Datasets:
Reproducibility
/
naacl22_wikitext15M

Dataset card Data Studio Files Community
text
stringlengths
0
7.06k
Arboreal woodpeckers , which depend on their tails — particularly the strong central pair of rectrices — for support while they feed , have a unique tail moult . Rather than moulting their central tail feathers first , as most birds do , they retain these feathers until last . Instead the second pair of rectrices ( both R2 feathers ) are the first to drop . ( In some species in the genera Celeus and <unk> , the third pair is the first dropped . ) The pattern of feather drop and replacement proceeds as described for passerines ( above ) until all other rectrices have been replaced ; only then are the central tail rectrices moulted . This provides some protection to the growing feathers , since they 're always covered by at least one existing feather , and also ensures that the bird 's newly strengthened tail is best able to cope with the loss of the crucial central rectrices . Ground @-@ feeding woodpeckers , such as the wrynecks , do not have this modified moult strategy ; in fact , wrynecks moult their outer tail feathers first , with moult proceeding proximally from there .
= = Age differences in flight feathers = =
There are often substantial differences between the remiges and rectrices of adults and juveniles of the same species . Because all juvenile feathers are grown at once — a tremendous energy burden to the developing bird — they are softer and of poorer quality than the equivalent feathers of adults , which are moulted over a longer period of time ( as long as several years in some cases ) . As a result , they wear more quickly .
As feathers grow at variable rates , these variations lead to visible dark and light bands in the fully formed feather . These so @-@ called growth bars and their widths have been used to determine the daily nutritional status of birds . Each light and dark bar correspond to around 24 hours and the use of this technique has been called <unk> ( analogous to dendrochronology ) .
In general , juveniles have feathers which are narrower and more sharply pointed at the tip . This can be particularly visible when the bird is in flight , especially in the case of raptors . The trailing edge of the wing of a juvenile bird can appear almost serrated , due to the feathers ' sharp tips , while that of an older bird will be straighter @-@ edged . The flight feathers of a juvenile bird will also be uniform in length , since they all grew at the same time . Those of adults will be of various lengths and levels of wear , since each is moulted at a different time .
The flight feathers of adults and juveniles can differ considerably in length , particularly among the raptors . Overall , juveniles tend to have slightly longer rectrices , and shorter , broader wings ( with shorter outer primaries , and longer inner primaries and secondaries ) than do adults of the same species . However , there are many exceptions . In longer @-@ tailed species , such as swallow @-@ tailed kite , secretary bird and European honey buzzard , for example , juveniles have shorter rectrices than adults do . Juveniles of some Buteo buzzards have narrower wings than adults do , while those of large juvenile falcons are longer . It is theorized that the differences help young birds compensate for their inexperience , weaker flight muscles and poorer flying ability .
= = Wing formula = =
A wing formula describes the shape of distal end of a bird 's wing in a mathematical way . It can be used to help distinguish between species with similar plumages , and thus is particularly useful for those who ring ( band ) birds .
To determine a bird 's wing formula , the distance between the tip of the most distal primary and the tip of its greater covert ( the longest of the feathers that cover and protect the shaft of that primary ) is measured in millimeters . In some cases , this results in a positive number ( e.g. , the primary extends beyond its greater covert ) , while in other cases it is a negative number ( e.g. the primary is completely covered by the greater covert , as happens in some passerine species ) . Next , the longest primary feather is identified , and the differences between the length of that primary and that of all remaining primaries and of the longest secondary are also measured , again in millimeters . If any primary shows a notch or emargination , this is noted , and the distance between the feather 's tip and any notch is measured , as is the depth of the notch . All distance measurements are made with the bird 's wing closed , so as to maintain the relative positions of the feathers .
While there can be considerable variation across members of a species — and while the results are obviously impacted by the effects of moult and feather regeneration — even very closely related species show clear differences in their wing formulas .
