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64.1k
⌀ | __index_level_0__
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2.4k
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Jos van Emden"
] | null | null | null | null | 209 |
|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Jonas Aaen Jørgensen"
] | null | null | null | null | 210 |
|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Maarten Neyens"
] | null | null | null | null | 211 |
|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Alex Dowsett"
] | null | null | null | null | 212 |
|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Sergey Renev"
] | null | null | null | null | 213 |
|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Valentin Iglinsky"
] | null | null | null | null | 215 |
|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Tom Stamsnijder"
] | null | null | null | null | 216 |
|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Egor Silin"
] | null | null | null | null | 217 |
|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Javier Iriarte"
] | null | null | null | null | 218 |
|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Meiyin Wang"
] | null | null | null | null | 219 |
|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Jiang Kun"
] | null | null | null | null | 220 |
|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Wang Fengnian"
] | null | null | null | null | 221 |
|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Zhao Yiming"
] | null | null | null | null | 222 |
|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Ruisong Zhang"
] | null | null | null | null | 223 |
|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Ben Ma"
] | null | null | null | null | 224 |
|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Xitao Ji"
] | null | null | null | null | 225 |
|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Jens Debusschere"
] | null | null | null | null | 226 |
|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Alexander Porsev"
] | null | null | null | null | 227 |
|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Martin Pedersen"
] | null | null | null | null | 230 |
|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Kenny Dehaes"
] | null | null | null | null | 231 |
|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Mikaël Cherel"
] | null | null | null | null | 232 |
|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Tiziano Dall'Antonia"
] | null | null | null | null | 233 |
|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Stijn Vandenbergh"
] | null | null | null | null | 234 |
|
[
"Companions of the Prophet",
"followed by",
"tabi‘un"
] |
The Companions of the Prophet (Arabic: اَلصَّحَابَةُ; aṣ-ṣaḥāba meaning "the companions", from the verb صَحِبَ meaning "accompany", "keep company with", "associate with") were the disciples and followers of Muhammad who saw or met him during his lifetime, while being a Muslim and were physically in his presence. "Al-ṣaḥāba" is definite plural; the indefinite singular is masculine صَحَابِيٌّ (ṣaḥābiyy), feminine صَحَابِيَّةٌ (ṣaḥābiyyah).
Later Islamic scholars accepted their testimony of the words and deeds of Muhammad, the occasions on which the Quran was revealed and other various important matters of Islamic history and practice. The testimony of the companions, as it was passed down through trusted chains of narrators (asānīd), was the basis of the developing Islamic tradition. From the traditions (hadith) of the life of Muhammad and his companions are drawn the Muslim way of life (sunnah), the code of conduct (sharia) it requires, and the jurisprudence (fiqh) by which Muslim communities should be regulated.
The two largest Islamic denominations, the Sunni and Shia, take different approaches to weighing the value of the companions' testimonies, have different hadith collections and, as a result, have different views about the ṣaḥābah.The second generation of Muslims after the ṣaḥāba, born after the death of Muhammad, who knew at least one ṣaḥāba, are called Tābi'ūn (also "the successors"). The third generation of Muslims after the Tābi'ūn, who knew at least one Tābi, are called tābi' al-tābi'īn. The three generations make up the salaf of Islam.Hadith
Sunni views
According to the History of the Prophets and Kings, after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, Abu Bakr, Umar and Abu Ubaydah ibn al-Jarrah and the Anṣār of Medina held consultations and selected Abu Bakr as the first caliph. Then Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf and Uthman, companion and son-in-law of Muhammad and also essential chief of the Banu Umayyah, selected Umar as the second caliph after the death of Abu Bakr and the other Anṣār and Muhajirun accepted him.Sunni Muslim scholars classified companions into many categories, based on a number of criteria. The hadith quoted above shows ranks of ṣaḥābah, tābi'īn, and tābi' at-tābi'īn. Al-Suyuti recognized eleven levels of companionship.
The general involvement in military campaign with Muhammad by the ṣaḥāba was highlighted by the third generation scholar named Ibn al-Mubarak, who was once asked to choose between Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, who was a companion, and Umar ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz, who was famous for his piety. Ibn al-Mubarak simply responded: "...dust particles in Mu'awiyah's nose (while fighting in Hunayn under Muhammad) were better than six hundred Umar (ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz)..."
| null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Companions of the Prophet",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Companions of the Prophet"
] |
The Companions of the Prophet (Arabic: اَلصَّحَابَةُ; aṣ-ṣaḥāba meaning "the companions", from the verb صَحِبَ meaning "accompany", "keep company with", "associate with") were the disciples and followers of Muhammad who saw or met him during his lifetime, while being a Muslim and were physically in his presence. "Al-ṣaḥāba" is definite plural; the indefinite singular is masculine صَحَابِيٌّ (ṣaḥābiyy), feminine صَحَابِيَّةٌ (ṣaḥābiyyah).
