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list | passage
stringlengths 0
32.9k
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stringlengths 4
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list | __index_level_1__
int64 312
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Delaware Colony",
"replaces",
"New Netherland"
] |
English conquest
In 1664, after English Colonel Richard Nicolls captured New Amsterdam, Robert Carr was sent to the Delaware River settlements. He took over New Amstel, pillaging it and mistreating its settlers, some of whom he sold into slavery in Virginia. Carr translated the name of the post from Dutch into English and it has been known since as New Castle. Carr and his troops continued down the shore, ravaging and burning settlements, including a Mennonite utopian community led by Pieter Corneliszoon Plockhoy near present-day Lewes, Delaware. This effectively ended the Dutch rule of the colony and, for that matter, ended their claims to any land in colonial North America. The English took over New Netherland, renaming it New York. Delaware was thenceforth claimed by New York under a Deputy of the Duke of York from 1664 to 1682, but neither the Duke nor his colonists controlled it. The proprietors of Maryland took action to take advantage of this situation.
| null | null | null | null | 11 |
[
"Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt",
"replaces",
"Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Harmony (toolkit)",
"has use",
"KDE"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Harmony (toolkit)",
"replaces",
"Qt"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Northern Transylvania",
"replaces",
"Kingdom of Romania"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Augsburger Straße (Berlin U-Bahn)",
"replaces",
"Nürnberger Platz"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Ethernet",
"different from",
"Wi-Fi"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Ethernet",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Ethernet"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Ethernet",
"uses",
"twisted pair"
] |
Varieties
The Ethernet physical layer evolved over a considerable time span and encompasses coaxial, twisted pair and fiber-optic physical media interfaces, with speeds from 1 Mbit/s to 400 Gbit/s. The first introduction of twisted-pair CSMA/CD was StarLAN, standardized as 802.3 1BASE5. While 1BASE5 had little market penetration, it defined the physical apparatus (wire, plug/jack, pin-out, and wiring plan) that would be carried over to 10BASE-T through 10GBASE-T.
The most common forms used are 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX, and 1000BASE-T. All three use twisted-pair cables and 8P8C modular connectors. They run at 10 Mbit/s, 100 Mbit/s, and 1 Gbit/s, respectively.Fiber optic variants of Ethernet (that commonly use SFP modules) are also very popular in larger networks, offering high performance, better electrical isolation and longer distance (tens of kilometers with some versions). In general, network protocol stack software will work similarly on all varieties.
| null | null | null | null | 17 |
[
"Ethernet",
"replaces",
"token ring"
] | null | null | null | null | 18 |
|
[
"Ethernet",
"different from",
"Wireless LAN"
] | null | null | null | null | 25 |
|
[
"Fort Pitt (Pennsylvania)",
"replaces",
"Fort Duquesne"
] |
Fort Pitt was a fort built by British forces between 1759 and 1761 during the French and Indian War at the confluence of the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers, where the Ohio River is formed in western Pennsylvania (modern day Pittsburgh). It was near (but not directly on) the site of Fort Duquesne, a French colonial fort built in 1754 as tensions increased between Great Britain and France in both Europe and North America. The French destroyed Fort Duquesne in 1758 when they retreated under British attack.
Virginia colonial protection of this area ultimately led to the development of Pittsburgh and Allegheny County, Pennsylvania by British-American colonists and immigrants.Location and construction
In April 1754, the French began building Fort Duquesne on the site of the small British Fort Prince George at the beginning of the French and Indian War (AKA Seven Years' War). The Braddock expedition, a 1755 British attempt to take Fort Duquesne, met with defeat at the Battle of the Monongahela at present-day Braddock, Pennsylvania. The French garrison later defeated an attacking British regiment in September 1758 at the Battle of Fort Duquesne. French Colonel de Lignery ordered Fort Duquesne destroyed and abandoned at the approach of General John Forbes' expedition in late November.A number of factors contributed to this strategic withdrawal. In August of 1758 the French Fort Frontenac, at the head of Lake Ontario, was captured by British Gen. Bradstreet, severing the supply lines to French fortifications across the frontier. Fort Duquesne was the southernmost of these. Short on materiel, French commander François-Marie Le Marchand de Lignery was forced to dismiss elements under his command down the Ohio River to their bases in Illinois and Louisiana, and send others overland north to Ft. Presque Isle. Those Native who may have remained at Fort Duquesne were likely eager to return to their winter longhouses before the weather changed. Consequently, the fort was further undermanned, possibly left with as few as 200 regulars.The late October Treaty of Easton with several Native tribes involved in the war largely dissolved the alliance that had enabled French military dominance in the region. Chiefs of 13 American Indian nations agreed to negotiate peace with the colonial governments of Pennsylvania and New Jersey and to abandon any alliances with the French. The nations were primarily the Six Nations of the Iroquois League, bands of the Lenape (Delaware), and the Shawnee. They agreed to the treaty based on the colonial governments' promising to respect their rights to hunting and territory in the Ohio Country, to prohibit establishing new settlements west of the Appalachian Mountains, and to withdraw British and colonial military troops after the war.
The French commander, anticipating an attack along Braddock’s road, had spent some effort fortifying positions there. (Forbes had several times advanced men along that route as a feint.) From prisoners captured during Maj. James Grant’s catastrophic attack on Fort Duquesne, de Lignery was reportedly surprised to learn of a fortified encampment of British troops only 50 miles away at Ligonier, Pennsylvania, with substantial reserves behind. He was also certainly cognizant of the British lightning raid on the Native village of Kittanning (40 miles north on the Allegheny River) two years earlier. Thus, a British attack from the north was a distinct possibility. Forbes had indeed contemplated an attack further north on Fort Machault (later, Ft. Venango; modern-day Franklin, PA.)
