triplets
sequence | passage
stringlengths 0
32.9k
| label
stringlengths 4
48
⌀ | label_id
int64 0
1k
⌀ | synonyms
sequence | __index_level_1__
int64 312
64.1k
⌀ | __index_level_0__
int64 0
2.4k
⌀ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Later Liang (Five Dynasties)",
"replaces",
"Tang dynasty"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Later Liang (Five Dynasties)",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Later Liang (Five Dynasties)"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Southern Ming",
"follows",
"Ming dynasty"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Southern Ming",
"replaces",
"Ming dynasty"
] | The Southern Ming (Chinese: 南明; pinyin: Nán Míng), also known in historiography as the Later Ming (simplified Chinese: 后明; traditional Chinese: 後明; pinyin: Hòu Míng), officially the Great Ming (Chinese: 大明; pinyin: Dà Míng), was an imperial dynasty of China and a series of rump states of the Ming dynasty that came into existence following the Jiashen Incident of 1644. Shun forces led by Li Zicheng captured Beijing and the Chongzhen Emperor committed suicide. The Ming general Wu Sangui then opened the gates of the Shanhai Pass in the eastern section of the Great Wall to the Qing banners, in hope of using them to annihilate the Shun forces. Ming loyalists fled to Nanjing, where they enthroned Zhu Yousong as the Hongguang Emperor, marking the start of the Southern Ming. The Nanjing regime lasted until 1645, when Qing forces captured Nanjing. Zhu fled before the city fell, but was captured and executed shortly thereafter. Later figures continued to hold court in various southern Chinese cities, although the Qing considered them to be pretenders.The Nanjing regime lacked the resources to pay and supply its soldiers, who were left to live off the land and pillaged the countryside. The soldiers' behavior was so notorious that they were refused entry by those cities in a position to do so. Court official Shi Kefa obtained modern cannons and organized resistance at Yangzhou. The cannons mowed down a large number of Qing soldiers, but this only enraged those who survived. After the Yangzhou city fell in May 1645, the Manchus started a general massacre pillage and enslaved all the women and children in the notorious Yangzhou massacre. Nanjing was captured by the Qing on June 6 and the Hongguang Emperor was taken to Beijing and executed in 1646.
The literati in the provinces responded to the news from Yangzhou and Nanjing with an outpouring of emotion. Some recruited their own militia and became resistance leaders. Shi was lionized and there was a wave of hopeless sacrifice by loyalists who vowed to erase the shame of Nanjing. By late 1646, the heroics had petered out and the Qing advance had resumed. Notable Ming "pretenders" held court in Fuzhou (1645–1646), Guangzhou (1646–1647), and Anlong (1652–1659). The Yongli Emperor was the last and also the longest reigning Emperor of the dynasty (1646-1662) and managed to fight against the Qing forces alongside the peasant armies in southwestern China prior to his capture in Myanmar in 1662. The Prince of Ningjing, in the Kingdom of Tungning (based in present-day Tainan, Taiwan) claimed to be the rightful successor to the throne of Ming until 1683, although he lacked real political power.The end of the Ming and the subsequent Nanjing regime are depicted in The Peach Blossom Fan, a classic of Chinese literature. The upheaval of this period, sometimes referred to as the Ming–Qing cataclysm, has been linked to a decline in global temperature known as the Little Ice Age. With agriculture devastated by a severe drought, there was manpower available for numerous rebel armies. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Southern Ming",
"different from",
"Southern Min"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Southern Ming",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Southern Ming"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"IPv6",
"follows",
"Internet Protocol version 4"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"IPv6",
"replaces",
"Internet Protocol version 4"
] | Larger address space
The main advantage of IPv6 over IPv4 is its larger address space. The size of an IPv6 address is 128 bits, compared to 32 bits in IPv4. The address space therefore has 2128=340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 addresses (340 undecillion, approximately 3.4×1038). Some blocks of this space and some specific addresses are reserved for special uses.
While this address space is very large, it was not the intent of the designers of IPv6 to assure geographical saturation with usable addresses. Rather, the longer addresses simplify allocation of addresses, enable efficient route aggregation, and allow implementation of special addressing features. In IPv4, complex Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) methods were developed to make the best use of the small address space. The standard size of a subnet in IPv6 is 264 addresses, about four billion times the size of the entire IPv4 address space. Thus, actual address space utilization will be small in IPv6, but network management and routing efficiency are improved by the large subnet space and hierarchical route aggregation. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"IPv6",
"topic's main category",
"Category:IPv6"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Operating system",
"follows",
"kernel"
] | Device drivers
A device driver is a specific type of computer software developed to allow interaction with hardware devices. Typically this constitutes an interface for communicating with the device, through the specific computer bus or communications subsystem that the hardware is connected to, providing commands to or receiving data from the device, and on the other end, the requisite interfaces to the operating system and software applications. It is a specialized hardware-dependent computer program which is also operating system specific that enables another program, typically an operating system or applications software package or computer program running under the operating system kernel, to interact transparently with a hardware device, and usually provides the requisite interrupt handling necessary for any necessary asynchronous time-dependent hardware interfacing needs.
