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2.4k
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"École des arts industriels et des mines",
"followed by",
"École Centrale de Lille"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"École des arts industriels et des mines",
"founded by",
"Frédéric Kuhlmann"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"École des arts industriels et des mines",
"founded by",
"Louis Pasteur"
] |
History
École des arts industriels et des mines de Lille was founded in 1854, the same year when Louis Pasteur became the dean of Faculté des sciences de Lille and pioneered applied research with industry cooperations, with support of scientists such as Frédéric Kuhlmann.
Between 1854 and 1871, students attending the two-year/three-year curriculum grew to 90 per annum. Baccalaureate was a prerequisite to admission to the engineering school. The school delivered engineering degrees. The curriculum during the first two years of engineering education included manufacturing and textile industry, engine design, chemistry and metallurgy, mines, as required by entrepreneurs in Northern France. The third year of the curriculum provided optional lectures in engines, mine exploitation, mechanical engineering and chemical engineering.
"The Imperial School of Manufactures and Mines at Lille" (PDF). The Engineer: 565. 21 June 1867. As illustrating the system of education pursued on the Continent (...) we now supplement it with the following particulars of the School of Manufactures and Mines of Lille. This school is open to young men who, having followed the classes of the lycée, colleges, &c., are wishful to acquire instruction specially preparatory to one of the following industries 1, Engineering; 2, Spinning and Weaving; 3, Industrial and Agricural chemistry; 4, Mining. Situated in the neighbourhood of the northern coal fields, and placed in the centre of the greatest manufacturing district in France, and provided with workshops where is executed work destined for the local trade, this school offers to the pupils studies in which practice is happily combined with theory. (...) At certain periods, and always when the nature of the studies require it, the pupils, under the guidance of their professors, visit engineering and metal works, mills, coal pits, and railway plant in the neighbourhood. The classes are given to engineers and professors who have acquired a practical knowledge of the different industries carried on in the north. The term of industrial studies is two years, followed by an extra year for the pupils intended for the mines, and for young men who wish to follow the profession of civil engineer. The pupils, on leaving, receive a diploma of capacity for one of the four specialities taught in the school. Besides this examination, pupils have to make a report detailing and discussing all that is necessary for a coal pit which they have visited one day a week during the year. A council of professors meets once a month to discuss the management of the school. A commission named by the Minister of Instruction superintends the general arrangements. This commission is composed entirely of manufacturers and engineers.
After the Franco-Prussian War in 1870–1871, the engineering school was renamed Institut industriel du Nord de la France (IDN). Its heir is École Centrale de Lille.
| null | null | null | null | 10 |
[
"École des arts industriels et des mines",
"owned by",
"departmental council of Nord"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"École des arts industriels et des mines",
"founded by",
"Hippolyte Fortoul"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"École des arts industriels et des mines",
"followed by",
"Institut industriel du Nord"
] | null | null | null | null | 18 |
|
[
"École des arts industriels et des mines",
"owned by",
"City of Lille"
] | null | null | null | null | 20 |
|
[
"Senate of the Ottoman Empire",
"followed by",
"Grand National Assembly of Turkey"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Senate of the Ottoman Empire",
"follows",
"Imperial Council"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Live in Ukraine",
"performer",
"Queen"
] |
Live in Ukraine is a double live album and video and also last release by British rock collaboration Queen + Paul Rodgers. It was recorded in September 2008 during the Rock the Cosmos Tour at Freedom Square in Kharkiv, Ukraine and was released on 15 June 2009. A companion DVD was also released.
