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[
"Grand Duchy of Hesse",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Grand Duchy of Hesse"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Grand Duchy of Hesse",
"different from",
"Hesja"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"Haubits FH77",
"followed by",
"Archer Artillery System"
] |
Fälthaubits 77 (Swedish "Field Howitzer 77") or FH77 is a Swedish 155 mm howitzer, developed and manufactured by Bofors. It is also colloquially known as the Bofors gun in India. There were several versions, the original (sometimes referred to as Haubits 77 A) with a 38 calibre barrel and sliding block mechanism, the export version FH77 B version with a 39 calibre barrel and an interrupted ogival screw breech. For the demonstrator of the Archer Artillery System, some FH77A were modified into FH 77 AD L/45, while the series production were FH77Bs rebuilt into FH77 BW L/52. The carriage was also used for the "12 cm rörlig kustartilleripjäs m/80 KARIN", used in the Swedish coastal artillery.Vehicle-mounted variant
Archer Artillery System – self-propelled FH77B-version with a 52 calibre gun mounted on the chassis of a Volvo articulated hauler.
| null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Dallas (1978 TV series)",
"narrative location",
"Dallas"
] |
Original premise
Dallas debuted on April 2, 1978, as a five-part miniseries on CBS. Although the miniseries was created as the series' pilot, by the time it was aired, neither the producers nor the network were hopeful that it would continue beyond these five episodes and had no plans for expansion. It was shown in a late Sunday night time-slot, known for low ratings. However, the miniseries proved popular enough to be turned into a regular series and broadcast for 13 full seasons from September 23, 1978, to May 3, 1991. The five pilot episodes, originally considered a miniseries, are now referred to as season 1, making fourteen seasons in total.
The show is known for its portrayal of wealth, sex, intrigue, conflict and power struggles. Throughout the series, the main premise is the longtime rivalry between the Ewing and Barnes families, which came to head when the Barnes daughter Pamela (Victoria Principal) eloped with youngest Ewing son Bobby (Patrick Duffy), in the first episode. The series is largely set in Dallas, Texas, and fictional Braddock County, where the Southfork Ranch is located.The backstory was that, in the 1930s, wildcatter John Ross "Jock" Ewing (Jim Davis) had allegedly cheated his one-time partner, Willard "Digger" Barnes (David Wayne/Keenan Wynn), out of his share of their company Ewing Oil, and married Digger's only love, Eleanor "Miss Ellie" Southworth (Barbara Bel Geddes/Donna Reed). In contrast to Jock, Miss Ellie came from a long line of ranchers with great love for the land and the cattle. Following their marriage, the Southworth family ranch, Southfork, became the Ewings' home, where Jock and Miss Ellie raised three sons: J.R. (Larry Hagman), Gary (David Ackroyd/Ted Shackelford) and Bobby.
J.R., unscrupulous and unhappily married to former Miss Texas beauty queen Sue Ellen Shepard (Linda Gray), was frequently at odds with Bobby, who had the morals and integrity that J.R. lacked. Middle son Gary was Miss Ellie's favorite as he displayed Southworth traits; however, Gary had been in conflict with both Jock and J.R. since childhood and was dismissed as a weak link. At 17, Gary secretly met and married 15-year-old waitress Valene Clements (Joan Van Ark), producing the first Ewing grandchild - petite and saucy Lucy (Charlene Tilton) - before returning to Southfork with the intention of settling down. Although Jock warmed to Valene and supported Gary's fledgling family, J.R. pressured Gary into alcoholism by landing him with bad business deals that caused him to flee Southfork. With Gary gone, J.R. persecuted Valene until she left the ranch and the state, leaving Lucy to be raised by her grandparents.
During the first episodes of the series, teenage Lucy is seen sleeping with ranch foreman Ray Krebbs (Steve Kanaly). Later, in season 4, Ray was revealed as Lucy's uncle, an illegitimate son of Jock's through an extramarital affair during World War II. Unhappy with his small, one-dimensional role, Kanaly had considered leaving the show; to add depth to the Ray character, Hagman suggested that the writers create a plot wherein Ray becomes half-brother to J.R., Gary, and Bobby, noting his resemblance to Davis. The episodes where Ray and his niece Lucy had a fling are, as Kanaly told Dinah Shore in an appearance on her show, "prayerfully forgotten, I hope".
Ray had previously engaged in a short fling with Pamela, but she fell deeply in love with Bobby, and the pilot episode begins with the two of them arriving at Southfork Ranch as newlyweds, shocking the entire family. J.R., who loathed the Barnes family, was not happy with Pam's living at Southfork, and constantly tried to undermine her marriage to Bobby. Meanwhile, Pam's brother Cliff (Ken Kercheval), who had inherited Digger's hatred towards the Ewings, shared J.R.'s objections to the marriage and continued his father's quest to get revenge.