Later Islamic scholars accepted their testimony of the words and deeds of Muhammad, the occasions on which the Quran was revealed and other various important matters of Islamic history and practice. The testimony of the companions, as it was passed down through trusted chains of narrators (asānīd), was the basis of the developing Islamic tradition. From the traditions (hadith) of the life of Muhammad and his companions are drawn the Muslim way of life (sunnah), the code of conduct (sharia) it requires, and the jurisprudence (fiqh) by which Muslim communities should be regulated.
The two largest Islamic denominations, the Sunni and Shia, take different approaches to weighing the value of the companions' testimonies, have different hadith collections and, as a result, have different views about the ṣaḥābah.The second generation of Muslims after the ṣaḥāba, born after the death of Muhammad, who knew at least one ṣaḥāba, are called Tābi'ūn (also "the successors"). The third generation of Muslims after the Tābi'ūn, who knew at least one Tābi, are called tābi' al-tābi'īn. The three generations make up the salaf of Islam.
| null | null | null | null | 8 |
[
"Shemini Atzeret",
"different from",
"Shemini"
] |
In the Samaritan tradition
Samaritans, i.e. the northern Israelites who split from Jews during the reign of King Rehoboam, recognise only the first five (or six) books of the Bible as canonical, and thus celebrate only one day of Shemini Aṣereth.
| null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Shemini Atzeret",
"follows",
"Sukkot"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Shemini Atzeret",
"followed by",
"Simchat Torah"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Shemini Atzeret",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Shemini Atzeret"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Theaetetus (dialogue)",
"followed by",
"Sophist"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Plaza Accord",
"main subject",
"exchange rate"
] |
The Plaza Accord was a joint–agreement signed on September 22, 1985, at the Plaza Hotel in New York City, between France, West Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States, to depreciate the U.S. dollar in relation to the French franc, the German Deutsche Mark, the Japanese yen and the British Pound sterling by intervening in currency markets. The U.S. dollar depreciated significantly from the time of the agreement until it was replaced by the Louvre Accord in 1987. Some commentators believe the Plaza Accord contributed to the Japanese asset price bubble of the late 1980s.Background
The tight monetary policy of Federal Reserve's Chairman Paul Volcker and the expansionary fiscal policy of President Ronald Reagan's first term in 1981-84 pushed up long-term interest rates and attracted capital inflow, appreciating the dollar. The French government was strongly in favor of currency intervention to reduce it, but US administration officials such as Treasury Secretary Donald Regan and Under Secretary for Monetary Affairs Beryl Sprinkel opposed such plans, considering the strong dollar a vote of confidence in the US economy and supporting the concept of free market above all else. At the 1982 G7 Versailles Summit the US agreed to a request by the other members to a study of the effectiveness of foreign currency intervention, which resulted in the Jurgensen Report at the 1983 G7 Williamsburg Summit, but it was not as supportive of intervention as the other leaders had hoped. As the dollar's appreciation kept rising and the trade deficit grew even more, the second Reagan administration viewed currency intervention in a different light. In January 1985 James Baker became the new Treasury Secretary and Baker's aide Richard Darman became Deputy Secretary of the Treasury. David Mulford joined as the new Assistant Secretary for International Affairs.From 1980 to 1985, the dollar had appreciated by about 50% against the Japanese yen, Deutsche Mark, French franc, and British pound, the currencies of the next four biggest economies at the time.
In March 1985, just before the G7, the dollar reached its highest valuation ever against the British pound, a valuation which would remain untopped for over 30 years. This caused considerable difficulties for American industry but at first their lobbying was largely ignored by the government. The financial sector was able to profit from the rising dollar, and a depreciation would have run counter to the Reagan administration's plans for bringing down inflation. A broad alliance of manufacturers, service providers, and farmers responded by running an increasingly high-profile campaign asking for protection against foreign competition. Major players included grain exporters, the U.S. automotive industry, heavy American manufacturers like Caterpillar Inc., as well as high-tech companies including IBM and Motorola. By 1985, their campaign had acquired sufficient traction for Congress to begin considering passing protectionist laws. The negative prospect of trade restrictions spurred the White House to begin the negotiations that led to the Plaza Accord.The devaluation was justified to reduce the U.S. current account deficit, which had reached 3.5% of the GDP, and to help the U.S. economy to emerge from a serious recession that began in the early 1980s. The U.S. Federal Reserve System under Paul Volcker had halted the stagflation crisis of the 1970s by raising interest rates. The increased interest rate sufficiently controlled domestic monetary policy and staved off inflation. By 1973, Nixon successfully convinced several OPEC countries to trade oil only in USD, and the US would in return, give them regional military support. This sudden infusion of international demand for dollars gave the USD the infusion it needed in the 1970s. However, a strong dollar is a double edged sword, inducing the Triffin dilemma, which on the one hand, gave more spending power to domestic consumers, companies, and to the US government, and on the other hand, hampered US exports until the value of the dollar re-equilibrated. The U.S. automobile industry was unable to recover.
