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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Screenwriter",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Screenwriters"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Novel",
"different from",
"xiaoshuo"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Novel",
"different from",
"novella"
] | A novel is a relatively long work of narrative fiction, typically written in prose and published as a book. The English word to describe such a work derives from the Italian: novella for "new", "news", or "short story of something new", itself from the Latin: novella, a singular noun use of the neuter plural of novellus, diminutive of novus, meaning "new". According to Margaret Doody, the novel has "a continuous and comprehensive history of about two thousand years", with its origins in the Ancient Greek and Roman novel, in Chivalric romance, and in the tradition of the Italian Renaissance novella. The ancient romance form was revived by Romanticism, in the historical romances of Walter Scott and the Gothic novel.Some novelists, including Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, Ann Radcliffe, and John Cowper Powys, preferred the term "romance". M. H. Abrams and Walter Scott, have argued that a novel is a fiction narrative that displays a realistic depiction of the state of a society, while the romance encompasses any fictitious narrative that emphasizes marvellous or uncommon incidents. Works of fiction that include marvellous or uncommon incidents are also novels, including Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, and Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird. Such "romances" should not be confused with the genre fiction romance novel, which focuses on romantic love.
Murasaki Shikibu's Tale of Genji, an early 11th-century Japanese text, has sometimes been described as the world's first novel, because of its early use of the experience of intimacy in a narrative form. There is considerable debate over this, however, as there were certainly long fictional prose works that preceded it. The spread of printed books in China led to the appearance of classical Chinese novels during the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), and Qing dynasty (1616-1911). An early example from Europe was Hayy ibn Yaqdhan by the Sufi writer Ibn Tufayl in Muslim Spain. Later developments occurred after the invention of the printing press. Miguel de Cervantes, author of Don Quixote (the first part of which was published in 1605), is frequently cited as the first significant European novelist of the modern era. Literary historian Ian Watt, in The Rise of the Novel (1957), argued that the modern novel was born in the early 18th century.
Recent technological developments have led to many novels also being published in non-print media: this includes audio books, web novels, and ebooks. Another non-traditional fiction format can be found in graphic novels. While these comic book versions of works of fiction have their origins in the 19th century, they have only become popular recently.East Asian definition
East Asian countries, like China, Korea, Vietnam and Japan, use the word 小說 (pinyin: xiǎoshuō), which literally means "small talks", to refer works of fiction of whatever length. In Chinese, Japanese and Korean cultures, the concept of novel as it is known in the Western/Anglophone world was and still is termed as "long length small talk" (長篇小說), novella as "medium length small talk" (中篇小說), and short stories as "short length small talk" (短篇小說). However, in Vietnamese culture, the term 小說 exclusively refers to 長篇小說 (long-length small talk), i.e. standard novel, while different terms are used to refer to novella and short stories.
Such terms originated from ancient Chinese classification of literature works into "small talks" (tales of daily life and trivial matters) and "great talks" ("sacred" classic works of great thinkers like Confucius). In other words, ancient definition of "small talks" merely refer to trivial affairs, trivial facts, and can be different from the Western concept of novel. According to Lu Xun, the word "small talks" first appeared in the works of Zhuang Zhou, which coined such word. Later scholars also provided similar definition, such as Han dynasty historian Ban Gu categorized all the trivial stories and gossips collected by local government magistrates as "small talks". Hồ Nguyên Trừng classified his memoir collection Nam Ông mộng lục as "small talks" clearly with the meaning of "trivial facts" rather than the Western definition of novel. Such classification and also left strong legacy in several East Asian interpretations of Western definition of novel at the time when Western literature was first introduced to East Asian countries. For example, Thanh Lãng and Nhất Linh classified the epic poems such as The Tale of Kiều as "novel", while Trần Chánh Chiếu emphasized the "belongs to the commoners", "trivial daily talks" aspect in one of his work. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Novel",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Novels"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Novel",
"different from",
"Riwaya"
] | null | null | null | null | 18 |
|
[
"Novel",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Novel"
] | null | null | null | null | 22 |
|
[
"Novel",
"different from",
"short novel"
] | null | null | null | null | 24 |
|
[
"Economic geography",
"different from",
"geographical economy"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Economic geography",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Economic geography"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"FIBA EuroChallenge",
"topic's main category",
"Category:FIBA EuroChallenge"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"FIBA EuroChallenge",
"followed by",
"FIBA Europe Cup"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"CEV Champions League",
"topic's main category",
"Category:CEV Champions League"
] | null | null | null | null | 18 |
|
[
"CEV Cup",
"topic's main category",
"Category:CEV Cup"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Men's European Volleyball League",
"topic's main category",
"Category:European Volleyball League"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Swiss people",
"has part(s) of the class",
"Francophone"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Swiss people",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Swiss people"
] | null | null | null | null | 18 |
|
[
"Danes",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Danish people"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Austrians",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Austrian people"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"British people",
"different from",
"Bretons"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"British people",
"different from",
"Celtic Britons"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"British people",
"topic's main category",
"Category:British people"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Courland Governorate",
"replaces",
"Duchy of Courland and Semigallia"
] | The governorate was created in 1795 out of the territory of the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia that was incorporated into the Russian Empire as the province of Courland with its capital at Mitau (now Jelgava), following the third partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Courland and Livonia were united to form new state Republic of Latvia on 18 November 1918.Subdivisions
After the annexation to the Russian Empire, the Kurzeme Governorate united the lands of the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia and the Piltene district, both of which retained their previous administrative divisions.
