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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Caldas da Rainha",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Caldas da Rainha"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Caldas da Rainha",
"founded by",
"Eleanor of Viseu"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Medina of Sfax",
"founded by",
"Aghlabids"
] |
The Sfax medina is the medina quarter of the Tunisian city of Sfax. It was built by Aghlabid prince Abu Abbass Muhammad between 849 and 851. The medina is home to about 113,000 residents, and is dominated by the Great Mosque of Sfax.
On 12 February 2012, the Tunisian government submitted a demand to add it on the UNESCO UNESCO World Heritage List. It is considered one of the rare medieval cities of North Africa to keep its original weft even with all the modifications of its buildings throughout the decades. It represents also the best example of the most conserved Arab-Muslim town planning in all the Mediterranean Basin.
Its monuments are classified as national historical monuments since 1912.
| null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Medina of Sfax",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Medina of Sfax"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Fødselsstiftelsen",
"founded by",
"Frederick V of Denmark"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Comdirect Bank",
"founded by",
"Commerzbank AG"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Comdirect Bank",
"owned by",
"Commerzbank AG"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum",
"main subject",
"Semitic"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum",
"founded by",
"Ernest Renan"
] |
Notes
References
1867 Initiation: Renan Ernest. Rapport fait à l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres par la commission spéciale chargée de l'examen du projet d'un Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum. In: Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 11e année, 1867. pp. 77–85:
Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, CORPUS INSCRIPTIONUM SEMITICARUM CABINET Archived 2022-03-05 at the Wayback Machine
René DUSSAUD, La nouvelle Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (1795-1914), 2 volumes I et II, Paris, P. Geuthner, 1946–1947, p. 289, 425, 745, 748 entre autres.
André DUPONT-SOMMER, « Renan et le Corpus des Inscriptions sémitiques », Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie, 1968/4, Paris, Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, p. 3-14.
André CAQUOT, « L'épigraphie sémitique. Discours de clôture de l'Année épigraphique », Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie, 1988/3, Paris, Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, p 10–15.
Jean LECLANT, « Une tradition : l'épigraphie à l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres », Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie, 1988/4, Paris, Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, p. 3-21.
Françoise Briquel Chatonnet, Catherine Fauveaud-Brassaud. Ad majorem scientiae fructum. Le Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum dans les correspondances conservées à l'Institut de France. C. Bonnet et V. Krings. S'écrire et écrire sur l'Antiquité. L'apport des correspondances à l'histoire des travaux scientifiques, Jérôme Millon, pp. 215–228, 2008. hal-00334567
| null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum",
"main subject",
"inscription"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"The Mahdi Servants Union",
"founded by",
"Yasser Al-Habib"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Smart Voting",
"founded by",
"Alexei Navalny"
] |
Smart Voting (Russian: Умное голосование, tr. Umnoye golosovaniye) is a tactical voting strategy put forward by the team of Alexei Navalny with the aim of depriving the ruling United Russia party of votes in regional and federal elections. The goal of Smart Voting is to consolidate the votes of those who oppose the party which Navalny dubbed as the "party of crooks and thieves".History
On 28 November 2018, Alexei Navalny launched the Smart Voting project. Initially, the system was mainly aimed at depriving the nominees from the politically dominant United Russia party of their victory in the elections to the post of Governor of St. Petersburg and the Moscow City Duma on 8 September 2019. Navalny explained the strategy as follows (translated from Russian): "The parties themselves cannot agree and nominate a single candidate against United Russia. But we can agree on this. We are different, but we have one policy — we are against the monopoly of United Russia. Everything else is mathematics. If we all act smartly and vote for the strongest candidate, he will win, and United Russia will lose."
| null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"Smart Voting",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Smart Voting"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Smart Voting",
"different from",
"Vote Smart"
] | null | null | null | null | 18 |
|
[
"Navalny Headquarters",
"founded by",
"Alexei Navalny"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Vibra Energia",
"founded by",
"Petrobras"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"General American Investors Company",
"founded by",
"Lehman Brothers"
] |
History
The General American Investors investment trust was launched in 1927 under the sponsorship of Lazard Frères and Lehman Brothers. In its first year of operation, it earned $1.1 million. In September 1928, Lazard Frères and Lehman Brothers launched a second fund, named the Second General American Investors Company. In August 1928, the two funds merged, to form the current General American Investors Company, with Lazard Frères and Lehman Brothers underwriting the $40 million deal.The early years of the Great Depression were difficult for the fund, but the fund recovered as the 1930s progressed. The fund had assets valued at $15 million in 1932; at $23.1 million in 1933; and $30.1 million in 1935. Assets dropped to $24.7 million in 1937; $30 million in 1939; then dropped to $25.5 million in 1943; dropping slightly to $25.3 million in 1945.
| null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"General American Investors Company",
"founded by",
"Lazard"
] |
History
The General American Investors investment trust was launched in 1927 under the sponsorship of Lazard Frères and Lehman Brothers. In its first year of operation, it earned $1.1 million. In September 1928, Lazard Frères and Lehman Brothers launched a second fund, named the Second General American Investors Company. In August 1928, the two funds merged, to form the current General American Investors Company, with Lazard Frères and Lehman Brothers underwriting the $40 million deal.The early years of the Great Depression were difficult for the fund, but the fund recovered as the 1930s progressed. The fund had assets valued at $15 million in 1932; at $23.1 million in 1933; and $30.1 million in 1935. Assets dropped to $24.7 million in 1937; $30 million in 1939; then dropped to $25.5 million in 1943; dropping slightly to $25.3 million in 1945.
| null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Dental erosion",
"cause",
"acid"
] |
Causes
Extrinsic acidic sources
Extrinsic acid erosion is when the source of acid originates from outside of the body. Acidic food and drink lowers the pH level of the mouth resulting in demineralisation of the teeth. A variety of drinks contribute to dental erosion due to their low pH level. Examples include fruit juices, such as apple and orange juices, sports drinks, wine and beer. Carbonated drinks, such as colas and lemonades, are also very acidic and hence have significant erosive potential. Foods such as fresh fruits, ketchup and pickled food in vinegar have been implicated in causing acid erosion. Frequency rather than total intake of acidic juices is seen as the greater factor in dental erosion; infants using feeding bottles containing fruit juices (especially when used as a comforter) are therefore at greater risk of acid erosion.Saliva acts as a buffer, regulating the pH when acidic drinks are ingested. Drinks vary in their resistance to the buffering effect of saliva. Studies show that fruit juices are the most resistant to saliva's buffering effect, followed by, in order: fruit-based carbonated drinks and flavoured mineral waters, non-fruit-based carbonated drinks, sparkling mineral waters; mineral water being the least resistant. Because of this, fruit juices in particular, may prolong the drop in pH levels.A number of medications such as chewable vitamin C, aspirin and some iron preparations are acidic and may contribute towards acid erosion. Certain drugs can cause hyposalivation (low quantity or quality of saliva) which is considered a risk factor for acid erosion.Behaviour
Acid erosion often coexists with abrasion and attrition. Abrasion is most often caused by brushing teeth too hard.
Any frothing or swishing acidic drinks around the mouth before swallowing increases the risk of widespread acid erosion. Sucking citrus fruits can also contribute to acid erosion.Reduce the frequency of acidic food intake, particularly carbonated (fizzy) drinks and fruit juices that contain phosphoric or citric acid. Tooth enamel and dentine are both made up of calcium deficient carbonated hydroxyapatite. Acid and/or chelators present in the food humans consume penetrate through the dental plague, the pellicle and the protein/ lipid coating into the individual crystals. Hydrogen ions combine with carbonate and/ or phosphate, releasing all ions in the affected region, giving rise to direct surface etching/ erosion. Reducing the frequency of intake, minimises the duration to which enamel is exposed to acids, making it less susceptible to acid attack and allows the eroded tooth surface to remineralise. Ideally, confine these items exclusively to mealtime.
Consume food items enriched with calcium or stimulates the flow of saliva. For instance, dairy products such as milk & cheese. Saliva acts as a buffer which resists abrupt changes in pH in the mouth and keeps it neutral. Moreover, it aids the precipitation of calcium phosphate under specific pH conditions and bathes the tooth surface in fluoride, both of which promote remineralisation.
Drink through a straw to reduce localised contact between erosive fluids and the teeth. Similarly, drinks should not be held in the mouth or sipped for a long period of time. Otherwise, rinse your mouth thoroughly with water or chew sugar-free gum immediately after as it removes residual food debris and lowers the pH of saliva. The result of salivary flow rate and salivary pH from chewing gum for 20 minutes is significantly greater than resting flow rate.
Avoid abrasive forces by brushing gently using a soft bristled hand toothbrush. In-vitro research has shown that there is a higher potential for abrasion on erosive enamel & dentine with an electric toothbrush as compared to a manual toothbrush. Furthermore, delay brushing of teeth until approximately an hour after an acidic meal to prevent the removal of softened tooth substance.
Use products that promote remineralisation such as fluoride-containing mouthrinses and toothpastes. Fluoride-containing products promote repair of acid damaged tooth surfaces and block exposed dentine tubules, reducing dentine permeability and preventing hypersensitivity. When used before contact with acid, fluoride-containing products also help inhibit acid erosion. Stannous fluoride (SnF2)-containing toothpastes in particular have been shown to increase resistance to acid erosion compared to other fluoride-containing toothpastes.B: Dental professionals
| null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Dental erosion",
"different from",
"dental abrasion"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Dental erosion",
"different from",
"dental attrition"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Electoral Count Act",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"United States of America"
] |
The Electoral Count Act of 1887 (ECA) (Pub. L. 49–90, 24 Stat. 373, later codified at Title 3, Chapter 1) is a United States federal law adding to procedures set out in the Constitution of the United States for the counting of electoral votes following a presidential election. The Act was enacted by Congress in 1887, ten years after the disputed 1876 presidential election, in which several states submitted competing slates of electors and a divided Congress was unable to resolve the deadlock for weeks. Close elections in 1880 and 1884 followed, and again raised the possibility that with no formally established counting procedure in place, partisans in Congress might use the counting process to force a desired result.The Act aimed to minimize congressional involvement in election disputes, instead placing the primary responsibility to resolve disputes upon the states. The Act set out procedures and deadlines for the states to follow in resolving disputes, certifying results, and sending the results to Congress. If a state followed these "safe harbor" standards and the state's governor properly submitted one set of electoral votes, the Act stated that this "final" determination "shall govern." However, making or use of "any false writing or document" in the implementation of this procedure was a felony punishable by 5 years imprisonment by 18 U.S. Code 1001 under Chapter 47 Fraud and False Statements. The Act thus relegated Congress to resolving only a narrow class of disputes, such as if a governor had certified two different slates of electors or if a state failed to certify its results under the Act's procedures. Congress could also reject votes under the Act for other specific defects, such as ministerial error, if an elector or candidate was ineligible for office, or if the electoral college votes were not "regularly given."
