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stringlengths 0
32.9k
| label
stringlengths 4
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64.1k
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2.4k
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Royal Rumble (1995)",
"followed by",
"1996 Royal Rumble"
] | Production
Background
The Royal Rumble is an annual gimmick pay-per-view (PPV), produced every January by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) since 1988. It is one of the promotion's original four pay-per-views, along with WrestleMania, SummerSlam, and Survivor Series, which were dubbed the "Big Four", and was considered one of the "Big Five" PPVs, along with King of the Ring. It is named after the Royal Rumble match, a modified battle royal in which the participants enter at timed intervals instead of all beginning in the ring at the same time. The match generally features 30 wrestlers and the winner traditionally earns a world championship match at that year's WrestleMania. For 1995, the winner earned a match for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship at WrestleMania XI. The 1995 event was the eighth event in the Royal Rumble chronology and was scheduled to be held on January 22, 1995, in the USF Sun Dome located in Tampa, Florida. | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Royal Rumble (1995)",
"follows",
"1994 Royal Rumble"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"5th millennium BC",
"follows",
"6th millennium BC"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"5th millennium BC",
"followed by",
"4th millennium BC"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"5th millennium BC",
"different from",
"5th millennium"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"5th millennium BC",
"topic's main category",
"Category:5th millennium BC"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Ruthenian language",
"different from",
"Russian"
] | Ruthenian (руска(ѧ) мова, рус(ь)кй ѧзыкъ; see also other names) is an exonymic linguonym for a closely related group of East Slavic linguistic varieties, particularly those spoken from the 15th to 18th centuries in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and in East Slavic regions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Regional distribution of those varieties, both in their literary and vernacular forms, corresponded approximately to the territories of the modern states of Belarus and Ukraine. By the end of the 18th century, they gradually diverged into regional variants, which subsequently developed into the modern Belarusian, Ukrainian, and Rusyn languages.In the Austrian and Austro-Hungarian empires, the same term (German: ruthenische Sprache; Hungarian: Rutén nyelv) was employed continuously (up to 1918) as an official exonym for the entire East Slavic linguistic body within its borders.Several linguistic issues are debated among linguists: various questions related to classification of literary and vernacular varieties of this language; issues related to meanings and proper uses of various endonymic (native) and exonymic (foreign) glottonyms (names of languages and linguistic varieties); questions on its relation to modern East Slavic languages, and its relation to Old East Slavic (the colloquial language used in Kievan Rus' in the 10th through 13th centuries). | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Ruthenian language",
"followed by",
"Ukrainian"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Ruthenian language",
"followed by",
"Belarusian"
] | Ruthenian (руска(ѧ) мова, рус(ь)кй ѧзыкъ; see also other names) is an exonymic linguonym for a closely related group of East Slavic linguistic varieties, particularly those spoken from the 15th to 18th centuries in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and in East Slavic regions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Regional distribution of those varieties, both in their literary and vernacular forms, corresponded approximately to the territories of the modern states of Belarus and Ukraine. By the end of the 18th century, they gradually diverged into regional variants, which subsequently developed into the modern Belarusian, Ukrainian, and Rusyn languages.In the Austrian and Austro-Hungarian empires, the same term (German: ruthenische Sprache; Hungarian: Rutén nyelv) was employed continuously (up to 1918) as an official exonym for the entire East Slavic linguistic body within its borders.Several linguistic issues are debated among linguists: various questions related to classification of literary and vernacular varieties of this language; issues related to meanings and proper uses of various endonymic (native) and exonymic (foreign) glottonyms (names of languages and linguistic varieties); questions on its relation to modern East Slavic languages, and its relation to Old East Slavic (the colloquial language used in Kievan Rus' in the 10th through 13th centuries). | null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Ruthenian language",
