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32.9k
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stringlengths 4
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sequence | __index_level_1__
int64 312
64.1k
⌀ | __index_level_0__
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2.4k
⌀ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Cheongju Han clan",
"topic's main category",
"political family"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Cheongju Han clan",
"topic's main category",
"royal consort"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Cheongju Han clan",
"topic's main category",
"Korean nobility"
] | The Cheongju Han clan (Hangul: 청주 한씨, Hanja: 淸州 韓氏) is a Korean royal family as well-known for the many female members including six queens. It is also called the House of Han or the Han clan of Cheongju.
The Chengju Han clan is considered one of the most prominent clans since the Gojoseon period, currently, the Cheongju Han is known as a clan that has long been prominent in Korean politics, public service, business and arts.History
In the Silla dynasty, all of the Cheongju Hans were part of the seonggol rank. The clan provided the largest number of generals during the Joseon dynasty and were considered the highest of the yangban class, next to the royal Jeonju Yi clan.
The members of the Han clan are descendants of the sage Jizi (or Gija), who was a noble from the Chinese Shang dynasty, and rode his white horse and set a nation in "The Farthest East". Their founder was King Jun, the last monarch of the Gija period, during the ancient Gojoseon Kingdom. The nobles with the surname Han were greatly praised, and not to be bothered.
The Cheongju Han clan is well-known for the many female members who produced most royal consorts including most six queens. They had produced six queens, five princesses consort, three royal concubines, 315 scholars, 12 Sangshin, 14 Gongshin, and 1 Daejejak throughout the Joseon dynasty.Queen Wisuk, the mother of Goryeo's founder, Wang Geon, was part of the clan. Another member was Queen Insu, wife of Crown Prince Uigyeong, and the first female author in Korean history, who wrote Naehun, a Confucian morality guidebook for women. | null | null | null | null | 11 |
[
"Cheongju Han clan",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Cheongju Han clan"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Stakeknife",
"topic's main category",
"the Troubles"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Lublin",
"different from",
"Lubin"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Lublin",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Lublin"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Lublin",
"owner of",
"Stadion Lublinianki"
] | null | null | null | null | 23 |
|
[
"Lublin",
"owner of",
"Arena Lublin"
] | null | null | null | null | 24 |
|
[
"Legnica",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Legnica"
] | null | null | null | null | 29 |
|
[
"Legnica",
"owner of",
"Hala im. Dolnośląskich Olimpijczyków w Legnicy"
] | null | null | null | null | 33 |
|
[
"Biała Podlaska",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Biała Podlaska"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Arran (organization)",
"replaces",
"Coordinadora d'Assemblees de Joves de l'Esquerra Independentista"
] | Arran (Catalan for "level with") is the youth organization of the Catalan Pro-Independence Left, result of the merger between Maulets and CAJEI and local groups (such as the Youth Assemblies of Terrassa, Sant Sadurní or Horta, a process which began in 2008 and concluded in 2012.
The organization announced its creation on Saturday 14 July 2012 in Berga, during the Rebrot Catalan youth gathering, which celebrated its eleventh edition, culminating in events at the Pi de les Tres Branques annual gathering.Ideology
Arran is defined as a marxist youth organization that "is committed to political and economic independence and reunification of the Catalan Countries, the attainment of socialism and overcoming patriarchy from a feminist perspective."The group also promotes other issues such as environmentalism, decent housing and work, anti-fascism, anti-racism, internationalist solidarity and the defense of public and people's education.
It adopts a horizontal structure and often works on a grassroots level. | null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"Arran (organization)",
"replaces",
"Maulets"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Arran (organization)",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Arran (organization)"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Chełm County",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Chełm County"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Corpo Nazionale Giovani Esploratori ed Esploratrici Italiani",
"topic's main category",
"scouting"
] | The Corpo Nazionale Giovani Esploratori ed Esploratrici Italiani (translation: National Corps of Italian Scouts and Guides, CNGEI) is a coeducational and non-denominational Scouting and Guiding association in Italy.