After the administrative reform of 1819, the area of Pilten was incorporated into the territory of the province as the district of Windau (Hauptmannschaft Windau) and the district of Hasenpoth (Hauptmannschaft Hasenpoth). After the reform of 1819, the castle lord of Kandava moved to Talsi. The area of Palanga up to the Prussian border was also added to the Kurzeme province from the Vilna governorate. The province was divided into ten districts, or Hauptmannschaft, whose administrative authorities were located in the towns of the same name, with the exception of Talsi and Ilūkste, which had only the rights of towns. Each district had its own court with a local police force. Until 1864, every two districts were merged into Oberhauptmannschaft, which contained the Oberhauptmann and the Evangelical Lutheran Church dean's districts under the authority of the Oberhofgericht (Court of the Governor's Court).
The counties of the governorate were: | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Courland Governorate",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Courland Governorate"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Courland Governorate",
"located on terrain feature",
"Riga Educational District"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Austrian nobility",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Austrian nobility"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Austrian nobility",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Nobility of Austria"
] | The Austrian nobility (German: österreichischer Adel) is a status group that was officially abolished in 1919 after the fall of Austria-Hungary. The nobles are still part of Austrian society today, but they no longer retain any specific privileges. Austria's system of nobility was very similar to Germany's (see German nobility), as both countries were previously part of the Holy Roman Empire (962–1806).
Any noble living in the Habsburg-ruled lands, and who owed allegiance to the dynasty and therefore to the Emperor, was also considered part of the Austrian aristocracy. This applied to any member of the Bohemian, Hungarian, Polish, Croatian, and other nobilities in the Habsburg dominions. Attempting to differentiate between ethnicities can be difficult, especially for nobles during the eras of the Holy Roman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian monarchy (1867–1918). A noble from Galicia, for instance, such as the Count Jordan-Rozwadowski (see section "Noble titles" below under Graf/Gräfin (count/countess)), could call himself a Polish noble, but he also rightfully belonged to the Austrian nobility.
Two categories among the Austrian nobility may be distinguished: the historic nobility that lived in the territories of the Habsburg Empire and who owed allegiance to the head of that dynasty until 1918, and the post-1918 descendants of Austrian nobility—specifically, those who retain Austrian citizenship, whose family originally come from Austria proper, South Tyrol, northern Italy and Burgenland, or who were ennobled at any point under Habsburg rule and identify themselves as belonging to that status group. | null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"Smolensk Oblast",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Smolensk Oblast"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"Yaroslavl Oblast",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Yaroslavl Oblast"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Yaroslavl Oblast",
"replaces",
"Yaroslavl Okrug"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Vladimir Oblast",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Vladimir Oblast"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Voronezh Oblast",
"different from",
"Voronezh region"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Voronezh Oblast",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Voronezh Oblast"
] | null | null | null | null | 38 |
|
[
"World's fair",
"uses",
"national pavillon"
] | A world's fair, also known as a universal exhibition or an expo, is a large international exhibition designed to showcase the achievements of nations. These exhibitions vary in character and are held in different parts of the world at a specific site for a period of time, typically between three and six months.The term "world's fair" is commonly used in the United States, while the French term, Exposition universelle ("universal exhibition") is used in most of Europe and Asia; other terms include World Expo or Specialised Expo, with the word expo used for various types of exhibitions since at least 1958.