"followed by",
"Rusyn"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Ruthenian language",
"different from",
"Rusyn"
] | Ruthenian (руска(ѧ) мова, рус(ь)кй ѧзыкъ; see also other names) is an exonymic linguonym for a closely related group of East Slavic linguistic varieties, particularly those spoken from the 15th to 18th centuries in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and in East Slavic regions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Regional distribution of those varieties, both in their literary and vernacular forms, corresponded approximately to the territories of the modern states of Belarus and Ukraine. By the end of the 18th century, they gradually diverged into regional variants, which subsequently developed into the modern Belarusian, Ukrainian, and Rusyn languages.In the Austrian and Austro-Hungarian empires, the same term (German: ruthenische Sprache; Hungarian: Rutén nyelv) was employed continuously (up to 1918) as an official exonym for the entire East Slavic linguistic body within its borders.Several linguistic issues are debated among linguists: various questions related to classification of literary and vernacular varieties of this language; issues related to meanings and proper uses of various endonymic (native) and exonymic (foreign) glottonyms (names of languages and linguistic varieties); questions on its relation to modern East Slavic languages, and its relation to Old East Slavic (the colloquial language used in Kievan Rus' in the 10th through 13th centuries). | null | null | null | null | 9 |
[
"Ruthenian language",
"follows",
"Old East Slavic"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Ruthenian language",
"different from",
"Pannonian Rusyn"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Ruthenian language",
"said to be the same as",
"Old Ukrainian"
] | null | null | null | null | 19 |
|
[
"Ruthenian language",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Ruthenian language"
] | null | null | null | null | 20 |
|
[
"Ruthenian language",
"said to be the same as",
"West Russian Chancery"
] | null | null | null | null | 23 |
|
[
"2032",
"followed by",
"2033"
] | 2033
Credit cards and debit cards from Mastercard will not have a magnetic stripe.The 2033 women's Rugby World Cup will be held in the United States. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"2032",
"follows",
"2031"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"2032",
"topic's main category",
"Category:2032"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"2028",
"followed by",
"2029"
] | 2028 (MMXXVIII) will be a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, the 2028th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 28th year of the 3rd millennium and the 21st century, and the 9th year of the 2020s decade. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"2028",
"follows",
"2027"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"2028",
"topic's main category",
"Category:2028"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"2036",
"topic's main category",
"Category:2036"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"2036",
"followed by",
"2037"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"2036",
"follows",
"2035"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"2040",
"follows",
"2039"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"2040",
"followed by",
"2041"
] | 21st century
2000s
2010s
2020s
2030s
2040s
2040:
2041:
The Antarctic treaty is scheduled to come under review.
2042:
September 17: a common computing representation of date and time on IBM mainframe systems will overflow with potential results similar to the year 2000 problem.
2047: On July 1, the present "one country, two systems" arrangement in Hong Kong is scheduled to end, as it was guaranteed for 50 years starting from July 1, 1997, provided under the Hong Kong Basic Law. The agreement was raised by Deng Xiaoping to deal with Hong Kong's reunification with the People's Republic of China in 1997, and stipulated in the Sino-British Joint Declaration of 1984. What will be done is not stated in any document.
2047: India is said to become a fully-developed nation by 2047
2048: On January 14, the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty is scheduled to come up for review.
2049:
December 20: The present "One country, two systems" with Macau, guaranteed for 50 years starting from 20 December 1999, provided under the Basic Law and the Joint Declaration on the Question of Macau, will expire. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"2040",
"topic's main category",
"Category:2040"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"2034",
"follows",
"2033"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"2034",
"followed by",
"2035"
] | 2035
ITER is expected to achieve full fusion in 2035.
