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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Socket 423",
"followed by",
"Socket 478"
] |
Socket 423 is a 423-pin CPU socket used by the first generation of Pentium 4 processors, based on the Willamette core.
It was replaced by Socket 478 in 2001.Technical specifications
This socket houses any processor designed in the Socket 423 package.
The socket was short-lived, as it became apparent that its electrical design proved inadequate for raising clock speed beyond 2.0 GHz. Intel produced chips using this socket for less than a year, from November 2000 to August 2001. It was replaced by Socket 478, which being microPGA was cheaper to make.The processors used with this socket also have a locked multiplier which means that they are not overclockable unless the front side bus frequency is increased. However raising the FSB frequency could push other buses out of spec and thus cause system instability.
The "PowerLeap PL-P4/N" is a device developed in the form of a socket adapter allowing the use of Socket 478 processors in Socket 423.
| null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Glasma",
"follows",
"Color-glass condensate"
] |
Glasma hypothesis
Since 2008, there is a discussion about a hypothetical precursor state of the quark–gluon plasma, the so-called "Glasma", where the dressed particles are condensed into some kind of glassy (or amorphous) state, below the genuine transition between the confined state and the plasma liquid. This would be analogous to the formation of metallic glasses, or amorphous alloys of them, below the genuine onset of the liquid metallic state.
Although the experimental high temperatures and densities predicted as producing a quark–gluon plasma have been realized in the laboratory, the resulting matter does not behave as a quasi-ideal state of free quarks and gluons, but, rather, as an almost perfect dense fluid. Actually, the fact that the quark–gluon plasma will not yet be "free" at temperatures realized at present accelerators was predicted in 1984 as a consequence of the remnant effects of confinement.
| null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Glasma",
"followed by",
"quark–gluon plasma"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Pont Gustave-Flaubert",
"followed by",
"Brotonne Bridge"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Pont Gustave-Flaubert",
"significant event",
"construction"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Pont Gustave-Flaubert",
"follows",
"Pont Guillaume le Conquérant"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"First Age",
"followed by",
"Second Age"
] |
Years of the Sun
The Years of the Sun were the last of the three great time-periods of Arda. They began with the first sunrise in conjunction with the return of the Noldor to Middle-earth, and last until the present day. The Years of the Sun began towards the end of the First Age of the Children of Ilúvatar and continued through the Second, Third, and part of the Fourth in Tolkien's stories. Tolkien estimated that modern times would correspond to the sixth or seventh age.Second Age
The Second Age is characterized by the establishment and flourishing of Númenor, the rise of Sauron in Middle-earth, the creation of the Rings of Power and the Ringwraiths, and the early wars of the Rings between Sauron and the Elves. It ended with Sauron's defeat by the Last Alliance of Elves and Men.At the start of the Second Age, the Men who had remained faithful were given the island of Númenor, in the middle of the Great Sea, and there they established a powerful kingdom. The White Tree of Númenor was planted in the King's city of Armenelos; and it was said that while that tree stood in the King's courtyard, the reign of Númenor would endure. The Elves were granted pardon for the sins of Fëanor, and were allowed to return home to the Undying Lands. The Númenóreans became great seafarers, and were learned, wise, and had a lifespan beyond other men. At first, they honored the Ban of the Valar, never sailing into the Undying Lands. They went east to Middle-earth and taught the men living there valuable skills. After a time, they became jealous of the Elves for their immortality. Sauron, Morgoth's chief servant, was still active. As Annatar, in disguise he taught the Elves of Eregion the craft of creating Rings of Power. Seven Rings were made for the Dwarves, while Nine were made for Men who later became known as the Ringwraiths. He built a stronghold called Barad-dûr and secretly forged the One Ring in the fires of Mount Doom to control the other rings and their bearers. Celebrimbor, a grandson of Fëanor, forged three mighty rings on his own: Vilya, possessed first by the Elven king Gil-galad, then by Elrond; Nenya, wielded by Galadriel; and Narya, given by Celebrimbor to Círdan, who gave it to Gandalf.As soon as Sauron put on the One Ring, the Elves realized that they had been betrayed and removed the Three (Sauron eventually obtained the Seven and the Nine. While he was unable to suborn the Dwarf ringbearers, he had more success with the Men who bore the Nine; they became the Nazgûl or Ringwraiths). Sauron then made war on the elves and nearly destroyed them utterly during the Dark Years, but when it seemed defeat was imminent, the Númenóreans joined the battle and completely crushed the forces of Sauron. Sauron never forgot the ruin brought on his armies by the Númenóreans, and made it his goal to destroy them.Towards the end of the age, the Númenóreans became increasingly haughty. Now they sought to dominate other men and to establish kingdoms. Centuries after Tar-Minastir's engagement, when Sauron had largely recovered, Ar-Pharazôn, the last and most powerful of the Kings of Númenor, humbled Sauron – his armies deserting in the face of Númenor's might – and brought him to Númenor as a hostage, although this was Sauron's goal. At this time still beautiful in appearance, Sauron gained Ar-Pharazôn's trust and became high priest in the cult of Melkor. At this time, the Faithful (who still worshipped the one god, Eru Ilúvatar), were persecuted openly by those called the King's Men, and were sacrificed in the name of Melkor. Eventually, Sauron convinced Ar-Pharazôn to invade Aman, promising him that he would thus obtain immortality. Amandil, chief of the Faithful, sailed westward to warn the Valar. His son Elendil and grandsons Isildur and Anárion prepared to flee eastwards, taking with them a seedling of the White Tree of Númenor before Sauron destroyed it, and the palantíri, gifts of the elves. When the King's forces set foot on Aman, the Valar laid down their guardianship of the world and called on Ilúvatar to intervene.