Most of the seasons ended with ratings-grabbing cliffhangers, the most notable being the season 3 finale "A House Divided", which launched the landmark "Who shot J.R.?" storyline and was ranked No. 69 on TV Guide's list of "TV's Top 100 Episodes of All Time". Other season finale cliffhangers include an unidentified female corpse in the Southfork swimming pool (season 4); a blazing house fire (season 6); Bobby's death (season 8) and subsequent resurrection (season 9); and J.R.'s apparent suicide (season 14).
| null | null | null | null | 32 |
[
"Dallas (1978 TV series)",
"main subject",
"dysfunctional family"
] | null | null | null | null | 119 |
|
[
"Dallas (1978 TV series)",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Dallas (TV franchise)"
] | null | null | null | null | 157 |
|
[
"Dallas (1978 TV series)",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Dallas (TV franchise) characters"
] | null | null | null | null | 158 |
|
[
"Dallas (1978 TV series)",
"has part(s) of the class",
"two-part episode"
] | null | null | null | null | 162 |
|
[
"Dallas (1978 TV series)",
"followed by",
"Dallas"
] | null | null | null | null | 263 |
|
[
"Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi",
"participant of",
"Battle of Midway"
] |
Akagi (Japanese: 赤城, "red castle") was an aircraft carrier built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN), named after Mount Akagi in present-day Gunma Prefecture. Though she was laid down as an Amagi-class battlecruiser, Akagi was converted to an aircraft carrier while still under construction to comply with the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty. The ship was rebuilt from 1935 to 1938 with her original three flight decks consolidated into a single enlarged flight deck and an island superstructure. The second Japanese aircraft carrier to enter service, and the first large or "fleet" carrier, Akagi and the related Kaga figured prominently in the development of the IJN's new carrier striking force doctrine that grouped carriers together, concentrating their air power. This doctrine enabled Japan to attain its strategic goals during the early stages of the Pacific War from December 1941 until mid-1942.
Akagi's aircraft served in the Second Sino-Japanese War in the late 1930s. Upon the formation of the First Air Fleet or Kido Butai (Striking Force) in early 1941, she became its flagship, and remained so for the duration of her service. With other fleet carriers, she took part in the Attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 and the invasion of Rabaul in the Southwest Pacific in January 1942. The following month, her aircraft bombed Darwin, Australia, and assisted in the conquest of the Dutch East Indies. In March and April 1942, Akagi's aircraft helped sink a British heavy cruiser and an Australian destroyer in the Indian Ocean Raid.
After a brief refit, Akagi and three other fleet carriers of the Kido Butai participated in the Battle of Midway in June 1942. After bombarding American forces on the atoll, Akagi and the other carriers were attacked by aircraft from Midway and the carriers Enterprise, Hornet, and Yorktown. Dive bombers from Enterprise severely damaged Akagi. When it became obvious she could not be saved, she was scuttled by Japanese destroyers to prevent her from falling into enemy hands. The loss of Akagi and three other IJN carriers at Midway was a crucial strategic defeat for Japan and contributed significantly to the Allies' ultimate victory in the Pacific. Her wreck was located in October 2019 by the Research Vessel Petrel.
| null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi",
"followed by",
"Kaga"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi",
"participant of",
"Attack on Pearl Harbor"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi",
"follows",
"Hōshō"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi",
"participant of",
"Indian Ocean raid"
] |
Akagi (Japanese: 赤城, "red castle") was an aircraft carrier built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN), named after Mount Akagi in present-day Gunma Prefecture. Though she was laid down as an Amagi-class battlecruiser, Akagi was converted to an aircraft carrier while still under construction to comply with the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty. The ship was rebuilt from 1935 to 1938 with her original three flight decks consolidated into a single enlarged flight deck and an island superstructure. The second Japanese aircraft carrier to enter service, and the first large or "fleet" carrier, Akagi and the related Kaga figured prominently in the development of the IJN's new carrier striking force doctrine that grouped carriers together, concentrating their air power. This doctrine enabled Japan to attain its strategic goals during the early stages of the Pacific War from December 1941 until mid-1942.
Akagi's aircraft served in the Second Sino-Japanese War in the late 1930s. Upon the formation of the First Air Fleet or Kido Butai (Striking Force) in early 1941, she became its flagship, and remained so for the duration of her service. With other fleet carriers, she took part in the Attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 and the invasion of Rabaul in the Southwest Pacific in January 1942. The following month, her aircraft bombed Darwin, Australia, and assisted in the conquest of the Dutch East Indies. In March and April 1942, Akagi's aircraft helped sink a British heavy cruiser and an Australian destroyer in the Indian Ocean Raid.
