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⌀ | __index_level_0__
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Varese",
"owner of",
"Palazzo Estense"
] | null | null | null | null | 24 |
|
[
"Varese",
"owner of",
"Civic Tower of Varese"
] | null | null | null | null | 28 |
|
[
"Varese",
"owner of",
"Piscina comunale Fausto Fabiano"
] | null | null | null | null | 29 |
|
[
"Varese",
"significant event",
"2008 UCI Women's Road World Cup"
] | null | null | null | null | 44 |
|
[
"Varese",
"significant event",
"World Rowing U23 Championships"
] | null | null | null | null | 47 |
|
[
"Artà",
"located on terrain feature",
"Mallorca"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Artà",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Artà"
] | null | null | null | null | 18 |
|
[
"Artà",
"significant event",
"Siege of Arta"
] | null | null | null | null | 20 |
|
[
"Bas-Saint-Laurent",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Bas-Saint-Laurent"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Bas-Saint-Laurent",
"replaces",
"Bas-Saint-Laurent–Gaspésie"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Beluran (federal constituency)",
"significant event",
"2018 Malaysian general election"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Veneto",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Veneto"
] | null | null | null | null | 46 |
|
[
"Veneto",
"significant event",
"Venetian online referendum, 2014"
] | null | null | null | null | 93 |
|
[
"Veneto",
"significant event",
"Venetian autonomy referendum, 2017"
] | Veneto (US: , Italian: [ˈvɛːneto]; Venetian: Vèneto [ˈvɛneto]; Ladin: Unieja; Austrian German: Venezien) or Venetia is one of the 20 regions of Italy. Its population is about five million, ranking fourth in Italy. The region's capital is Venice while the largest city is Verona.
Veneto was part of the Roman Empire until the 5th century AD. Later, after a feudal period, it was part of the Republic of Venice until 1797. Venice ruled for centuries over one of the largest and richest maritime republics and trade empires in the world. After the Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna, the Republic was combined with Lombardy and annexed to the Austrian Empire as the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, until that was merged with the Kingdom of Italy in 1866, as a result of the Third Italian War of Independence.
Besides Italian, most inhabitants also speak Venetian. Since 1971, the Statute of Veneto has referred to the region's citizens as "the Venetian people". Article 1 defines Veneto as an "autonomous Region", "constituted by the Venetian people and the lands of the provinces of Belluno, Padua, Rovigo, Treviso, Venice, Verona and Vicenza", while maintaining "bonds with Venetians in the world". Article 2 sets forth the principle of the "self-government of the Venetian people" and mandates the Region to "promote the historical identity of the Venetian people and civilisation". Despite these affirmations, approved by the Italian Parliament, Veneto is not among the autonomous regions with special statute, unlike its north-eastern and north-western neighbours, Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol respectively.
Veneto is home to a notable nationalist movement, known as Venetian nationalism or Venetism. The region's largest party is Liga Veneta, a founding component of Lega Nord. The current President of Veneto is Luca Zaia (Liga Veneta–Lega Nord), re-elected in 2020 with 76.8% of the vote. An autonomy referendum took place in 2017: 57.2% of Venetians turned out, 98.1% voting "yes" to "further forms and special conditions of autonomy".
Having been for a long period in history a land of mass emigration, Veneto is today one of the greatest immigrant-receiving regions in the country, with 487,493 foreigners (9.9% of the regional population; January 2018), notably including Romanians (25.2%), Moroccans (9.3%), Chinese (7.1%), Moldovans (7.0%) and Albanians (6.9%). | null | null | null | null | 94 |
[
"Bremen (state)",
"different from",
"Bremen"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Bremen (state)",
"participant of",
"2010 German presidential election"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Bremen (state)",
"different from",
"Brema"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Bremen (state)",
"located on terrain feature",
"Bremen/Oldenburg Metropolitan Region"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"Bremen (state)",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Bremen (state)"
] | Bremen (German: [ˈbʁeːmən] (listen)), officially the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (German: Freie Hansestadt Bremen; Low German: Free Hansestadt Bremen), is the smallest and least populous of Germany's 16 states. It is informally called Land Bremen ("State of Bremen"), although the term is sometimes used in official contexts. The state consists of the city of Bremen and its seaport exclave, Bremerhaven, surrounded by the larger state of Lower Saxony in northern Germany. | null | null | null | null | 30 |
[
"La Bisbal d'Empordà",
"topic's main category",
"Category:La Bisbal d'Empordà"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Palafrugell",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Palafrugell"
] | null | null | null | null | 22 |
|
[
"Perejil Island",
"territory claimed by",
"Spain"
] | History
In 1415, Portugal, along with the reconquest of Ceuta (Part of the old Hispania Tangeriana), took possession of the nearby islet from the Marinid Sultanate, a predecessor to the current state of Morocco. In 1580, Portugal came under the sovereignty of Philip I of Portugal, who was also King of Spain, creating an Iberian Union under one king, without unifying the countries. When the Union split in 1640, Ceuta remained under Spanish sovereignty. | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Perejil Island",
"territory claimed by",
"Morocco"
] | Spain-Morocco disputes