End of the project Pakistan Vision 2035, the prosecution of Pakistan Vision 2025 aimed at attaining regional and global leadership in its target sectors. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"2034",
"topic's main category",
"Category:2034"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"2101",
"follows",
"2100"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"2101",
"followed by",
"2102"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"2101",
"topic's main category",
"Category:2101"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"2039",
"followed by",
"2040"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"2039",
"follows",
"2038"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"2039",
"topic's main category",
"Category:2039"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"2033",
"topic's main category",
"Category:2033"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"2033",
"followed by",
"2034"
] | 2034
The 2034 FIFA World Cup will be held. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"2033",
"follows",
"2032"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"2031",
"followed by",
"2032"
] | 2032
23 July–8 August: The 2032 Summer Olympics is expected to take place in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"2031",
"follows",
"2030"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"2031",
"topic's main category",
"Category:2031"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"2038",
"followed by",
"2039"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"2038",
"follows",
"2037"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"2038",
"topic's main category",
"Category:2038"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"2035",
"followed by",
"2036"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"2035",
"follows",
"2034"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"2035",
"topic's main category",
"Category:2035"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"2029",
"followed by",
"2030"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"2029",
"follows",
"2028"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"2029",
"topic's main category",
"Category:2029"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"2030",
"followed by",
"2031"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"2030",
"follows",
"2029"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"2030",
"topic's main category",
"Category:2030"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"2041",
"follows",
"2040"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"2041",
"followed by",
"2042"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"2041",
"topic's main category",
"Category:2041"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"2037",
"followed by",
"2038"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"2037",
"follows",
"2036"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"2037",
"topic's main category",
"Category:2037"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Romanticism",
"follows",
"neoclassicism"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Romanticism",
"follows",
"Age of Enlightenment"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Romanticism",
"followed by",
"Post-romanticism"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Romanticism",
"follows",
"Pre-romanticism"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"Romanticism",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Romanticism"
] | null | null | null | null | 18 |
|
[
"Ukrainian language",
"replaces",
"Ruthenian"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Ukrainian language",
"follows",
"Ruthenian"
] | null | null | null | null | 36 |
|
[
"Ukrainian language",
"replaces",
"Old Ukrainian"
] | null | null | null | null | 47 |
|
[
"Ukrainian language",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Ukrainian language"
] | Ukrainian (украї́нська мо́ва, ukrainska mova, IPA: [ʊkrɐˈjinʲsʲkɐ ˈmɔʋɐ]) is an East Slavic language of the Indo-European language family, spoken primarily in Ukraine. It is the native language of Ukrainians.
Written Ukrainian uses the Ukrainian alphabet, a variant of the Cyrillic script. The standard Ukrainian language is regulated by the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NANU; particularly by its Institute for the Ukrainian Language), the Ukrainian language-information fund, and Potebnia Institute of Linguistics. Comparisons are often drawn to Russian, another East Slavic language, but there is more mutual intelligibility with Belarusian. Additionally, spoken Ukrainian has partial intelligibility with Polish.Ukrainian is a descendent of Old East Slavic, a language spoken in the medieval state of Kievan Rus'. In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the language developed into Ruthenian, where it became an official language, before a process of Polonization began in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. By the 18th century, Ruthenian diverged into regional variants and the modern Ukrainian language developed in the territory of present-day Ukraine. Russification saw the Ukrainian language banned as a subject from schools and as a language of instruction in the Russian Empire, and continued in various ways in the Soviet Union. However, the language continued to see use throughout the country, and remained particularly strong in Western Ukraine. | null | null | null | null | 69 |
[
"Belarusian language",
"follows",
"Ruthenian"
] | null | null | null | null | 24 |
|
[
"Belarusian language",
"replaces",
"Ruthenian"
] | null | null | null | null | 25 |
|
[
"Belarusian language",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Belarusian language"
] | null | null | null | null | 29 |
|
[
"Rusyn language",
"follows",
"Ruthenian"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Rusyn language",
"different from",
"Ruthenian"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Rusyn language",
"different from",
"Pannonian Rusyn"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"Rusyn language",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Rusyn language"
] | null | null | null | null | 20 |
|
[
"Iron Age",
"different from",
"Iron age"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Iron Age",
"follows",
"Bronze Age"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Iron Age",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Iron Age"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"ICMPv6",
"follows",
"Internet Control Message Protocol"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Gamma",
"follows",
"beta"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Gamma",
"followed by",
"delta"
] | Gamma (uppercase Γ, lowercase γ; Greek: γάμμα gámma) is the third letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 3. In Ancient Greek, the letter gamma represented a voiced velar stop IPA: [ɡ]. In Modern Greek, this letter represents either a voiced velar fricative IPA: [ɣ] or a voiced palatal fricative IPA: [ʝ] (while /g/ in foreign words is instead commonly transcribed as γκ).