= = Primary extension = =
The distance that a bird 's longest primaries extend beyond its longest secondaries ( or tertials ) when its wings are folded is referred to as the primary extension or primary projection . As with wing formulae , this measurement is useful for distinguishing between similarly plumaged birds ; however , unlike wing formulae , it is not necessary to have the bird in @-@ hand to make the measurement . Rather , this is a useful relative measurement — some species have long primary extensions , while others have shorter ones . Among the <unk> flycatchers of the Americas , for example , the dusky flycatcher has a much shorter primary extension than does the very similarly plumaged Hammond 's flycatcher . Europe 's common skylark has a long primary projection , while that of the near @-@ lookalike Oriental skylark is very short .
As a general rule , species which are long distance migrants will have longer primary projection than similar species which do not migrate or migrate shorter distances .
= Coprinellus micaceus =
Coprinellus micaceus is a common species of fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae with a cosmopolitan distribution . The fruit bodies of the saprobe typically grow in clusters on or near rotting hardwood tree stumps or underground tree roots . Depending on their stage of development , the tawny @-@ brown mushroom caps may range in shape from oval to bell @-@ shaped to convex , and reach diameters up to 3 cm ( 1 @.@ 2 in ) . The caps , marked with fine radial grooves that extend nearly to the center , rest atop whitish stems up to 10 cm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) long . In young specimens , the entire cap surface is coated with a fine layer of reflective mica @-@ like cells that provide the inspiration for both the mushroom 's species name and the common names mica cap , shiny cap , and glistening inky cap . Although small and with thin flesh , the mushrooms are usually bountiful , as they typically grow in dense clusters . A few hours after collection , the gills will begin to slowly dissolve into a black , inky , spore @-@ laden liquid — an enzymatic process called autodigestion or deliquescence . The fruit bodies are edible before the gills blacken and dissolve , and cooking will stop the autodigestion process .
The microscopic characteristics and cytogenetics of C. micaceus are well known , and it has been used frequently as a model organism to study cell division and meiosis in Basidiomycetes . Chemical analysis of the fruit bodies has revealed the presence of antibacterial and enzyme @-@ inhibiting compounds . Formerly known as Coprinus micaceus , the species was transferred to Coprinellus in 2001 as phylogenetic analyses provided the impetus for a reorganization of the many species formerly grouped together in the genus Coprinus . Based on external appearance , C. micaceus is virtually indistinguishable from C. truncorum , and it has been suggested that many reported collections of the former may be of the latter .
= = History and taxonomy = =
Coprinellus <unk> was illustrated in a woodcut by the 16th @-@ century botanist Carolus Clusius in what is arguably the first published monograph on fungi , the 1601 Rariorum plantarum historia . Fungorum in <unk> <unk> brevis historia ( History of rare plants . Brief history of fungi observed in Pannonia [ Hungary ] ) . Clusius erroneously believed the species to be poisonous , and classified it as a genus of Fungi <unk> ( harmful fungi ) . The species was first described scientifically by French botanist Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard in 1786 as Agaricus micaceus in his work Herbier de la France . In 1801 , Christian Hendrik Persoon grouped together all of the gilled fungi that auto @-@ digested ( <unk> ) during spore discharge into the section Coprinus of the genus Agaricus . Elias Magnus Fries later raised Persoon 's section Coprinus to genus rank in his Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici , and the species became known as Coprinus micaceus . It was the type species of subsection <unk> in section <unk> of the genus Coprinus , a grouping of related taxa with veils made of sphaerocysts ( round swollen cells usually formed in clusters ) exclusively or with thin @-@ filamentous connective hyphae intermixed . Molecular studies published in the 1990s demonstrated that many of the coprinoid ( Coprinus @-@ like ) mushrooms were in fact unrelated to each other . This culminated in a 2001 revision of the genus Coprinus , which was split into four genera ; C. <unk> was transferred to Coprinellus .
