ProfessorBob/relation_extraction · Datasets at Hugging Face

triplets list	passage stringlengths 0 32.9k	label stringlengths 4 48 ⌀	label_id int64 0 1k ⌀	synonyms list	__index_level_1__ int64 312 64.1k ⌀	__index_level_0__ int64 0 2.4k ⌀
[ "Goldman Sachs", "owner of", "Moneta Money Bank" ]		null	null	null	null	32
[ "Goldman Sachs", "owner of", "CMC Markets" ]		null	null	null	null	40
[ "Goldman Sachs", "owner of", "Ørsted" ]		null	null	null	null	41
[ "Goldman Sachs", "owner of", "Getlink" ]		null	null	null	null	43
[ "Goldman Sachs", "owner of", "30 Hudson Street" ]		null	null	null	null	44
[ "Ballets Russes", "founded by", "Sergei Diaghilev" ]	Debut In 1909, Diaghilev presented his first Paris "Saison Russe" devoted exclusively to ballet (although the company did not use the name "Ballets Russes" until the following year). Most of this original company were resident performers at the Imperial Ballet of Saint Petersburg, hired by Diaghilev to perform in Paris during the Imperial Ballet's summer holidays. The first season's repertory featured a variety of works chiefly choreographed by Michel Fokine, including Le Pavillon d'Armide, the Polovtsian Dances (from Prince Igor), Les Sylphides, and Cléopâtre. The season also included Le Festin, a pastiche set by several choreographers (including Fokine) to music by several Russian composers.	null	null	null	null	0
[ "Ballets Russes", "founded by", "Léon Bakst" ]		null	null	null	null	2
[ "Ballets Russes", "founded by", "Alexandre Benois" ]		null	null	null	null	3
[ "Ballets Russes", "topic's main category", "Category:Ballets Russes and descendants" ]		null	null	null	null	5
[ "Bukovina", "founded by", "Habsburg monarchy" ]	Name The name first appears in a document issued by the Voivode of Moldavia Roman I Mușat on 30 March 1392, by which he gives to Ionaș Viteazul three villages, located near the Siret river.The name Bukovina came into official use in 1775 with the region's annexation from the Principality of Moldavia to the possessions of the Habsburg monarchy, which became the Austrian Empire in 1804, and Austria-Hungary in 1867. The official German name of the province under Austrian rule (1775–1918), die Bukowina, was derived from the Polish form Bukowina, which in turn was derived from the common Slavic form of buk, meaning beech tree (compare Ukrainian бук [buk]; German Buche; Hungarian bükkfa). Another German name for the region, das Buchenland, is mostly used in poetry, and means 'beech land', or 'the land of beech trees'. In Romanian, in literary or poetic contexts, the name Țara Fagilor ('the land of beech trees') is sometimes used. In some languages a definite article, sometimes optional, is used before the name: the Bukovina, increasingly an archaism in English, which, however, is found in older literature. In Ukraine, the name Буковина (Bukovyna) is unofficial, but is common when referring to the Chernivtsi Oblast, as over two thirds of the oblast is the northern part of Bukovina. In Romania, the term Northern Bukovina is sometimes synonymous with the entire Chernivtsi Oblast of Ukraine, while Southern Bukovina refers to the Suceava County of Romania (although 30% of the present-day Suceava County covers territory outside of the historical Bukovina).	null	null	null	null	3
[ "Bukovina", "topic's main category", "Category:Bukovina" ]		null	null	null	null	10
[ "Speyer Cathedral", "founded by", "Conrad II" ]	Speyer Cathedral, officially the Imperial Cathedral Basilica of the Assumption and St Stephen, in Latin: Domus sanctae Mariae Spirae (German: Dom zu Unserer lieben Frau in Speyer) in Speyer, Germany, is the seat of the Roman Catholic Bishop of Speyer and is suffragan to the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bamberg. The cathedral, which is dedicated to St. Mary, patron saint of Speyer ("Patrona Spirensis") and St. Stephen is generally known as the Kaiserdom zu Speyer (Imperial Cathedral of Speyer). Pope Pius XI raised Speyer Cathedral to the rank of a minor basilica of the Roman Catholic Church in 1925. Begun in 1030 under Conrad II, with the east end and high vault of 1090–1103, the imposing triple-aisled vaulted basilica of red sandstone is the "culmination of a design which was extremely influential in the subsequent development of Romanesque architecture during the 11th and 12th centuries". As the burial site for Salian, Staufer and Habsburg emperors and kings the cathedral is regarded as a symbol of imperial power. With the Abbey of Cluny in ruins, it remains the largest Romanesque church. It is considered to be "a turning point in European architecture", one of the most important architectural monuments of its time and one of the finest Romanesque monuments.In 1981, the cathedral was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List of culturally important sites as "a major monument of Romanesque art in the German Empire".	null	null	null	null	6
[ "Bank for International Settlements", "founded by", "Hjalmar Schacht" ]		null	null	null	null	4
[ "Bank for International Settlements", "founded by", "Montagu Norman, 1st Baron Norman" ]	The Bank for International Settlements (BIS, German: Bank für Internationalen Zahlungsausgleich, French: Banque des règlements internationaux, Italian: Banca dei regolamenti internazionali) is an international financial institution which is owned by member central banks. Its primary goal is to foster international monetary and financial cooperation while serving as a bank for central banks.The BIS carries out its work through its meetings, programmes and through the Basel Process, hosting international groups pursuing global financial stability and facilitating their interaction. It also provides banking services, but only to central banks and other international organizations. The BIS is based in Basel, Switzerland, with representative offices in Hong Kong and Mexico City.	null	null	null	null	6
[ "Berlin State Library", "owner of", "ST 16" ]		null	null	null	null	0
[ "Berlin State Library", "founded by", "Frederick William of Brandenburg" ]	Library of kings In the early period, the fortunes of the State Library rose and fell on royal whims. In 1658 Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg decreed that his private books be organized, cataloged and made available to the public. His library opened in 1661 at Cölln as the "Library of the Elector" (German: Churfürstliche Bibliothek zu Cölln an der Spree). In 1699, Frederick I more than doubled the collection, extended opening hours and introduced the first Prussian legal deposit law. In 1701 it was renamed the "Royal Library" (German: Königliche Bibliothek) upon Frederick I's accession as first King of Prussia. Frederick William I then cancelled the acquisition budget in 1722 and gave away the valuable scientific collection to the Prussian Academy of Sciences in 1735. Frederick the Great also cared little for the library at first, preferring instead his own literature in the French language. However, in 1770 he granted the library substantial assets and it made several important acquisitions. To avoid the problems caused by its dependence on the crown, Frederick the Great also granted the library considerable autonomy.	null	null	null	null	4
[ "Berlin State Library", "topic's main category", "Category:Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin" ]		null	null	null	null	19
[ "Berlin State Library", "follows", "Deutsche Staatsbibliothek" ]		null	null	null	null	21
[ "Berlin State Library", "follows", "Staatsbibliothek Berlin" ]		null	null	null	null	22
[ "The Gentleman's Magazine", "founded by", "Edward Cave" ]	The Gentleman's Magazine was a monthly magazine founded in London, England, by Edward Cave in January 1731. It ran uninterrupted for almost 200 years, until 1922. It was the first to use the term magazine (from the French magazine, meaning "storehouse") for a periodical. Samuel Johnson's first regular employment as a writer was with The Gentleman's Magazine.	null	null	null	null	6
[ "Weizmann House", "founded by", "Chaim Weizmann" ]		null	null	null	null	2
[ "Ministry of Finance (Spain)", "applies to jurisdiction", "Spain" ]	The Ministry of Finance or Ministry of Treasury (MH) is the department of the Government of Spain responsible for planning and carrying out the government policy on public finance and budget. It applies and manages the regional and local financing systems and the provision of information on the economic-financial activity of the different Public Administrations.The Finance Ministry also manages the cadastre and collects all the State taxes through the Agencia Tributaria as well as controlling the state-owned enterprises through the State Company of Industrial Participations (SEPI). Likewise, the MH manages the central government goods, the European funds and the public lottery. However, most of its duties are carried out by autonomous agencies like the Tax Agency and the Royal Mint. The MH is headed by the Minister of Finance, who is appointed by the King of Spain at request of the Prime Minister. The Minister is assisted by three main officials, the Secretary of State for Finance, the Secretary of State for Budgets and Expenditures and the Under-Secretary of the Department. Since June 2018, the current Minister of the Treasury is María Jesús Montero, who previously served as Regional Minister of Finance of the region of Andalusia.Early period In 1705 King Felipe V divided the unique Secretariat of the Universal Dispatch in two: one secretariat for War and Treasury and other for "everything else". In 30 November 1714, the Ministry was de facto created as Veeduría General (roughly in English: Inspectorate-General) and headed by the Universal Inspector of the Inspectorate-General (Spanish: Intendente Universal de la Veeduría General), the primitive denomination of the current position of Minister of Finance. This organization lasted a short time and disappeared in 1716. From that moment, the responsibilities of treasury merged with justice and Indies affairs. In 1 December 1720, they treasury affairs were confirmed as a Secretariat of State.	null	null	null	null	1
[ "Ministry of Finance (Spain)", "replaces", "Ministry of Finance and Public Function" ]		null	null	null	null	2
[ "Ministry of Finance (Spain)", "founded by", "Philip V of Spain" ]	Early period In 1705 King Felipe V divided the unique Secretariat of the Universal Dispatch in two: one secretariat for War and Treasury and other for "everything else". In 30 November 1714, the Ministry was de facto created as Veeduría General (roughly in English: Inspectorate-General) and headed by the Universal Inspector of the Inspectorate-General (Spanish: Intendente Universal de la Veeduría General), the primitive denomination of the current position of Minister of Finance. This organization lasted a short time and disappeared in 1716. From that moment, the responsibilities of treasury merged with justice and Indies affairs. In 1 December 1720, they treasury affairs were confirmed as a Secretariat of State.	null	null	null	null	3
[ "Ōmine Okugakemichi", "founded by", "En no Gyōja" ]	Overview According to tradition, the Ōmine Okugakemichi was established as a training ground for Shugendō, a syncretic religion incorporating aspects of Taoism, Shinto, esoteric Buddhism and traditional Japanese shamanism. by the Asuka period mystic En no Gyōja. It connects Kimpusen-ji in Yoshino district, Nara Prefecture with the Kumano Sanzan in southern Wakayama Prefecture. The route is very rugged and isolated, with a number of demanding sections up to narrow paths on steep slopes and steep climbs on cliffs. Mount Ōmine in the route's name is a specific holy mountain, but originally, the term referred to all of the Yoshino Mountains along the route. Believers took either Kumano or Yoshino as a starting point, depending on their religious orientation. The latter direction has dominated since the Edo period.Along the route are 75 spiritual places called nabiki (靡) in caves, on rocks, at waterfalls, on mountain peaks, etc. are used for prayer or for spiritual exercises. For religious reasons, women have been forbidden to travel most of the route, and Mount Ōmine remains closed to women to this date. The path takes several days to complete, and is mostly wilderness with no settlements, and few possibilities to turn off the path once started. During the Edo Period, Kishū Domain controlled most of the territory the path traversed, and often viewed Shugendō monks with suspicion. After the Meiji Restoration, Shugendō faced hostility from the Meiji government's separation of Buddhism and Shinto policies, and large portions of the path were lost or reverted to wilderness. In 1936, the area became part of the Yoshino-Kumano National Park, and from the 1980s, amateur historians and hiking groups have worked to restore the trail and to build mountain shelters for hikers and modern Shugendō followers attempting the trail. In 2002, the trail was designated as a National Historic Site, and it was included within the Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2004.	null	null	null	null	3