In the International Phonetic Alphabet and other modern Latin-alphabet based phonetic notations, it represents the voiced velar fricative. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Gamma",
"different from",
"Ɣ"
] | Phonetic transcription
Lowercase Greek gamma is used in the Americanist phonetic notation and Uralic Phonetic Alphabet to indicate voiced consonants.
The gamma was also added to the Latin alphabet, as Latin gamma, in the following forms: majuscule Ɣ, minuscule ɣ, and superscript modifier letter ˠ.
In the International Phonetic Alphabet the minuscule letter is used to represent a voiced velar fricative and the superscript modifier letter is used to represent velarization. It is not to be confused with the character ɤ, which looks like a lowercase Latin gamma that lies above the baseline rather than crossing, and which represents the close-mid back unrounded vowel. In certain nonstandard variations of the IPA, the uppercase form is used.It is as a full-fledged majuscule and minuscule letter in the alphabets of some of languages of Africa such as Dagbani, Dinka, Kabye, and Ewe, and Berber languages using the Berber Latin alphabet.
It is sometimes also used in the romanization of Pashto. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Gamma",
"based on",
"𐤂"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Gamma",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Gamma"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Delta (letter)",
"has use",
"mathematics"
] | Change of any changeable quantity, in mathematics and the sciences (more specifically, the difference operator); for example, in the average change of y per unit x (i.e. the change of y over the change of x). Delta is the initial letter of the Greek word διαφορά diaphorá, "difference". (The small Latin letter d is used in much the same way for the notation of derivatives and differentials, which also describe change by infinitesimal amounts.)
The Laplace operator:Lowercase
The lowercase letter δ (or 𝛿) can be used to denote:A change in the value of a variable in calculus
A functional derivative in functional calculus
An auxiliary function in calculus, used to rigorously define the limit or continuity of a given function
The Kronecker delta in mathematics
The degree of a vertex (graph theory)
The Dirac delta function in mathematics
The transition function in automata
Deflection in engineering mechanics
The force of interest in actuarial science
The chemical shift of nuclear magnetic resonance in chemistry
The relative electronegativity of different atoms in a molecule, δ− being more electronegative than δ+
Text requiring deletion in proofreading; the usage is said to date back to classical times
In some of the manuscripts written by Dr. John Dee, the character of delta is used to represent Dee
A subunit of the F1 sector of the F-ATPase
The declination of an object in the equatorial coordinate system of astronomy
The dividend yield in the Black–Scholes option pricing formula
Ratios of environmental isotopes, such as 18O/16O and D/1H from water are displayed using delta notation – δ18O and δD, respectively
The rate of depreciation of the aggregate capital stock of an economy in an exogenous growth model in macroeconomics
In a system that exhibits electrical reactance, the angle between voltage and current
Partial charge in chemistry
The maximum birrefringence of a crystal in optical mineralogy.
An Old Irish voiced dental or alveolar fricative of uncertain articulation, the ancestor of the sound represented by Modern Irish dh | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Delta (letter)",
"followed by",
"E"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Delta (letter)",
"has use",
"speech"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Delta (letter)",
"follows",
"Γ"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Delta (letter)",
"has use",
"reading"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Delta (letter)",
"has use",
"writing"
] | Change of any changeable quantity, in mathematics and the sciences (more specifically, the difference operator); for example, in the average change of y per unit x (i.e. the change of y over the change of x). Delta is the initial letter of the Greek word διαφορά diaphorá, "difference". (The small Latin letter d is used in much the same way for the notation of derivatives and differentials, which also describe change by infinitesimal amounts.)
The Laplace operator: | null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"Delta (letter)",
"different from",
"ẟ"
] | Pronunciation
In Ancient Greek, delta represented a voiced dental plosive IPA: [d]. In Modern Greek, it represents a voiced dental fricative IPA: [ð], like the "th" in "that" or "this" (while IPA: [d] in foreign words is instead commonly transcribed as ντ). Delta is romanized as d or dh.∆ (disambiguation)
D, d
Д, д
ẟ - Latin delta
∂ - the partial derivative symbol, sometimes mistaken for a lowercase Greek letter Delta.