The world was changed into a sphere and the continent of Aman was removed, although a sailing route from Middle-earth to Aman, accessible to the Elves but not to mortals, persisted. Númenor was utterly destroyed, as was the fair body of Sauron; however, his spirit returned to Mordor, where he again took up the One Ring, and gathered his strength once more. Elendil, his sons and the remainder of the Faithful sailed to Middle-earth, where they founded the realms in exile of Gondor and Arnor.
Sauron arose again and challenged them. The Elves allied with Men to form the Last Alliance of Elves and Men. For seven years, the Alliance laid siege to Barad-dûr, until at last Sauron himself entered the field. He slew Elendil, High King of Gondor and Arnor, and Gil-galad, the last High King of the Noldor in Middle-earth. However, Isildur took up the hilt of Narsil, his father's shattered sword, and cut the One Ring from Sauron's hand. Sauron was defeated, but not utterly destroyed. Afterward, Isildur ignored the counsel of Elrond, and rather than destroy the One Ring in the fires of Mount Doom, he kept it as weregild for his dead father. But the Ring betrayed him and slipped from his finger as he was escaping from an Orc ambush at the Gladden Fields. Isildur was killed by an orc arrow, and the Ring was lost in the Anduin River.
| null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"First Age",
"follows",
"Years of the Trees"
] |
In J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium, the history of Arda, also called the history of Middle-earth, began when the Ainur entered Arda, following the creation events in the Ainulindalë and long ages of labour throughout Eä, the fictional universe. Time from that point was measured using Valian Years, though the subsequent history of Arda was divided into three time periods using different years, known as the Years of the Lamps, the Years of the Trees and the Years of the Sun. A separate, overlapping chronology divides the history into 'Ages of the Children of Ilúvatar'. The first such Age began with the Awakening of the Elves during the Years of the Trees and continued for the first six centuries of the Years of the Sun. All the subsequent Ages took place during the Years of the Sun. Most Middle-earth stories take place in the first three Ages of the Children of Ilúvatar.
Major themes of the history are the divine creation of the world, followed by the splintering of the created light as different wills come into conflict. Scholars have noted the biblical echoes of God, Satan, and the fall of man here, rooted in Tolkien's own Christian faith. Arda is, as critics have noted, "our own green and solid Earth at some quite remote epoch in the past." As such, it has not only an immediate story but a history, and the whole thing is an "imagined prehistory" of the Earth as it is now.Ages of the Children of Ilúvatar
The First Age of the Children of Ilúvatar, or Eruhíni, began during the Years of the Trees when the Elves awoke in Cuiviénen in the middle-east of Middle-earth. This marked the start of the years when the Children of Ilúvatar were active in Middle-earth.First Age
The First Age of the Children of Ilúvatar, also referred to as the Elder Days in The Lord of the Rings, began during the Years of the Trees when the Elves awoke at Cuiviénen, and hence the events mentioned above under Years of the Trees overlap with the beginning of the First Age.Having crossed into Middle-earth, Fëanor was soon lost in an attack on Morgoth's Balrogs – but his sons survived and founded realms, as did the followers of his half-brother Fingolfin, who reached Beleriand after Fëanor's death. In the Dagor Aglareb or Glorious Battle, the armies of the Noldor led by Fingolfin and Maedhros attacked from the east and west, destroying the invading Orcs and laid siege to Morgoth's stronghold Angband. The Noldor for a time maintained the Siege of Angband, resulting in the Long Peace. This Peace lasted hundreds of years, during which time Men arrived over the Blue Mountains. Morgoth broke the siege in the Dagor Bragollach, or the Battle of Sudden Flame.
The Eldar, Edain and the Dwarves were all disastrously defeated in the Nírnaeth Arnoediad or Battle of Unnumbered Tears, and one by one, the kingdoms fell, even the hidden ones of Doriath and Gondolin.At the end of the age, all that remained of free Elves and Men in Beleriand was a settlement at the mouth of the River Sirion and another on the Isle of Balar. Eärendil possessed the Silmaril which his wife Elwing's grandparents, Beren and Lúthien, had taken from Morgoth. But Fëanor's sons still maintained that all the Silmarils belonged to them, and so there were two more Kinslayings. Eärendil and Elwing crossed the Great Sea to beg the Valar for aid against Morgoth. They responded, sending forth a great host. In the War of Wrath, Melkor was utterly defeated. He was expelled into the Void and most of his works were destroyed, bringing the First Age to an end. This came at a terrible cost, however, as most of Beleriand itself was sunk.
| null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"The Happy Prince and Other Tales",
"followed by",
"A House of Pomegranates"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Group 2 (racing)",
"followed by",
"Group A"
] |
The Group 2 racing class referred to regulations for cars in touring car racing and rallying, as regulated by the FIA. Group 2 was replaced by Group A in 1982.Group 2 was the specified category for the European Touring Car Challenge from 1963 to 1967 and the cars were also eligible alongside Group 5 special touring cars in 1968 and 1969. It was again the premier category when the series was renamed as the European Touring Car Championship for 1970 and continued to be so until it was replaced by Group A for 1982.
| null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Beri'ah",
"followed by",
"Yetzirah"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Beri'ah",
"follows",
"Atziluth"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"2009 LA Tennis Open",
"followed by",
"2010 Farmers Classic"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"2009 LA Tennis Open",
"topic's main category",
"Category:2009 LA Tennis Open"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Voyage (novel)",
"followed by",
"Titan"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Voyage (novel)",
"different from",
"Voyage"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"SpaceShipOne",
"followed by",
"SpaceShipTwo"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"SpaceShipOne",
"topic's main category",
"Category:SpaceShipOne"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Spitalfields Mathematical Society",
"followed by",
"Royal Astronomical Society"
] |
The Spitalfields Mathematical Society was founded in 1717 by Joseph Middleton.