| null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Live in Ukraine",
"followed by",
"Absolute Greatest"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Live in Ukraine",
"follows",
"The Cosmos Rocks"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Commodore 1571",
"follows",
"Commodore 1570"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Commodore 1571",
"followed by",
"Commodore 1581"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture",
"owner of",
"La Raie"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture",
"owner of",
"The Embarkation for Cythera"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture",
"founded by",
"Cardinal Mazarin"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture",
"followed by",
"Académie des beaux-arts"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Northern Songs",
"founded by",
"John Lennon"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Northern Songs",
"founded by",
"Paul McCartney"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Northern Songs",
"followed by",
"Sony Music Publishing"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Northern Songs",
"founded by",
"Dick James"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Northern Songs",
"founded by",
"Brian Epstein"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Moscow Small Ring Road",
"followed by",
"A108 Moscow Big Ring Federal Highway"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Moscow Small Ring Road",
"significant event",
"construction"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Voronezh Front",
"founded by",
"Filipp Golikov"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Voronezh Front",
"followed by",
"1st Ukrainian Front"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"1975 IIHF European U19 Championship",
"followed by",
"1976 IIHF European U19 Championship"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"1975 IIHF European U19 Championship",
"follows",
"1974 IIHF European U19 Championship"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Xennials",
"followed by",
"Generation Y"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Xennials",
"follows",
"Generation X"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Commodore 1570",
"followed by",
"Commodore 1571"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Commodore 1570",
"follows",
"Commodore 1541"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Public Record Office",
"followed by",
"UK National Archives"
] |
The Public Record Office (abbreviated as PRO, pronounced as three letters and referred to as the PRO), Chancery Lane in the City of London, was the guardian of the national archives of the United Kingdom from 1838 until 2003, when it was merged with the Historical Manuscripts Commission to form The National Archives, based in Kew. It was under the control of the Master of the Rolls, a senior judge. The Public Record Office still exists as a legal entity, as the enabling legislation has not been modified.
| null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts",
"followed by",
"UK National Archives"
] |
The Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts (widely known as the Historical Manuscripts Commission, and abbreviated as the HMC to distinguish it from the Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England), was a United Kingdom Royal Commission established in 1869 to survey and report on privately owned and privately held archival records of general historical interest. Its brief was "to make inquiry as to the places in which such Manuscripts and Papers were deposited", and to report on their contents. It remained in existence until 2003, when it merged with the Public Record Office to form The National Archives. Although it technically survives as a legal entity, its work is now entirely subsumed into that of The National Archives.Location
Until 1959 the Commission was based in the Public Record Office building. In December of that year it moved into its own offices (albeit at no great distance away) at Quality House, Quality Court, Chancery Lane. The general public were able to visit Quality House during regular office hours to consult the NRA, MDR and other resources.
Quality House was vacated towards the end of 2003, when the Commission's staff and resources relocated to The National Archives building at Kew.
| null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Wide Area Telephone Service",
"followed by",
"toll-free telephone number"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Wide Area Telephone Service",
"follows",
"Zenith number"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"VP3",
"followed by",
"Theora"
] |
Move to free software
In September, 2001 it was donated to the public as open source, and On2 irrevocably disclaimed all rights to it, granting a royalty-free license grant for any patent claims it might have over the software and any derivatives, allowing anyone to use any VP3-derived codec for any purpose.
In March 2002, On2 altered licensing terms required to download the source code for VP3 to LGPL.Theora
In June 2002 On2 donated VP3 to the Xiph.org Foundation under a BSD-like open source license to make VP3 the basis of a new, free (e.g. patent- and royalty-free) video codec, Theora.The free video codec Theora was forked off from the released codebase of VP3.2 and further developed into an independent codec. On2 declared Theora to be the successor in VP3's lineage.Theora developers declared a freeze on the Theora I bitstream format in June 2004, allowing other companies to start implementing encoders and decoders for the format without worrying about the format changing in incompatible ways. The Theora I Specification was published in September 2004. Any later changes in the specification are minor updates. A first stable release (version 1.0) of the Theora reference implementation (libtheora) was released in November 2008.