[ "Ōmine Okugakemichi", "topic's main category", "Category:Omine okugakemichi" ]		null	null	null	null	11
[ "Fornacalia", "founded by", "Numa Pompilius" ]	History The Fornacalia may have been established by Numa Pompillius. Ovid wrote that "the oven was made a goddess, Fornax: the farmers, pleased with her, prayed she’d regulate the grain’s heat." It was held in early February on various dates in different curiae, which in the period of the Roman monarchy and the Roman Republic were the thirty wards of the city of Rome. It was proclaimed every year by the curio maximus, who was a priest who was the head of the curiae. He announced the different part which each curia (sing. of curiae) had to take in the celebration of the festival; "[n]ow the Curio Maximus, in a set form of words, declares the shifting date of the Fornacalia, the Feast of Ovens, and round the Forum hang many tablets, on which every ward displays its own sign."	null	null	null	null	1
[ "National Pacification Army", "founded by", "Zhang Zuolin" ]	The National Pacification Army (NPA), also known as the Anguojun or Ankuochun (Chinese: 安國軍), was a warlord coalition led by Fengtian clique General Zhang Zuolin, and was the military arm of the Beiyang government of the Republic of China during its existence. The army was formed in November 1926 after the Fengtian victory in the Anti-Fengtian War, the NPA was tasked with countering the advance of the Kuomintang (KMT)-aligned National Revolutionary Army (NRA) of Chiang Kai-shek, who had launched the Northern Expedition in June 1926.: 3 In addition to its Fengtian Army core, the NPA also included Zhili clique generals, such as Sun Chuanfang.: 18 The NPA suffered a series of serious military defeats inflicted by Chiang and his warlord allies, including Feng Yuxiang, Li Zongren and Yan Xishan. On the southern front, the NPA was pushed back from Jiangsu and Henan after fierce fighting against the Guominjun and the NRA. On the western front, they fought Shanxi forces under Yan Xishan. Following these setbacks, a conference of NPA leaders in June 1927 established a military government and proclaimed Zhang Zuolin as Generalissimo, whereupon all military and civilian power was placed in his hands. Despite having achieved a few victories in mid-1927 in Jiangsu and extensive victories in Shanxi, the NPA could not defeat the Kuomintang forces and soon retreated north and east of Tianjin. Following Zhang Zuolin's assassination by the Japanese Kwantung Army in the Huanggutun Incident on 4 June 1928, he was succeeded by his son, Zhang Xueliang, who disbanded the National Pacification Army and swore allegiance to the Kuomintang government in Nanjing.	null	null	null	null	0
[ "Aikikai", "founded by", "Morihei Ueshiba" ]		null	null	null	null	3
[ "ASMedia", "founded by", "ASUS" ]		null	null	null	null	2
[ "Tiraspol", "founded by", "Alexander Suvorov" ]	Tiraspol (Moldovan Cyrillic: Тираспол), occasionally also known in Romanian as Tirișpolea, is the de facto capital of Transnistria, a breakaway state of Moldova, where it is the third largest city. The city is located on the eastern bank of the Dniester River. Tiraspol is a regional hub of light industry, such as furniture and electrical goods production. The modern city of Tiraspol was founded by the Russian generalissimo Alexander Suvorov in 1792, although the area had been inhabited for thousands of years by varying ethnic groups. The city celebrates its anniversary every year on 14 October.	null	null	null	null	13
[ "Tiraspol", "topic's main category", "Category:Tiraspol" ]		null	null	null	null	28
[ "DBpedia", "founded by", "Leipzig University" ]	Background The project was started by people at the Free University of Berlin and Leipzig University in collaboration with OpenLink Software, and is now maintained by people at the University of Mannheim and Leipzig University. The first publicly available dataset was published in 2007. The data is made available under free licences (CC BY-SA), allowing others to reuse the dataset; it doesn't however use an open data license to waive the sui generis database rights.Wikipedia articles consist mostly of free text, but also include structured information embedded in the articles, such as "infobox" tables (the pull-out panels that appear in the top right of the default view of many Wikipedia articles, or at the start of the mobile versions), categorization information, images, geo-coordinates and links to external Web pages. This structured information is extracted and put in a uniform dataset which can be queried.	null	null	null	null	6
[ "DBpedia", "owned by", "Leipzig University" ]	Background The project was started by people at the Free University of Berlin and Leipzig University in collaboration with OpenLink Software, and is now maintained by people at the University of Mannheim and Leipzig University. The first publicly available dataset was published in 2007. The data is made available under free licences (CC BY-SA), allowing others to reuse the dataset; it doesn't however use an open data license to waive the sui generis database rights.Wikipedia articles consist mostly of free text, but also include structured information embedded in the articles, such as "infobox" tables (the pull-out panels that appear in the top right of the default view of many Wikipedia articles, or at the start of the mobile versions), categorization information, images, geo-coordinates and links to external Web pages. This structured information is extracted and put in a uniform dataset which can be queried.	null	null	null	null	7
[ "DBpedia", "founded by", "University of Mannheim" ]		null	null	null	null	8
[ "DBpedia", "owned by", "University of Mannheim" ]		null	null	null	null	9
[ "DBpedia", "participant of", "Google Summer of Code 2018" ]		null	null	null	null	14
[ "DBpedia", "participant of", "Google Summer of Code 2019" ]		null	null	null	null	16
[ "DBpedia", "founded by", "Hasso Plattner Institute" ]		null	null	null	null	20
[ "Lamayuru Monastery", "founded by", "Naropa" ]		null	null	null	null	6
[ "Capetian House of Anjou", "founded by", "Charles I of Naples" ]	Cadet branches Hungary During the Middle Ages, there were several marriages between the Árpád dynasty and the House of Capet. Charles I, founder of the House of Anjou-Sicily, with his first wife, Beatrice of Provence fathered his eldest son, Charles II of Naples. (Their youngest daughter, Elizabeth was given in marriage to the future Ladislaus IV of Hungary in 1269, but Ladislaus preferred his mistresses to her, and the marriage remained childless). In 1270, Charles II married Mary of Hungary, daughter of Stephen V of Hungary and Elizabeth the Cuman. They had fourteen children which provided the House of Anjou-Sicily with a secure position in Naples. The childless Ladislaus IV of Hungary (1262–1290), was succeeded by Andrew III as King of Hungary. He was the son of Stephen the Posthumous, considered by Stephen's much older half-brothers (Béla IV of Hungary, Coloman of Halych, Andrew II of Halych) a bastard son of infidelity. For this reason, after the death of Ladislaus IV. some of the Árpád dynasty's cognates sought the family as extinct. In Naples, Charles Martel of Anjou, the eldest son of Mary of Hungary announced his claim to the Hungarian crown, backed by his mother, and the Pope. He started to style himself King of Hungary, but he never managed to gain enough support from the Hungarian magnates to realize his claim. With Andrew III's childless death (1301), the "last golden branch" of the tree of King Saint Stephen's family ended. The Hungarian diet was determined to keep the blood of Saint Stephen (first king of Hungary) on the throne in the maternal line at least. In the upcoming years, a civil war followed between various claimants to the throne. After the short period of rule of Wenceslaus of Bohemia (1301–1305), and Otto of Bavaria (1305–1307) the civil war ended with Charles Robert's (1308–1342) victory, the son of Charles Martel of Anjou, but he was forced to continue fighting against the powerful Hungarian lords up to the early 1320s. I. Charles I of Anjou 1226/7–1285 king of Sicily(-Naples) = Beatrice of Provence	null	null	null	null	2
[ "Capetian House of Anjou", "topic's main category", "Category:Capetian House of Anjou" ]		null	null	null	null	4
[ "Capetian House of Anjou", "different from", "House of Anjou" ]		null	null	null	null	7
[ "European Jewish Parliament", "applies to jurisdiction", "European Parliament" ]		null	null	null	null	4
[ "European Jewish Parliament", "founded by", "Vadim Rabinovich" ]	The European Jewish Parliament or EJP (formerly known as European Jewish Union or EJU) is a non-governmental organization (NGO) based in Brussels whose stated aim is to be "a uniting structure for all Jewish communities and organizations throughout Western, Eastern and Central Europe as well as establish a permanent relationship with the European Parliament as well as national parliaments."The EJU-backed EJP is the brainchild of Ukrainian billionaire Vadim Rabinovich.European Jewish Union The EJU group was founded in the Spring of 2011 by Ihor Kolomoyskyi, Vadim Rabinovich and Alexander Zanzer The EJU hoped to establish a European Jewish Parliament, comprising 120 members modeled on the Israeli Knesset. This group would then represent the concerns of the Jewish community to the European Union. The European Jewish Parliament was inaugurated on February, 16th 2012.The first EJP annual general assembly was held in Brussels on May 15 and 16 2012.	null	null	null	null	7
[ "National Archives of Sweden", "applies to jurisdiction", "Sweden" ]	The National Archives of Sweden (Swedish: Riksarkivet, RA) is the official archive of the Swedish government and is responsible for the management of records from Sweden's public authorities. Although the archives functions primarily as the government archive, it also preserves some documents from private individuals and non-public organizations. The mission of the archives is to collect and preserve records for future generations.Organization The National Archives of Sweden is a state administrative authority, organized under the Ministry of Culture. The head of The National Archives, known as the Riksarkivarie in Swedish, works alongside of staff responsible for strategic issues, and overall coordination and development. The position is currently held by Karin Åström Iko.The structure of the organization is divided into five departments: the Regional Department, National Department, Department of Conservation and Digital Infrastructure, Department of Public Information Management, and Administrative Department. The Regional Department includes Regional Archives (Landsarkiven) located in seven cities: Gothenburg, Härnösand, Lund, Uppsala, Vadsterna, Visby, and Östersund. The National Department includes the main branch Marieburg in Stockholm, Arninge located just north of Stockholm, and other archives that have been incorporated into the National Archives, including the Military Archives and the Heraldry Board.	null	null	null	null	5
[ "National Archives of Sweden", "founded by", "Axel Oxenstierna" ]		null	null	null	null	11
[ "National Archives of Sweden", "topic's main category", "Category:National Archives of Sweden" ]		null	null	null	null	20
[ "Anti-Corruption Foundation", "founded by", "Alexei Navalny" ]	The Anti-Corruption Foundation (ACF or FBK; Russian: Фонд борьбы с коррупцией (ФБК), romanized: Fond borby s korruptsiyey (FBK), lit. 'Foundation for combating corruption') is a non-profit organization established in 2011 by Russian opposition figure Alexei Navalny. The FBK published investigations into alleged corruption by high-ranking Russian government officials. The organisation was funded by private donations.On 9 October 2019, the FBK was declared a "foreign agent" by the Ministry of Justice. On 9 June 2021, the FBK was designated as an extremist organization and liquidated by the Moscow City Court. On 11 July 2022, while imprisoned, Navalny announced the relaunch of the FBK as an international organization.	null	null	null	null	2
[ "Anti-Corruption Foundation", "topic's main category", "Category:Anti-Corruption Foundation" ]		null	null	null	null	6
[ "Cassa per il Mezzogiorno", "founded by", "Alcide De Gasperi" ]		null	null	null	null	3
[ "Later Jin (1616–1636)", "followed by", "Qing dynasty" ]		null	null	null	null	1
[ "Later Jin (1616–1636)", "topic's main category", "Category:Later Jin (1616–1636)" ]		null	null	null	null	5
[ "Later Jin (1616–1636)", "founded by", "Nurhaci" ]		null	null	null	null	6