| null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Plaza Accord",
"followed by",
"Louvre Accord"
] |
The Plaza Accord was a joint–agreement signed on September 22, 1985, at the Plaza Hotel in New York City, between France, West Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States, to depreciate the U.S. dollar in relation to the French franc, the German Deutsche Mark, the Japanese yen and the British Pound sterling by intervening in currency markets. The U.S. dollar depreciated significantly from the time of the agreement until it was replaced by the Louvre Accord in 1987. Some commentators believe the Plaza Accord contributed to the Japanese asset price bubble of the late 1980s.
| null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Helsinki Metropolitan Area Council",
"followed by",
"Helsinki Regional Transport Authority"
] |
The Helsinki Metropolitan Area Council (Finnish: Pääkaupunkiseudun yhteistyövaltuuskunta, YTV, Swedish: Huvudstadsregionens samarbetsdelegation, SAD) was a co-operation agency operating in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area, now replaced by HSL and HSY. The organisation had a few responsibilities, most notably regional public transport and waste management. It was subordinated to the city councils of the four participating cities (Helsinki, Vantaa, Espoo and Kauniainen). Furthermore, transport cooperation also included neighboring municipalities of Kerava and Kirkkonummi.Transportation management
The Metropolitan Council grouped together different Public Transportation companies operating in the Metropolitan area, such as HKL, operator of the metro, Suomenlinna ferry service and bus services within the Helsinki region, and published a timetable of all public transport quarterly, and provided a public transport route planner service on the Internet. It also ran ticketing and prices, fixing prices at the same level for all public transportation, irrespective of method or transportation company. These services are now (since January 1, 2010) provided by Helsingin seudun liikenne.Helsinki
Espoo and Kauniainen
Vantaa
Regional traffic 1: Helsinki, Espoo, Kauniainen and Vantaa
Regional traffic 2: Espoo, Kauniainen, Vantaa, Kerava and Kirkkonummi (excluding Helsinki)
Entire region: Helsinki, Espoo, Kauniainen, Vantaa, Kerava and Kirkkonummi
| null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Helsinki Metropolitan Area Council",
"followed by",
"Helsinki Region Environmental Services"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Proto-Indo-Europeans",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Proto-Indo-Europeans"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Proto-Indo-Europeans",
"followed by",
"Indo-European people"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Brazil at the 1994 FIFA World Cup",
"participant of",
"1994 FIFA World Cup"
] |
At the 1994 FIFA World Cup, Brazil participated for the 15th time in the event. The country remained as the only national team to have participated in every installment of the FIFA World Cup. Brazil reached the final where they defeated Italy on penalties.The coach was Carlos Alberto Parreira, with Zagallo as coordinator, and Dunga as captain.Squad
Head coach: Carlos Alberto ParreiraMatches
BallsBrazil vs Russia
Brazil vs Cameroon
Brazil vs Sweden
Brazil vs United States
Netherlands vs Brazil
Sweden vs Brazil
Final
References
External links
1994 World Cup Final Video
| null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Brazil at the 1994 FIFA World Cup",
"followed by",
"Brazil at the 1998 FIFA World Cup"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Brazil at the 1994 FIFA World Cup",
"follows",
"Brazil at the 1990 FIFA World Cup"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Brazil at the 1994 FIFA World Cup",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Brazil at the 1994 FIFA World Cup"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"The Road Goes Ever On",
"lyrics by",
"J. R. R. Tolkien"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"The Road Goes Ever On",
"follows",
"The Tolkien Reader"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"The Road Goes Ever On",
"narrative location",
"Middle-earth"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"The Road Goes Ever On",
"followed by",
"Smith of Wootton Major"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"The Road Goes Ever On",
"different from",
"The Road Goes Ever On"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Auschwitz trial",
"followed by",
"Frankfurt Auschwitz Trials"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Auschwitz trial",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Auschwitz trial"
] | null | null | null | null | 25 |
|
[
"1991 Trofeo Ilva-Coppa Mantegazza",
"followed by",
"1992 Ilva Trophy"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"1991 Trofeo Ilva-Coppa Mantegazza",
"follows",
"1990 Trofeo Ilva-Coppa Mantegazza"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Soyuz 22",
"follows",
"Soyuz 21"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Soyuz 22",
"significant event",
"rocket launch"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Soyuz 22",
"followed by",
"Soyuz 23"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"Soyuz 22",
"significant event",
"landing"
] | null | null | null | null | 18 |
|
[
"English Gothic architecture",
"followed by",
"Tudor architecture"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"English Gothic architecture",
"topic's main category",
"Category:English Gothic architecture"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Tabacalera",
"followed by",
"Altadis"
] |
Tabacalera, formerly the Compañía Arrendataria de Tabacos, was a Spanish tobacco monopoly whose origins date back to 1636, making it the oldest tobacco company in the world.In 1999, the company merged with SEITA of France to form Altadis, which was later purchased by Imperial Tobacco. Its brands included Ducados and Fortuna.