| null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"VP3",
"followed by",
"VP5"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"1975 Mediterranean Games",
"follows",
"1971 Mediterranean Games"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"1975 Mediterranean Games",
"participant",
"Italy at the 1975 Mediterranean Games"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"1975 Mediterranean Games",
"participant",
"Syria at the 1975 Mediterranean Games"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"1975 Mediterranean Games",
"participant",
"Tunisia at the 1975 Mediterranean Games"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"1975 Mediterranean Games",
"participant",
"Yugoslavia at the 1975 Mediterranean Games"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"1975 Mediterranean Games",
"topic's main category",
"Category:1975 Mediterranean Games"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"1975 Mediterranean Games",
"participant",
"Lebanon at the 1975 Mediterranean Games"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"1975 Mediterranean Games",
"participant",
"Algeria at the 1975 Mediterranean Games"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"1975 Mediterranean Games",
"participant",
"Malta at the 1975 Mediterranean Games"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"1975 Mediterranean Games",
"participant",
"Turkey at the 1975 Mediterranean Games"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"1975 Mediterranean Games",
"followed by",
"1979 Mediterranean Games"
] | null | null | null | null | 18 |
|
[
"HMS Inflexible (1876)",
"followed by",
"Ajax-class ironclad"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"HMS Inflexible (1876)",
"significant event",
"ship launching"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"HMS Inflexible (1876)",
"significant event",
"ship commissioning"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"HMS Inflexible (1876)",
"significant event",
"keel laying"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Iliad",
"followed by",
"Aethiopis"
] | null | null | null | null | 41 |
|
[
"Iliad",
"follows",
"Cypria"
] | null | null | null | null | 61 |
|
[
"Iliad",
"followed by",
"Posthomerica"
] | null | null | null | null | 105 |
|
[
"Iliad",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Iliad"
] | null | null | null | null | 108 |
|
[
"Strategic Air Command",
"followed by",
"Air Combat Command"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Strategic Air Command",
"follows",
"Aerospace Defense Command"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Strategic Air Command",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Strategic Air Command"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Strategic Air Command",
"follows",
"Continental Air Forces"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Strategic Air Command",
"different from",
"Strategic Air Command"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Gibbs Aquada",
"followed by",
"Gibbs Humdinga"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia",
"followed by",
"Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic"
] |
The Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia (SSR Abkhazia) was a short-lived republic within the Caucasus region of the Soviet Union that covered the territory of Abkhazia, and existed from 31 March 1921 to 19 February 1931. Formed in the aftermath of the Red Army invasion of Georgia in 1921, it was independent until 16 December 1921 when it agreed to a treaty that united it with the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (Georgian SSR). The SSR Abkhazia was similar to an autonomous Soviet republic, though it retained nominal independence from Georgia and was given certain features only full union republics had, like its own military units. Through its status as a "treaty republic" with Georgia, Abkhazia joined the Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, which united Armenian, Azerbaijani, and Georgian SSRs into one federal unit when the latter was formed in 1922. The SSR Abkhazia was abolished in 1931 and replaced with the Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the Georgian SSR.
During its existence, the SSR Abkhazia was led by Nestor Lakoba, who served officially as the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars but controlled the republic to such an extent that it was jokingly referred to as "Lakobistan". Due to Lakoba's close relationship with Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, collectivisation was delayed until after Abkhazia was incorporated into Georgia. Abkhazia remained a major tobacco producer in this era, growing over half of the USSR's supply. It also produced other agricultural produce, including tea, wine, and citrus fruits, leading to Abkhazia being one of the wealthiest regions in the Soviet Union. Its sub-tropical climate also made it a prime holiday destination, with Stalin and other Soviet leaders owning dachas (holiday homes) in the region and spending considerable time there.