CNGEI was founded by Carlo Colombo (1869–1918), a Piedmontese physician, as a male-only organization in 1913 and integrated the female Unione delle Giovinette Esploratrici Italiane (UNGEI) in 1976. It is the oldest among Italian Scout associations and the third by membership, with about 13,500 members.Along with the 184,000-strong Associazione Guide e Scouts Cattolici Italiani (AGESCI), CNGEI forms the Italian Scout Federation (FIS), Italy's national member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM) and the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS). CNGEI, whose guiding principles are "secularity" (i.e. "independen[ce] from any religious creed and political ideologies"), "co-education", "associative democracy", "adult choice" and "civil commitment", aims at "educating the good citizen: a citizen capable of taking autonomous and responsible choices; [a citizen who is] personally active in promoting solidarity, universal rights, peace, environment protection; a citizen who follows a personal spiritual path oriented at giving a sense to his/her life". | null | null | null | null | 9 |
[
"Corpo Nazionale Giovani Esploratori ed Esploratrici Italiani",
"founded by",
"Carlo Colombo"
] | The Corpo Nazionale Giovani Esploratori ed Esploratrici Italiani (translation: National Corps of Italian Scouts and Guides, CNGEI) is a coeducational and non-denominational Scouting and Guiding association in Italy.
CNGEI was founded by Carlo Colombo (1869–1918), a Piedmontese physician, as a male-only organization in 1913 and integrated the female Unione delle Giovinette Esploratrici Italiane (UNGEI) in 1976. It is the oldest among Italian Scout associations and the third by membership, with about 13,500 members.Along with the 184,000-strong Associazione Guide e Scouts Cattolici Italiani (AGESCI), CNGEI forms the Italian Scout Federation (FIS), Italy's national member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM) and the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS). CNGEI, whose guiding principles are "secularity" (i.e. "independen[ce] from any religious creed and political ideologies"), "co-education", "associative democracy", "adult choice" and "civil commitment", aims at "educating the good citizen: a citizen capable of taking autonomous and responsible choices; [a citizen who is] personally active in promoting solidarity, universal rights, peace, environment protection; a citizen who follows a personal spiritual path oriented at giving a sense to his/her life". | null | null | null | null | 11 |
[
"Dyscalculia",
"topic's main category",
"Dyscalculia test"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"2023 Grand Prix of Long Beach",
"topic's main category",
"sports car racing"
] | The 2023 Grand Prix of Long Beach (formally known as the Acura Grand Prix of Long Beach) was a sports car race held at Long Beach street circuit in Long Beach, California on April 15, 2023. It was the third round of the 2023 IMSA SportsCar Championship and the first round of the 2023 WeatherTech Sprint Cup. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"2023 4 Hours of Barcelona",
"topic's main category",
"sports car racing"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"2023 Motul Course de Monterey",
"topic's main category",
"sports car racing"
] | The 2023 Motul Course de Monterey (formally known as the Motul Course de Monterey Powered by Hyundai N) was a sports car race held at WeatherTech Raceway Laguna Seca near Monterey, California on May 14, 2023. It was the fourth round of the 2023 IMSA SportsCar Championship and the second round of the 2023 WeatherTech Sprint Cup. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Värmland County",
"different from",
"Värmland"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Värmland County",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Värmland County"
] | Värmland County (Värmlands län) is a county or län in west central Sweden. It borders the Swedish counties of Dalarna, Örebro and Västra Götaland, as well as the Norwegian counties of Viken and Innlandet to the west. Prince Carl Philip is Duke of Värmland. | null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"Repatriation",
"used by",
"repatriated"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Repatriation",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Repatriation"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Disneyland",
"owned by",
"The Walt Disney Company"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Disneyland",
"owned by",
"Disneyland, Inc."
] | History
20th century
Origins
The concept for Disneyland began when Walt Disney was visiting Griffith Park in Los Angeles with his daughters Diane and Sharon. While watching them ride the merry-go-round, he came up with the idea of a place where adults and their children could go and have fun together, though his dream lay dormant for many years. The earliest documented draft of Disney's plans was sent as a memo to studio production designer Dick Kelsey on August 31, 1948, where it was referred to as a "Mickey Mouse Park", based on notes Disney made during his and Ward Kimball's trip to the Chicago Railroad Fair the same month, with a two-day stop in Henry Ford's Museum and Greenfield Village, a place with attractions like a Main Street and steamboat rides, which he had visited eight years earlier.When people wrote letters to Disney to inquire about visiting the Walt Disney Studios, he realized that a functional movie studio had little to offer to visiting fans, and began to foster various ideas about building a site near the Burbank studios for tourists to visit. His ideas evolved to a small play park with a boat ride and other themed areas. The initial park concept, the Mickey Mouse Park, was originally planned for an eight-acre (3.2 ha) plot to the south, across Riverside Drive from the studio. Besides Greenfield Village and the Chicago Railroad Fair, Disney was also inspired by Tivoli Gardens in Denmark, Knott's Berry Farm, Colonial Williamsburg, the Century of Progress in Chicago, and the New York's World Fair of 1939.His designers began working on concepts, though the project grew much larger than the land could hold. Disney hired Harrison Price from Stanford Research Institute to identify the proper area in which to position the planned theme park based on expected future growth. Based on Price's analysis (for which he would be recognized as a Disney Legend in 2003), Disney acquired 160 acres (65 ha) of orange groves and walnut trees in Anaheim, southeast of Los Angeles in neighboring Orange County. The small Burbank site originally considered by Disney is now home to Walt Disney Animation Studios and ABC Studios.