The islet's sovereignty is disputed by Morocco and Spain. Local Moroccan shepherds used it for grazing livestock, but the vast majority of Spaniards and Moroccans had not heard of the islet until 11 July 2002, when a group of Moroccan soldiers set up a base on the islet. The Moroccan government said that they set foot on the island in order to monitor illegal immigration, a justification the Spanish government rejected as there had been little co-operation on the matter at the time (a repeated source of complaint from Spain). After protests from the Spanish government, led by Prime Minister José María Aznar, Morocco replaced the soldiers with cadets from the Moroccan Navy, who then installed a fixed base on the island. This further angered the Spanish government and both countries restated their claims to the islet. Almost all European Union member states fully supported Spain's objections, with the exception of France and Portugal, whose government issued a statement regretting the incident. Morocco's claims had official support from the Arab League, except for Algeria, which restated its recognition of Spanish sovereignty over the exclaves of Ceuta and Melilla.On the morning of 18 July 2002, Spain launched Operation Romeo-Sierra, a military attempt to take over the island. The operation was successful, and within hours the Spanish had taken control of the island and custody of the Moroccan naval cadets, who had not resisted the Spanish commando attack force, Grupo de Operaciones Especiales III. The operation was launched in conjunction with the Spanish Navy and Spanish Air Force. The Spanish transferred the captured Moroccans by helicopter to the headquarters of the Guardia Civil in Ceuta, who then transported the cadets to the Moroccan border. Over the course of the day, the Spanish Legion replaced the commandos and remained on the island until Morocco, after mediation by the United States, led by Colin Powell, agreed to return to the status quo ante which existed prior to the Moroccan occupation of the island. The islet is now deserted. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Perejil Island",
"located on terrain feature",
"Mediterranean Sea"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Perejil Island",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Isla Perejil"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Zhongsha Islands",
"territory claimed by",
"People's Republic of China"
] | The Zhongsha Islands is a Chinese term for a collection of two skerries, many entirely submerged banks, seamounts, and shoals in the South China Sea. There are in fact, no islands in the Macclesfield Bank, the main part of Zhongsha. The Scarborough Shoal, which consists of two skerries, is not contiguous with the Macclesfield Bank but Chinese sources treat them as one chain of geographical features. The whole of the region is claimed by both the PRC and the ROC, and various bits of the eastern parts are claimed by the Philippines. No country has constant control of the whole region, and there are disputes - for example, see Scarborough Shoal standoff.
The PRC claim to administer the area as Zhongsha Daojiao Town, a town under Xisha District of the Sansha prefecture-level city in Hainan. It has one Village-level division, “Zhongsha Daojiao Residential Community”. However, the seat of this town and residential community is not within the Zhongsha Islets but, in Yongxing Town
.
Aquaculture research has been conducted on Walker Shoal. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Zhongsha Islands",
"territory claimed by",
"Taiwan"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Zhongsha Islands",
"territory claimed by",
"Philippines"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Zhongsha Islands",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Zhongsha Islands"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Johnston Atoll",
"territory claimed by",
"United States of America"
] | Geography
Johnston Atoll is a 1,300-hectare (3,200-acre) atoll in the North Pacific Ocean, located about 750 nautical miles (1,390 km; 860 mi) southwest of the island of Hawaiʻi, and is grouped as one of the United States Minor Outlying Islands. The atoll, which is located on a coral reef platform, has four islands. Johnston Island and Sand Island are both enlarged natural features, while Akau (North) and Hikina (East) are two artificial islands formed by coral dredging. By 1964, dredge and fill operations had increased the size of Johnston Island to 596 acres (241 ha) from its original 46 acres (19 ha), increased the size of Sand Island from 10 to 22 acres (4.0 to 8.9 ha), and added the two new islands, North and East, of 25 and 18 acres (10.1 and 7.3 ha) respectively.The four islands compose a total land area of 2.67 square kilometers (1.03 square miles). Due to the atoll's tilt, much of the reef on the southeast portion has subsided. But even though it does not have an encircling reef crest, the reef crest on the northwest portion of the atoll does provide for a shallow lagoon, with depths ranging from 3 to 10 m (10 to 33 ft). | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Johnston Atoll",
"territory claimed by",
"Kingdom of Hawaiʻi"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Johnston Atoll",
"located on terrain feature",
"Northwestern Hawaiian Islands"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Johnston Atoll",
"significant event",
"Operation Dominic"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Johnston Atoll",
"significant event",
"Hardtack Teak"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"Johnston Atoll",
"significant event",
"Operation Fishbowl"
] | National nuclear weapon test site 1958–1963
Successes
Between 1958 and 1975, Johnston Atoll was used as an American national nuclear test site for atmospheric and extremely high-altitude nuclear explosions in outer space. In 1958, Johnston Atoll was the location of the two "Hardtack I" nuclear tests firings. One conducted August 1, 1958, was codenamed "Hardtack Teak" and one conducted August 12, 1958, was codenamed "Orange." Both tests detonated 3.8-megaton hydrogen bombs launched to high altitudes by rockets from Johnston Atoll.