An ethnically diverse region, Abkhazia was nominally led by the Abkhaz people, who made up less than 30 percent of the population. Other major groups included Georgians, Armenians, Greeks, and Russians. Even though they did not form the majority, the Abkhaz were heavily favoured and the Abkhaz language was promoted as a result of the korenizatsiia policies of the era. An Abkhaz national identity was promoted through these policies, leading to the rise of Abkhaz nationalism. The main legacy of the SSR Abkhazia is that for the first time in modern history, it created a defined geographic entity under the name of Abkhazia. Though the quasi-independent republic was downgraded in 1931, the Abkhaz people did not forget that it had existed. With the advent of glasnost and perestroika in the late 1980s, Abkhaz leaders called for their state to be re-formed and secede from Georgia, citing the SSR Abkhazia as a precedent. This led to them restoring the 1925 SSR Abkhazian constitution, which led to the 1992–1993 war between Abkhazian secessionists and Georgia, and the modern Abkhaz–Georgian conflict.
| null | null | null | null | 10 |
[
"Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia",
"follows",
"Democratic Republic of Georgia"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Doukhobors",
"significant person",
"Peter Verigin"
] |
Doukhobors remaining in Russia
After the departure of the more zealous and uncompromising Doukhobors, and many community leaders, to Canada at the close of the Elisabethpol Governorate in the Caucasus Viceroyalty (now Azerbaijan), the former Doukhobor villages became mostly repopulated by Baptists. Elsewhere, some Doukhobors joined nearby Spiritual Christian groups.Those who remained Doukhobors were required to submit to the state. Few protested against military service; of 837 Russian court-martial cases against conscientious objectors recorded between the beginning of World War I and April 1, 1917, 16 had Doukhobor defendants, none of whom hailed from the Transcaucasian provinces. Between 1921 and 1923, Verigin's son Peter P. Verigin arranged the resettlement of 4,000 Doukhobors from the Ninotsminda (Bogdanovka) district in south Georgia to Rostov Oblast in southern Russia, and another 500 into Zaporizhzhia Oblast in Ukraine.The Soviet reforms greatly affected the lives of the Doukhobors, both in their old villages in Georgia and in the new settlement areas in southern Russian and Ukraine. State anti-religious campaigns resulted in the suppression of Doukhobor religious tradition, and the loss of books and archival records. Many religious leaders were arrested or exiled; for example, 18 people were exiled from Gorelovka in 1930. Communists' imposition of collective farming did not contradict the Doukhobor way of life. Industrious Doukhobors made their collective farms prosperous, often specializing in cheesemaking.Of the Doukhobor communities in the Soviet Union, those in South Georgia were the most sheltered from outside influence because of their geographic isolation in mountainous terrain, their location near the international border, and concomitant travel restrictions for outsiders.Canada
CCUB, the Orthodox Doukhobors organization or Community Doukhobors, was succeeded by the Union of Spiritual Communities of Christ formed by Peter P. Verigin, Peter V. Verigin's son, in 1938. The largest and most active formal Doukhobor organization, it is headquartered in Grand Forks, British Columbia.During the Canada 2011 Census, 2,290 persons in Canada—of whom 1,860 in British Columbia, 200 in Alberta, 185 in Saskatchewan, and 25 in Ontario—identified their religious affiliation as "Doukhobor". The proportion of older people among these self-identified Doukhobors is higher than among the general population.
