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64.1k
⌀ | __index_level_0__
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2.4k
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Taconic orogeny",
"followed by",
"Acadian orogeny"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"System 6",
"followed by",
"System 7"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"System 6",
"follows",
"System Software 5"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Satyagraha (opera)",
"lyrics by",
"Philip Glass"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Satyagraha (opera)",
"followed by",
"Akhnaten"
] |
Satyagraha (; Sanskrit सत्याग्रह, satyāgraha "insistence on truth") is a 1979 opera in three acts for orchestra, chorus and soloists, composed by Philip Glass, with a libretto by Glass and Constance DeJong.
Loosely based on the life of Mahatma Gandhi, it forms the second part of Glass's "Portrait Trilogy" of operas about men who changed the world, which also includes Einstein on the Beach and Akhnaten.
Glass's style can broadly be described as minimalist. The work is scored for 2 sopranos, 2 mezzo-sopranos, 2 tenors, a baritone, 2 basses, a large SATB chorus, and an orchestra of strings and woodwinds only, no brass or percussion. Principal roles are Sonja Schlesin, Mahatma Gandhi, Hermann Kallenbach and Parsi Rustomji.
The title refers to Gandhi's concept of nonviolent resistance to injustice, Satyagraha, and the text, from the Bhagavad Gita, is sung in the original Sanskrit. In performance, translation is usually provided in supertitles.
| null | null | null | null | 13 |
[
"Satyagraha (opera)",
"has part(s) of the class",
"act"
] |
Synopsis
The opera is in three acts, each referencing a major related cultural figure.
| null | null | null | null | 14 |
[
"Satyagraha (opera)",
"narrative location",
"Tolstoy Farm"
] | null | null | null | null | 19 |
|
[
"Satyagraha (opera)",
"narrative location",
"Newcastle"
] | null | null | null | null | 24 |
|
[
"Satyagraha (opera)",
"follows",
"Einstein on the Beach"
] | null | null | null | null | 25 |
|
[
"Satyagraha (opera)",
"followed by",
"Songs from Liquid Days"
] | null | null | null | null | 27 |
|
[
"Socket 7",
"followed by",
"Socket 8"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Socket 7",
"follows",
"Socket 6"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Landing Craft Assault",
"followed by",
"Whirlwind"
] |
The Suez Crisis
The Suez Crisis in 1956 caused a scramble for available LCAs. A few were serviceable in the Amphibious Warfare Squadron stationed in Malta. Twenty LCAs were pulled out of storage at Gareloch, in Scotland, and returned to fighting trim in Greenock.At 06:45 on 6 November, LCAs landing Nos. 40 and 42 Commando touched down at Port Said. The water here was particularly shallow as the beach shelved gently and the Commandos, having to wade through such a wide water gap, were perhaps fortunate that LVT amphibians also participated in the landing. Still, the LCA crews had done exactly what was required of them - landing the assault force on target and on time. The weather and sea conditions had cooperated; north-easterly winds blew up over the next eight hours that would have made the landing less accurate (and by the next morning impossible).Although the commandos' initial assault had been seaborne, their follow on build-up arrived by Westland Whirlwind helicopter. The great success of this, the first helicopter-borne assault, signalled the close of the assault landing craft era. As amphibians became more seaworthy and helicopters had demonstrated the ability to fly over fixed beach defences, the day of landing craft as initial assault transport was seen to have passed.
| null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"SU-85",
"topic's main category",
"Category:SU-85"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"SU-85",
"follows",
"SU-122"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"SU-85",
"followed by",
"SU-100"
] |
Production history
SU-85 production started in mid-1943, with the first vehicles reaching their units by August. When the up-gunned T-34-85 medium tank entered mass production in the spring of 1944, there was no point in continuing production of a tank destroyer without superior firepower. In light of this, SU-85 production was stopped in late 1944 after 2,650 vehicles had been produced. It was replaced on the production lines by the SU-100 tank destroyer, armed with the more powerful 100 mm D-10S gun, but due to delays with 100 mm ammo, a stopgap version called SU-85M appeared in September 1944, which was SU-100 fitted with 85 mm gun, already with thicker frontal armor and commander's cupola.Service history
The SU-85 entered combat in August 1943. It saw active service across the Eastern Front until the end of the war. Though a capable weapon, it was found that its 85 mm weapon was not adequate to penetrate the armour of the larger German armoured fighting vehicles. It was replaced by the SU-100.