Finding himself in an under-manned, flood-prone fort in a weak defensive position, vulnerable to attack from three directions, and running low on provisions, de Lignery retreated north. He destroyed the stores and many of the structures as 1500 advance British troops under the command of Forbes drew within 10 miles. The French never returned to the region.
The British built a new fort and named it Fort Pitt, after William Pitt the Elder. The fort was built from 1759 to 1761 during the French and Indian War (Seven Years' War), next to the site of former Fort Duquesne. It was built in the popular pentagram shape, with bastions at the star points, by Captain Harry Gordon, a British Engineer in the 60th Royal American Regiment.
| null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Khyber Pakhtunkhwa",
"replaces",
"Federally Administered Tribal Areas"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Khyber Pakhtunkhwa",
"replaces",
"North-West Frontier Province"
] |
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (; Pashto: خېبر پښتونخوا; Hindko, Urdu: خیبر پختونخوا, pronounced [ˈxɛːbəɾ paxˈtuːnxwɑː] (listen)), commonly abbreviated as KP or KPK, is a province of Pakistan. Located in the northwestern region of the country, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is the fourth largest province of Pakistan by land area and the third-largest province by population. It is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Balochistan to the south, Punjab to the south-east, the territory of Gilgit-Baltistan to the north and north-east, Islamabad Capital Territory to the east and Azad Kashmir to the north-east. It shares an international border with Afghanistan to the west. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has a varied landscape ranging from rugged mountain ranges, valleys, plains surrounded by hills, undulating submontane areas and dense agricultural farms.
While it is the third-largest Pakistani province in terms of both its population and its economy, it is geographically the smallest. The province is home to 17.9 percent of Pakistan's total population. The province is multiethnic, with the main ethnic groups being the Pashtuns, Hindkowans, Saraikis, and Chitralis.Once a stronghold of Buddhism, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is the site of the ancient region of Gandhara, including the ruins of the Gandharan capital of Pushkalavati (located near modern-day Charsadda). The region's history is characterized by frequent invasions by various empires, largely due to its geographical proximity to the historically important Khyber Pass.Although it is colloquially known by a variety of other names, the name "Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" was brought into effect for the North-West Frontier Province in April 2010, following the passing of the 18th Constitutional Amendment. On 24 May 2018, the National Assembly of Pakistan voted in favour of the 25th Constitutional Amendment, which merged the FATA as well as the Provincially Administered Tribal Areas into Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa subsequently approved the bill on 28 May 2018; it was signed into law on 31 May by erstwhile Pakistani president Mamnoon Hussain, which officially completed the administrative merger process.Etymology
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa means the "Khyber side of the land of the Pashtuns," where the word Pakhtunkhwa means "Land of the Pashtuns", while according to some scholars, it refers to "Pashtun culture and society".When the British established it as a province, they called it "North West Frontier Province" (abbreviated as NWFP) until 2010 due to its relative location being in the northwest of their Indian Empire. After the creation of Pakistan, Pakistan continued with this name but a Pashtun political party, Awami National Party based in the province demanded that the province name be changed to "Pakhtunkhwa". Their logic behind that demand was that Punjabi people, Sindhi people and Baloch people have their provinces named after their ethnicities but that is not the case for Pashtun people.Pakistan Muslim League (N), the largest opposition party at the time was ready to change the province's name by supporting the ruling Pakistan Peoples Party and ANP, in a constitutional amendment but wanted to name the province something other than which does not carry only the Pashtun identity in it as they argued that there were other minor communities living in the province especially the Hazarewals of the Hazara region who spoke Hindko thus the word Khyber was introduced with the name because it is the name of a major pass which connects Pakistan to Afghanistan.British Raj
British East India Company defeated the Sikhs during the Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1849, and incorporated small parts of the region into the Province of Punjab. While Peshawar was the site of a small revolt against British during the Mutiny of 1857, local Pashtun tribes throughout the region generally remained neutral or supportive of the British as they detested the Sikhs, in contrast to other parts of British India which rose up in revolt against the British. However, British control of parts of the region was routinely challenged by Wazir tribesmen in Waziristan and other Pashtun tribes, who resisted any foreign occupation until Pakistan was created. By the late 19th century, the official boundaries of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region still had not been defined as the region was still claimed by the Kingdom of Afghanistan. It was only in 1893 The British demarcated the boundary with Afghanistan under a treaty agreed to by the Afghan king, Abdur Rahman Khan, following the Second Anglo-Afghan War. Several princely states within the boundaries of the region were allowed to maintain their autonomy under the terms of maintaining friendly ties with the British. As the British war effort during World War One demanded the reallocation of resources from British India to the European war fronts, some tribesmen from Afghanistan crossed the Durand Line in 1917 to attack British posts in an attempt to gain territory and weaken the legitimacy of the border. The validity of the Durand Line, however, was re-affirmed in 1919 by the Afghan government with the signing of the Treaty of Rawalpindi, which ended the Third Anglo-Afghan War – a war in which Waziri tribesmen allied themselves with the forces of Afghanistan's King Amanullah in their resistance to British rule. The Wazirs and other tribes, taking advantage of instability on the frontier, continued to resist British occupation until 1920 – even after Afghanistan had signed a peace treaty with the British.
