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stringlengths 0
32.9k
| label
stringlengths 4
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⌀ | label_id
int64 0
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⌀ | synonyms
sequence | __index_level_1__
int64 312
64.1k
⌀ | __index_level_0__
int64 0
2.4k
⌀ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Koktebel",
"territory claimed by",
"Ukraine"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Koktebel",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Koktebel"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"KaNgwane",
"territory claimed by",
"South Africa"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"KaNgwane",
"territory claimed by",
"Eswatini"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Luhansk People's Republic",
"territory claimed by",
"Ukraine"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Luhansk People's Republic",
"different from",
"Luhansk Oblast"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Luhansk People's Republic",
"cause",
"eastward expansion of NATO"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Luhansk People's Republic",
"territory claimed by",
"Lugansk People's Republic"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Luhansk People's Republic",
"said to be the same as",
"Lugansk Parliamentary Republic"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"Luhansk People's Republic",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Luhansk People's Republic"
] | null | null | null | null | 30 |
|
[
"Luhansk People's Republic",
"participant of",
"Russian invasion of Ukraine"
] | The Luhansk People's Republic or Lugansk People's Republic (Russian: Луга́нская Наро́дная Респу́блика, romanized: Luganskaya Narodnaya Respublika, IPA: [lʊˈɡanskəjə nɐˈrodnəjə rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə]; abbreviated as LPR or LNR, Russian: ЛНР) is an internationally unrecognised republic of Russia in the occupied parts of eastern Ukraine's Luhansk Oblast, with its capital in Luhansk. The LPR was created by Russian-backed paramilitaries in 2014, and it initially operated as a breakaway state until it was annexed by Russia in 2022.
Following Ukraine's Revolution of Dignity in 2014, pro-Russian, counter-revolutionary unrest erupted in the eastern part of the country. Russia annexed Crimea from Ukraine, while the armed separatists seized government buildings and proclaimed the Luhansk People's Republic (LPR) and Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) as independent states. This sparked the war in Donbas, part of the wider Russo-Ukrainian War. The LPR and DPR are sometimes described as puppet states of Russia during this conflict. They received no international recognition from United Nations member states before 2022.
On 21 February 2022, Russia recognised the LPR and DPR as sovereign states. Three days later, Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, partially under the pretext of protecting the republics. Russian forces captured more of Luhansk Oblast (almost all of it), which became part of the LPR. In September 2022, Russia proclaimed the annexation of the LPR and other occupied territories, following illegitimate referendums which were illegal under international law. The United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution calling on countries not to recognise what it called the "attempted illegal annexation" and demanded that Russia "immediately, completely and unconditionally withdraw".The Head of the Luhansk People's Republic is Leonid Pasechnik, and its parliament is the People's Council. The ideology of the LPR is shaped by right-wing Russian nationalism, neo-imperialism and Orthodox fundamentalism. Organizations such as the UN Human Rights Office and Human Rights Watch have reported human rights abuses in the LPR; including internment, torture, extrajudicial killings, forced conscription, as well as political and media repression. Ukraine views the LPR and DPR as terrorist organisations.Full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022–present)
On 21 February 2022, Russia recognised the independence of the DPR and LPR. The next day, the Federation Council of Russia authorised the use of military force, and Russian forces openly advanced into both territories. Russian president Vladimir Putin declared that the Minsk agreements "no longer existed", and that Ukraine, not Russia, was to blame for their collapse. A military attack into Ukrainian government-controlled territory began on the morning of 24 February, when Putin announced a "special military operation" to "demilitarise and denazify" Ukraine.
On May 6, as part of the eastern Ukraine offensive, the Russian Armed Forces and Luhansk People's Republic military started a battle to capture Sievierodonetsk, the de facto administrative capital of Ukrainian-controlled Luhansk Oblast. On 25 June 2022, Sievierodonetsk was fully occupied by Russian and separatist forces. This was followed by the capture of Lysychansk on 3 July, which brought all of Luhansk Oblast under the control of Russian and separatist forces.
This resulted in a 63 day period during which the whole of Luhansk Oblast was controlled by separatist forces. However, during the 2022 Ukrainian Kharkiv counteroffensive starting on September 4, the village of Bilohorivka became contested between Ukrainian and Russian forces; on September 10, the village was confirmed to be under Ukrainian control. | null | null | null | null | 43 |
[
"Luhansk People's Republic",
"follows",
"Novorossia"
] | null | null | null | null | 44 |
|
[
"Luhansk People's Republic",
"followed by",
"Lugansk People's Republic"
] | null | null | null | null | 55 |
|
[
"Luhansk Oblast",
"territory claimed by",
"Russia"
] | Luhansk Oblast (Ukrainian: Луганська область, romanized: Luhanska oblast; Russian: Луганская область, romanized: Luganskaya oblast), also referred to as Luhanshchyna (Луга́нщина), is the easternmost oblast (province) of Ukraine. The oblast's administrative center is Luhansk. The oblast was established in 1938 and bore the name Voroshilovgrad Oblast until 1958 and again from 1970 to 1991. It has an estimated population of 2,102,921 (2022 est.).Important cities in the oblast include Alchevsk, Antratsyt, Brianka, Kirovsk, Krasnyi Luch, Krasnodon, Lysychansk, Luhansk, Pervomaisk, Rovenky, Rubizhne, Sverdlovsk, Sievierodonetsk, and Kadiivka. All of Luhansk Oblast is located in the Donbas region.
