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sequence | passage
stringlengths 0
32.9k
| label
stringlengths 4
48
⌀ | label_id
int64 0
1k
⌀ | synonyms
sequence | __index_level_1__
int64 312
64.1k
⌀ | __index_level_0__
int64 0
2.4k
⌀ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Serbia in the Eurovision Song Contest",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Serbia in the Eurovision Song Contest"
] | Photogallery
See also
Serbia in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest
Serbia and Montenegro in the Eurovision Song Contest
Serbia and Montenegro in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest
Yugoslavia in the Eurovision Song Contest
Kosovo in the Eurovision Song Contest
Kosovo in the Eurovision Young Dancers | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Serbia in the Eurovision Song Contest",
"follows",
"Serbia and Montenegro in the Eurovision Song Contest"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Slovakia in the Eurovision Song Contest",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Slovakia in the Eurovision Song Contest"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Slovenia in the Eurovision Song Contest",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Slovenia in the Eurovision Song Contest"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Slovenia in the Eurovision Song Contest",
"follows",
"Yugoslavia in the Eurovision Song Contest"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Langevin dynamics",
"main subject",
"mathematics"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Langevin dynamics",
"main subject",
"physics"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Langevin dynamics",
"topic's main category",
"classical mechanics"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Langevin dynamics",
"topic's main category",
"symplectic geometry"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Langevin dynamics",
"main subject",
"Brownian motion"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Langevin dynamics",
"topic's main category",
"statistical physics"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Langevin dynamics",
"topic's main category",
"dynamical system"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Sa'ar 5-class corvette",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Sa'ar 5-class corvettes"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Sa'ar 5-class corvette",
"follows",
"Sa'ar 4.5-class missile boat"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Sa'ar 5-class corvette",
"followed by",
"Sa'ar 6-class corvette"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Pisces (constellation)",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Pisces (constellation)"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Virgo (constellation)",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Virgo (constellation)"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Cancer (constellation)",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Cancer (constellation)"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Sagittarius (constellation)",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Sagittarius (constellation)"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Ophiuchus",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Ophiuchus"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Ophiuchus",
"different from",
"Ophiuchus"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Programming language",
"has use",
"computer programming"
] | Domain and target
In most practical contexts, a programming language involves a computer; consequently, programming languages are usually defined and studied this way. Programming languages differ from natural languages in that natural languages are only used for interaction between people, while programming languages also allow humans to communicate instructions to machines.
The domain of the language is also worth consideration. Markup languages like XML, HTML, or troff, which define structured data, are not usually considered programming languages. Programming languages may, however, share the syntax with markup languages if a computational semantics is defined. XSLT, for example, is a Turing complete language entirely using XML syntax. Moreover, LaTeX, which is mostly used for structuring documents, also contains a Turing complete subset. | null | null | null | null | 32 |
[
"Programming language",
"different from",
"hardware description language"
] | null | null | null | null | 37 |
|
[
"Programming language",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Programming languages"
] | null | null | null | null | 46 |
|
[
"Programming language",
"different from",
"implementation of a programming language"
] | Implementation
An implementation of a programming language provides a way to write programs in that language and execute them on one or more configurations of hardware and software. There are, broadly, two approaches to programming language implementation: compilation and interpretation. It is generally possible to implement a language using either technique.
The output of a compiler may be executed by hardware or a program called an interpreter. In some implementations that make use of the interpreter approach, there is no distinct boundary between compiling and interpreting. For instance, some implementations of BASIC compile and then execute the source one line at a time.