Difficulties in obtaining funding prompted Disney to investigate new methods of fundraising, and he decided to create a show named Disneyland. It was broadcast on then-fledgling ABC. In return, the network agreed to help finance the park. For its first five years of operation, Disneyland was owned by Disneyland, Inc., which was jointly owned by Walt Disney Productions, Walt Disney, Western Publishing and ABC. In addition, Disney rented out many of the shops on Main Street, U.S.A. to outside companies. By 1960, Walt Disney Productions bought out all other shares, but the partnership had already led to a lasting relationship with ABC which would eventually culminate in the Walt Disney Company's acquisition of ABC in the mid-1990s. Construction began on July 16, 1954, and cost $17 million to complete (equivalent to $138 million in 2021). The park was opened one year and one day later. U.S. Route 101 (later Interstate 5) was under construction at the same time just north of the site; in preparation for the traffic Disneyland was expected to bring, two more lanes were added to the freeway before the park was finished. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Disneyland",
"different from",
"Disneyland Resort"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Disneyland",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Disneyland"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Disneyland",
"owned by",
"Disney Parks, Experiences and Products"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Vampire literature",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Vampires in written fiction"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Week",
"has part(s) of the class",
"day"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Week",
"has part(s) of the class",
"weekend"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Week",
"has part(s) of the class",
"work week"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Week",
"said to be the same as",
"all days of the week"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Week",
"said to be the same as",
"workweek and weekend"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Week",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Weeks"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Week",
"has part(s) of the class",
"day of the week"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"Painting",
"different from",
"drawing"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Painting",
"different from",
"painting"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Painting",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Painting"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Trainer aircraft",
"has use",
"flight training"
] | A trainer is a class of aircraft designed specifically to facilitate flight training of pilots and aircrews. The use of a dedicated trainer aircraft with additional safety features—such as tandem flight controls, forgiving flight characteristics and a simplified cockpit arrangement—allows pilots-in-training to safely advance their skills in a more forgiving aircraft.
Civilian pilots are normally trained in a light aircraft, with two or more seats to allow for a student and instructor. | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Trainer aircraft",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Trainer aircraft"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Business enterprise",
"said to be the same as",
"company"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Business enterprise",
"said to be the same as",
"business"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Business enterprise",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Enterprises"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Business enterprise",
"different from",
"Enterprise"
] | null | null | null | null | 19 |
|
[
"Business enterprise",
"different from",
"Impresa"
] | null | null | null | null | 20 |
|
[
"Business enterprise",
"different from",
"business activity"
] | null | null | null | null | 22 |
|
[
"Bryophyte",
"different from",
"moss"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Bryophyte",
"said to be the same as",
"Bryobiotina"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Bryophyte",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Bryophytes"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Hellenistic period",
"followed by",
"Roman Empire"
] | In classical antiquity, the Hellenistic period covers the time in Mediterranean history after Classical Greece, between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC to the death of Cleopatra VII (30 BC) followed by the emergence of the Roman Empire, as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year. The Ancient Greek word Hellas (Ἑλλάς, Hellás) was gradually recognized as the name for Greece, from which the word Hellenistic was derived. "Hellenistic" is distinguished from "Hellenic" in that the latter refers to Greece itself, while the former encompasses all ancient territories under Greek influence, in particular the East after the conquests of Alexander the Great.