The key design goal of device drivers is abstraction. Every model of hardware (even within the same class of device) is different. Newer models also are released by manufacturers that provide more reliable or better performance and these newer models are often controlled differently. Computers and their operating systems cannot be expected to know how to control every device, both now and in the future. To solve this problem, operating systems essentially dictate how every type of device should be controlled. The function of the device driver is then to translate these operating system mandated function calls into device specific calls. In theory a new device, which is controlled in a new manner, should function correctly if a suitable driver is available. This new driver ensures that the device appears to operate as usual from the operating system's point of view.
Under versions of Windows before Vista and versions of Linux before 2.6, all driver execution was co-operative, meaning that if a driver entered an infinite loop it would freeze the system. More recent revisions of these operating systems incorporate kernel preemption, where the kernel interrupts the driver to give it tasks, and then separates itself from the process until it receives a response from the device driver, or gives it more tasks to do. | null | null | null | null | 14 |
[
"Operating system",
"has part(s) of the class",
"operating system component"
] | null | null | null | null | 20 |
|
[
"Operating system",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Operating systems"
] | null | null | null | null | 22 |
|
[
"Mu (letter)",
"followed by",
"Ν"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Mu (letter)",
"follows",
"Λ"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Mu (letter)",
"based on",
"𐤌"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Mu (letter)",
"different from",
"My"
] | Use as symbol
The lowercase letter mu (μ) is used as a special symbol in many academic fields. Uppercase mu is not used, because it appears identical to Latin M. | null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Mu (letter)",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Mu (letter)"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Nu (letter)",
"followed by",
"xi"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Nu (letter)",
"follows",
"Μ"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Nu (letter)",
"based on",
"𐤍"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Nu (letter)",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Nu (letter)"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Sampi",
"based on",
"ܨ"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Sampi",
"follows",
"Ω"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Middle school",
"followed by",
"secondary school"
] | A middle school (also known as intermediate school, junior high school, junior secondary school, or lower secondary school) is an educational stage which exists in some countries, providing education between primary school and secondary school. The concept, regulation and classification of middle schools, as well as the ages covered, vary between and sometimes within countries.Singapore
In Singapore, middle school is usually referred to as secondary school. Students start secondary school after completing primary school at the age of 13, and to 16 (four years if they are taking the Special, Express or Normal Technical courses), or 17 (five years if they are taking the Normal Academic courses). Students from the Special and Express courses take the GCE 'O' Levels after four years at the end of secondary education, and students from the Normal (Academic and Technical) courses take the GCE 'N' Level examinations after four years, and the Normal Academic students has the option to continue for the O Levels. Selected excelling students also have the option to change classes which then affect the years they study. After completing secondary school, students move on to pre-tertiary education (i.e. in institutes such as junior colleges, polytechnics, ITE). | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Middle school",
"said to be the same as",
"secondary school"
] | Singapore
In Singapore, middle school is usually referred to as secondary school. Students start secondary school after completing primary school at the age of 13, and to 16 (four years if they are taking the Special, Express or Normal Technical courses), or 17 (five years if they are taking the Normal Academic courses). Students from the Special and Express courses take the GCE 'O' Levels after four years at the end of secondary education, and students from the Normal (Academic and Technical) courses take the GCE 'N' Level examinations after four years, and the Normal Academic students has the option to continue for the O Levels. Selected excelling students also have the option to change classes which then affect the years they study. After completing secondary school, students move on to pre-tertiary education (i.e. in institutes such as junior colleges, polytechnics, ITE). | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Middle school",
"different from",
"secondary school"
] | A middle school (also known as intermediate school, junior high school, junior secondary school, or lower secondary school) is an educational stage which exists in some countries, providing education between primary school and secondary school. The concept, regulation and classification of middle schools, as well as the ages covered, vary between and sometimes within countries.Canada
In Canada, the terms "middle school" and "junior high school" are both used, depending on which grades the school caters to. Junior high schools tend to include only grades 7, 8, and sometimes 9 (some older schools with the name 'carved in concrete' still use "Junior High" as part of their name, although grade nine is now missing), whereas middle schools are usually grades 6–8 or only grades 7–8 or 6–7 (i.e. around ages 11–14), varying from area to area and also according to population vs. building capacity.
Another common model is grades 5–8. Alberta, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and Prince Edward Island junior high schools typically include grades 7–9, with the first year of high school traditionally being grade 10. In some places students go from elementary school to secondary school, meaning the elementary school covers to the end of grade 8.
In Ontario, the terms "middle school" and "senior public school" (sometimes just grades 7 and 8) are used, with the latter being used particularly in the Old Toronto and Scarborough sections of Toronto plus in Mississauga, Brampton, and Kitchener-Waterloo. In many smaller Ontario cities and in some parts of larger cities, most elementary schools serve junior kindergarten to grade 8 meaning there are no separate middle schools buildings, while in some cities (such as Hamilton) specific schools do serve the intermediate grades (i.e. grades 6–8 or grades 7–8) but are still called "elementary" or "public" schools with no recognition of the grades they serve in their name.