Johnston Island was also used as the launch site of 124 sounding rockets going up as high as 1,158 kilometers (720 miles). These carried scientific instruments and telemetry equipment, either in support of the nuclear bomb tests, or in experimental antisatellite technology.
Eight PGM-17 Thor missiles deployed by the U.S. Air Force (USAF) were launched from Johnston Island in 1962 as part of "Operation Fishbowl," a part of "Operation Dominic" nuclear weapons tests in the Pacific. The first launch in "Operation Fishbowl" was a successful research and development launch with no warhead. In the end, "Operation Fishbowl" produced four successful high-altitude detonations: "Starfish Prime," "Checkmate," "Bluegill Triple Prime," and "Kingfish." In addition, it produced one atmospheric nuclear explosion, "Tightrope."
On July 9, 1962, "Starfish Prime" had a 1.4-megaton explosion, using a W49 warhead at an altitude of about 400 kilometers (250 miles). It created a very brief fireball visible over a wide area, plus bright artificial auroras visible in Hawaii for several minutes. "Starfish Prime" also produced an electromagnetic pulse that disrupted some electric power and communication systems in Hawaii. It pumped enough radiation into the Van Allen belts to destroy or damage seven satellites in orbit.
The final Fishbowl launch that used a Thor missile carried the "Kingfish" 400-kiloton warhead up to its 98-kilometer (61 mi) detonation altitude. Although it was officially one of the Operation Fishbowl tests, it is sometimes not listed among high-altitude nuclear tests because of its lower detonation altitude. "Tightrope" was the final test of Operation Fishbowl and detonated on November 3, 1962. It launched on a nuclear-armed Nike-Hercules missile and was detonated at a lower altitude than the other tests:
"At Johnston Island, there was an intense white flash. Even with high-density goggles, the burst was too bright to view, even for a few seconds. A distinct thermal pulse was felt on bare skin. A yellow-orange disc was formed, and transformed itself into a purple doughnut. A glowing purple cloud was faintly visible for a few minutes." The nuclear yield was reported in most official documents as "less than 20 kilotons." One report by the U.S. government reported the yield of the "Tightrope" test as 10 kilotons. Seven sounding rockets were launched from Johnston Island in support of the Tightrope test, and this was the final American nuclear atmospheric test. | null | null | null | null | 17 |
[
"Johnston Atoll",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Johnston Atoll"
] | null | null | null | null | 18 |
|
[
"Johnston Atoll",
"significant event",
"sighting"
] | null | null | null | null | 21 |
|
[
"Rockall",
"territory claimed by",
"United Kingdom"
] | History
There can be no place more desolate, despairing and awful.
The 17.15-metre-high (56.3 ft) rock has been noted in written records since the late 16th century. In the 20th century, its location became relevant due to potential oil and fishing rights that might accrue to a nation recognised as having a legitimate claim to it.In 1955 the British landed on Rockall and claimed it for the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom formally annexed the islet in 1972. According to Ian Mitchell, Rockall was terra nullius (owned by no one) until the 1955 British claim was made.Rockall gives its name to one of the sea areas named in the shipping forecast provided by the British Meteorological Office.
Rockall has been a point of interest for adventurers and amateur radio operators, who have variously landed on or briefly occupied the islet. Fewer than 20 individuals have ever been confirmed to have landed on Rockall, and the longest known continuous occupation is 45 days (achieved in 2014 by a solo person). In a House of Commons debate in 1971, William Ross, Labour MP for Kilmarnock, said: "More people have landed on the moon than have landed on Rockall" (however, only 12 people have landed on the moon, so while possibly true at the time, it is no longer correct).United Kingdom
The UK claims Rockall along with a 12-nautical-mile-radius (22 km) territorial sea around the islet inside the country's exclusive economic zone (EEZ). The UK also claims "a circle of UK sovereign airspace over the islet of Rockall".The UK claimed Rockall on 18 September 1955 when "Two Royal Marines and a civilian naturalist, led by Royal Navy officer Lieutenant Commander Desmond Scott, raised a Union flag on the islet and cemented a plaque into the rock". Prior to this Rockall was legally terra nullius. In 1972, the British Island of Rockall Act formally annexed Rockall to the United Kingdom.The UK considers the rock administratively part of the Isle of Harris and, under the Scottish Adjacent Waters Boundaries Order 1999 a large sea area around it was declared to be under the jurisdiction of Scots law. A navigational beacon was installed on the island in 1982 and the UK declared that no ship would be allowed within a 50-nautical-mile (93 km) radius of the rock. However, in 1997, the UK ratified the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), limiting territorial sea claims to a 12-nautical-mile (22 km) radius, and therefore allowing free passage in waters beyond this.
In 1988, the United Kingdom and Ireland signed an EEZ boundary agreement for which "the location of Rockall was irrelevant to the determination of the boundary". In 1997, the UK ratified UNCLOS, which states that "Rocks which cannot sustain human habitation or economic life of their own shall have no exclusive economic zone or continental shelf".