Since the adoption of the 1928 Convention Relating to International Exhibitions, the Paris-based Bureau International des Expositions has served as an international sanctioning body for international exhibitions; four types of international exhibition are organised under its auspices: World Expos, Specialised Expos, Horticultural Expos (regulated by the International Association of Horticultural Producers), and the Milan Triennial.
Astana, Kazakhstan, held the most recent Specialised Expo in 2017 while Dubai, United Arab Emirates hosted Expo 2020 (which was postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic). Belgrade, Serbia, which had been selected to host the next Specialised Expo in 2027 will take place from 15 May to 15 August 2027.Nation branding (1988–present)
From World Expo 88 in Brisbane onwards, countries started to use expositions as a platform to improve their national image through their pavilions. Finland, Japan, Canada, France, and Spain are cases in point. A major study by Tjaco Walvis called "Expo 2000 Hanover in Numbers" showed that improving national image was the main goal for 73% of the countries participating in Expo 2000. Pavilions became a kind of advertising campaign, and the Expo served as a vehicle for "nation branding". According to branding expert Wally Olins, Spain used Expo '92 and the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona in the same year to underscore its new position as a modern and democratic country and to show itself as a prominent member of the European Union and the global community.At Expo 2000 Hanover, countries created their own architectural pavilions, investing, on average, €12 million each. Given these costs, governments are sometimes hesitant to participate, because the benefits may not justify the costs. However, while the effects are difficult to measure, an independent study for the Dutch pavilion at Expo 2000 estimated that the pavilion (which cost around €35 million) generated around €350 million of potential revenues for the Dutch economy. It also identified several key success factors for world-exposition pavilions in general. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"World's fair",
"different from",
"UGM-96 Trident I"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"World's fair",
"different from",
"Expo"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"World's fair",
"topic's main category",
"Category:World's fairs"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Solid-state physics",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Solid state physics"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Platonism",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Platonism"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Cēsu apriņķis",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Kreis Wenden"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Musical form",
"different from",
"music genre"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Musical form",
"different from",
"musical form"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Musical form",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Musical forms"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Musical form",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Musical form"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Musical form",
"different from",
"musical style"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Anxiolytic",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Anxiolytics"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Bhikkhu",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Buddhist monks"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Bhikkhu",
"different from",
"Mnich"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Epic poetry",
"said to be the same as",
"epic literature"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Epic poetry",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Epic poems"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Epic poetry",
"said to be the same as",
"epopeio"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Military technology",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Military technology"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Dagestan",
"replaces",
"Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic"
] | null | null | null | null | 29 |
|
[
"Dagestan",
"different from",
"Dagestan"
] | null | null | null | null | 49 |
|
[
"Dagestan",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Dagestan"
] | null | null | null | null | 62 |
|
[
"Ingushetia",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Ingushetia"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"North Ossetia–Alania",
"different from",
"South Ossetia"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"North Ossetia–Alania",
"replaces",
"North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic"
] | Soviet period (1917–1990)
The Russian Revolution of 1917 resulted in North Ossetia being merged into the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1921. It then became the North Ossetian Autonomous Oblast on 7 July 1924, then merged into the North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on 5 December 1936. In World War II, it was subject to a number of attacks by Nazi German invaders unsuccessfully trying to seize Vladikavkaz in 1942.
The North Ossetian ASSR declared itself the autonomous republic of the Soviet Union on 20 June 1990. Its name was changed to the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania in 1994. | null | null | null | null | 23 |
[
"North Ossetia–Alania",
"topic's main category",
"Category:North Ossetia–Alania"
] | null | null | null | null | 27 |
|
[
"Karachay-Cherkessia",
"replaces",
"Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast"
] | null | null | null | null | 22 |
|
[
"Karachay-Cherkessia",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Karachay-Cherkessia"
] | Karachay-Cherkessia (Russian: Карачаево-Черкесия, romanized: Karachayevo-Cherkesiya), officially the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, is a republic of Russia located in the North Caucasus. It is administratively part of the North Caucasian Federal District. Karachay-Cherkessia has a population of 469,865 (2021 Census). Cherkessk is the largest city and the capital of the republic.