In 2014, large parts of Luhansk Oblast, including capital Luhansk, came under the control of Russian-backed separatists who declared the Luhansk People's Republic, leading to a war against Ukrainian government forces. Since the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the oblast has come almost entirely under Russian occupation and has been the site of heavy fighting, which continues in parts of the oblast. In late September 2022, Russia declared the annexation of the entirety of the oblast as well as three other regions, though the annexation remains internationally unrecognized.
As of January 2023, Ukraine is in control of roughly 6–7% of the region and controls only a few settlements like Bilohorivka, Zolotarivka, Chervonopopivka, Makiivka and the outskirts of Kreminna in the western part of the region. These areas continue to be zones of active conflict. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Luhansk Oblast",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Luhansk Oblast"
] | Luhansk Oblast (Ukrainian: Луганська область, romanized: Luhanska oblast; Russian: Луганская область, romanized: Luganskaya oblast), also referred to as Luhanshchyna (Луга́нщина), is the easternmost oblast (province) of Ukraine. The oblast's administrative center is Luhansk. The oblast was established in 1938 and bore the name Voroshilovgrad Oblast until 1958 and again from 1970 to 1991. It has an estimated population of 2,102,921 (2022 est.).Important cities in the oblast include Alchevsk, Antratsyt, Brianka, Kirovsk, Krasnyi Luch, Krasnodon, Lysychansk, Luhansk, Pervomaisk, Rovenky, Rubizhne, Sverdlovsk, Sievierodonetsk, and Kadiivka. All of Luhansk Oblast is located in the Donbas region.
In 2014, large parts of Luhansk Oblast, including capital Luhansk, came under the control of Russian-backed separatists who declared the Luhansk People's Republic, leading to a war against Ukrainian government forces. Since the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the oblast has come almost entirely under Russian occupation and has been the site of heavy fighting, which continues in parts of the oblast. In late September 2022, Russia declared the annexation of the entirety of the oblast as well as three other regions, though the annexation remains internationally unrecognized.
As of January 2023, Ukraine is in control of roughly 6–7% of the region and controls only a few settlements like Bilohorivka, Zolotarivka, Chervonopopivka, Makiivka and the outskirts of Kreminna in the western part of the region. These areas continue to be zones of active conflict. | null | null | null | null | 11 |
[
"Luhansk Oblast",
"different from",
"Lugansk People's Republic"
] | null | null | null | null | 25 |
|
[
"Brazilian Antarctica",
"territory claimed by",
"Brazil"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Brazilian Antarctica",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Brazilian Antarctica"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Fiery Cross Reef",
"territory claimed by",
"People's Republic of China"
] | Fiery Cross Reef, also known as "Northwest Investigator Reef", Mandarin Chinese: 永暑礁; pinyin: Yǒngshǔ Jiāo; Kagitingan Reef (Tagalog: Bahura ng Kagitingan, lit. 'Reef of Valor'); Vietnamese: Đá Chữ Thập, is a militarized reef occupied and controlled by China (PRC) as part of Sansha of Hainan Province and is also claimed by the Republic of China (ROC/Taiwan), the Philippines and Vietnam.
The atoll was named after the British tea clipper Fiery Cross, which was wrecked on the atoll on 4 March 1860. (A later sister ship was also named Fiery Cross). The atoll was surveyed by Lieutenant J. W. Reed of HMS Rifleman, who in 1867 reported it to be one extensive reef, and found the apparent wrecks of Fiery Cross and Meerschaum.In December 1934 the 'Land and Water Maps Inspection Committee' of the government of the China copied the English name "Fiery Cross Reef" and translated it as 十字火礁 / Shizi huo jiao (literally Fire Cross Reef). This name was published on an official list of names in January 1935. In 1947, it was renamed "Yongshu Reef" (永暑礁) by the government. At that time, Chinese fishermen called it "Tuwu" (土戊).The atoll was occupied by China (PRC) in early 1988, despite immediate opposition from Vietnam, which led to armed conflict at Johnson Reef South in March of that year. In 2014, the PRC commenced reclamation activity in the area, and it has been converted into an artificial island of 274 hectares (677 acres). There were around 200 Chinese troops on the atoll in late 2014, though this number was likely to have increased significantly in 2015 with the addition of support personnel for the new airbase, including a 3,125-meter-long (1.9 mi) runway and associated early warning radar site.According to the Center for Strategic and International Studies, it is "the most advanced of China's bases" in the South China Sea's disputed areas, with 12 hardened shelters with retractable roofs for mobile missile launchers already completed. It has enough hangars to accommodate 24 combat aircraft and four larger planes Fiery Cross Reef has a runway long enough to land a Chinese Xian H-6N bomber; a bomber like this could perform combat operations within 5,600 kilometers (3,500 mi) of the reclaimed reef. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Fiery Cross Reef",
"territory claimed by",
"Taiwan"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Fiery Cross Reef",
"territory claimed by",
"Vietnam"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Fiery Cross Reef",
"territory claimed by",
"Philippines"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Sand Cay",
"territory claimed by",
"People's Republic of China"
] | Sand Cay 10°22′30″N 114°28′48″E, also known as Bailan Island (Tagalog: Pulo ng Bailan); Son Ca Island (Vietnamese: Đảo Sơn Ca); Mandarin Chinese: 敦謙沙洲/敦谦沙洲; pinyin: Dūnqiān Shāzhōu, is a cay on the north edge of the Tizard Bank of the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea. With an area of 7 hectares (17 acres), it is the ninth largest, and the fourth largest former Vietnamese-administered, of the Spratly Islands. The island has been occupied by Vietnam since 1974, (first by South Vietnam, then by the Socialist Republic of Vietnam after 1975). It is also claimed by China (PRC), the Philippines, Vietnam, and Taiwan (ROC). | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Sand Cay",