Due partly to their ready availability and the ease with which they may be grown in the laboratory , C. micaceus and other coprinoid mushrooms were common subjects in cytological studies of the 19th and 20th centuries . The German botanist Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link reported his observations of the structure of the hymenium ( the fertile spore @-@ bearing surface ) in 1809 , but misinterpreted what he had seen . Link thought that microscopic structures known today as basidia were <unk> , comparable in form to the asci of the Ascomycetes , and that each <unk> contained four series of spores . His inaccurate drawings of the hymenium of C. micaceus were copied in subsequent mycological publications by other authors , and it was not until microscopy had advanced that mycologists were able to determine the true nature of the basidia , when nearly three decades later in 1837 Joseph @-@ Henri Léveillé and August Corda independently published correct descriptions of the structure of the hymenium . In 1924 , A. H. Reginald Buller published a comprehensive description and analysis of the processes of spore production and release in the third volume of his Researches on Fungi .
The specific epithet micaceus is derived from the Latin word mica , for " crumb , grain of salt " and the suffix <unk> , " like , similar " ; the modern application of " mica " to a very different substance comes from the influence of <unk> , " glitter " . The mushroom is commonly known as the " shiny cap " , the " mica cap " or the " glistening inky cap " , all in reference to the mealy particles found on the cap that glisten like mica .
= = Description = =
The cap is initially 1 – 2 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 – 1 @.@ 0 in ) in diameter , oval to cylindrical , but expands to become <unk> ( bell @-@ shaped ) , sometimes with an umbo ( a central nipple @-@ like protrusion ) ; finally it flattens somewhat , becoming convex . When expanded , the cap diameter reaches 0 @.@ 8 – 3 @.@ 0 cm ( 0 @.@ 3 – 1 @.@ 2 in ) with the margin torn into rays and turned upwards slightly . The color is yellow @-@ brown or tan often with a darker center , then pale yellow or buff from the margin inwards . The cap margin is prominently grooved almost all the way to the center ; the grooves mark the positions of the longer gills on the underside of the cap . When young , the cap surface is covered with white or whitish shiny particles , remnants of the universal veil that covers immature specimens . The particles are loosely attached and easily washed away , so that older specimens are often smooth . Coprinellus micaceus is hygrophanous , meaning it assumes different colors depending on its state of hydration .
The gills are crowded together closely , and have an adnexed ( narrow ) attachment to the stem . Initially white , they change color to dark brown then eventually black as the spores mature . Expansion of the cap causes the gills to split open down their median planes , tearing the cap margin into rays . The process of spore discharge and autodigestion begin at the bottom of the gills before the upper parts of the gills have become completely blackened . The brittle stem is hollow , and measures 4 – 10 cm ( 1 @.@ 6 – 3 @.@ 9 in ) long by 0 @.@ 2 – 0 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 1 – 0 @.@ 2 in ) thick and is roughly the same diameter throughout the length of the stem . It is generally white , but may discolor to pale dirty cream from the base up . The stem surface is at first velvety with a very fine whitish powder , but this eventually wears off , leaving it more or less smooth . Stems may have a rudimentary ring at the base , another universal veil remnant . The spore print is dark brown or black . The flesh is thin , fragile , white in the stem , and brownish in the cap . Its odor and taste are not distinctive . Individual fruit bodies take an average of five to seven days to fully mature .
= = = Microscopic characteristics = = =
The spores of C. micaceus are reddish @-@ brown , with dimensions of 7 – 10 by 4 @.@ 5 – 6 µm . Generally , they are <unk> ( shaped like a biconvex lens ) , but viewed from the side they appear more almond @-@ shaped or spindle @-@ shaped , while in front view they appear oval or <unk> ( roughly the shape of a <unk> — a peaked cap ) . Spores have a germ pore , a flattened area in the center of the spore surface through which a germ tube may emerge . The spore @-@ bearing cells ( the basidia ) are four @-@ spored , club @-@ shaped , and measure 10 – 15 by 4 – 7 µm . Studies have shown that the basidia develop in four discrete generations . The first generation basidia are the most protuberant , and extend out the greatest distance from the surface of the hymenium . Subsequent generations of basidia have shorter and less protuberant bodies . When a living gill is viewed with a microscope , the four sets of basidia can be seen distinctly . Arthur Buller coined the term <unk> to describe this mode of hymenial development . The purpose of the staggered basidia sizes is to facilitate the release of spores from the hymenium . There are four zones of spore discharge that correspond to the four sets of basidia , and basidia that have released all of their spores quickly begin to <unk> . The staggered setup minimizes the chance of spores colliding with neighboring basidia during release .