Quebec uses a grade system that is different from those of the other provinces. In Quebec, there is no middle school section. The secondary level has five grades starting after elementary grade 6. These are called Secondary I to Secondary V.Egypt
In Egypt, middle school precedes high school. It is called the preparatory stage and consists of three phases: first preparatory in which students study more subjects than primary with different branches. For instance, algebra and geometry are taught instead of "mathematics." In the second preparatory phase, students study science, geography, the history of Egypt starting with pharaonic history, including Coptic history, Islamic history, and concluding with modern history. The students are taught two languages, Arabic and English. Middle school (preparatory stage) lasts for three years.India
In India, Middle School is classified as Upper Primary (Class 6–8). Each state has its own State Board. Each has its own standards, which might be different from the Central Boards. In some institutions, providing education for 5th to 10th is known as a secondary school.The levels of education in India are: | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Middle school",
"followed by",
"high school"
] | Bangladesh
In Bangladesh, middle school is not separated as in other countries. Generally, schools are from class 1 to class 10. It means lower primary (1–5), upper primary (6–10). Class 6–8 is thought of as middle school. Grades 1,2,3,4 and 5 are said to be primary school while all the classes from 6 to 10 are considered high school (as middle school and high school are not considered separate) while 11–12 (inclusive) is called college.1–5 is known as primary (Part of Primary School)
6–8 is known as lower secondary (Part of High School)
9–10 is known as secondary (part of High School)
11–12 is known as higher secondary also known as college.Mexico
In Mexico, the middle school system is called Secundaria and usually comprises three years, grades 7–9 (ages: 7 12–13, 8 13–14, 9: 14–15). It is completed after Primaria (Elementary School, up to grade 6: ages 6–12) and before Preparatoria/Bachillerato (High School, grades 10–12 ages 15–18).Montenegro
In Montenegro middle school refers to educational institutions for ages between 14 and 18, and lasts 3–4 years, following elementary school (which lasts 8 or 9 years). "Gymnasiums" are the most prestigious type of "middle" school. | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Middle school",
"follows",
"primary school"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Middle school",
"follows",
"first school"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Middle school",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Middle schools"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Middle school",
"participant",
"middle school student"
] | Canada
In Canada, the terms "middle school" and "junior high school" are both used, depending on which grades the school caters to. Junior high schools tend to include only grades 7, 8, and sometimes 9 (some older schools with the name 'carved in concrete' still use "Junior High" as part of their name, although grade nine is now missing), whereas middle schools are usually grades 6–8 or only grades 7–8 or 6–7 (i.e. around ages 11–14), varying from area to area and also according to population vs. building capacity.
Another common model is grades 5–8. Alberta, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and Prince Edward Island junior high schools typically include grades 7–9, with the first year of high school traditionally being grade 10. In some places students go from elementary school to secondary school, meaning the elementary school covers to the end of grade 8.
In Ontario, the terms "middle school" and "senior public school" (sometimes just grades 7 and 8) are used, with the latter being used particularly in the Old Toronto and Scarborough sections of Toronto plus in Mississauga, Brampton, and Kitchener-Waterloo. In many smaller Ontario cities and in some parts of larger cities, most elementary schools serve junior kindergarten to grade 8 meaning there are no separate middle schools buildings, while in some cities (such as Hamilton) specific schools do serve the intermediate grades (i.e. grades 6–8 or grades 7–8) but are still called "elementary" or "public" schools with no recognition of the grades they serve in their name.
Quebec uses a grade system that is different from those of the other provinces. In Quebec, there is no middle school section. The secondary level has five grades starting after elementary grade 6. These are called Secondary I to Secondary V.New Zealand
In New Zealand middle schools are known as "intermediate schools." They generally cover years 7 and 8 (formerly known as Forms 1 to 2). Students are generally aged between 10 and 13. There are full primary schools which also contain year 7 and 8 with students continuing to secondary school at year 9 (formerly known as Form 3). Some secondary schools also include years 7 and 8.After 2000 there was an increased interest in middle schooling (for years 7–10) with at least seven schools offering education to this age group opening around the country in Auckland, Cambridge, Hamilton, Christchurch and Upper Hutt. | null | null | null | null | 14 |
[
"Berkeley Software Distribution",
"follows",
"Unix"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Berkeley Software Distribution",
"followed by",
"NetBSD"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Berkeley Software Distribution",
"followed by",
"386BSD"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Berkeley Software Distribution",
"followed by",
"BSD/OS"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Berkeley Software Distribution",
"based on",
"Research Unix"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Berkeley Software Distribution",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Berkeley Software Distribution"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Berkeley Software Distribution",
"different from",
"BSD"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Berkeley Software Distribution",
"followed by",
"DEMOS"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Jerk (physics)",
"follows",
"acceleration"
] | Expressions
As a vector, jerk j can be expressed as the first time derivative of acceleration, second time derivative of velocity, and third time derivative of position: | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Jerk (physics)",
"different from",
"Jerk"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Jerk (physics)",
"followed by",
"snap"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Urartian language",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Urartian language"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Urartian language",
"follows",
"Hurrian"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Second Anglo-Sikh War",
"follows",
"Mughal Empire"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Second Anglo-Sikh War",
"followed by",
"British Raj"
] | The Second Anglo-Sikh War was a military conflict between the Sikh Empire and the East India Company which took place in 1848 and 1849. It resulted in the fall of the Sikh Empire, and the annexation of the Punjab and what subsequently became the North-West Frontier Province, by the East India Company.