The SU-85 was withdrawn from Soviet service soon after the war, and was exported to many Soviet client states in Europe and elsewhere. Some SU-85s were converted to use as command and recovery vehicles. Countries such as North Korea and Vietnam kept it in service for many years.
| null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Prussian Union of Churches",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Kingdom of Prussia"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Prussian Union of Churches",
"followed by",
"Union of Evangelical Churches"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Curses (programming library)",
"followed by",
"ncurses"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Curses (programming library)",
"has use",
"widget toolkit"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Curses (programming library)",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Curses (programming library)"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Imperial Austrian Army (1806–1867)",
"followed by",
"Imperial-Royal Landwehr"
] |
The Imperial Austrian Army formed the land forces of the Austrian Empire. It arose from the remains of the Imperial Army of the Holy Roman Emperor after its dissolution and in 1867 was reformed into the Common Army of Austria-Hungary and the Imperial-Royal Landwehr after the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867. In addition to the army, there was also the Austrian Navy. The army took part in the Napoleonic Wars until 1815, the First Italian War of Independence, the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, the Second Italian War of Independence, the Second Schleswig War, the Third Italian War of Independence and the Austro-Prussian War. Notable generals were Josef Radetzky, Karl Philipp of Schwarzenberg, Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen, Frederick Bianchi and Julius von Haynau.
| null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Imperial Austrian Army (1806–1867)",
"followed by",
"Austro-Hungarian Army"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Imperial Austrian Army (1806–1867)",
"follows",
"Imperial Army"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Imperial Austrian Army (1806–1867)",
"followed by",
"Common Army"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"United States Customs Service",
"followed by",
"U.S. Customs and Border Protection"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"United States Customs Service",
"different from",
"U.S. Customs and Border Protection"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"United States Customs Service",
"topic's main category",
"Category:United States Customs Service"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Robot series",
"followed by",
"Galactic Empire"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Eric and Eric",
"follows",
"Stenkil"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Eric and Eric",
"followed by",
"Halsten Stenkilsson"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Glasgow District (rugby union)",
"followed by",
"Glasgow Warriors"
] |
Glasgow District is a Scottish amateur rugby union team which plays in the amateur Scottish Inter-District Championship. The side evolved into the professional provincial side Glasgow Warriors when the Scottish Rugby Union embraced professionalism. However the amateur district is still used for the representation of amateur players in the Inter-District Championship; and this amateur championship guides the selection of Scotland Club XV international players.
Founded in 1872 Glasgow District was a select provincial amateur rugby union team that drew its players mainly from the Greater Glasgow area, as well as others from the rest of the west of Scotland; roughly corresponding to the old Strathclyde regional council area. Historically the Glasgow District team played matches against touring teams visiting Scotland from abroad, and also competed in the Scottish Inter-District Championship.
The Glasgow District rugby union team was founded in 1872. The team played the world's first inter-district match that year against Edinburgh District rugby union team.