[ "Mojang Studios", "owned by", "Microsoft" ]	Mojang Studios is a Swedish video game developer based in Stockholm. The studio is best known for developing the sandbox and survival game Minecraft, the best-selling video game of all time. Mojang Studios was founded by the independent video game designer Markus Persson in 2009 as Mojang Specifications for Minecraft's development. The studio inherited its name from another video game venture Persson had left two years prior. Following the game's initial release, Persson, in conjunction with Jakob Porsér, incorporated the business as Mojang AB in late 2010, and they hired Carl Manneh as the company's chief executive officer. Other early hires included Daniel Kaplan and Jens Bergensten. Minecraft became highly successful, giving Mojang sustained growth. With a desire to move on from the game, Persson offered to sell his share in Mojang, and the company was acquired by Microsoft in November 2014. Persson, Porsér, and Manneh subsequently left Mojang, with Jonas Mårtensson replacing Manneh as CEO. In May 2020, Mojang was rebranded as Mojang Studios. As of 2021, the company employs approximately 600 people. Helen Chiang is the studio head. Apart from Minecraft, Mojang Studios has developed Caller's Bane, Crown and Council, and further games in the Minecraft franchise: Minecraft Dungeons, Minecraft Legends, and the cancelled Minecraft Earth. It also released smaller games as part of game jams organised by Humble Bundle and published the externally developed Cobalt and Cobalt WASD.	null	null	null	null	2
[ "Mojang Studios", "founded by", "Markus Persson" ]		null	null	null	null	10
[ "Mojang Studios", "topic's main category", "Category:Mojang Studios" ]		null	null	null	null	16
[ "Valletta", "located on terrain feature", "Malta" ]		null	null	null	null	8
[ "Valletta", "founded by", "Jean Parisot de la Valette" ]	Valletta (, Maltese: il-Belt Valletta, Maltese pronunciation: [vɐˈlːɛtːɐ]) is an administrative unit and the capital of Malta. Located on the main island, between Marsamxett Harbour to the west and the Grand Harbour to the east, its population within administrative limits in 2014 was 6,444. According to the data from 2020 by Eurostat, the Functional Urban Area and metropolitan region covered the whole island and has a population of 480,134. Valletta is the southernmost capital of Europe, and at just 0.61 square kilometres (0.24 sq mi), it is the European Union's smallest capital city.Valletta's 16th-century buildings were constructed by the Knights Hospitaller. The city was named after Jean Parisot de Valette, who succeeded in defending the island from an Ottoman invasion during the Great Siege of Malta. The city is Baroque in character, with elements of Mannerist, Neo-Classical and Modern architecture, though the Second World War left major scars on the city, particularly the destruction of the Royal Opera House. The city was officially recognised as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1980. The city has 320 monuments, all within an area of 0.55 square kilometres (0.21 sq mi), making it one of the most concentrated historic areas in the world. Sometimes called an "open-air museum", Valletta was chosen as the European Capital of Culture in 2018. Valletta is also the sunniest city in Europe.The city is noted for its fortifications, consisting of bastions, curtains and cavaliers, along with the beauty of its Baroque palaces, gardens and churches.	null	null	null	null	10
[ "Valletta", "topic's main category", "Category:Valletta" ]		null	null	null	null	14
[ "Valletta", "significant event", "Siege of Malta" ]		null	null	null	null	16
[ "Hasegawa Machiko Art Museum", "founded by", "Machiko Hasegawa" ]		null	null	null	null	2
[ "Hasegawa Machiko Art Museum", "founded by", "Mariko Hasegawa" ]		null	null	null	null	6
[ "Parsons School of Design", "topic's main category", "Category:Parsons School of Design" ]		null	null	null	null	6
[ "Parsons School of Design", "founded by", "William Merritt Chase" ]		null	null	null	null	13
[ "Independent Order of Odd Fellows", "founded by", "Thomas Wildey" ]	History Precursor Odd Fellows lodges were first documented in 1730 in England from which many organizations emerged. While several unofficial Odd Fellows lodges had existed in New York City sometime in the period 1806 to 1818, the American Odd Fellows is regarded as being founded with Washington Lodge No 1 in Baltimore at the Seven Stars Tavern on April 26, 1819, by Thomas Wildey along with some associates who assembled in response to a newspaper advertisement. The following year, the lodge affiliated with the Independent Order of Oddfellows Manchester Unity was granted the authority to institute new lodges. Wildey had joined the Grand United Order of Oddfellows in 1804, then joined its splinter order, Independent Order of Oddfellows Manchester Unity, before immigrating to the United States in 1817.	null	null	null	null	3
[ "Independent Order of Odd Fellows", "different from", "Odd Fellows" ]	The Independent Order of Odd Fellows (IOOF) is a non-political and non-sectarian international fraternal order of Odd Fellowship. It was founded in 1819 by Thomas Wildey in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. Evolving from the Order of Odd Fellows founded in England during the 18th century, the IOOF was originally chartered by the Independent Order of Oddfellows Manchester Unity in England but has operated as an independent organization since 1842, although it maintains an inter-fraternal relationship with the English Order. The order is also known as the Triple Link Fraternity, referring to the order's "Triple Links" symbol, alluding to its motto "Friendship, Love and Truth".While several unofficial Odd Fellows Lodges had existed in New York City circa 1806–1818, because of its charter relationship, the American Odd Fellows is regarded as being founded with Washington Lodge No 1 in Baltimore at the Seven Stars Tavern on April 26, 1819, by Thomas Wildey along with some associates who assembled in response to an advertisement in the New Republic. The following year, the lodge affiliated with the Independent Order of Oddfellows Manchester Unity and was granted the authority to institute new lodges. Previously, Wildey had joined the Grand United Order of Oddfellows (1798-) in 1804 but followed through with the split of Independent Order of Oddfellows Manchester Unity (1810–) before immigrating to the United States in 1817. In 1842, after an elementary dispute on authority, the American Lodges formed a governing system separate from the English Order, and in 1843 assumed the name Independent Order of Odd Fellows.Like other fraternities, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows began by limiting their membership to white men only. On September 20, 1851, the IOOF became the first fraternity in the United States to include white women when it adopted the "Beautiful Rebekah Degree" by initiative of Schuyler Colfax, later Vice-President of the United States.Beyond fraternal and recreational activities, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows promotes the ethic of reciprocity and charity, by implied inspiration of Judeo-Christian ethics. The largest Sovereign Grand Lodge of all fraternal orders of Odd Fellows since the 19th century, it enrolls some 600,000 members divided in approximately 10,000 lodges into 26 countries, inter-fraternally recognized by the second largest, the British-seated Independent Order of Oddfellows Manchester Unity.	null	null	null	null	6
[ "Independent Order of Odd Fellows", "topic's main category", "Category:Independent Order of Odd Fellows" ]		null	null	null	null	7
[ "Minamoto clan", "founded by", "Emperor of Japan" ]		null	null	null	null	15
[ "Minamoto clan", "topic's main category", "Category:Minamoto clan" ]		null	null	null	null	19
[ "British and Foreign Bible Society", "founded by", "William Wilberforce" ]	The British and Foreign Bible Society, often known in England and Wales as simply the Bible Society, is a non-denominational Christian Bible society with charity status whose purpose is to make the Bible available throughout the world.The Society was formed on 7 March 1804 by a group of people including William Wilberforce and Thomas Charles to encourage the "wider circulation and use" of the Scriptures.	null	null	null	null	2
[ "Gondor", "located on terrain feature", "Middle-earth" ]		null	null	null	null	6
[ "Gondor", "founded by", "Isildur" ]	Gondor is a fictional kingdom in J. R. R. Tolkien's writings, described as the greatest realm of Men in the west of Middle-earth at the end of the Third Age. The third volume of The Lord of the Rings, The Return of the King, is largely concerned with the events in Gondor during the War of the Ring and with the restoration of the realm afterward. The history of the kingdom is outlined in the appendices of the book. Gondor was founded by the brothers Isildur and Anárion, exiles from the downfallen island kingdom of Númenor. Along with Arnor in the north, Gondor, the South-kingdom, served as a last stronghold of the Men of the West. After an early period of growth, Gondor gradually declined as the Third Age progressed, being continually weakened by internal strife and conflict with the allies of the Dark Lord Sauron. By the time of the War of the Ring, the throne of Gondor is empty, though its principalities and fiefdoms still pay deference to the absent king by showing their loyalty to the Stewards of Gondor. The kingdom's ascendancy was restored only with Sauron's final defeat and the crowning of Aragorn as king. Based upon early conceptions, the history and geography of Gondor were developed in stages as Tolkien extended his legendarium while writing The Lord of the Rings. Critics have noted the contrast between the cultured but lifeless Stewards of Gondor, and the simple but vigorous leaders of the Kingdom of Rohan, modelled on Tolkien's favoured Anglo-Saxons. Scholars have noted parallels between Gondor and the Normans, Ancient Rome, the Vikings, the Goths, the Langobards, and the Byzantine Empire.Númenórean kingdom The shorelands of Gondor were widely colonized by the Númenóreans from the middle of the Second Age, especially by Elf-friends loyal to Elendil. His sons Isildur and Anárion landed in Gondor after the drowning of Númenor, and co-founded the Kingdom of Gondor. Isildur brought with him a seedling of Nimloth (Sindarin: nim, "white" and loth, "blossom") the Fair, the white tree from Númenor. This tree and its descendants came to be called the White Tree of Gondor, and appears on the kingdom's coat of arms. Elendil, who founded the Kingdom of Arnor to the north, was held to be the High King of all the lands of the Dúnedain. Isildur established the city of Minas Ithil (Sindarin: "Tower of the Moon") while Anárion established the city of Minas Anor (Sindarin: "Tower of the Sun").Sauron survived the destruction of Númenor and secretly returned to his realm of Mordor, soon launching a war against the Númenórean kingdoms. He captured Minas Ithil, but Isildur escaped by ship to Arnor; meanwhile, Anárion was able to defend Osgiliath. Elendil and the Elven-king Gil-galad formed the Last Alliance of Elves and Men, and together with Isildur and Anárion, they besieged and defeated Mordor. Sauron was overthrown; but the One Ring that Isildur took from him was not destroyed, and thus Sauron continued to exist.Both Elendil and Anárion were killed in the war, so Isildur conferred rule of Gondor upon Anárion's son Meneldil, retaining suzerainty over Gondor as High King of the Dúnedain. Isildur and his three elder sons were ambushed and killed by Orcs in the Gladden Fields. Isildur's remaining son Valandil did not attempt to claim his father's place as Gondor's monarch; the kingdom was ruled solely by Meneldil and his descendants until their line died out.	null	null	null	null	10
[ "Gondor", "different from", "Lindon" ]		null	null	null	null	12
[ "Gondor", "located on terrain feature", "Belegaer" ]		null	null	null	null	16