Karachay-Cherkessia is one of Russia's ethnic republics, primarily representing the indigenous Caucasian-Turkic Karachay people and the Cherkess or Circassian people. Karachays form the largest ethnic group at around 44% of the population, followed by ethnic Russians (27%) and Cherkess (13%). The Cherkess are mostly of the Besleney and Kabardin tribes. The republic has five official languages: Russian, Abaza, Cherkess (Kabardian), Karachay-Balkar, and Nogai.The majority of the republic's territory is within the Caucasus Mountains, except for a small strip at the northern edge of the Don Steppe. Karachay-Cherkessia is bordered by Krasnodar Krai to the west, Stavropol Krai to the north-east, Kabardino-Balkaria to the south-east, and an international border with Georgia to the south-west. Mount Elbrus, the highest mountain in Europe, is located on the border with Kabardino-Balkaria. | null | null | null | null | 29 |
[
"Fukui Prefecture",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Fukui Prefecture"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Sea of Japan",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Sea of Japan"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia",
"founded by",
"Hagop Hagopian"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"Mediterranean Sea",
"different from",
"mediterranean sea"
] | null | null | null | null | 47 |
|
[
"Mediterranean Sea",
"significant event",
"Zanclean flood"
] | The Mediterranean Sea ( MED-ih-tə-RAY-nee-ən) is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the east by the Levant in West Asia. The Mediterranean has played a central role in the history of Western civilization. Geological evidence indicates that around 5.9 million years ago the Mediterranean was cut off from the Atlantic and was partly or completely desiccated over a period of some 600,000 years during the Messinian salinity crisis before being refilled by the Zanclean flood about 5.3 million years ago.
The Mediterranean Sea covers an area of about 2,500,000 km2 (970,000 sq mi), representing 0.7% of the global ocean surface, but its connection to the Atlantic via the Strait of Gibraltar—the narrow strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates the Iberian Peninsula in Europe from Morocco in Africa—is only 14 km (9 mi) wide. The Mediterranean Sea encompasses a vast number of islands, some of them of volcanic origin. The two largest islands, in both area and population, are Sicily and Sardinia.
The Mediterranean Sea has an average depth of 1,500 m (4,900 ft) and the deepest recorded point is 5,109 m (16,762 ft) ±1 m (3 ft) in the Calypso Deep in the Ionian Sea. It lies between latitudes 30° and 46° N and longitudes 6° W and 36° E. Its west–east length, from the Strait of Gibraltar to the Gulf of Alexandretta, on the southeastern coast of Turkey, is about 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi). The north–south length varies greatly between different shorelines and whether only straight routes are considered. Also including longitudinal changes, the shortest shipping route between the multinational Gulf of Trieste and the Libyan coastline of the Gulf of Sidra is about 1,900 kilometres (1,200 mi). The water temperatures are mild in winter and warm in summer and give name to the Mediterranean climate type due to the majority of precipitation falling in the cooler months. Its southern and eastern coastlines are lined with hot deserts not far inland, but the immediate coastline on all sides of the Mediterranean tends to have strong maritime moderation.
The sea was an important route for merchants and travellers of ancient times, facilitating trade and cultural exchange between the peoples of the region. The history of the Mediterranean region is crucial to understanding the origins and development of many modern societies. The Roman Empire maintained nautical hegemony over the sea for centuries and is the only state to have ever controlled all of its coast.
The countries surrounding the Mediterranean in clockwise order are Spain, France, Monaco, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco; Malta and Cyprus are island countries in the sea. In addition, Gibraltar and Ceuta, have coastlines on the sea. The drainage basin encompasses a large number of other countries, the Nile being the longest river ending in the Mediterranean Sea.Geology
The geologic history of the Mediterranean Sea is complex. Underlain by oceanic crust, the sea basin was once thought to be a tectonic remnant of the ancient Tethys Ocean; it is now known to be a structurally younger basin, called the Neotethys, which was first formed by the convergence of the African and Eurasian plates during the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic. Because it is a near-landlocked body of water in a normally dry climate, the Mediterranean is subject to intensive evaporation and the precipitation of evaporites. The Messinian salinity crisis started about six million years ago (mya) when the Mediterranean became landlocked, and then essentially dried up. There are salt deposits accumulated on the bottom of the basin of more than a million cubic kilometres—in some places more than three kilometres thick.Scientists estimate that the sea was last filled about 5.3 million years ago (mya) in less than two years by the Zanclean flood. Water poured in from the Atlantic Ocean through a newly breached gateway now called the Strait of Gibraltar at an estimated rate of about three orders of magnitude (one thousand times) larger than the current flow of the Amazon River.The Mediterranean Sea has an average depth of 1,500 m (4,900 ft) and the deepest recorded point is 5,267 m (17,280 ft) in the Calypso Deep in the Ionian Sea. The coastline extends for 46,000 km (29,000 mi). A shallow submarine ridge (the Strait of Sicily) between the island of Sicily and the coast of Tunisia divides the sea in two main subregions: the Western Mediterranean, with an area of about 850,000 km2 (330,000 mi2); and the Eastern Mediterranean, of about 1.65 million km2 (640,000 mi2). Coastal areas have submarine karst springs or vruljas, which discharge pressurised groundwater into the water from below the surface; the discharge water is usually fresh, and sometimes may be thermal. | null | null | null | null | 90 |
[
"Mediterranean Sea",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Mediterranean Sea"
] | null | null | null | null | 158 |
|
[
"Tyrol",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Tyrol (region)"
] | null | null | null | null | 18 |
|
[
"Film producer",
"said to be the same as",
"organizer of film production"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Film producer",
"different from",
"production manager"
] | A film producer is a person who oversees film production. Either employed by a production company or working independently, producers plan and coordinate various aspects of film production, such as selecting the script, coordinating writing, directing, editing, and arranging financing.The producer is responsible for finding and selecting promising material for development. Unless the film is based on an existing script, the producer hires a screenwriter and oversees the script's development. These activities culminate with the pitch, led by the producer, to secure the financial backing that enables production to begin. If all succeeds, the project is "greenlit".