British campaigns to subdue tribesmen along the Durand Line, as well as three Anglo-Afghan wars, made travel between Afghanistan and the densely populated heartlands of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa increasingly difficult. The two regions were largely isolated from one another from the start of the Second Anglo-Afghan War in 1878 until the start of World War II in 1939 when conflict along the Afghan frontier largely dissipated. Concurrently, the British continued their large public works projects in the region, and extended the Great Indian Peninsula Railway into the region, which connected the modern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region to the plains of India to the east. Other projects, such as the Attock Bridge, Islamia College University, Khyber Railway, and establishment of cantonments in Peshawar, Kohat, Mardan, and Nowshera further cemented British rule in the region. In 1901, the British carved out the northwest portions of Punjab Province to create the Northwest Frontier Province (NWFP), which was renamed "Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" in 2010.During this period, North-West Frontier Province was a "scene of repeated outrages on Hindus." During the independence period there was a Congress-led ministry in the province, which was led by secular Pashtun leaders, including Bacha Khan, who preferred joining India instead of Pakistan. The secular Pashtun leadership was also of the view that if joining India was not an option then they should espouse the cause of an independent ethnic Pashtun state rather than Pakistan. In June 1947, Mirzali Khan, Bacha Khan, and other Khudai Khidmatgars declared the Bannu Resolution, demanding that the Pashtuns be given a choice to have an independent state of Pashtunistan composing all Pashtun majority territories of British India, instead of being made to join the new state of Pakistan. However, the British Raj refused to comply with the demand of this resolution, as their departure from the region required regions under their control to choose either to join India or Pakistan, with no third option. By 1947 Pashtun nationalists were advocating for a united India, and no prominent voices advocated for a union with Afghanistan.The secular stance of Bacha Khan had driven a wedge between the ulama of the otherwise pro-Congress (and pro-Indian unity) Jamiat Ulema Hind (JUH) and Bacha Khan's Khudai Khidmatgars.
| null | null | null | null | 9 |
[
"Khyber Pakhtunkhwa",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Oberkommando der Wehrmacht",
"replaces",
"Ministry of the Reichswehr"
] |
Genesis
The OKW was established by executive decree on 4 February 1938, in the aftermath of the Blomberg-Fritsch affair, which had led to the dismissal of the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces and head of the Reich Ministry of War, Werner von Blomberg, as well as the Commander-in-Chief of the Army, Werner von Fritsch.
Adolf Hitler, who had been waiting for an opportunity to gain personal control over the German military, quickly took advantage of the scandal, using the powers granted to him by the Enabling Act to do so. The decree dissolved the ministry and replaced it with the OKW. The OKW was directly subordinate to Hitler in his position as Oberster Befehlshaber der Wehrmacht (transl. Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces), to the detriment of the existing military structure.
The OKW was led by Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel as Chief of the OKW with the rank of a Reich Minister, which essentially made him the second most powerful person in the armed forces' hierarchy after Hitler. The next officer after Keitel was Lieutenant General Alfred Jodl, who served as the OKW's Chief of Operations Staff. However, despite this seemingly powerful hierarchy, the German military's officers mostly disregarded Keitel's position, deeming him nothing more than Hitler's lackey. Other officers often had direct access to the Führer, such as officers with the rank of field marshal, while other officers even outranked Keitel, an example being the Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force, Hermann Göring. This position ideally meant Göring was subordinate to Keitel, but his alternate rank of Reichsmarschall made him the second most powerful person in Germany after Hitler, and he used this alternate power to circumvent Keitel and access Hitler directly whenever he wished.
By June 1938, the OKW comprised four departments:
| null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Oberkommando der Wehrmacht",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Operation Althea",
"different from",
"EUFOR"
] |
Operation Althea, formally the European Union Force Bosnia and Herzegovina (EUFOR), is a military deployment in Bosnia and Herzegovina to oversee the military implementation of the Dayton Agreement. It is the successor to NATO's SFOR and IFOR. The transition from SFOR to EUFOR was largely a change of name and commanders: 80% of the troops remained in place. It replaced SFOR on 2nd December 2004.General aspects
Civilian implementation of the Dayton Agreement is enforced by the Office of the High Representative.
EUFOR's commander is Major General Helmut Habermayer of Austria (all of EUFOR's commanders since 2009 have been Austrians). For this mission, the European Union Military Staff is using NATO's Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) as the EU's Operational Headquarters (OHQ) and is working through the Deputy to the Supreme Allied Commander Europe, a European officer.
EUFOR assumed all the missions of SFOR, except for the hunt for individuals indicted by the war crimes tribunal, notably Radovan Karadžić, former leader of Republika Srpska, and Ratko Mladić, their former military leader, which remained a mission for NATO through NATO Headquarters Sarajevo. EUFOR does have police duties against organised crime, which is believed to be linked to suspected war criminals. It worked with the European Union Police Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (EUPM) and with the Bosnian Police. The European Union Special Representative in Bosnia and Herzegovina provides political guidance on military issues with a local political dimension to the EUFOR.
As of February 2023, the total force of EUFOR is approximately 1,000 troops from 22 countries, including EU member states and non-EU "Troop Contributing Countries" (TCC) are present within EUFOR (Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Chile, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, North Macedonia, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, and Turkey).On 18th December 2020, the United Kingdom marked the end of its 16-year contribution to EUFOR, following Brexit.As of early 2021, EUFOR personnel bases include:
| null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Operation Althea",
"replaces",
"SFOR"
] |
Operation Althea, formally the European Union Force Bosnia and Herzegovina (EUFOR), is a military deployment in Bosnia and Herzegovina to oversee the military implementation of the Dayton Agreement. It is the successor to NATO's SFOR and IFOR. The transition from SFOR to EUFOR was largely a change of name and commanders: 80% of the troops remained in place. It replaced SFOR on 2nd December 2004.General aspects
Civilian implementation of the Dayton Agreement is enforced by the Office of the High Representative.