The central provisions of the law were never seriously tested in a disputed election. Since the bill was enacted, some have doubted whether the Act could bind a future Congress. Since the Constitution gives Congress the power to set its own procedural rules, it is possible that simple majorities of the House and Senate could set new rules for the joint session convened to count electoral votes. In the contentious 2000 U.S. presidential election, the law's timing provisions did play a role in court decisions, such as Bush v. Gore. The law has been criticized since it was enacted, with an early commenter describing it as "very confused, almost unintelligible.": 643 Modern commenters have stated that the law "invites misinterpretation", observing that it is "turgid and repetitious", and that "[i]ts central provisions seem contradictory.": 543 Under the Twelfth Amendment, the vice president (as President of the Senate) opens the electoral certificates. The act clarified the vice president's limited role in the count. Both houses could overrule the vice president's decision to include or exclude votes, and under the Act even if the chambers disagree, the governor's certification, not the vice president, broke the tie. On many occasions, the vice president has had the duty of finalizing his party's defeat, and his own on some of those occasions. Richard Nixon, Walter Mondale, Dan Quayle, Al Gore, Dick Cheney, Joe Biden, and Mike Pence all notably presided over counts that handed them, or their party, a loss.The Electoral Count Reform and Presidential Transition Improvement Act of 2022 made changes to the procedures laid out in the Electoral Count Act, along with adding clarifications on the role of the vice president. The proposal was included in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, which passed during the final days of the 117th United States Congress. The bill was signed into law by President Joe Biden on December 29.
| null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Electoral Count Act",
"main subject",
"United States Electoral College"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Electoral Count Act",
"cause",
"1876 United States presidential election"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Suppression of the Society of Jesus",
"cause",
"Dominus ac Redemptor"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Suppression of the Society of Jesus",
"follows",
"Expulsion of the Jesuits"
] |
Lead-up to suppression
First national suppression: Portugal and its empire in 1759
There were long-standing tensions between the Portuguese crown and the Jesuits, which increased when the Count of Oeiras (later the Marquis of Pombal) became the monarch's minister of state, culminating in the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1759. The Távora affair in 1758 could be considered a pretext for the expulsion and crown confiscation of Jesuit assets. According to historians James Lockhart and Stuart B. Schwartz, the Jesuits' "independence, power, wealth, control of education, and ties to Rome made the Jesuits obvious targets for Pombal's brand of extreme regalism."Portugal's quarrel with the Jesuits began over an exchange of South American colonial territory with Spain. By a secret treaty of 1750, Portugal relinquished to Spain the contested Colonia del Sacramento at the mouth of the Rio de la Plata in exchange for the Seven Reductions of Paraguay. These autonomous Jesuit missions had been nominal Spanish colonial territory. The native Guaraní, who lived in the mission territories, were ordered to quit their country and settle across Uruguay. The Guaraní rose in arms against the transfer due to the harsh conditions, and the so-called Guaraní War ensued. It was a disaster for the Guaraní. In Portugal, a battle escalated, with inflammatory pamphlets denouncing or defending the Jesuits, who, for over a century, had protected the Guarani from enslavement through a network of Reductions, as depicted in The Mission. The Portuguese colonizers secured the expulsion of the Jesuits.On 1 April 1758, Pombal persuaded the aged Pope Benedict XIV to appoint the Portuguese Cardinal Saldanha to investigate allegations against the Jesuits. Benedict was skeptical about the gravity of the alleged abuses. He ordered a "minute inquiry", but to safeguard the Society's reputation, all serious matters were to be referred back to him. Benedict died the following month, on May 3. On May 15, Saldanha, having received the papal brief only a fortnight before, declared that the Jesuits were guilty of having exercised "illicit, public, and scandalous commerce" in Portugal and its colonies. He had not visited Jesuit houses as ordered and pronounced on the issues the pope had reserved for himself.Pombal implicated the Jesuits in the Távora affair, an attempted assassination of the king on 3 September 1758, on the grounds of their friendship with some of the supposed conspirators. On 19 January 1759, he issued a decree sequestering the property of the Society in the Portuguese dominions. The following September, he deported the Portuguese fathers, about one thousand in number, to the Pontifical States, keeping the foreigners in prison. Among those arrested and executed was the then denounced Gabriel Malagrida, the Jesuit confessor of Leonor of Távora, for "crimes against the faith". After Malagrida's execution in 1759, the Portuguese crown suppressed the Society. The Portuguese ambassador was recalled from Rome, and the papal nuncio was expelled. Diplomatic relations between Portugal and Rome were broken off until 1770.
| null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Suppression of the Society of Jesus",
"follows",
"Expulsion of the Jesuits from the Spanish Empire of 1767"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Suppression of the Society of Jesus",
"follows",
"Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal"
] |
The suppression of the Society of Jesus was the removal of all members of the Jesuits from most of Western Europe and their respective colonies beginning in 1759 along with the abolition of the order by the Holy See in 1773. The Jesuits were serially expelled from the Portuguese Empire (1759), France (1764), the Two Sicilies, Malta, Parma, the Spanish Empire (1767) and Austria, and Hungary (1782). Political manoeuvrings both in Rome and within each country involved influenced this timeline. The papacy reluctantly acceded to the anti-Jesuit demands of various Catholic kingdoms while providing minimal theological justification for the suppressions.
Historians identify multiple factors causing the suppression. The Jesuits, who were not above getting involved in politics, were distrusted for their closeness to the pope and his power in independent nations' religious and political affairs. In France, it was a combination of many influences, from Jansenism to free-thought, to the then prevailing impatience with the Ancien Régime. Monarchies attempting to centralise and secularise political power viewed the Jesuits as supranational, too strongly allied to the papacy, and too autonomous from the monarchs in whose territory they operated.With his papal brief, Dominus ac Redemptor (21 July 1773), Pope Clement XIV suppressed the Society as a fait accompli. However, the order did not disappear. It continued underground operations in China, Russia, Prussia, and the United States. In Russia, Catherine the Great allowed the founding of a new novitiate. In 1814, a subsequent pope, Pius VII, acted to restore the Society of Jesus to its previous provinces, and the Jesuits began to resume their work in those countries.Lead-up to suppression
First national suppression: Portugal and its empire in 1759
There were long-standing tensions between the Portuguese crown and the Jesuits, which increased when the Count of Oeiras (later the Marquis of Pombal) became the monarch's minister of state, culminating in the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1759. The Távora affair in 1758 could be considered a pretext for the expulsion and crown confiscation of Jesuit assets. According to historians James Lockhart and Stuart B. Schwartz, the Jesuits' "independence, power, wealth, control of education, and ties to Rome made the Jesuits obvious targets for Pombal's brand of extreme regalism."Portugal's quarrel with the Jesuits began over an exchange of South American colonial territory with Spain. By a secret treaty of 1750, Portugal relinquished to Spain the contested Colonia del Sacramento at the mouth of the Rio de la Plata in exchange for the Seven Reductions of Paraguay. These autonomous Jesuit missions had been nominal Spanish colonial territory. The native Guaraní, who lived in the mission territories, were ordered to quit their country and settle across Uruguay. The Guaraní rose in arms against the transfer due to the harsh conditions, and the so-called Guaraní War ensued. It was a disaster for the Guaraní. In Portugal, a battle escalated, with inflammatory pamphlets denouncing or defending the Jesuits, who, for over a century, had protected the Guarani from enslavement through a network of Reductions, as depicted in The Mission. The Portuguese colonizers secured the expulsion of the Jesuits.On 1 April 1758, Pombal persuaded the aged Pope Benedict XIV to appoint the Portuguese Cardinal Saldanha to investigate allegations against the Jesuits. Benedict was skeptical about the gravity of the alleged abuses. He ordered a "minute inquiry", but to safeguard the Society's reputation, all serious matters were to be referred back to him. Benedict died the following month, on May 3. On May 15, Saldanha, having received the papal brief only a fortnight before, declared that the Jesuits were guilty of having exercised "illicit, public, and scandalous commerce" in Portugal and its colonies. He had not visited Jesuit houses as ordered and pronounced on the issues the pope had reserved for himself.Pombal implicated the Jesuits in the Távora affair, an attempted assassination of the king on 3 September 1758, on the grounds of their friendship with some of the supposed conspirators. On 19 January 1759, he issued a decree sequestering the property of the Society in the Portuguese dominions. The following September, he deported the Portuguese fathers, about one thousand in number, to the Pontifical States, keeping the foreigners in prison. Among those arrested and executed was the then denounced Gabriel Malagrida, the Jesuit confessor of Leonor of Távora, for "crimes against the faith". After Malagrida's execution in 1759, the Portuguese crown suppressed the Society. The Portuguese ambassador was recalled from Rome, and the papal nuncio was expelled. Diplomatic relations between Portugal and Rome were broken off until 1770.
| null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"Suppression of the Society of Jesus",
"follows",
"Expulsion of jesuits from France (1763)"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Colonial goods",
"cause",
"international trade"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Sea urchin injury",
"cause",
"sea urchin"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Law of Jante",
"cause",
"envy"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Project 4.1",
"cause",
"Castle Bravo"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Apportionment (politics)",
"cause",
"census"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Apportionment (politics)",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Apportionment (politics)"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Nuclear summer",
"follows",
"nuclear winter"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Nuclear summer",
"cause",
"nuclear war"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Roman Senate",
"different from",
"Senat"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Roman Senate",
"cause",
"ordo senatorius"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Roman Senate",
"has part(s) of the class",
"Ancient Roman senator"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Roman Senate",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Roman Senate"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Criminal",
"cause",
"delict"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Criminal",
"said to be the same as",
"delinquent"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Criminal",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Criminals"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Madrid–Seville high-speed rail line",
"owned by",
"Administrador de Infraestructuras Ferroviarias"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Madrid–Seville high-speed rail line",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Madrid-Sevilla high-speed rail line (Adif line 010)"
] |
The Madrid–Sevilla high-speed line (NAFA or Nuevo Acceso Ferroviario a Andalucía) is a 472-kilometer-long (293 mi) Spanish railway line for high-speed traffic between Madrid and Seville. The first Spanish high-speed rail connection has been in use since 21 April 1992 at speeds up to 300 km/h (186 mph). Travel time between the two end points was reduced by over half.
