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" Dangerously in Love 2 " received mostly positive reviews from music critics . Natalie Nichols of Los Angeles Times stated that the song is just one of many wailing ballads designed to demonstrate " the soulful bleating of Beyonce , the centerpiece of R & B star trio Destiny 's Child . " Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine gave a mixed review of the song , stating that it seemed a bit dated and that it was " a near @-@ carbon copy of Survivor ’ s melodramatic ' Dangerously in Love ' [ that ] is completely superfluous . " While covering the 2004 reunion of Destiny 's Child , Jet Magazine considered the song a major hit of Beyoncé 's debut album . In an article from Teen Ink , the song was noted as one of the top " lush ballads " of the album . " Dangerously in Love 2 " won in the category Best Female R & B Vocal Performance at the 46th Grammy Awards on February 8 , 2004 .
Beyoncé 's version charted on a few Billboard component charts . " Dangerously in Love 2 " made its first chart appearance on the US Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart at number 73 on July 3 , 2004 . For the following seven weeks , the song kept on charting in the lower positions of the chart , until it was titled as the greatest gainer on the chart issue dated August 21 , 2004 , ascending 28 places from number 71 to number 43 . Its entry on the US Radio Songs chart at number 75 , prompted its debut on the US Billboard Hot 100 issue dated September 18 , 2004 at number 76 . " Dangerously in Love 2 " was propelled to number 60 on the Hot 100 chart the following week as it made the largest chart move on the Radio Songs chart by ascending to number 59 . The song peaked at number 17 on the US Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart on September 25 , 2004 , and at number 57 US Billboard Hot 100 on October 2 , 2004 . On June 14 , 2006 , the song was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( 2006 ) for sales of over 500 @,@ 000 ringtones . As at October 6 , 2010 , " Dangerously in Love 2 " had sold around 130 @,@ 000 digital downloads in the United States .
= = Live performances = =
Destiny 's Child performed " Dangerously in Love " live for the first time at the Pepsi Arena in Albany , New York in 2001 . The performance was also part of the setlist for their World Tour . Beyoncé also famously performed the song at the 2004 Grammy Awards on February 8 , 2004 , where it won in the category of Best Female R & B Vocal Performance . Beyoncé was wearing a long , glittery turquoise and silver dress . She positioned herself between the edges of a giant picture frame and sung " Dangerously in Love 2 " as if she were in a living oil painting . She was joined by seventeen backup singers , musicians and dancers . At the end , she held out her hand and a dove landed in her outstretched palm . Jon Wiederhorn of MTV News commented that the performance was " nothing short of extravagant . "
Beyoncé also added the song to the track @-@ listing of her first solo @-@ tour Dangerously in Love Tour , notably at Wembley Arena in London , United Kingdom . There she performed a special rendition of the song that came in at well over 8 @-@ minutes . During the Verizon Ladies First Tour which also featured Alicia Keys , Missy Elliott and Tamia , Beyoncé performed " Dangerously in Love 2 " in New York in front of more than 20 @,@ 000 fans . Before starting her performance , she asked the audience whether they have ever fell in love . As she started to sing , more dancers joined in on smaller and circular platforms . Simultaneously , fire shot from the floor and a long , rectangular screen merged video of flames with images of the performers , seemingly setting them on fire . Shaheem Reid of MTV News complimented the performance writing : " [ Beyoncé ] had New Yorkers cheering like the Yankees had just won the World Series when she perfectly hit the high note toward the end of ' Dangerously in Love 2 ' . "
On August 5 , 2007 , Beyoncé performed the song at the Madison Square Garden in Manhattan . While singing , Beyoncé was accompanied by her all @-@ female band , and she incorporated Jill Scott 's " He Loves Me " in " Dangerously in Love 2 " . Shaheem Reid of MTV News praised the performance , writing : " For all the dancing she did , Beyoncé got an equally big — if not more resounding — response for displaying her undeniable vocal ability on the ballads [ ... ] ' Dangerously in Love ' . " Another review from PopEater stated : " Beyoncé Knowles transforms into an open book of emotion , sensuality , physics @-@ defying dance moves and goosebump @-@ inducing vocals . [ ... ] she showed us that even her ballads could be over @-@ the @-@ top and her voice had enough star power even when it wasn ’ t complemented by her gyrating hips . "
Beyoncé additionally performed the song on a number of other occasions , including the song as part of her set list on The Beyoncé Experience in Los Angeles and I Am ... Tour during the first stops in the beginning of the tour . In Los Angeles , Beyoncé gave a full @-@ length performance of the song , dressed in a long <unk> number that flowed straight down to her feet . It was executed with several female and male backup dancers , and live instrumentation . Jon Pareles of The New York Times praised the performance , stating : " Beyoncé needs no distractions from her singing , which can be airy or brassy , tearful or vicious , rapid @-@ fire with staccato syllables or sustained in curlicued melismas . But she was in constant motion , strutting in costumes [ ... ] " . Although the song was performed on selected dates of the I Am ... Tour , it was not included on the physical release of the tour on DVD / CD . The song was also performed during the I Am ... Yours 2009 Las Vegas revue show , in a medley that included an acoustic version of " Sweet Dreams " and a cover of Anita Baker 's song " Sweet Love " .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits taken from Dangerously in Love liner notes .