After the Macedonian conquest of the Achaemenid Empire in 330 BC and its disintegration shortly after, the Hellenistic kingdoms were established throughout south-west Asia (Seleucid Empire, Kingdom of Pergamon), north-east Africa (Ptolemaic Kingdom) and South Asia (Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom). This resulted in an influx of Greek colonists and the export of Greek culture and language to these new realms, spanning as far as modern-day India. These new kingdoms were also influenced by the indigenous cultures, adopting local practices where beneficial, necessary, or convenient. Hellenistic culture thus represents a fusion of the ancient Greek world with that of Western Asian, Northeastern African, and Southwestern Asian. This mixture gave rise to a common Attic-based Greek dialect, known as Koine Greek, which became the lingua franca throughout the ancient world.
During the Hellenistic period, Greek cultural influence and power reached its peak in the Mediterranean and beyond. Prosperity and progress in the arts, literature, theatre, architecture, music, mathematics, philosophy, and science characterize the era. The Hellenistic period saw the rise of New Comedy, Alexandrian poetry, translation efforts such as the Septuagint, and the philosophies of Stoicism, Epicureanism, and Pyrrhonism. In science, the works of the mathematician Euclid and the polymath Archimedes are exemplary. The religious sphere expanded to include new gods such as the Greco-Egyptian Serapis, eastern deities such as Attis and Cybele, and a syncretism between Hellenistic culture and Buddhism in Bactria and Northwest India.
Scholars and historians are divided as to which event signals the end of the Hellenistic era. Proposals include the final conquest of the Greek heartlands by Rome in 146 BC following the Achaean War, the final defeat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, and the move by Roman emperor Constantine the Great of the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople in AD 330. Angelos Chaniotis ends the Hellenistic period with the death of Hadrian in 138 AD, who integrated the Greeks fully into the Roman Empire, though a range from c. 321 BC to 256 AD may also be given. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Hellenistic period",
"follows",
"Achaemenid Period"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Hellenistic period",
"follows",
"Persian Period"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Hellenistic period",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Hellenistic period"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"Philanthropy",
"different from",
"charity"
] | Philanthropy is a form of altruism that consists of "private initiatives, for the public good, focusing on quality of life". Philanthropy contrasts with business initiatives, which are private initiatives for private good, focusing on material gain; and with government endeavors, which are public initiatives for public good, notably focusing on the provision of public services. A person who practices philanthropy is a philanthropist.Celebrity philanthropy
Celebrity philanthropy refers to celebrity-affiliated charitable and philanthropic activities. It is an increasingly prevalent topic of scholarship in studies of 'the popular' vis-à-vis the modern and post-modern world.: 3 Structured and systematised charitable giving by celebrities is a relatively new phenomenon. Although charity and fame are associated historically, it was only in the 1990s that entertainment and sports celebrities from affluent western societies became involved with a particular type of philanthropy.: 1–16 Celebrity philanthropy in contemporary western societies is not isolated to large one-off monetary donations by definition. It involves celebrities using their publicity, brand credibility and personal wealth to promote not-for-profit organisations, which are increasingly 'business-like' in form. This is sometimes termed as 'celanthropy' – the fusion of celebrity and cause as a representation of what the organisation advocates.: 5 | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Philanthropy",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Philanthropy"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Zoogeography",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Zoogeography"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Plant anatomy",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Plant anatomy"
] | Flower anatomy, including study of the Calyx, Corolla, Androecium, and Gynoecium
Leaf anatomy, including study of the Epidermis, stomata and Palisade cells
Stem anatomy, including Stem structure and vascular tissues, buds and shoot apex
Fruit/Seed anatomy, including structure of the Ovule, Seed, Pericarp and Accessory fruit
Wood anatomy, including structure of the Bark, Cork, Xylem, Phloem, Vascular cambium, Heartwood and sapwood and branch collar
Root anatomy, including structure of the Root, root tip, endodermis | null | null | null | null | 11 |
[
"Ethics",
"main subject",
"behavior"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Ethics",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Ethics"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"American Idol",
"topic's main category",
"Category:American Idol"
] | null | null | null | null | 23 |
|
[
"Native Americans in the United States",
"different from",
"White Americans"
] | Terminology differences
The most common of the modern terms to refer to Indigenous peoples of the United States are Indians, American Indians, and Native Americans. Up to the early to mid 18th century, the term Americans was not applied to people of European heritage in North America. Instead it was equivalent to the term Indians. As people of European heritage began using the term Americans to refer instead to themselves, the word Indians became historically the most often employed term.The term Indians, long laden with racist stereotypes, began to be widely replaced in the 1960s with the term Native Americans, which recognized the Indigeneity of the people who first made the Americas home. But as the term Native Americans became popular, the American Indian Movement saw pejorative connotations in the term native and reappropriated the term Indian, seeing it as witness to the history of violence against the many nations that lived in the Americas before European arrival.The term Native American was introduced in the United States in preference to the older term Indian to distinguish the Indigenous peoples of the Americas from the people of India.