Tabacalera owns 50% stake in Cuba's official cigar export operation Corporación Habanos. Since buying the stake 15 years ago, Tabacalera has played a key role in marketing and selling Cuban cigars in more than 150 countries around the world.
| null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Liberal Union (Italy)",
"followed by",
"Italian Liberal Party"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Liberal Union (Italy)",
"follows",
"Historical Right"
] |
History
The origins of liberalism in Italy are in the Historical Right, a parliamentary group formed by Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour in the Parliament of the Kingdom of Sardinia following the 1848 revolution. The group was moderately conservative and supported centralised government, restricted suffrage, regressive taxation and free trade. They dominated politics following Italian unification in 1861, but never formed a party, basing their power on census suffrage and first-past-the-post voting system. The Right was opposed by the more progressive Historical Left, which overthrew Marco Minghetti's government during the so-called Parliamentary Revolution of 1876, which brought Agostino Depretis to become Prime Minister. However, Depretis immediately began to look for support among Rightist Members of Parliament, who readily changed their positions, in a context of widespread corruption. This phenomenon, known in Italian as trasformismo (roughly translatable in English as transformism—Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti was depicted as a chameleon in a satirical newspaper), effectively removed political differences in Parliament, which was dominated by an undistinguished liberal bloc with a landslide majority until after World War I. Two parliamentary factions alternated in government, one led by Sidney Sonnino and the other, by far the largest of the two, by Giolitti. At that time, the Liberals governed in alliance with the Radicals, the Democrats and eventually the Reform Socialists. This alliance governed against two smaller opposition, namely The Clericals composed by some Vatican-oriented politicians and The Extreme formed by the socialist faction which represented a real left in a present-day concept.
Giolitti was a master in the political art of trasformismo, the method of making a flexible centrist coalition of government which isolated the extremes of the left and the right in Italian politics after the unification. Under his influence, the Liberals did not develop as a structured party. They were instead a series of informal personal groupings with no formal links to political constituencies. The period between the start of the 20th century and the start of World War I, when he was Prime Minister and Minister of the Interior from 1901 to 1914 with only brief interruptions, is often called the Giolittian Era.A left liberal with strong ethical concerns, Giolitti's periods in office were notable for the passage of a wide range of progressive social reforms which improved the living standards of ordinary Italians, together with the enactment of several policies of government intervention. Besides putting in place several tariffs, subsidies and government projects, Giolitti also nationalized the private telephone and railroad operators. Liberal proponents of free trade criticized the Giolittian System, although Giolitti himself saw the development of the national economy as essential in the production of wealth.In the 1913 general election, the Liberals were voted by more than two millions people, with 47.6% of votes and gaining 270 out 508 seats, therefore becoming by far the first party of the country. Under the premiership of Antonio Salandra, a member of the right-wing faction of the Liberals, Italy declared war to Austria-Hungary and Germany in 1915, entering in World War I. This decision was against the thought of Liberal leader Giolitti, who was a strong supporter of neutrality. In 1917, a member of the party's left-wing, Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, became Prime Minister and during his government Italy defeated Austria, earning him the title Premier of Victory.
At the end of World War I, universal suffrage and proportional representation were introduced. These reforms caused big problems to the Liberals which found themselves unable to stop the rise of two mass parties, the Italian Socialist Party and the Italian People's Party which had taken the control of many local authorities in Northern Italy even before the war. The Italian particularity was that although the Catholic party opposed the Socialists in accordance with European standards, it was also in contrast with the Liberals and generally the right under the consequences of the capture of Rome and the struggles between the Holy See and the Italian state which the Liberals had ruled for more than fifty years. The general election in 1919 saw success for the Socialist Party led by Filippo Turati, which gained the 32.3% of the vote. Giolitti's Liberals came only fifth, with 8.6% of the vote and 41 seats, behind the Italian People's Party of Don Luigi Sturzo, with 20.5%. The Parliament was thus divided into three different blocks with huge instability while the Socialists and the rising Fascists instigators of political violence on opposite sides.
In this chaotic situation, the Liberals founded the Italian Liberal Party in 1922 which joined an alliance led by Fascists and formed a joint list for the 1924 general election, transforming the Fascists from a small political force into an absolute-majority party. Albeit banned by Benito Mussolini in 1925, many old Liberal politicians were given prestigious yet not influential political posts such as seats in the Senate, which was stripped of any real power by Fascist reforms.