On 19 April 1848 Patrick Vans Agnew of the civil service and Lieutenant William Anderson of the Bombay European regiment, having been sent to take charge of Multan from Diwan Mulraj Chopra, were murdered there, and within a short time the Sikh troops joined in open rebellion. Governor-General of India Lord Dalhousie agreed with Sir Hugh Gough, the commander-in-chief, that the British East India Company's military forces were neither adequately equipped with transport and supplies, nor otherwise prepared to take the field immediately. He also foresaw the spread of the rebellion, and the necessity that must arise, not merely for the capture of Multan, but also for the entire subjugation of the Punjab. He therefore resolutely delayed to strike, organized a strong army for operations in November, and himself proceeded to the Punjab. Despite the brilliant successes gained by Herbert Edwardes against Mulraj, and Gough's indecisive victories at the Battle of Ramnagar in November and at the Battle of Chillianwala on 13 January 1849, the stubborn resistance at Multan showed that the task required the utmost resources of the government. At length, on 22 January, Multan was taken by General Whish, who was thus set at liberty to join Gough's army. On 21 February, Gough won a complete victory at the Battle of Gujrat. The Sikh army was pursued to Rawalpindi, where it laid down its arms, and their Afghan allies retreated from the Punjab.
After the victory at Gujrat, Lord Dalhousie annexed the Punjab for the East India Company in 1849. For his services the Earl of Dalhousie received the thanks of the British parliament and a step in the peerage, as marquess. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Škoda Auto",
"founded by",
"Emil Škoda"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Škoda Auto",
"founded by",
"Václav Laurin"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Škoda Auto",
"different from",
"Škoda Works"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Škoda Auto",
"different from",
"Škoda Transportation"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Škoda Auto",
"founded by",
"Václav Klement"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Škoda Auto",
"owner of",
"Škoda Auto DigiLab"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"Škoda Auto",
"follows",
"Laurin & Klement"
] | null | null | null | null | 21 |
|
[
"Škoda Auto",
"owner of",
"SAIC Volkswagen"
] | null | null | null | null | 29 |
|
[
"Škoda Auto",
"owner of",
"Skoda Auto Volkswagen India"
] | null | null | null | null | 31 |
|
[
"Škoda Auto",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Škoda Auto"
] | null | null | null | null | 32 |
|
[
"Škoda Auto",
"different from",
"Škoda"
] | null | null | null | null | 34 |
|
[
"Škoda Auto",
"owned by",
"Volkswagen Finance Luxemburg"
] | null | null | null | null | 35 |
|
[
"Škoda Auto",
"owner of",
"Volkswagen Group Rus"
] | null | null | null | null | 40 |
|
[
"Škoda Auto",
"owner of",
"Digiteq Automotive"
] | null | null | null | null | 41 |
|
[
"Škoda Auto",
"owner of",
"ŠKO-ENERGO"
] | null | null | null | null | 43 |
|
[
"Art Deco",
"influenced by",
"functionalism"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Art Deco",
"influenced by",
"Paul Cézanne"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Art Deco",
"influenced by",
"Cubism"
] | Art Deco, short for the French Arts Décoratifs, and sometimes referred to simply as Deco, is a style of visual arts, architecture, and product design, that first appeared in France in the 1910s (just before World War I), and flourished in the United States and Europe during the 1920s to early 1930s. Through styling and design of the exterior and interior of anything from large structures to small objects, including how people look (clothing, fashion and jewelry), Art Deco has influenced bridges, buildings (from skyscrapers to cinemas), ships, ocean liners, trains, cars, trucks, buses, furniture, and everyday objects like radios and vacuum cleaners.It got its name after the 1925 Exposition internationale des arts décoratifs et industriels modernes (International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts) held in Paris.Art Deco combined modern styles with fine craftsmanship and rich materials. During its heyday, it represented luxury, glamour, exuberance, and faith in social and technological progress.
From its outset, Art Deco was influenced by the bold geometric forms of Cubism and the Vienna Secession; the bright colours of Fauvism and of the Ballets Russes; the updated craftsmanship of the furniture of the eras of Louis XVI and Louis Philippe I; and the exoticized styles of China, Japan, India, Persia, ancient Egypt and Maya art. It featured rare and expensive materials, such as ebony and ivory, and exquisite craftsmanship. The Empire State Building, Chrysler Building, and other skyscrapers of New York City built during the 1920s and 1930s are monuments to the style.