The amateur Glasgow District side evolved into the professional Glasgow Warriors side in 1996; one year after rugby union allowed professionalism in 1995.
| null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Airborne Express",
"followed by",
"DHL"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Muharram",
"follows",
"Dhu al-Hijjah"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Muharram",
"followed by",
"Safar"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Muharram",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Muharram"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Altos Hornos de Vizcaya",
"significant event",
"construction"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Altos Hornos de Vizcaya",
"followed by",
"Aceralia"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Altos Hornos de Vizcaya",
"followed by",
"ArcelorMittal Sestao"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Oslo I Accord",
"followed by",
"Oslo II Accord"
] |
Additional agreements
In addition to the first accord, the parties concluded:The Gaza–Jericho Agreement or Cairo Agreement, signed on 4 May 1994, which initiated a partial Israeli withdrawal from Gaza Strip and Jericho area, and the establishment of the Palestinian Authority
The Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip (also known as Oslo 2), signed on 28 September 1995 gave Palestinians self-rule in Bethlehem, Hebron, Jenin, Nablus, Qalqilya, Ramallah, Tulkarm, and some 450 villages.After 1995, a number of additional agreements were concluded to implement the Oslo Accords.
| null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"1993 AT&T Challenge",
"followed by",
"1994 AT&T Challenge"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"1993 AT&T Challenge",
"follows",
"1992 AT&T Challenge"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"2012 Winter Youth Olympics",
"followed by",
"2016 Winter Youth Olympics"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"2012 Winter Youth Olympics",
"topic's main category",
"Category:2012 Winter Youth Olympics"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Mongol campaign against the Nizaris",
"participant",
"Mongol Empire"
] |
The Mongol campaign against the Nizaris of the Alamut period (the Nizari Ismaili state) began in 1253 after the Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire and a series of Nizari–Mongol conflicts. The campaign was ordered by the Great Khan Möngke and was led by his brother, Hülegü. The campaign against the Nizaris and later the Abbasid Caliphate was intended to establish a new khanate in the region—the Ilkhanate.
Hülegü's campaign began with attacks on strongholds in Quhistan and Qumis amidst intensified internal dissensions among Nizari leaders under Imam Muhammad III of Alamut whose policy was fighting against the Mongols. His successor, Rukn al-Din Khurshah, began a long series of negotiations in face of the implacable Mongol advance. In 1256, the Imam capitulated while besieged in Maymun-Diz and ordered his followers to do likewise according to his agreement with Hülegü. Despite being difficult to capture, Alamut ceased hostilities too and was dismantled. The Nizari state was thus disestablished, although several individual forts, notably Lambsar, Gerdkuh, and those in Syria continued to resist. Möngke Khan later ordered a general massacre of all Nizaris, including Khurshah and his family.
Many of the surviving Nizaris scattered throughout Western, Central, and South Asia. Little is known about them afterward, but their communities maintain some sort of independence in their heartland of Daylam and their Imamate reappear later in Anjudan.Early Nizari–Mongol relations
In 1221, the Nizari Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan sent emissaries to Genghis Khan in Balkh. The Imam died in the same year and was succeeded by his 9-years-old son, Ala al-Din Muhammad.
After the fall of the Khwarezmian dynasty as a result of the Mongol invasion, direct confrontation began between the Nizaris under Imam Ala al-Din Muhammad and the Mongols under Ögedei Khan. The latter had just begun to conquer the rest of Persia. Soon the Nizaris lost Damghan in Qumis to the Mongols; the Nizaris had recently taken control of the city after the fall of the Khwarezmshahs.The Nizari Imam sought anti-Mongol alliances as far as China, France, and England: in 1238, he and the Abbasid caliph Al-Mustansir sent a joint diplomatic mission to the European kings Louis IX of France and Edward I of England to forge a Muslim–Christian alliance against the Mongols, but this was unsuccessful. The European kings later joined the Mongols against the Muslims.In 1246, the Nizari Imam, together with the new Abbasid caliph Al-Musta'sim and many Muslim rulers, sent a diplomatic mission under Nizari muhtashams (governor) of Quhistan Shihab al-Din and Shams al-Din to Mongolia on the occasion of the enthronement of the new