The producer also supervises the pre-production, principal photography and post-production stages of filmmaking. A producer is also responsible for hiring a director for the film, as well as other key crew members. Whereas the director makes the creative decisions during the production, the producer typically manages logistics and business operations, though some directors also produce their own films. The producer must ensure the film is delivered on time and within budget, and in the latter stages before release, will oversee the marketing and distribution of the film.Producers cannot always supervise all of the production. In this case, the primary producer or executive producer may hire and delegate work to associate producers, assistant producers, line producers, or unit production managers.Producer
Within the production process, a producer can oversee, arrange, manage, and begin every aspect of production. They are typically involved in every stage of the overall production process. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Film producer",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Film producers"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Comics",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Comics titles"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Comics",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Comics"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Office supplies",
"said to be the same as",
"office supplies"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Office supplies",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Office equipment"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Car classification",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Car classifications"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Dynamical system",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Dynamical systems"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Music education",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Music education"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Music education",
"said to be the same as",
"musical literacy"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Biography",
"different from",
"biographer"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Biography",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Biography (genre)"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"Biography",
"different from",
"personal history"
] | History
At first, biographical writings were regarded merely as a subsection of history with a focus on a particular individual of historical importance. The independent genre of biography as distinct from general history writing, began to emerge in the 18th century and reached its contemporary form at the turn of the 20th century. | null | null | null | null | 18 |
[
"Biography",
"different from",
"biography"
] | null | null | null | null | 19 |
|
[
"Detective fiction",
"different from",
"detective"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Detective fiction",
"main subject",
"criminal investigation"
] | Detective fiction is a subgenre of crime fiction and mystery fiction in which an investigator or a detective—whether professional, amateur or retired—investigates a crime, often murder. The detective genre began around the same time as speculative fiction and other genre fiction in the mid-nineteenth century and has remained extremely popular, particularly in novels. Some of the most famous heroes of detective fiction include C. Auguste Dupin, Sherlock Holmes, and Hercule Poirot. Juvenile stories featuring The Hardy Boys, Nancy Drew, and The Boxcar Children have also remained in print for several decades. | null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Detective fiction",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Detective fiction"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Soundtrack",
"different from",
"film score"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Soundtrack",
"different from",
"soundtrack"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Soundtrack",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Soundtracks"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Soundtrack",
"different from",
"sound-on-film"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Soundtrack",
"different from",
"score"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Musical composition",
"cause",
"music composing"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Musical composition",
"has use",
"musical work/composition"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Musical composition",
"different from",
"literary composing"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Musical composition",
"different from",
"musical work"
] | Musical composition can refer to an original piece or work of music, either vocal or instrumental, the structure of a musical piece or to the process of creating or writing a new piece of music. People who create new compositions are called composers. Composers of primarily songs are usually called songwriters; with songs, the person who writes lyrics for a song is the lyricist. In many cultures, including Western classical music, the act of composing typically includes the creation of music notation, such as a sheet music "score," which is then performed by the composer or by other musicians. In popular music and traditional music, songwriting may involve the creation of a basic outline of the song, called the lead sheet, which sets out the melody, lyrics and chord progression. In classical music, orchestration (choosing the instruments of a large music ensemble such as an orchestra which will play the different parts of music, such as the melody, accompaniment, countermelody, bassline and so on) is typically done by the composer, but in musical theatre and in pop music, songwriters may hire an arranger to do the orchestration. In some cases, a pop or traditional songwriter may not use written notation at all and instead compose the song in their mind and then play, sing or record it from memory. In jazz and popular music, notable sound recordings by influential performers are given the weight that written or printed scores play in classical music.