"territory claimed by",
"Taiwan"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Half Moon Shoal",
"territory claimed by",
"People's Republic of China"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Half Moon Shoal",
"territory claimed by",
"Philippines"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Half Moon Shoal",
"located on terrain feature",
"South China Sea"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Normanna Reef",
"territory claimed by",
"Argentina"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Mawson's Huts",
"territory claimed by",
"Australia"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Mawson's Huts",
"located on terrain feature",
"Cape Denison"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Bay Point (Antarctica)",
"territory claimed by",
"Argentina"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Australian Antarctic Territory",
"territory claimed by",
"Australia"
] | History
The United Kingdom first claimed Victoria Land on 9 January 1841 and then claimed Enderby Land in 1930. In 1933, a British imperial order transferred most of the territory south of 60° S and between meridians 160° E and 45° E to Australia.That part of His Majesty's dominions in the Antarctic Seas which comprises all the islands and territories other than Adélie Land which are situated south of the 60th degree of South Latitude and lying between the 160th degree of East Longitude and the 45th degree of East Longitude is hereby placed under the authority of the Commonwealth of Australia.
Australian Antarctic Territory Acceptance Act 1933That part of the territory in the Antarctic seas which comprises all the islands and territories, other than Adelie Land, situated south of the 60th degree south latitude and lying between the 160th degree east longitude and the 45th degree east longitude, is hereby declared to be accepted by the Commonwealth as a Territory under the authority of the Commonwealth, by the name of the Australian Antarctic Territory. C2004C00416 / Australian Antarctic Territory Acceptance Act 1933 ( Cth )
The borders with Adélie Land were fixed definitively in 1938. In 1947, Britain transferred Heard Island and McDonald Islands to the territory. On 13 February 1954, Mawson Station was established as the first Australian station on the continent proper. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Australian Antarctic Territory",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Australian Antarctic Territory"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Isingufsa Bluff",
"territory claimed by",
"Norway"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Olivenza",
"territory claimed by",
"Spain"
] | Olivenza (Spanish: [oliˈβenθa]) or Olivença (Portuguese: [oliˈvẽsɐ]) is a town in southwestern Spain, close to the Portugal–Spain border. It is a municipality belonging to the province of Badajoz, and to the wider autonomous community of Extremadura.
The town of Olivença was under Portuguese sovereignty continuously between 1297 (Treaty of Alcañices) and 1801, when it was occupied by Spain during the War of the Oranges and ceded that year under the Treaty of Badajoz. Spain has since administered the territory (now split into two municipalities, Olivenza and also Táliga), whereas Portugal invokes the self-revocation of the Treaty of Badajoz, plus the Treaty of Vienna of 1815, to claim the return of the territory. In spite of the territorial dispute between Portugal and Spain, the issue has not been a sensitive matter in the relations between these two countries.Olivenza and other neighbouring Spanish (La Codosera, Alburquerque and Badajoz) and Portuguese (Arronches, Campo Maior, Estremoz, Portalegre and Elvas) towns reached an agreement in 2008 to create a euroregion. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Olivenza",
"territory claimed by",
"Portugal"
] | Olivenza (Spanish: [oliˈβenθa]) or Olivença (Portuguese: [oliˈvẽsɐ]) is a town in southwestern Spain, close to the Portugal–Spain border. It is a municipality belonging to the province of Badajoz, and to the wider autonomous community of Extremadura.
The town of Olivença was under Portuguese sovereignty continuously between 1297 (Treaty of Alcañices) and 1801, when it was occupied by Spain during the War of the Oranges and ceded that year under the Treaty of Badajoz. Spain has since administered the territory (now split into two municipalities, Olivenza and also Táliga), whereas Portugal invokes the self-revocation of the Treaty of Badajoz, plus the Treaty of Vienna of 1815, to claim the return of the territory. In spite of the territorial dispute between Portugal and Spain, the issue has not been a sensitive matter in the relations between these two countries.Olivenza and other neighbouring Spanish (La Codosera, Alburquerque and Badajoz) and Portuguese (Arronches, Campo Maior, Estremoz, Portalegre and Elvas) towns reached an agreement in 2008 to create a euroregion.Claims of sovereignty
Portugal does not recognise Spanish sovereignty over the territory, based on the rulings of the 1815 Congress of Vienna. Spain accepted the Treaty on 7 May 1817; however, Olivença and its surroundings were never returned to Portuguese control and this question remains unresolved and Portugal holds a claim over it. Olivenza was under Portuguese sovereignty from 1297. During the War of the Oranges, French and Spanish troops, under the command of Manuel de Godoy, took the town on May 20, 1801. In the aftermath of that conflict, the Treaty of Badajoz was signed, with the Olivenza territory remaining a part of Spain. According to Portugal, however, the treaty is void since Portugal was coerced into signing it, meaning it does not show the deliberate intent and "free will" necessary for treaty validity under international law and the subsequent position of Portugal after 200 years of not recognising it as a legitimate part of Spain seems to confirm exactly that.