Vocals : Beyoncé Knowles
Writing : Beyoncé Knowles , Errol McCalla Jr .
Vocal Engineer : Brian Springer
Mix engineer : Dexter Simmons
Guitars : Dan Workman
Additional Guitars : John " Jab " Broussard
Instrument Engineer : Dan Workman
Producing : Beyoncé Knowles , Errol " <unk> " McCalla Jr .
= = Charts and certifications = =
= Flight feather =
Flight feathers ( <unk> <unk> ) are the long , stiff , asymmetrically shaped , but symmetrically paired pennaceous feathers on the wings or tail of a bird ; those on the wings are called remiges ( singular remex ) while those on the tail are called rectrices ( singular <unk> ) . The primary function of the flight feathers is to aid in the generation of both thrust and lift , thereby enabling flight . The flight feathers of some birds have evolved to perform additional functions , generally associated with territorial displays , courtship rituals or feeding methods . In some species , these feathers have developed into long showy plumes used in visual courtship displays , while in others they create a sound during display flights . Tiny serrations on the leading edge of their remiges help owls to fly silently ( and therefore hunt more successfully ) , while the extra @-@ stiff rectrices of woodpeckers help them to brace against tree trunks as they hammer . Even flightless birds still retain flight feathers , though sometimes in radically modified forms .
The moult of their flight feathers can cause serious problems for birds , as it can impair their ability to fly . Different species have evolved different strategies for coping with this , ranging from dropping all their flight feathers at once ( and thus becoming flightless for some relatively short period of time ) to extending the moult over a period of several years .
= = <unk> = =
<unk> ( from the Latin for " oarsman " ) are located on the posterior side of the wing . <unk> attach the long calami ( quills ) firmly to the wing bones , and a thick , strong band of tendinous tissue known as the <unk> helps to hold and support the remiges in place . Corresponding remiges on individual birds are symmetrical between the two wings , matching to a large extent in size and shape ( except in the case of mutation or damage ) , though not necessarily in pattern . They are given different names depending on their position along the wing .
= = = Primaries = = =
Primaries are connected to the manus ( the bird 's " hand " , composed of carpometacarpus and phalanges ) ; these are the longest and narrowest of the remiges ( particularly those attached to the phalanges ) , and they can be individually rotated . These feathers are especially important for flapping flight , as they are the principal source of thrust , moving the bird forward through the air . Most thrust is generated on the downstroke of flapping flight . However , on the upstroke ( when the bird often draws its wing in close to its body ) , the primaries are separated and rotated , reducing air resistance while still helping to provide some thrust . The flexibility of the remiges on the wingtips of large soaring birds also allows for the spreading of those feathers , which helps to reduce the creation of wingtip vortices , thereby reducing drag . The barbules on these feathers , friction barbules , are specialized with large lobular barbicels that help grip and prevent slippage of overlying feathers and are present in most of the flying birds .
Species vary somewhat in the number of primaries they possess . The number in non @-@ passerines generally varies between 9 and 11 , but grebes , storks and flamingos have 12 , and ostriches have 16 . While most modern passerines have ten primaries , some have only nine . Those with nine are missing the most distal primary ( sometimes called the <unk> ) which is typically very small and sometimes rudimentary in passerines .