In the 1930s, during the Great Depression, Art Deco became more subdued. New materials arrived, including chrome plating, stainless steel and plastic. A sleeker form of the style, called Streamline Moderne, appeared in the 1930s, featuring curving forms and smooth, polished surfaces. Art Deco is one of the first truly international styles, but its dominance ended with the beginning of World War II and the rise of the strictly functional and unadorned styles of modern architecture and the International Style of architecture that followed.Furniture
French furniture from 1910 until the early 1920s was largely an updating of French traditional furniture styles, and the art nouveau designs of Louis Majorelle, Charles Plumet and other manufacturers. French furniture manufacturers felt threatened by the growing popularity of German manufacturers and styles, particularly the Biedermeier style, which was simple and clean-lined. The French designer Frantz Jourdain, the President of the Paris Salon d'Automne, invited designers from Munich to participate in the 1910 Salon. French designers saw the new German style and decided to meet the German challenge. The French designers decided to present new French styles in the Salon of 1912. The rules of the Salon indicated that only modern styles would be permitted. All of the major French furniture designers took part in Salon: Paul Follot, Paul Iribe, Maurice Dufrêne, André Groult, André Mare and Louis Suë took part, presenting new works that updated the traditional French styles of Louis XVI and Louis Philippe with more angular corners inspired by Cubism and brighter colours inspired by Fauvism and the Nabis.The painter André Mare and furniture designer Louis Süe both participated the 1912 Salon. After the war the two men joined to form their own company, formally called the Compagnie des Arts Française, but usually known simply as Suë and Mare. Unlike the prominent art nouveau designers like Louis Majorelle, who personally designed every piece, they assembled a team of skilled craftsmen and produced complete interior designs, including furniture, glassware, carpets, ceramics, wallpaper and lighting. Their work featured bright colors and furniture and fine woods, such as ebony encrusted with mother of pearl, abalone and silvered metal to create bouquets of flowers. They designed everything from the interiors of ocean liners to perfume bottles for the label of Jean Patou.The firm prospered in the early 1920s, but the two men were better craftsmen than businessmen. The firm was sold in 1928, and both men left.The most prominent furniture designer at the 1925 Decorative Arts Exposition was Émile-Jacques Ruhlmann, from Alsace. He first exhibited his works at the 1913 Autumn Salon, then had his own pavilion, the "House of the Rich Collector", at the 1925 Exposition. He used only most rare and expensive materials, including ebony, mahogany, rosewood, ambon and other exotic woods, decorated with inlays of ivory, tortoise shell, mother of pearl, Little pompoms of silk decorated the handles of drawers of the cabinets. His furniture was based upon 18th-century models, but simplified and reshaped. In all of his work, the interior structure of the furniture was completely concealed. The framework usually of oak, was completely covered with an overlay of thin strips of wood, then covered by a second layer of strips of rare and expensive woods. This was then covered with a veneer and polished, so that the piece looked as if it had been cut out of a single block of wood. Contrast to the dark wood was provided by inlays of ivory, and ivory key plates and handles. According to Ruhlmann, armchairs had to be designed differently according to the functions of the rooms where they appeared; living room armchairs were designed to be welcoming, office chairs comfortable, and salon chairs voluptuous. Only a small number of pieces of each design of furniture was made, and the average price of one of his beds or cabinets was greater than the price of an average house.Jules Leleu was a traditional furniture designer who moved smoothly into Art Deco in the 1920s; he designed the furniture for the dining room of the Élysée Palace, and for the first-class cabins of the steamship Normandie. his style was characterized by the use of ebony, Macassar wood, walnut, with decoration of plaques of ivory and mother of pearl. He introduced the style of lacquered art deco furniture in the late 1920s, and in the late 1930s introduced furniture made of metal with panels of smoked glass. In Italy, the designer Gio Ponti was famous for his streamlined designs.
The costly and exotic furniture of Ruhlmann and other traditionalists infuriated modernists, including the architect Le Corbusier, causing him to write a famous series of articles denouncing the arts décoratif style. He attacked furniture made only for the rich and called upon designers to create furniture made with inexpensive materials and modern style, which ordinary people could afford. He designed his own chairs, created to be inexpensive and mass-produced.In the 1930s, furniture designs adapted to the form, with smoother surfaces and curved forms. The masters of the late style included Donald Deskey, who was one of the most influential designers; he created the interior of the Radio City Music Hall. He used a mixture of traditional and very modern materials, including aluminium, chrome, and bakelite, an early form of plastic. Other top designers of Art Deco furniture of the 1930s in the United States included Gilbert Rohde, Warren McArthur, and Kem Weber.