The society had 64 members when it was established, and at first meetings were held in the Monmouth's Head, a public house in the Spitalfields district of London. Fellows of the society were drawn from artisans and craftsmen such as weavers, apothecaries, brewers, ironmongers, stockbrokers, and makers of optical and mathematical instruments. Well-known members included John Canton, John Dollond, Thomas Simpson, John Crosley, John Tatum, Francis Baily, and Benjamin Gompertz.It merged with the Royal Astronomical Society in 1846.The name lives on in the "Spitalfields Days" organised by, among others, the Isaac Newton Institute, Cambridge, Mathematics Research Centre, Warwick, and International Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Edinburgh.
| null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Josephinian Land Survey",
"followed by",
"Second Military Mapping Survey of Austrian Empire"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Crimea in the Soviet Union",
"located on terrain feature",
"Crimea"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Crimea in the Soviet Union",
"followed by",
"Autonomous Republic of Crimea"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Crimea in the Soviet Union",
"replaces",
"Taurida Governorate"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Crimea in the Soviet Union",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic"
] |
Crimean ASSR of the Ukrainian SSR (1991–1992)
On 12 February 1991, the status of Crimea Oblast was changed to that of autonomous republic, the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, by the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR as the result of a state-sanctioned referendum held on 20 January 1991. 4 months later, on June 19, appropriate changes were made to the Constitution of the Ukrainian SSR.With effect from 6 May 1992, the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was transformed into the Republic of Crimea within Ukraine. On 21 September 1994 it was renamed as the Autonomous Republic of Crimea by Verkhovna Rada. This name was used for Crimea (with the exception of the city of Sevastopol) in new Ukrainian Constitution of 1996. The status of Sevastopol, due to its strategic importance as the main base of the Russian Black Sea Fleet, remained disputed between Ukraine and Russia until 1997 when it was agreed that it should be treated as a "city with special status" within Ukraine.
| null | null | null | null | 12 |
[
"Crimea in the Soviet Union",
"followed by",
"Crimean Oblast"
] |
Crimea within the Ukrainian SSR (1954–1992)
Crimean Oblast of the Ukrainian SSR (1954–1991)
On 19 February 1954, the oblast was transferred from the Russian SFSR to the Ukrainian SSR jurisdiction, on the basis of "the integral character of the economy, the territorial proximity and the close economic and cultural ties between the Crimea Province and the Ukrainian SSR" and to commemorate the 300th anniversary of Ukraine's union with Russia.Sevastopol was a closed city due to its importance as the port of the Soviet Black Sea Fleet and was attached to the Crimean Oblast only in 1978.
| null | null | null | null | 14 |
[
"Overground Network",
"followed by",
"London Overground"
] |
End of the brand
According to a talk given by Innes Ferguson of TfL at the London Transport Museum on 24 September 2007, the Overground Network scheme is now "dead"; the logo is no longer being used on train operating companies' (TOCs) publicity material nor is the network being promoted by TfL. He added that whilst TfL funded the installation of Overground Network "on" signage at appropriate National Rail stations, it is being left to individual TOCs to remove these at their own expense, hence the many that remain in situ in 2008, and even some are still left as of 2021.
In 2006, TfL launched London Overground, a similar but more comprehensive scheme in north London unrelated to Overground Network. Again, according to Innes Ferguson, TfL's medium-term aspiration is for the former to be expanded to cover other National Rail services in London and the South-East, either by direct TfL operation through a concession-holder (as with the ex-Silverlink routes) or by a TOC agreeing to operate under the London Overground "brand".
| null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Overground Network",
"different from",
"London Overground"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Overground Network",
"owned by",
"Strategic Rail Authority"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Overground Network",
"owned by",
"Transport for London"
] |
Overground Network (abbreviated on or ON) was a branding initiative launched in 2003 by the Strategic Rail Authority (SRA) and Transport for London (TfL), the public transport authority in London, England. Its aim was to encourage use of National Rail services in South London. The project was a partnership between the SRA, TfL, three train operating companies (Connex South Eastern, South Central Trains and South West Trains), the South and West London Transport Conference (SWELTRAC) and the South East London Transport Strategy (SELTRANS). The scheme is no longer being promoted and the Overground Network project has since been abandoned.
Note that in common parlance within London, the term "overground" may be used in reference to any National Rail line, in order to distinguish it from the Underground.
| null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"Mascot Pictures",
"followed by",
"Republic Pictures"
] |
Mascot Pictures Corporation was an American film company of the 1920s and 1930s best known for producing and distributing film serials and B-westerns. Mascot was formed in 1927 by film producer Nat Levine. In 1936 it merged with several other companies to form Republic Pictures.