After a brief refit, Akagi and three other fleet carriers of the Kido Butai participated in the Battle of Midway in June 1942. After bombarding American forces on the atoll, Akagi and the other carriers were attacked by aircraft from Midway and the carriers Enterprise, Hornet, and Yorktown. Dive bombers from Enterprise severely damaged Akagi. When it became obvious she could not be saved, she was scuttled by Japanese destroyers to prevent her from falling into enemy hands. The loss of Akagi and three other IJN carriers at Midway was a crucial strategic defeat for Japan and contributed significantly to the Allies' ultimate victory in the Pacific. Her wreck was located in October 2019 by the Research Vessel Petrel.Indian Ocean raid
On 26 March, Akagi set sail for the Indian Ocean raid with the rest of the Kido Butai. The Japanese intent was to defeat the British Eastern Fleet and destroy British airpower in the region in order to secure the flank of their operations in Burma. On 5 April 1942, Akagi launched 17 B5Ns and 9 Zeros in an air strike against Colombo, Ceylon, which damaged the port facilities. None of the aircraft were lost and the Zero pilots claimed to have shot down a dozen of the defending British fighters. Later that day, 17 D3As from Akagi helped to sink the British heavy cruisers Cornwall and Dorsetshire. On 9 April, she attacked Trincomalee with 18 B5Ns, escorted by 6 Zeros which claimed to have shot down 5 Hawker Hurricane fighters (only two of which can be confirmed from Allied records) without loss to themselves. Meanwhile, a floatplane from the battleship Haruna spotted the small aircraft carrier Hermes, escorted by the Australian destroyer Vampire, and every available D3A was launched to attack the ships. Akagi contributed 17 dive bombers and they helped to sink both ships; they also spotted the oil tanker RFA Athelstone, escorted by the corvette Hollyhock, and sank both without loss. During the day's actions, the carrier narrowly escaped damage when nine British Bristol Blenheim bombers from Ceylon penetrated the CAP and dropped their bombs from 11,000 feet (3,400 m), just missing the carrier and the heavy cruiser Tone. Four of the Blenheims were subsequently shot down by CAP fighters and one was shot down by aircraft from the carriers' returning air strike. After the raid, the carrier mobile striking force returned to Japan to refit and replenish.On 19 April 1942, while near Taiwan during the transit to Japan, Akagi, Sōryū, and Hiryū were sent in pursuit of the American carriers Hornet and Enterprise, which had launched the Doolittle Raid. They found only empty ocean, however, for the American carriers had immediately departed the area to return to Hawaii. Akagi and the other carriers shortly abandoned the chase and dropped anchor at Hashirajima anchorage on 22 April. On 25 April, Captain Taijiro Aoki relieved Hasegawa as skipper of the carrier. Having been engaged in constant operations for four and a half months, the ship, along with the other three carriers of the First and Second Carrier Divisions, was hurriedly refitted and replenished in preparation for the Combined Fleet's next major operation, scheduled to begin one month hence. The Fifth Carrier Division, with Shōkaku and Zuikaku, had been detached in mid-April to support Operation Mo, resulting in the Battle of the Coral Sea. While at Hashirajima, Akagi's air group was based ashore in Kagoshima and conducted flight and weapons training with the other First Air Fleet carrier units.
| null | null | null | null | 11 |
[
"Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi",
"significant event",
"shipwrecking"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi",
"significant event",
"ship commissioning"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi",
"significant event",
"keel laying"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Akagi (ship, 1927)"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi",
"significant event",
"order"
] |
Akagi (Japanese: 赤城, "red castle") was an aircraft carrier built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN), named after Mount Akagi in present-day Gunma Prefecture. Though she was laid down as an Amagi-class battlecruiser, Akagi was converted to an aircraft carrier while still under construction to comply with the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty. The ship was rebuilt from 1935 to 1938 with her original three flight decks consolidated into a single enlarged flight deck and an island superstructure. The second Japanese aircraft carrier to enter service, and the first large or "fleet" carrier, Akagi and the related Kaga figured prominently in the development of the IJN's new carrier striking force doctrine that grouped carriers together, concentrating their air power. This doctrine enabled Japan to attain its strategic goals during the early stages of the Pacific War from December 1941 until mid-1942.
Akagi's aircraft served in the Second Sino-Japanese War in the late 1930s. Upon the formation of the First Air Fleet or Kido Butai (Striking Force) in early 1941, she became its flagship, and remained so for the duration of her service. With other fleet carriers, she took part in the Attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 and the invasion of Rabaul in the Southwest Pacific in January 1942. The following month, her aircraft bombed Darwin, Australia, and assisted in the conquest of the Dutch East Indies. In March and April 1942, Akagi's aircraft helped sink a British heavy cruiser and an Australian destroyer in the Indian Ocean Raid.
After a brief refit, Akagi and three other fleet carriers of the Kido Butai participated in the Battle of Midway in June 1942. After bombarding American forces on the atoll, Akagi and the other carriers were attacked by aircraft from Midway and the carriers Enterprise, Hornet, and Yorktown. Dive bombers from Enterprise severely damaged Akagi. When it became obvious she could not be saved, she was scuttled by Japanese destroyers to prevent her from falling into enemy hands. The loss of Akagi and three other IJN carriers at Midway was a crucial strategic defeat for Japan and contributed significantly to the Allies' ultimate victory in the Pacific. Her wreck was located in October 2019 by the Research Vessel Petrel.Midway
