partial printing, the control device being configured to control the print head to:
form the dots in the overlapping area and the second non-overlapping area; and
not to form the dots in the first non-overlapping area,
wherein in the generating of the dot data, the control device is configured to:
generate data of the dot data corresponding to first area by executing first area processing for first area data of the target image data, the first area data corresponding to the first area, the first area being at least part of the overlapping area; and
generate data of the dot data corresponding to second area by executing second area processing for second area data of the target image data, the second area processing being different from the first area processing, the second area data corresponding to the second area, the second area being different from the first area,
wherein the first area processing includes:
first processing to be executed for values of pixels within a first range; and
second processing to be executed for values of pixels within a second range different from the first range, the second processing being different from the first processing; and
wherein the first processing includes first density lowering processing of lowering a density of an image to be printed in the first area, as compared to if the second area processing was executed on the first area data. 12. The control device according to claim 11, wherein the control device is configured to perform the first area processing for the first area data of the target image data, the first area data corresponding to the first area, the first area corresponding to center area of the overlapping area in the moving direction. 13. The control device according to claim 11, wherein the control device is configured to perform the first area processing for the first area data of the target image data, the first area data corresponding to the first area, the first area corresponding to:
the overlapping area; part of the first non-overlapping area adjacent to the overlapping area; and part of the second non-overlapping area adjacent to the overlapping area. 14. A printer comprising:
a print execution device comprising:
a print head having a plurality of nozzles configured to eject ink;
a head driver configured to cause the print head to eject the ink to form dots on a printing medium; and
a mover configured to move the printing medium relative to the print head in a moving direction; and
the control device according to claim 11. 15. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a computer program readable by a computer configured to control a print execution device, the print execution device comprising a print head having a plurality of nozzles configured to eject ink, a head driver configured to cause the print head to eject the ink to form dots on a printing medium, and a mover configured to move the printing medium relative to the print head in a moving direction, the computer program, when executed by the computer, causes the computer to perform:
obtaining target image data; generating dot data indicating a formation state of the dots for each pixel by using the target image data; and controlling the print execution device to print a print image using the dot data by alternately executing a partial printing of controlling the print head to form the dots and a moving of controlling the mover to move the printing medium, wherein in the controlling of the print execution device, the computer program further causes the computer to perform:
controlling the print execution device to execute a first partial printing;
controlling the mover to move the printing medium by a specific moving amount after the first partial printing; and
controlling the print execution device to execute a second partial printing after moving the printing medium by the specific moving amount,
in the first partial printing, the computer program causes the computer to control the print head to:
form the dots in an overlapping area and a first non-overlapping area, the overlapping area including an upstream end of an area printable by the first partial printing with respect to the moving direction, the first non-overlapping area being a non-overlapping area different from the overlapping area and located downstream of the overlapping area of the printable by the first partial printing with respect to the moving direction; and
not to form the dots in a second non-overlapping area, the second non-overlapping area being a non-overlapping area located upstream of the overlapping area of an area printable by the second partial printing with respect to the moving direction, and
in the second partial printing, the computer program causes the computer to control the print head to:
form the dots in the overlapping area and the second non-overlapping area; and
not to form the dots in the first non-overlapping area,
wherein in the generating of the dot data, the computer program further causes the computer to perform:
generating data of the dot data corresponding to first area by executing first area processing for first area data of the target image data, the first area data corresponding to the first area, the first area being at least part of the overlapping area; and
generating data of the dot data corresponding to second area by executing second area processing for second area data of the target image data, the second area processing being different from the first area processing, the second area data corresponding to the second area, the second area being different from the first area,
wherein the first area processing includes:
first processing to be executed for values of pixels within a first color range; and
second processing to be executed for values of pixels within a second color range different from the first color range, the second processing being different from the first processing, and
wherein the first processing includes first density lowering processing of lowering a density of an image to be printed in the first area, as compared to if the second area processing was executed on the first area data. | 3,700 |
346,097 | 16,804,530 | 3,772 | A lens apparatus of which an image side part is detachably mountable to an accessory includes a lens unit that includes a lens disposed closest to the image side part and a holding member that holds the lens, and is movable in an optical axis direction, and a restrictor configured to restrict a movement of the lens unit. When the lens unit is located at a first position, the accessory is not mountable to the lens apparatus, and when the lens unit is located at a second position, the accessory is mountable to the lens apparatus. The restrictor restricts the lens unit from moving without bringing the lens unit into contact with the accessory when the accessory is attached to the lens apparatus. | 1. A lens apparatus of which an image side part is detachably mountable to an accessory, the lens apparatus comprising:
a lens unit that includes a lens disposed closest to the image side part and a holding member that holds the lens, and is movable in an optical axis direction; and a restrictor configured to restrict a movement of the lens unit, wherein when the lens unit is located at a first position, the accessory is not mountable to the lens apparatus, and when the lens unit is located at a second position, the accessory is mountable to the lens apparatus, and wherein the restrictor restricts the lens unit from moving without bringing the lens unit into contact with the accessory when the accessory is attached to the lens apparatus. 2. The lens apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a movable member configured to move when the lens unit moves,
wherein the restrictor includes a movement restricting member configured to contact the movable member to restrict the lens unit from moving. 3. The lens apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the movable member is rotatable around an optical axis, and
wherein the movement restricting member contacts the movable member in a direction orthogonal to the optical axis to restrict the lens unit from moving. 4. The lens apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the movable member is operated by a user. 5. The lens apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising an attachment restricting member movable between a third position at which the attachment restricting member contacts the accessory and restricts the accessory from attaching to the lens apparatus, and a fourth position for permitting the accessory to be attached to the lens apparatus. 6. The lens apparatus according to claim 5, further comprising a control member configured to restrict the attachment restricting member from moving when the lens unit is located at the first position, and to permit the attachment restricting member to move when the lens unit is located at the second position. 7. The lens apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the control member includes:
a first cam portion configured to move the lens unit in the optical axis direction by rotating around the optical axis; and a second cam portion configured to restrict the attachment restricting member from moving when the lens unit is located at the first position, and to permit the attachment restricting member from moving when the lens unit is located at the second position. 8. The lens apparatus according to claim 5, further comprising a biasing member configured to bias the attachment restricting member,