| null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"Liberal Union (Italy)",
"follows",
"Historical Left"
] |
The Liberal Union (Italian: Unione Liberale), simply and collectively called Liberals (Italian: Liberali), was a political alliance formed in the first years of the 20th century by the Italian Prime Minister and leader of the Historical Left Giovanni Giolitti. The alliance was formed when the Left and the Right merged in a single centrist and liberal coalition which largely dominated the Italian Parliament.History
The origins of liberalism in Italy are in the Historical Right, a parliamentary group formed by Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour in the Parliament of the Kingdom of Sardinia following the 1848 revolution. The group was moderately conservative and supported centralised government, restricted suffrage, regressive taxation and free trade. They dominated politics following Italian unification in 1861, but never formed a party, basing their power on census suffrage and first-past-the-post voting system. The Right was opposed by the more progressive Historical Left, which overthrew Marco Minghetti's government during the so-called Parliamentary Revolution of 1876, which brought Agostino Depretis to become Prime Minister. However, Depretis immediately began to look for support among Rightist Members of Parliament, who readily changed their positions, in a context of widespread corruption. This phenomenon, known in Italian as trasformismo (roughly translatable in English as transformism—Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti was depicted as a chameleon in a satirical newspaper), effectively removed political differences in Parliament, which was dominated by an undistinguished liberal bloc with a landslide majority until after World War I. Two parliamentary factions alternated in government, one led by Sidney Sonnino and the other, by far the largest of the two, by Giolitti. At that time, the Liberals governed in alliance with the Radicals, the Democrats and eventually the Reform Socialists. This alliance governed against two smaller opposition, namely The Clericals composed by some Vatican-oriented politicians and The Extreme formed by the socialist faction which represented a real left in a present-day concept.
Giolitti was a master in the political art of trasformismo, the method of making a flexible centrist coalition of government which isolated the extremes of the left and the right in Italian politics after the unification. Under his influence, the Liberals did not develop as a structured party. They were instead a series of informal personal groupings with no formal links to political constituencies. The period between the start of the 20th century and the start of World War I, when he was Prime Minister and Minister of the Interior from 1901 to 1914 with only brief interruptions, is often called the Giolittian Era.A left liberal with strong ethical concerns, Giolitti's periods in office were notable for the passage of a wide range of progressive social reforms which improved the living standards of ordinary Italians, together with the enactment of several policies of government intervention. Besides putting in place several tariffs, subsidies and government projects, Giolitti also nationalized the private telephone and railroad operators. Liberal proponents of free trade criticized the Giolittian System, although Giolitti himself saw the development of the national economy as essential in the production of wealth.In the 1913 general election, the Liberals were voted by more than two millions people, with 47.6% of votes and gaining 270 out 508 seats, therefore becoming by far the first party of the country. Under the premiership of Antonio Salandra, a member of the right-wing faction of the Liberals, Italy declared war to Austria-Hungary and Germany in 1915, entering in World War I. This decision was against the thought of Liberal leader Giolitti, who was a strong supporter of neutrality. In 1917, a member of the party's left-wing, Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, became Prime Minister and during his government Italy defeated Austria, earning him the title Premier of Victory.
At the end of World War I, universal suffrage and proportional representation were introduced. These reforms caused big problems to the Liberals which found themselves unable to stop the rise of two mass parties, the Italian Socialist Party and the Italian People's Party which had taken the control of many local authorities in Northern Italy even before the war. The Italian particularity was that although the Catholic party opposed the Socialists in accordance with European standards, it was also in contrast with the Liberals and generally the right under the consequences of the capture of Rome and the struggles between the Holy See and the Italian state which the Liberals had ruled for more than fifty years. The general election in 1919 saw success for the Socialist Party led by Filippo Turati, which gained the 32.3% of the vote. Giolitti's Liberals came only fifth, with 8.6% of the vote and 41 seats, behind the Italian People's Party of Don Luigi Sturzo, with 20.5%. The Parliament was thus divided into three different blocks with huge instability while the Socialists and the rising Fascists instigators of political violence on opposite sides.
In this chaotic situation, the Liberals founded the Italian Liberal Party in 1922 which joined an alliance led by Fascists and formed a joint list for the 1924 general election, transforming the Fascists from a small political force into an absolute-majority party. Albeit banned by Benito Mussolini in 1925, many old Liberal politicians were given prestigious yet not influential political posts such as seats in the Senate, which was stripped of any real power by Fascist reforms.
| null | null | null | null | 8 |
[
"1988 Livingston Open",
"followed by",
"1989 Livingston Open"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"1988 Livingston Open",
"topic's main category",
"Category:1988 Livingston Open"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"2010 Nuclear Security Summit",
"followed by",
"2012 Nuclear Security Summit"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"1997 German Open (snooker)",
"followed by",
"1998 German Masters"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"1997 German Open (snooker)",
"follows",
"1996 German Open"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"2002 European Women's Handball Championship",
"followed by",
"2004 European Women's Handball Championship"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"2002 European Women's Handball Championship",
"follows",
"2000 European Women's Handball Championship"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Windows 1.0x",
"based on",
"MS-DOS Executive"
] |
Windows 1.0 is the first major release of Microsoft Windows, a family of graphical operating systems for personal computers developed by Microsoft. It was first released to manufacturing in the United States on November 20, 1985, while the European version was released as Windows 1.02 in May 1986.