EUFOR's commander is Major General Helmut Habermayer of Austria (all of EUFOR's commanders since 2009 have been Austrians). For this mission, the European Union Military Staff is using NATO's Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) as the EU's Operational Headquarters (OHQ) and is working through the Deputy to the Supreme Allied Commander Europe, a European officer.
EUFOR assumed all the missions of SFOR, except for the hunt for individuals indicted by the war crimes tribunal, notably Radovan Karadžić, former leader of Republika Srpska, and Ratko Mladić, their former military leader, which remained a mission for NATO through NATO Headquarters Sarajevo. EUFOR does have police duties against organised crime, which is believed to be linked to suspected war criminals. It worked with the European Union Police Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (EUPM) and with the Bosnian Police. The European Union Special Representative in Bosnia and Herzegovina provides political guidance on military issues with a local political dimension to the EUFOR.
As of February 2023, the total force of EUFOR is approximately 1,000 troops from 22 countries, including EU member states and non-EU "Troop Contributing Countries" (TCC) are present within EUFOR (Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Chile, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, North Macedonia, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, and Turkey).On 18th December 2020, the United Kingdom marked the end of its 16-year contribution to EUFOR, following Brexit.As of early 2021, EUFOR personnel bases include:
| null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"GNU Bison",
"has use",
"parsing"
] |
GNU Bison, commonly known as Bison, is a parser generator that is part of the GNU Project. Bison reads a specification in the BNF notation (a context-free language), warns about any parsing ambiguities, and generates a parser that reads sequences of tokens and decides whether the sequence conforms to the syntax specified by the grammar.
The generated parsers are portable: they do not require any specific compilers. Bison by default generates LALR(1) parsers but it can also generate canonical LR, IELR(1) and GLR parsers.In POSIX mode, Bison is compatible with Yacc, but also has several extensions over this earlier program, including
| null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"GNU Bison",
"replaces",
"yacc"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"GNU Bison",
"has use",
"lexical analysis"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"GNU Bison",
"has use",
"Semantic analysis"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia",
"located on terrain feature",
"Abkhazia"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia",
"replaces",
"Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Stabilisation Force in Bosnia and Herzegovina",
"replaces",
"Implementation Force"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Advanced Camera for Surveys",
"replaces",
"Faint Object Camera"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer",
"replaces",
"Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer",
"has use",
"infrared astronomy"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"VGA connector",
"followed by",
"Digital Visual Interface"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"VGA connector",
"replaces",
"DB13W3"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"VGA connector",
"has use",
"analog video"
] |
The Video Graphics Array (VGA) connector is a standard connector used for computer video output. Originating with the 1987 IBM PS/2 and its VGA graphics system, the 15-pin connector went on to become ubiquitous on PCs, as well as many monitors, projectors and high-definition television sets.
Other connectors have been used to carry VGA-compatible signals, such as mini-VGA or BNC, but "VGA connector" typically refers to this design.Devices continue to be manufactured with VGA connectors, although newer digital interfaces such as DVI, HDMI and DisplayPort are increasingly displacing VGA, and many modern computers and other devices do not include it.Physical design
The VGA connector is a three-row, 15-pin D-subminiature connector referred to variously as DE-15, HD-15 or erroneously DB-15(HD). DE-15 is the accurate nomenclature under the D-sub specifications: an "E" size D-sub connector, with 15 pins in three rows.Electrical design
All VGA connectors carry analog RGBHV (red, green, blue, horizontal sync, vertical sync) video signals. Modern connectors also include VESA DDC pins, for identifying attached display devices.
In both its modern and original variants, VGA utilizes multiple scan rates, so attached devices such as monitors are multisync by necessity.
The VGA interface includes no affordances for hot swapping, the ability to connect or disconnect the output device during operation, although in practice this can be done and usually does not cause damage to the hardware or other problems. The VESA DDC specification does, however, include a standard for hot-swapping.
| null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"VGA connector",
"different from",
"DE-9 connector"
] |
Physical design
The VGA connector is a three-row, 15-pin D-subminiature connector referred to variously as DE-15, HD-15 or erroneously DB-15(HD). DE-15 is the accurate nomenclature under the D-sub specifications: an "E" size D-sub connector, with 15 pins in three rows.Electrical design
All VGA connectors carry analog RGBHV (red, green, blue, horizontal sync, vertical sync) video signals. Modern connectors also include VESA DDC pins, for identifying attached display devices.
In both its modern and original variants, VGA utilizes multiple scan rates, so attached devices such as monitors are multisync by necessity.
The VGA interface includes no affordances for hot swapping, the ability to connect or disconnect the output device during operation, although in practice this can be done and usually does not cause damage to the hardware or other problems. The VESA DDC specification does, however, include a standard for hot-swapping.
| null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"Mozilla Thunderbird",
"has use",
"email client"
] |
Mozilla Thunderbird is a free and open-source cross-platform email client, personal information manager, news client, RSS and chat client that is operated by the Mozilla Foundation's subsidiary MZLA Technologies Corporation. Thunderbird is an independent, community-driven project that is managed and overseen by the Thunderbird Council, which is elected by the Thunderbird Community. The project strategy was originally modeled after that of Mozilla's Firefox web browser and is an interface built on top of that web browser.