At Córdoba the Madrid–Málaga high-speed rail line leaves the line from Madrid. At Seville the line is extended to Cádiz only for the Alvia service.
| null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Madrid–Seville high-speed rail line",
"cause",
"Seville Expo '92"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Our Lady of Lourdes",
"said to be the same as",
"Virgin Mary"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Our Lady of Lourdes",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Our Lady of Lourdes"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Our Lady of Lourdes",
"significant event",
"Lourdes apparitions"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"Our Lady of Lourdes",
"cause",
"Lourdes apparitions"
] |
Our Lady of Lourdes (French: Notre-Dame de Lourdes; Occitan: Nòstra Senhora de Lorda) is a title of the Virgin Mary. She is venerated under this title by the Roman Catholic church due to her apparitions that occurred in Lourdes, France. The first apparition of 11 February 1858, of which Bernadette Soubirous (age 14) told her mother that a "Lady" spoke to her in the cave of Massabielle (1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) from the town) while she was gathering firewood with her sister and a friend. Similar apparitions of the "Lady" were reported on 18 occasions that year, until the climax revelation in which she introduced herself as: "I am the Immaculate Conception". On 18 January 1862, the local Bishop of Tarbes Bertrand-Sévère Laurence endorsed the veneration of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Lourdes.
On 1 February 1876, Pope Pius IX officially granted a decree of canonical coronation to the image as Notre-Dame du Saint Rosaire. The coronation was performed by Cardinal Pier Francesco Meglia at the courtyard of what is now part of the Rosary Basilica on 3 July 1876.The image of Our Lady of Lourdes has been widely copied and reproduced in shrines and homes, often in garden landscapes. Bernadette Soubirous was canonized by Pope Pius XI in 1933.Marian devotion has since steadily increased as ecclesiastical investigations sanctioned her visions. In later years, a large church was built at the site that has since become a major site of religious pilgrimage.
| null | null | null | null | 17 |
[
"FISU World University Games",
"cause",
"International University Sports Federation"
] | null | null | null | null | 29 |
|
[
"FISU World University Games",
"topic's main category",
"Category:FISU World University Games"
] | null | null | null | null | 38 |
|
[
"Estonian Defence League's Cyber Unit",
"cause",
"2007 cyberattacks on Estonia"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Launch on warning",
"followed by",
"explosion"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Launch on warning",
"follows",
"rocket launch"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Launch on warning",
"cause",
"warning"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Bumper crop",
"cause",
"atmospheric temperature"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Bumper crop",
"cause",
"amount of precipitation"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Map",
"different from",
"political world map"
] | null | null | null | null | 21 |
|
[
"Map",
"cause",
"cartographic generalization"
] |
Map projections: The foundation of the map is the plane on which it rests (whether paper or screen), but projections are required to flatten the surface of the earth. All projections distort this surface, but the cartographer can be strategic about how and where distortion occurs.
Generalization: All maps must be drawn at a smaller scale than reality, requiring that the information included on a map be a very small sample of the wealth of information about a place. Generalization is the process of adjusting the level of detail in geographic information to be appropriate for the scale and purpose of a map, through procedures such as selection, simplification, and classification.
Symbology: Any map visually represents the location and properties of geographic phenomena using map symbols, graphical depictions composed of several visual variables, such as size, shape, color, and pattern.
Composition: As all of the symbols are brought together, their interactions have major effects on map reading, such as grouping and Visual hierarchy.
Typography or Labeling: Text serves a number of purposes on the map, especially aiding the recognition of features, but labels must be designed and positioned well to be effective.
Layout: The map image must be placed on the page (whether paper, web, or other media), along with related elements, such as the title, legend, additional maps, text, images, and so on. Each of these elements have their own design considerations, as does their integration, which largely follows the principles of Graphic design.
Map type-specific design: Different kinds of maps, especially thematic maps, have their own design needs and best practices.
| null | null | null | null | 22 |
[
"Map",
"different from",
"political map"
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"Map",
"has part(s) of the class",
"map symbol"
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"Map",
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"Category:Maps"
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[
"Ridout Road rentals",
"cause",
"conflict of interest"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
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[
"Ridout Road rentals",
"participant",
"Vivian Balakrishnan"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
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[
"Ridout Road rentals",
"participant",
"K. Shanmugam"
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[
"Devonshire House Ball of 1897",
"participant",
"Arthur Balfour"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
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[
"Devonshire House Ball of 1897",
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"Edward VII"
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[
"Devonshire House Ball of 1897",
"participant",
"Louisa Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire"
] |
The Devonshire House Ball or the Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball was an elaborate fancy dress ball, hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, held on 2 July 1897 at Devonshire House in Piccadilly to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria. Due to the many prominent royals, aristocrats, and society figures who attended as well as the overall lavishness of the ball, it was considered the event of the 1897 London Season.Devonshire House Ball
In 1897, The Duke and Duchess of Devonshire hosted the Devonshire House Ball at Devonshire House, the London residence (in Piccadilly) of the Dukes of Devonshire in the 18th and 19th centuries. The Duke had served as a Member of Parliament and a cabinet minister as a member of the Liberal Party and the Duchess, known as the Double Duchess, was the widow of the William Montagu, 7th Duke of Manchester.Following the death of Prince Albert in 1861, Queen Victoria had withdrawn from social life and "the mantle of royal entertaining" was passed to the Prince of Wales and his wife, Alexandra. During the 1870s, they hosted a costume ball at Marlborough House, their London residence, which was considered a success and carried on the popularity of such events. The Devonshires, who were close friends of the Prince and Princess of Wales, therefore, decided to throw a costume ball to celebrate Queen Victoria's diamond jubilee. The Queen's Diamond Jubilee procession had taken place on 22 June 1897 and followed a route six miles long through London. More than 700 invitations were sent out a month before the event, although some reports of the event stated up to 3,000 invites. By accident, Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Maria, the Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha did not receive invitations. When the Duchess of Devonshire saw her at a different jubilee fête and asked if she was coming, "the Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha freezingly replied, 'Certainly not'".While the Queen did not attend, almost all of the British royal family attended the ball and nearly every other European royal family was represented.
The Duke of Devonshire invited the London photographic firm of James Lafayette, who had been awarded a Royal Warrant ten years previously, to set up a tent (in the garden behind the house) to photograph the guests in costume during the Ball. In 1899, the studio of Walker & Boutal published 286 of the Lafayette photographs.Following the ball, The Duchess received a letter from Francis Knollys, Private Secretary to the Sovereign, indicating that the Prince, later King Edward VII, who arrived after 11 o'clock, thought the party a success.Notable attendees
At the ball, the attendees included:
The Prince of Wales, who dressed as the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitallers of Malta, and The Princess of Wales as Queen Marguerite de Valois and Hon. Louvima Knollys (daughter of Viscount Knollys) as her page.
The Duke of York as George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland, and The Duchess of York as a Lady of the Court of Marguerite de Valois.
Czar Nicholas II of Russia and Czarina of Russia dressed in old Court dress of the time of Peter the Great
Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, as Robert I, Duke of Normandy
Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire, as The Emperor Charles V, and The Duchess of Devonshire, who dressed as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra.
Lady Evelyn Cavendish (later Duchess of Devonshire), who attended in the dress of a Lady at the Court of the Empress Maria Theresa, while her husband, who later became the 9th Duke of Devonshire, dressed in sixteenth-century costume.
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia, the Duchess of Connaught
Francis, Duke of Teck and Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, the Duchess of Teck
Charles Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough and Consuelo Vanderbilt, the Duchess of Marlborough
Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery, the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Lady Randolph Spencer-Churchill, the mother of Winston Churchill, attended in byzantine costume as the Empress Theodora
Sir Henry Irving, the actor
Arthur James Balfour
Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick, the wife of Francis Greville, 5th Earl of Warwick, dressed as Marie Antoinette.
Charlotte Spencer, Countess Spencer, the wife of John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer, dressed as Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox, the mother of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley.
Arnold Morley
Henry Innes-Ker, 8th Duke of Roxburghe
Lord Basil Blackwood
Prince Victor Duleep Singh, the son of Maharajah Duleep Singh, also attended the Ball.
Ernest Cassel
Alfred Beit
Rupert Guinness, 2nd Earl of Iveagh
Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild
John Hay, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom
Henry White, as Henri de Lorraine, Duc de Guise, and his wife, Margaret Stuyvesant Rutherfurd, as Morosina Morosini
General Blue and Miss Sanger, guests from the United States Embassy, wore 18th-century velvet court dress.
The Duchess of Newcastle dressed as Princess Dashkova
Prince Charles of Denmark and Princess Charles of Denmark and Princess Victoria, who dressed as Ladies of the Court of Marguerite de Valois
The Duchess of Rutland as Mary Isabella, Duchess of Rutland after Cosway.
Lady Lister-Kaye, the sister of the Duchess of Manchester and the wife of Sir John Pepys Lister-Kaye, 3rd Baronet as the Duchesse de Guise in the time of Henry III.