Mongol Great Khan, Güyük Khan; but the latter dismissed it, and soon dispatched reinforcements under Eljigidei to Persia, instructing him to dedicate one-fifth of the forces there to reduce rebellious territories, beginning with the Nizari state. Güyük himself had intended to participate but died shortly afterward. A Mongol noyan (commander), Chagatai the Elder, was reportedly assassinated by the Nizaris around this time.Güyük's successor, Möngke Khan, began to implement the former's schemes. Möngke's decision followed anti-Nizari urges by Sunnis in the Mongol court, new anti-Nizari complaints (such as that of Shams al-Din, qadi of Qazvin), and warnings from local Mongol commanders in Persia. In 1252, Möngke entrusted the mission of conquering the rest of Western Asia to his brother Hülegü, with the highest priority being the conquest of the Nizari state and the Abbasid Caliphate. Elaborate preparations were made, and Hülegü did not set out until 1253, and actually arrived in Persia more than two years later. In 1253, William of Rubruck, a Flemish priest sent on a mission to Karakorum in Mongolia, was struck by the security precautions there, reportedly in response to the more than forty assassins who had been sent there to assassinate Möngke; it is possible that the assassination attempt was merely rumored.Campaign against Rudbar and Alamut
As soon as he had been in power, Khurshah announced the Nizari leadership's willingness to submit to the Mongol rule to the nearest Mongol commander, noyan Yasur in Qazvin. Yasur replied that the Imam personally should visit Hülegü's camp. Fightings are recorded between Yasur and the Nizaris of Rudbar: on June 12, he was defeated in a battle on Mount Siyalan near Alamut, where the Nizari forces had been mustered, but managed to harass the Nizaris of the region.As Hülegü reached Bistam, his army had enlarged into five tümens, and new commanders were added. Many of them were the relatives of Batu Khan. From the ulus of Jochi representing the Golden Horde came Quli (son of Orda), Balagha, and Tutar. Chagatai Khanate forces were under Tegüder. A contingent of Oirat tribesmen also joined under Buqa Temür. No member of Ögedei's family is mentioned. Hülegü had with him a thousand squads of siege engineers (probably north Chinese, Khitan and Muslim) skilled in the use of mangonels and naphtha.
The Mongols campaigned against the Nizari heartland of Alamut and Rudbar from three directions. The right wing, under Buqa Temür and Köke Ilgei, marched via Tabaristan. The left wing, under Tegüder and Kitbuqa, marched via Khuwar and Semnan. The center was under Hulegu himself. Meanwhile, Hülegü sent another warning to Khurshah. Khurshah was in Maymun-Diz fortress and was apparently playing for time; by resisting longer, the arrival of winter could have stopped the Mongol campaigning. He sent his vizier Kayqubad; they met the Mongols in Firuzkuh and offered the surrender of all strongholds except Alamut and Lambsar, and again asked for a year's delay for Khurshah to visit Hülegü in person. Meanwhile, Khurshah ordered Gerdkuh and fortresses of Quhistan to surrender, which their chiefs did, but the garrison of Gerdkuh continued to resist. The Mongols continued to advance and reached Lar, Damavand, and Shahdiz. Khurshah sent his 7- or 8-years-old son as a show of good faith, but he was sent back due to his young age. Khurshah then sent his second brother Shahanshah (Shahin Shah), who met the Mongols at Rey. But Hülegü demanded the dismantling of the Nizari fortifications to show his goodwill.Numerous negotiations between the Nizari Imam and Hülegü were futile. Apparently, the Nizari Imam sought to at least keep the main Nizari strongholds, while the Mongols were adamant that the Nizaris must fully submit.
| null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Mongol campaign against the Nizaris",
"participant",
"Golden Horde"
] |
Campaign against Rudbar and Alamut
As soon as he had been in power, Khurshah announced the Nizari leadership's willingness to submit to the Mongol rule to the nearest Mongol commander, noyan Yasur in Qazvin. Yasur replied that the Imam personally should visit Hülegü's camp. Fightings are recorded between Yasur and the Nizaris of Rudbar: on June 12, he was defeated in a battle on Mount Siyalan near Alamut, where the Nizari forces had been mustered, but managed to harass the Nizaris of the region.As Hülegü reached Bistam, his army had enlarged into five tümens, and new commanders were added. Many of them were the relatives of Batu Khan. From the ulus of Jochi representing the Golden Horde came Quli (son of Orda), Balagha, and Tutar. Chagatai Khanate forces were under Tegüder. A contingent of Oirat tribesmen also joined under Buqa Temür. No member of Ögedei's family is mentioned. Hülegü had with him a thousand squads of siege engineers (probably north Chinese, Khitan and Muslim) skilled in the use of mangonels and naphtha.