| null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Doukhobors",
"influenced by",
"mysticism"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Doukhobors",
"separated from",
"Russian Orthodox Church"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Doukhobors",
"followed by",
"Molokans"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Doukhobors",
"founded by",
"Siluan Kolesnikov"
] |
History
In the 17th-and-18th-century Russian Empire, the first recorded Doukhobors concluded clergy and formal rituals are unnecessary, believing in God's presence in every human being. They rejected the secular government, the Russian Orthodox priests, icons, all church rituals, and the belief the Bible is a supreme source of divine revelation. The Doukhobors believed in the divinity of Jesus; their practices, emphasis on individual interpretation, and opposition to the government and church provoked antagonism from the government and the established Russian Eastern Orthodox Church. In 1734, the Russian government issued an edict against ikonobortsy (those who reject icons), condemning them as iconoclasts.The first-known Doukhobor leader was Siluan (Silvan) Kolesnikov (Russian: Силуан Колесников), who was active from 1755 to 1775. Kolesnikov lived in the village Nikolskoye, Yekaterinoslav Governorate, in modern-day south-central Ukraine. Kolesnikov was familiar with the works of Western mystics such as Karl von Eckartshausen and Louis Claude de Saint-Martin.The early Doukhobors called themselves "God's People" or "Christians." Their modern name, first in the form Doukhobortsy (Russian: духоборцы, dukhobortsy (Spirit wrestlers) ) is thought to have been first used in 1785 or 1786 by Ambrosius the Archbishop of Yekaterinoslav or his predecessor Nikifor (Nikephoros Theotokis). The archbishop's intent was to mock the Doukhobors as heretics fighting against the Holy Spirit (Russian: Святой Дух, Svyatoy Dukh) but around the beginning of the 19th century, according to SA Inikova, the dissenters adopted the name "Doukhobors" usually in a shorter form Doukhobory (Russian: духоборы, dukhobory), implying they are fighting alongside rather than against the Holy Spirit. The first known use of the spelling Doukhobor is in a 1799 government edict exiling 90 of the group to Finland; presumably the Vyborg area, which was part of the Russian Empire at the time, for producing anti-war propaganda.The early Doukhobors were pacifists who rejected military institutions and war and were thus oppressed in Imperial Russia. Both the tsarist state and church authorities were involved in the persecution and deprivation of the dissidents' normal freedoms.In 1802, Tsar Alexander I encouraged the resettlement of religious minorities to the "Milky Waters" (Molochnye Vody) region around the Molochnaya River around Melitopol in modern-day southern Ukraine. This was motivated by the desire to quickly populate the rich steppe lands on the north shore of the Black and Azov Seas, and to prevent the "heretics" from contaminating the population of the heartland with their ideas. Many Doukhobors, as well as Mennonites from Prussia, accepted the Emperor's offer and travelled to the Molochnaya from other provinces of the Empire over the next 20 years.
| null | null | null | null | 17 |
[
"Doukhobors",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Doukhobors"
] | null | null | null | null | 18 |
|
[
"Intercontinental Rally Challenge",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Intercontinental Rally Challenge"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Intercontinental Rally Challenge",
"followed by",
"European Rally Championship"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Apple ProDOS",
"uses",
"ProDOS file system"
] |
Disk support
ProDOS 8 natively supports Disk II-compatible floppy drives, a RAM drive of approximately 59 KB on computers having 128 KB or more RAM, and block devices whose controllers support the Pascal firmware protocol, a standardized method of accepting block reads and writes originally introduced for use with the UCSD p-System. This latter category includes 3.5" floppy drives and hard drives. Custom block device drivers can be hooked into the OS as well.File system
ProDOS uses the same file system as the earlier Apple SOS for the Apple III. The SOS/ProDOS file system is native to Apple SOS, ProDOS 8, ProDOS 16, and GS/OS. Some classic Mac OS versions also come with a file system translator to handle this file system.
A volume is allocated in 512-byte blocks. (5.25" floppy disks are still formatted using 256-byte sectors, as this is the format required by the controller ROM to boot the disk. ProDOS simply treats pairs of 256-byte sectors as a single block on such drives.) A volume can have a capacity of up to 32 megabytes, and each file can be up to 16 megabytes. Each volume (floppy disk or hard drive partition) has a "volume name", a filename which is used as the base directory name; having two volumes with the same volume name can result in conflicts. If necessary, ProDOS searches all available drives to find a named volume. Subdirectories are supported, and the concept of a "prefix" (working directory or current path) was provided to make working with subdirectories easier.