Programs that are executed directly on the hardware usually run much faster than those that are interpreted in software.One technique for improving the performance of interpreted programs is just-in-time compilation. Here the virtual machine, just before execution, translates the blocks of bytecode which are going to be used to machine code, for direct execution on the hardware. | null | null | null | null | 53 |
[
"Gatchina",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Gatchina"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Cryptoeconomics",
"topic's main category",
"cryptography"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Gift of Tongues",
"topic's main category",
"language"
] | Pentecostal and charismatic practices
Baptism with the Holy Spirit is regarded by the Holiness Pentecostals (the oldest branch of Pentecostalism) as being the third work of grace, following the new birth (first work of grace) and entire sanctification (second work of grace). Holiness Pentecostals teach that this third work of grace is accompanied with glossolalia.Because Pentecostal and charismatic beliefs are not monolithic, there is not complete theological agreement on speaking in tongues. Generally, followers believe that speaking in tongues is a spiritual gift that can be manifested as either a human language or a heavenly supernatural language in three ways:
The "sign of tongues" refers to xenoglossia, wherein followers believe someone is speaking a language they have never learned.
The "gift of tongues" refers to a glossolalic utterance spoken by an individual and addressed to a congregation of, typically, other believers.
"Praying in the spirit" is typically used to refer to glossolalia as part of personal prayer.Many Pentecostals and charismatics quote Paul's words in 1 Corinthians 14 which established guidelines on the public use of glossolalia in the church at Corinth although the exegesis of this passage and the extent to which these instructions are followed is a matter of academic debate.The gift of tongues is often referred to as a "message in tongues". Practitioners believe that this use of glossolalia requires an interpretation so that the gathered congregation can understand the message, which is accomplished by the interpretation of tongues. There are two schools of thought concerning the nature of a message in tongues: | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Boötes",
"said to be the same as",
"Arctophylax"
] | null | null | null | null | 27 |
|
[
"Boötes",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Boötes"
] | null | null | null | null | 33 |
|
[
"Draco (constellation)",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Draco (constellation)"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Camelopardalis",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Camelopardalis"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Dorado",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Dorado"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Cetus",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Cetus"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Centaurus",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Centaurus"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"Orion (constellation)",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Orion (constellation)"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Pegasus (constellation)",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Pegasus (constellation)"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Serpens",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Serpens"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Fornax",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Fornax"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Ursa Major",
"different from",
"Big Dipper"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Ursa Major",
"said to be the same as",
"Valacirca"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Ursa Major",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Ursa Major"
] | null | null | null | null | 18 |
|
[
"Cygnus (constellation)",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Cygnus (constellation)"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Efficacy of prayer",
"topic's main category",
"prayer"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Urban structure",
"topic's main category",
"urbanism"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Lower Silesian Voivodeship",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Lower Silesian Voivodeship"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Lublin Voivodeship",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Lublin Voivodeship"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Lublin Voivodeship",
"replaces",
"Lublin Department"
] | Lublin Voivodeship 1816–1837
Lublin Voivodeship was one of the voivodeships of Congress Poland. It was formed in 1816 from Lublin Department, and in 1837 was transformed into Lublin Governorate. | null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"Lublin Voivodeship",
"different from",
"Lublin Land"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"Lubusz Voivodeship",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Lubusz Voivodeship"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Łódź Voivodeship",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Łódź Voivodeship"
] | null | null | null | null | 20 |
|
[
"Łódź Voivodeship",
"replaces",
"Piotrków Governorate"
] | null | null | null | null | 23 |
|
[
"Łódź Voivodeship",
"different from",
"Łódź Voivodeship"
] | null | null | null | null | 24 |
|
[
"Lesser Poland Voivodeship",
"different from",
"Lesser Poland"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Lesser Poland Voivodeship",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Lesser Poland Voivodeship"
] | Lesser Poland Voivodeship or Lesser Poland Province (in Polish: województwo małopolskie [vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔ mawɔˈpɔlskʲɛ]), also known as Małopolska, is a voivodeship (province), in southern Poland. It has an area of 15,108 square kilometres (5,833 sq mi), and a population of 3,404,863 (2019).It was created on 1 January 1999 out of the former Kraków, Tarnów, Nowy Sącz and parts of Bielsko-Biała, Katowice, Kielce and Krosno Voivodeships, pursuant to the Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998. The province's name recalls the traditional name of a historic Polish region, Lesser Poland, or in Polish: Małopolska. Current Lesser Poland Voivodeship, however, covers only a small part of the broader ancient Małopolska region which, together with Greater Poland (Wielkopolska) and Silesia (Śląsk), formed the early medieval Polish state. Historic Lesser Poland is much larger than the current province. It stretches far north, to Radom, and Siedlce, also including such cities, as Stalowa Wola, Lublin, Kielce, Częstochowa, and Sosnowiec.