Thomas Lister, 4th Baron Ribblesdale and Lady Ribblesdale.
Roundell Palmer, 1st Earl of Selborne and Lady Selborne.
The Marchioness of Londonderry, wife of Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 6th Marquess of Londonderry, dressed as Maria Theresa of Austria.
| null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Devonshire House Ball of 1897",
"participant",
"Henry Irving"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Devonshire House Ball of 1897",
"participant",
"Nicholas II of Russia"
] |
Notable attendees
At the ball, the attendees included:
The Prince of Wales, who dressed as the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitallers of Malta, and The Princess of Wales as Queen Marguerite de Valois and Hon. Louvima Knollys (daughter of Viscount Knollys) as her page.
The Duke of York as George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland, and The Duchess of York as a Lady of the Court of Marguerite de Valois.
Czar Nicholas II of Russia and Czarina of Russia dressed in old Court dress of the time of Peter the Great
Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, as Robert I, Duke of Normandy
Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire, as The Emperor Charles V, and The Duchess of Devonshire, who dressed as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra.
Lady Evelyn Cavendish (later Duchess of Devonshire), who attended in the dress of a Lady at the Court of the Empress Maria Theresa, while her husband, who later became the 9th Duke of Devonshire, dressed in sixteenth-century costume.
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia, the Duchess of Connaught
Francis, Duke of Teck and Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, the Duchess of Teck
Charles Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough and Consuelo Vanderbilt, the Duchess of Marlborough
Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery, the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Lady Randolph Spencer-Churchill, the mother of Winston Churchill, attended in byzantine costume as the Empress Theodora
Sir Henry Irving, the actor
Arthur James Balfour
Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick, the wife of Francis Greville, 5th Earl of Warwick, dressed as Marie Antoinette.
Charlotte Spencer, Countess Spencer, the wife of John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer, dressed as Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox, the mother of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley.
Arnold Morley
Henry Innes-Ker, 8th Duke of Roxburghe
Lord Basil Blackwood
Prince Victor Duleep Singh, the son of Maharajah Duleep Singh, also attended the Ball.
Ernest Cassel
Alfred Beit
Rupert Guinness, 2nd Earl of Iveagh
Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild
John Hay, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom
Henry White, as Henri de Lorraine, Duc de Guise, and his wife, Margaret Stuyvesant Rutherfurd, as Morosina Morosini
General Blue and Miss Sanger, guests from the United States Embassy, wore 18th-century velvet court dress.
The Duchess of Newcastle dressed as Princess Dashkova
Prince Charles of Denmark and Princess Charles of Denmark and Princess Victoria, who dressed as Ladies of the Court of Marguerite de Valois
The Duchess of Rutland as Mary Isabella, Duchess of Rutland after Cosway.
Lady Lister-Kaye, the sister of the Duchess of Manchester and the wife of Sir John Pepys Lister-Kaye, 3rd Baronet as the Duchesse de Guise in the time of Henry III.
Thomas Lister, 4th Baron Ribblesdale and Lady Ribblesdale.
Roundell Palmer, 1st Earl of Selborne and Lady Selborne.
The Marchioness of Londonderry, wife of Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 6th Marquess of Londonderry, dressed as Maria Theresa of Austria.
| null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Devonshire House Ball of 1897",
"participant",
"Mary of Teck"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Devonshire House Ball of 1897",
"participant",
"Alfred Beit"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Devonshire House Ball of 1897",
"participant",
"Ernest Cassel"
] |
Notable attendees
At the ball, the attendees included:
The Prince of Wales, who dressed as the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitallers of Malta, and The Princess of Wales as Queen Marguerite de Valois and Hon. Louvima Knollys (daughter of Viscount Knollys) as her page.
The Duke of York as George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland, and The Duchess of York as a Lady of the Court of Marguerite de Valois.
Czar Nicholas II of Russia and Czarina of Russia dressed in old Court dress of the time of Peter the Great
Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, as Robert I, Duke of Normandy
Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire, as The Emperor Charles V, and The Duchess of Devonshire, who dressed as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra.
Lady Evelyn Cavendish (later Duchess of Devonshire), who attended in the dress of a Lady at the Court of the Empress Maria Theresa, while her husband, who later became the 9th Duke of Devonshire, dressed in sixteenth-century costume.
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia, the Duchess of Connaught
Francis, Duke of Teck and Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, the Duchess of Teck
Charles Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough and Consuelo Vanderbilt, the Duchess of Marlborough
Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery, the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Lady Randolph Spencer-Churchill, the mother of Winston Churchill, attended in byzantine costume as the Empress Theodora
Sir Henry Irving, the actor
Arthur James Balfour
Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick, the wife of Francis Greville, 5th Earl of Warwick, dressed as Marie Antoinette.
Charlotte Spencer, Countess Spencer, the wife of John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer, dressed as Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox, the mother of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley.
Arnold Morley
Henry Innes-Ker, 8th Duke of Roxburghe
Lord Basil Blackwood
Prince Victor Duleep Singh, the son of Maharajah Duleep Singh, also attended the Ball.
Ernest Cassel
Alfred Beit
Rupert Guinness, 2nd Earl of Iveagh
Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild
John Hay, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom
Henry White, as Henri de Lorraine, Duc de Guise, and his wife, Margaret Stuyvesant Rutherfurd, as Morosina Morosini
General Blue and Miss Sanger, guests from the United States Embassy, wore 18th-century velvet court dress.
The Duchess of Newcastle dressed as Princess Dashkova
Prince Charles of Denmark and Princess Charles of Denmark and Princess Victoria, who dressed as Ladies of the Court of Marguerite de Valois
The Duchess of Rutland as Mary Isabella, Duchess of Rutland after Cosway.
Lady Lister-Kaye, the sister of the Duchess of Manchester and the wife of Sir John Pepys Lister-Kaye, 3rd Baronet as the Duchesse de Guise in the time of Henry III.
Thomas Lister, 4th Baron Ribblesdale and Lady Ribblesdale.
Roundell Palmer, 1st Earl of Selborne and Lady Selborne.
The Marchioness of Londonderry, wife of Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 6th Marquess of Londonderry, dressed as Maria Theresa of Austria.
| null | null | null | null | 8 |
[
"Devonshire House Ball of 1897",
"participant",
"Alfred I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha"
] |
The Devonshire House Ball or the Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball was an elaborate fancy dress ball, hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, held on 2 July 1897 at Devonshire House in Piccadilly to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria. Due to the many prominent royals, aristocrats, and society figures who attended as well as the overall lavishness of the ball, it was considered the event of the 1897 London Season.Notable attendees
At the ball, the attendees included:
The Prince of Wales, who dressed as the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitallers of Malta, and The Princess of Wales as Queen Marguerite de Valois and Hon. Louvima Knollys (daughter of Viscount Knollys) as her page.
The Duke of York as George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland, and The Duchess of York as a Lady of the Court of Marguerite de Valois.
Czar Nicholas II of Russia and Czarina of Russia dressed in old Court dress of the time of Peter the Great
Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, as Robert I, Duke of Normandy
Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire, as The Emperor Charles V, and The Duchess of Devonshire, who dressed as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra.
Lady Evelyn Cavendish (later Duchess of Devonshire), who attended in the dress of a Lady at the Court of the Empress Maria Theresa, while her husband, who later became the 9th Duke of Devonshire, dressed in sixteenth-century costume.
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia, the Duchess of Connaught
Francis, Duke of Teck and Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, the Duchess of Teck
Charles Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough and Consuelo Vanderbilt, the Duchess of Marlborough
Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery, the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Lady Randolph Spencer-Churchill, the mother of Winston Churchill, attended in byzantine costume as the Empress Theodora
Sir Henry Irving, the actor
Arthur James Balfour
Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick, the wife of Francis Greville, 5th Earl of Warwick, dressed as Marie Antoinette.
Charlotte Spencer, Countess Spencer, the wife of John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer, dressed as Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox, the mother of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley.
Arnold Morley
Henry Innes-Ker, 8th Duke of Roxburghe
Lord Basil Blackwood
Prince Victor Duleep Singh, the son of Maharajah Duleep Singh, also attended the Ball.
Ernest Cassel
Alfred Beit
Rupert Guinness, 2nd Earl of Iveagh
Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild
John Hay, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom
Henry White, as Henri de Lorraine, Duc de Guise, and his wife, Margaret Stuyvesant Rutherfurd, as Morosina Morosini
General Blue and Miss Sanger, guests from the United States Embassy, wore 18th-century velvet court dress.
The Duchess of Newcastle dressed as Princess Dashkova
Prince Charles of Denmark and Princess Charles of Denmark and Princess Victoria, who dressed as Ladies of the Court of Marguerite de Valois
The Duchess of Rutland as Mary Isabella, Duchess of Rutland after Cosway.
Lady Lister-Kaye, the sister of the Duchess of Manchester and the wife of Sir John Pepys Lister-Kaye, 3rd Baronet as the Duchesse de Guise in the time of Henry III.
Thomas Lister, 4th Baron Ribblesdale and Lady Ribblesdale.
Roundell Palmer, 1st Earl of Selborne and Lady Selborne.
The Marchioness of Londonderry, wife of Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 6th Marquess of Londonderry, dressed as Maria Theresa of Austria.
| null | null | null | null | 9 |
[
"Devonshire House Ball of 1897",
"participant",
"John Hay"
] |
Notable attendees
At the ball, the attendees included:
The Prince of Wales, who dressed as the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitallers of Malta, and The Princess of Wales as Queen Marguerite de Valois and Hon. Louvima Knollys (daughter of Viscount Knollys) as her page.
The Duke of York as George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland, and The Duchess of York as a Lady of the Court of Marguerite de Valois.
Czar Nicholas II of Russia and Czarina of Russia dressed in old Court dress of the time of Peter the Great
Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, as Robert I, Duke of Normandy
Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire, as The Emperor Charles V, and The Duchess of Devonshire, who dressed as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra.