Mascot's serial The King of the Kongo (1929) was the first serial to include sound, beating Universal Studios by several months.
The company's logo featured a roaring tiger resting on top of a model of the planet Earth.
| null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Mascot Pictures",
"founded by",
"Nat Levine"
] |
Mascot Pictures Corporation was an American film company of the 1920s and 1930s best known for producing and distributing film serials and B-westerns. Mascot was formed in 1927 by film producer Nat Levine. In 1936 it merged with several other companies to form Republic Pictures.
Mascot's serial The King of the Kongo (1929) was the first serial to include sound, beating Universal Studios by several months.
The company's logo featured a roaring tiger resting on top of a model of the planet Earth.
| null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"Mascot Pictures",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Mascot Pictures films"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"2009 MPS Group Championships",
"followed by",
"2010 MPS Group Championships"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"2009 MPS Group Championships",
"follows",
"2008 Bausch & Lomb Championships"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"2002 Russian census",
"followed by",
"Russian census of 2010"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"2002 Russian census",
"follows",
"1989 Soviet Census"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Mari Autonomous Oblast",
"followed by",
"Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic"
] |
The Mari Autonomous Oblast was created on November 4, 1920, as a region of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. In 1936 it was re-established as the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, which dissolved in 1990, then developing into the modern Mari El Republic within Russian Federation.
The Oblast was largely populated by the Mari people. Events in its early history include the Russian famine of 1921–22 and the 1921 Mari wildfires.
| null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Eemian",
"said to be the same as",
"Sangamonian"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Eemian",
"followed by",
"last glacial period"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Beep Media Player",
"based on",
"XMMS"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Beep Media Player",
"followed by",
"Audacious"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Beep Media Player",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Beep Media Player"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"2008 Czech presidential election",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Czech Republic"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"2008 Czech presidential election",
"followed by",
"2013 Czech presidential election"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"2008 Czech presidential election",
"follows",
"2003 Czech presidential election"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Per mille",
"follows",
"percent"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Per mille",
"followed by",
"basis point"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Per mille",
"said to be the same as",
"thousandth"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Per mille",
"different from",
"thousandth"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Per mille",
"different from",
"parts per thousand"
] |
Per mille (from Latin per mīlle 'in each thousand') is parts per thousand. Other recognised spellings include per mil, per mill, permil, permill, or permille.The associated sign is written ‰, which looks like a percent sign % with an extra zero or o in the divisor.
The term occurs so rarely in English that major dictionaries do not agree on the spelling and some major dictionaries, such as Macmillan, do not even contain an entry. The term is more common in other European languages where it is used to express fractions smaller than 1%. One common usage is blood alcohol content, which is usually expressed as a percentage in English-speaking countries.
Per mille should not be confused with parts per million (ppm).Related units
Percentage point difference of 1 part in 100
Percentage (%) 1 part in 100
Basis point (bp) difference of 1 part in 10,000
Permyriad (‱) 1 part in 10,000
Per cent mille (pcm) 1 part in 100,000See also
Parts-per notation
Per-unit system
Percent point function
Fineness of precious metals (given as "0.000-fine")
| null | null | null | null | 9 |
[
"Grodno County (1919–1939)",
"followed by",
"Baranavichy Voblast"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Transistor computer",
"has part(s) of the class",
"transistor"
] |
A transistor computer, now often called a second-generation computer, is a computer which uses discrete transistors instead of vacuum tubes. The first generation of electronic computers used vacuum tubes, which generated large amounts of heat, were bulky and unreliable. A second-generation computer, through the late 1950s and 1960s featured circuit boards filled with individual transistors and magnetic-core memory. These machines remained the mainstream design into the late 1960s, when integrated circuits started appearing and led to the third-generation computer.
| null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Transistor computer",
"replaces",
"first generation computer"
] |
A transistor computer, now often called a second-generation computer, is a computer which uses discrete transistors instead of vacuum tubes. The first generation of electronic computers used vacuum tubes, which generated large amounts of heat, were bulky and unreliable. A second-generation computer, through the late 1950s and 1960s featured circuit boards filled with individual transistors and magnetic-core memory. These machines remained the mainstream design into the late 1960s, when integrated circuits started appearing and led to the third-generation computer.