The Mongols campaigned against the Nizari heartland of Alamut and Rudbar from three directions. The right wing, under Buqa Temür and Köke Ilgei, marched via Tabaristan. The left wing, under Tegüder and Kitbuqa, marched via Khuwar and Semnan. The center was under Hulegu himself. Meanwhile, Hülegü sent another warning to Khurshah. Khurshah was in Maymun-Diz fortress and was apparently playing for time; by resisting longer, the arrival of winter could have stopped the Mongol campaigning. He sent his vizier Kayqubad; they met the Mongols in Firuzkuh and offered the surrender of all strongholds except Alamut and Lambsar, and again asked for a year's delay for Khurshah to visit Hülegü in person. Meanwhile, Khurshah ordered Gerdkuh and fortresses of Quhistan to surrender, which their chiefs did, but the garrison of Gerdkuh continued to resist. The Mongols continued to advance and reached Lar, Damavand, and Shahdiz. Khurshah sent his 7- or 8-years-old son as a show of good faith, but he was sent back due to his young age. Khurshah then sent his second brother Shahanshah (Shahin Shah), who met the Mongols at Rey. But Hülegü demanded the dismantling of the Nizari fortifications to show his goodwill.Numerous negotiations between the Nizari Imam and Hülegü were futile. Apparently, the Nizari Imam sought to at least keep the main Nizari strongholds, while the Mongols were adamant that the Nizaris must fully submit.
| null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Mongol campaign against the Nizaris",
"participant",
"Chagatai Khanate"
] |
Campaign against Rudbar and Alamut
As soon as he had been in power, Khurshah announced the Nizari leadership's willingness to submit to the Mongol rule to the nearest Mongol commander, noyan Yasur in Qazvin. Yasur replied that the Imam personally should visit Hülegü's camp. Fightings are recorded between Yasur and the Nizaris of Rudbar: on June 12, he was defeated in a battle on Mount Siyalan near Alamut, where the Nizari forces had been mustered, but managed to harass the Nizaris of the region.As Hülegü reached Bistam, his army had enlarged into five tümens, and new commanders were added. Many of them were the relatives of Batu Khan. From the ulus of Jochi representing the Golden Horde came Quli (son of Orda), Balagha, and Tutar. Chagatai Khanate forces were under Tegüder. A contingent of Oirat tribesmen also joined under Buqa Temür. No member of Ögedei's family is mentioned. Hülegü had with him a thousand squads of siege engineers (probably north Chinese, Khitan and Muslim) skilled in the use of mangonels and naphtha.
The Mongols campaigned against the Nizari heartland of Alamut and Rudbar from three directions. The right wing, under Buqa Temür and Köke Ilgei, marched via Tabaristan. The left wing, under Tegüder and Kitbuqa, marched via Khuwar and Semnan. The center was under Hulegu himself. Meanwhile, Hülegü sent another warning to Khurshah. Khurshah was in Maymun-Diz fortress and was apparently playing for time; by resisting longer, the arrival of winter could have stopped the Mongol campaigning. He sent his vizier Kayqubad; they met the Mongols in Firuzkuh and offered the surrender of all strongholds except Alamut and Lambsar, and again asked for a year's delay for Khurshah to visit Hülegü in person. Meanwhile, Khurshah ordered Gerdkuh and fortresses of Quhistan to surrender, which their chiefs did, but the garrison of Gerdkuh continued to resist. The Mongols continued to advance and reached Lar, Damavand, and Shahdiz. Khurshah sent his 7- or 8-years-old son as a show of good faith, but he was sent back due to his young age. Khurshah then sent his second brother Shahanshah (Shahin Shah), who met the Mongols at Rey. But Hülegü demanded the dismantling of the Nizari fortifications to show his goodwill.Numerous negotiations between the Nizari Imam and Hülegü were futile. Apparently, the Nizari Imam sought to at least keep the main Nizari strongholds, while the Mongols were adamant that the Nizaris must fully submit.