wherein the attachment restricting member is pressed by the accessory and moved to the fourth position when the accessory is attached to the lens apparatus, and wherein the attachment restricting member is biased by the accessory and moved to the third position when the accessory is detached from the lens apparatus. 9. The lens apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the restrictor restricts the lens unit from moving by restricting an operation of the actuator for moving the lens unit. 10. The lens apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the lens unit moves in the optical axis direction during zooming, and the first position is closer to a wide-angle end than the second position. 11. The lens apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the lens unit moves in the optical axis direction during focusing, and the first position is closer to a near side than the second position. 12. An optical apparatus comprising:
the lens apparatus according to claim 1; and an accessory detachably mountable to the image side part. 13. The optical apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the accessory includes an optical element located inside the lens apparatus when the accessory is attached to the lens apparatus. 14. An imaging system comprising:
the lens apparatus according to claim 1; an accessory detachably mountable to the image side part; and an imaging apparatus to which the accessory is detachably mountable. | A lens apparatus of which an image side part is detachably mountable to an accessory includes a lens unit that includes a lens disposed closest to the image side part and a holding member that holds the lens, and is movable in an optical axis direction, and a restrictor configured to restrict a movement of the lens unit. When the lens unit is located at a first position, the accessory is not mountable to the lens apparatus, and when the lens unit is located at a second position, the accessory is mountable to the lens apparatus. The restrictor restricts the lens unit from moving without bringing the lens unit into contact with the accessory when the accessory is attached to the lens apparatus.1. A lens apparatus of which an image side part is detachably mountable to an accessory, the lens apparatus comprising:
a lens unit that includes a lens disposed closest to the image side part and a holding member that holds the lens, and is movable in an optical axis direction; and a restrictor configured to restrict a movement of the lens unit, wherein when the lens unit is located at a first position, the accessory is not mountable to the lens apparatus, and when the lens unit is located at a second position, the accessory is mountable to the lens apparatus, and wherein the restrictor restricts the lens unit from moving without bringing the lens unit into contact with the accessory when the accessory is attached to the lens apparatus. 2. The lens apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a movable member configured to move when the lens unit moves,
wherein the restrictor includes a movement restricting member configured to contact the movable member to restrict the lens unit from moving. 3. The lens apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the movable member is rotatable around an optical axis, and
wherein the movement restricting member contacts the movable member in a direction orthogonal to the optical axis to restrict the lens unit from moving. 4. The lens apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the movable member is operated by a user. 5. The lens apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising an attachment restricting member movable between a third position at which the attachment restricting member contacts the accessory and restricts the accessory from attaching to the lens apparatus, and a fourth position for permitting the accessory to be attached to the lens apparatus. 6. The lens apparatus according to claim 5, further comprising a control member configured to restrict the attachment restricting member from moving when the lens unit is located at the first position, and to permit the attachment restricting member to move when the lens unit is located at the second position. 7. The lens apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the control member includes:
a first cam portion configured to move the lens unit in the optical axis direction by rotating around the optical axis; and a second cam portion configured to restrict the attachment restricting member from moving when the lens unit is located at the first position, and to permit the attachment restricting member from moving when the lens unit is located at the second position. 8. The lens apparatus according to claim 5, further comprising a biasing member configured to bias the attachment restricting member,
wherein the attachment restricting member is pressed by the accessory and moved to the fourth position when the accessory is attached to the lens apparatus, and wherein the attachment restricting member is biased by the accessory and moved to the third position when the accessory is detached from the lens apparatus. 9. The lens apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the restrictor restricts the lens unit from moving by restricting an operation of the actuator for moving the lens unit. 10. The lens apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the lens unit moves in the optical axis direction during zooming, and the first position is closer to a wide-angle end than the second position. 11. The lens apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the lens unit moves in the optical axis direction during focusing, and the first position is closer to a near side than the second position. 12. An optical apparatus comprising:
the lens apparatus according to claim 1; and an accessory detachably mountable to the image side part. 13. The optical apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the accessory includes an optical element located inside the lens apparatus when the accessory is attached to the lens apparatus. 14. An imaging system comprising:
the lens apparatus according to claim 1; an accessory detachably mountable to the image side part; and an imaging apparatus to which the accessory is detachably mountable. | 3,700 |
346,098 | 16,804,465 | 3,772 | The invention described herein is based in part on the discovery of a protein/peptide crosslink, which introduces fluorescent properties, and which has been applied to synthesize analogues of melanocortin and amanitin as choice peptides to be explored in the context of isoindole peptides. Without limitation, it is expected that those trained in the art of peptide synthesis and stapling would appreciate the consequences of this invention such that other peptides of varied length can be similarly constrained by isoindole staples as featured herein. | 1-32. (canceled) 33. A method of creating an intramolecular crosslinking within a peptide comprising:
a. Providing a peptide composition that further comprises at least one thiol group and at least one amine group. b. Reacting the peptide with a crosslinking agent of Formula VIII 34. A method of cyclizing a peptide by strategically crosslinking a thiol group with an amine group, said method comprising:
(i) preparing a linear peptide that comprises at least one thiol group and at least one amine group. (ii) crosslinking said linear peptide with a cross-linking agents to give a cyclized peptide; and (iii) optionally isolation and/or further reacting said cyclized peptide formed in step (ii). Wherein said cross-linking agent may be a substituted aromatic compound, a fluorescent compound, a dye, or a compound of Formula VIII 35. The method of claim 33 wherein the cross-linking agent is selected from the following compounds: 36. A method of cyclizing a peptide by strategically crosslinking a thiol group with an amine group, said method comprising:
(i) making a solid phase compatible version of a heptapeptide; (ii) cleaving said heptapeptide from step (i) and coupling it with dihydroxyisoleucine; (iii) performing isoindole condensation to obtain a monocycle; (iv) macrolactamizing said octapeptide to provide said compound of Formula V; and (v) optionally deuterating said compound of Formula V. 37. The method of claim 36 wherein steps (iii) and (iv) are conducted in reverse order. 38. The method of claim 36 wherein the heptapeptide comprises diaminoproprionic acids or is 39. A compound comprising a linear analogue of alpha-MSH of Formula I
R1—R2—R*—X1—X2—X3—X4—R3—R4 (Formula I); 40. A compound comprising a cyclic analogue of alpha-MSH of Formula IIa 41. A compound comprising a cyclic analogue of alpha-MSH of Formula IIb 42. A compound comprising a cyclic analogue of alpha-MSH of Formula IIc 43. A compound comprising a cyclic analogue of alpha-MSH of Formula IIc 44. A compound of Formula IV a-d 45. An compound comprising an amatoxin of Formula V: 46. A compound of claim 40 wherein Z may comprise 47. A compound of claim 40 wherein Z is 48. A compound of Formula VI: 49. A compound of Formula VII: 50. The use of the compound of claim 40 to increase alpha-MSH activity in a subject in need thereof. 51. The use of the compound of claim 40 for the diagnosis and/or treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. 52. The use of the compound of claim 40 for the diagnosis and/or treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), dementia, Alzheimer' s disease, Parkinson's disease, or Huntington's disease | The invention described herein is based in part on the discovery of a protein/peptide crosslink, which introduces fluorescent properties, and which has been applied to synthesize analogues of melanocortin and amanitin as choice peptides to be explored in the context of isoindole peptides. Without limitation, it is expected that those trained in the art of peptide synthesis and stapling would appreciate the consequences of this invention such that other peptides of varied length can be similarly constrained by isoindole staples as featured herein.1-32. (canceled) 33. A method of creating an intramolecular crosslinking within a peptide comprising:
a. Providing a peptide composition that further comprises at least one thiol group and at least one amine group. b. Reacting the peptide with a crosslinking agent of Formula VIII 34. A method of cyclizing a peptide by strategically crosslinking a thiol group with an amine group, said method comprising:
(i) preparing a linear peptide that comprises at least one thiol group and at least one amine group. (ii) crosslinking said linear peptide with a cross-linking agents to give a cyclized peptide; and (iii) optionally isolation and/or further reacting said cyclized peptide formed in step (ii). Wherein said cross-linking agent may be a substituted aromatic compound, a fluorescent compound, a dye, or a compound of Formula VIII 35. The method of claim 33 wherein the cross-linking agent is selected from the following compounds: 36. A method of cyclizing a peptide by strategically crosslinking a thiol group with an amine group, said method comprising:
(i) making a solid phase compatible version of a heptapeptide; (ii) cleaving said heptapeptide from step (i) and coupling it with dihydroxyisoleucine; (iii) performing isoindole condensation to obtain a monocycle; (iv) macrolactamizing said octapeptide to provide said compound of Formula V; and (v) optionally deuterating said compound of Formula V. 37. The method of claim 36 wherein steps (iii) and (iv) are conducted in reverse order. 38. The method of claim 36 wherein the heptapeptide comprises diaminoproprionic acids or is 39. A compound comprising a linear analogue of alpha-MSH of Formula I
R1—R2—R*—X1—X2—X3—X4—R3—R4 (Formula I); 40. A compound comprising a cyclic analogue of alpha-MSH of Formula IIa 41. A compound comprising a cyclic analogue of alpha-MSH of Formula IIb 42. A compound comprising a cyclic analogue of alpha-MSH of Formula IIc 43. A compound comprising a cyclic analogue of alpha-MSH of Formula IIc 44. A compound of Formula IV a-d 45. An compound comprising an amatoxin of Formula V: 46. A compound of claim 40 wherein Z may comprise 47. A compound of claim 40 wherein Z is 48. A compound of Formula VI: 49. A compound of Formula VII: 50. The use of the compound of claim 40 to increase alpha-MSH activity in a subject in need thereof. 51. The use of the compound of claim 40 for the diagnosis and/or treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. 52. The use of the compound of claim 40 for the diagnosis and/or treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), dementia, Alzheimer' s disease, Parkinson's disease, or Huntington's disease | 3,700 |
346,099 | 16,804,524 | 3,772 | Fibrous structures that exhibit a Tensile Ratio of less than 1.75 and/or less than 1.49 as measured according to the Tensile Strength Test Method described herein and a Geometric Mean Modulus (GM Modulus) of less than 1402.4 g/cm at 15 g/cm and/or a Machine Direction Modulus (MD Modulus) of less than 1253.4 g/cm at 15 g/cm and/or a Cross Machine Direction Modulus (CD Modulus) of less than 1569.2 g/cm at 15 g/cm, are provided. | 1. An embossed multi-ply fibrous structure that exhibits a Tensile Ratio of greater than 1.33 to less than 1.96 as measured according to the Tensile Strength Test Method and a GM Tangent Modulus of greater than 0 g/cm to less than 935 g/cm at 15 g/cm as measured according to the Modulus Test Method. 2. The multi-ply fibrous structure according to claim 1 wherein the multi-ply fibrous structure comprises cellulosic pulp fibers. 3. The multi-ply fibrous structure according to claim 1 wherein the multi-ply fibrous structure comprises a through-air-dried fibrous structure ply. 4. The multi-ply fibrous structure according to claim 3 wherein the through-air-dried fibrous structure ply is a creped through-air-dried fibrous structure ply. 5. The multi-ply fibrous structure according to claim 3 wherein the through-air-dried fibrous structure ply is an uncreped through-air-dried fibrous structure ply. 6. The multi-ply fibrous structure according to claim 1 wherein the multi-ply fibrous structure comprises an uncreped fibrous structure ply. 7. The multi-ply fibrous structure according to claim 1 wherein the multi-ply fibrous structure exhibits temporary wet strength, but is void of permanent wet strength. 8. The multi-ply fibrous structure according to claim 1 wherein the multi-ply fibrous structure exhibits a Tensile Ratio of greater than 1.33 to less than 1.80. 9. The multi-ply fibrous structure according to claim 1 wherein the multi-ply fibrous structure exhibits a Tensile Ratio of greater than 1.33 to less than 1.75. 10. The multi-ply fibrous structure according to claim 1 wherein the multi-ply fibrous structure exhibits a Tensile Ratio of greater than 1.33 to less than 1.6. 11. The multi-ply fibrous structure according to claim 1 wherein the multi-ply fibrous structure exhibits a Tensile Ratio of greater than 1.33 to less than 1.5. 12. The multi-ply fibrous structure according to claim 1 wherein the multi-ply fibrous structure exhibits a Tensile Ratio of greater than 1.4 to less than 1.80. 13. The multi-ply fibrous structure according to claim 1 wherein the multi-ply fibrous structure exhibits a Tensile Ratio of greater than 1.4 to less than 1.75. 