| null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Alphabet",
"has part(s) of the class",
"letter"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Alphabet",
"used by",
"alphabetical order"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Alphabet",
"used by",
"alphabetic writing system"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Alphabet",
"different from",
"spelling alphabet"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Alphabet",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Alphabets"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"2023 Emilia-Romagna floods",
"has part(s) of the class",
"flood"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"2023 Emilia-Romagna floods",
"has part(s) of the class",
"landslide"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"2023 Emilia-Romagna floods",
"has part(s) of the class",
"alluvium"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Starlink",
"has part(s) of the class",
"communications satellite"
] |
Technology
Satellite hardware
The Internet communication satellites were expected to be in the smallsat-class of 100 to 500 kg (220 to 1,100 lb)-mass, and were intended to be in low Earth orbit (LEO) at an altitude of approximately 1,100 km (680 mi), according to early public releases of information in 2015. In the event, the first large deployment of 60 satellites in May 2019 were 227 kg (500 lb) and SpaceX decided to place the satellites at a relatively low 550 km (340 mi), due to concerns about the space environment. Initial plans as of January 2015 were for the constellation to be made up of approximately 4,000 cross-linked satellites, more than twice as many operational satellites as were in orbit in January 2015.The satellites will employ optical inter-satellite links and phased array beam-forming and digital processing technologies in the Ku and Ka microwave bands (super high frequency [SHF] to extremely high frequency [EHF]), according to documents filed with the U.S. FCC. While specifics of the phased array technologies have been disclosed as part of the frequency application, SpaceX enforced confidentiality regarding details of the optical inter-satellite links. Early satellites were launched without laser links. The inter-satellite laser links were successfully tested in late 2020.The satellites will be mass-produced, at a much lower cost per unit of capability than previously existing satellites. Musk said, "We're going to try and do for satellites what we've done for rockets." "In order to revolutionize space, we have to address both satellites and rockets." "Smaller satellites are crucial to lowering the cost of space-based Internet and communications".In February 2015, SpaceX asked the FCC to consider future innovative uses of the Ka-band spectrum before the FCC commits to 5G communications regulations that would create barriers to entry, since SpaceX is a new entrant to the satellite communications market. The SpaceX non-geostationary orbit communications satellite constellation will operate in the high-frequency bands above 24 GHz, "where steerable Earth station transmit antennas would have a wider geographic impact, and significantly lower satellite altitudes magnify the impact of aggregate interference from terrestrial transmissions".Internet traffic via a geostationary satellite has a minimum theoretical round-trip latency of at least 477 milliseconds (ms; between user and ground gateway), but in practice, current satellites have latencies of 600 ms or more. Starlink satellites are orbiting at 1⁄105 to 1⁄30 of the height of geostationary orbits, and thus offer more practical Earth-to-sat latencies of around 25 to 35 ms, comparable to existing cable and fiber networks. The system will use a peer-to-peer protocol claimed to be "simpler than IPv6", it will also incorporate end-to-end encryption natively.Starlink satellites use Hall-effect thrusters with krypton or argon gas as the reaction mass for orbit raising and station keeping. Krypton Hall thrusters tend to exhibit significantly higher erosion of the flow channel compared to a similar electric propulsion system operated with xenon, but krypton is much more abundant and has a lower market price. SpaceX claims that its 2nd generation thruster using argon has 2.4x the thrust and 1.5x the specific impulse of the krypton fueled thruster.
| null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"Starlink",
"has use",
"satellite Internet access"
] |
Starlink is a satellite internet constellation operated by American aerospace company SpaceX, providing satellite Internet access coverage to 60 countries. It also aims for global mobile phone service after 2023. SpaceX started launching Starlink satellites in 2019. As of May 2023, Starlink consists of over 4,000 mass-produced small satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO), which communicate with designated ground transceivers. In total, nearly 12,000 satellites are planned to be deployed, with a possible later extension to 42,000. SpaceX announced reaching more than 1 million subscribers in December 2022 and 1.5 million subscribers in May 2023.The SpaceX satellite development facility in Redmond, Washington, houses the Starlink research, development, manufacturing, and orbit control teams. The cost of the decade-long project to design, build, and deploy the constellation was estimated by SpaceX in May 2018 to be at least US$10 billion. SpaceX expects more than $30 billion in revenue by 2025 from its satellite constellation, while revenues from its launch business were expected to reach $5 billion in the same year.Astronomers have raised concerns about the effect the constellation can have on ground-based astronomy and how the satellites will add to an already congested orbital environment. SpaceX has attempted to mitigate astronometric interference concerns with measures to reduce their brightness during operation. The satellites are equipped with Hall-effect thrusters allowing them to orbit raise, station-keep, and de-orbit at the end of their life. Additionally, the satellites are designed to autonomously and smoothly avoid collisions based on uplinked tracking data.
| null | null | null | null | 10 |
[
"Ådalen Line",
"significant event",
"nationalization"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Ådalen Line",
"connects with",
"Bothnia Line"
] |
The Ådalen Line (Swedish: Ådalsbanan) is a 184-kilometre (114 mi) railway line between Sundsvall and Långsele in Sweden. At Sundsvall, the line intersects with the Central Line and the East Coast Line. At Långsele, the line intersects with the Main Line Through Upper Norrland. It also connects to the Bothnia Line.
The Ådalen Line follows, and is named for, the Ådalen river valley.
Railway stations with stops for passenger trains are (as of 2018):Renovation
The Swedish Transport Administration upgraded 100 kilometres (62 mi) of the line, and built 30 kilometres (19 mi) of new track, from Sundsvall to the connection with the new high-speed Bothnia Line north of Nyland. The upgrades both include renewal of existing track, and two new section of track. The upgraded line has a maximum permitted axle load of 25 tonnes (25 long tons; 28 short tons), allow 1,400 tonnes (1,400 long tons; 1,500 short tons) trains and have the new European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS). Along with the Bothnia Line and the East Coast Line, the Ådalen Line is the new high-speed main line along the East Coast of Sweden, from Stockholm to Umeå.21 kilometres (13 mi) of new right-of-way was built; 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) between Härnösand and Veda, and 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) between Bollstabruk and the connection to the Bothnia Line. This section has eight new tunnels, totaling 14 kilometres (8.7 mi).The upgrades were completed in September 2012.
| null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Ådalen Line",
"connects with",
"Main Line Through Upper Norrland"
] |
The Ådalen Line (Swedish: Ådalsbanan) is a 184-kilometre (114 mi) railway line between Sundsvall and Långsele in Sweden. At Sundsvall, the line intersects with the Central Line and the East Coast Line. At Långsele, the line intersects with the Main Line Through Upper Norrland. It also connects to the Bothnia Line.