The province is bounded on the north by the Świętokrzyskie Mountains (Góry Świętokrzyskie), on the west by Jura Krakowsko-Częstochowska (a broad range of hills stretching from Kraków to Częstochowa), and on the south by the Tatra,
Pieniny and Beskidy Mountains. Politically it is bordered by Silesian Voivodeship to the west, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship to the north, Subcarpathian Voivodeship to the east, and Slovakia (Prešov Region and Žilina Regions) to the south.
Almost all of Lesser Poland lies in the Vistula River catchment area. The city of Kraków was one of the European Cities of Culture in 2000. Kraków has railway and road connections with Katowice (expressway), Warsaw, Wrocław and Rzeszów. It lies at the crossroads of major international routes linking Dresden with Kyiv, and Gdańsk with Budapest. Located here is the second largest international airport in Poland (after Warsaw's), the John Paul II International Airport. | null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"Lesser Poland Voivodeship",
"different from",
"Kraków Voivodeship"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Lesser Poland Voivodeship",
"different from",
"Kraków Voivodeship"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Lesser Poland Voivodeship",
"different from",
"Kraków Voivodeship (1975–1998)"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"Masovian Voivodeship",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Masovian Voivodeship"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Masovian Voivodeship",
"owner of",
"Warszawska Kolej Dojazdowa"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Masovian Voivodeship",
"owner of",
"Koleje Mazowieckie"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Opole Voivodeship",
"different from",
"Opole Voivodeship"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"Opole Voivodeship",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Opole Voivodeship"
] | null | null | null | null | 20 |
|
[
"Subcarpathian Voivodeship",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Podkarpackie Voivodeship"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Podlaskie Voivodeship",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Podlaskie Voivodeship"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Podlaskie Voivodeship",
"different from",
"Polesie Voivodeship"
] | null | null | null | null | 41 |
|
[
"Pomeranian Voivodeship",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Pomeranian Voivodeship"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Pomeranian Voivodeship",
"different from",
"Pomeranian Voivodeship"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Greater Poland Voivodeship",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Greater Poland Voivodeship"
] | Greater Poland Voivodeship (Polish: Województwo wielkopolskie [vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔ vjɛlkɔˈpɔlskʲɛ]), also known as Wielkopolska Voivodeship, Wielkopolska Province, or Greater Poland Province, is a voivodeship, or province, in west-central Poland. It was created on 1 January 1999 out of the former Poznań, Kalisz, Konin, Piła and Leszno Voivodeships, pursuant to the Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998. The province is named after the region called Greater Poland or Wielkopolska [vjɛlkɔˈpɔlska] (listen). The modern province includes most of this historic region, except for some western parts.
Greater Poland Voivodeship is second in area and third in population among Poland's sixteen voivodeships, with an area of 29,826 square kilometres (11,516 sq mi) and a population of close to 3.5 million. Its capital city is Poznań; other important cities include Kalisz, Konin, Piła, Ostrów Wielkopolski, Gniezno (an early capital of Poland) and Leszno. It is bordered by seven other voivodeships: West Pomeranian to the northwest, Pomeranian to the north, Kuyavian-Pomeranian to the north-east, Łódź to the south-east, Opole to the south, Lower Silesian to the southwest and Lubusz to the west.
The city of Poznań has international twinning arrangements with the English county of Nottinghamshire. | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"West Pomeranian Voivodeship",
"topic's main category",
"Category:West Pomeranian Voivodeship"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Siege",
"different from",
"lockout"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Siege",
"different from",
"blockade"
] | A siege is a military blockade of a city, or fortress, with the intent of conquering by attrition, or by well-prepared assault. This derives from Latin: sedere, lit. 'to sit'. Siege warfare is a form of constant, low-intensity conflict characterized by one party holding a strong, static, defensive position. Consequently, an opportunity for negotiation between combatants is common, as proximity and fluctuating advantage can encourage diplomacy. A siege is conducted (by the attacking force) by siegecraft, or poliorcetics.