ð - the small eth appears similar to a small delta, and also represents a d sound in some contexts
Th (digraph)
Thorn (letter)
Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering
∇ - Nabla symbol
Delta Air Lines
SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant | null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"Delta (letter)",
"based on",
"𐤃"
] | Delta (; uppercase Δ, lowercase δ or 𝛿; Greek: δέλτα, délta, [ˈðelta]) is the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 4. It was derived from the Phoenician letter dalet 𐤃. Letters that come from delta include Latin D and Cyrillic Д.
A river delta (originally, the delta of the Nile River) is so named because its shape approximates the triangular uppercase letter delta. Contrary to a popular legend, this use of the word delta was not coined by Herodotus. | null | null | null | null | 8 |
[
"Delta (letter)",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Delta (letter)"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Epsilon",
"different from",
"E"
] | Epsilon (, UK also ; uppercase Ε, lowercase ε or lunate ϵ; Greek: έψιλον) is the fifth letter of the Greek alphabet, corresponding phonetically to a mid front unrounded vowel IPA: [e̞] or IPA: [ɛ̝]. In the system of Greek numerals it also has the value five. It was derived from the Phoenician letter He . Letters that arose from epsilon include the Roman E, Ë and Ɛ, and Cyrillic Е, È, Ё, Є and Э.
The name of the letter was originally εἶ (Ancient Greek: [êː]), but it was later changed to ἒ ψιλόν (e psilon 'simple e') in the Middle Ages to distinguish the letter from the digraph αι, a former diphthong that had come to be pronounced the same as epsilon.
The uppercase form of epsilon is identical to Latin E but has its own code point in Unicode: U+0395 Ε GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON. The lowercase version has two typographical variants, both inherited from medieval Greek handwriting. One, the most common in modern typography and inherited from medieval minuscule, looks like a reversed number "3" and is encoded U+03B5 ε GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON. The other, also known as lunate or uncial epsilon and inherited from earlier uncial writing, looks like a semicircle crossed by a horizontal bar: it is encoded U+03F5 ϵ GREEK LUNATE EPSILON SYMBOL. While in normal typography these are just alternative font variants, they may have different meanings as mathematical symbols: computer systems therefore offer distinct encodings for them. In TeX, \epsilon (
ϵ
\epsilon \!
) denotes the lunate form, while \varepsilon (
ε
\varepsilon \!
) denotes the reversed-3 form. In the Unicode version 1.0.0, the lunate form ϵ was used as the lowercase epsilon letter, while the version 2.0.0 and onwards use the reversed-3 form ɛ as the lowercase epsilon letter.There is also a 'Latin epsilon', ɛ or "open e", which looks similar to the Greek lowercase epsilon. It is encoded in Unicode as U+025B ɛ LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN E and U+0190 Ɛ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER OPEN E and is used as an IPA phonetic symbol. The lunate or uncial epsilon provided inspiration for the euro sign, €.The lunate epsilon, ϵ, is not to be confused with the set membership symbol ∈; nor should the Latin uppercase epsilon, Ɛ, be confused with the Greek uppercase Σ (sigma). The symbol
∈
\in
, first used in set theory and logic by Giuseppe Peano and now used in mathematics in general for set membership ("belongs to") evolved from the letter epsilon, since the symbol was originally used as an abbreviation for the Latin word est. In addition, mathematicians often read the symbol ∈ as "element of", as in "1 is an element of the natural numbers" for
1
∈
N
{\displaystyle 1\in \mathbb {N} }
, for example. As late as 1960, ε itself was used for set membership, while its negation "does not belong to" (now ∉) was denoted by ε' (epsilon prime). Only gradually did a fully separate, stylized symbol take the place of epsilon in this role. In a related context, Peano also introduced the use of a backwards epsilon, ϶, for the phrase "such that", although the abbreviation s.t. is occasionally used in place of ϶ in informal cardinals. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Epsilon",
"different from",
"E"
] | Epsilon (, UK also ; uppercase Ε, lowercase ε or lunate ϵ; Greek: έψιλον) is the fifth letter of the Greek alphabet, corresponding phonetically to a mid front unrounded vowel IPA: [e̞] or IPA: [ɛ̝]. In the system of Greek numerals it also has the value five. It was derived from the Phoenician letter He . Letters that arose from epsilon include the Roman E, Ë and Ɛ, and Cyrillic Е, È, Ё, Є and Э.