Concerned by the US carrier strikes in the Marshall Islands, Lae-Salamaua, and the Doolittle raids, Yamamoto determined to force the US Navy into a showdown to eliminate the American carrier threat. He decided to invade and occupy Midway Island, which he was sure would draw out the American carrier forces to battle. The Japanese codenamed the Midway invasion Operation MI.On 25 May 1942, Akagi set out with the Combined Fleet's carrier striking force in the company of carriers Kaga, Hiryū, and Sōryū, which constituted the First and Second Carrier Divisions, for the attack on Midway Island. Once again, Nagumo flew his flag on Akagi. Because of damage and losses suffered during the Battle of the Coral Sea, the Fifth Carrier Division with carriers Shōkaku and Zuikaku were absent from the operation. Akagi's aircraft complement consisted of 24 Zeros, 18 D3As, and 18 B5Ns.With the fleet positioned 250 nautical miles (460 km; 290 mi) northwest of Midway Island at dawn (04:45 local time) on 4 June 1942, Akagi's portion of the 108-plane combined air raid was a strike on the airfield on Eastern Island with 18 dive bombers escorted by nine Zeros. The carrier's B5Ns were armed with torpedoes and kept ready in case enemy ships were discovered during the Midway operation. The only loss during the raid from Akagi's air group was one Zero shot down by AA fire and three damaged; four dive bombers were damaged, of which one could not be repaired. Unbeknownst to the Japanese, the US Navy had discovered the Japanese MI plan by breaking the Japanese cipher and had prepared an ambush using its three available carriers, positioned northeast of Midway.One of Akagi's torpedo bombers was launched to augment the search for any American ships that might be in the area. The carrier contributed three Zeros to the total of 11 assigned to the initial combat air patrol over the four carriers. By 07:00, the carrier had 11 fighters with the CAP which helped to defend the Kido Butai from the first US attackers from Midway Island at 07:10.At this time, Nagumo's carriers were attacked by six US Navy Grumman TBF Avengers from Torpedo Squadron 8 (VT-8) and four United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) B-26 Marauders, all carrying torpedoes. The Avengers went after Hiryū while the Marauders attacked Akagi. The 30 CAP Zeroes in the air at this time, including the 11 from Akagi, immediately attacked the American aircraft, shooting down five of the Avengers and two of the B-26s. One of Akagi's Zeroes, however, was shot down by defensive fire from the B-26s. Several of the Marauders dropped their torpedoes, but all either missed or failed to detonate. One B-26, piloted by Lieutenant James Muri, strafed Akagi after dropping its torpedo, killing two men. Another, after being seriously damaged by anti-aircraft fire, did not pull out of its run, and instead headed directly for Akagi's bridge. The aircraft, either attempting a suicide ramming, or out of control due to battle damage or a wounded or killed pilot, narrowly missed crashing into the carrier's bridge, which could have killed Nagumo and his command staff, before it cartwheeled into the sea. This experience may well have contributed to Nagumo's determination to launch another attack on Midway, in direct violation of Yamamoto's order to keep the reserve strike force armed for anti-ship operations.At 07:15, Nagumo ordered the B5Ns on Kaga and Akagi rearmed with bombs for another attack on Midway itself. This process was limited by the number of ordnance carts (used to handle the bombs and torpedoes) and ordnance elevators, preventing torpedoes from being struck below until after all the bombs were moved up from their magazine, assembled, and mounted on the aircraft. This process normally took about an hour and a half; more time would be required to bring the aircraft up to the flight deck, warm up and launch the strike group. Around 07:40, Nagumo reversed his order when he received a message from one of his scout aircraft that American warships had been spotted. Three of Akagi's CAP Zeroes landed aboard the carrier at 07:36. At 07:40, her lone scout returned, having sighted nothing.
| null | null | null | null | 18 |
[
"Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi",
"significant event",
"ship launching"
] | null | null | null | null | 19 |
|
[
"1997 Badminton Asia Cup",
"followed by",
"1999 Badminton Asia Cup"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"1997 Badminton Asia Cup",
"different from",
"1997 Asia Cup"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"1999 Badminton Asia Cup",
"follows",
"1997 Badminton Asia Cup"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"1999 Badminton Asia Cup",
"followed by",
"2001 Badminton Asia Cup"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Bombing of Ancona in World War II",
"followed by",
"Battle of Ancona"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Covenanter tank",
"followed by",
"Crusader"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Covenanter tank",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Covenanter tank"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen",
"followed by",
"Duchy of Bremen and Verden"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Japan during World War II",
"followed by",
"occupation of Japan"
] |
Surrender and occupation of Japan
Having ignored (mokusatsu) the Potsdam Declaration, the Empire of Japan surrendered and ended World War II, after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the declaration of war by the Soviet Union. In a national radio address on August 15, Emperor Hirohito announced the surrender to the Japanese people by Gyokuon-hōsō. A period known as Occupied Japan followed after the war, largely spearheaded by United States General of the Army Douglas MacArthur to revise the Japanese constitution and de-militarize Japan. The Allied occupation, with economic and political assistance, continued well into the 1950s. Allied forces ordered Japan to abolish the Meiji Constitution and enforce the Constitution of Japan, then rename the Empire of Japan as Japan on May 3, 1947. Japan adopted a parliamentary-based political system, while the Emperor changed to symbolic status.
American General of the Army Douglas MacArthur later commended the new Japanese government that he helped establish and the new Japanese period when he was about to send the American forces to the Korean War:
| null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Japan during World War II",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Japan in World War II"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"R.530",
"followed by",
"Super 530"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Cathedral Bridge",
"owned by",
"Cologne-Minden Railway Company"
] |
The Cathedral Bridge (German: Dombrücke, pronounced [ˈdoːmˌbʁʏkə]) was a railway and street bridge crossing the river Rhine in the German city of Cologne. It was owned by the Cologne-Minden Railway Company and named after the Cologne Cathedral, which is located on the same longitudinal axis. It was built in combination with the original Central Station (German: Zentralbahnhof [tsɛnˈtʁaːlˌbaːnhoːf]) and a new ground-level railway track through the north Altstadt of the Cologne Innenstadt. As the Cathedral Bridge could not bolster the increased traffic of the new Köln Hauptbahnhof in 1894, it was replaced by the Hohenzollern Bridge in 1911.