| null | null | null | null | 10 |
[
"Mozilla Thunderbird",
"based on",
"Gecko"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Mozilla Thunderbird",
"replaces",
"Eudora OSE"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Mozilla Thunderbird",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Mozilla Thunderbird"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"Czech First League",
"replaces",
"Czechoslovak First League"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Czech First League",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Czech First League"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"Slovak First Football League",
"replaces",
"Czechoslovak First League"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Slovak First Football League",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Slovak First Football League"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Polissia Okruha",
"replaces",
"Minsk Governorate"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Ducati ST series",
"replaces",
"Ducati Paso"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"RadioShack",
"topic's main category",
"Category:RadioShack"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"RadioShack",
"replaces",
"Tandy Corporation"
] |
RadioShack Corporation
In the mid-1990s, the company attempted to move out of small components and into more mainstream consumer markets, focusing on marketing wireless phones. This placed the chain, long accustomed to charging wide margins on specialized products not readily available from other local retailers, into direct competition against vendors such as Best Buy and Walmart.In May 2000, the company dropped the Tandy name altogether, becoming RadioShack Corporation. The leather operating assets were sold to The Leather Factory on November 30, 2000; that business remains profitable.House brands Realistic and Optimus were discontinued. In 1999, the company agreed to carry RCA products in a five-year agreement for a "RCA Digital Entertainment Center" store-within-a-store. When the RCA contract ended, RadioShack introduced its own Presidian and Accurian brands, reviving the Optimus brand in 2005 for some low-end products. Enercell, a house brand for dry cell batteries, remained in use until approximately 2014.
| null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"RadioShack",
"follows",
"Tandy Corporation"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Rakata",
"replaces",
"Krakatoa"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Rakata",
"different from",
"Rakata"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Rakata",
"significant event",
"1883 eruption of Krakatoa"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Gulf rupee",
"replaces",
"Indian rupee"
] |
The Gulf rupee (Arabic: روبية خليجية) was the official currency used in the British protectorates of the Arabian Peninsula that are around the Persian Gulf between 1959 and 1966. These areas today form the countries of Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman, and the United Arab Emirates. It was issued by the Government of India and the Reserve Bank of India and was equivalent to the Indian rupee.
| null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Geestland",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Geestland"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Geestland",
"replaces",
"Bederkesa"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Dessau-Roßlau",
"replaces",
"Dessau"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Dessau-Roßlau",
"replaces",
"Roßlau (Elbe)"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Dessau-Roßlau",
"owner of",
"Paul Greifzu Stadium"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Dessau-Roßlau",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Dessau-Roßlau"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Dessau-Roßlau",
"said to be the same as",
"Dessau-Roßlau"
] | null | null | null | null | 19 |
|
[
"Chanka",
"replaces",
"Wari"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Roman Catholic Diocese of Mukachevo",
"replaces",
"Roman Catholic Diocese of Satu Mare"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Roman Catholic Diocese of Mukachevo",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Roman Catholic Diocese of Mukacheve"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Roman Catholic Diocese of Mukachevo",
"different from",
"Diocese/Eparchy of Mukacheve"
] |
History
The history of the diocese begins 1993 when the Apostolic Administration of Zakarpattia (Latin Name: Transcarpatiae Latinorum) was split off from the Diocese of Szatmár. This is unique among the Ukrainian dioceses, the remainder of which were all split off from Lviv, which has been associated with Polish culture. Mukachevo Roman Catholics are mostly members of the Hungarian minority in Ukraine. Elevated to a diocese in 2002, its first bishop was Antal Majnek until 28 January 2022.
| null | null | null | null | 19 |
[
"Levante UD",
"participant of",
"2021–22 La Liga"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Levante UD",
"replaces",
"Gimnástico FC"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Levante UD",
"replaces",
"Levante FC"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Levante UD",
"owner of",
"Estadi Ciutat de València"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Levante UD",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Levante UD"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"University of Porto",
"replaces",
"Academia Polytechnica do Porto"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"University of Porto",
"topic's main category",
"Category:University of Porto"
] | null | null | null | null | 24 |
|
[
"Anak Krakatoa",
"replaces",
"Krakatoa"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Anak Krakatoa",
"different from",
"Krakatoa"
] |
Anak Krakatoa (Indonesian: Anak Krakatau) is a volcanic island in Indonesia. On 29 December 1927, Anak Krakatoa first emerged from the caldera formed in 1883 by the explosive volcanic eruption that destroyed the island of Krakatoa. There has been sporadic eruptive activity at the site since the late 20th century, culminating with a large underwater collapse of the volcano that caused a deadly tsunami in December 2018. There has been subsequent activity since. Due to its young age, the island is one of several in the area that are of interest to, and the subject of extensive study by, volcanologists.
| null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Anak Krakatoa",
"significant event",
"2018 Sunda Strait tsunami"
] |
Anak Krakatoa (Indonesian: Anak Krakatau) is a volcanic island in Indonesia. On 29 December 1927, Anak Krakatoa first emerged from the caldera formed in 1883 by the explosive volcanic eruption that destroyed the island of Krakatoa. There has been sporadic eruptive activity at the site since the late 20th century, culminating with a large underwater collapse of the volcano that caused a deadly tsunami in December 2018. There has been subsequent activity since. Due to its young age, the island is one of several in the area that are of interest to, and the subject of extensive study by, volcanologists.2018 eruption and aftermath
A new eruptive phase was observed starting in June 2018; and on 15 October 2018, Anak Krakatau had a strong Strombolian to weak Vulcanian eruption that sent lava bombs into the water.An eruption of the volcano on 22 December 2018 caused a deadly tsunami, with waves up to five meters in height making landfall. On 31 December 2018, the disaster agency stated the tsunami's death toll was 437, with 14,059 injured. The tsunami affected more than 300 kilometers (186 mi) of coastline in Sumatra and Java and 40,000 people were displaced. This made the eruption the second deadliest volcanic eruption of the 21st century to date. Cone collapse—with tsunami generation—was considered a potential hazard immediately before the eruption. Scientists had modeled the possibility six years before the event, and had identified the western flank as the section of the volcano most likely to fail.Following the December 2018 eruption, it was believed that the southwest sector of the volcano, including the summit, had collapsed during the eruption, triggering the tsunami. On 23 December, this was confirmed by satellite data and helicopter footage, with the main conduit seen erupting from underwater, producing Surtseyan-style activity. The volcano lost over two-thirds of its volume due to this event, and its elevation above sea level was reduced from 338 m (1,109 ft) to just 110 m (360 ft).Satellite radar observations showed that by 10 January 2019, the volcano had continued to form, with further eruptions beginning to re-model the remnant structure. The crater, which had become open to the sea immediately after the eruption, had a complete rim above sea level. In May 2019, phreatomagmatic activity was observed around the newly reconstructed crater as the volcano continued to increase in height and remodel the areas destroyed in 2018.