File, directory, and volume names can be 1 to 15 characters, starting with a letter, then containing more letters, digits or periods. Each file entry also contains the 16-bit (2-byte) pointer to the block containing the beginning of the file (or its block index); a 16-bit block count; a 24-bit (3-byte) file size; an 8-bit (1-byte) filetype; a 16-bit auxiliary type (the meaning of which depends upon the filetype); creation and modification timestamps; and data related to how the file is stored on the volume. Sparse files are supported, but files are never "sparsified" by removing zero-filled blocks. The volume header contains similar information as relevant to volumes.
Directories (including the root directory) are sequentially indexed, with each block starting with the address of the previous block (or zero if none) and the subsequent block (or zero if none). The root directory on most disks is initialized to 4 blocks, allowing 51 entries (excluding the volume header). It never changes in size, except by manual intervention with special tools. Subdirectories begin at one block, and grow automatically as needed.
Normal files are progressively indexed. Single-block files (under 513 bytes) have no index block; the directory entry points directly to the block of file data. Files with between 2 and 256 blocks (513 bytes to 128 KB) of data have a single index block, to which the directory entry points, which contains a list of up to 256 data block addresses. Larger files have a master index block containing a list of up to 256 index block addresses. When the Apple IIGS was introduced, a new storage format was introduced for files with two forks, as was typical for IIGS system and program files; the directory entry points to an informational block that tells the computer the storage format of the two forks. These files cannot be read or written natively by ProDOS 8, though the volume itself remains compatible.
The volume has a bitmap of used blocks. Other than this, there is no central file allocation table.
A ProDOS 8 volume formatted by Apple's tools has a boot sector that supports booting both ProDOS and SOS depending on what computer it is booted on. Block 0 is the Apple II boot block and block 1 boots SOS. This allows a disk to be used to boot on either Apple II or Apple III computers by putting both operating system kernels in the top directory: the Apple II boot sector looks for the file PRODOS and the Apple III boot sector looks for the file SOS.KERNEL. Third-party formatting utilities often did not provide the SOS boot block, and some would even mark block 1 available for user data.
ProDOS has no kernel support for other file systems. If necessary, a conversion utility on the main system disk is used to transfer files individually between ProDOS and older Apple DOS 3.3 disks. Because they use a different low-level disk format than DOS 3.3 and ProDOS, transferring data from DOS 3.2 disks to ProDOS is a two-step process using a DOS 3.3 disk as an intermediary (utilizing the DOS 3.3 utility MUFFIN or similar).
| null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Apple ProDOS",
"follows",
"Apple SOS"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Apple ProDOS",
"followed by",
"Apple GS/OS"
] |
ProDOS is the name of two similar operating systems for the Apple II series of personal computers. The original ProDOS, renamed ProDOS 8 in version 1.2, is the last official operating system usable by all 8-bit Apple II series computers, and was distributed from 1983 to 1993. The other, ProDOS 16, was a stop-gap solution for the 16-bit Apple IIGS that was replaced by GS/OS within two years.ProDOS was marketed by Apple as meaning Professional Disk Operating System, and became the most popular operating system for the Apple II series of computers 10 months after its release in January 1983.
| null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"Ante Adam",
"followed by",
"Y-chromosomal Adam"
] |
In human genetics, the Y-chromosomal most recent common ancestor (Y-MRCA, informally known as Y-chromosomal Adam) is the patrilineal most recent common ancestor (MRCA) from whom all currently living humans are descended. He is the most recent male from whom all living humans are descended through an unbroken line of their male ancestors. The term Y-MRCA reflects the fact that the Y chromosomes of all currently living human males are directly derived from the Y chromosome of this remote ancestor. The analogous concept of the matrilineal most recent common ancestor is known as "Mitochondrial Eve" (mt-MRCA, named for the matrilineal transmission of mtDNA), the most recent woman from whom all living humans are descended matrilineally. As with "Mitochondrial Eve", the title of "Y-chromosomal Adam" is not permanently fixed to a single individual, but can advance over the course of human history as paternal lineages become extinct.