Spain claims ‘de jure’ sovereignty over Olivenza on the grounds that the Treaty of Badajoz still stands and has never been revoked, thus making the case that the border between the two countries in the region of Olivenza should be demarcated as said by the treaty.
Portugal claims de jure sovereignty over Olivenza on the grounds of the cancellation of the Treaty of Badajoz, since it was revoked by its own terms. The breach of any of its articles would lead to its cancellation, and that happened when Spain invaded Portugal in the Peninsular War of 1807. Portugal further bases its case on Article 105 of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 (which Spain signed in 1817) that states that the winning countries are "committed to employ the mightiest conciliatory effort to return Olivenza to Portuguese authority" and that the winning countries "recognize that the return of Olivenza and its territories must be done". Thus, the border between the two countries in the region of Olivenza should be demarcated by the Treaty of Alcanizes of 1297 and that the duty acknowledged by Spain to give back the region must be carried out.
Spain interprets Article 105 as not being mandatory on demanding Spain to return Olivenza to Portugal, thus not revoking the Treaty of Badajoz.
Even though Portugal has never made a formal claim to the territory after the Treaty of Vienna, it has not directly acknowledged Spanish sovereignty over Olivença either but has funded several projects connected to the region instead of the Spanish Government.
Portuguese military maps do not show the border at that area, implying it to be undefined. Also, the latest road connection between Olivenza and Portugal (entirely paid by the Portuguese state, although it involved the building of a bridge over the Guadiana, an international river) has no indication of the Portuguese border, again implying an undefined status.
There is no research on the opinion of the inhabitants of Olivenza about their status. Spanish public opinion is not generally aware of the Portuguese claim on Olivenza. On the other hand, awareness in Portugal has been increasing under the efforts of pressure groups to have the question raised and debated in public. | null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"Olivenza",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Olivenza"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"Olivenza",
"significant event",
"Siege of Olivença"
] | null | null | null | null | 26 |
|
[
"Jule Peaks",
"territory claimed by",
"Norway"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Carlingford Lough",
"territory claimed by",
"Republic of Ireland"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Carlingford Lough",
"territory claimed by",
"United Kingdom"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Carlingford Lough",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Carlingford Lough"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Swains Island",
"territory claimed by",
"United States of America"
] | Swains Island (; Tokelauan: Olohega [oloˈhɛŋa]; Samoan: Olosega [oloˈsɛŋa]) is a remote coral atoll in the Tokelau Islands in the South Pacific Ocean. The island is the subject of an ongoing territorial dispute between Tokelau and the United States, which has administered it as part of American Samoa since 1925. Privately owned by the family of Eli Hutchinson Jennings since 1856, Swains Island was used as a copra plantation until 1967. It has not been permanently inhabited since 2008 but has often been visited by members of the Jennings family, scientific researchers, and amateur radio operators.The island is located 180 km (97 nmi; 112 mi) south of Fakaofo (Tokelau) and 300 km (162 nmi; 186 mi) north of Savai‘i (Samoa). The land area is 2.43 km2 (0.94 sq mi), and the total area including the lagoon is 3.5 km2 (1.4 sq mi). | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Swains Island",
"different from",
"Olosega"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Swains Island",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Swains Island"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Swains Island",
"territory claimed by",
"Tokelau"
] | Swains Island (; Tokelauan: Olohega [oloˈhɛŋa]; Samoan: Olosega [oloˈsɛŋa]) is a remote coral atoll in the Tokelau Islands in the South Pacific Ocean. The island is the subject of an ongoing territorial dispute between Tokelau and the United States, which has administered it as part of American Samoa since 1925. Privately owned by the family of Eli Hutchinson Jennings since 1856, Swains Island was used as a copra plantation until 1967. It has not been permanently inhabited since 2008 but has often been visited by members of the Jennings family, scientific researchers, and amateur radio operators.The island is located 180 km (97 nmi; 112 mi) south of Fakaofo (Tokelau) and 300 km (162 nmi; 186 mi) north of Savai‘i (Samoa). The land area is 2.43 km2 (0.94 sq mi), and the total area including the lagoon is 3.5 km2 (1.4 sq mi).Recent sovereignty and trade issues
On 25 March 1981, New Zealand, of which Tokelau is a dependency, confirmed U.S. sovereignty over Swains Island in the Treaty of Tokehega, under which the United States surrendered its territorial claims to the other islands of Tokelau. In the draft constitution that was the subject of the 2006 Tokelau self-determination referendum, however, Swains Island is claimed as part of Tokelau. As of March 2007, American Samoa has not yet taken an official position, but the Governor of American Samoa Togiola Tulafono has said he believes that his government should do everything it can to retain control of the island.Tokelau's claim to Swains is generally comparable to the Marshall Islands' claim to Wake Island (also administered by the U.S.). The re-emergence of this issue in the mid-2000s was an unintended consequence of the United Nations' efforts to promote decolonization in Tokelau in the early 2000s. Tokelauans are reluctant to disown a common cultural, and thus national, identity with Swains Islanders who speak their language.