| null | null | null | null | 9 |
[
"Ust-Orda Buryat Okrug",
"replaces",
"Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Pesma za Evroviziju",
"replaces",
"Beovizija"
] |
Background
In October 2021, it was announced that Beovizija would no longer be used to select the Serbian entry for the Eurovision Song Contest, as the company that owns the rights to the Beovizija brand, Megaton, decided not to renew its contract with RTS. In place of Beovizija, a new selection was planned out under the working title RTS Takmičenje za Pesmu Evrovizije (transl. RTS contest for the Eurovision Song Contest). The final title was later revealed to be Pesma za Evroviziju (transl. A Song for Eurovision).
| null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Paris 8 University Vincennes-Saint-Denis",
"replaces",
"University of Paris"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Paris 8 University Vincennes-Saint-Denis",
"follows",
"University of Vincennes"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Paris 8 University Vincennes-Saint-Denis",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Université Vincennes-Saint-Denis"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"HexChat",
"based on",
"XChat"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"HexChat",
"replaces",
"XChat"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"HexChat",
"founded by",
"Berke Viktor"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Jubek State",
"replaces",
"Central Equatoria"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic",
"replaces",
"Yakutsk Oblast"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Spanish Netherlands",
"followed by",
"Dutch Republic"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Spanish Netherlands",
"followed by",
"Austrian Netherlands"
] |
French conquests
As the power of the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs waned in the latter decades of the 17th century, the territory of the Netherlands under Habsburg rule was repeatedly invaded by the French and an increasing portion of the territory came under French control in successive wars. By the Treaty of the Pyrenees of 1659 the French annexed most of Artois, and Dunkirk was ceded to the English. By the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (ending the War of Devolution in 1668) and Nijmegen (ending the Franco-Dutch War in 1678), further territory up to the current Franco-Belgian border was ceded, including Cambrai, Walloon Flanders, as well as half of the county of Hainaut (including Valenciennes). Later, in the War of the Reunions and the Nine Years' War, France annexed other parts of the region that were restored to Spain by the Treaty of Rijswijk 1697.
During the War of the Spanish Succession, in 1706 the Habsburg Netherlands became an Anglo-Dutch condominium for the remainder of the conflict. By the peace treaties of Utrecht and Rastatt in 1713/14 ending the war, the Southern Netherlands returned to the Austrian Habsburg monarchy forming the Austrian Netherlands.
| null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"Spanish Netherlands",
"located on terrain feature",
"Southern Netherlands"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Spanish Netherlands",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Spanish Netherlands"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Spanish Netherlands",
"follows",
"Habsburg Netherlands"
] |
Spanish Netherlands (Spanish: Países Bajos Españoles; Dutch: Spaanse Nederlanden; French: Pays-Bas espagnols; German: Spanische Niederlande) (historically in Spanish: Flandes, the name "Flanders" was used as a pars pro toto) was the Habsburg Netherlands ruled by the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs from 1556 to 1714. They were a collection of States of the Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries held in personal union by the Spanish Crown (also called Habsburg Spain). This region comprised most of the modern states of Belgium and Luxembourg, as well as parts of northern France, the southern Netherlands, and western Germany with the capital being Brussels. The Army of Flanders was given the task of defending the territory.
The Imperial fiefs of the former Burgundian Netherlands had been inherited by the Austrian House of Habsburg from the extinct House of Valois-Burgundy upon the death of Mary of Burgundy in 1482. The Seventeen Provinces formed the core of the Habsburg Netherlands which passed to the Spanish Habsburgs upon the abdication of Emperor Charles V in 1556. When part of the Netherlands separated to form the autonomous Dutch Republic in 1581, the remainder of the area stayed under Spanish rule until the War of the Spanish Succession.Provinces
From 1581 the Habsburg Netherlands consisted of the following territories, all part of modern Belgium unless otherwise stated:
| null | null | null | null | 16 |
[
"Spanish Netherlands",
"replaces",
"Habsburg Netherlands"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"Spanish Netherlands",
"replaces",
"Seventeen Provinces"
] | null | null | null | null | 20 |
|
[
"Three Bishoprics",
"replaces",
"Prince-Bishopric of Metz"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Three Bishoprics",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Trois-Évêchés"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Three Bishoprics",
"replaces",
"Prince-Bishopric of Verdun"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Three Bishoprics",
"replaces",
"Prince-Bishopric of Toul"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Berkeley Yacc",
"based on",
"yacc"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Berkeley Yacc",
"replaces",
"yacc"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Revision (demoparty)",
"replaces",
"Breakpoint"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Flag of Canada",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Canada"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Flag of Canada",
"cause",
"Great Canadian Flag Debate"
] |
The National Flag of Canada (French: le Drapeau national du Canada), often simply referred to as the Canadian flag or, unofficially, as the maple leaf flag or l'Unifolié (French: [l‿ynifɔlje]; lit. 'the one-leafed'), consists of a red field with a white square at its centre in the ratio of 1∶2∶1, in which is featured a stylized, red, 11-pointed maple leaf charged in the centre. It is the first flag to have been adopted by both houses of Parliament and officially proclaimed by the Canadian monarch as the country's official national flag. The flag has become the predominant and most recognizable national symbol of Canada.