[ "Gondor", "founded by", "Anárion" ]	Gondor is a fictional kingdom in J. R. R. Tolkien's writings, described as the greatest realm of Men in the west of Middle-earth at the end of the Third Age. The third volume of The Lord of the Rings, The Return of the King, is largely concerned with the events in Gondor during the War of the Ring and with the restoration of the realm afterward. The history of the kingdom is outlined in the appendices of the book. Gondor was founded by the brothers Isildur and Anárion, exiles from the downfallen island kingdom of Númenor. Along with Arnor in the north, Gondor, the South-kingdom, served as a last stronghold of the Men of the West. After an early period of growth, Gondor gradually declined as the Third Age progressed, being continually weakened by internal strife and conflict with the allies of the Dark Lord Sauron. By the time of the War of the Ring, the throne of Gondor is empty, though its principalities and fiefdoms still pay deference to the absent king by showing their loyalty to the Stewards of Gondor. The kingdom's ascendancy was restored only with Sauron's final defeat and the crowning of Aragorn as king. Based upon early conceptions, the history and geography of Gondor were developed in stages as Tolkien extended his legendarium while writing The Lord of the Rings. Critics have noted the contrast between the cultured but lifeless Stewards of Gondor, and the simple but vigorous leaders of the Kingdom of Rohan, modelled on Tolkien's favoured Anglo-Saxons. Scholars have noted parallels between Gondor and the Normans, Ancient Rome, the Vikings, the Goths, the Langobards, and the Byzantine Empire.Númenórean kingdom The shorelands of Gondor were widely colonized by the Númenóreans from the middle of the Second Age, especially by Elf-friends loyal to Elendil. His sons Isildur and Anárion landed in Gondor after the drowning of Númenor, and co-founded the Kingdom of Gondor. Isildur brought with him a seedling of Nimloth (Sindarin: nim, "white" and loth, "blossom") the Fair, the white tree from Númenor. This tree and its descendants came to be called the White Tree of Gondor, and appears on the kingdom's coat of arms. Elendil, who founded the Kingdom of Arnor to the north, was held to be the High King of all the lands of the Dúnedain. Isildur established the city of Minas Ithil (Sindarin: "Tower of the Moon") while Anárion established the city of Minas Anor (Sindarin: "Tower of the Sun").Sauron survived the destruction of Númenor and secretly returned to his realm of Mordor, soon launching a war against the Númenórean kingdoms. He captured Minas Ithil, but Isildur escaped by ship to Arnor; meanwhile, Anárion was able to defend Osgiliath. Elendil and the Elven-king Gil-galad formed the Last Alliance of Elves and Men, and together with Isildur and Anárion, they besieged and defeated Mordor. Sauron was overthrown; but the One Ring that Isildur took from him was not destroyed, and thus Sauron continued to exist.Both Elendil and Anárion were killed in the war, so Isildur conferred rule of Gondor upon Anárion's son Meneldil, retaining suzerainty over Gondor as High King of the Dúnedain. Isildur and his three elder sons were ambushed and killed by Orcs in the Gladden Fields. Isildur's remaining son Valandil did not attempt to claim his father's place as Gondor's monarch; the kingdom was ruled solely by Meneldil and his descendants until their line died out.	null	null	null	null	17
[ "Gondor", "followed by", "Reunited Kingdom" ]		null	null	null	null	18
[ "Gondor", "topic's main category", "Category:Gondor" ]		null	null	null	null	25
[ "Norwegian Research Centre", "founded by", "University of Bergen" ]	The Norwegian Research Centre (NORCE) is a Norwegian government-owned research institute that is majority-owned by the University of Bergen. It is one of the largest research organisations of Norway.NORCE was founded in 2017 through the merger of several university-owned research institutes and has around 900 employees. At the time of establishment the institute was fully owned by three state universities, the University of Bergen, the University of Stavanger and the University of Agder. A few other shareholders, notably including the University of Tromsø, have joined the consortium. According to the Brønnøysund Register Centre NORCE is a government-owned limited company (Norwegian: statlig eide aksjeselskaper). NORCE includes research institutes that were part of the University of Oslo, the University of Bergen, the University of Tromsø, the University of Stavanger and the University of Agder. NORCE conducts both basic and applied research and is active in the fields of energy research, technological research, especially maritime technology, climate science, natural resources and environmental research, health research, and the social sciences. The company operates in Oslo, Bergen, Stavanger, Tromsø, Kristiansand, Grimstad, Alta, Bardu and Svalbard.	null	null	null	null	3
[ "Norwegian Research Centre", "founded by", "University of Stavanger" ]	The Norwegian Research Centre (NORCE) is a Norwegian government-owned research institute that is majority-owned by the University of Bergen. It is one of the largest research organisations of Norway.NORCE was founded in 2017 through the merger of several university-owned research institutes and has around 900 employees. At the time of establishment the institute was fully owned by three state universities, the University of Bergen, the University of Stavanger and the University of Agder. A few other shareholders, notably including the University of Tromsø, have joined the consortium. According to the Brønnøysund Register Centre NORCE is a government-owned limited company (Norwegian: statlig eide aksjeselskaper). NORCE includes research institutes that were part of the University of Oslo, the University of Bergen, the University of Tromsø, the University of Stavanger and the University of Agder. NORCE conducts both basic and applied research and is active in the fields of energy research, technological research, especially maritime technology, climate science, natural resources and environmental research, health research, and the social sciences. The company operates in Oslo, Bergen, Stavanger, Tromsø, Kristiansand, Grimstad, Alta, Bardu and Svalbard.	null	null	null	null	5
[ "Norwegian Research Centre", "replaces", "Christian Michelsen Research" ]		null	null	null	null	9
[ "Norwegian Research Centre", "founded by", "University of Agder" ]	The Norwegian Research Centre (NORCE) is a Norwegian government-owned research institute that is majority-owned by the University of Bergen. It is one of the largest research organisations of Norway.NORCE was founded in 2017 through the merger of several university-owned research institutes and has around 900 employees. At the time of establishment the institute was fully owned by three state universities, the University of Bergen, the University of Stavanger and the University of Agder. A few other shareholders, notably including the University of Tromsø, have joined the consortium. According to the Brønnøysund Register Centre NORCE is a government-owned limited company (Norwegian: statlig eide aksjeselskaper). NORCE includes research institutes that were part of the University of Oslo, the University of Bergen, the University of Tromsø, the University of Stavanger and the University of Agder. NORCE conducts both basic and applied research and is active in the fields of energy research, technological research, especially maritime technology, climate science, natural resources and environmental research, health research, and the social sciences. The company operates in Oslo, Bergen, Stavanger, Tromsø, Kristiansand, Grimstad, Alta, Bardu and Svalbard.	null	null	null	null	12
[ "Zirid dynasty", "replaces", "Fatimid Caliphate" ]	Ziri ibn Manad d. 360 AH (971 CE) Abul-Futuh Sayf ad-Dawla Buluggin ibn Ziri 361-373 AH (972-984 CE) Abul-Fat'h al-Mansur ibn Buluggin 373-386 AH (984-996 CE) Abu Qatada Nasir ad-Dawla Badis ibn Mansur 386-406 AH (996-1016 CE) Sharaf ad-Dawla al-Muizz ibn Badis 406-454 AH (1016–1062 CE) declared independence from the Fatimids and changed the khutba to refer to the Abbasid Caliph in 1048, changed capital to Mahdia in 1057 after Kairouan was lost to the Hilalian invasions Abu Tahir Tamim ibn al-Mu'izz 454-501 AH (1062–1108 CE) Yahya ibn Tamim 501-509 AH (1108–1116 CE) Ali ibn Yahya 509-515 AH (1116–1121 CE) Abu'l-Hasan al-Hasan ibn Ali 515-543 AH (1121–1148 CE)	null	null	null	null	2
[ "Zirid dynasty", "topic's main category", "Category:Zirid dynasty" ]		null	null	null	null	5
[ "Zirid dynasty", "founded by", "Ziri ibn Manad" ]		null	null	null	null	14
[ "Russian Liberation Army", "founded by", "Andrey Vlasov" ]		null	null	null	null	4
[ "Russian Liberation Army", "followed by", "Russian Armed Forces" ]		null	null	null	null	7
[ "Russian Liberation Army", "different from", "Russian National People's Army" ]		null	null	null	null	13
[ "Russian Liberation Army", "topic's main category", "Category:Russian Liberation Army" ]		null	null	null	null	18
[ "Russian Liberation Army", "different from", "S.S. Sturmbrigade R.O.N.A." ]		null	null	null	null	19
[ "Annales school", "founded by", "Marc Bloch" ]	Origins The Annales was founded and edited by Marc Bloch and Lucien Febvre in 1929, while they were teaching at the University of Strasbourg and later in Paris. These authors, the former a medieval historian and the latter an early modernist, quickly became associated with the distinctive Annales approach, which combined geography, history, and the sociological approaches of the Année Sociologique (many members of which were their colleagues at Strasbourg) to produce an approach which rejected the predominant emphasis on politics, diplomacy and war of many 19th and early 20th-century historians as spearheaded by historians whom Febvre called Les Sorbonnistes. Instead, they pioneered an approach to a study of long-term historical structures (la longue durée) over events and political transformations. Geography, material culture, and what later Annalistes called mentalités, or the psychology of the epoch, are also characteristic areas of study. The goal of the Annales was to undo the work of the Sorbonnistes, to turn French historians away from the narrowly political and diplomatic toward the new vistas in social and economic history.Co-founder Marc Bloch (1886–1944) was a quintessential modernist who studied at the elite École Normale Supérieure, and in Germany, serving as a professor at the University of Strasbourg until he was called to the Sorbonne in Paris in 1936 as professor of economic history. Bloch's interests were highly interdisciplinary, influenced by the geography of Paul Vidal de la Blache (1845–1918) and the sociology of Émile Durkheim (1858–1917). His own ideas, especially those expressed in his masterworks, French Rural History (Les caractères originaux de l'histoire rurale française, 1931) and Feudal Society, were incorporated by the second-generation Annalistes, led by Fernand Braudel.	null	null	null	null	0
[ "Annales school", "founded by", "Lucien Febvre" ]	Origins The Annales was founded and edited by Marc Bloch and Lucien Febvre in 1929, while they were teaching at the University of Strasbourg and later in Paris. These authors, the former a medieval historian and the latter an early modernist, quickly became associated with the distinctive Annales approach, which combined geography, history, and the sociological approaches of the Année Sociologique (many members of which were their colleagues at Strasbourg) to produce an approach which rejected the predominant emphasis on politics, diplomacy and war of many 19th and early 20th-century historians as spearheaded by historians whom Febvre called Les Sorbonnistes. Instead, they pioneered an approach to a study of long-term historical structures (la longue durée) over events and political transformations. Geography, material culture, and what later Annalistes called mentalités, or the psychology of the epoch, are also characteristic areas of study. The goal of the Annales was to undo the work of the Sorbonnistes, to turn French historians away from the narrowly political and diplomatic toward the new vistas in social and economic history.Co-founder Marc Bloch (1886–1944) was a quintessential modernist who studied at the elite École Normale Supérieure, and in Germany, serving as a professor at the University of Strasbourg until he was called to the Sorbonne in Paris in 1936 as professor of economic history. Bloch's interests were highly interdisciplinary, influenced by the geography of Paul Vidal de la Blache (1845–1918) and the sociology of Émile Durkheim (1858–1917). His own ideas, especially those expressed in his masterworks, French Rural History (Les caractères originaux de l'histoire rurale française, 1931) and Feudal Society, were incorporated by the second-generation Annalistes, led by Fernand Braudel.	null	null	null	null	2
[ "Annales school", "topic's main category", "Category:Annales School" ]		null	null	null	null	3
[ "Military Cross", "founded by", "George V" ]		null	null	null	null	2
[ "Military Cross", "different from", "Military Cross" ]		null	null	null	null	8
[ "Military Cross", "topic's main category", "Category:Recipients of the Military Cross" ]		null	null	null	null	9
[ "Amnesty International", "participant of", "The People's Meeting 2016" ]		null	null	null	null	11
[ "Amnesty International", "topic's main category", "Category:Amnesty International" ]		null	null	null	null	20
[ "Amnesty International", "founded by", "Peter Benenson" ]		null	null	null	null	30
[ "Caldas da Rainha", "owner of", "Campo da Mata" ]		null	null	null	null	1