In 2007 Tokelau's regional parliament, the General Fono, considered the adoption of a new flag for their nation which showed a map depicting Swains Island, as a fourth star in addition to three others, at a proportional distance to that of the others. Ultimately a compromise was adopted whereby the four stars were retained, but with the arrangement and proportionality suggestive of the Southern Cross.During a 2007 visit to Tokelau, Alexander Jennings, representative of Swains Island to the American Samoa legislature, indicated a desire for better trade links between Swains and its neighbor, saying he believed the then head of government of Tokelau, Kuresa Nasau, was also interested in improved relations. | null | null | null | null | 12 |
[
"Lough Foyle",
"territory claimed by",
"Republic of Ireland"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Lough Foyle",
"territory claimed by",
"United Kingdom"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Kherson Oblast (Russia)",
"territory claimed by",
"Ukraine"
] | The Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast is an ongoing military occupation of Ukraine's Kherson Oblast by Russian forces that began on 2 March 2022 during the Russian invasion of Ukraine as part of the southern Ukraine campaign. It was administrated under a Russian-controlled military-civilian regime until 30 September 2022, when it was illegally annexed to become a widely unrecognized federal subject of Russia.
Russia captured the city of Kherson on 2 March 2022. Kherson was the first major Ukrainian city to fall during the invasion, and the only regional capital that Russia managed to capture in the 2022 invasion, though the cities of Donetsk and Luhansk had been controlled by Russian-backed separatists since 2014. Most of the rest of Kherson Oblast fell to Russian forces in the early months of the invasion.Russia laid the groundwork for annexation in the following months by introducing the Russian ruble as official currency and forcibly removing the hryvnia from circulation. After holding widely disputed referendums in September 2022, Russia declared that it had annexed Kherson Oblast on 30 September, including parts of the oblast that it did not control at the time and small occupied areas of neigboring Mykolaiv Oblast. The United Nations condemned the annexations as violating international law.
In October 2022, as Ukraine's 2022 Kherson counteroffensive approached the city of Kherson itself, the Russian administration's executive bodies evacuated from Kherson to the left bank of the Dnieper River. They set up a new administrative centre in Henichesk, in the far south of the Kherson region. Throughout early November 2022, Russian forces fully withdrew from all the areas of Kherson and Mykolaiv regions on the right bank of the Dnieper, including the city of Kherson proper. Ukrainian forces entered the city of Kherson on 11 November. Russia continues to assert its claim to the entire oblast. | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Kherson Oblast (Russia)",
"different from",
"Kherson Oblast"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Kherson Oblast (Russia)",
"cause",
"War in Donbas"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Kherson Oblast (Russia)",
"cause",
"2022 referendums in Russian-occupied Ukraine"
] | The Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast is an ongoing military occupation of Ukraine's Kherson Oblast by Russian forces that began on 2 March 2022 during the Russian invasion of Ukraine as part of the southern Ukraine campaign. It was administrated under a Russian-controlled military-civilian regime until 30 September 2022, when it was illegally annexed to become a widely unrecognized federal subject of Russia.
Russia captured the city of Kherson on 2 March 2022. Kherson was the first major Ukrainian city to fall during the invasion, and the only regional capital that Russia managed to capture in the 2022 invasion, though the cities of Donetsk and Luhansk had been controlled by Russian-backed separatists since 2014. Most of the rest of Kherson Oblast fell to Russian forces in the early months of the invasion.Russia laid the groundwork for annexation in the following months by introducing the Russian ruble as official currency and forcibly removing the hryvnia from circulation. After holding widely disputed referendums in September 2022, Russia declared that it had annexed Kherson Oblast on 30 September, including parts of the oblast that it did not control at the time and small occupied areas of neigboring Mykolaiv Oblast. The United Nations condemned the annexations as violating international law.
In October 2022, as Ukraine's 2022 Kherson counteroffensive approached the city of Kherson itself, the Russian administration's executive bodies evacuated from Kherson to the left bank of the Dnieper River. They set up a new administrative centre in Henichesk, in the far south of the Kherson region. Throughout early November 2022, Russian forces fully withdrew from all the areas of Kherson and Mykolaiv regions on the right bank of the Dnieper, including the city of Kherson proper. Ukrainian forces entered the city of Kherson on 11 November. Russia continues to assert its claim to the entire oblast. | null | null | null | null | 17 |
[
"Kherson Oblast (Russia)",
"follows",
"Kherson State"
] | null | null | null | null | 18 |
|
[
"Kherson Oblast (Russia)",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Kherson Oblast (Russia)"
] | null | null | null | null | 21 |
|
[
"Zaporozhye Oblast (Russia)",
"territory claimed by",
"Ukraine"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Zaporozhye Oblast (Russia)",
"different from",
"Zaporizhzhia Oblast"
] | The Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast is an ongoing military occupation which began on 24 February 2022, after Russian forces invaded Ukraine and began capturing the southern portion of Zaporizhzhia Oblast. On 26 February, the city of Berdiansk came under Russian control, followed by the Russian victory at Melitopol on 1 March. Russian forces also laid siege and captured the city of Enerhodar, home to the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant, which came under Russian control on 4 March. The capital of Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Zaporizhzhia, has not been taken by the Russian army and remains under Ukrainian control.