As the rock lies within the United Kingdom's EEZ, the UK has sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring and exploiting, conserving and managing the natural resources of the area, including jurisdiction over the protection and preservation of the marine environment.In May 2017, declassified documents revealed that the 1955 decision to claim the rock as UK territory was motivated by worries that it could otherwise be used by "hostile agents" to spy on the future South Uist missile testing range.Early in January 2021, after the UK left the European Union and the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement came into force, the Northern Celt, an Irish fishing boat based out of Greencastle, County Donegal, was ordered to leave the 12-nautical-mile zone around Rockall by officers of Marine Scotland. Since 2021, fishing licences issued by the UK to EU vessels have excluded access to the 12 nautical mile zone around Rockall. In 2023, Irish Minister for Agriculture, Food and the Marine Charlie McConalogue stated that this action was costing the Irish fishing industry up to €7 million per year. | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Rockall",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Rockall"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Rockall",
"located on terrain feature",
"North Atlantic Ocean"
] | Rockall () is an uninhabitable granite islet in the North Atlantic Ocean. The United Kingdom claims that Rockall lies within its territorial sea and is part of its territory, but this claim is not recognised by Ireland. It and the nearby skerries of Hasselwood Rock and Helen's Reef are the only emergent parts of the Rockall Plateau. The rock was formed by magmatism as part of the North Atlantic Igneous Province during the Paleogene.
Rockall's approximate distances from the closest islands in each direction are as follows: It is 301.3 kilometres (187.2 statute miles; 162.7 nautical miles) west of Soay, Scotland; 423.2 km (263.0 mi; 228.5 nmi) northwest of Tory Island, Ireland; and 700 kilometres (430 statute miles; 380 nautical miles) south of Iceland.
The nearest permanently inhabited place is North Uist, an island in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland, 370 kilometres (230 mi; 200 nmi) to the east.The United Kingdom claimed Rockall in 1955 and incorporated it as a part of Scotland in 1972. The UK does not make a claim to an extended exclusive economic zone (EEZ) based on Rockall, as it has ratified the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which says that "rocks which cannot sustain human habitation or economic life of their own shall have no exclusive economic zone or continental shelf". However, such features are entitled to a territorial sea extending 12 nautical miles (22 kilometres). Ireland's position is that Rockall does not even generate a 12-nautical-mile territorial sea for the United Kingdom owing to the UK's uncertain title to Rockall. Ireland does not recognise the UK's claim, although it has never sought to claim sovereignty of Rockall for itself. The consistent position of successive Irish governments has been that Rockall and similar rocks and skerries have no significance for establishing legal claims to mineral rights in the adjacent seabed or to fishing rights in the surrounding seas. | null | null | null | null | 8 |
[
"Europa Island",
"territory claimed by",
"France"
] | Europa Island (French: Île Europa, pronounced [il øʁɔpa]), in Malagasy Nosy Ampela is a 28-square-kilometre (11 sq mi) low-lying tropical atoll in the Mozambique Channel, about a third of the way from southern Madagascar to southern Mozambique. The island had never been inhabited until 1820, when the French family Rosier moved to it. The island officially became a possession of France in 1897.
The island, garrisoned by a detachment from Réunion, has a weather station and is visited by scientists. Though uninhabited now, it is part of the Scattered Islands of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands administrative region.
Europa Island was the setting of "Search in the Deep", a 1968 episode of The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau, partly focusing on the breeding habits of the green sea turtle. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Europa Island",
"territory claimed by",
"Madagascar"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Europa Island",
"located on terrain feature",
"Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean"
] | Europa Island (French: Île Europa, pronounced [il øʁɔpa]), in Malagasy Nosy Ampela is a 28-square-kilometre (11 sq mi) low-lying tropical atoll in the Mozambique Channel, about a third of the way from southern Madagascar to southern Mozambique. The island had never been inhabited until 1820, when the French family Rosier moved to it. The island officially became a possession of France in 1897.
The island, garrisoned by a detachment from Réunion, has a weather station and is visited by scientists. Though uninhabited now, it is part of the Scattered Islands of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands administrative region.
Europa Island was the setting of "Search in the Deep", a 1968 episode of The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau, partly focusing on the breeding habits of the green sea turtle. | null | null | null | null | 12 |
[
"Europa Island",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Europa Island"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Europa Island",
"significant event",
"discovery"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"Adélie Land",
"territory claimed by",
"France"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Adélie Land",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Adélie Land"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Baker Island",
"territory claimed by",
"United States of America"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Baker Island",
"significant event",
"visit"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Baker Island",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Baker Island"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Baker Island",
"significant event",
"first sighting"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"Baker Island",
"significant event",
"guano mining"
] | History
Baker was discovered in 1818 by Captain Elisha Folger of the Nantucket whaling ship Equator, who called the island "New Nantucket". In August 1825 Baker was sighted by Captain Obed Starbuck of the Loper, also a Nantucket whaler. The island is named for Michael Baker, who visited the island in 1834. Other references state that he visited in 1832, and again on August 14, 1839, in the whaler Gideon Howland, to bury an American seaman. Captain Baker claimed the island in 1855, then he sold his interest to a group who later formed the American Guano Company.The United States took possession of the island in 1857, claiming it under the Guano Islands Act of 1856. Its guano deposits were mined by the American Guano Company from 1859 to 1878. Laborers for the mining operations came from around the Pacific, including from Hawaiʻi; the Hawaiian laborers named Baker Island "Puaka‘ilima" ('the ‘ilima flower'). As an example of the scale of the guano mining and its destination the following ship movements were reported in late 1868.