[ "Goldman Sachs", "owner of", "Moneta Money Bank" ]

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[ "Goldman Sachs", "owner of", "CMC Markets" ]

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[ "Goldman Sachs", "owner of", "Ørsted" ]

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[ "Goldman Sachs", "owner of", "Getlink" ]

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[ "Goldman Sachs", "owner of", "30 Hudson Street" ]

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[ "Ballets Russes", "founded by", "Sergei Diaghilev" ]

Debut In 1909, Diaghilev presented his first Paris "Saison Russe" devoted exclusively to ballet (although the company did not use the name "Ballets Russes" until the following year). Most of this original company were resident performers at the Imperial Ballet of Saint Petersburg, hired by Diaghilev to perform in Paris during the Imperial Ballet's summer holidays. The first season's repertory featured a variety of works chiefly choreographed by Michel Fokine, including Le Pavillon d'Armide, the Polovtsian Dances (from Prince Igor), Les Sylphides, and Cléopâtre. The season also included Le Festin, a pastiche set by several choreographers (including Fokine) to music by several Russian composers.

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[ "Ballets Russes", "founded by", "Léon Bakst" ]

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2

[ "Ballets Russes", "founded by", "Alexandre Benois" ]

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[ "Ballets Russes", "topic's main category", "Category:Ballets Russes and descendants" ]

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[ "Bukovina", "founded by", "Habsburg monarchy" ]

Name The name first appears in a document issued by the Voivode of Moldavia Roman I Mușat on 30 March 1392, by which he gives to Ionaș Viteazul three villages, located near the Siret river.The name Bukovina came into official use in 1775 with the region's annexation from the Principality of Moldavia to the possessions of the Habsburg monarchy, which became the Austrian Empire in 1804, and Austria-Hungary in 1867. The official German name of the province under Austrian rule (1775–1918), die Bukowina, was derived from the Polish form Bukowina, which in turn was derived from the common Slavic form of buk, meaning beech tree (compare Ukrainian бук [buk]; German Buche; Hungarian bükkfa). Another German name for the region, das Buchenland, is mostly used in poetry, and means 'beech land', or 'the land of beech trees'. In Romanian, in literary or poetic contexts, the name Țara Fagilor ('the land of beech trees') is sometimes used. In some languages a definite article, sometimes optional, is used before the name: the Bukovina, increasingly an archaism in English, which, however, is found in older literature. In Ukraine, the name Буковина (Bukovyna) is unofficial, but is common when referring to the Chernivtsi Oblast, as over two thirds of the oblast is the northern part of Bukovina. In Romania, the term Northern Bukovina is sometimes synonymous with the entire Chernivtsi Oblast of Ukraine, while Southern Bukovina refers to the Suceava County of Romania (although 30% of the present-day Suceava County covers territory outside of the historical Bukovina).

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[ "Bukovina", "topic's main category", "Category:Bukovina" ]

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10

[ "Speyer Cathedral", "founded by", "Conrad II" ]

Speyer Cathedral, officially the Imperial Cathedral Basilica of the Assumption and St Stephen, in Latin: Domus sanctae Mariae Spirae (German: Dom zu Unserer lieben Frau in Speyer) in Speyer, Germany, is the seat of the Roman Catholic Bishop of Speyer and is suffragan to the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bamberg. The cathedral, which is dedicated to St. Mary, patron saint of Speyer ("Patrona Spirensis") and St. Stephen is generally known as the Kaiserdom zu Speyer (Imperial Cathedral of Speyer). Pope Pius XI raised Speyer Cathedral to the rank of a minor basilica of the Roman Catholic Church in 1925. Begun in 1030 under Conrad II, with the east end and high vault of 1090–1103, the imposing triple-aisled vaulted basilica of red sandstone is the "culmination of a design which was extremely influential in the subsequent development of Romanesque architecture during the 11th and 12th centuries". As the burial site for Salian, Staufer and Habsburg emperors and kings the cathedral is regarded as a symbol of imperial power. With the Abbey of Cluny in ruins, it remains the largest Romanesque church. It is considered to be "a turning point in European architecture", one of the most important architectural monuments of its time and one of the finest Romanesque monuments.In 1981, the cathedral was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List of culturally important sites as "a major monument of Romanesque art in the German Empire".