The term Amerindian, a portmanteau of "American Indian", was coined in 1902 by the American Anthropological Association. However, it has been controversial since its creation. It was immediately rejected by some leading members of the Association, and, while adopted by many, it was never universally accepted. While never popular in Indigenous communities themselves, it remains a preferred term among some anthropologists, notably in some parts of Canada and the English-speaking Caribbean.During World War II, draft boards typically classified American Indians from Virginia as Negroes.In 1995, a plurality of Indigenous Americans, however, preferred the term American Indian and many tribes include the word Indian in their formal title.
Criticism of the neologism Native American comes from diverse sources. Russell Means, an Oglala Lakota activist, opposed the term Native American because he believed it was imposed by the government without the consent of Native people.A 1995 U.S. Census Bureau survey found that more Native Americans in the United States preferred American Indian to Native American. Most American Indians are comfortable with Indian, American Indian, and Native American. That term is reflected in the name chosen for the National Museum of the American Indian, which opened in 2004 on the Mall in Washington, DC.
Other commonly used terms are First Americans, First Nations, and Native Peoples. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Native Americans in the United States",
"different from",
"African Americans"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Native Americans in the United States",
"different from",
"First Nations"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Native Americans in the United States",
"different from",
"Indians"
] | Terminology differences
The most common of the modern terms to refer to Indigenous peoples of the United States are Indians, American Indians, and Native Americans. Up to the early to mid 18th century, the term Americans was not applied to people of European heritage in North America. Instead it was equivalent to the term Indians. As people of European heritage began using the term Americans to refer instead to themselves, the word Indians became historically the most often employed term.The term Indians, long laden with racist stereotypes, began to be widely replaced in the 1960s with the term Native Americans, which recognized the Indigeneity of the people who first made the Americas home. But as the term Native Americans became popular, the American Indian Movement saw pejorative connotations in the term native and reappropriated the term Indian, seeing it as witness to the history of violence against the many nations that lived in the Americas before European arrival.The term Native American was introduced in the United States in preference to the older term Indian to distinguish the Indigenous peoples of the Americas from the people of India.
The term Amerindian, a portmanteau of "American Indian", was coined in 1902 by the American Anthropological Association. However, it has been controversial since its creation. It was immediately rejected by some leading members of the Association, and, while adopted by many, it was never universally accepted. While never popular in Indigenous communities themselves, it remains a preferred term among some anthropologists, notably in some parts of Canada and the English-speaking Caribbean.During World War II, draft boards typically classified American Indians from Virginia as Negroes.In 1995, a plurality of Indigenous Americans, however, preferred the term American Indian and many tribes include the word Indian in their formal title.
Criticism of the neologism Native American comes from diverse sources. Russell Means, an Oglala Lakota activist, opposed the term Native American because he believed it was imposed by the government without the consent of Native people.A 1995 U.S. Census Bureau survey found that more Native Americans in the United States preferred American Indian to Native American. Most American Indians are comfortable with Indian, American Indian, and Native American. That term is reflected in the name chosen for the National Museum of the American Indian, which opened in 2004 on the Mall in Washington, DC.
Other commonly used terms are First Americans, First Nations, and Native Peoples. | null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Native Americans in the United States",
"different from",
"Latin Americans"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Native Americans in the United States",
"different from",
"Indian Americans"
] | Terminology differences
The most common of the modern terms to refer to Indigenous peoples of the United States are Indians, American Indians, and Native Americans. Up to the early to mid 18th century, the term Americans was not applied to people of European heritage in North America. Instead it was equivalent to the term Indians. As people of European heritage began using the term Americans to refer instead to themselves, the word Indians became historically the most often employed term.The term Indians, long laden with racist stereotypes, began to be widely replaced in the 1960s with the term Native Americans, which recognized the Indigeneity of the people who first made the Americas home. But as the term Native Americans became popular, the American Indian Movement saw pejorative connotations in the term native and reappropriated the term Indian, seeing it as witness to the history of violence against the many nations that lived in the Americas before European arrival.The term Native American was introduced in the United States in preference to the older term Indian to distinguish the Indigenous peoples of the Americas from the people of India.