| null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"Mongol campaign against the Nizaris",
"followed by",
"Siege of Baghdad"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Mongol campaign against the Nizaris",
"participant",
"Oirats"
] |
Campaign against Rudbar and Alamut
As soon as he had been in power, Khurshah announced the Nizari leadership's willingness to submit to the Mongol rule to the nearest Mongol commander, noyan Yasur in Qazvin. Yasur replied that the Imam personally should visit Hülegü's camp. Fightings are recorded between Yasur and the Nizaris of Rudbar: on June 12, he was defeated in a battle on Mount Siyalan near Alamut, where the Nizari forces had been mustered, but managed to harass the Nizaris of the region.As Hülegü reached Bistam, his army had enlarged into five tümens, and new commanders were added. Many of them were the relatives of Batu Khan. From the ulus of Jochi representing the Golden Horde came Quli (son of Orda), Balagha, and Tutar. Chagatai Khanate forces were under Tegüder. A contingent of Oirat tribesmen also joined under Buqa Temür. No member of Ögedei's family is mentioned. Hülegü had with him a thousand squads of siege engineers (probably north Chinese, Khitan and Muslim) skilled in the use of mangonels and naphtha.
The Mongols campaigned against the Nizari heartland of Alamut and Rudbar from three directions. The right wing, under Buqa Temür and Köke Ilgei, marched via Tabaristan. The left wing, under Tegüder and Kitbuqa, marched via Khuwar and Semnan. The center was under Hulegu himself. Meanwhile, Hülegü sent another warning to Khurshah. Khurshah was in Maymun-Diz fortress and was apparently playing for time; by resisting longer, the arrival of winter could have stopped the Mongol campaigning. He sent his vizier Kayqubad; they met the Mongols in Firuzkuh and offered the surrender of all strongholds except Alamut and Lambsar, and again asked for a year's delay for Khurshah to visit Hülegü in person. Meanwhile, Khurshah ordered Gerdkuh and fortresses of Quhistan to surrender, which their chiefs did, but the garrison of Gerdkuh continued to resist. The Mongols continued to advance and reached Lar, Damavand, and Shahdiz. Khurshah sent his 7- or 8-years-old son as a show of good faith, but he was sent back due to his young age. Khurshah then sent his second brother Shahanshah (Shahin Shah), who met the Mongols at Rey. But Hülegü demanded the dismantling of the Nizari fortifications to show his goodwill.Numerous negotiations between the Nizari Imam and Hülegü were futile. Apparently, the Nizari Imam sought to at least keep the main Nizari strongholds, while the Mongols were adamant that the Nizaris must fully submit.
| null | null | null | null | 13 |
[
"Mongol campaign against the Nizaris",
"follows",
"Mongol conquest of Anatolia"
] | null | null | null | null | 19 |
|
[
"Mongol campaign against the Nizaris",
"participant",
"Nizari Ismaili state"
] |
Early Nizari–Mongol relations
In 1221, the Nizari Imam Jalal al-Din Hasan sent emissaries to Genghis Khan in Balkh. The Imam died in the same year and was succeeded by his 9-years-old son, Ala al-Din Muhammad.