British ship Montebello, Capt Henderson, arrived Aug 17th 104 days from Liverpool, loaded 650 tons guano, departed for Liverpool 9th Sep.
American ship Eldorado, Capt Woodside, arrived Sept 14th from Honolulu, loaded 1550 tons guano, departed for Liverpool Oct 5th.
British bark Florence Chipman, Capt Smith, arrived Oct 13th from Rio, loaded 1400 tons guano, departed for Liverpool Nov 5th.On February 27, 1869, the British ship Shaftsbury under Captain John Davies, which had arrived at Baker's Island on 5 February from Montevideo, was wrecked after being driven onto the reef by a sudden wind shift and squall from the northwest, dragging her moorings with her. American ship Robin Hood was destroyed by fire while loading on 30 August 1869. | null | null | null | null | 17 |
[
"Baker Island",
"significant event",
"sighting"
] | null | null | null | null | 18 |
|
[
"Baker Island",
"located on terrain feature",
"Phoenix Islands"
] | null | null | null | null | 20 |
|
[
"Baker Island",
"significant event",
"American Equatorial Islands Colonization Project"
] | null | null | null | null | 21 |
|
[
"Kingman Reef",
"territory claimed by",
"United States of America"
] | Kingman Reef is a largely submerged, uninhabited, triangle-shaped reef, geologically an atoll, 9.0 nmi (20 km) east-west and 4.5 nmi (8 km) north-south, in the North Pacific Ocean, roughly halfway between the Hawaiian Islands and American Samoa. It has an area of 3 hectares (0.03 km2; 7.4 acres) and is one of the unincorporated territories of the United States in Oceania. The reef is administered by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service as the Kingman Reef National Wildlife Refuge.History
Kingman Reef was discovered on June 14, 1798, by the American captain Edmund Fanning, of the ship Betsey. It was first described by Captain W. E. Kingman (whose name the island bears) of the ship Shooting Star on November 29, 1853. It was claimed in 1859 by the United States Guano Company, under the name "Dangers Rock," along with a number of other islands. The claim was made under the U.S. Guano Islands Act of 1856, although there is no evidence that guano existed or was ever mined on Kingman Reef. The British steamship Tarta struck the reef in June 1874, and it was later surveyed by HMS Penguin (1876) in 1897, establishing that Kingman Reef was the same hazard previously charted as Caldew Reef and Maria Shoal, among other names.On May 10, 1922, Lorrin A. Thurston became the first person to raise the American flag on the atoll and read a proclamation of annexation. The Palmyra Copra Co. intended to use Kingman as a fishing base, as demand for copra had declined after World War I and Palmyra Island lacked a suitable anchorage. Thurston formally claimed Kingman for the United States by reading the following declaration while standing on its shore: | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Kingman Reef",
"located on terrain feature",
"Polynesia"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Kingman Reef",
"significant event",
"annexation"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Kingman Reef",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Kingman Reef"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Kingman Reef",
"significant event",
"first sighting"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Kingman Reef",
"different from",
"Kingman"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"Kingman Reef",
"significant event",
"description"
] | Be it known to all people: That on the tenth of May, A.D. 1922, the undersigned agent of the Island of Palmyra Copra Co., Ltd., landed from the motorship Palmyra doth, on this tenth day of May, A.D. 1922, take formal possession of this island, called Kingman Reef, situated in longitude 162 degrees 18' west and 6 degrees 23' north, on behalf of the United States of America and claim the same for said company. A copy of the declaration, along with a U.S. flag and clippings from The Honolulu Advertiser newspaper, were left on Kingman to document the claim.On December 29, 1934, the U.S. Navy assumed jurisdiction over Kingman Reef. In 1935, the reef was visited by William T. Miller, representing the U.S. Bureau of Air Commerce.In 1935, Pan American Airways wanted to expand its routes to the Pacific and include Australia and New Zealand in its "Clipper" air routes, with a stopover in Pago Pago, American Samoa. An additional stopover point was sought, however. It had been decided that the Kingman Reef lagoon, located 1,600 miles (2,600 km) north of Samoa, would be suitable for overnight stops for planes en route from the U.S. to New Zealand. A supply ship, the North Wind, was stationed at Kingman Reef to provide fuel, lodging, and meals. On March 23, 1937, the S42B Pan American Clipper II, named Samoan Clipper and piloted by Captain Ed Musick, en route from Hawaii to American Samoa, became the first flight to land in Kingman Reef's lagoon.During the next several months, Pan Am successfully used the lagoon several times as a halfway station for its flying boats (Sikorsky S-42B) when they traveled between those two points.
However, a Clipper flight on January 11, 1938, ended in tragedy. Shortly after the early-morning takeoff from Pago Pago, as it was bound for New Zealand, the plane exploded. The right outboard engine had developed an oil leak, and the plane burst into flames while dumping fuel; there were no survivors. As a result of the tragedy, Pan Am ended flights to New Zealand via Kingman Reef and Pago Pago. It established a new route in July 1940 that used Canton Island and New Caledonia as stopovers instead.