In May, the Russian government started offering Russian passports to the region's inhabitants. In July, it issued a decree which extended Russian 2022 war censorship laws to Zaporizhzhia Oblast, and included deportation to Russia as punishment. In September, the occupation forces held largely disputed referendums in the occupied areas of Zaporizhzhia Oblast and Kherson Oblast for the oblasts to join the Russian Federation. On 27 September, Russian officials claimed that Zaporizhzhia Oblast's referendum passed, with 93.11% of voters in favour of joining the Russian Federation. Russia signed an accession treaty with the Russian administration of the region on 30 September 2022. Russia annexed Zaporizhzhia Oblast on 30 September 2022, including parts of the oblast that it did not control at the time. The United Nations General Assembly subsequently passed a resolution calling on countries not to recognise what it described as an "attempted illegal annexation" and demanded that Russia "immediately, completely and unconditionally withdraw".The Russian-installed occupation force was initially called "Zaporozhye military-civilian administration". Its name was changed to "Zaporozhye Oblast" after the Russian annexation. "Zaporozhye" is the Russian equivalent of "Zaporizhzhia". Melitopol serves as the temporary capital city of the Russian administration due to Russia's lack of control over Zaporizhzhia, which is the de jure capital of the Zaporizhzhia Oblast. In March 2023, Melitopol became the official capital of the Zaporizhzhia Oblast after the acting head of the Russian-occupied Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Yevhen Balytskyi, signed a decree on moving the de jure capital to Melitopol until Zaporizhzhia is captured. | null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Zaporozhye Oblast (Russia)",
"cause",
"2022 referendums in Russian-occupied Ukraine"
] | Annexation by Russia and further developments (July 2022–present)
On 28 July, Meduza reported that temporary departments of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation had been set up in the Kherson and Zaporizhzhia oblasts of Ukraine.On 8 August, Balitsky announced at the forum that a referendum on "reunification" with Russia would be held in the region, and signed the corresponding order of the CEC. The election commission, according to the statement, began to form as early as July 23. The referendum was expected to be held in September.On 8 September, it was announced that referendums would be held in all the occupied territories of Ukraine from 23 to 27 September, the purpose of which was the annexation of these territories. According to the MCA, 93.11% of voters in the referendum voted for the region to become part of Russia. After the announcement of the results, Balitsky said that "Zaporizhzhia Oblast de facto separated from Ukraine". In September, the administration founded the Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion. On September 28, the Zaporizhzhia MCA announced the withdrawal of the region from Ukraine. | null | null | null | null | 13 |
[
"Zaporozhye Oblast (Russia)",
"follows",
"Zaporozhye State"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Zaporozhye Oblast (Russia)",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Zaporozhye Oblast (Russia)"
] | null | null | null | null | 19 |
|
[
"Zaporozhye Oblast (Russia)",
"cause",
"Russian invasion of Ukraine"
] | null | null | null | null | 21 |
|
[
"Lugansk People's Republic (Russia)",
"territory claimed by",
"Ukraine"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Lugansk People's Republic (Russia)",
"territory claimed by",
"Luhansk Oblast"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Lugansk People's Republic (Russia)",
"follows",
"Luhansk People's Republic"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Lugansk People's Republic (Russia)",
"cause",
"Russian invasion of Ukraine"
] | The Luhansk People's Republic or Lugansk People's Republic (Russian: Луга́нская Наро́дная Респу́блика, romanized: Luganskaya Narodnaya Respublika, IPA: [lʊˈɡanskəjə nɐˈrodnəjə rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə]; abbreviated as LPR or LNR, Russian: ЛНР) is an internationally unrecognised republic of Russia in the occupied parts of eastern Ukraine's Luhansk Oblast, with its capital in Luhansk. The LPR was created by Russian-backed paramilitaries in 2014, and it initially operated as a breakaway state until it was annexed by Russia in 2022.
Following Ukraine's Revolution of Dignity in 2014, pro-Russian, counter-revolutionary unrest erupted in the eastern part of the country. Russia annexed Crimea from Ukraine, while the armed separatists seized government buildings and proclaimed the Luhansk People's Republic (LPR) and Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) as independent states. This sparked the war in Donbas, part of the wider Russo-Ukrainian War. The LPR and DPR are sometimes described as puppet states of Russia during this conflict. They received no international recognition from United Nations member states before 2022.
On 21 February 2022, Russia recognised the LPR and DPR as sovereign states. Three days later, Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, partially under the pretext of protecting the republics. Russian forces captured more of Luhansk Oblast (almost all of it), which became part of the LPR. In September 2022, Russia proclaimed the annexation of the LPR and other occupied territories, following illegitimate referendums which were illegal under international law. The United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution calling on countries not to recognise what it called the "attempted illegal annexation" and demanded that Russia "immediately, completely and unconditionally withdraw".The Head of the Luhansk People's Republic is Leonid Pasechnik, and its parliament is the People's Council. The ideology of the LPR is shaped by right-wing Russian nationalism, neo-imperialism and Orthodox fundamentalism. Organizations such as the UN Human Rights Office and Human Rights Watch have reported human rights abuses in the LPR; including internment, torture, extrajudicial killings, forced conscription, as well as political and media repression. Ukraine views the LPR and DPR as terrorist organisations.Full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022–present)
On 21 February 2022, Russia recognised the independence of the DPR and LPR. The next day, the Federation Council of Russia authorised the use of military force, and Russian forces openly advanced into both territories. Russian president Vladimir Putin declared that the Minsk agreements "no longer existed", and that Ukraine, not Russia, was to blame for their collapse. A military attack into Ukrainian government-controlled territory began on the morning of 24 February, when Putin announced a "special military operation" to "demilitarise and denazify" Ukraine.