Its development began after the Microsoft co-founder and spearhead of Windows 1.0, Bill Gates, saw a demonstration of a similar software suite, Visi On, at COMDEX in 1982. The operating environment was showcased to the public in November 1983, although it ended up being released two years later. Windows 1.0 runs on MS-DOS, as a 16-bit shell program known as MS-DOS Executive, and it provides an environment which can run graphical programs designed for Windows, as well as existing MS-DOS software. It introduced multitasking and the use of the mouse, and various built-in programs such as Calculator, Paint, and Notepad. The operating environment does not allow its windows to overlap, and instead, the windows are tiled. Windows 1.0 also contains four releases, which contain minor updates to the system.
The system received lukewarm reviews; critics raised concerns about not fulfilling expectations, its compatibility with very little software, and its performance issues, while it has also received positive responses to Microsoft's early presentations and support from a number of hardware- and software-makers. Its last release was 1.04, and it was succeeded by Windows 2.0, which was released in December 1987. Microsoft ended its support for Windows 1.0 on December 31, 2001, making it the longest-supported out of all versions of Windows.Features
Windows 1.0 was built on the MS-DOS kernel, while it runs as a 16-bit shell program known as the MS-DOS Executive, and it offers limited multitasking of existing MS-DOS programs and concentrates on creating an interaction paradigm (cf. message loop), an execution model and a stable API for native programs for the future. The operating environment supports the use of a mouse, which allows users to perform click-and-drag operations. Contrary to modern Windows operating systems, the mouse button had to be kept pressed to display the selected menu.Opening .exe files in the MS-DOS Executive would open an application window. Windows 1.0 also includes programs such as the Calculator, Paint (then known as Paintbrush), Notepad, Write, Terminal, Clock, and utilities such as Clipboard and Print Spooler. Paint only supports monochrome graphics. The operating environment also has the Cardfile manager, a Clipboard, and a Print Spooler program. Initially, Puzzle and Chess were supposed to appear as playable video games, although Microsoft scrapped the idea; instead, it introduced Reversi as a commercially published video game. It was included in Windows 1.0 as a built-in application, and it relies on mouse control. The operating environment also introduced the Control Panel, which was used to configure the features of Windows 1.0. The operating environment does not allow overlapping windows, and instead, the windows are tiled. When a program gets minimized, its icon would appear on a horizontal line at the bottom of the screen, which resembles the modern-day Windows taskbar.It also consists of three dynamic-link libraries, which are located as files in the system under the names KERNEL.EXE, USER.EXE, and GDI.EXE. The Windows 1.0 SDK contains debugging versions of these files, which can be used to replace the corresponding files on the setup disks.: 13, 200 The setup program combines multiple system files into one, so that Windows boots faster. Using the debugging KERNEL.EXE provided by the Windows 1.0 SDK one can create a "slow boot" version of Windows, where the files are separate. Windows 1.0 includes a kernel, which performs functions such as task handling, memory management, and input and output of files, while the two other dynamic-link libraries are the user interface and Graphics Device Interface. The operating environment could also move the program code and data segments in memory, to allow programs to share code and data that are located in dynamic-link libraries. Windows 1.0 implemented the use of code segment swapping.Version 1.02 introduced drivers for European keyboards, as well as screen and print drivers. The last Windows 1.0 release, 1.04, introduced support for IBM PS/2 computers. Due to Microsoft's extensive support for backward compatibility, it is not only possible to execute Windows 1.0 binary programs on current versions of Windows to a large extent but also to recompile their source code into an equally functional "modern" application with just limited modifications.In March 2022, it was discovered that the operating environment also includes an easter egg that lists the developers who worked on the operating environment along with a message that says "Congrats!".
| null | null | null | null | 9 |
[
"Windows 1.0x",
"followed by",
"Windows 2.0"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Oshara tradition",
"followed by",
"Ancestral Puebloans"
] |
Oshara Tradition, the northern tradition of the Picosa culture, was a Southwestern Archaic tradition centered in the area now called New Mexico and Colorado. Cynthia Irwin-Williams developed the sequence of Archaic culture for Oshara during her work in the Arroyo Cuervo area of northwestern New Mexico. Irwin contends that the Ancestral Puebloans developed, at least in part, from the Oshara.
| null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Oshara tradition",
"follows",
"Picosa culture"
] |
Oshara Tradition, the northern tradition of the Picosa culture, was a Southwestern Archaic tradition centered in the area now called New Mexico and Colorado. Cynthia Irwin-Williams developed the sequence of Archaic culture for Oshara during her work in the Arroyo Cuervo area of northwestern New Mexico. Irwin contends that the Ancestral Puebloans developed, at least in part, from the Oshara.