A siege occurs when an attacker encounters a city or fortress that cannot be easily taken by a quick assault, and which refuses to surrender. Sieges involve surrounding the target to block provision of supplies and reinforcement or escape of troops (a tactic known as "investment"). This is typically coupled with attempts to reduce the fortifications by means of siege engines, artillery bombardment, mining (also known as sapping), or the use of deception or treachery to bypass defenses.
Failing a military outcome, sieges can often be decided by starvation, thirst, or disease, which can afflict either the attacker or defender. This form of siege, though, can take many months or even years, depending upon the size of the stores of food the fortified position holds. The attacking force can circumvallate the besieged place, which is to build a line of earth-works, consisting of a rampart and trench, surrounding it. During the process of circumvallation, the attacking force can be set upon by another force, an ally of the besieged place, due to the lengthy amount of time required to force it to capitulate. A defensive ring of forts outside the ring of circumvallated forts, called contravallation, is also sometimes used to defend the attackers from outside. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Siege",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Siege warfare"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Siege",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Sieges"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"Sejm",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Poland"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Sejm",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Sejm"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Sejm",
"different from",
"Senate of Poland"
] | The Sejm (English: "same", Polish: [sɛjm] (listen)), officially known as the Sejm of the Republic of Poland (Polish: Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej), is the lower house of the bicameral parliament of Poland.
The Sejm has been the highest governing body of the Third Polish Republic since the transition of government in 1989. Along with the upper house of parliament, the Senate, it forms the national legislature in Poland known as National Assembly (Polish: Zgromadzenie Narodowe). The Sejm is composed of 460 deputies (singular deputowany or poseł – "envoy") elected every four years by a universal ballot. The Sejm is presided over by a speaker called the "Marshal of the Sejm" (Marszałek Sejmu).
In the Kingdom of Poland, the term Sejm referred to an entire two-chamber parliament, comprising the Chamber of Deputies (Izba Poselska), the Senate and the King. It was thus a three-estate parliament. The 1573 Henrician Articles strengthened the assembly's jurisdiction, making Poland a constitutional elective monarchy. Since the Second Polish Republic (1918–1939), Sejm has only referred to the lower house of parliament.Second Polish Republic
After the First World War and re-establishment of Polish independence, the convocation of parliament, under the democratic electoral law of 1918, became an enduring symbol of the new state's wish to demonstrate and establish continuity with the 300-year Polish parliamentary traditions established before the time of the partitions. Maciej Rataj emphatically paid tribute to this with the phrase: "There is Poland there, and so is the Sejm".
During the interwar period of Poland's independence, the first Legislative Sejm of 1919, a Constituent Assembly, passed the Small Constitution of 1919, which introduced a parliamentary republic and proclaimed the principle of the Sejm's sovereignty. This was then strengthened, in 1921, by the March Constitution, one of the most democratic European constitutions enacted after the end of World War I. The constitution established a political system which was based on Montesquieu's doctrine of separation of powers, and which restored the bicameral Sejm consisting of a chamber of deputies (to which alone the name of "Sejm" was from then on applied) and the Senate. In 1919, Roza Pomerantz-Meltzer, a member of the Zionist party, became the first woman ever elected to the Sejm.The legal content of the March Constitution allowed for Sejm supremacy in the system of state institutions at the expense of the executive powers, thus creating a parliamentary republic out of the Polish state. An attempt to strengthen executive powers in 1926 (through the August Amendment) proved too limited and largely failed in helping avoid legislative grid-lock which had ensued as a result of too-great parliamentary power in a state which had numerous diametrically-opposed political parties sitting in its legislature. In 1935, the parliamentary republic was weakened further when, by way of, Józef Piłsudski's May Coup, the president was forced to sign the April Constitution of 1935, an act through which the head of state assumed the dominant position in legislating for the state and the Senate increased its power at the expense of the Sejm. | null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Sejm",
"different from",
"Parliament of Poland"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Kalisz",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Kalisz"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Kalisz",
"different from",
"Kalisz"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Kalisz",
"owner of",
"Kalisz Arena"
] | null | null | null | null | 21 |
|
[
"Monarchy",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Monarchy"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Senate of Poland",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Poland"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Senate of Poland",
"different from",
"Parliament of Poland"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Senate of Poland",
"different from",
"Sejm of the Republic of Poland"
] | The Senate (Polish: Senat) is the upper house of the Polish parliament, the lower house being the Sejm. The history of the Polish Senate stretches back over 500 years; it was one of the first constituent bodies of a bicameral parliament in Europe and existed without hiatus until the final partition of the Polish state in 1795. The contemporary Senate is composed of 100 senators elected by a universal ballot and is headed by the Marshal of the Senate (Marszałek Senatu). The incumbent Marshal of the Senate is Tomasz Grodzki.