Cystidia that are located along the edge of the cap ( called cheilocystidia ) are spherical , and 30 – 120 by 20 – 74 µm . The facial cystidia ( called pleurocystidia ) are club @-@ shaped or elongated ellipses , up to 130 – 155 µm in length . The pleurocystidia protrude from the face of the gill and act as guards , preventing adjacent gills from touching each other , and also ensuring that the basidia and spores have sufficient room for development . C. micaceus may also have scattered caulocystidia ( cystidia on the stem ) that are 60 – 100 by 5 – 10 µm , but their presence is variable and cannot reliably be used for identification . Both De Bary and Buller , in their investigations into the structure of the cystidia , concluded that there is a central mass of cytoplasm formed where numerous thin plates of cytoplasm meet at the center of the cell . De Bary believed that the plates were filamentous branching processes , but Buller thought that they were formed in a process similar to the walls of foam bubbles , and that the central mass was able to slowly change form and position by altering the relative volumes of the vacuoles enclosed by the numerous thin cytoplasmic walls . In older cells , the cytoplasm may be limited to the periphery of the cell , with one huge vacuole occupying the cell center .
The globular cells that make up the mica @-@ resembling scales on the cap are colorless , smooth @-@ walled , and range in size from about 25 – 65 µm , although most are between 40 – 50 µm . Buller explained the " glitter " of these cells as follows : " The sparkling of the meal @-@ cells , as well as of the cystidia on the edges and faces of the gills , is simply due to light which strikes them from without and is refracted and reflected to the eye in the same manner as from the minute drops of water one so often sees at the tips of grass leaves on English lawns early in the morning after a dewy night . "
In 1914 , Michael Levine was the first to report successfully cultivating C. micaceus from spores in the laboratory . In his experiments , fruit bodies appeared roughly 40 to 60 days after initially inoculating the growth media ( agar supplemented with soil , horse dung , or cornmeal ) with spores . Like other coprinoid species , C. micaceus undergoes synchronous meiosis . The chromosomes are readily discernible with light microscopy , and all of the meiotic stages are well @-@ defined . These features have made the species a useful tool in laboratory investigations of Basidiomycete cytogenetics . The chromosome number of C. micaceus is n = 12 .
= = = Edibility = = =
Coprinellus micaceus is an edible species , and cooking inactivates the enzymes that cause autodigestion or deliquescence — a process that can begin as soon as one hour after collection . It is considered ideal for omelettes , and as a flavor for sauces , although it is " a very delicate species easily spoiled by <unk> " . The flavor is so delicate that it is easy to overpower and hide with almost anything . The fungus also appeals to fruit flies of the genus Drosophila , who frequently use the fruit bodies as hosts for larvae production .
A study of the mineral contents of various edible mushrooms found that C. micaceus contained the highest concentration of potassium in the 34 species tested , close to half a gram of potassium per kilogram of mushroom . Because the species can bioaccumulate detrimental heavy metals like lead and cadmium , it has been advised to restrict consumption of specimens collected from roadsides or other collection sites that may be exposed to or contain pollutants .