| null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"Black Tortoise",
"followed by",
"Azure Dragon"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Black Tortoise",
"follows",
"White Tiger"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Sledgehammer",
"has use",
"vandalism"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Sledgehammer",
"has use",
"forging"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Sledgehammer",
"has use",
"burglary"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Sledgehammer",
"used by",
"blacksmith"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Sledgehammer",
"has use",
"construction"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Sledgehammer",
"followed by",
"hydraulic breaker"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Sledgehammer",
"followed by",
"power hammer"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Sledgehammer",
"followed by",
"diesel pile hammer"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Sledgehammer",
"has use",
"destruction"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Neutron",
"followed by",
"dineutron"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Neutron",
"different from",
"neutronium"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Neutron",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Neutron"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"Media (region)",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Medes"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Media (region)",
"followed by",
"Achaemenid Empire"
] |
Media (Old Persian: 𐎶𐎠𐎭, romanized: Māda, Middle Persian: Mād) is a region of north-western Iran, best known for having been the political and cultural base of the Medes. During the Achaemenid period, it comprised present-day Azerbaijan, Iranian Kurdistan and western Tabaristan. As a satrapy under Achaemenid rule, it would eventually encompass a wider region, stretching to southern Dagestan in the north. However, after the wars of Alexander the Great, the northern parts were separated due to the Partition of Babylon and became known as Atropatene, while the remaining region became known as Lesser Media.
| null | null | null | null | 17 |
[
"Nissan Skyline GT-R",
"followed by",
"Nissan GT-R"
] |
The Nissan Skyline GT-R (Japanese: 日産・スカイラインGT-R, Hepburn: Nissan Sukairain GT-R) is a Japanese sports car based on the Nissan Skyline range. The first cars named "Skyline GT-R" were produced between 1969 and 1972 under the model code KPGC10, and were successful in Japanese touring car racing events. This model was followed by a brief production run of second-generation cars, under model code KPGC110, in 1973.
After a 16-year hiatus, the GT-R name was revived in 1989 as the BNR32 ("R32") Skyline GT-R. Group A specification versions of the R32 GT-R were used to win the Japanese Touring Car Championship for four years in a row. The R32 GT-R also had success in the Australian Touring Car Championship, with Jim Richards using it to win the championship in 1991 and Mark Skaife doing the same in 1992, until a regulation change excluded the GT-R in 1993. The technology and performance of the R32 GT-R prompted the Australian motoring publication Wheels to nickname the GT-R "Godzilla" in its July 1989 edition. Wheels then carried the name through all the generations of Skyline GT-Rs, most notably the R34 GT-R, which they nicknamed "Godzilla Returns", and described as "The best handling car we have ever driven". In tests conducted by automotive publications, R34 GT-R have covered a quarter of a mile (402 metres) in 12.2 seconds from a standing start time and accelerated from 0–100 km/h (0–62 mph) in 4.4 seconds. It was one of the fastest accelerating production vehicles at the time.The Skyline GT-R became the flagship of Nissan performance, showcasing many advanced technologies including the ATTESA E-TS All-wheel drive system and the Super-HICAS four-wheel steering. Today, the car is popular for import drag racing, circuit track, time attack and events hosted by tuning magazines. Production of the Skyline GT-R ended in August 2002. The car was replaced by the GT-R (R35), an all-new vehicle based on a enhanced platform of the Skyline V36 platform. Although visibly different, the two vehicles share similar design features and are manufactured in the same factory.
The Skyline GT-R was never manufactured outside Japan, and the sole export markets were Hong Kong, Singapore, Australia and New Zealand, in 1991, and the UK (in 1997, due to the Single Vehicle Approval scheme) as used Japanese imports.
Despite this, the car has become an iconic sports car as a Grey import vehicle,in countries from the Western World (mainly the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Ireland, Canada, and the United States). It has become notable through pop culture such as The Fast and the Furious, Initial D, Shakotan Boogie, Wangan Midnight, Need for Speed, Forza, Driving Emotion Type-S, Test Drive, and Gran Turismo. In 2019, Nismo announced that it would resume production of spare parts for all generations of the Skyline GT-R, including body panels and engines.The car was named at the time by BBC's Top Gear as the only true Japanese contribution in the line of supercars, and by Jeremy Clarkson as one of the best cars in the world.Replacement
Following the end of R34 production in 2002, Nissan announced they would separate the GT-R model from the Skyline name, creating an entirely new vehicle—though based on the same platform as the Skyline. This new car, now known simply as the Nissan GT-R, debuted in 2007 in Tokyo. Introduced to consumers in 2008, it was the first GT-R available worldwide, entering the North American market for the first time.
The GT-R uses the Premium Midship (PM) platform, an evolution of the FM platform first used by the V35 generation of the Skyline. The R34 heritage is reflected in its chassis codes: CBA-R35 (2007–2011), DBA-R35 (2012-2016), 4BA-R35 (2017-present) or simply R35.It took 50 races from 50 starts from 1991 to 1997 (latterly R33) in the N1 Super Taikyu. The GT-R's success sounded the death knell of Group A Touring Car racing; with the formula being scrapped soon after. JTCC was similarly dominated by the R32 GT-R, and splintered soon after, leading to the switch to the Supertouring category and also indirectly to the GT500 category of today.