Estimates of the time when Y-MRCA lived have also shifted as modern knowledge of human ancestry changes. For example, in 2013, the discovery of a previously unknown Y-chromosomal haplogroup was announced,
which resulted in a slight adjustment of the estimated age of the human Y-MRCA.By definition, it is not necessary that the Y-MRCA and the mt-MRCA should have lived at the same time.
While estimates as of 2014 suggested the possibility that the two individuals may well have been roughly contemporaneous, the discovery of the archaic Y-haplogroup has pushed back the estimated age of the Y-MRCA beyond the most likely age of the mt-MRCA. As of 2015, estimates of the age of the Y-MRCA range around 200,000 to 300,000 years ago, roughly consistent with the emergence of anatomically modern humans.Y-chromosomal data taken from a Neanderthal from El Sidrón, Spain, produced a Y-T-MRCA of 588,000 years ago for Neanderthal and Homo sapiens patrilineages, dubbed ante Adam, and 275,000 years ago for Y-MRCA.
| null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Agate (typography)",
"follows",
"pearl"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Agate (typography)",
"followed by",
"nonpareil"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
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"Roman Catholic Diocese of Cavaillon",
"followed by",
"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Avignon"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Brazil at the 1998 FIFA World Cup",
"follows",
"Brazil at the 1994 FIFA World Cup"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Brazil at the 1998 FIFA World Cup",
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"Category:Brazil at the 1998 FIFA World Cup"
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|
[
"Brazil at the 1998 FIFA World Cup",
"participant of",
"1998 FIFA World Cup"
] |
At the 1998 FIFA World Cup, Brazil participated for the 16th time in the event. The country remained as the only national team to have participated in every installment of the FIFA World Cup. Brazil reached the final where they were defeated 3–0 by France.Squad
Head coach: Mário ZagalloGroup matches
Brazil vs Scotland
Brazil vs Morocco
Brazil vs Norway
Second round
Brazil vs Chile
Quarter-final
Brazil vs Denmark
Semi-final
Brazil vs Netherlands
Final
References
| null | null | null | null | 8 |
[
"Brazil at the 1998 FIFA World Cup",
"followed by",
"Brazil at the 2002 FIFA World Cup"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Tzimtzum",
"followed by",
"Adam Kadmon"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"1995 Open 13",
"followed by",
"1996 Marseille Open"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1926",
"followed by",
"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1927"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1926",
"topic's main category",
"Category:FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1926"
] |
The FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1926 took place between February 4–6, 1926 in Lahti, Finland.
| null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"Brazil at the 1970 FIFA World Cup",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Brazil at the 1970 FIFA World Cup"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Brazil at the 1970 FIFA World Cup",
"participant of",
"1970 FIFA World Cup"
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Squad
Head coach: Mário Zagallo
Brazil competed in Group 3 of the 1970 FIFA World Cup in Guadalajara's Estadio Jalisco between 2 and 11 June 1970. Brazil won the group, and advanced to the quarter-finals, along with World Cup holders England. Romania and Czechoslovakia failed to advance.
| null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Brazil at the 1970 FIFA World Cup",
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"Brazil at the 1974 FIFA World Cup"
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|
[
"Manbhum",
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"Purulia district"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Manbhum",
"followed by",
"Dhanbad district"
] |
Manbhum District was one of the districts of the East India during the British Raj. After India's independence, the district became a part of Bihar State. Upon re-organisation of the Indian states in the mid-1950s, present Purulia district was carved out of the district of Manbhum and became a part of the West Bengal; the remaining part of Manbhum district was kept with Bihar state and became part of Dhanbad district.
| null | null | null | null | 9 |
[
"Manbhum",
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"Jungle Mahals district"
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"Stasi",
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"German Democratic Republic"
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[
"Stasi",
"topic's main category",
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|
[
"Stasi",
"followed by",
"Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
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