= = = Similar species = = =
The edible Coprinellus bisporus is nearly identical but lacks the yellowish cap granules and only has two spores per basidium . The scaly inky cap ( Coprinus variegatus = Coprinus quadrifidus ) has a grayish @-@ brown cap with dull white to brownish scales ; its odor is disagreeable . The trooping crumble cap ( Coprinellus disseminatus , edible ) has smaller , yellow @-@ brown to grey @-@ brown caps and white gills that turn black but do not dissolve away ; it always grows in large clusters on rotting wood ( sometimes buried wood ) . Coprinus atramentarius is a larger , gray species that grows in dense clusters on stumps or on the ground from buried wood , lacks glistening particles on the cap , and the cap and gills dissolve at maturity . Coprinellus radians develops singly or in clumps from a tufted mat of coarse yellow @-@ orange mycelium on the wood . Coprinellus truncorum is also covered with glistening granules and is said to be almost indistinguishable from C. micaceus in the field ; microscopy is needed to tell the difference , as C. truncorum has ellipsoid spores with a rounded germ pore , compared to the shield @-@ shaped ( <unk> ) spores with truncated germ pores of C. micaceus . One study suggests that compared to C. truncorum , C. micaceus is browner in the center of the cap ( rather than grayish ) and has a greater tendency to grow in clusters ; more molecular evidence is required to determine if the two taxa are genetically identical .
= = Ecology , habitat and distribution = =
Coprinellus micaceus is a saprotrophic species , deriving nutrients from dead and decomposing organic matter , and grows in and around stumps or logs of broad @-@ leaved trees or attached to buried wood . It prefers feeding on bark , particularly the secondary phloem , rather than the wood . In the scheme of the succession of fungal species involved in the decomposition of wood , C. micaceus is a late stage colonizer , and prefers to feed on wood that has already decomposed sufficiently to have reached " a friable softened consistency " . A 2010 study suggests that the fungus can also live as an endophyte , inhabiting the woody tissue of healthy trees without causing disease symptoms . The fungus is also associated with disturbed or developed ground , such as the sides of roads and paths , gardens , building sites and the edges of parking lots ; it has also been noted for growing indoors on rotting wood in humid environments . In one instance it was discovered about 120 m ( 400 ft ) underground in an abandoned coal mine , growing on wooden gangways and props used to support the roof .
Fruit bodies are commonly found growing in dense clusters , but can also be found growing singly or in small clumps , especially in forested areas . In North America , C. micaceus is one of the first edible mushrooms to appear in the spring , and fruits from May to September . In Europe , it fruits from May to December . Although it can grow at any time of the year , it is more prevalent during the spring and fall , coinciding with the higher humidity resulting from spring and autumn rains . A study of air quality conducted in the city of Santiago de Compostela in the Iberian Peninsula , concluded that most " Coprinus " spores present in the atmosphere belonged to C. micaceus , and that the number of spores went up with increased humidity and rainfall , but decreased with greater temperatures . The species is known for reappearing with successive fruitings at the same location . In one case , a total of 38 lb ( 17 @.@ 2 kg ) of fresh mushrooms were collected from one elm stump in 10 successive crops over a spring and summer .
Coprinellus micaceus has a cosmopolitan distribution , and has been collected in northern Africa , South Africa , Europe ( including Turkey ) , North America ( as far north as Alaska ) , the Hawaiian islands , South America , India , Australia , New Zealand , and Japan . Phylogenetic analysis of rDNA sequences from specimens collected in southeastern Asia and Hawaii show that the Hawaiian species form a distinct clade with little genetic diversity compared to Asian populations ; this suggests that the Hawaiian populations have been introduced relatively recently and have not had much time to develop genetic variation . One study suggests that in South Africa , where C. micaceus is rare , it has been frequently confused with the similar @-@ appearing C. truncorum , a more common species in that region . A similar inference has been raised about North American species .