The Waterfall style was popular in the 1930s and 1940s, the most prevalent Art Deco form of furniture at the time. Pieces were typically of plywood finished with blond veneer and with rounded edges, resembling a waterfall. | null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Art Deco",
"influenced by",
"futurism"
] | Influences
Art Deco was not a single style, but a collection of different and sometimes contradictory styles. In architecture, Art Deco was the successor to and reaction against Art Nouveau, a style which flourished in Europe between 1895 and 1900, and coexisted with the Beaux-Arts and neoclassical that were predominant in European and American architecture. In 1905 Eugène Grasset wrote and published Méthode de Composition Ornementale, Éléments Rectilignes, in which he systematically explored the decorative (ornamental) aspects of geometric elements, forms, motifs and their variations, in contrast with (and as a departure from) the undulating Art Nouveau style of Hector Guimard, so popular in Paris a few years earlier. Grasset stressed the principle that various simple geometric shapes like triangles and squares are the basis of all compositional arrangements. The reinforced-concrete buildings of Auguste Perret and Henri Sauvage, and particularly the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, offered a new form of construction and decoration which was copied worldwide.In decoration, many different styles were borrowed and used by Art Deco. They included pre-modern art from around the world and observable at the Musée du Louvre, Musée de l'Homme and the Musée national des Arts d'Afrique et d'Océanie. There was also popular interest in archaeology due to excavations at Pompeii, Troy, and the tomb of the 18th dynasty Pharaoh Tutankhamun. Artists and designers integrated motifs from ancient Egypt, Africa, Mesopotamia, Greece, Rome, Asia, Mesoamerica and Oceania with Machine Age elements.Other styles borrowed included Futurism, Orphism, Functionalism, and Modernism in general. Cubism discovers its decorative potential within the Art Deco aesthetic, when transposed from the canvas onto a textile material or wallpaper. Sonia Delaunay conceives her dress models in an abstract and geometric style, "as live paintings or sculptures of living forms". Cubist-like designs are created by Louis Barrilet in the stained-glass windows of the American bar at the Atrium Casino in Dax (1926), but also including names of fashionable cocktails. In architecture, the clear contrast between horizontal and vertical volumes, specific both to Russian Constructivism and the Frank Lloyd Wright-Willem Marinus Dudok line, becomes a common device in articulating Art Deco facades, from individual homes and tenement buildings to cinemas or oil stations. Art Deco also used the clashing colours and designs of Fauvism, notably in the work of Henri Matisse and André Derain, inspired the designs of art deco textiles, wallpaper, and painted ceramics. It took ideas from the high fashion vocabulary of the period, which featured geometric designs, chevrons, zigzags, and stylized bouquets of flowers. It was influenced by discoveries in Egyptology, and growing interest in the Orient and in African art. From 1925 onwards, it was often inspired by a passion for new machines, such as airships, automobiles and ocean liners, and by 1930 this influence resulted in the style called Streamline Moderne. | null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"Art Deco",
"follows",
"Art Nouveau"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Art Deco",
"influenced by",
"constructivism"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Art Deco",
"influenced by",
"Georges Braque"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Art Deco",
"influenced by",
"modern architecture"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Art Deco",
"significant person",
"Cassandre"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Art Deco",
"influenced by",
"Eugène Grasset"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Art Deco",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Art Deco"
] | null | null | null | null | 21 |
|
[
"Art Deco",
"influenced by",
"Société des artistes décorateurs"
] | null | null | null | null | 22 |
|
[
"Modern Greek",
"follows",
"Ancient Greek"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Modern Greek",
"said to be the same as",
"Greek"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Modern Greek",
"follows",
"Medieval Greek"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"Modern Greek",
"follows",
"Koine Greek"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"Modern Greek",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Modern Greek language"
] | null | null | null | null | 20 |
|
[
"Tsakonian language",
"follows",
"Ancient Greek"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Tsakonian language",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Tsakonian language"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Middle Persian",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Middle Persian"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Middle Persian",
"different from",
"Pahlavi"
] | sound changes, such as
the dropping of unstressed initial vowels
the epenthesis of vowels in initial consonant clusters
the loss of -g when word final
change of initial w- to either b- or gw- → g-
changes in the verbal system, notably the loss of distinctive subjunctive and optative forms, and the increasing use of verbal prefixes to express verbal moods
a transition from split ergative back to consistent nominative-accusative morphosyntactic alignment
changes in the vocabulary, particularly the establishment of a superstratum or adstratum of Arabic loanwords replacing many Aramaic loans and native terms.
the substitution of the Pahlavi script for the Arabic scriptArsacid miθr > Sassanid mihr 'Mithra, contract' (Pahlavi mtr', Manichaean myhr).The phoneme /ɣ/ (as opposed to the late allophone of /g/) is rare and occurs almost only in learned borrowings from Avestan and Parthian, e.g. moγ (Pahlavi mgw or mwg 'Magian'), maγ (Pahlavi mγ) 'hole, pit'.The sound /ʒ/ may also have functioned as a marginal phoneme in borrowings as well.The phoneme /l/ was still relatively rare as well, especially so in Manichaean texts, mostly resulting from Proto-Iranian *rd, *rz and, more rarely, *r. It also occurred in the combination /hl/, which was a reflex of Old Persian /rθ/ and /rs/ (cf. the words 'Pahlavi' and 'Parthian').The sound /xw/ may be viewed as a phoneme or merely as a combination of /x/ and /w/.