The GT-R's success in motor racing was formidable, particularly in the annual 1,000 km (620 miles) race at the Mount Panorama circuit in Bathurst, Australia, where the winner in 1991 and 1992 was a GT-R (despite receiving additional 140 kg (309 lb) in weight penalties and a turbo pressure relief valve in 1992, and crashing). It took the overall win of the 1991 Spa 24 Hours, after getting the pole position and fastest lap time, ahead of the Porsche 911 and BMW M3 Evolution. It remained dominant in the Japanese GT series for many years. The Skyline GT-R was retired from the JGTC series (later changed Super GT Series) in 2004. Its successor, the Nissan GT-R, competed and dominated the 2008 Super GT season, winning the GT500 (see details below).
| null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Council of Friends (Woolley)",
"follows",
"The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Council of Friends (Woolley)",
"followed by",
"Apostolic United Brethren"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Council of Friends (Woolley)",
"founded by",
"Lorin C. Woolley"
] |
The Council of Friends (also known as the Woolley Group and the Priesthood Council) was one of the original expressions of Mormon fundamentalism, having its origins in the teachings of Lorin C. Woolley, a courier and bodyguard for polygamous leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), who was excommunicated in 1924.
| null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"Council of Friends (Woolley)",
"followed by",
"Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Kyoto Imperial Palace",
"significant event",
"Ceremonies of the Accession to the Throne"
] |
Shunkōden
The Shunkōden (春興殿) was constructed to house the sacred mirror on the occasion of the enthronement ceremony of Emperor Taisho in 1915. The roof is modern in that it is made out of copper and not wooden shingles.Shishinden
The Shishinden (紫宸殿) is the most important ceremonial building within the palace grounds. The enthronement ceremonies of Emperor Taisho and Emperor Showa took place here. The hall is 33 by 23 metres (108 by 75 ft) in size, and features a traditional architectural style, with a gabled and hipped roof. On either side of its main stairway were planted trees which would become very famous and sacred, a cherry (sakura) on the eastern, left side, and a tachibana orange tree on the right to the west. The garden of white gravel played an important role in the ceremony.
The center of the Shishin-den is surrounded by a hisashi (庇), a long, thin hallway which surrounded the main wing of an aristocrat's home, in traditional Heian architecture. Within this is a wide open space, crossed by boarded-over sections, leading to the central throne room.
| null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Kyoto Imperial Palace",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Kyoto Imperial Palace"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Kyoto Imperial Palace",
"founded by",
"Kōgon"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Kyoto Imperial Palace",
"followed by",
"Tokyo Imperial Palace"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Kyoto Imperial Palace",
"has use",
"Dairi"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Late Antique Little Ice Age",
"follows",
"Roman Warm Period"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Late Antique Little Ice Age",
"followed by",
"Medieval Warm Period"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Supreme Soviet of Russia",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"
] |
The Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR (Russian: Верховный Совет РСФСР, Verkhovny Sovet RSFSR), later Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation (Russian: Верховный Совет Российской Федерации, Verkhovny Sovet Rossiyskoy Federatsii), was the supreme government institution of the Russian SFSR in 1938–1990; in 1990–1993 it was a permanent legislature (parliament), elected by the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation.The Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR was established to be similar in structure to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in 1938, instead of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets as the highest organ of power of Russia.
In the 1940s, the Supreme Soviet Presidium and the Council of Ministers of the Russian SFSR were located in the former mansion of counts Osterman (3 Delegatskaya Street), which was later in 1991 given to a museum. The sessions were held in Grand Kremlin Palace. In 1981 the Supreme Soviet was moved to a specially constructed building on Krasnopresnenskaya embankment, The House of Soviets.
The Supreme Soviet was abolished in October 1993 (after the events of Russia's 1993 constitutional crisis) and replaced by the Federal Assembly of Russia (consists of the Federation Council of Russia and State Duma).
| null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Supreme Soviet of Russia",
"followed by",
"Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation"
] |
The Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR (Russian: Верховный Совет РСФСР, Verkhovny Sovet RSFSR), later Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation (Russian: Верховный Совет Российской Федерации, Verkhovny Sovet Rossiyskoy Federatsii), was the supreme government institution of the Russian SFSR in 1938–1990; in 1990–1993 it was a permanent legislature (parliament), elected by the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation.The Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR was established to be similar in structure to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in 1938, instead of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets as the highest organ of power of Russia.
In the 1940s, the Supreme Soviet Presidium and the Council of Ministers of the Russian SFSR were located in the former mansion of counts Osterman (3 Delegatskaya Street), which was later in 1991 given to a museum. The sessions were held in Grand Kremlin Palace. In 1981 the Supreme Soviet was moved to a specially constructed building on Krasnopresnenskaya embankment, The House of Soviets.
The Supreme Soviet was abolished in October 1993 (after the events of Russia's 1993 constitutional crisis) and replaced by the Federal Assembly of Russia (consists of the Federation Council of Russia and State Duma).
| null | null | null | null | 4 |
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