Lady Evelyn Cavendish (later Duchess of Devonshire), who attended in the dress of a Lady at the Court of the Empress Maria Theresa, while her husband, who later became the 9th Duke of Devonshire, dressed in sixteenth-century costume.
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia, the Duchess of Connaught
Francis, Duke of Teck and Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, the Duchess of Teck
Charles Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough and Consuelo Vanderbilt, the Duchess of Marlborough
Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery, the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Lady Randolph Spencer-Churchill, the mother of Winston Churchill, attended in byzantine costume as the Empress Theodora
Sir Henry Irving, the actor
Arthur James Balfour
Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick, the wife of Francis Greville, 5th Earl of Warwick, dressed as Marie Antoinette.
Charlotte Spencer, Countess Spencer, the wife of John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer, dressed as Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox, the mother of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley.
Arnold Morley
Henry Innes-Ker, 8th Duke of Roxburghe
Lord Basil Blackwood
Prince Victor Duleep Singh, the son of Maharajah Duleep Singh, also attended the Ball.
Ernest Cassel
Alfred Beit
Rupert Guinness, 2nd Earl of Iveagh
Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild
John Hay, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom
Henry White, as Henri de Lorraine, Duc de Guise, and his wife, Margaret Stuyvesant Rutherfurd, as Morosina Morosini
General Blue and Miss Sanger, guests from the United States Embassy, wore 18th-century velvet court dress.
The Duchess of Newcastle dressed as Princess Dashkova
Prince Charles of Denmark and Princess Charles of Denmark and Princess Victoria, who dressed as Ladies of the Court of Marguerite de Valois
The Duchess of Rutland as Mary Isabella, Duchess of Rutland after Cosway.
Lady Lister-Kaye, the sister of the Duchess of Manchester and the wife of Sir John Pepys Lister-Kaye, 3rd Baronet as the Duchesse de Guise in the time of Henry III.
Thomas Lister, 4th Baron Ribblesdale and Lady Ribblesdale.
Roundell Palmer, 1st Earl of Selborne and Lady Selborne.
The Marchioness of Londonderry, wife of Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 6th Marquess of Londonderry, dressed as Maria Theresa of Austria.
| null | null | null | null | 10 |
[
"Devonshire House Ball of 1897",
"participant",
"Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse)"
] |
The Devonshire House Ball or the Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball was an elaborate fancy dress ball, hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, held on 2 July 1897 at Devonshire House in Piccadilly to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria. Due to the many prominent royals, aristocrats, and society figures who attended as well as the overall lavishness of the ball, it was considered the event of the 1897 London Season.
| null | null | null | null | 11 |
[
"Devonshire House Ball of 1897",
"participant",
"Alexandra of Denmark"
] |
Devonshire House Ball
In 1897, The Duke and Duchess of Devonshire hosted the Devonshire House Ball at Devonshire House, the London residence (in Piccadilly) of the Dukes of Devonshire in the 18th and 19th centuries. The Duke had served as a Member of Parliament and a cabinet minister as a member of the Liberal Party and the Duchess, known as the Double Duchess, was the widow of the William Montagu, 7th Duke of Manchester.Following the death of Prince Albert in 1861, Queen Victoria had withdrawn from social life and "the mantle of royal entertaining" was passed to the Prince of Wales and his wife, Alexandra. During the 1870s, they hosted a costume ball at Marlborough House, their London residence, which was considered a success and carried on the popularity of such events. The Devonshires, who were close friends of the Prince and Princess of Wales, therefore, decided to throw a costume ball to celebrate Queen Victoria's diamond jubilee. The Queen's Diamond Jubilee procession had taken place on 22 June 1897 and followed a route six miles long through London. More than 700 invitations were sent out a month before the event, although some reports of the event stated up to 3,000 invites. By accident, Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Maria, the Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha did not receive invitations. When the Duchess of Devonshire saw her at a different jubilee fête and asked if she was coming, "the Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha freezingly replied, 'Certainly not'".While the Queen did not attend, almost all of the British royal family attended the ball and nearly every other European royal family was represented.
The Duke of Devonshire invited the London photographic firm of James Lafayette, who had been awarded a Royal Warrant ten years previously, to set up a tent (in the garden behind the house) to photograph the guests in costume during the Ball. In 1899, the studio of Walker & Boutal published 286 of the Lafayette photographs.Following the ball, The Duchess received a letter from Francis Knollys, Private Secretary to the Sovereign, indicating that the Prince, later King Edward VII, who arrived after 11 o'clock, thought the party a success.
| null | null | null | null | 12 |
[
"Devonshire House Ball of 1897",
"participant",
"Princess Victoria of the United Kingdom"
] |
The Devonshire House Ball or the Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball was an elaborate fancy dress ball, hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, held on 2 July 1897 at Devonshire House in Piccadilly to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria. Due to the many prominent royals, aristocrats, and society figures who attended as well as the overall lavishness of the ball, it was considered the event of the 1897 London Season.
| null | null | null | null | 13 |
[
"Devonshire House Ball of 1897",
"participant",
"Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia"
] |
The Devonshire House Ball or the Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball was an elaborate fancy dress ball, hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, held on 2 July 1897 at Devonshire House in Piccadilly to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria. Due to the many prominent royals, aristocrats, and society figures who attended as well as the overall lavishness of the ball, it was considered the event of the 1897 London Season.Notable attendees
At the ball, the attendees included:
The Prince of Wales, who dressed as the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitallers of Malta, and The Princess of Wales as Queen Marguerite de Valois and Hon. Louvima Knollys (daughter of Viscount Knollys) as her page.
The Duke of York as George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland, and The Duchess of York as a Lady of the Court of Marguerite de Valois.
Czar Nicholas II of Russia and Czarina of Russia dressed in old Court dress of the time of Peter the Great
Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, as Robert I, Duke of Normandy
Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire, as The Emperor Charles V, and The Duchess of Devonshire, who dressed as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra.
Lady Evelyn Cavendish (later Duchess of Devonshire), who attended in the dress of a Lady at the Court of the Empress Maria Theresa, while her husband, who later became the 9th Duke of Devonshire, dressed in sixteenth-century costume.
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia, the Duchess of Connaught
Francis, Duke of Teck and Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, the Duchess of Teck
Charles Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough and Consuelo Vanderbilt, the Duchess of Marlborough
Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery, the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Lady Randolph Spencer-Churchill, the mother of Winston Churchill, attended in byzantine costume as the Empress Theodora
Sir Henry Irving, the actor
Arthur James Balfour
Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick, the wife of Francis Greville, 5th Earl of Warwick, dressed as Marie Antoinette.
Charlotte Spencer, Countess Spencer, the wife of John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer, dressed as Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox, the mother of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley.
Arnold Morley
Henry Innes-Ker, 8th Duke of Roxburghe
Lord Basil Blackwood
Prince Victor Duleep Singh, the son of Maharajah Duleep Singh, also attended the Ball.
Ernest Cassel
Alfred Beit
Rupert Guinness, 2nd Earl of Iveagh
Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild
John Hay, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom
Henry White, as Henri de Lorraine, Duc de Guise, and his wife, Margaret Stuyvesant Rutherfurd, as Morosina Morosini
General Blue and Miss Sanger, guests from the United States Embassy, wore 18th-century velvet court dress.
The Duchess of Newcastle dressed as Princess Dashkova
Prince Charles of Denmark and Princess Charles of Denmark and Princess Victoria, who dressed as Ladies of the Court of Marguerite de Valois
The Duchess of Rutland as Mary Isabella, Duchess of Rutland after Cosway.
Lady Lister-Kaye, the sister of the Duchess of Manchester and the wife of Sir John Pepys Lister-Kaye, 3rd Baronet as the Duchesse de Guise in the time of Henry III.
Thomas Lister, 4th Baron Ribblesdale and Lady Ribblesdale.
Roundell Palmer, 1st Earl of Selborne and Lady Selborne.
The Marchioness of Londonderry, wife of Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 6th Marquess of Londonderry, dressed as Maria Theresa of Austria.
| null | null | null | null | 14 |
[
"Devonshire House Ball of 1897",
"participant",
"Randolph Churchill"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Devonshire House Ball of 1897",
"participant",
"Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery"
] |
The Devonshire House Ball or the Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball was an elaborate fancy dress ball, hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, held on 2 July 1897 at Devonshire House in Piccadilly to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria. Due to the many prominent royals, aristocrats, and society figures who attended as well as the overall lavishness of the ball, it was considered the event of the 1897 London Season.Notable attendees
At the ball, the attendees included:
The Prince of Wales, who dressed as the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitallers of Malta, and The Princess of Wales as Queen Marguerite de Valois and Hon. Louvima Knollys (daughter of Viscount Knollys) as her page.
The Duke of York as George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland, and The Duchess of York as a Lady of the Court of Marguerite de Valois.
Czar Nicholas II of Russia and Czarina of Russia dressed in old Court dress of the time of Peter the Great
Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, as Robert I, Duke of Normandy
Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire, as The Emperor Charles V, and The Duchess of Devonshire, who dressed as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra.
Lady Evelyn Cavendish (later Duchess of Devonshire), who attended in the dress of a Lady at the Court of the Empress Maria Theresa, while her husband, who later became the 9th Duke of Devonshire, dressed in sixteenth-century costume.
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia, the Duchess of Connaught
Francis, Duke of Teck and Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, the Duchess of Teck
Charles Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough and Consuelo Vanderbilt, the Duchess of Marlborough
Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery, the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Lady Randolph Spencer-Churchill, the mother of Winston Churchill, attended in byzantine costume as the Empress Theodora
Sir Henry Irving, the actor
Arthur James Balfour
Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick, the wife of Francis Greville, 5th Earl of Warwick, dressed as Marie Antoinette.
Charlotte Spencer, Countess Spencer, the wife of John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer, dressed as Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox, the mother of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley.
Arnold Morley
Henry Innes-Ker, 8th Duke of Roxburghe
Lord Basil Blackwood
Prince Victor Duleep Singh, the son of Maharajah Duleep Singh, also attended the Ball.