In 1964, Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson formed a committee to resolve the ongoing issue of the lack of an official Canadian flag, sparking a serious debate about a flag change to replace the Union Flag. Out of three choices, the maple leaf design by George Stanley, based on the flag of the Royal Military College of Canada, was selected. The flag made its first official appearance on February 15, 1965; the date is now celebrated annually as National Flag of Canada Day.
The Canadian Red Ensign was in unofficial use since the 1860s and officially approved by a 1945 Order in Council for use "wherever place or occasion may make it desirable to fly a distinctive Canadian flag". Also, the Royal Union Flag remains an official flag in Canada, to symbolize Canada's allegiance to the monarch and membership in the Commonwealth of Nations. There is no law dictating how the national flag is to be treated, but there are conventions and protocols to guide how it is to be displayed and its place in the order of precedence of flags, which gives it primacy over the aforementioned and most other flags.
Many different flags created for use by Canadian officials, government bodies, and military forces contain the maple leaf motif in some fashion, either by having the Canadian flag charged in the canton or by including maple leaves in the design. The Canadian flag also appears on the government's wordmark.Great Flag Debate
By the 1960s, the debate for an official Canadian flag intensified and became a subject of controversy, culminating in the Great Flag Debate of 1964. In 1963, the minority Liberal government of Lester B. Pearson gained power and decided to adopt an official Canadian flag through parliamentary debate. The principal political proponent of the change was Pearson. He had been a significant broker during the Suez Crisis of 1956, for which he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. During the crisis, Pearson was disturbed when the Egyptian government objected to Canadian peacekeeping forces on the grounds that the Canadian flag (the Red Ensign) contained the same symbol (the Union Flag) also used as a flag by the United Kingdom, one of the belligerents. Pearson's goal was for the Canadian flag to be distinctive and unmistakably Canadian. The main opponent to changing the flag was the leader of the opposition and former prime minister, John Diefenbaker, who eventually made the subject a personal crusade.
In 1961, Leader of the Opposition Lester Pearson asked John Ross Matheson to begin researching what it would take for Canada to have a new flag. By April 1963, Pearson was prime minister in a minority government and risked losing power over the issue. He formed a 15-member multi-party parliamentary committee in 1963 to select a new design, despite opposition leader Diefenbaker's demands for a referendum on the issue. On May 27, 1964, Pearson's cabinet introduced a motion to parliament for the adoption of his favourite design, presented to him by artist and heraldic advisor Alan Beddoe, of a "sea to sea" (Canada's motto) flag with blue borders and three conjoined red maple leaves on a white field. This motion led to weeks of acrimonious debate in the House of Commons and the design came to be known as the "Pearson Pennant", derided by the media and viewed as a "concession to Québec".
A new all-party committee was formed in September 1964, comprising seven Liberals, five Conservatives, one New Democrat, one Social Crediter, and one Socreter, with Herman Batten as chairman, while John Matheson acted as Pearson's right-hand man. Among those who gave their opinions to the group was Duguid, expressing the same views as he had in 1945, insisting on a design using three maple leaves; Arthur R. M. Lower, stressing the need for a distinctly Canadian emblem; Marcel Trudel, arguing for symbols of Canada's founding nations, which did not include the maple leaf (a thought shared by Diefenbaker); and A. Y. Jackson, providing his own suggested designs. A steering committee also considered about 2,000 suggestions from the public, in addition to 3,900 others that included, according to Library and Archives Canada, "those that had accumulated in the Department of the Secretary of State and those from a parliamentary flag committee of 1945–1946". Through a six-week period of study with political manoeuvring, the committee took a vote on the two finalists: the Pearson Pennant (Beddoe's design) and the current design. Believing the Liberal members would vote for the Prime Minister's preference, the Conservatives voted for the single leaf design. The Liberals, though, all voted for the same, giving a unanimous, 14 to 0 vote for the option created by George Stanley and inspired by the flag of the Royal Military College of Canada (RMC) in Kingston, Ontario.
There, near the parade square, in March 1964, while viewing the college flag atop the Mackenzie Building, Stanley, then RMC's Dean of Arts, first suggested to Matheson, then Member of Parliament for Leeds, that the RMC flag should form the basis of the national flag. The suggestion was followed by Stanley's memorandum of March 23, 1964, on the history of Canada's emblems, in which he warned that any new flag "must avoid the use of national or racial symbols that are of a divisive nature" and that it would be "clearly inadvisable" to create a flag that carried the Union Flag or a fleur-de-lis. According to Matheson, Pearson's one "paramount and desperate objective" in introducing the new flag was to keep Quebec in the Canadian union. It was Stanley's idea that the new flag should be red and white and that it should feature the single maple leaf; his memorandum included the first sketch of what would become the flag of Canada. Stanley and Matheson collaborated on a design that was, after six months of debate and 308 speeches, passed by a majority vote in the House of Commons on December 15, 1964. Just after this, at 2:00 am, Matheson wrote to Stanley: "Your proposed flag has just now been approved by the Commons 163 to 78. Congratulations. I believe it is an excellent flag that will serve Canada well." The Senate added its approval two days later.
| null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Flag of Canada",
"replaces",
"Canadian Red Ensign"
] |
The National Flag of Canada (French: le Drapeau national du Canada), often simply referred to as the Canadian flag or, unofficially, as the maple leaf flag or l'Unifolié (French: [l‿ynifɔlje]; lit. 'the one-leafed'), consists of a red field with a white square at its centre in the ratio of 1∶2∶1, in which is featured a stylized, red, 11-pointed maple leaf charged in the centre. It is the first flag to have been adopted by both houses of Parliament and officially proclaimed by the Canadian monarch as the country's official national flag. The flag has become the predominant and most recognizable national symbol of Canada.