The term Amerindian, a portmanteau of "American Indian", was coined in 1902 by the American Anthropological Association. However, it has been controversial since its creation. It was immediately rejected by some leading members of the Association, and, while adopted by many, it was never universally accepted. While never popular in Indigenous communities themselves, it remains a preferred term among some anthropologists, notably in some parts of Canada and the English-speaking Caribbean.During World War II, draft boards typically classified American Indians from Virginia as Negroes.In 1995, a plurality of Indigenous Americans, however, preferred the term American Indian and many tribes include the word Indian in their formal title.
Criticism of the neologism Native American comes from diverse sources. Russell Means, an Oglala Lakota activist, opposed the term Native American because he believed it was imposed by the government without the consent of Native people.A 1995 U.S. Census Bureau survey found that more Native Americans in the United States preferred American Indian to Native American. Most American Indians are comfortable with Indian, American Indian, and Native American. That term is reflected in the name chosen for the National Museum of the American Indian, which opened in 2004 on the Mall in Washington, DC.
Other commonly used terms are First Americans, First Nations, and Native Peoples. | null | null | null | null | 11 |
[
"Native Americans in the United States",
"different from",
"Pacific Islander Americans"
] | Terminology differences
The most common of the modern terms to refer to Indigenous peoples of the United States are Indians, American Indians, and Native Americans. Up to the early to mid 18th century, the term Americans was not applied to people of European heritage in North America. Instead it was equivalent to the term Indians. As people of European heritage began using the term Americans to refer instead to themselves, the word Indians became historically the most often employed term.The term Indians, long laden with racist stereotypes, began to be widely replaced in the 1960s with the term Native Americans, which recognized the Indigeneity of the people who first made the Americas home. But as the term Native Americans became popular, the American Indian Movement saw pejorative connotations in the term native and reappropriated the term Indian, seeing it as witness to the history of violence against the many nations that lived in the Americas before European arrival.The term Native American was introduced in the United States in preference to the older term Indian to distinguish the Indigenous peoples of the Americas from the people of India.
The term Amerindian, a portmanteau of "American Indian", was coined in 1902 by the American Anthropological Association. However, it has been controversial since its creation. It was immediately rejected by some leading members of the Association, and, while adopted by many, it was never universally accepted. While never popular in Indigenous communities themselves, it remains a preferred term among some anthropologists, notably in some parts of Canada and the English-speaking Caribbean.During World War II, draft boards typically classified American Indians from Virginia as Negroes.In 1995, a plurality of Indigenous Americans, however, preferred the term American Indian and many tribes include the word Indian in their formal title.
Criticism of the neologism Native American comes from diverse sources. Russell Means, an Oglala Lakota activist, opposed the term Native American because he believed it was imposed by the government without the consent of Native people.A 1995 U.S. Census Bureau survey found that more Native Americans in the United States preferred American Indian to Native American. Most American Indians are comfortable with Indian, American Indian, and Native American. That term is reflected in the name chosen for the National Museum of the American Indian, which opened in 2004 on the Mall in Washington, DC.
Other commonly used terms are First Americans, First Nations, and Native Peoples. | null | null | null | null | 12 |
[
"Native Americans in the United States",
"different from",
"Native Americans"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Native Americans in the United States",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Native American people"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Western philosophy",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Western philosophy"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Catalans",
"topic's main category",
"Category:People from Catalonia"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"Amateur astronomy",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Amateur astronomy"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Amateur astronomy",
"uses",
"stargazing spot"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Building automation",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Building automation"
] | Building automation (BAS), also known as building management system (BMS) or building energy management system (BEMS), is the automatic centralized control of a building's HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning), electrical, lighting, shading, access control, security systems, and other interrelated systems. Some objectives of building automation are improved occupant comfort, efficient operation of building systems, reduction in energy consumption, reduced operating and maintaining costs and increased security.
BAS functionality may keep a buildings climate within a specified range, provide light to rooms based on occupancy, monitor performance and device failures, and provide malfunction alarms to building maintenance staff. A BAS works to reduce building energy and maintenance costs compared to a non-controlled building. Most commercial, institutional, and industrial buildings built after 2000 include a BAS, whilst older buildings may be retrofitted with a new BAS.
A building controlled by a BAS is often referred to as an intelligent building, a "smart building," or (if a residence) a "smart home." Commercial and industrial buildings have historically relied on robust proven protocols (like BACnet) while proprietary protocols (like X-10) were used in homes.