Although a musical composition often uses musical notation and has a single author, this is not always the case. A work of music can have multiple composers, which often occurs in popular music when all members of a band collaborate to write a song or in musical theatre, when one person writes the melodies, a second person writes the lyrics and a third person orchestrates the songs.
A piece of music can also be composed with words, images or, since the 20th century, with computer programs that explain or notate how the singer or musician should create musical sounds. Examples range from 20th century avant-garde music that uses graphic notation, to text compositions such as Karlheinz Stockhausen's Aus den sieben Tagen, to computer programs that select sounds for musical pieces. Music that makes heavy use of randomness and chance is called aleatoric music and is associated with contemporary composers active in the 20th century, such as John Cage, Morton Feldman and Witold Lutosławski. A more commonly known example of chance-based, or indeterminate, music is the sound of wind chimes jingling in a breeze. The study of composition has traditionally been dominated by examination of methods and practice of Western classical music, but the definition of composition is broad enough to include the creation of popular music and traditional music songs and instrumental pieces, and to include spontaneously improvised works like those of free jazz performers and African percussionists such as Ewe drummers.
In the 2000s, composition is considered to consist of the manipulation of each aspect of music (harmony, melody, form, rhythm and timbre), according to Jean-Benjamin de Laborde (1780, 2:12): | null | null | null | null | 10 |
[
"Musical composition",
"different from",
"composer"
] | Musical composition can refer to an original piece or work of music, either vocal or instrumental, the structure of a musical piece or to the process of creating or writing a new piece of music. People who create new compositions are called composers. Composers of primarily songs are usually called songwriters; with songs, the person who writes lyrics for a song is the lyricist. In many cultures, including Western classical music, the act of composing typically includes the creation of music notation, such as a sheet music "score," which is then performed by the composer or by other musicians. In popular music and traditional music, songwriting may involve the creation of a basic outline of the song, called the lead sheet, which sets out the melody, lyrics and chord progression. In classical music, orchestration (choosing the instruments of a large music ensemble such as an orchestra which will play the different parts of music, such as the melody, accompaniment, countermelody, bassline and so on) is typically done by the composer, but in musical theatre and in pop music, songwriters may hire an arranger to do the orchestration. In some cases, a pop or traditional songwriter may not use written notation at all and instead compose the song in their mind and then play, sing or record it from memory. In jazz and popular music, notable sound recordings by influential performers are given the weight that written or printed scores play in classical music.
Although a musical composition often uses musical notation and has a single author, this is not always the case. A work of music can have multiple composers, which often occurs in popular music when all members of a band collaborate to write a song or in musical theatre, when one person writes the melodies, a second person writes the lyrics and a third person orchestrates the songs.
A piece of music can also be composed with words, images or, since the 20th century, with computer programs that explain or notate how the singer or musician should create musical sounds. Examples range from 20th century avant-garde music that uses graphic notation, to text compositions such as Karlheinz Stockhausen's Aus den sieben Tagen, to computer programs that select sounds for musical pieces. Music that makes heavy use of randomness and chance is called aleatoric music and is associated with contemporary composers active in the 20th century, such as John Cage, Morton Feldman and Witold Lutosławski. A more commonly known example of chance-based, or indeterminate, music is the sound of wind chimes jingling in a breeze. The study of composition has traditionally been dominated by examination of methods and practice of Western classical music, but the definition of composition is broad enough to include the creation of popular music and traditional music songs and instrumental pieces, and to include spontaneously improvised works like those of free jazz performers and African percussionists such as Ewe drummers.
In the 2000s, composition is considered to consist of the manipulation of each aspect of music (harmony, melody, form, rhythm and timbre), according to Jean-Benjamin de Laborde (1780, 2:12): | null | null | null | null | 14 |
[
"Musical composition",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Musical compositions"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"Musical composition",
"different from",
"music composing"
] | null | null | null | null | 19 |
|
[
"Musical composition",
"different from",
"composition"
] | null | null | null | null | 21 |
|
[
"Musical composition",
"different from",
"musical work/composition"
] | null | null | null | null | 25 |
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