Ernest Cassel
Alfred Beit
Rupert Guinness, 2nd Earl of Iveagh
Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild
John Hay, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom
Henry White, as Henri de Lorraine, Duc de Guise, and his wife, Margaret Stuyvesant Rutherfurd, as Morosina Morosini
General Blue and Miss Sanger, guests from the United States Embassy, wore 18th-century velvet court dress.
The Duchess of Newcastle dressed as Princess Dashkova
Prince Charles of Denmark and Princess Charles of Denmark and Princess Victoria, who dressed as Ladies of the Court of Marguerite de Valois
The Duchess of Rutland as Mary Isabella, Duchess of Rutland after Cosway.
Lady Lister-Kaye, the sister of the Duchess of Manchester and the wife of Sir John Pepys Lister-Kaye, 3rd Baronet as the Duchesse de Guise in the time of Henry III.
Thomas Lister, 4th Baron Ribblesdale and Lady Ribblesdale.
Roundell Palmer, 1st Earl of Selborne and Lady Selborne.
The Marchioness of Londonderry, wife of Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 6th Marquess of Londonderry, dressed as Maria Theresa of Austria.
| null | null | null | null | 16 |
[
"Devonshire House Ball of 1897",
"participant",
"Consuelo Vanderbilt"
] |
Notable attendees
At the ball, the attendees included:
The Prince of Wales, who dressed as the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitallers of Malta, and The Princess of Wales as Queen Marguerite de Valois and Hon. Louvima Knollys (daughter of Viscount Knollys) as her page.
The Duke of York as George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland, and The Duchess of York as a Lady of the Court of Marguerite de Valois.
Czar Nicholas II of Russia and Czarina of Russia dressed in old Court dress of the time of Peter the Great
Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, as Robert I, Duke of Normandy
Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire, as The Emperor Charles V, and The Duchess of Devonshire, who dressed as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra.
Lady Evelyn Cavendish (later Duchess of Devonshire), who attended in the dress of a Lady at the Court of the Empress Maria Theresa, while her husband, who later became the 9th Duke of Devonshire, dressed in sixteenth-century costume.
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia, the Duchess of Connaught
Francis, Duke of Teck and Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, the Duchess of Teck
Charles Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough and Consuelo Vanderbilt, the Duchess of Marlborough
Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery, the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Lady Randolph Spencer-Churchill, the mother of Winston Churchill, attended in byzantine costume as the Empress Theodora
Sir Henry Irving, the actor
Arthur James Balfour
Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick, the wife of Francis Greville, 5th Earl of Warwick, dressed as Marie Antoinette.
Charlotte Spencer, Countess Spencer, the wife of John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer, dressed as Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox, the mother of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley.
Arnold Morley
Henry Innes-Ker, 8th Duke of Roxburghe
Lord Basil Blackwood
Prince Victor Duleep Singh, the son of Maharajah Duleep Singh, also attended the Ball.
Ernest Cassel
Alfred Beit
Rupert Guinness, 2nd Earl of Iveagh
Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild
John Hay, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom
Henry White, as Henri de Lorraine, Duc de Guise, and his wife, Margaret Stuyvesant Rutherfurd, as Morosina Morosini
General Blue and Miss Sanger, guests from the United States Embassy, wore 18th-century velvet court dress.
The Duchess of Newcastle dressed as Princess Dashkova
Prince Charles of Denmark and Princess Charles of Denmark and Princess Victoria, who dressed as Ladies of the Court of Marguerite de Valois
The Duchess of Rutland as Mary Isabella, Duchess of Rutland after Cosway.
Lady Lister-Kaye, the sister of the Duchess of Manchester and the wife of Sir John Pepys Lister-Kaye, 3rd Baronet as the Duchesse de Guise in the time of Henry III.
Thomas Lister, 4th Baron Ribblesdale and Lady Ribblesdale.
Roundell Palmer, 1st Earl of Selborne and Lady Selborne.
The Marchioness of Londonderry, wife of Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 6th Marquess of Londonderry, dressed as Maria Theresa of Austria.
| null | null | null | null | 17 |
[
"Devonshire House Ball of 1897",
"participant",
"George V"
] | null | null | null | null | 18 |
|
[
"Devonshire House Ball of 1897",
"participant",
"Maud of Wales"
] | null | null | null | null | 19 |
|
[
"Devonshire House Ball of 1897",
"participant",
"Haakon VII of Norway"
] | null | null | null | null | 20 |
|
[
"Devonshire House Ball of 1897",
"participant",
"Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick"
] |
The Devonshire House Ball or the Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball was an elaborate fancy dress ball, hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, held on 2 July 1897 at Devonshire House in Piccadilly to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria. Due to the many prominent royals, aristocrats, and society figures who attended as well as the overall lavishness of the ball, it was considered the event of the 1897 London Season.Notable attendees
At the ball, the attendees included:
The Prince of Wales, who dressed as the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitallers of Malta, and The Princess of Wales as Queen Marguerite de Valois and Hon. Louvima Knollys (daughter of Viscount Knollys) as her page.
The Duke of York as George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland, and The Duchess of York as a Lady of the Court of Marguerite de Valois.
Czar Nicholas II of Russia and Czarina of Russia dressed in old Court dress of the time of Peter the Great
Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, as Robert I, Duke of Normandy
Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire, as The Emperor Charles V, and The Duchess of Devonshire, who dressed as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra.
Lady Evelyn Cavendish (later Duchess of Devonshire), who attended in the dress of a Lady at the Court of the Empress Maria Theresa, while her husband, who later became the 9th Duke of Devonshire, dressed in sixteenth-century costume.
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia, the Duchess of Connaught
Francis, Duke of Teck and Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, the Duchess of Teck
Charles Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough and Consuelo Vanderbilt, the Duchess of Marlborough
Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery, the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Lady Randolph Spencer-Churchill, the mother of Winston Churchill, attended in byzantine costume as the Empress Theodora
Sir Henry Irving, the actor
Arthur James Balfour
Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick, the wife of Francis Greville, 5th Earl of Warwick, dressed as Marie Antoinette.
Charlotte Spencer, Countess Spencer, the wife of John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer, dressed as Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox, the mother of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley.
Arnold Morley
Henry Innes-Ker, 8th Duke of Roxburghe
Lord Basil Blackwood
Prince Victor Duleep Singh, the son of Maharajah Duleep Singh, also attended the Ball.
Ernest Cassel
Alfred Beit
Rupert Guinness, 2nd Earl of Iveagh
Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild
John Hay, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom
Henry White, as Henri de Lorraine, Duc de Guise, and his wife, Margaret Stuyvesant Rutherfurd, as Morosina Morosini
General Blue and Miss Sanger, guests from the United States Embassy, wore 18th-century velvet court dress.
The Duchess of Newcastle dressed as Princess Dashkova
Prince Charles of Denmark and Princess Charles of Denmark and Princess Victoria, who dressed as Ladies of the Court of Marguerite de Valois
The Duchess of Rutland as Mary Isabella, Duchess of Rutland after Cosway.
Lady Lister-Kaye, the sister of the Duchess of Manchester and the wife of Sir John Pepys Lister-Kaye, 3rd Baronet as the Duchesse de Guise in the time of Henry III.
Thomas Lister, 4th Baron Ribblesdale and Lady Ribblesdale.
Roundell Palmer, 1st Earl of Selborne and Lady Selborne.
The Marchioness of Londonderry, wife of Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 6th Marquess of Londonderry, dressed as Maria Theresa of Austria.
| null | null | null | null | 21 |
[
"Devonshire House Ball of 1897",
"participant",
"Violet Manners, Duchess of Rutland"
] |
The Devonshire House Ball or the Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball was an elaborate fancy dress ball, hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, held on 2 July 1897 at Devonshire House in Piccadilly to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria. Due to the many prominent royals, aristocrats, and society figures who attended as well as the overall lavishness of the ball, it was considered the event of the 1897 London Season.
| null | null | null | null | 23 |
[
"Devonshire House Ball of 1897",
"participant",
"Charles Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough"
] |
The Devonshire House Ball or the Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball was an elaborate fancy dress ball, hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, held on 2 July 1897 at Devonshire House in Piccadilly to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria. Due to the many prominent royals, aristocrats, and society figures who attended as well as the overall lavishness of the ball, it was considered the event of the 1897 London Season.Notable attendees
At the ball, the attendees included:
The Prince of Wales, who dressed as the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitallers of Malta, and The Princess of Wales as Queen Marguerite de Valois and Hon. Louvima Knollys (daughter of Viscount Knollys) as her page.
The Duke of York as George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland, and The Duchess of York as a Lady of the Court of Marguerite de Valois.
Czar Nicholas II of Russia and Czarina of Russia dressed in old Court dress of the time of Peter the Great
Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, as Robert I, Duke of Normandy
Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire, as The Emperor Charles V, and The Duchess of Devonshire, who dressed as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra.
Lady Evelyn Cavendish (later Duchess of Devonshire), who attended in the dress of a Lady at the Court of the Empress Maria Theresa, while her husband, who later became the 9th Duke of Devonshire, dressed in sixteenth-century costume.
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia, the Duchess of Connaught
Francis, Duke of Teck and Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, the Duchess of Teck
Charles Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough and Consuelo Vanderbilt, the Duchess of Marlborough
Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery, the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Lady Randolph Spencer-Churchill, the mother of Winston Churchill, attended in byzantine costume as the Empress Theodora
Sir Henry Irving, the actor
Arthur James Balfour
Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick, the wife of Francis Greville, 5th Earl of Warwick, dressed as Marie Antoinette.
Charlotte Spencer, Countess Spencer, the wife of John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer, dressed as Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox, the mother of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley.
Arnold Morley
Henry Innes-Ker, 8th Duke of Roxburghe
Lord Basil Blackwood
Prince Victor Duleep Singh, the son of Maharajah Duleep Singh, also attended the Ball.