The Cathedral Bridge was the second railway bridge to be built over the river Rhine, after the significantly shorter Waldshut–Koblenz Rhine Bridge with spans of up to 52 metres (171 ft), which was opened just a few months prior on 18 August 1859.
| null | null | null | null | 8 |
[
"Cathedral Bridge",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Dombrücke (Köln)"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Cathedral Bridge",
"followed by",
"Hohenzollern Bridge"
] |
The Cathedral Bridge (German: Dombrücke, pronounced [ˈdoːmˌbʁʏkə]) was a railway and street bridge crossing the river Rhine in the German city of Cologne. It was owned by the Cologne-Minden Railway Company and named after the Cologne Cathedral, which is located on the same longitudinal axis. It was built in combination with the original Central Station (German: Zentralbahnhof [tsɛnˈtʁaːlˌbaːnhoːf]) and a new ground-level railway track through the north Altstadt of the Cologne Innenstadt. As the Cathedral Bridge could not bolster the increased traffic of the new Köln Hauptbahnhof in 1894, it was replaced by the Hohenzollern Bridge in 1911.
The Cathedral Bridge was the second railway bridge to be built over the river Rhine, after the significantly shorter Waldshut–Koblenz Rhine Bridge with spans of up to 52 metres (171 ft), which was opened just a few months prior on 18 August 1859.Deconstruction
The bridge was unable to meet the increased requirements imposed on it by the new Cologne Central Station (1894). After the construction work had already started for the Hohenzollern Bridge in 1907, the Cathedral Bridge was deconstructed in stages between 1908 and 1910. The Hohenzollern Bridge was completed 1911, demolished in 1945 during World War II and subsequently rebuilt. The current Hohenzollern Bridge's southern foundation is placed at nearly exactly the same place of the Cathedral Bridge's foundation and is the most heavily used railway bridge in Germany.
| null | null | null | null | 12 |
[
"HTC Dream",
"followed by",
"HTC Magic"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Outlook Express",
"followed by",
"Windows Mail"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Outlook Express",
"has use",
"email client"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Master's degree",
"follows",
"bachelor's degree"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Master's degree",
"different from",
"licentiate"
] |
Brazil
After acquiring a Bachelor's, Technologist or Licenciate Degree, students are qualified to continue their academic career through Master's Degree ("mestrado", in Portuguese, a.k.a. stricto sensu post-graduation) or Specialization Degree ("especialização", in Portuguese, a.k.a. lato sensu post-graduation) programs. At the Master's program there are 2–3 years of graduate-level studies. Usually focused on academic research, the Master's Degree requires, on any specific knowledge area, the development of a thesis to be presented and defended before a board of professors after the period of research. Conversely, the Specialization Degree, also comprehends a 1–2 years studies, but does not require a new thesis to be proposed and defended, being usually attended by professionals looking for complementary training on a specific area of their knowledge.
In addition, many Brazilian universities offer an MBA program. However, those are not the equivalent to a United States MBA degree, as it does not formally certify the student with a Master's degree (stricto sensu) but with a Specialization Degree (lato sensu) instead. A regular post-graduation course has to comply with a minimum of 360 class-hours, while a M.B.A. degree has to comply with a minimum of 400 class-hours. Master's degree (stricto sensu) does not require a set minimum of class-hours, but it is practically impossible to finish it in less than 18 months due to the workload and research required; an average time for the degree is 2.5 years. Specialization (lato sensu) and M.B.A. degrees can be also offered as distance education courses, while the master's degree (stricto-sensu) requires physical attendance. In Brazil, the degree often serves as additional qualification for those seeking to differentiate themselves in the job market, or for those who want to pursue a Ph.D. It corresponds to the European (Bologna Process) 2nd Cycle or the North American master's.
| null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"Master's degree",
"different from",
"doctorate"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Master's degree",
"followed by",
"doctorate"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Master's degree",
"followed by",
"Candidate of Sciences"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Master's degree",
"follows",
"licentiate"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Master's degree",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Master's degrees"
] |
See also
Associate's degree
Bachelor's degree
British degree abbreviations
Diploma mill
Doctorate
Educational specialist
Engineer's degree
Euromaster
European Joint Master degree in Economics
Graduate school
Licentiate
List of master's degrees
Magister (degree)
Master of Advanced Studies
Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin)
Master of Arts (Scotland)
Master of Education
Master of Engineering
Master of Laws
Master of Science
Master's degree in Europe
Master's degree in North America
Master's degree non-Euroamerican
Postgraduate-only institutions
Professional Science Master's degree
Terminal degree
| null | null | null | null | 16 |
[
"Master's degree",
"topic's main category",
"Category:University magister's degree"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"Master's degree",
"followed by",
"Professional Studies Certificate"
] | null | null | null | null | 24 |
|
[
"Master's degree",
"said to be the same as",
"laurea magistrale"
] | null | null | null | null | 25 |
|
[
"Master's degree",
"different from",
"doctor"
] | null | null | null | null | 26 |
|
[
"Master's degree",
"said to be the same as",
"magister degree"