14. The multi-ply fibrous structure according to claim 1 wherein the multi-ply fibrous structure exhibits a Tensile Ratio of greater than 1.4 to less than 1.6. 15. The multi-ply fibrous structure according to claim 1 wherein the multi-ply fibrous structure further exhibits a MD Tangent Modulus of greater than 0 g/m to less than 950.2 g/cm at 15 g/cm as measured according to the Modulus Test Method. 16. The multi-ply fibrous structure according to claim 1 wherein the multi-ply fibrous structure exhibits a MD Tangent Modulus of greater than 0 g/cm to less than 845 g/cm at 15 g/cm as measured according to the Modulus Test Method. 17. The multi-ply fibrous structure according to claim 1 wherein the multi-ply fibrous structure is an embossed multi-ply fibrous structure having at least one embossed fibrous structure ply. 18. The multi-ply fibrous structure according to claim 1 wherein the multi-ply fibrous structure exhibits a basis weight of greater than 15 gsm to about 120 gsm as measured according to the Basis Weight Test Method. 19. A toilet tissue comprising the multi-ply fibrous structure according to claim 1. 20. The toilet tissue according to claim 19 wherein the toilet tissue is in roll form. | Fibrous structures that exhibit a Tensile Ratio of less than 1.75 and/or less than 1.49 as measured according to the Tensile Strength Test Method described herein and a Geometric Mean Modulus (GM Modulus) of less than 1402.4 g/cm at 15 g/cm and/or a Machine Direction Modulus (MD Modulus) of less than 1253.4 g/cm at 15 g/cm and/or a Cross Machine Direction Modulus (CD Modulus) of less than 1569.2 g/cm at 15 g/cm, are provided.1. An embossed multi-ply fibrous structure that exhibits a Tensile Ratio of greater than 1.33 to less than 1.96 as measured according to the Tensile Strength Test Method and a GM Tangent Modulus of greater than 0 g/cm to less than 935 g/cm at 15 g/cm as measured according to the Modulus Test Method. 2. The multi-ply fibrous structure according to claim 1 wherein the multi-ply fibrous structure comprises cellulosic pulp fibers. 3. The multi-ply fibrous structure according to claim 1 wherein the multi-ply fibrous structure comprises a through-air-dried fibrous structure ply. 4. The multi-ply fibrous structure according to claim 3 wherein the through-air-dried fibrous structure ply is a creped through-air-dried fibrous structure ply. 5. The multi-ply fibrous structure according to claim 3 wherein the through-air-dried fibrous structure ply is an uncreped through-air-dried fibrous structure ply. 6. The multi-ply fibrous structure according to claim 1 wherein the multi-ply fibrous structure comprises an uncreped fibrous structure ply. 7. The multi-ply fibrous structure according to claim 1 wherein the multi-ply fibrous structure exhibits temporary wet strength, but is void of permanent wet strength. 8. The multi-ply fibrous structure according to claim 1 wherein the multi-ply fibrous structure exhibits a Tensile Ratio of greater than 1.33 to less than 1.80. 9. The multi-ply fibrous structure according to claim 1 wherein the multi-ply fibrous structure exhibits a Tensile Ratio of greater than 1.33 to less than 1.75. 10. The multi-ply fibrous structure according to claim 1 wherein the multi-ply fibrous structure exhibits a Tensile Ratio of greater than 1.33 to less than 1.6. 11. The multi-ply fibrous structure according to claim 1 wherein the multi-ply fibrous structure exhibits a Tensile Ratio of greater than 1.33 to less than 1.5. 12. The multi-ply fibrous structure according to claim 1 wherein the multi-ply fibrous structure exhibits a Tensile Ratio of greater than 1.4 to less than 1.80. 13. The multi-ply fibrous structure according to claim 1 wherein the multi-ply fibrous structure exhibits a Tensile Ratio of greater than 1.4 to less than 1.75. 14. The multi-ply fibrous structure according to claim 1 wherein the multi-ply fibrous structure exhibits a Tensile Ratio of greater than 1.4 to less than 1.6. 15. The multi-ply fibrous structure according to claim 1 wherein the multi-ply fibrous structure further exhibits a MD Tangent Modulus of greater than 0 g/m to less than 950.2 g/cm at 15 g/cm as measured according to the Modulus Test Method. 16. The multi-ply fibrous structure according to claim 1 wherein the multi-ply fibrous structure exhibits a MD Tangent Modulus of greater than 0 g/cm to less than 845 g/cm at 15 g/cm as measured according to the Modulus Test Method. 17. The multi-ply fibrous structure according to claim 1 wherein the multi-ply fibrous structure is an embossed multi-ply fibrous structure having at least one embossed fibrous structure ply. 18. The multi-ply fibrous structure according to claim 1 wherein the multi-ply fibrous structure exhibits a basis weight of greater than 15 gsm to about 120 gsm as measured according to the Basis Weight Test Method. 19. A toilet tissue comprising the multi-ply fibrous structure according to claim 1. 20. The toilet tissue according to claim 19 wherein the toilet tissue is in roll form. | 3,700 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.