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[ "Bank for International Settlements", "founded by", "Hjalmar Schacht" ]

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4

[ "Bank for International Settlements", "founded by", "Montagu Norman, 1st Baron Norman" ]

The Bank for International Settlements (BIS, German: Bank für Internationalen Zahlungsausgleich, French: Banque des règlements internationaux, Italian: Banca dei regolamenti internazionali) is an international financial institution which is owned by member central banks. Its primary goal is to foster international monetary and financial cooperation while serving as a bank for central banks.The BIS carries out its work through its meetings, programmes and through the Basel Process, hosting international groups pursuing global financial stability and facilitating their interaction. It also provides banking services, but only to central banks and other international organizations. The BIS is based in Basel, Switzerland, with representative offices in Hong Kong and Mexico City.

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[ "Berlin State Library", "owner of", "ST 16" ]

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0

[ "Berlin State Library", "founded by", "Frederick William of Brandenburg" ]

Library of kings In the early period, the fortunes of the State Library rose and fell on royal whims. In 1658 Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg decreed that his private books be organized, cataloged and made available to the public. His library opened in 1661 at Cölln as the "Library of the Elector" (German: Churfürstliche Bibliothek zu Cölln an der Spree). In 1699, Frederick I more than doubled the collection, extended opening hours and introduced the first Prussian legal deposit law. In 1701 it was renamed the "Royal Library" (German: Königliche Bibliothek) upon Frederick I's accession as first King of Prussia. Frederick William I then cancelled the acquisition budget in 1722 and gave away the valuable scientific collection to the Prussian Academy of Sciences in 1735. Frederick the Great also cared little for the library at first, preferring instead his own literature in the French language. However, in 1770 he granted the library substantial assets and it made several important acquisitions. To avoid the problems caused by its dependence on the crown, Frederick the Great also granted the library considerable autonomy.

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[ "Berlin State Library", "topic's main category", "Category:Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin" ]

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[ "Berlin State Library", "follows", "Deutsche Staatsbibliothek" ]

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[ "Berlin State Library", "follows", "Staatsbibliothek Berlin" ]

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[ "The Gentleman's Magazine", "founded by", "Edward Cave" ]

The Gentleman's Magazine was a monthly magazine founded in London, England, by Edward Cave in January 1731. It ran uninterrupted for almost 200 years, until 1922. It was the first to use the term magazine (from the French magazine, meaning "storehouse") for a periodical. Samuel Johnson's first regular employment as a writer was with The Gentleman's Magazine.

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[ "Weizmann House", "founded by", "Chaim Weizmann" ]

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2

[ "Ministry of Finance (Spain)", "applies to jurisdiction", "Spain" ]

The Ministry of Finance or Ministry of Treasury (MH) is the department of the Government of Spain responsible for planning and carrying out the government policy on public finance and budget. It applies and manages the regional and local financing systems and the provision of information on the economic-financial activity of the different Public Administrations.The Finance Ministry also manages the cadastre and collects all the State taxes through the Agencia Tributaria as well as controlling the state-owned enterprises through the State Company of Industrial Participations (SEPI). Likewise, the MH manages the central government goods, the European funds and the public lottery. However, most of its duties are carried out by autonomous agencies like the Tax Agency and the Royal Mint. The MH is headed by the Minister of Finance, who is appointed by the King of Spain at request of the Prime Minister. The Minister is assisted by three main officials, the Secretary of State for Finance, the Secretary of State for Budgets and Expenditures and the Under-Secretary of the Department. Since June 2018, the current Minister of the Treasury is María Jesús Montero, who previously served as Regional Minister of Finance of the region of Andalusia.Early period In 1705 King Felipe V divided the unique Secretariat of the Universal Dispatch in two: one secretariat for War and Treasury and other for "everything else". In 30 November 1714, the Ministry was de facto created as Veeduría General (roughly in English: Inspectorate-General) and headed by the Universal Inspector of the Inspectorate-General (Spanish: Intendente Universal de la Veeduría General), the primitive denomination of the current position of Minister of Finance. This organization lasted a short time and disappeared in 1716. From that moment, the responsibilities of treasury merged with justice and Indies affairs. In 1 December 1720, they treasury affairs were confirmed as a Secretariat of State.

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[ "Ministry of Finance (Spain)", "replaces", "Ministry of Finance and Public Function" ]

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2

[ "Ministry of Finance (Spain)", "founded by", "Philip V of Spain" ]

Early period In 1705 King Felipe V divided the unique Secretariat of the Universal Dispatch in two: one secretariat for War and Treasury and other for "everything else". In 30 November 1714, the Ministry was de facto created as Veeduría General (roughly in English: Inspectorate-General) and headed by the Universal Inspector of the Inspectorate-General (Spanish: Intendente Universal de la Veeduría General), the primitive denomination of the current position of Minister of Finance. This organization lasted a short time and disappeared in 1716. From that moment, the responsibilities of treasury merged with justice and Indies affairs. In 1 December 1720, they treasury affairs were confirmed as a Secretariat of State.

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3

[ "Ōmine Okugakemichi", "founded by", "En no Gyōja" ]

Overview According to tradition, the Ōmine Okugakemichi was established as a training ground for Shugendō, a syncretic religion incorporating aspects of Taoism, Shinto, esoteric Buddhism and traditional Japanese shamanism. by the Asuka period mystic En no Gyōja. It connects Kimpusen-ji in Yoshino district, Nara Prefecture with the Kumano Sanzan in southern Wakayama Prefecture. The route is very rugged and isolated, with a number of demanding sections up to narrow paths on steep slopes and steep climbs on cliffs. Mount Ōmine in the route's name is a specific holy mountain, but originally, the term referred to all of the Yoshino Mountains along the route. Believers took either Kumano or Yoshino as a starting point, depending on their religious orientation. The latter direction has dominated since the Edo period.Along the route are 75 spiritual places called nabiki (靡) in caves, on rocks, at waterfalls, on mountain peaks, etc. are used for prayer or for spiritual exercises. For religious reasons, women have been forbidden to travel most of the route, and Mount Ōmine remains closed to women to this date. The path takes several days to complete, and is mostly wilderness with no settlements, and few possibilities to turn off the path once started. During the Edo Period, Kishū Domain controlled most of the territory the path traversed, and often viewed Shugendō monks with suspicion. After the Meiji Restoration, Shugendō faced hostility from the Meiji government's separation of Buddhism and Shinto policies, and large portions of the path were lost or reverted to wilderness. In 1936, the area became part of the Yoshino-Kumano National Park, and from the 1980s, amateur historians and hiking groups have worked to restore the trail and to build mountain shelters for hikers and modern Shugendō followers attempting the trail. In 2002, the trail was designated as a National Historic Site, and it was included within the Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2004.

null

3

[ "Ōmine Okugakemichi", "topic's main category", "Category:Omine okugakemichi" ]

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11

[ "Fornacalia", "founded by", "Numa Pompilius" ]

History The Fornacalia may have been established by Numa Pompillius. Ovid wrote that "the oven was made a goddess, Fornax: the farmers, pleased with her, prayed she’d regulate the grain’s heat." It was held in early February on various dates in different curiae, which in the period of the Roman monarchy and the Roman Republic were the thirty wards of the city of Rome. It was proclaimed every year by the curio maximus, who was a priest who was the head of the curiae. He announced the different part which each curia (sing. of curiae) had to take in the celebration of the festival; "[n]ow the Curio Maximus, in a set form of words, declares the shifting date of the Fornacalia, the Feast of Ovens, and round the Forum hang many tablets, on which every ward displays its own sign."

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1

[ "National Pacification Army", "founded by", "Zhang Zuolin" ]

The National Pacification Army (NPA), also known as the Anguojun or Ankuochun (Chinese: 安國軍), was a warlord coalition led by Fengtian clique General Zhang Zuolin, and was the military arm of the Beiyang government of the Republic of China during its existence. The army was formed in November 1926 after the Fengtian victory in the Anti-Fengtian War, the NPA was tasked with countering the advance of the Kuomintang (KMT)-aligned National Revolutionary Army (NRA) of Chiang Kai-shek, who had launched the Northern Expedition in June 1926.: 3 In addition to its Fengtian Army core, the NPA also included Zhili clique generals, such as Sun Chuanfang.: 18 The NPA suffered a series of serious military defeats inflicted by Chiang and his warlord allies, including Feng Yuxiang, Li Zongren and Yan Xishan. On the southern front, the NPA was pushed back from Jiangsu and Henan after fierce fighting against the Guominjun and the NRA. On the western front, they fought Shanxi forces under Yan Xishan. Following these setbacks, a conference of NPA leaders in June 1927 established a military government and proclaimed Zhang Zuolin as Generalissimo, whereupon all military and civilian power was placed in his hands. Despite having achieved a few victories in mid-1927 in Jiangsu and extensive victories in Shanxi, the NPA could not defeat the Kuomintang forces and soon retreated north and east of Tianjin. Following Zhang Zuolin's assassination by the Japanese Kwantung Army in the Huanggutun Incident on 4 June 1928, he was succeeded by his son, Zhang Xueliang, who disbanded the National Pacification Army and swore allegiance to the Kuomintang government in Nanjing.

null

0

[ "Aikikai", "founded by", "Morihei Ueshiba" ]

null

3

[ "ASMedia", "founded by", "ASUS" ]

null

2

[ "Tiraspol", "founded by", "Alexander Suvorov" ]

Tiraspol (Moldovan Cyrillic: Тираспол), occasionally also known in Romanian as Tirișpolea, is the de facto capital of Transnistria, a breakaway state of Moldova, where it is the third largest city. The city is located on the eastern bank of the Dniester River. Tiraspol is a regional hub of light industry, such as furniture and electrical goods production. The modern city of Tiraspol was founded by the Russian generalissimo Alexander Suvorov in 1792, although the area had been inhabited for thousands of years by varying ethnic groups. The city celebrates its anniversary every year on 14 October.

null

13

[ "Tiraspol", "topic's main category", "Category:Tiraspol" ]

null

28

[ "DBpedia", "founded by", "Leipzig University" ]