The Ådalen Line follows, and is named for, the Ådalen river valley.
Railway stations with stops for passenger trains are (as of 2018):
| null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Ådalen Line",
"has part(s) of the class",
"track"
] |
Renovation
The Swedish Transport Administration upgraded 100 kilometres (62 mi) of the line, and built 30 kilometres (19 mi) of new track, from Sundsvall to the connection with the new high-speed Bothnia Line north of Nyland. The upgrades both include renewal of existing track, and two new section of track. The upgraded line has a maximum permitted axle load of 25 tonnes (25 long tons; 28 short tons), allow 1,400 tonnes (1,400 long tons; 1,500 short tons) trains and have the new European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS). Along with the Bothnia Line and the East Coast Line, the Ådalen Line is the new high-speed main line along the East Coast of Sweden, from Stockholm to Umeå.21 kilometres (13 mi) of new right-of-way was built; 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) between Härnösand and Veda, and 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) between Bollstabruk and the connection to the Bothnia Line. This section has eight new tunnels, totaling 14 kilometres (8.7 mi).The upgrades were completed in September 2012.
| null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Ådalen Line",
"significant event",
"electrification"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Ådalen Line",
"connects with",
"Central Line"
] |
The Ådalen Line (Swedish: Ådalsbanan) is a 184-kilometre (114 mi) railway line between Sundsvall and Långsele in Sweden. At Sundsvall, the line intersects with the Central Line and the East Coast Line. At Långsele, the line intersects with the Main Line Through Upper Norrland. It also connects to the Bothnia Line.
The Ådalen Line follows, and is named for, the Ådalen river valley.
Railway stations with stops for passenger trains are (as of 2018):
| null | null | null | null | 9 |
[
"Ådalen Line",
"connects with",
"East Coast Line"
] |
Renovation
The Swedish Transport Administration upgraded 100 kilometres (62 mi) of the line, and built 30 kilometres (19 mi) of new track, from Sundsvall to the connection with the new high-speed Bothnia Line north of Nyland. The upgrades both include renewal of existing track, and two new section of track. The upgraded line has a maximum permitted axle load of 25 tonnes (25 long tons; 28 short tons), allow 1,400 tonnes (1,400 long tons; 1,500 short tons) trains and have the new European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS). Along with the Bothnia Line and the East Coast Line, the Ådalen Line is the new high-speed main line along the East Coast of Sweden, from Stockholm to Umeå.21 kilometres (13 mi) of new right-of-way was built; 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) between Härnösand and Veda, and 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) between Bollstabruk and the connection to the Bothnia Line. This section has eight new tunnels, totaling 14 kilometres (8.7 mi).The upgrades were completed in September 2012.
| null | null | null | null | 11 |
[
"Ådalen Line",
"significant event",
"groundbreaking"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Ådalen Line",
"significant event",
"inauguration"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Ådalen Line",
"significant event",
"passenger transport"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"Ådalen Line",
"owned by",
"state agency"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"Feldafing station",
"has part(s) of the class",
"hip roof"
] |
Station building
The station building of 1865 was built on the Munich–Garmisch-Partenkirchen line to a design in the style of the Maximilian age by Georg von Dollmann, the district engineer of the Royal Bavarian State Railways.
Dollmann created a two-storey entrance building with flat hip roof and exposed brick. It allegedly used stones that were intended for the castle in the park. The main building is flanked by two symmetrical pavilions that are connected by wings to the main building. On the ground floor of the main building there were a ticket hall, a freight-handling office and a waiting room for royalty. In the attached buildings there were first-, second- and third-class waiting rooms. Upstairs were the living and service rooms for rail employees and the stationmaster. There is a platform canopy in front of the entrance building on the home platform. The facade of the building has external elements made of Haustein stone and classical details.
| null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Hydrofoil",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Hydrofoils"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Hydrofoil",
"different from",
"jet hydrofoil"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Hydrofoil",
"has part(s) of the class",
"wing"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Tidewater architecture",
"has part(s) of the class",
"hip roof"
] |
Tidewater architecture is a style of architecture found mostly in coastal areas of the Southern United States. These homes, with large wraparound porches (or galleries) and hip roofs, were designed for wet, hot climates.Tidewater homes have extensive porches sheltered by a broad hipped roof. The main roof extends over the porches without interruption. A crawlspace foundation allows for air circulation and protects the home from low-level flooding (this was important since tropical cyclones often flooded low-lying areas on middle and south Atlantic coasts). The large porches of Tidewater homes were also a reflection of the low-lying warm subtropical climate of the lower Atlantic coast – providing a breezy spot to enjoy the cooler air of the evening.
Tidewater style homes can be found along the Atlantic coastal plain from southeast Connecticut south to northern eastern Florida. However, they are the most common form of southern Delaware through south Georgia.
| null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Tidewater architecture",
"has part(s) of the class",
"porch"
] |
Tidewater architecture is a style of architecture found mostly in coastal areas of the Southern United States. These homes, with large wraparound porches (or galleries) and hip roofs, were designed for wet, hot climates.Tidewater homes have extensive porches sheltered by a broad hipped roof. The main roof extends over the porches without interruption. A crawlspace foundation allows for air circulation and protects the home from low-level flooding (this was important since tropical cyclones often flooded low-lying areas on middle and south Atlantic coasts). The large porches of Tidewater homes were also a reflection of the low-lying warm subtropical climate of the lower Atlantic coast – providing a breezy spot to enjoy the cooler air of the evening.