The name of the letter was originally εἶ (Ancient Greek: [êː]), but it was later changed to ἒ ψιλόν (e psilon 'simple e') in the Middle Ages to distinguish the letter from the digraph αι, a former diphthong that had come to be pronounced the same as epsilon.
The uppercase form of epsilon is identical to Latin E but has its own code point in Unicode: U+0395 Ε GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON. The lowercase version has two typographical variants, both inherited from medieval Greek handwriting. One, the most common in modern typography and inherited from medieval minuscule, looks like a reversed number "3" and is encoded U+03B5 ε GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON. The other, also known as lunate or uncial epsilon and inherited from earlier uncial writing, looks like a semicircle crossed by a horizontal bar: it is encoded U+03F5 ϵ GREEK LUNATE EPSILON SYMBOL. While in normal typography these are just alternative font variants, they may have different meanings as mathematical symbols: computer systems therefore offer distinct encodings for them. In TeX, \epsilon (
ϵ
\epsilon \!
) denotes the lunate form, while \varepsilon (
ε
\varepsilon \!
) denotes the reversed-3 form. In the Unicode version 1.0.0, the lunate form ϵ was used as the lowercase epsilon letter, while the version 2.0.0 and onwards use the reversed-3 form ɛ as the lowercase epsilon letter.There is also a 'Latin epsilon', ɛ or "open e", which looks similar to the Greek lowercase epsilon. It is encoded in Unicode as U+025B ɛ LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN E and U+0190 Ɛ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER OPEN E and is used as an IPA phonetic symbol. The lunate or uncial epsilon provided inspiration for the euro sign, €.The lunate epsilon, ϵ, is not to be confused with the set membership symbol ∈; nor should the Latin uppercase epsilon, Ɛ, be confused with the Greek uppercase Σ (sigma). The symbol
∈
\in
, first used in set theory and logic by Giuseppe Peano and now used in mathematics in general for set membership ("belongs to") evolved from the letter epsilon, since the symbol was originally used as an abbreviation for the Latin word est. In addition, mathematicians often read the symbol ∈ as "element of", as in "1 is an element of the natural numbers" for
1
∈
N
{\displaystyle 1\in \mathbb {N} }
, for example. As late as 1960, ε itself was used for set membership, while its negation "does not belong to" (now ∉) was denoted by ε' (epsilon prime). Only gradually did a fully separate, stylized symbol take the place of epsilon in this role. In a related context, Peano also introduced the use of a backwards epsilon, ϶, for the phrase "such that", although the abbreviation s.t. is occasionally used in place of ϶ in informal cardinals. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Epsilon",
"follows",
"delta"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Epsilon",
"followed by",
"Ζ"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Epsilon",
"different from",
"Е"
] | Epichoric alphabets
Some dialects used yet other ways of distinguishing between various e-like sounds.
In Corinth, the normal function of Ε to denote /e/ and /ɛː/ was taken by a glyph resembling a pointed B (), while Ε was used only for long close /eː/. The letter Beta, in turn, took the deviant shape .
In Sicyon, a variant glyph resembling an X () was used in the same function as Corinthian .In Thespiai (Boeotia), a special letter form consisting of a vertical stem with a single rightward-pointing horizontal bar () was used for what was probably a raised variant of /e/ in pre-vocalic environments. This tack glyph was used elsewhere also as a form of "Heta", i.e. for the sound /h/. | null | null | null | null | 5 |
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