] | null | null | null | null | 27 |
|
[
"Master's degree",
"said to be the same as",
"candidate"
] | null | null | null | null | 28 |
|
[
"Master's degree",
"said to be the same as",
"French masters degree"
] | null | null | null | null | 29 |
|
[
"Master's degree",
"said to be the same as",
"university magister's degree"
] | null | null | null | null | 30 |
|
[
"Master's degree",
"cause",
"masters program"
] | null | null | null | null | 31 |
|
[
"1981 Lynda Carter Maybelline Classic",
"follows",
"1980 Lynda Carter Classic"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"1981 Lynda Carter Maybelline Classic",
"followed by",
"1982 Lynda Carter Maybelline Classic"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"1995 Badminton Asian Cup",
"follows",
"1994 Badminton Asian Cup"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"1995 Badminton Asian Cup",
"followed by",
"1996 Badminton Asian Cup"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"1991 Badminton Asian Cup",
"followed by",
"1994 Badminton Asian Cup"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"SMS Seydlitz",
"topic's main category",
"Category:SMS Seydlitz (ship, 1912)"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"SMS Seydlitz",
"follows",
"Moltke-class battlecruiser"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"SMS Seydlitz",
"followed by",
"Derfflinger-class battlecruiser"
] |
Battle of Dogger Bank
In early January 1915, it became known that British ships were conducting reconnaissance in the Dogger Bank area. Ingenohl was initially reluctant to attempt to destroy these forces, because I Scouting Group was temporarily weakened while Von der Tann was in drydock for periodic maintenance. Konteradmiral Richard Eckermann, the Chief of Staff of the High Seas Fleet, insisted on the operation, and so Ingenohl relented and ordered Hipper to take his battlecruisers to the Dogger Bank. On 23 January, Hipper sortied, with Seydlitz in the lead, followed by Moltke, Derfflinger, and Blücher, along with the light cruisers Graudenz, Rostock, Stralsund, and Kolberg and 19 torpedo boats from V Flotilla and II and XVIII Half-Flotillas. Graudenz and Stralsund were assigned to the forward screen, while Kolberg and Rostock were assigned to the starboard and port, respectively. Each light cruiser had a half-flotilla of torpedo boats attached.Again, interception and decryption of German wireless signals played an important role. Although they were unaware of the exact plans, the cryptographers of Room 40 were able to deduce that Hipper would be conducting an operation in the Dogger Bank area. To counter it, Beatty's 1st Battlecruiser Squadron, Rear Admiral Archibald Moore's 2nd Battlecruiser Squadron and Commodore William Goodenough's 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron were to rendezvous with Commodore Reginald Tyrwhitt's Harwich Force at 8:00 on 24 January, approximately 30 nmi (56 km) north of the Dogger Bank. At 08:14, Kolberg spotted the light cruiser Aurora and several destroyers from the Harwich Force. Aurora challenged Kolberg with a search light, at which point Kolberg attacked Aurora and scored two hits. Aurora returned fire and scored two hits on Kolberg in retaliation. Hipper immediately turned his battlecruisers towards the gunfire, when, almost simultaneously, Stralsund spotted a large amount of smoke to the northwest of her position. This was identified as a number of large British warships steaming towards Hipper's ships.Hipper turned south to flee, but was limited to 23 knots (43 km/h), which was the maximum speed of the older armored cruiser Blücher. The pursuing British battlecruisers were steaming at 27 knots (50 km/h), and quickly caught up to the German ships. At 09:52, Lion opened fire on Blücher from a range of approximately 20,000 yards (18,000 m); shortly thereafter, Queen Mary and Tiger began firing as well. At 10:09, the British guns made their first hit on Blücher. Two minutes later, the German ships began returning fire, primarily concentrating on Lion, from a range of 18,000 yards (16,000 m). At 10:28, Lion was struck on the waterline, which tore a hole in the side of the ship and flooded a coal bunker. At 10:30, New Zealand, the fourth ship in Beatty's line, came within range of Blücher and opened fire. By 10:35, the range had closed to 17,500 yards (16,000 m), at which point the entire German line was within the effective range of the British ships. Beatty ordered his battlecruisers to engage their German counterparts. Confusion aboard Tiger led the captain to believe he was to fire on Seydlitz, which left Moltke able to fire without distraction.
Seydlitz was struck in her forecastle at 10:25, by a 13.5 in (343 mm) shell from Lion, but this hit did minor damage. At 10:40, Lion hit Seydlitz with another 13.5 in shell, which holed the deck and penetrated the rear barbette. The shell itself failed to enter the barbette, but the explosion flashed into the working chamber and detonated the propellant charges inside.
| null | null | null | null | 15 |
[
"SMS Seydlitz",
"significant event",
"shipwrecking"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"Oberhasli",
"followed by",
"Interlaken-Oberhasli administrative district"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Oberhasli",
"different from",
"Oberhasli"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Oberhasli",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Oberhasli"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Sputnik 2",
"follows",
"Sputnik -1"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Sputnik 2",
"significant event",
"atmospheric entry"
] |
Reentry
Sputnik 2 reentered the Earth's atmosphere on 14 April 1958, at approximately 0200 hrs, on a line that stretched from New York to the Amazon. Its track was plotted by British ships and 3 "Moon Watch Observations", from New York. It was said to be glowing and did not develop a tail until it was at latitudes south of 20° North. Estimates put the average length of the tail at about 50 nautical miles (93 km; 58 mi). The satellite burned up in the atmosphere.