Background The project was started by people at the Free University of Berlin and Leipzig University in collaboration with OpenLink Software, and is now maintained by people at the University of Mannheim and Leipzig University. The first publicly available dataset was published in 2007. The data is made available under free licences (CC BY-SA), allowing others to reuse the dataset; it doesn't however use an open data license to waive the sui generis database rights.Wikipedia articles consist mostly of free text, but also include structured information embedded in the articles, such as "infobox" tables (the pull-out panels that appear in the top right of the default view of many Wikipedia articles, or at the start of the mobile versions), categorization information, images, geo-coordinates and links to external Web pages. This structured information is extracted and put in a uniform dataset which can be queried.

null

6

[ "DBpedia", "owned by", "Leipzig University" ]

Background The project was started by people at the Free University of Berlin and Leipzig University in collaboration with OpenLink Software, and is now maintained by people at the University of Mannheim and Leipzig University. The first publicly available dataset was published in 2007. The data is made available under free licences (CC BY-SA), allowing others to reuse the dataset; it doesn't however use an open data license to waive the sui generis database rights.Wikipedia articles consist mostly of free text, but also include structured information embedded in the articles, such as "infobox" tables (the pull-out panels that appear in the top right of the default view of many Wikipedia articles, or at the start of the mobile versions), categorization information, images, geo-coordinates and links to external Web pages. This structured information is extracted and put in a uniform dataset which can be queried.

null

7

[ "DBpedia", "founded by", "University of Mannheim" ]

null

8

[ "DBpedia", "owned by", "University of Mannheim" ]

null

9

[ "DBpedia", "participant of", "Google Summer of Code 2018" ]

null

14

[ "DBpedia", "participant of", "Google Summer of Code 2019" ]

null

16

[ "DBpedia", "founded by", "Hasso Plattner Institute" ]

null

20

[ "Lamayuru Monastery", "founded by", "Naropa" ]

null

6

[ "Capetian House of Anjou", "founded by", "Charles I of Naples" ]

Cadet branches Hungary During the Middle Ages, there were several marriages between the Árpád dynasty and the House of Capet. Charles I, founder of the House of Anjou-Sicily, with his first wife, Beatrice of Provence fathered his eldest son, Charles II of Naples. (Their youngest daughter, Elizabeth was given in marriage to the future Ladislaus IV of Hungary in 1269, but Ladislaus preferred his mistresses to her, and the marriage remained childless). In 1270, Charles II married Mary of Hungary, daughter of Stephen V of Hungary and Elizabeth the Cuman. They had fourteen children which provided the House of Anjou-Sicily with a secure position in Naples. The childless Ladislaus IV of Hungary (1262–1290), was succeeded by Andrew III as King of Hungary. He was the son of Stephen the Posthumous, considered by Stephen's much older half-brothers (Béla IV of Hungary, Coloman of Halych, Andrew II of Halych) a bastard son of infidelity. For this reason, after the death of Ladislaus IV. some of the Árpád dynasty's cognates sought the family as extinct. In Naples, Charles Martel of Anjou, the eldest son of Mary of Hungary announced his claim to the Hungarian crown, backed by his mother, and the Pope. He started to style himself King of Hungary, but he never managed to gain enough support from the Hungarian magnates to realize his claim. With Andrew III's childless death (1301), the "last golden branch" of the tree of King Saint Stephen's family ended. The Hungarian diet was determined to keep the blood of Saint Stephen (first king of Hungary) on the throne in the maternal line at least. In the upcoming years, a civil war followed between various claimants to the throne. After the short period of rule of Wenceslaus of Bohemia (1301–1305), and Otto of Bavaria (1305–1307) the civil war ended with Charles Robert's (1308–1342) victory, the son of Charles Martel of Anjou, but he was forced to continue fighting against the powerful Hungarian lords up to the early 1320s. I. Charles I of Anjou 1226/7–1285 king of Sicily(-Naples) = Beatrice of Provence

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2

[ "Capetian House of Anjou", "topic's main category", "Category:Capetian House of Anjou" ]

null

4

[ "Capetian House of Anjou", "different from", "House of Anjou" ]

null

7

[ "European Jewish Parliament", "applies to jurisdiction", "European Parliament" ]

null

4

[ "European Jewish Parliament", "founded by", "Vadim Rabinovich" ]

The European Jewish Parliament or EJP (formerly known as European Jewish Union or EJU) is a non-governmental organization (NGO) based in Brussels whose stated aim is to be "a uniting structure for all Jewish communities and organizations throughout Western, Eastern and Central Europe as well as establish a permanent relationship with the European Parliament as well as national parliaments."The EJU-backed EJP is the brainchild of Ukrainian billionaire Vadim Rabinovich.European Jewish Union The EJU group was founded in the Spring of 2011 by Ihor Kolomoyskyi, Vadim Rabinovich and Alexander Zanzer The EJU hoped to establish a European Jewish Parliament, comprising 120 members modeled on the Israeli Knesset. This group would then represent the concerns of the Jewish community to the European Union. The European Jewish Parliament was inaugurated on February, 16th 2012.The first EJP annual general assembly was held in Brussels on May 15 and 16 2012.

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7

[ "National Archives of Sweden", "applies to jurisdiction", "Sweden" ]

The National Archives of Sweden (Swedish: Riksarkivet, RA) is the official archive of the Swedish government and is responsible for the management of records from Sweden's public authorities. Although the archives functions primarily as the government archive, it also preserves some documents from private individuals and non-public organizations. The mission of the archives is to collect and preserve records for future generations.Organization The National Archives of Sweden is a state administrative authority, organized under the Ministry of Culture. The head of The National Archives, known as the Riksarkivarie in Swedish, works alongside of staff responsible for strategic issues, and overall coordination and development. The position is currently held by Karin Åström Iko.The structure of the organization is divided into five departments: the Regional Department, National Department, Department of Conservation and Digital Infrastructure, Department of Public Information Management, and Administrative Department. The Regional Department includes Regional Archives (Landsarkiven) located in seven cities: Gothenburg, Härnösand, Lund, Uppsala, Vadsterna, Visby, and Östersund. The National Department includes the main branch Marieburg in Stockholm, Arninge located just north of Stockholm, and other archives that have been incorporated into the National Archives, including the Military Archives and the Heraldry Board.

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5

[ "National Archives of Sweden", "founded by", "Axel Oxenstierna" ]

null

11

[ "National Archives of Sweden", "topic's main category", "Category:National Archives of Sweden" ]

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20

[ "Anti-Corruption Foundation", "founded by", "Alexei Navalny" ]

The Anti-Corruption Foundation (ACF or FBK; Russian: Фонд борьбы с коррупцией (ФБК), romanized: Fond borby s korruptsiyey (FBK), lit. 'Foundation for combating corruption') is a non-profit organization established in 2011 by Russian opposition figure Alexei Navalny. The FBK published investigations into alleged corruption by high-ranking Russian government officials. The organisation was funded by private donations.On 9 October 2019, the FBK was declared a "foreign agent" by the Ministry of Justice. On 9 June 2021, the FBK was designated as an extremist organization and liquidated by the Moscow City Court. On 11 July 2022, while imprisoned, Navalny announced the relaunch of the FBK as an international organization.

null

2

[ "Anti-Corruption Foundation", "topic's main category", "Category:Anti-Corruption Foundation" ]

null

6

[ "Cassa per il Mezzogiorno", "founded by", "Alcide De Gasperi" ]

null

3

[ "Later Jin (1616–1636)", "followed by", "Qing dynasty" ]

null

1

[ "Later Jin (1616–1636)", "topic's main category", "Category:Later Jin (1616–1636)" ]

null

5

[ "Later Jin (1616–1636)", "founded by", "Nurhaci" ]

null

6

[ "Mojang Studios", "owned by", "Microsoft" ]

Mojang Studios is a Swedish video game developer based in Stockholm. The studio is best known for developing the sandbox and survival game Minecraft, the best-selling video game of all time. Mojang Studios was founded by the independent video game designer Markus Persson in 2009 as Mojang Specifications for Minecraft's development. The studio inherited its name from another video game venture Persson had left two years prior. Following the game's initial release, Persson, in conjunction with Jakob Porsér, incorporated the business as Mojang AB in late 2010, and they hired Carl Manneh as the company's chief executive officer. Other early hires included Daniel Kaplan and Jens Bergensten. Minecraft became highly successful, giving Mojang sustained growth. With a desire to move on from the game, Persson offered to sell his share in Mojang, and the company was acquired by Microsoft in November 2014. Persson, Porsér, and Manneh subsequently left Mojang, with Jonas Mårtensson replacing Manneh as CEO. In May 2020, Mojang was rebranded as Mojang Studios. As of 2021, the company employs approximately 600 people. Helen Chiang is the studio head. Apart from Minecraft, Mojang Studios has developed Caller's Bane, Crown and Council, and further games in the Minecraft franchise: Minecraft Dungeons, Minecraft Legends, and the cancelled Minecraft Earth. It also released smaller games as part of game jams organised by Humble Bundle and published the externally developed Cobalt and Cobalt WASD.

null

2

[ "Mojang Studios", "founded by", "Markus Persson" ]

null

10

[ "Mojang Studios", "topic's main category", "Category:Mojang Studios" ]

null

16

[ "Valletta", "located on terrain feature", "Malta" ]

null

8

[ "Valletta", "founded by", "Jean Parisot de la Valette" ]

Valletta (, Maltese: il-Belt Valletta, Maltese pronunciation: [vɐˈlːɛtːɐ]) is an administrative unit and the capital of Malta. Located on the main island, between Marsamxett Harbour to the west and the Grand Harbour to the east, its population within administrative limits in 2014 was 6,444. According to the data from 2020 by Eurostat, the Functional Urban Area and metropolitan region covered the whole island and has a population of 480,134. Valletta is the southernmost capital of Europe, and at just 0.61 square kilometres (0.24 sq mi), it is the European Union's smallest capital city.Valletta's 16th-century buildings were constructed by the Knights Hospitaller. The city was named after Jean Parisot de Valette, who succeeded in defending the island from an Ottoman invasion during the Great Siege of Malta. The city is Baroque in character, with elements of Mannerist, Neo-Classical and Modern architecture, though the Second World War left major scars on the city, particularly the destruction of the Royal Opera House. The city was officially recognised as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1980. The city has 320 monuments, all within an area of 0.55 square kilometres (0.21 sq mi), making it one of the most concentrated historic areas in the world. Sometimes called an "open-air museum", Valletta was chosen as the European Capital of Culture in 2018. Valletta is also the sunniest city in Europe.The city is noted for its fortifications, consisting of bastions, curtains and cavaliers, along with the beauty of its Baroque palaces, gardens and churches.