The outermost primaries — those connected to the phalanges — are sometimes known as pinions .
= = = Secondaries = = =
Secondaries are connected to the ulna . In some species , the ligaments that bind these remiges to the bone connect to small , rounded projections , known as quill knobs , on the ulna ; in other species , no such knobs exist . Secondary feathers remain close together in flight ( they cannot be individually separated like the primaries can ) and help to provide lift by creating the airfoil shape of the bird 's wing . Secondaries tend to be shorter and broader than primaries , with blunter ends ( see illustration ) . They vary in number from 6 in hummingbirds to as many as 40 in some species of albatross . In general , larger and longer @-@ winged species have a larger number of secondaries . Birds in more than 40 non @-@ passerine families seem to be missing the fifth secondary feather on each wing , a state known as <unk> . In these birds , the fifth set of secondary covert feathers does not cover any remex , possibly due to a twisting of the feather papillae during embryonic development . Loons , grebes , pelicans , hawks and eagles , cranes , sandpipers , gulls , parrots , and owls are among the families missing this feather .
= = = Tertials = = =
Tertials arise in the brachial region and are not considered true remiges as they are not supported by attachment to the corresponding bone , in this case the humerus . These elongated " true " tertials act as a protective cover for all or part of the folded primaries and secondaries , and do not qualify as flight feathers as such . However , many authorities use the term tertials to refer to the shorter , more symmetrical innermost secondaries of passerines ( arising from the olecranon and performing the same function as true tertials ) in an effort to distinguish them from other secondaries . The term humeral is sometimes used for birds such as the albatrosses and pelicans that have a long humerus .
= = = <unk> = = =
The calami of the flight feathers are protected by a layer of non @-@ flight feathers called covert feathers or <unk> ( <unk> <unk> ) , at least one layer of them both above and beneath the flight feathers of the wings as well as above and below the rectrices of the tail . These feathers may vary widely in size — in fact , the upper tail <unk> of the male peafowl , rather than its rectrices , are what constitute its elaborate and colorful " train " .
= = = <unk> = = =
The outermost primaries of large soaring birds , particularly raptors , often show a pronounced narrowing at some variable distance along the feather edges . These <unk> are called either notches or <unk> depending on the degree of their slope . An emargination is a gradual change , and can be found on either side of the feather . A notch is an abrupt change , and is only found on the wider trailing edge of the <unk> . ( Both are visible on the primary in the photo showing the feathers ; they can be found about halfway along both sides of the left hand feather — a shallow notch on the left , and a gradual emargination on the right . ) The presence of notches and <unk> creates gaps at the wingtip ; air is forced through these gaps , increasing the generation of lift .
= = = Alula = = =
Feathers on the alula or bastard wing are not generally considered to be flight feathers in the strict sense ; though they are asymmetrical , they lack the length and stiffness of most true flight feathers . However , alula feathers are definitely an aid to slow flight . These feathers — which are attached to the bird 's " thumb " and normally lie flush against the anterior edge of the wing — function in the same way as the slats on an airplane wing , allowing the wing to achieve a higher than normal angle of attack – and thus lift – without resulting in a stall . By manipulating its thumb to create a gap between the alula and the rest of the wing , a bird can avoid stalling when flying at low speeds or landing .
= = = Delayed development in hoatzins = = =
The development of the remiges ( and <unk> ) of nestling hoatzins is much delayed compared to the development of these feathers in other young birds , presumably because young hoatzins are equipped with claws on their first two digits . They use these small rounded hooks to grasp branches when clambering about in trees , and feathering on these digits would presumably interfere with that functionality . Most youngsters shed their claws sometime between their 70th and 100th day of life , but some retain them — though <unk> @-@ over and unusable — into adulthood .
= = Rectrices = =
Rectrices ( from the Latin for " helmsman " ) , which help the bird to brake and steer in flight , lie in a single horizontal row on the rear margin of the anatomic tail . Only the central pair are attached ( via ligaments ) to the tail bones ; the remaining rectrices are embedded into the <unk> bulbs , complex structures of fat and muscle that surround those bones . Rectrices are always paired , with a vast majority of species having six pairs . They are absent in grebes and some ratites , and greatly reduced in size in penguins . Many grouse species have more than 12 rectrices . Some species ( including ruffed grouse , hazel grouse and common snipe ) have a number that varies among individuals . Domestic pigeons have a highly variable number , due to centuries of selective breeding .