Almost all multi-story green buildings are designed to accommodate a BAS for the energy, air and water conservation characteristics. Electrical device demand response is a typical function of a BAS, as is the more sophisticated ventilation and humidity monitoring required of "tight" insulated buildings. Most green buildings also use as many low-power DC devices as possible. Even a passivhaus design intended to consume no net energy whatsoever will typically require a BAS to manage heat capture, shading and venting, and scheduling device use. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Art",
"different from",
"art"
] | null | null | null | null | 25 |
|
[
"Art",
"topic's main category",
"Category:The arts"
] | null | null | null | null | 35 |
|
[
"Art",
"different from",
"Sztuka"
] | null | null | null | null | 37 |
|
[
"Art",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Art"
] | null | null | null | null | 38 |
|
[
"Engineering",
"uses",
"physics"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Engineering",
"uses",
"chemistry"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Engineering",
"has part(s) of the class",
"branch of engineering"
] | Interdisciplinary engineering
Interdisciplinary engineering draws from more than one of the principle branches of the practice. Historically, naval engineering and mining engineering were major branches. Other engineering fields are manufacturing engineering, acoustical engineering, corrosion engineering, instrumentation and control, aerospace, automotive, computer, electronic, information engineering, petroleum, environmental, systems, audio, software, architectural, agricultural, biosystems, biomedical, geological, textile, industrial, materials, and nuclear engineering. These and other branches of engineering are represented in the 36 licensed member institutions of the UK Engineering Council.
New specialties sometimes combine with the traditional fields and form new branches – for example, Earth systems engineering and management involves a wide range of subject areas including engineering studies, environmental science, engineering ethics and philosophy of engineering.Computer engineering
Computer engineering (CE) is a branch of engineering that integrates several fields of computer science and electronic engineering required to develop computer hardware and software. Computer engineers usually have training in electronic engineering (or electrical engineering), software design, and hardware-software integration instead of only software engineering or electronic engineering. | null | null | null | null | 16 |
[
"Engineering",
"different from",
"engineer"
] | null | null | null | null | 22 |
|
[
"Engineering",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Engineering"
] | null | null | null | null | 25 |
|
[
"Optics",
"different from",
"optometry"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Optics",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Optics"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Evans Brothers (Nigeria Publishers) Limited",
"topic's main category",
"publishing"
] | Evans Brothers (Nigeria Publishers) Limited is a Nigerian educational publisher. It publishes titles for all levels of education.History
In 1945 the British publishing firm Evans Brothers Limited "hired a consultant to come out to Nigeria and research the book needs of the then British colony of Nigeria". That consultant was Dr. L. C. Larcombe and following his trip, he wrote Larcombe’s Progressive Arithmetic (Lower, Middle and Upper Standard), a textbook series that came to dominate the primary arithmetic market in Nigeria in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s.
With the success of this series and other publications such as Civics for Self Government by J. R. Bunting, Evans Brothers decided to send resident representatives to Nigeria to promote the interests of the company. The first of these was Ove Stentort who set up base in the university town of Ibadan.In the 1960s with education growing in importance in Nigeria, Evans Brothers decided to set up a more targeted form of publishing in the country with better marketing and distribution. Then in December 1966 they set up a full-fledged Nigerian firm which was incorporated under the name of Evans Brothers (Nigeria Publishers) LimitedA major restructuring of the new company took place following the promulgation of the Nigerian Enterprises Promotion Decree of 1972 (also known as the indigenization decree) under which it "became mandatory for a minimum of 40% of the equity of companies to be owned by Nigerians".Susanah O. Tomomowo-ayodele has described Evans Brothers (Nigeria Publishers) Limited as "Nigeria's leading educational publisher". It publishes a range of educational textbooks and learning materials (nursery, primary and secondary levels) along with some fiction and general publications. Textbooks from the firm occupy a commanding position in fields such as basic technology. | null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"Evans Brothers (Nigeria Publishers) Limited",
"different from",
"Evans Brothers"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Time",
"different from",
"duration"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Time",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Time"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"Film director",
"different from",
"cinematographer"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Film director",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Film directors"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Car model",
"different from",
"racing automobile model"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Car model",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Automobiles by model"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Car model",
"different from",
"car brand"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Botany",
"different from",
"phycology"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Botany",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Botany"
] | null | null | null | null | 25 |
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