On February 14, 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8682 to create naval defenses areas in the central Pacific territories. The proclamation established "Kingman Reef Naval Defensive Sea Area" which encompassed the territorial waters between the extreme high-water marks and the three-mile marine boundaries surrounding the atoll. "Kingman Naval Airspace Reservation" was also established to restrict access to the airspace over the naval defense sea area. Only U.S. government ships and aircraft were permitted to enter the naval defense areas at Kingman Reef unless authorized by the Secretary of the Navy.
In 2012, Kingman Reef Atoll Development LLC, which was owned by descendants of the owners of the Palmyra Copra Co., Ltd., sued the U.S. government over its designation as a national wildlife refuge. The plaintiff sought $54.5 million in compensation for the loss of fishing rights, ecotourism, and other economic activity. However, in 2014, the federal court ruled that any such claim had expired by 1950 at the latest.In 2016, the ARRL Awards Committee of the American Radio Relay League removed Kingman Reef from its DXCC list, with the reef now considered part of the Palmyra Island / Jarvis Island DXCC Entity. | null | null | null | null | 18 |
[
"Express Cove",
"territory claimed by",
"United Kingdom"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Princess Martha Coast",
"territory claimed by",
"Norway"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Princess Martha Coast",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Princess Martha Coast"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Cape Stolbchaty",
"territory claimed by",
"Japan"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Cape Stolbchaty",
"territory claimed by",
"Russia"
] | Cape Stolbchaty (Russian: мыс Столбчатый, IPA: [mɨs ˈstoɫpt͡ɕɪtɨj], lit. 'Cape Columnar') is a geographic cape on the west shore of Kunashir Island, the southernmost of the Kuril Islands, in Sakhalin Oblast, Russia. It is famous for its columnar basalt formations, which are strikingly similar to the Giant's Causeway in County Antrim in Northern Ireland. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Cape Stolbchaty",
"located on terrain feature",
"Kunashir Island"
] | Cape Stolbchaty (Russian: мыс Столбчатый, IPA: [mɨs ˈstoɫpt͡ɕɪtɨj], lit. 'Cape Columnar') is a geographic cape on the west shore of Kunashir Island, the southernmost of the Kuril Islands, in Sakhalin Oblast, Russia. It is famous for its columnar basalt formations, which are strikingly similar to the Giant's Causeway in County Antrim in Northern Ireland. | null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"Lars Christensen Peak",
"territory claimed by",
"Norway"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Lars Christensen Peak",
"located on terrain feature",
"Peter I Island"
] | Lars Christensen Peak, also known as Lars Christensentoppen, is the highest point at 1,640 metres (5,381 ft) on Peter I Island, off the coast of Antarctica.
The peak is a shield volcano. It is not known whether it is extinct or not, for the upper part is apparently unmodified by glaciation.
The peak owes its name to Lars Christensen, the shipowner of the SS Odd I, a whaler that circumnavigated the island in January 1927.See also
List of volcanoes in Antarctica
List of volcanoes in Norway | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Lesser Kuril Chain",
"territory claimed by",
"Japan"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Lesser Kuril Chain",
"territory claimed by",
"Russia"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Greater Kuril Chain",
"territory claimed by",
"Japan"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Troll Airfield",
"territory claimed by",
"Norway"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Queen Maud Land",
"territory claimed by",
"Norway"
] | Later developments
The Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition of 1949–52 was the first international scientific expedition in Antarctica. The expedition established its winter quarters at a base called Maudheim at 71°S, 11°W, and mapped much of western Queen Maud Land. During the International Geophysical Year (1957–1958), year-round stations were established in Queen Maud Land by Norway, the Soviet Union, Belgium and Japan. The Norwegian expedition continued with topographical mapping, while the others started geophysical and geological research. Norway's Norway Station was lent to South Africa following the withdrawal of the Norwegian expedition in 1960. South Africa later built the SANAE station, near the now-defunct Norway Station. The Soviet Union, and later Russia, has maintained continual operations, although it moved from Lazarev Station to Novolazarevskaya Station. Japan has been based at its Showa Station since 1957, except for a hiatus of a few years. Belgium closed its King Baudouin Station in 1961, though it mounted limited operations in cooperation with the Netherlands in 1964–66. The United States established the temporary Plateau Station in 1966.In 1948, the newly created Norwegian Polar Institute was assigned the administration of Norwegian territories in the Arctic and Antarctic, including Queen Maud Land. Norway sent two major expeditions to the territory in the 1940s and 1950s, but its efforts declined after that. On 21 June 1957, Queen Maud Land became subject to Norwegian sovereignty as a dependency (biland), and the Antarctic Treaty officially came into force on 23 June 1961. Norwegian activity during the 1960s was limited to some minor co-expeditions with the United States, until it gradually picked up again following a larger expedition to western Queen Maud Land and the eastern Weddell Sea by the Norwegian Polar Institute in 1976–77.Founded in 1978, the Polar Affairs Department of the Norwegian Ministry of Justice and the Police, headquartered in Oslo, has been assigned the administration of the Norwegian polar areas including Queen Maud Land. Since 1979, the Norwegian Polar Institute has been a directorate under the Ministry of the Environment.