Ernest Cassel
Alfred Beit
Rupert Guinness, 2nd Earl of Iveagh
Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild
John Hay, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom
Henry White, as Henri de Lorraine, Duc de Guise, and his wife, Margaret Stuyvesant Rutherfurd, as Morosina Morosini
General Blue and Miss Sanger, guests from the United States Embassy, wore 18th-century velvet court dress.
The Duchess of Newcastle dressed as Princess Dashkova
Prince Charles of Denmark and Princess Charles of Denmark and Princess Victoria, who dressed as Ladies of the Court of Marguerite de Valois
The Duchess of Rutland as Mary Isabella, Duchess of Rutland after Cosway.
Lady Lister-Kaye, the sister of the Duchess of Manchester and the wife of Sir John Pepys Lister-Kaye, 3rd Baronet as the Duchesse de Guise in the time of Henry III.
Thomas Lister, 4th Baron Ribblesdale and Lady Ribblesdale.
Roundell Palmer, 1st Earl of Selborne and Lady Selborne.
The Marchioness of Londonderry, wife of Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 6th Marquess of Londonderry, dressed as Maria Theresa of Austria.
| null | null | null | null | 24 |
[
"Devonshire House Ball of 1897",
"participant",
"Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire"
] |
Notable attendees
At the ball, the attendees included:
The Prince of Wales, who dressed as the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitallers of Malta, and The Princess of Wales as Queen Marguerite de Valois and Hon. Louvima Knollys (daughter of Viscount Knollys) as her page.
The Duke of York as George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland, and The Duchess of York as a Lady of the Court of Marguerite de Valois.
Czar Nicholas II of Russia and Czarina of Russia dressed in old Court dress of the time of Peter the Great
Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, as Robert I, Duke of Normandy
Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire, as The Emperor Charles V, and The Duchess of Devonshire, who dressed as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra.
Lady Evelyn Cavendish (later Duchess of Devonshire), who attended in the dress of a Lady at the Court of the Empress Maria Theresa, while her husband, who later became the 9th Duke of Devonshire, dressed in sixteenth-century costume.
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia, the Duchess of Connaught
Francis, Duke of Teck and Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, the Duchess of Teck
Charles Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough and Consuelo Vanderbilt, the Duchess of Marlborough
Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery, the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Lady Randolph Spencer-Churchill, the mother of Winston Churchill, attended in byzantine costume as the Empress Theodora
Sir Henry Irving, the actor
Arthur James Balfour
Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick, the wife of Francis Greville, 5th Earl of Warwick, dressed as Marie Antoinette.
Charlotte Spencer, Countess Spencer, the wife of John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer, dressed as Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox, the mother of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley.
Arnold Morley
Henry Innes-Ker, 8th Duke of Roxburghe
Lord Basil Blackwood
Prince Victor Duleep Singh, the son of Maharajah Duleep Singh, also attended the Ball.
Ernest Cassel
Alfred Beit
Rupert Guinness, 2nd Earl of Iveagh
Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild
John Hay, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom
Henry White, as Henri de Lorraine, Duc de Guise, and his wife, Margaret Stuyvesant Rutherfurd, as Morosina Morosini
General Blue and Miss Sanger, guests from the United States Embassy, wore 18th-century velvet court dress.
The Duchess of Newcastle dressed as Princess Dashkova
Prince Charles of Denmark and Princess Charles of Denmark and Princess Victoria, who dressed as Ladies of the Court of Marguerite de Valois
The Duchess of Rutland as Mary Isabella, Duchess of Rutland after Cosway.
Lady Lister-Kaye, the sister of the Duchess of Manchester and the wife of Sir John Pepys Lister-Kaye, 3rd Baronet as the Duchesse de Guise in the time of Henry III.
Thomas Lister, 4th Baron Ribblesdale and Lady Ribblesdale.
Roundell Palmer, 1st Earl of Selborne and Lady Selborne.
The Marchioness of Londonderry, wife of Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 6th Marquess of Londonderry, dressed as Maria Theresa of Austria.
| null | null | null | null | 26 |
[
"Devonshire House Ball of 1897",
"participant",
"Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild"
] |
Notable attendees
At the ball, the attendees included:
The Prince of Wales, who dressed as the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitallers of Malta, and The Princess of Wales as Queen Marguerite de Valois and Hon. Louvima Knollys (daughter of Viscount Knollys) as her page.
The Duke of York as George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland, and The Duchess of York as a Lady of the Court of Marguerite de Valois.
Czar Nicholas II of Russia and Czarina of Russia dressed in old Court dress of the time of Peter the Great
Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, as Robert I, Duke of Normandy
Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire, as The Emperor Charles V, and The Duchess of Devonshire, who dressed as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra.
Lady Evelyn Cavendish (later Duchess of Devonshire), who attended in the dress of a Lady at the Court of the Empress Maria Theresa, while her husband, who later became the 9th Duke of Devonshire, dressed in sixteenth-century costume.
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia, the Duchess of Connaught
Francis, Duke of Teck and Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, the Duchess of Teck
Charles Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough and Consuelo Vanderbilt, the Duchess of Marlborough
Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery, the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Lady Randolph Spencer-Churchill, the mother of Winston Churchill, attended in byzantine costume as the Empress Theodora
Sir Henry Irving, the actor
Arthur James Balfour
Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick, the wife of Francis Greville, 5th Earl of Warwick, dressed as Marie Antoinette.
Charlotte Spencer, Countess Spencer, the wife of John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer, dressed as Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox, the mother of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley.
Arnold Morley
Henry Innes-Ker, 8th Duke of Roxburghe
Lord Basil Blackwood
Prince Victor Duleep Singh, the son of Maharajah Duleep Singh, also attended the Ball.
Ernest Cassel
Alfred Beit
Rupert Guinness, 2nd Earl of Iveagh
Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild
John Hay, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom
Henry White, as Henri de Lorraine, Duc de Guise, and his wife, Margaret Stuyvesant Rutherfurd, as Morosina Morosini
General Blue and Miss Sanger, guests from the United States Embassy, wore 18th-century velvet court dress.
The Duchess of Newcastle dressed as Princess Dashkova
Prince Charles of Denmark and Princess Charles of Denmark and Princess Victoria, who dressed as Ladies of the Court of Marguerite de Valois
The Duchess of Rutland as Mary Isabella, Duchess of Rutland after Cosway.
Lady Lister-Kaye, the sister of the Duchess of Manchester and the wife of Sir John Pepys Lister-Kaye, 3rd Baronet as the Duchesse de Guise in the time of Henry III.
Thomas Lister, 4th Baron Ribblesdale and Lady Ribblesdale.
Roundell Palmer, 1st Earl of Selborne and Lady Selborne.
The Marchioness of Londonderry, wife of Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 6th Marquess of Londonderry, dressed as Maria Theresa of Austria.
| null | null | null | null | 27 |
[
"Devonshire House Ball of 1897",
"participant",
"Evelyn Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire"
] |
The Devonshire House Ball or the Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball was an elaborate fancy dress ball, hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, held on 2 July 1897 at Devonshire House in Piccadilly to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria. Due to the many prominent royals, aristocrats, and society figures who attended as well as the overall lavishness of the ball, it was considered the event of the 1897 London Season.Notable attendees
At the ball, the attendees included:
The Prince of Wales, who dressed as the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitallers of Malta, and The Princess of Wales as Queen Marguerite de Valois and Hon. Louvima Knollys (daughter of Viscount Knollys) as her page.
The Duke of York as George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland, and The Duchess of York as a Lady of the Court of Marguerite de Valois.
Czar Nicholas II of Russia and Czarina of Russia dressed in old Court dress of the time of Peter the Great
Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, as Robert I, Duke of Normandy
Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire, as The Emperor Charles V, and The Duchess of Devonshire, who dressed as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra.
Lady Evelyn Cavendish (later Duchess of Devonshire), who attended in the dress of a Lady at the Court of the Empress Maria Theresa, while her husband, who later became the 9th Duke of Devonshire, dressed in sixteenth-century costume.
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia, the Duchess of Connaught
Francis, Duke of Teck and Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, the Duchess of Teck
Charles Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough and Consuelo Vanderbilt, the Duchess of Marlborough
Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery, the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Lady Randolph Spencer-Churchill, the mother of Winston Churchill, attended in byzantine costume as the Empress Theodora
Sir Henry Irving, the actor
Arthur James Balfour
Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick, the wife of Francis Greville, 5th Earl of Warwick, dressed as Marie Antoinette.
Charlotte Spencer, Countess Spencer, the wife of John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer, dressed as Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox, the mother of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley.
Arnold Morley
Henry Innes-Ker, 8th Duke of Roxburghe
Lord Basil Blackwood
Prince Victor Duleep Singh, the son of Maharajah Duleep Singh, also attended the Ball.
Ernest Cassel
Alfred Beit
Rupert Guinness, 2nd Earl of Iveagh
Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild
John Hay, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom
Henry White, as Henri de Lorraine, Duc de Guise, and his wife, Margaret Stuyvesant Rutherfurd, as Morosina Morosini
General Blue and Miss Sanger, guests from the United States Embassy, wore 18th-century velvet court dress.
The Duchess of Newcastle dressed as Princess Dashkova
Prince Charles of Denmark and Princess Charles of Denmark and Princess Victoria, who dressed as Ladies of the Court of Marguerite de Valois
The Duchess of Rutland as Mary Isabella, Duchess of Rutland after Cosway.
Lady Lister-Kaye, the sister of the Duchess of Manchester and the wife of Sir John Pepys Lister-Kaye, 3rd Baronet as the Duchesse de Guise in the time of Henry III.
Thomas Lister, 4th Baron Ribblesdale and Lady Ribblesdale.
Roundell Palmer, 1st Earl of Selborne and Lady Selborne.
The Marchioness of Londonderry, wife of Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 6th Marquess of Londonderry, dressed as Maria Theresa of Austria.
| null | null | null | null | 28 |
[
"Devonshire House Ball of 1897",
"participant",
"Francis, Duke of Teck"
] |
Notable attendees
At the ball, the attendees included:
The Prince of Wales, who dressed as the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitallers of Malta, and The Princess of Wales as Queen Marguerite de Valois and Hon. Louvima Knollys (daughter of Viscount Knollys) as her page.