Tidewater style homes can be found along the Atlantic coastal plain from southeast Connecticut south to northern eastern Florida. However, they are the most common form of southern Delaware through south Georgia.
| null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Sexist language",
"has part(s) of the class",
"grammatical gender"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Sexist language",
"has part(s) of the class",
"natural gender"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Sexist language",
"said to be the same as",
"male linguistic domination"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Hochelaga Archipelago",
"has part(s) of the class",
"river island"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Hochelaga Archipelago",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Hochelaga Archipelago"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Fashion Outlets of Niagara Falls",
"owned by",
"Macerich"
] |
History
In July 1982, the outlet mall opened in a former King's discount store.An extensive 1995 expansion added sixty stores, including a Saks Fifth Avenue outlet store called Off Fifth. In 1997, the mall was acquired by Prime Retail (now part of The Lightstone Group) for $89 million. A $12 million renovation in 2006 added new tenants and renamed the complex Fashion Outlets Niagara Falls USA. The mall became a Macerich property in 2011. A further 175,000 sq. ft. expansion opened on October 23, 2014
with a ribbon-cutting ceremony on November 6, 2014 with festivities and entertainment until November 9, 2014.References
| null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Fashion Outlets of Niagara Falls",
"has part(s) of the class",
"shop"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Vaterländischer Künstlerverein",
"has part(s) of the class",
"theme and variations"
] |
Vaterländischer Künstlerverein was a collaborative musical publication or anthology, incorporating 83 variations for piano on a theme by Anton Diabelli, written by 51 composers living in or associated with Austria. It was published in two parts in 1823 and 1824, by firms headed by Diabelli. It includes Ludwig van Beethoven's Diabelli Variations, Op. 120 (a set of 33 variations), as well as single variations from 50 other composers including Carl Czerny, Franz Schubert, Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Ignaz Moscheles, Friedrich Kalkbrenner, Franz Liszt (aged only 12 at the time of publication), and a host of lesser-known names including Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart and others now largely forgotten.
Vaterländischer Künstlerverein has various translations, including "Patriotic Artists' Association", "Art Association of the Fatherland", "Patriotic Culture Club", "Fatherland's Society of Artists", "National Artists' Association", "Native Artist's Association" and "Native Society of Artists".
| null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Afang soup",
"has use",
"soup"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Afang soup",
"used by",
"eating"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"Afang soup",
"has part(s) of the class",
"stockfish"
] | null | null | null | null | 18 |
|
[
"Del Monte Center",
"has part(s) of the class",
"shop"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Unital ring",
"different from",
"ring"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Unital ring",
"has part(s) of the class",
"abelian group"
] |
Definition
A ring is a set R equipped with two binary operations + (addition) and ⋅ (multiplication) satisfying the following three sets of axioms, called the ring axioms
R is an abelian group under addition, meaning that:
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c) for all a, b, c in R (that is, + is associative).
a + b = b + a for all a, b in R (that is, + is commutative).
There is an element 0 in R such that a + 0 = a for all a in R (that is, 0 is the additive identity).
For each a in R there exists −a in R such that a + (−a) = 0 (that is, −a is the additive inverse of a).
R is a monoid under multiplication, meaning that:
(a · b) · c = a · (b · c) for all a, b, c in R (that is, ⋅ is associative).
There is an element 1 in R such that a · 1 = a and 1 · a = a for all a in R (that is, 1 is the multiplicative identity).
Multiplication is distributive with respect to addition, meaning that:
a · (b + c) = (a · b) + (a · c) for all a, b, c in R (left distributivity).
(b + c) · a = (b · a) + (c · a) for all a, b, c in R (right distributivity).Module
The concept of a module over a ring generalizes the concept of a vector space (over a field) by generalizing from multiplication of vectors with elements of a field (scalar multiplication) to multiplication with elements of a ring. More precisely, given a ring R, an R-module M is an abelian group equipped with an operation R × M → M (associating an element of M to every pair of an element of R and an element of M) that satisfies certain axioms. This operation is commonly denoted by juxtaposition and called multiplication. The axioms of modules are the following: for all a, b in R and all x, y in M,
| null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Unital ring",
"has part(s) of the class",
"monoid"
] |
Definition
A ring is a set R equipped with two binary operations + (addition) and ⋅ (multiplication) satisfying the following three sets of axioms, called the ring axioms
R is an abelian group under addition, meaning that:
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c) for all a, b, c in R (that is, + is associative).
a + b = b + a for all a, b in R (that is, + is commutative).
There is an element 0 in R such that a + 0 = a for all a in R (that is, 0 is the additive identity).
For each a in R there exists −a in R such that a + (−a) = 0 (that is, −a is the additive inverse of a).
R is a monoid under multiplication, meaning that:
(a · b) · c = a · (b · c) for all a, b, c in R (that is, ⋅ is associative).
There is an element 1 in R such that a · 1 = a and 1 · a = a for all a in R (that is, 1 is the multiplicative identity).
Multiplication is distributive with respect to addition, meaning that:
a · (b + c) = (a · b) + (a · c) for all a, b, c in R (left distributivity).