In 1992, an expedition by Ivar Tollefsen made the first ascents of several mountains, including the tallest, Jøkulkyrkja. Norway established the summer station Troll in 1989–90. In 2003, Minister of the Environment Børge Brende was the first Norwegian minister to visit Queen Maud Land, and he soon allocated funds to expand the Troll station. Troll was upgraded to a year-round station in 2005 as part of the centenary of Norway's independence. Among the guests were Minister of Foreign Affairs Jan Petersen and Minister of the Environment Knut Arild Hareide, and Troll was officially opened by Queen Sonja of Norway, the first queen to ever visit Antarctica. In 2008, Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg, accompanied by forty officials, scientists and reporters, became the first Norwegian prime minister to visit Queen Maud Land. He personally named three mountains around the Troll station where he was based, although he chose to sleep outdoors in a tent, rather than in a bed inside. He said the purposes of the visit were to claim Norway's possessions in Antarctica, as well as to learn more about the climate research at Troll, which he said was key to better understanding of global climate change.In 2015, King Harald V became the world's first reigning monarch to visit Antarctica when he went to Queen Maud Land. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Queen Maud Land",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Queen Maud Land"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Demon (volcano)",
"territory claimed by",
"Japan"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Demon (volcano)",
"territory claimed by",
"Russia"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Demon (volcano)",
"located on terrain feature",
"Iturup"
] | Demon (Russian: Демон; Ainu: カムイヌプリ, Kamui-nupuri; Japanese: 神威岳, Kamui-dake) is a stratovolcano located at the northern end of Iturup Island, Kuril Islands, Russia.
The Ilya Muromets Waterfall, one of the highest in Russia, falls abruptly from the eastern slope of the volcano into the Pacific Ocean. | null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Demon (volcano)",
"located on terrain feature",
"Medvezhy Peninsula"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Lützow-Holm Bay",
"territory claimed by",
"Norway"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Northern Cyprus",
"territory claimed by",
"Cyprus"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Northern Cyprus",
"located on terrain feature",
"Cyprus"
] | null | null | null | null | 31 |
|
[
"Northern Cyprus",
"replaces",
"Turkish Federated State of Cyprus"
] | null | null | null | null | 39 |
|
[
"Northern Cyprus",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Northern Cyprus"
] | null | null | null | null | 49 |
|
[
"Island of Vukovar",
"territory claimed by",
"Croatia"
] | The Island of Vukovar (Serbo-Croatian: Vukovarska ada / Вуковарска ада, pronounced [ʋûkoʋaːrskaː ǎːda] or [-ǎda]) is a disputed island on the river Danube. It is situated close to the city of Vukovar, Croatia.
During the existence of SFR Yugoslavia the island was part of SR Croatia. In 1991 Croatia declared independence. It was the opinion of the Badinter Arbitration Committee that the borders between the republics should become the borders between the countries, but it was under Serbian control like other parts of Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Srem (east Croatia) at the time. In the Croatian War of Independence, the Yugoslav People's Army and Serbian paramilitary forces occupied the island. After the Erdut Agreement in 1998, Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Srem were rejoined with Croatia, but the island of Vukovar was left under control of Serbia, as was the Šarengrad island.In 2004 Serbia largely withdrew its army from the island, but the police completely took over border control in 2006.In 2006, the island's beaches were opened to the public for the first time since the war. The island is maintained by Vukovar's Sports Recreation Society Dunav. Croatian citizens, for the first time in 16 years, were allowed on the island without passports or border permits. This border regime applies during summer months (until 15 September) between 7 am and 8 pm.One part of the peace agreements has been the short-term deal that Croatia will control the western part and Serbia eastern part of the Danube. The official Serbian position is that the Badinter Arbitration Committee opinion is invalid and that this short-term deal between Croatia and Serbia is to be the future border between the states thus Vukovar island is part of Serbia as it is closer to the Serbian shoreline.In a statement to the Croatian daily newspaper Novi list in February 2012, Croatia's then-President, Ivo Josipović, said both countries needed a flexible solution for the border disputes on the Danube river which would be a combination of solutions proposed by both countries. The Croatian president said that whatever the adopted solution, it would be good if the Island of Vukovar eventually remained on the Croatian side of border. | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Island of Vukovar",
"territory claimed by",
"Serbia"
] | The Island of Vukovar (Serbo-Croatian: Vukovarska ada / Вуковарска ада, pronounced [ʋûkoʋaːrskaː ǎːda] or [-ǎda]) is a disputed island on the river Danube. It is situated close to the city of Vukovar, Croatia.