Following a brief period of existence under the Second Polish Republic, the Senate was again abolished by the authorities of the Polish People's Republic. It was not re-established until the collapse of the communist government and reinstatement of democracy in Poland in 1989. The Senate is based in Warsaw and is located in a building which forms part of the Sejm Complex on Wiejska Street, in close proximity to the Three Crosses Square and Ujazdów Castle.
Like Germany, Poland is a lower house-dominant nation, with the lower chamber receiving far more press and literary attention and its members more well known despite higher numbers and fewer powers, due to the Senate having more of an oversight role in the legislature. | null | null | null | null | 19 |
[
"Senate of Poland",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Senate of Poland"
] | null | null | null | null | 20 |
|
[
"Poznań Fortress",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Forts in Poznań"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Lists of films",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Lists of films"
] | By availability
Cancelled films*
List of abandoned and unfinished films
List of incomplete or partially lost films
Lost films*
List of rediscovered films
List of rediscovered film footage
Upcoming films* | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"List of Polish monarchs",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Polish monarchs"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Voivode",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Voivods"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Voivode",
"different from",
"voivode"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Phytic era",
"topic's main category",
"stratigraphy"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Phytic era",
"topic's main category",
"paleobotany"
] | Paleophytic
The Paleophytic begins in the late Ordovician Period with the rise of the vascular plants and continues until the Kingurian (Middle Permian), when advanced gymnosperms took over the Earth's floral niches. Unlike animals, land plants experienced no major extinctions at the end of the Permian. Rather, the land plant extinction seems to have preceded the P-T event. At the end of the Paleophytic, plants that dominated throughout the era such as Cordaites, Calamites, and Lepidodendron disappeared and were replaced by conifers and glossopterids. | null | null | null | null | 9 |
[
"Phytic era",
"topic's main category",
"palynology"
] | The phytic eras divide the history of life based on the evolution of plants. The "-phytic" eras differ from the animal based "-zoic" eras, although they use the same prefixes. Phytic eras are defined by palynomorphs (organisms made out of sporopollenin) which include pollen, spores, and acritarcs in the rock record. | null | null | null | null | 11 |
[
"Effects of domestic violence on children",
"topic's main category",
"domestic violence"
] | Prenatal
The physical effects of domestic violence on children, unlike the effects of direct abuse, can start when they are a fetus in their mother's womb, which can result in low infant birth weights, premature birth, excessive bleeding, and fetal death due to the mother's physical trauma and emotional stress. Increased maternal stress during the times of abuse, especially when combined with smoking and drug abuse, can also lead to premature deliveries and low weight babies. When a woman is stressed while pregnant, the baby can be born with stress and anxiety and can sometimes have problems with growth.Infants
Infant children who are present in the home where domestic violence occurs often fall victim to being "caught in the crossfire." They may suffer physical injuries from unintentional trauma as their parent is suffering from abuse. Infants may be inconsolable and irritable, have a lack of responsiveness secondary to lacking the emotional and physical attachment to their mother, have developmental delays, and have excessive diarrhea from both trauma and stress. Infants are most affected by the environment of abuse because their brain hasn't fully developed.Emotional symptoms
Children exposed to violence in their home often have conflicting feelings towards their parents. For instance, distrust and affection often coexist for the abuser. The child becomes overprotective of the victim and feels sorry for them.They often develop anxiety, fearing that they may be injured or abandoned, that the child's parent being abused will be injured, or that they are to blame for the violence that is occurring in their homes. Grief, shame, and low self-esteem are common emotions that children exposed to domestic violence experience.Anger