After the fall of the Khwarezmian dynasty as a result of the Mongol invasion, direct confrontation began between the Nizaris under Imam Ala al-Din Muhammad and the Mongols under Ögedei Khan. The latter had just begun to conquer the rest of Persia. Soon the Nizaris lost Damghan in Qumis to the Mongols; the Nizaris had recently taken control of the city after the fall of the Khwarezmshahs.The Nizari Imam sought anti-Mongol alliances as far as China, France, and England: in 1238, he and the Abbasid caliph Al-Mustansir sent a joint diplomatic mission to the European kings Louis IX of France and Edward I of England to forge a Muslim–Christian alliance against the Mongols, but this was unsuccessful. The European kings later joined the Mongols against the Muslims.In 1246, the Nizari Imam, together with the new Abbasid caliph Al-Musta'sim and many Muslim rulers, sent a diplomatic mission under Nizari muhtashams (governor) of Quhistan Shihab al-Din and Shams al-Din to Mongolia on the occasion of the enthronement of the new Mongol Great Khan, Güyük Khan; but the latter dismissed it, and soon dispatched reinforcements under Eljigidei to Persia, instructing him to dedicate one-fifth of the forces there to reduce rebellious territories, beginning with the Nizari state. Güyük himself had intended to participate but died shortly afterward. A Mongol noyan (commander), Chagatai the Elder, was reportedly assassinated by the Nizaris around this time.Güyük's successor, Möngke Khan, began to implement the former's schemes. Möngke's decision followed anti-Nizari urges by Sunnis in the Mongol court, new anti-Nizari complaints (such as that of Shams al-Din, qadi of Qazvin), and warnings from local Mongol commanders in Persia. In 1252, Möngke entrusted the mission of conquering the rest of Western Asia to his brother Hülegü, with the highest priority being the conquest of the Nizari state and the Abbasid Caliphate. Elaborate preparations were made, and Hülegü did not set out until 1253, and actually arrived in Persia more than two years later. In 1253, William of Rubruck, a Flemish priest sent on a mission to Karakorum in Mongolia, was struck by the security precautions there, reportedly in response to the more than forty assassins who had been sent there to assassinate Möngke; it is possible that the assassination attempt was merely rumored.
| null | null | null | null | 29 |
[
"Mongol campaign against the Nizaris",
"participant",
"Bavand dynasty"
] | null | null | null | null | 36 |
|
[
"1928 Mitropa Cup",
"followed by",
"1929 Mitropa Cup"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"1928 Mitropa Cup",
"follows",
"1927 Mitropa Cup"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"2003 Rugby World Cup – European qualification",
"followed by",
"2007 Rugby World Cup – Europe qualification"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Amiga Advanced Graphics Architecture",
"follows",
"Amiga Enhanced Chip Set"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Amiga Advanced Graphics Architecture",
"followed by",
"Amiga Advanced Architecture chipset"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Adolescence",
"follows",
"childhood"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Adolescence",
"has part(s) of the class",
"teenager"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Adolescence",
"followed by",
"adulthood"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Adolescence",
"follows",
"preadolescence"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Adolescence",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Adolescence"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"War of the Portuguese Succession",
"followed by",
"Iberian Union"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"War of the Portuguese Succession",
"topic's main category",
"War of the Portuguese Succession"
] |
The War of the Portuguese Succession, a result of the extinction of the Portuguese royal line after the Battle of Alcácer Quibir and the ensuing Portuguese succession crisis of 1580, was fought from 1580 to 1583 between the two main claimants to the Portuguese throne: António, Prior of Crato, proclaimed in several towns as King of Portugal, and his first cousin Philip II of Spain, who eventually succeeded in claiming the crown, reigning as Philip I of Portugal.
| null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Tony Award for Best Director",
"followed by",
"Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Tony Award for Best Director",
"followed by",
"Tony Award for Best Direction of a Play"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Amiga Enhanced Chip Set",
"followed by",
"Advanced Graphics Architecture"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Amiga Enhanced Chip Set",
"follows",
"Original Chip Set"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Soyuz 7K-ST No.16L",
"followed by",
"Soyuz T-10"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Soyuz 7K-ST No.16L",
"significant event",
"rocket launch"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Soyuz 7K-ST No.16L",
"follows",
"Soyuz T-9"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Generation Jones",
"followed by",
"Generation X"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Generation Jones",
"follows",
"Baby Boomers"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Nudelman-Suranov NS-37",
"followed by",
"Nudelman N-37"
] |
The Nudelman-Suranov NS-37 (Russian: Нудельман - Суранов НС-37) was a 37-millimetre (1.5 in) aircraft cannon, which replaced the unreliable Shpitalny Sh-37 gun. Large caliber was planned to allow destruction of both ground targets (including armoured ones) and planes (ability to shoot down a bomber with a single hit).