On May 6, as part of the eastern Ukraine offensive, the Russian Armed Forces and Luhansk People's Republic military started a battle to capture Sievierodonetsk, the de facto administrative capital of Ukrainian-controlled Luhansk Oblast. On 25 June 2022, Sievierodonetsk was fully occupied by Russian and separatist forces. This was followed by the capture of Lysychansk on 3 July, which brought all of Luhansk Oblast under the control of Russian and separatist forces.
This resulted in a 63 day period during which the whole of Luhansk Oblast was controlled by separatist forces. However, during the 2022 Ukrainian Kharkiv counteroffensive starting on September 4, the village of Bilohorivka became contested between Ukrainian and Russian forces; on September 10, the village was confirmed to be under Ukrainian control. | null | null | null | null | 17 |
[
"Lugansk People's Republic (Russia)",
"cause",
"2022 referendums in Russian-occupied Ukraine"
] | null | null | null | null | 21 |
|
[
"Lugansk People's Republic (Russia)",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Lugansk People's Republic (Russia)"
] | null | null | null | null | 24 |
|
[
"Donetsk People's Republic (Russia)",
"territory claimed by",
"Ukraine"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Donetsk People's Republic (Russia)",
"cause",
"War in Donbas"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Donetsk People's Republic (Russia)",
"cause",
"2022 referendums in Russian-occupied Ukraine"
] | Annexation by Russia
On 20 September 2022, the People's Council of the Donetsk People's Republic scheduled a referendum on the republic's entry into Russia as a federal subject for 23–27 September. It was widely described as a sham referendum by commentators and denounced by various countries. On 21 September, Russian President Putin announced a partial mobilization in Russia. He said that "in order to protect our motherland, its sovereignty and territorial integrity, and to ensure the safety of our people and people in the liberated territories", he decided to declare a partial mobilization. On 30 September 2022, Russia's president Vladimir Putin announced the annexation of the DPR along with the Luhansk People's Republic and two other oblasts of Ukraine in an address to both houses of the Russian parliament. On 12 October 2022, the United Nations General Assembly voted in Resolution ES-11/4 to condemn the annexation. The resolution received a vast majority of 143 countries in support of condemning Russia's annexation, 35 abstaining, and only 5 against condemning Russia's annexation. | null | null | null | null | 15 |
[
"Donetsk People's Republic (Russia)",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Donetsk People's Republic (Russia)"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"Donetsk People's Republic (Russia)",
"follows",
"Donetsk People's Republic"
] | null | null | null | null | 24 |
|
[
"Donetsk People's Republic (Russia)",
"said to be the same as",
"Donetsk People's Republic"
] | null | null | null | null | 25 |
|
[
"Cape Agassiz",
"territory claimed by",
"Argentina"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Barsukov Seamount",
"territory claimed by",
"Argentina"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Neumayer Channel",
"territory claimed by",
"Argentina"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Neck or Nothing Passage",
"territory claimed by",
"Argentina"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Robbery Beaches",
"territory claimed by",
"Argentina"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Nordenskjöld Outcrops",
"territory claimed by",
"Argentina"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Jane Peak",
"territory claimed by",
"Argentina"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Orca Seamount",
"territory claimed by",
"Argentina"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Eden Rocks",
"territory claimed by",
"Argentina"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"The Niblets",
"territory claimed by",
"Argentina"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Powell Basin",
"territory claimed by",
"Argentina"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Hofmann Trough",
"territory claimed by",
"Argentina"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Kosminskaya Fracture Zone",
"territory claimed by",
"Argentina"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Vinogradov Fracture Zone",
"territory claimed by",
"Argentina"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Lonely Rock",
"territory claimed by",
"Argentina"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Hero Fracture Zone",
"territory claimed by",
"Argentina"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Nueva Rock",
"territory claimed by",
"Argentina"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Golan Heights",
"territory claimed by",
"Israel"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Golan Heights",
"territory claimed by",
"Syria"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Golan Heights",
"located on terrain feature",
"Levant"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Golan Heights",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Golan Heights"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Golan Heights",
"significant event",
"Siege of Gamala"
] | Hellenistic and Roman period
The Golan Heights, along with the rest of the region, came under the control of Alexander the Great in 332 BCE, following the Battle of Issus. Following Alexander's death, the Golan came under the domination of the Macedonian general Seleucus and remained part of the Seleucid Empire for most of the next two centuries.In the middle of the 2nd century BCE, Itureans moved into the Golan, occupying over one hundred locations in the region.In the 1st century BCE, the region as far as Trachonitis, Batanea and Auranitis was put under the administrative control of Herod the Great by Augustus Caesar. In the Roman and Byzantine periods, the area was administered as part of Phoenicia Prima and Syria Palaestina, and finally Golan/Gaulanitis was included together with Peraea in Palaestina Secunda, after 218 AD. Ancient kingdom Bashan was incorporated into the province of Batanea.Following the death of Herod the Great in 4 BCE, Augustus Caesar adjudicated that the Golan fell within the Tetrarchy of Herod's son, Herod Philip I. After Philip's death in 34 CE, the Romans absorbed the Golan into the province of Syria, but