Some children act out through anger and are more aggressive than other children. Even in situations that do not call for it, children will respond with anger. Children and young people particularly highlighted angry feelings as a consequence of experiencing domestic violence. Physical aggression can also manifest towards the victim from the children as the victim does not have the ability to develop authority and control over them.Post-traumatic stress disorder
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can result in children from exposure to domestic violence. Symptoms of this are nightmares, insomnia, anxiety, increased alertness to the environment, having problems concentrating, and can lead to physical symptoms. If the child experiences chronic early maltreatment within the caregiving relationship, then complex PTSD can result.Social symptoms
Children exposed to domestic violence frequently do not have the foundation of safety and security that is normally provided by the family. The children experience a desensitization to aggressive behavior, poor anger management, poor problem solving skills, and learn to engage in exploitative relationships.
Symptoms include isolation from friends and relatives in an effort to stay close to siblings and victimized parent.
The adolescent may display these symptoms by joining a gang or becoming involved in dating relationships that mimic the learned behavior.Children exposed to domestic violence require a safe nurturing environment and the space and respect to progress at their own pace. The caretaker should provide reassurance and an increased sense of security by providing explanations and comfort for the things that worry the children, like loud noises. Children should develop and maintain positive contact with significant others such as distant family members. All family members are encouraged to become involved in community organizations designed to assist families in domestic violence situations.Effects on witnessing infants
Cries excessively, screaming
Digestive problems
Failure to thrive
Feeding and sleeping routines are disrupted
Frequent illness
Irritability, sadness, anxiety
Low weight
Need for attachment is disrupted
No appetite
Sleeping problems
Startles easilyDual exposure
It is important to note that children exposed to domestic violence are more at risk for other forms of maltreatment such as physical abuse and neglect. Research suggests that parents who are violent with one another are at higher risk for physically abusing their children. Recent research has proposed that the consequences of child abuse and domestic violence exposure are often similar and mimic one another. Children who are abused and exposed to domestic violence exhibit emotional, psychological, and behavioral consequences that are almost identical to one another. In fact, some researchers refer to this dual exposure as the "double whammy" effect because children receive double exposure to traumatic events and thus react twofold to the abuse and exposure to domestic violence. Emotionally, children who experience the "double whammy" effect can exhibit fear, guilt, isolation, and low self-esteem. Additional psychological outcomes for these children include depression, anxiety, and even post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Children who experience dual exposure to both physical abuse and domestic violence possess more behavioral problems than those who experience only one or the other.The long-term effects of dual exposure in young children can have very negative outcomes later in life. These outcomes have been documented as leading to behavioral problems that include school dropout, violence, teen pregnancy, substance abuse, eating disorders, and even suicide attempts. A study following children from preschool through adolescence found that young children exposed to domestic violence and child abuse were more likely to experience anti-social behaviors in their adolescence. Young children exposed to both domestic violence and child abuse were also more likely to commit an assault and participate in delinquent behavior in their adolescence than those not exposed at all. Lastly, the Adverse Childhood Experiences study (ACE) found a connection between multiple categories of childhood trauma (e.g., child abuse, household dysfunction including domestic violence, and child neglect) and health/behavioral outcomes later in life. The more traumas a child was exposed to, the greater risk for disabilities, social problems, and adverse health outcomes. More recently, researchers have used elements of this model to continue analysis into different aspects of trauma, stressful experiences, and later development. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Konin",
"different from",
"Konin"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Konin",
"owner of",
"MZK Konin"
] | null | null | null | null | 19 |
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