Usually /x/, /xw/ and /ɣ/ are considered to have been velar; a less common view is that /x/ and /ɣ/ were uvular instead.Finally, it may be pointed out that most scholars consider the phoneme /w/ as being still a labial approximant, but a few regard it as a voiced labial fricative /v/.The initial clusters of /s/ and a stop (/sp-/, /st-/, /sk-/) had acquired a prosthetic vowel /i/ by the time of the Manichaean Middle Persian texts: istāyišn (ՙst՚yšn) 'praise' vs Pahlavi stāyišn (ՙst՚dšn') 'praise'.Prosody
Stress was on the last syllable. That was due to the fact that any Old Persian post-stress syllables had been apocopated:
Old Persian pati 'at' > Middle Persian pad
Old Persian martiya- 'man' > Middle Persian mard
Old Persian martiyā́nām 'man' (genitive-dative plural) > Middle Persian mardānIt has been suggested that words such as anīy 'other' (Pahlavi spelling AHRN, AHRNyd, Manichaean ՚ny) and mahīy 'bigger' (Manichaean mhy) may have been exceptionally stressed on the first syllable, since the last one was apocopated already in the course of the Middle Persian period: the later forms are an (Manichaean ՚n), and meh (Pahlavi ms and Manichaean myh); indeed, some scholars have reconstructed them as monosyllabic any, mahy even for Middle Persian. | null | null | null | null | 13 |
[
"Middle Persian",
"followed by",
"New Persian"
] | Name
"Middle Iranian" is the name given to the middle stage of development of the numerous Iranian languages and dialects.: 1 The middle stage of the Iranian languages begins around 450 BCE and ends around 650 CE. One of those Middle Iranian languages is Middle Persian, i.e. the middle stage of the language of the Persians, an Iranian people of Persia proper, which lies in the south-western highlands on the border with Babylonia. The Persians called their language Parsik, meaning "Persian".
Another Middle Iranian language was Parthian, i.e. the language of the northwestern Iranian peoples of Parthia proper, which lies along the southern/south-eastern edge of the Caspian sea and is adjacent to the boundary between western and eastern Iranian languages. The Parthians called their language Parthawik, meaning "Parthian". Via regular sound changes Parthawik became Pahlawik, from which the word 'Pahlavi' eventually evolved. The -ik in parsik and parthawik was a regular Middle Iranian appurtenant suffix for "pertaining to". The New Persian equivalent of -ik is -i.
When the Arsacids (who were Parthians) came to power in the 3rd-century BCE, they inherited the use of written Greek (from the successors of Alexander the Great) as the language of government. Under the cultural influence of the Greeks (Hellenization), some Middle Iranian languages, such as Bactrian, also had begun to be written in Greek script. But yet other Middle Iranian languages began to be written in a script derived from Aramaic. This occurred primarily because written Aramaic had previously been the written language of government of the former Achaemenids, and the government scribes had carried that practice all over the empire. This practice had led to others adopting Imperial Aramaic as the language of communications, both between Iranians and non-Iranians, as well as between Iranians.: 1251–1253 The transition from Imperial Aramaic to Middle Iranian took place very slowly, with a slow increase of more and more Iranian words so that Aramaic with Iranian elements gradually changed into Iranian with Aramaic elements.: 1151 Under Arsacid hegemony, this Aramaic-derived writing system for Iranian languages came to be associated with the Parthians in particular (it may have originated in the Parthian chancellories: 1151 ), and thus the writing system came to be called pahlavi "Parthian" too.: 33 Aside from Parthian, Aramaic-derived writing was adopted for at least four other Middle Iranian languages, one of which was Middle Persian. In the 3rd-century CE, the Parthian Arsacids were overthrown by the Sassanids, who were natives of the south-west and thus spoke Middle Persian as their native language. Under Sassanid hegemony, the Middle Persian language became a prestige dialect and thus also came to be used by non-Persian Iranians. In the 7th-century, the Sassanids were overthrown by the Arabs. Under Arab influence, Iranian languages began to be written in Arabic script (adapted to Iranian phonology), while Middle Persian began to rapidly evolve into New Persian and the name parsik became Arabicized farsi. Not all Iranians were comfortable with these Arabic-influenced developments, in particular, members of the literate elite, which in Sassanid times consisted primarily of Zoroastrian priests. Those former elites vigorously rejected what they perceived as 'Un-Iranian', and continued to use the "old" language (i.e. Middle Persian) and Aramaic-derived writing system.: 33 In time, the name of the writing system, pahlavi "Parthian", began to be applied to the "old" Middle Persian language as well, thus distinguishing it from the "new" language, farsi.: 32–33 Consequently, 'pahlavi' came to denote the particularly Zoroastrian, exclusively written, late form of Middle Persian. Since almost all surviving Middle Persian literature is in this particular late form of exclusively written Zoroastrian Middle Persian, in popular imagination the term 'Pahlavi' became synonymous with Middle Persian itself.