Caligula restored the territory to Herod's grandson Agrippa in 37. Following Agrippa's death in 44, the Romans again annexed the Golan to Syria, promptly to return it again when Claudius traded the Golan to Agrippa II, the son of Agrippa I, in 51 as part of a land swap.Gamla, the capital of Jewish Galaunitis, would play a major role in the Jewish-Roman wars, and came to house the earliest known urban synagogue from the Hasmonean/Herodian realm. Although nominally under Agrippa's control and not part of the province of Judaea, the Jewish communities of the Golan participated in the First Jewish-Roman War, only to fall to the Roman armies in its early stages. Gamla, a major Jewish stronghold in the Golan, was captured in 67 CE, with, according to Josephus, its inhabitants committing mass suicide, preferring it to crucifixion and slavery. Agrippa II contributed soldiers to the Roman war effort and attempted to negotiate an end to the revolt. In return for his loyalty, Rome allowed him to retain his kingdom but finally absorbed the Golan for good after his death in 100.In about 250 CE, the Ghassanids, an Arab Christian tribe from Yemen, established a kingdom that encompassed southern Syria and the Transjordan, building their capital at Jabiyah.According to current research, the political and economic recovery of the Land of Israel during the reigns of Diocletian and Constantine, towards the close of the 3rd and the early 4th century CE, is what led to the return of Jewish village life in the Golan. The ceramics and coins found during the excavations at various synagogue sites provide evidence of the re-settlement of Jewish settlements in the central Golan. | null | null | null | null | 12 |
[
"Shebaa Farms",
"territory claimed by",
"Israel"
] | The Shebaa Farms, also spelled Sheba'a Farms (Arabic: مزارع شبعا, Mazāri' Šib‘ā; Hebrew: חוות שבעא Havot Sheba‘a, or הר דוב, Har Dov), are a small strip of land at the intersection of the Lebanese-Syrian border and the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights. The territory is named for the farms within it which were historically tended by the inhabitants of the Lebanese town of Shebaa. It is about 11 kilometres (7 mi) long and 2.5 kilometres (2 mi) wide.
The territory is currently disputed, in part from the failure of the French Mandate administrations and later the Lebanese and Syrian governments, to demarcate the border between Lebanon and Syria. Documents from the 1920s and 1930s indicate that inhabitants paid taxes to the Lebanese government. However, from the early 1950s until Israel's occupation of the Golan Heights in the Six-Day War, Syria was the de facto ruling power. In 1978 Israel invaded and occupied Southern Lebanon, and in 1981, the Golan Heights, including the Shebaa Farms, were annexed by Israel, a move only recognized by the United States.The territory has been a flashpoint for violence since Israel withdrew from Lebanon in May 2000. Hezbollah claimed that the withdrawal was not complete because Shebaa was on Lebanese – not Syrian – territory. Following the Israeli withdrawal, the United Nations Secretary General issued a statement proposing the area for the operations of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon; in the statement the controversy was described, with 81 different maps being studied; the UN concluded that there is no evidence of the abandoned farmlands being Lebanese, but proposed to maintain the existing boundaries of the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force in Syria (which had included the Shebaa Farms since 1967) "without prejudice" to any future agreement between Syria and Lebanon.Low-level conflict continued in the area from 2000 to 2006 and in early 2015. In August 2008, the president of Lebanon, Michel Suleiman, stated: "The countdown for liberating the rest of our lands has begun. And today I confirm the [use] of all available and legitimate means to achieve this goal". | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Shebaa Farms",
"territory claimed by",
"Lebanon"
] | Syrian claims
Syria has at times supported Lebanon's claim that the Shebaa Farms are part of Lebanon and not Syrian territory, at the UN and in official government press releases. But at other times it has made contrary statements. In August 1972, Syrian president Hafez al-Assad said, "Syria and Lebanon are a single country." On 16 May 2000, the Syrian Foreign Minister, Farouq al-Shara, indicated to UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan in a telephone conversation that Syria supported Lebanon's claim. This was made public in the UN Press Release SC/6878 of 18 June 2000 which stated "Concerning the Shab'a farmlands, both Lebanon and Syria state that this land belongs to Lebanon."However, on 21 January 2006, the President of Syria Bashar al-Assad stated in a speech before the convention of the Arab Lawyers Union in Damascus and translated into English by SANA, the official state news agency of Syria, that there are two legal requirements for demarcating the border: first, the complaint must be registered with the UN; and second, engineers must precisely define the border. As neither Syria nor Lebanon have access to the area, Assad argues that resolution is waiting on Israeli withdrawal from the occupied territory.In an interview with Assad reported by SANA on 24 August 2006, Assad flatly refused demarcation of the Syrian/Lebanese border near Shebaa Farms before a withdrawal of Israeli troops.Former Vice President of Syria Abdel-Halim Khaddam, in an interview with the Lebanese Future Television on 27 August 2006, said: "Saying that the farms are occupied, and hence cannot be demarcated, is nothing but a pretext. The demarcation would not take more than an hour if there was a political will."In a 28 February 2011 one-one-one meeting with an American diplomat, Assad declared that both Shebaa Farms and Kfar Shuba Hills were Syrian territory and not Lebanese. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Shebaa Farms",
"territory claimed by",
"Syria"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Palestinian territories",
"territory claimed by",
"Israel"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Palestinian territories",
"territory claimed by",
"State of Palestine"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"Azad Kashmir",
"territory claimed by",
"India"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
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