| null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Sputnik 2",
"significant event",
"rocket launch"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Sputnik 2",
"followed by",
"Sputnik 3"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Venera 3",
"significant event",
"hard landing"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Venera 3",
"followed by",
"Venera 4"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Venera 3",
"follows",
"Venera 2"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Venera 3",
"significant event",
"rocket launch"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Venera 2",
"follows",
"Venera 1"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Venera 2",
"followed by",
"Venera 3"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Venera 2",
"significant event",
"rocket launch"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Venera 2",
"significant event",
"planetary flyby"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Venera 2",
"significant event",
"loss of signal"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Dar ul-Funun (Persia)",
"founded by",
"Amir Kabir"
] |
Introduction
Founded by Amir Kabir, then the royal vizier to Nasereddin Shah, the Shah of Persia, Dār al-Funun originally was conceived as a polytechnic to train upper-class Persian youth in medicine, engineering, military science, and geology. It was similar in scope and purpose to American land grant colleges like Purdue and Texas A&M. Like them, it developed and expanded its mission over the next hundred years, eventually becoming the University of Tehran.The institute was planned by the Iranian educated Mirzā Rezā Mohandes (fa), and built by the architect Mohammad-Taqi Khān Memār-Bāshi (fa) under the supervision of the Qajar prince Bahrām Mirzā. Facilities such as an assembly hall, a theater, library, cafeteria, and a publishing house were built for the institute. In 1930, the building was destroyed by Mirzā Yahyā Khan Qarāgozlu (also known as Etemād od-Dowleh), then Minister of Education, and rebuilt based on a Russian engineering design. Many parts of the institute were later on absorbed and merged into the newly establishing Tehran University. The Faculty of Medicine for example, was particularly the successor to the Dār ul-Funun Department of Medicine, established in 1851, which had become the School of Medicine (Madreseh-ye Tebb) in 1919. The elite school was training 287 students by 1889, and had graduated 1100 students by 1891. During this time, the faculty consisted of 16 European, and 26 Iranian professors.
| null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"Dar ul-Funun (Persia)",
"followed by",
"University of Tehran"
] |
Introduction
Founded by Amir Kabir, then the royal vizier to Nasereddin Shah, the Shah of Persia, Dār al-Funun originally was conceived as a polytechnic to train upper-class Persian youth in medicine, engineering, military science, and geology. It was similar in scope and purpose to American land grant colleges like Purdue and Texas A&M. Like them, it developed and expanded its mission over the next hundred years, eventually becoming the University of Tehran.The institute was planned by the Iranian educated Mirzā Rezā Mohandes (fa), and built by the architect Mohammad-Taqi Khān Memār-Bāshi (fa) under the supervision of the Qajar prince Bahrām Mirzā. Facilities such as an assembly hall, a theater, library, cafeteria, and a publishing house were built for the institute. In 1930, the building was destroyed by Mirzā Yahyā Khan Qarāgozlu (also known as Etemād od-Dowleh), then Minister of Education, and rebuilt based on a Russian engineering design. Many parts of the institute were later on absorbed and merged into the newly establishing Tehran University. The Faculty of Medicine for example, was particularly the successor to the Dār ul-Funun Department of Medicine, established in 1851, which had become the School of Medicine (Madreseh-ye Tebb) in 1919. The elite school was training 287 students by 1889, and had graduated 1100 students by 1891. During this time, the faculty consisted of 16 European, and 26 Iranian professors.
| null | null | null | null | 8 |
[
"Soyuz T-15",
"follows",
"Soyuz T-14"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Soyuz T-15",
"followed by",
"Soyuz TM-2"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Soyuz T-15",
"significant event",
"docking and berthing of spacecraft"
] |
Soyuz T-15 (Russian: Союз T-15, Union T-15) was a crewed mission to the Mir and Salyut 7 space stations and was part of the Soyuz programme. It marked the final flight of the Soyuz-T spacecraft, the third generation Soyuz spacecraft, which had been in service for seven years from 1979 to 1986. This mission marked the first time that a spacecraft visited, and docked with, two space stations in the same mission.Flight to Mir
Due to the pressure of launching Mir in time for the 27th Communist Party Congress, mission planners were left without the newer Soyuz-TM spacecraft or any of the planned modules to launch to the station at first. It was decided to launch an older Soyuz-T as Soyuz T-15 on a dual mission to both Mir and Salyut 7.Leonid Kizim and Vladimir Solovyov first docked with the Mir space station on 15 March 1986 after their launch on 13 March. Plans for Mir intended that only the newer Soyuz-TM would dock with Mir's forward port, leaving the aft port free for arriving Progress spacecraft. However, the older Soyuz-T was not equipped with the Kurs approach system used on Mir's front port, but only with the older Igla approach system used for Mir's aft port. Therefore, Soyuz T-15 had to approach Mir's aft port, and then manually maneuver around the station to dock manually at the forward port. At 20 km Soyuz T-15's Igla system acquired its counterpart on Mir's aft port. At 200 meters, the Igla system was shut off, and the crew manually maneuvered around the station to dock at the front port. For this manual approach, the same laser range finder was used as for the Soyuz T-13 docking with the uncooperative Salyut 7 station in 1985.