The ISO 639 language code for Middle Persian is pal, which reflects the post-Sasanian era use of the term Pahlavi to refer to the language and not only the script.Transition to New Persian
The modern-day descendants of Middle Persian are New Persian and Luri. The changes between late Middle and Early New Persian were very gradual, and in the 10th-11th centuries, Middle Persian texts were still intelligible to speakers of Early New Persian. However, there are definite differences that had taken place already by the 10th century: | null | null | null | null | 15 |
[
"Middle Persian",
"follows",
"Old Persian"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"South Slavic languages",
"topic's main category",
"Category:South Slavic languages"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"South Slavic languages",
"follows",
"Old Church Slavonic"
] | History
The first South Slavic language to be written (also the first attested Slavic language) was the variety of the Eastern South Slavic spoken in Thessaloniki, now called Old Church Slavonic, in the ninth century. It is retained as a liturgical language in Slavic Orthodox churches in the form of various local Church Slavonic traditions.Classification
The South Slavic languages constitute a dialect continuum. Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and Montenegrin constitute a single dialect within this continuum.
Eastern
Bulgarian – (ISO 639-1 code: bg; ISO 639-2 code: bul; SIL code: bul; Linguasphere: 53-AAA-hb)
Macedonian – (ISO 639-1 code: mk; ISO 639-2(B) code: mac; ISO 639-2(T) code: mkd; SIL code: mkd; Linguasphere: 53-AAA-ha)
Old Church Slavonic (extinct) – (ISO 639-1 code: cu; ISO 639-2 code: chu; SIL code: chu; Linguasphere: 53-AAA-a)
Transitional
Torlakian
Western
Slovene (ISO 639-1 code: sl; ISO 639-2 code: slv; ISO 639-3 code: slv; Linguasphere: 53-AAA-f)
Kajkavian (ISO 639-3 code: kjv)
Chakavian (ISO 639-3 code: ckm)
Serbo-Croatian/Shtokavian (ISO 639-1 code: sh; ISO 639-2/3 code: hbs; SIL code: scr; Linguasphere: 53-AAA-g).There are four national standard languages based on the Eastern Herzegovinian dialect:
Serbian (ISO 639-1 code: sr; ISO 639-2/3 code: srp; SIL code: srp)
Croatian (ISO 639-1 code: hr; ISO 639-2/3 code: hrv; SIL code: hrv)
Bosnian (ISO 639-1 code: bs; ISO 639-2/3 code: bos; SIL code: bos)
Montenegrin (ISO 639-2/3 code: cnr; SIL code: cnr) | null | null | null | null | 13 |
[
"Arab Winter",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Arab Winter"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Arab Winter",
"follows",
"Arab Spring"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Royal Rumble (1989)",
"follows",
"1988 Royal Rumble"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Royal Rumble (1989)",
"followed by",
"1990 Royal Rumble"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Royal Rumble (1990)",
"followed by",
"1991 Royal Rumble"
] | The 1990 Royal Rumble was the third annual Royal Rumble professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE). It took place on January 21, 1990, at the Orlando Arena in Orlando, Florida. It centered on the Royal Rumble match, a modified battle royal in which participants enter at timed intervals instead of all beginning in the ring at the same time.
Six matches were contested at the event, including one dark match. The main event was the 1990 Royal Rumble match, which was won by WWF World Heavyweight Champion Hulk Hogan, who last eliminated Mr. Perfect. The undercard matches saw Jim Duggan defeat Big Boss Man by disqualification, Ronnie Garvin defeat Greg "The Hammer" Valentine in a Submission match, and The Bushwhackers (Bushwhacker Butch and Bushwhacker Luke) defeat The Fabulous Rougeaus (Jacques Rougeau and Raymond Rougeau).Production
Background
The Royal Rumble is an annual gimmick pay-per-view (PPV), produced every January by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) since 1988. It is one of the promotion's original four pay-per-views, along with WrestleMania, SummerSlam, and Survivor Series, which were dubbed the "Big Four". It is named after the Royal Rumble match, a modified battle royal in which the participants enter at timed intervals instead of all beginning in the ring at the same time. The previous year's event established the tradition of the match generally featuring 30 wrestlers. The 1990 event was the third event in the Royal Rumble chronology and was scheduled to be held on January 21, 1990, at the Orlando Arena in Orlando, Florida. | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Royal Rumble (1990)",
"follows",
"1989 Royal Rumble"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Royal Rumble (1991)",
"follows",
"1990 Royal Rumble"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Royal Rumble (1991)",
"followed by",
"1992 Royal Rumble"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Royal Rumble (1992)",
"followed by",
"1993 Royal Rumble"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Royal Rumble (1992)",
"follows",
"1991 Royal Rumble"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Royal Rumble (1993)",
"follows",
"1992 Royal Rumble"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Royal Rumble (1993)",
"followed by",
"1994 Royal Rumble"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Royal Rumble (1994)",
"followed by",
"1995 Royal Rumble"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Royal Rumble (1994)",
"follows",
"1993 Royal Rumble"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
Subsets and Splits
No saved queries yet
Save your SQL queries to embed, download, and access them later. Queries will appear here once saved.