Developed by A. E. Nudelman and A. Suranov from OKB-16 Construction Bureau from 1941, it was tested at the front in 1943 and subsequently ordered into production, which lasted until 1945. It was used on the LaGG-3 and Yak-9T fighter planes (mounted between the vee of the engine, in motornaya pushka mounts) and Il-2 ground attack planes (in underwing pods).
Although the heavy round offered large firepower, the relatively low rate of fire and heavy recoil made hitting targets difficult. While pilots were trained to fire short bursts, on light aircraft only the first shot was truly aimed. Additionally, penetration of medium and heavy tanks' top armour was possible only at high angles (above 40 degrees), which was hard to achieve in battle conditions. For these reasons it was soon replaced in 1946 by the N-37 autocannon, which used a lighter 37×155 mm round.
| null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Nudelman-Suranov NS-37",
"follows",
"Shpitalny Sh-37"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Rubén Plaza"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Tony Martin"
] |
The 2011 Tour of Beijing was the inaugural running of the Tour of Beijing cycling stage race. It started with an individual time trial around the Beijing Olympic Village on 5 October and finished at the Bird's Nest on 9 October.
The race covered 614.3 kilometres (381.7 mi) across Beijing over five stages, and was the first race to be owned by Global Cycling's governing body, the Union Cycliste Internationale, a move which raised some controversy. It was the 25th race of the UCI World Tour season.The race was won by HTC–Highroad rider Tony Martin, after winning the opening time trial stage and maintaining his advantage to the end of the race. Martin's winning margin over runner-up David Millar of Garmin–Cervélo was 17 seconds, and Team Sky's Chris Froome completed the podium, 9 seconds behind Millar and 26 seconds down on Martin. In the race's other classifications, Denis Galimzyanov of Team Katusha won the points classification, Euskaltel–Euskadi's Igor Antón won the mountains classification, Ben King finished on top of the young rider classification, with Team Sky topping the teams classification.
| null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Christian Knees"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Bart De Clercq"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Chris Froome"
] | null | null | null | null | 18 |
|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Juan José Haedo"
] | null | null | null | null | 19 |
|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Johan Vansummeren"
] | null | null | null | null | 20 |
|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Peter Velits"
] | null | null | null | null | 21 |
|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Frederik Veuchelen"
] | null | null | null | null | 22 |
|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Igor Antón"
] | null | null | null | null | 24 |
|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Samuel Sánchez"
] | null | null | null | null | 25 |
|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Christophe Riblon"
] | null | null | null | null | 26 |
|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Joost Posthuma"
] | null | null | null | null | 27 |
|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Amets Txurruka"
] | null | null | null | null | 30 |
|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Jack Bobridge"
] | null | null | null | null | 32 |
|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Tiago Machado"
] | null | null | null | null | 33 |
|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Juraj Sagan"
] | null | null | null | null | 34 |
|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Andrey Mizurov"
] | null | null | null | null | 35 |
|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Andrew Talansky"
] | null | null | null | null | 36 |
|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Janez Brajkovič"
] | null | null | null | null | 37 |
|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Matteo Carrara"
] | null | null | null | null | 38 |
|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Luis León Sánchez"
] | null | null | null | null | 40 |
|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Cameron Meyer"
] | null | null | null | null | 41 |
|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Philip Deignan"
] | null | null | null | null | 42 |
|
[
"2011 Tour of Beijing",
"participant",
"Nicolas Roche"
] | null | null | null | null | 44 |
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