(b + c) · a = (b · a) + (c · a) for all a, b, c in R (right distributivity).Category-theoretic description
Every ring can be thought of as a monoid in Ab, the category of abelian groups (thought of as a monoidal category under the tensor product of
Z
\mathbb {Z}
-modules). The monoid action of a ring R on an abelian group is simply an R-module. Essentially, an R-module is a generalization of the notion of a vector space – where rather than a vector space over a field, one has a "vector space over a ring".
Let (A, +) be an abelian group and let End(A) be its endomorphism ring (see above). Note that, essentially, End(A) is the set of all morphisms of A, where if f is in End(A), and g is in End(A), the following rules may be used to compute f + g and f ⋅ g:
| null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"2020 Western United States wildfire season",
"has part(s) of the class",
"wildfire"
] |
Impacts
Fire
In Oregon, wildfires throughout the whole year, with most occurring in September, charred a record of 1,000,000 acres (4,000 km2), destroying a total of 4,800 structures, including 1,145 homes, and killing 9 people. The towns of Phoenix and Talent were mostly destroyed in the Almeda fire on September 8. In Washington, 2020 wildfires burned 800,000 acres (3,200 km2), with 418 structures, including 195 homes, burned. In California, about 3,300,000 acres (13,000 km2) burned from wildfires in 2020, the highest burned acreage ever recorded in a fire season. About 2,100,000 acres (8,500 km2) burned in the August lighting wildfires and 1,000,000 acres (4,000 km2) more in September. 4,200 structures were destroyed the whole year in California, and 25 people were killed.
| null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Salix caprea",
"has use",
"medicinal plant"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Salix caprea",
"has part(s) of the class",
"catkin"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Salix caprea",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Salix caprea"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"USS Pueblo (AGER-2)",
"has part(s) of the class",
"M2 Browning"
] |
Initial operations
The ship was launched at the Kewaunee Shipbuilding and Engineering Company in Kewaunee, Wisconsin, on 16 April 1944, as the United States Army Freight and Passenger (FP) FP-344. The Army later redesignated the FP vessels as Freight and Supply changing the designation to FS-344. The ship, commissioned at New Orleans on 7 April 1945, served as a Coast Guard–manned Army vessel used for training civilians for the Army. Her first commanding officer was Lt. J. R. Choate, USCGR, succeeded by Lt. J.G. Marvin B. Barker, USCGR, on 12 September 1945. FS-344 was placed out of service in 1954.
In 1964 the Department of Defense became interested in having smaller, less expensive, more flexible and responsive signals intelligence collection vessels than the existing AGTR and T-AG vessels. The mothballed light cargo ships were the most suitable existing DOD ships, and one was converted to USS Banner in 1964 and began operations in 1965. Banner's mission was to surveil high-frequency electronic emissions with line-of-sight propagation requiring operating closer to shore than previous intelligence gathering missions. Banner was unarmed, but the crew were issued five M1911 pistols and three M1 Garand rifles. Banner was confronted by Soviet Navy ships while operating off the Pacific coast of the Soviet Union. These ships would sometimes display international signal flags meaning: "Heave to or I will fire," but Banner kept steaming with scrupulous attention to International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea. Soviet recognition of possible American reciprocity against Soviet ships on similar missions discouraged attacks.FS-344 was transferred to the United States Navy on 12 April 1966 and was renamed USS Pueblo (AKL-44) after Pueblo and Pueblo County, Colorado on 18 June. Initially, she was classified as a light cargo ship for basic refitting at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard during 1966. As Pueblo was prepared under a non-secret cover as a light cargo ship, the general crew staffing and training was on this basis, with 44% having never been to sea when first assigned. Installation of signals intelligence equipment, at a cost of $1.5 million, was delayed to 1967 for budgetary reasons, resuming service as what is colloquially known as a "spy ship" and redesignated AGER-2 on 13 May 1967. The limited budget for conversion caused disapproval of several improvements requested by the prospective commanding officer, Lloyd Bucher. Requested engine overhaul was denied despite Banner's experience of drifting for two days unable to communicate following failure of both engines on patrol. A requested emergency scuttling system was denied, and Bucher was subsequently unable to obtain explosives for demolition charges. Replacement of burn barrels with a fuel-fed incinerator to allow speedy destruction of classified documents was denied. After Bucher's subsequent request to reduce the ship's library of classified publications was similarly denied, he was able to purchase a less capable incinerator using some discretionary funds intended for crew comfort. Following the USS Liberty incident on 8 June, Vice Chief of Naval Operations (VCNO) Horacio Rivero Jr. ordered that no Navy ship would operate without adequate means of defending itself. VCNO staff directed the shipyard to install a 3-inch/50-caliber gun on Pueblo's main deck with provisions for ammunition storage, but Bucher successfully argued against such installation because of reduced ship stability by addition of weight above the main deck. After testing and deficiency rework Pueblo sailed from the shipyard on 11 September 1967 to San Diego for shake-down training.When the unarmed Pueblo reached the U.S. Navy base at Yokosuka, Japan, the commander of United States Naval Forces Japan directed the ship to take two M2 Browning .50 caliber machine guns as a substitute for the missing deck gun. In the limited time available for training, ten of the ship's crew fired five rounds each. Bucher opted to mount these guns in exposed positions on the bow and stern to keep them as far as possible from his position on the bridge. These positions eliminated possible use of the ship's superstructure to protect the gunners and conceal the guns and ammunition service lockers. The exposed guns, with no nearby ammunition supply, were disguised under canvas covers which became rigid with frozen spray.
| null | null | null | null | 5 |
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