= = Bioactive compounds = =
Research into the natural product chemistry of Coprinellus micaceus has revealed the presence of several chemical compounds unique to the species . <unk> is a sterol with " modest " antibacterial activity against the pathogens Corynebacterium <unk> and Staphylococcus aureus . The compound ( Z , Z ) -4 @-@ oxo @-@ 2 @,@ 5 @-@ <unk> acid has inhibitory activity against glutathione S @-@ transferase , an enzyme that has been implicated in the resistance of cancer cells against chemotherapeutic agents , especially alkylating drugs . A 2003 study did not find any antibacterial activity in this species . A 1962 publication reported the presence of the biologically active indole compound tryptamine in C. micaceus , although the concentration was not determined . The fruit bodies additionally produce a variety of pigment compounds known as melanins — complex chemical polymers that contribute to the formation of soil humus after the fruit bodies have disintegrated . C. micaceus has been found to be devoid of the toxin coprine , the Antabuse @-@ mimicking chemical found in Coprinopsis atramentaria that causes illness when consumed simultaneously with alcohol .
= = = Cited books = = =
Arora D. ( 1986 ) . Mushrooms Demystified : a Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi . Berkeley , California : Ten Speed Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 89815 @-@ 169 @-@ 4 .
Buller AH . ( 1924 ) . " Chapter XI : The micaceus sub @-@ type illustrated by Coprinus micaceus " . Researches on Fungi III . London , UK : Longmans , Green , and Co. pp. 328 – 56 .
= Frances Oldham Kelsey =
Frances Kathleen Oldham Kelsey , CM ( July 24 , 1914 – August 7 , 2015 ) was a Canadian pharmacologist and physician . As a reviewer for the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) , she refused to authorize thalidomide for market because she had concerns about the drug 's safety . Her concerns proved to be justified when it was shown that thalidomide caused serious birth defects . Kelsey 's career intersected with the passage of laws strengthening FDA oversight of pharmaceuticals . Kelsey was the second woman to be awarded the President 's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service by President John F. Kennedy .
= = Birth and education = =
Born in <unk> Lake on Vancouver Island , British Columbia , Kelsey was graduated by St. Margaret 's School high school at age 15 , and attended Victoria College , British Columbia ( 1930 – 1931 ) in Victoria , British Columbia ( now University of Victoria ) . She then enrolled at McGill University to study pharmacology . At McGill , she received both a B.Sc. ( 1934 ) and a M.Sc. ( 1935 ) in pharmacology , and " on [ a ] professor 's urging , wrote to <unk> Geiling , M.D. , a noted researcher [ who ] was starting up a new pharmacology department at the University of Chicago , asking for a position doing graduate work " . Geiling presumed that Frances was a man and offered her the position . Kelsey accepted and began working for Geiling in 1936 .
During her second year , Geiling was retained by the FDA to research unusual deaths related to elixir <unk> , a sulfonamide medicine . Kelsey assisted on this research project , which showed that the 107 deaths were caused by the use of diethylene glycol as a solvent . The next year , the United States Congress passed the Federal Food , Drug , and Cosmetic Act of 1938 . That same year she completed her studies and received a Ph.D. in pharmacology at the University of Chicago . Working with Geiling led to her interest in teratogens , drugs that cause congenital malformations .
= = Early career and marriage = =
Upon completing her Ph.D. , Kelsey joined the University of Chicago faculty . In 1942 , like many other pharmacologists , Kelsey was looking for a synthetic cure for malaria . As a result of these studies , Kelsey learned that some drugs are able to pass through the placental barrier . While there she also met fellow faculty member Dr. Fremont Ellis Kelsey , whom she married in 1943 .
While on the faculty at the University of Chicago , Kelsey was awarded her M.D. during 1950 . She supplemented her teaching with work as an editorial associate for the American Medical Association Journal for two years . Kelsey left the University of Chicago in 1954 , decided to take a position teaching pharmacology at the University of South Dakota , and moved with her husband and two daughters to Vermillion , South Dakota , where she taught until 1957 .
She became a dual @-@ citizen of Canada and the United States in the 1950s in order to continue practicing medicine in the U.S. , but retained strong ties to Canada where she continued to visit her siblings regularly until late in life .