During the existence of SFR Yugoslavia the island was part of SR Croatia. In 1991 Croatia declared independence. It was the opinion of the Badinter Arbitration Committee that the borders between the republics should become the borders between the countries, but it was under Serbian control like other parts of Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Srem (east Croatia) at the time. In the Croatian War of Independence, the Yugoslav People's Army and Serbian paramilitary forces occupied the island. After the Erdut Agreement in 1998, Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Srem were rejoined with Croatia, but the island of Vukovar was left under control of Serbia, as was the Šarengrad island.In 2004 Serbia largely withdrew its army from the island, but the police completely took over border control in 2006.In 2006, the island's beaches were opened to the public for the first time since the war. The island is maintained by Vukovar's Sports Recreation Society Dunav. Croatian citizens, for the first time in 16 years, were allowed on the island without passports or border permits. This border regime applies during summer months (until 15 September) between 7 am and 8 pm.One part of the peace agreements has been the short-term deal that Croatia will control the western part and Serbia eastern part of the Danube. The official Serbian position is that the Badinter Arbitration Committee opinion is invalid and that this short-term deal between Croatia and Serbia is to be the future border between the states thus Vukovar island is part of Serbia as it is closer to the Serbian shoreline.In a statement to the Croatian daily newspaper Novi list in February 2012, Croatia's then-President, Ivo Josipović, said both countries needed a flexible solution for the border disputes on the Danube river which would be a combination of solutions proposed by both countries. The Croatian president said that whatever the adopted solution, it would be good if the Island of Vukovar eventually remained on the Croatian side of border. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Dufek Massif",
"territory claimed by",
"United Kingdom"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Dufek Massif",
"territory claimed by",
"Chile"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Dufek Massif",
"territory claimed by",
"Argentina"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Guantanamo Bay Naval Base",
"territory claimed by",
"Cuba"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Guantanamo Bay Naval Base",
"has use",
"prison"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Guantanamo Bay Naval Base",
"has use",
"port"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Guantanamo Bay Naval Base",
"has use",
"concentration camp"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Guantanamo Bay Naval Base",
"has use",
"aerodrome"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Guantanamo Bay Naval Base",
"has use",
"military base"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Guantanamo Bay Naval Base",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Guantanamo Bay Naval Base"
] | Geography
The Naval Base occupies three main geographical sections: Leeward Point, Windward Point, and Guantánamo Bay. Guantánamo Bay physically divides the Naval Station into sections. The bay extends past the boundaries of the base into Cuba, where the bay is then referred to as Bahía de Guantánamo. Guantánamo Bay contains several cays, which are identified as Hospital Cay, Medico Cay, North Toro Cay, and South Toro Cay.
Leeward Point of the Naval Station is the site of the active airfield. Major geographical features on Leeward Point include Mohomilla Bay and the Guantánamo River. Three beaches exist on the Leeward side. Two are available for use by base residents, while the third, Hicacal Beach, is closed.
Windward Point contains most of the activities at the Naval Station. There are nine beaches available to base personnel. The highest point on the base is John Paul Jones Hill (named after the Revolutionary War hero of the same name) at a total of 495 feet (151 m). The geography of Windward Point is such that there are many coves and peninsulas along the bay shoreline providing ideal areas for mooring ships.
According to Stephen Benz, Stephen Crane described the area as "craggy" and "cut with ravines." He also described the coastline as covered in ridges and "chalky cliffs". | null | null | null | null | 16 |
[
"Antártica (commune)",
"territory claimed by",
"Chile"
] | Antártica is a Chilean commune in Antártica Chilena Province, Magallanes y la Antártica Chilena Region, which covers all the Chilean Antarctic Territory (the territory in Antarctica claimed by Chile). It ranges from 53°W to 90°W and from the South Pole to 60°S, overlapping the Argentine and British Antarctic claims, and is the largest and least populated commune in Chile, being over 25 times the size of the next largest commune, Natales. It is administered by the Cabo de Hornos municipality in the South American mainland.
Antártica was created on July 11, 1961, and was dependent on the Magallanes Province until 1975, when the Antártica Chilena Province was created, making it dependent administratively on Puerto Williams, the province capital. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Antártica (commune)",
"different from",
"Antártica Chilena Province"
] | Antártica is a Chilean commune in Antártica Chilena Province, Magallanes y la Antártica Chilena Region, which covers all the Chilean Antarctic Territory (the territory in Antarctica claimed by Chile). It ranges from 53°W to 90°W and from the South Pole to 60°S, overlapping the Argentine and British Antarctic claims, and is the largest and least populated commune in Chile, being over 25 times the size of the next largest commune, Natales. It is administered by the Cabo de Hornos municipality in the South American mainland.
Antártica was created on July 11, 1961, and was dependent on the Magallanes Province until 1975, when the Antártica Chilena Province was created, making it dependent administratively on Puerto Williams, the province capital. | null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"Antártica (commune)",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Chilean Antarctic Territory"
] | Antártica is a Chilean commune in Antártica Chilena Province, Magallanes y la Antártica Chilena Region, which covers all the Chilean Antarctic Territory (the territory in Antarctica claimed by Chile). It ranges from 53°W to 90°W and from the South Pole to 60°S, overlapping the Argentine and British Antarctic claims, and is the largest and least populated commune in Chile, being over 25 times the size of the next largest commune, Natales. It is administered by the Cabo de Hornos municipality in the South American mainland.
Antártica was created on July 11, 1961, and was dependent on the Magallanes Province until 1975, when the Antártica Chilena Province was created, making it dependent administratively on Puerto Williams, the province capital. | null | null | null | null | 8 |
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