The Duke of York as George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland, and The Duchess of York as a Lady of the Court of Marguerite de Valois.
Czar Nicholas II of Russia and Czarina of Russia dressed in old Court dress of the time of Peter the Great
Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, as Robert I, Duke of Normandy
Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire, as The Emperor Charles V, and The Duchess of Devonshire, who dressed as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra.
Lady Evelyn Cavendish (later Duchess of Devonshire), who attended in the dress of a Lady at the Court of the Empress Maria Theresa, while her husband, who later became the 9th Duke of Devonshire, dressed in sixteenth-century costume.
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia, the Duchess of Connaught
Francis, Duke of Teck and Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, the Duchess of Teck
Charles Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough and Consuelo Vanderbilt, the Duchess of Marlborough
Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery, the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Lady Randolph Spencer-Churchill, the mother of Winston Churchill, attended in byzantine costume as the Empress Theodora
Sir Henry Irving, the actor
Arthur James Balfour
Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick, the wife of Francis Greville, 5th Earl of Warwick, dressed as Marie Antoinette.
Charlotte Spencer, Countess Spencer, the wife of John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer, dressed as Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox, the mother of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley.
Arnold Morley
Henry Innes-Ker, 8th Duke of Roxburghe
Lord Basil Blackwood
Prince Victor Duleep Singh, the son of Maharajah Duleep Singh, also attended the Ball.
Ernest Cassel
Alfred Beit
Rupert Guinness, 2nd Earl of Iveagh
Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild
John Hay, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom
Henry White, as Henri de Lorraine, Duc de Guise, and his wife, Margaret Stuyvesant Rutherfurd, as Morosina Morosini
General Blue and Miss Sanger, guests from the United States Embassy, wore 18th-century velvet court dress.
The Duchess of Newcastle dressed as Princess Dashkova
Prince Charles of Denmark and Princess Charles of Denmark and Princess Victoria, who dressed as Ladies of the Court of Marguerite de Valois
The Duchess of Rutland as Mary Isabella, Duchess of Rutland after Cosway.
Lady Lister-Kaye, the sister of the Duchess of Manchester and the wife of Sir John Pepys Lister-Kaye, 3rd Baronet as the Duchesse de Guise in the time of Henry III.
Thomas Lister, 4th Baron Ribblesdale and Lady Ribblesdale.
Roundell Palmer, 1st Earl of Selborne and Lady Selborne.
The Marchioness of Londonderry, wife of Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 6th Marquess of Londonderry, dressed as Maria Theresa of Austria.
| null | null | null | null | 29 |
[
"Devonshire House Ball of 1897",
"cause",
"diamond jubilee"
] | null | null | null | null | 30 |
|
[
"Devonshire House Ball of 1897",
"participant",
"Rupert Guinness, 2nd Earl of Iveagh"
] |
The Devonshire House Ball or the Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball was an elaborate fancy dress ball, hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, held on 2 July 1897 at Devonshire House in Piccadilly to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria. Due to the many prominent royals, aristocrats, and society figures who attended as well as the overall lavishness of the ball, it was considered the event of the 1897 London Season.Notable attendees
At the ball, the attendees included:
The Prince of Wales, who dressed as the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitallers of Malta, and The Princess of Wales as Queen Marguerite de Valois and Hon. Louvima Knollys (daughter of Viscount Knollys) as her page.
The Duke of York as George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland, and The Duchess of York as a Lady of the Court of Marguerite de Valois.
Czar Nicholas II of Russia and Czarina of Russia dressed in old Court dress of the time of Peter the Great
Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, as Robert I, Duke of Normandy
Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire, as The Emperor Charles V, and The Duchess of Devonshire, who dressed as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra.
Lady Evelyn Cavendish (later Duchess of Devonshire), who attended in the dress of a Lady at the Court of the Empress Maria Theresa, while her husband, who later became the 9th Duke of Devonshire, dressed in sixteenth-century costume.
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia, the Duchess of Connaught
Francis, Duke of Teck and Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, the Duchess of Teck
Charles Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough and Consuelo Vanderbilt, the Duchess of Marlborough
Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery, the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Lady Randolph Spencer-Churchill, the mother of Winston Churchill, attended in byzantine costume as the Empress Theodora
Sir Henry Irving, the actor
Arthur James Balfour
Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick, the wife of Francis Greville, 5th Earl of Warwick, dressed as Marie Antoinette.
Charlotte Spencer, Countess Spencer, the wife of John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer, dressed as Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox, the mother of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley.
Arnold Morley
Henry Innes-Ker, 8th Duke of Roxburghe
Lord Basil Blackwood
Prince Victor Duleep Singh, the son of Maharajah Duleep Singh, also attended the Ball.
Ernest Cassel
Alfred Beit
Rupert Guinness, 2nd Earl of Iveagh
Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild
John Hay, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom
Henry White, as Henri de Lorraine, Duc de Guise, and his wife, Margaret Stuyvesant Rutherfurd, as Morosina Morosini
General Blue and Miss Sanger, guests from the United States Embassy, wore 18th-century velvet court dress.
The Duchess of Newcastle dressed as Princess Dashkova
Prince Charles of Denmark and Princess Charles of Denmark and Princess Victoria, who dressed as Ladies of the Court of Marguerite de Valois
The Duchess of Rutland as Mary Isabella, Duchess of Rutland after Cosway.
Lady Lister-Kaye, the sister of the Duchess of Manchester and the wife of Sir John Pepys Lister-Kaye, 3rd Baronet as the Duchesse de Guise in the time of Henry III.
Thomas Lister, 4th Baron Ribblesdale and Lady Ribblesdale.
Roundell Palmer, 1st Earl of Selborne and Lady Selborne.
The Marchioness of Londonderry, wife of Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 6th Marquess of Londonderry, dressed as Maria Theresa of Austria.
| null | null | null | null | 31 |
[
"Devonshire House Ball of 1897",
"participant",
"Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire"
] | null | null | null | null | 32 |
|
[
"Devonshire House Ball of 1897",
"participant",
"Kathleen Pelham-Clinton, Duchess of Newcastle"
] |
The Devonshire House Ball or the Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball was an elaborate fancy dress ball, hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, held on 2 July 1897 at Devonshire House in Piccadilly to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria. Due to the many prominent royals, aristocrats, and society figures who attended as well as the overall lavishness of the ball, it was considered the event of the 1897 London Season.
| null | null | null | null | 34 |
[
"Devonshire House Ball of 1897",
"participant",
"Henry Innes-Ker, 8th Duke of Roxburghe"
] |
The Devonshire House Ball or the Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball was an elaborate fancy dress ball, hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, held on 2 July 1897 at Devonshire House in Piccadilly to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria. Due to the many prominent royals, aristocrats, and society figures who attended as well as the overall lavishness of the ball, it was considered the event of the 1897 London Season.Notable attendees
At the ball, the attendees included:
The Prince of Wales, who dressed as the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitallers of Malta, and The Princess of Wales as Queen Marguerite de Valois and Hon. Louvima Knollys (daughter of Viscount Knollys) as her page.
The Duke of York as George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland, and The Duchess of York as a Lady of the Court of Marguerite de Valois.
Czar Nicholas II of Russia and Czarina of Russia dressed in old Court dress of the time of Peter the Great
Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, as Robert I, Duke of Normandy
Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire, as The Emperor Charles V, and The Duchess of Devonshire, who dressed as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra.
Lady Evelyn Cavendish (later Duchess of Devonshire), who attended in the dress of a Lady at the Court of the Empress Maria Theresa, while her husband, who later became the 9th Duke of Devonshire, dressed in sixteenth-century costume.
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia, the Duchess of Connaught
Francis, Duke of Teck and Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, the Duchess of Teck
Charles Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough and Consuelo Vanderbilt, the Duchess of Marlborough
Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery, the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Lady Randolph Spencer-Churchill, the mother of Winston Churchill, attended in byzantine costume as the Empress Theodora
Sir Henry Irving, the actor
Arthur James Balfour
Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick, the wife of Francis Greville, 5th Earl of Warwick, dressed as Marie Antoinette.
Charlotte Spencer, Countess Spencer, the wife of John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer, dressed as Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox, the mother of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley.
Arnold Morley
Henry Innes-Ker, 8th Duke of Roxburghe
Lord Basil Blackwood
Prince Victor Duleep Singh, the son of Maharajah Duleep Singh, also attended the Ball.
Ernest Cassel
Alfred Beit
Rupert Guinness, 2nd Earl of Iveagh
Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild
John Hay, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom
Henry White, as Henri de Lorraine, Duc de Guise, and his wife, Margaret Stuyvesant Rutherfurd, as Morosina Morosini
General Blue and Miss Sanger, guests from the United States Embassy, wore 18th-century velvet court dress.
The Duchess of Newcastle dressed as Princess Dashkova
Prince Charles of Denmark and Princess Charles of Denmark and Princess Victoria, who dressed as Ladies of the Court of Marguerite de Valois
The Duchess of Rutland as Mary Isabella, Duchess of Rutland after Cosway.
Lady Lister-Kaye, the sister of the Duchess of Manchester and the wife of Sir John Pepys Lister-Kaye, 3rd Baronet as the Duchesse de Guise in the time of Henry III.
Thomas Lister, 4th Baron Ribblesdale and Lady Ribblesdale.
Roundell Palmer, 1st Earl of Selborne and Lady Selborne.
The Marchioness of Londonderry, wife of Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 6th Marquess of Londonderry, dressed as Maria Theresa of Austria.
| null | null | null | null | 35 |
[
"Devonshire House Ball of 1897",
"participant",
"Thomas Lister, 4th Baron Ribblesdale"
] |
The Devonshire House Ball or the Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball was an elaborate fancy dress ball, hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, held on 2 July 1897 at Devonshire House in Piccadilly to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria. Due to the many prominent royals, aristocrats, and society figures who attended as well as the overall lavishness of the ball, it was considered the event of the 1897 London Season.
| null | null | null | null | 36 |
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