During their nearly 55-day stay on Mir, the crew unloaded two Progress spacecraft, launched after their arrival. The mission was mostly designed to test out the new space station's systems since it had been launched with little scientific equipment, most of which would have to wait for the launch of add-on modules. Despite Mir's name literally meaning "Peace", US officials during this time accused the Soviet Union of performing military experiments on their supposedly civilian space stations. After the cosmonauts' return to Earth, Leonid Kizim in an official press conference stated that Mir was not being used for any military purposes and that "The US is accusing us of this sort of action in order to justify their own plans to extend the arms race into space." The Reagan Administration did not however reiterate these claims so as not to negatively impact the planned 1987 summit meeting between President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev.
| null | null | null | null | 13 |
[
"Soyuz T-15",
"significant event",
"rocket launch"
] |
Crew
Backup crew
Mission parameters
Mass: 6850 kg
Perigee: 331 km
Apogee: 366 km
Inclination: 51.6°
Period: 91.5 minutes
| null | null | null | null | 14 |
[
"Soyuz T-15",
"significant event",
"landing"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"UEFA Women's Euro 2005",
"followed by",
"UEFA Women's Euro 2009"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"UEFA Women's Euro 2005",
"topic's main category",
"Category:UEFA Women's Euro 2005"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Owl and Weasel",
"followed by",
"White Dwarf"
] |
Owl and Weasel was a newsletter for board gamers, role-playing gamers and wargamers, published in London, England, by Games Workshop. A total of 25 issues were published from February 1975 until April 1977; it was edited by Steve Jackson and Ian Livingstone. It was superseded by White Dwarf.
| null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"Owl and Weasel",
"main subject",
"tabletop role-playing game"
] |
Owl and Weasel was a newsletter for board gamers, role-playing gamers and wargamers, published in London, England, by Games Workshop. A total of 25 issues were published from February 1975 until April 1977; it was edited by Steve Jackson and Ian Livingstone. It was superseded by White Dwarf.
| null | null | null | null | 9 |
[
"Acid2",
"followed by",
"Acid3"
] |
Acid2 is a webpage that test web browsers' functionality in displaying aspects of HTML markup, CSS 2.1 styling, PNG images, and data URIs. The test page was released on 13 April 2005 by the Web Standards Project. The Acid2 test page will be displayed correctly in any application that follows the World Wide Web Consortium and Internet Engineering Task Force specifications for these technologies. These specifications are known as web standards because they describe how technologies used on the web are expected to function.
The Acid2 tests rendering flaws in web browsers and other applications that render HTML. Named after the acid test for gold, it was developed in the spirit of Acid1, a relatively narrow test of compliance with the Cascading Style Sheets 1.0 (CSS1) standard. As with Acid1, an application passes the test if the way it displays the test page matches a reference image.
Acid2 was designed with Microsoft Internet Explorer particularly in mind. The creators of Acid2 were dismayed that Internet Explorer did not follow web standards. It was prone to display web pages differently from other browsers, causing web developers to spend time tweaking their web pages. Acid2 challenged Microsoft to make Internet Explorer comply with web standards. On 31 October 2005, Safari 2.0.2 became the first browser to pass Acid2. Opera, Konqueror, Firefox, and others followed. With the release of Internet Explorer 8 on 19 March 2009, the latest versions of all major desktop web browsers now pass the test. Acid2 was followed by Acid3.History
Acid2 was first proposed by Håkon Wium Lie, chief technical officer of Opera Software and creator of the widely used Cascading Style Sheets web standard. In a 16 March 2005 article on CNET, Lie expressed dismay that Microsoft Internet Explorer did not properly support web standards and hence was not completely interoperable with other browsers. He announced that Acid2 would be a challenge to Microsoft to design Internet Explorer 7, then in development, to achieve a greater degree of standards compliance than previous versions of Internet Explorer. The original Acid1 test had forced browser makers to fix their applications or face embarrassment; Lie hoped that Acid2 would do the same.Lie and a colleague, Ian Hickson, created the first draft of the test in February 2005. Ian Hickson coded the final test in collaboration with the Web Standards Project and the larger web community. It was officially released on 13 April 2005 and at that time, every web browser failed it spectacularly.On 23 April 2005, Acid2 was updated to fix a bug that made the mouth appear too close to the nose. After several complaints, the test was again updated in January 2006 to remove a test for unpopular SGML-style comments that were never widely implemented. In browsers that do not implement SGML-style comments, the original test displayed the word "ERROR" on the bottom part of the face.In March 2008, Ian Hickson released Acid3 as a follow-up to Acid2. While Acid2 primarily tests CSS, Acid3 focuses more on JavaScript and other "Web 2.0" technologies.
| null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Acid2",
"follows",
"Acid1"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Acid2",
"owned by",
"Web Standards Project"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Acid2",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Acid2"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Bulgarian Communist Party",
"followed by",
"Bulgarian Socialist Party"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Bulgarian Communist Party",
"different from",
"Communist Party of Bulgaria"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Bulgarian Communist Party",
"replaces",
"Bulgarian Social Democratic Workers' Party (Narrow Socialists)"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Bulgarian Communist Party",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Bulgarian Communist Party"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Handley Page",
"followed by",
"Scottish Aviation"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Handley Page",
"founded by",
"Frederick Handley Page"
] |
History
Frederick Handley Page first experimented with and built several biplanes and monoplanes at premises in Woolwich, Fambridge and Barking Creek. His company, founded on 17 June 1909, became the first British public company to build aircraft.
In 1912, Handley Page established an aircraft factory at Cricklewood after moving from Barking. Aircraft were built there, and flown from the company's adjacent airfield known as Cricklewood Aerodrome, which was later used by Handley Page Transport. The factory was later sold off to Oswald Stoll and converted into Britain's largest film studios, Cricklewood Studios.
| null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Handley Page",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Handley Page"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
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