= = Work at the FDA and thalidomide = =
In 1960 , Kelsey was hired by the FDA in Washington , D.C. At that time , she " was one of only seven full @-@ time and four young part @-@ time physicians reviewing drugs " for the FDA . One of her first assignments at the FDA was to review an application by Richardson <unk> for the drug thalidomide ( under the tradename <unk> ) as a tranquilizer and painkiller with specific indications to prescribe the drug to pregnant women for morning sickness . Even though it had already been approved in Canada and more than 20 European and African countries , she withheld approval for the drug and requested further studies . Despite pressure from thalidomide 's manufacturer , Kelsey persisted in requesting additional information to explain an English study that documented a nervous system side effect .
Kelsey 's insistence that the drug should be fully tested prior to approval was vindicated when the births of deformed infants in Europe were linked to thalidomide ingestion by their mothers during pregnancy . Researchers discovered that the thalidomide crossed the placental barrier and caused serious birth defects . She was hailed on the front page of The Washington Post as a heroine for averting a similar tragedy in the U.S. Morton Mintz , author of The Washington Post article , said " [ Kelsey ] prevented … the birth of hundreds or indeed thousands of armless and legless children . " Kelsey insisted that her assistants , <unk> Jiro and Lee Geismar , as well as her FDA superiors who backed her strong stance , deserved credit as well . The narrative of Dr. Kelsey 's persistence , however , was used to help pass rigorous drug approval regulation in 1962 .
After Morton Mintz broke the story in July 1962 , there was a substantial public outcry . The Kefauver Harris Amendment was passed unanimously by Congress in October 1962 to strengthen drug regulation . Companies were required to demonstrate the efficacy of new drugs , report adverse reactions to the FDA , and request consent from patients participating in clinical studies . The drug testing reforms required " stricter limits on the testing and distribution of new drugs " to avoid similar problems . The amendments , for the first time , also recognized that " effectiveness [ should be ] required to be established prior to marketing . " The new laws were not without controversy .
As a result of her blocking American approval of thalidomide , Kelsey was awarded the President 's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service by President John F. Kennedy , becoming the second woman to receive that award . British Pathé released a film of Kennedy acknowledging Kelsey in a speech . After receiving the award , Kelsey continued her work at the FDA . There she played a key role in shaping and enforcing the 1962 amendments . She also became responsible for directing the surveillance of drug testing at the FDA .
Kelsey retired from the FDA in 2005 , at age 90 , after 45 years of service . In 2010 the FDA named the Kelsey Award for her , to be awarded annually to an FDA employee .
= = Later life and death = =
Kelsey continued to work for the FDA while being recognised for her earlier work . She was still working at the FDA 's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research in 1995 and was appointed deputy for scientific and medical affairs . In 1994 , the Frances Kelsey Secondary School in Mill Bay , British Columbia was named in her honour . She retired in 2005 .
In 2010 , the FDA presented Kelsey with the first Drug Safety Excellence Award and named the annual award after her , announcing that it would be given to one FDA staff member annually . In announcing the awards , Center Director Steven K. <unk> said “ I am very pleased to have established the Dr. Frances O. Kelsey Drug Safety Excellence Award and to recognize the first recipients for their outstanding accomplishments in this important aspect of drug regulation . ”
Kelsey turned 100 in July 2014 , and shortly thereafter , in the fall of 2014 , she moved from Washington , D.C. , to live with her daughter in London , Ontario . In June 2015 , when she was named to the Order of Canada , <unk> <unk> , a thalidomide victim and the head of the Thalidomide Victims Association of Canada , praised Dr. Kelsey for showing strength and courage by refusing to bend to pressure from drug company officials , and said “ To us , she was always our heroine , even if what she did was in another country . ”
Kelsey died in London , Ontario , on August 7 , 2015 at the age of 101 , less than 24 hours after Ontario ’ s Lieutenant @-@ Governor , Elizabeth <unk> , visited her home to present her with the insignia of Member of the Order of Canada for her role against thalidomide .
= = Legacy and awards = =