= = Numbering conventions = =
In order to make the discussion of such topics as moult processes or body structure easier , ornithologists assign a number to each flight feather . By convention , the numbers assigned to primary feathers always start with the letter P ( P1 , P2 , P3 , etc . ) , those of secondaries with the letter S , those of tertials with T and those of rectrices with R.
Most authorities number the primaries <unk> , starting from the innermost primary ( the one closest to the secondaries ) and working outwards ; others number them ascendantly , from the most distal primary inwards . There are some advantages to each method . Descendant numbering follows the normal sequence of most birds ' primary moult . In addition , in the event that a species is missing the small distal 10th primary , as some passerines are , its lack does not impact the numbering of the remaining primaries . Ascendant numbering , on the other hand , allows for uniformity in the numbering of non @-@ passerine primaries , as they almost invariably have four attached to the manus regardless of how many primaries they have overall . This method is particularly useful for indicating wing formulae , as the outermost primary is the one with which the measurements begin .
Secondaries are always numbered ascendantly , starting with the outermost secondary ( the one closest to the primaries ) and working inwards . Tertials are also numbered ascendantly , but in this case , the numbers continue on consecutively from that given to the last secondary ( e.g. ... S5 , S6 , T7 , T8 , ... etc . ) .
Rectrices are always numbered from the <unk> pair outwards in both directions .
= = Specialized flight feathers = =
The flight feathers of some species have undergone evolutionary changes which allow them to provide additional functionality .
In some species , for example , either remiges or rectrices make a sound during flight . These sounds are most often associated with courtship or territorial displays . The outer primaries of male broad @-@ tailed hummingbirds produce a distinctive high @-@ pitched trill , both in direct flight and in power @-@ dives during courtship displays ; this trill is diminished when the outer primaries are worn , and absent when those feathers have been moulted . During the northern lapwing 's zigzagging display flight , the bird 's outer primaries produce a humming sound . The outer primaries of the male American woodcock are shorter and slightly narrower than those of the female , and are likely the source of the whistling and twittering sounds made during his courtship display flights . Male club @-@ winged <unk> use modified secondaries to make a clear trilling courtship call . A curve @-@ tipped secondary on each wing is dragged against an adjacent ridged secondary at high speeds ( as many as 110 times per second — slightly faster than a hummingbird 's wingbeat ) to create a stridulation much like that produced by some insects . Both Wilson 's and common snipe have modified outer tail feathers which make noise when they are spread during the birds ' roller coaster display flights ; as the bird dives , wind flows through the modified feathers and creates a series of rising and falling notes , which is known as " winnowing " . Differences between the sounds produced by these two former conspecific subspecies — and the fact that the outer two pairs of rectrices in Wilson 's snipe are modified , while only the single outermost pair are modified in common snipe — were among the characteristics used to justify their splitting into two distinct and separate species .
Flight feathers are also used by some species in visual displays . Male standard @-@ winged and pennant @-@ winged nightjars have modified P2 primaries ( using the descendant numbering scheme explained above ) which are displayed during their courtship rituals . In the standard @-@ winged nightjar , this modified primary consists of an extremely long shaft with a small " pennant " ( actually a large web of barbules ) at the tip . In the pennant @-@ winged nightjar , the P2 primary is an extremely long ( but otherwise normal ) feather , while P3 , P4 and P5 are successively shorter ; the overall effect is a broadly forked wingtip with a very long plume beyond the lower half of the fork .
Males of many species , ranging from the widely introduced ring @-@ necked pheasant to Africa 's many <unk> , have one or more elongated pairs of rectrices , which play an often @-@ critical role in their courtship rituals . The outermost pair of rectrices in male <unk> are extremely long and strongly curved at the ends . These plumes are raised up over the bird 's head ( along with a fine spray of modified uppertail coverts ) during his extraordinary display . <unk> modification reaches its pinnacle among the birds of paradise , which display an assortment of often bizarrely modified feathers , ranging from the extremely long plumes of the ribbon @-@ tailed <unk> ( nearly three times the length of the bird itself ) to the dramatically coiled twin plumes of the magnificent bird @-@ of @-@ paradise .