In 1964, Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson formed a committee to resolve the ongoing issue of the lack of an official Canadian flag, sparking a serious debate about a flag change to replace the Union Flag. Out of three choices, the maple leaf design by George Stanley, based on the flag of the Royal Military College of Canada, was selected. The flag made its first official appearance on February 15, 1965; the date is now celebrated annually as National Flag of Canada Day.
The Canadian Red Ensign was in unofficial use since the 1860s and officially approved by a 1945 Order in Council for use "wherever place or occasion may make it desirable to fly a distinctive Canadian flag". Also, the Royal Union Flag remains an official flag in Canada, to symbolize Canada's allegiance to the monarch and membership in the Commonwealth of Nations. There is no law dictating how the national flag is to be treated, but there are conventions and protocols to guide how it is to be displayed and its place in the order of precedence of flags, which gives it primacy over the aforementioned and most other flags.
Many different flags created for use by Canadian officials, government bodies, and military forces contain the maple leaf motif in some fashion, either by having the Canadian flag charged in the canton or by including maple leaves in the design. The Canadian flag also appears on the government's wordmark.History
Early flags
The Saint George's Cross was carried by John Cabot when he reached Newfoundland in 1497. In 1534, Jacques Cartier planted a cross in Gaspé bearing the French royal coat of arms with the fleurs-de-lis. The Royal Banner of France or "Bourbon Flag" held a position of some prominence in New France, with the evolving variations of French military flags being used over time.As the de facto British national flag, the Union Flag (commonly known as the "Union Jack") was used similarly in Canada from the time of British settlement in Nova Scotia after 1621. Its use continued after Canada's legislative independence from the United Kingdom in 1931 until the adoption of the current flag in 1965.Shortly after Canadian Confederation in 1867, the need for distinctive Canadian flags emerged. The first Canadian flag was that then used as the flag of the governor general of Canada, a Union Flag with a shield in the centre bearing the quartered arms of Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, surrounded by a wreath of maple leaves. In 1870, the Red Ensign, with the addition of the Canadian composite shield in the fly, began to be used unofficially on land and sea and was known as the Canadian Red Ensign. As new provinces joined the Confederation, their arms were added to the shield. In 1892, the British admiralty approved the use of the Red Ensign for Canadian use at sea.
The composite shield was replaced with the coat of arms of Canada upon its grant in 1921 and, in 1924, an Order in Council approved its use for Canadian government buildings abroad. In 1925, Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King established a committee to design a flag to be used at home, but it was dissolved before the final report could be delivered. Despite the failure of the committee to solve the issue, public sentiment in the 1920s was in favour of fixing the flag problem for Canada. New designs were proposed in 1927, 1931, and 1939.By the Second World War, the Red Ensign was viewed as Canada's de facto national flag. A joint committee of the Senate and House of Commons was appointed on November 8, 1945, to recommend a national flag to officially adopt. It received 2,409 designs from the public and was addressed by the director of the Historical Section of the Canadian Army, Archer Fortescue Duguid, who pointed out that red and white were Canada's official colours and there was already an emblem representing the country: three joined maple leaves seen on the escutcheon of the Canadian coat of arms. By May 9 the following year, the committee reported back with a recommendation "that the national flag of Canada should be the Canadian red ensign with a maple leaf in autumn golden colours in a bordered background of white". The Legislative Assembly of Quebec had urged the committee to not include any of what it deemed as "foreign symbols", including the Union Flag, and Mackenzie King, then still prime minister, declined to act on the report; fearing it may lead to political instability. As a result, the Union Flag was kept as a national flag, and the order to fly the Canadian Red Ensign at government buildings was maintained.Adoption
The new national flag was inaugurated on February 15 of the same year at an official ceremony held on Parliament Hill in Ottawa, in the presence of Governor General Major-General Georges Vanier, the Prime Minister, other members of the Cabinet, and Canadian parliamentarians. The Red Ensign was lowered at the stroke of noon and the new maple leaf flag was raised. The crowd sang "O Canada" followed by "God Save the Queen". Of the flag, Vanier said "[it] will symbolize to each of us—and to the world—the unity of purpose and high resolve to which destiny beckons us". Maurice Bourget, Speaker of the Senate, said: "The flag is the symbol of the nation's unity, for it, beyond any doubt, represents all the citizens of Canada without distinction of race, language, belief, or opinion." Yet there was still opposition to the change, and Stanley's life was even threatened for having "assassinated the flag". In spite of this, Stanley attended the flag-raising ceremony.At the time of the 50th anniversary of the flag, the government—held by the Conservative Party—was criticized for the lack of an official ceremony dedicated to the date; accusations of partisanship were levelled. Minister of Canadian Heritage Shelly Glover denied the charges and others, including Liberal Members of Parliament, pointed to community events taking place around the country. Governor General David Johnston did, though, preside at an official ceremony at Confederation Park in Ottawa, integrated with Winterlude. He said "[t]he National Flag of Canada is so embedded in our national life and so emblematic of our national purpose that we simply cannot imagine our country without it." Queen Elizabeth II stated: "On this, the 50th anniversary of the National Flag of Canada, I am pleased to join with all Canadians in the celebration of this unique and cherished symbol of our country and identity." A commemorative stamp and coin were issued by Canada Post and the Royal Canadian Mint, respectively.
| null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"Flag of Canada",
"depicts",
"field"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
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