Owls have remiges which are serrated rather than smooth on the leading edge . This adaptation disrupts the flow of air over the wings , eliminating the noise that airflow over a smooth surface normally creates , and allowing the birds to fly and hunt silently .
The rectrices of woodpeckers are proportionately short and very stiff , allowing them to better brace themselves against tree trunks while feeding . This adaptation is also found , though to a lesser extent , in some other species that feed along tree trunks , including woodcreepers and treecreepers .
Scientists have not yet determined the function of all flight feather modifications . For instance , male swallows in the genera <unk> and <unk> have tiny recurved hooks on the leading edges of their outer primaries , but the function of these hooks is not yet known ; some authorities suggest they may produce a sound during territorial or courtship displays .
= = <unk> in flightless birds = =
Over time , a small number of bird species have lost their ability to fly . Some of these , such as the steamer ducks , show no appreciable changes in their flight feathers . Some , such as the Titicaca grebe and a number of the flightless rails , have a reduced number of primaries .
The remiges of ratites are soft and downy ; they lack the interlocking hooks and barbules that help to stiffen the flight feathers of other birds . In addition , the emu 's remiges are proportionately much reduced in size , while those of the cassowaries are reduced both in number and structure , consisting merely of 5 – 6 bare quills . Most ratites have completely lost their rectrices ; only the ostrich still has them .
Penguins have lost their differentiated flight feathers . As adults , their wings and tail are covered with the same small , stiff , slightly curved feathers as are found on the rest of their bodies .
The ground @-@ dwelling kakapo , which is the world 's only flightless parrot , has remiges which are shorter , rounder and more symmetrically vaned than those of parrots capable of flight ; these flight feathers also contain fewer interlocking barbules near their tips .
= = Moult = =
Once they have finished growing , feathers are essentially dead structures . Over time , they become worn and abraded , and need to be replaced . This replacement process is known as moult ( molt in the United States ) . The loss of wing and tail feathers can affect a bird 's ability to fly ( sometimes dramatically ) and in certain families can impair the ability to feed or perform courtship displays . The timing and progression of flight feather moult therefore varies among families .
For most birds , moult begins at a certain specific point , called a focus ( plural foci ) , on the wing or tail and proceeds in a sequential manner in one or both directions from there . For example , most passerines have a focus between the innermost primary ( P1 , using the numbering scheme explained above ) and outermost secondary ( S1 ) , and a focus point in the middle of the center pair of rectrices . As passerine moult begins , the two feathers closest to the focus are the first to drop . When replacement feathers reach roughly half of their eventual length , the next feathers in line ( P2 and S2 on the wing , and both <unk> on the tail ) are dropped . This pattern of drop and replacement continues until moult reaches either end of the wing or tail . The speed of the moult can vary somewhat within a species . Some passerines that breed in the Arctic , for example , drop many more flight feathers at once ( sometimes becoming briefly flightless ) in order to complete their entire wing moult prior to migrating south , while those same species breeding at lower latitudes undergo a more protracted moult .
In many species , there is more than one focus along the wing . Here , moult begins at all foci simultaneously , but generally proceeds only in one direction . Most grouse , for example , have two wing foci : one at the wingtip , the other between feathers P1 and S1 . In this case , moult proceeds <unk> from both foci . Many large , long @-@ winged birds have multiple wing foci .
Birds that are heavily " wing @-@ loaded " — that is , heavy @-@ bodied birds with relatively short wings — have great difficulty flying with the loss of even a few flight feathers . A protracted moult like the one described above would leave them vulnerable to predators for a sizeable portion of the year . Instead , these birds lose all their flight feathers at once . This leaves them completely flightless for a period of three to four weeks , but means their overall period of vulnerability is significantly shorter than it would otherwise be . Eleven families of birds , including loons , grebes and most waterfowl , have this moult strategy .
The cuckoos show what is called <unk> or <unk> wing moults . In simple forms this involves the moulting and replacement of odd @-@ numbered primaries and then the even @-@ numbered primaries . There are however complex variations with differences based on life history .