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10

[ "Valletta", "topic's main category", "Category:Valletta" ]

null

14

[ "Valletta", "significant event", "Siege of Malta" ]

null

16

[ "Hasegawa Machiko Art Museum", "founded by", "Machiko Hasegawa" ]

null

2

[ "Hasegawa Machiko Art Museum", "founded by", "Mariko Hasegawa" ]

null

6

[ "Parsons School of Design", "topic's main category", "Category:Parsons School of Design" ]

null

6

[ "Parsons School of Design", "founded by", "William Merritt Chase" ]

null

13

[ "Independent Order of Odd Fellows", "founded by", "Thomas Wildey" ]

History Precursor Odd Fellows lodges were first documented in 1730 in England from which many organizations emerged. While several unofficial Odd Fellows lodges had existed in New York City sometime in the period 1806 to 1818, the American Odd Fellows is regarded as being founded with Washington Lodge No 1 in Baltimore at the Seven Stars Tavern on April 26, 1819, by Thomas Wildey along with some associates who assembled in response to a newspaper advertisement. The following year, the lodge affiliated with the Independent Order of Oddfellows Manchester Unity was granted the authority to institute new lodges. Wildey had joined the Grand United Order of Oddfellows in 1804, then joined its splinter order, Independent Order of Oddfellows Manchester Unity, before immigrating to the United States in 1817.

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3

[ "Independent Order of Odd Fellows", "different from", "Odd Fellows" ]

The Independent Order of Odd Fellows (IOOF) is a non-political and non-sectarian international fraternal order of Odd Fellowship. It was founded in 1819 by Thomas Wildey in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. Evolving from the Order of Odd Fellows founded in England during the 18th century, the IOOF was originally chartered by the Independent Order of Oddfellows Manchester Unity in England but has operated as an independent organization since 1842, although it maintains an inter-fraternal relationship with the English Order. The order is also known as the Triple Link Fraternity, referring to the order's "Triple Links" symbol, alluding to its motto "Friendship, Love and Truth".While several unofficial Odd Fellows Lodges had existed in New York City circa 1806–1818, because of its charter relationship, the American Odd Fellows is regarded as being founded with Washington Lodge No 1 in Baltimore at the Seven Stars Tavern on April 26, 1819, by Thomas Wildey along with some associates who assembled in response to an advertisement in the New Republic. The following year, the lodge affiliated with the Independent Order of Oddfellows Manchester Unity and was granted the authority to institute new lodges. Previously, Wildey had joined the Grand United Order of Oddfellows (1798-) in 1804 but followed through with the split of Independent Order of Oddfellows Manchester Unity (1810–) before immigrating to the United States in 1817. In 1842, after an elementary dispute on authority, the American Lodges formed a governing system separate from the English Order, and in 1843 assumed the name Independent Order of Odd Fellows.Like other fraternities, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows began by limiting their membership to white men only. On September 20, 1851, the IOOF became the first fraternity in the United States to include white women when it adopted the "Beautiful Rebekah Degree" by initiative of Schuyler Colfax, later Vice-President of the United States.Beyond fraternal and recreational activities, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows promotes the ethic of reciprocity and charity, by implied inspiration of Judeo-Christian ethics. The largest Sovereign Grand Lodge of all fraternal orders of Odd Fellows since the 19th century, it enrolls some 600,000 members divided in approximately 10,000 lodges into 26 countries, inter-fraternally recognized by the second largest, the British-seated Independent Order of Oddfellows Manchester Unity.

null

6

[ "Independent Order of Odd Fellows", "topic's main category", "Category:Independent Order of Odd Fellows" ]

null

7

[ "Minamoto clan", "founded by", "Emperor of Japan" ]

null

15

[ "Minamoto clan", "topic's main category", "Category:Minamoto clan" ]

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19

[ "British and Foreign Bible Society", "founded by", "William Wilberforce" ]

The British and Foreign Bible Society, often known in England and Wales as simply the Bible Society, is a non-denominational Christian Bible society with charity status whose purpose is to make the Bible available throughout the world.The Society was formed on 7 March 1804 by a group of people including William Wilberforce and Thomas Charles to encourage the "wider circulation and use" of the Scriptures.

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2

[ "Gondor", "located on terrain feature", "Middle-earth" ]

null

6

[ "Gondor", "founded by", "Isildur" ]

Gondor is a fictional kingdom in J. R. R. Tolkien's writings, described as the greatest realm of Men in the west of Middle-earth at the end of the Third Age. The third volume of The Lord of the Rings, The Return of the King, is largely concerned with the events in Gondor during the War of the Ring and with the restoration of the realm afterward. The history of the kingdom is outlined in the appendices of the book. Gondor was founded by the brothers Isildur and Anárion, exiles from the downfallen island kingdom of Númenor. Along with Arnor in the north, Gondor, the South-kingdom, served as a last stronghold of the Men of the West. After an early period of growth, Gondor gradually declined as the Third Age progressed, being continually weakened by internal strife and conflict with the allies of the Dark Lord Sauron. By the time of the War of the Ring, the throne of Gondor is empty, though its principalities and fiefdoms still pay deference to the absent king by showing their loyalty to the Stewards of Gondor. The kingdom's ascendancy was restored only with Sauron's final defeat and the crowning of Aragorn as king. Based upon early conceptions, the history and geography of Gondor were developed in stages as Tolkien extended his legendarium while writing The Lord of the Rings. Critics have noted the contrast between the cultured but lifeless Stewards of Gondor, and the simple but vigorous leaders of the Kingdom of Rohan, modelled on Tolkien's favoured Anglo-Saxons. Scholars have noted parallels between Gondor and the Normans, Ancient Rome, the Vikings, the Goths, the Langobards, and the Byzantine Empire.Númenórean kingdom The shorelands of Gondor were widely colonized by the Númenóreans from the middle of the Second Age, especially by Elf-friends loyal to Elendil. His sons Isildur and Anárion landed in Gondor after the drowning of Númenor, and co-founded the Kingdom of Gondor. Isildur brought with him a seedling of Nimloth (Sindarin: nim, "white" and loth, "blossom") the Fair, the white tree from Númenor. This tree and its descendants came to be called the White Tree of Gondor, and appears on the kingdom's coat of arms. Elendil, who founded the Kingdom of Arnor to the north, was held to be the High King of all the lands of the Dúnedain. Isildur established the city of Minas Ithil (Sindarin: "Tower of the Moon") while Anárion established the city of Minas Anor (Sindarin: "Tower of the Sun").Sauron survived the destruction of Númenor and secretly returned to his realm of Mordor, soon launching a war against the Númenórean kingdoms. He captured Minas Ithil, but Isildur escaped by ship to Arnor; meanwhile, Anárion was able to defend Osgiliath. Elendil and the Elven-king Gil-galad formed the Last Alliance of Elves and Men, and together with Isildur and Anárion, they besieged and defeated Mordor. Sauron was overthrown; but the One Ring that Isildur took from him was not destroyed, and thus Sauron continued to exist.Both Elendil and Anárion were killed in the war, so Isildur conferred rule of Gondor upon Anárion's son Meneldil, retaining suzerainty over Gondor as High King of the Dúnedain. Isildur and his three elder sons were ambushed and killed by Orcs in the Gladden Fields. Isildur's remaining son Valandil did not attempt to claim his father's place as Gondor's monarch; the kingdom was ruled solely by Meneldil and his descendants until their line died out.

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10

[ "Gondor", "different from", "Lindon" ]

null

12

[ "Gondor", "located on terrain feature", "Belegaer" ]

null

16

[ "Gondor", "founded by", "Anárion" ]

Gondor is a fictional kingdom in J. R. R. Tolkien's writings, described as the greatest realm of Men in the west of Middle-earth at the end of the Third Age. The third volume of The Lord of the Rings, The Return of the King, is largely concerned with the events in Gondor during the War of the Ring and with the restoration of the realm afterward. The history of the kingdom is outlined in the appendices of the book. Gondor was founded by the brothers Isildur and Anárion, exiles from the downfallen island kingdom of Númenor. Along with Arnor in the north, Gondor, the South-kingdom, served as a last stronghold of the Men of the West. After an early period of growth, Gondor gradually declined as the Third Age progressed, being continually weakened by internal strife and conflict with the allies of the Dark Lord Sauron. By the time of the War of the Ring, the throne of Gondor is empty, though its principalities and fiefdoms still pay deference to the absent king by showing their loyalty to the Stewards of Gondor. The kingdom's ascendancy was restored only with Sauron's final defeat and the crowning of Aragorn as king. Based upon early conceptions, the history and geography of Gondor were developed in stages as Tolkien extended his legendarium while writing The Lord of the Rings. Critics have noted the contrast between the cultured but lifeless Stewards of Gondor, and the simple but vigorous leaders of the Kingdom of Rohan, modelled on Tolkien's favoured Anglo-Saxons. Scholars have noted parallels between Gondor and the Normans, Ancient Rome, the Vikings, the Goths, the Langobards, and the Byzantine Empire.Númenórean kingdom The shorelands of Gondor were widely colonized by the Númenóreans from the middle of the Second Age, especially by Elf-friends loyal to Elendil. His sons Isildur and Anárion landed in Gondor after the drowning of Númenor, and co-founded the Kingdom of Gondor. Isildur brought with him a seedling of Nimloth (Sindarin: nim, "white" and loth, "blossom") the Fair, the white tree from Númenor. This tree and its descendants came to be called the White Tree of Gondor, and appears on the kingdom's coat of arms. Elendil, who founded the Kingdom of Arnor to the north, was held to be the High King of all the lands of the Dúnedain. Isildur established the city of Minas Ithil (Sindarin: "Tower of the Moon") while Anárion established the city of Minas Anor (Sindarin: "Tower of the Sun").Sauron survived the destruction of Númenor and secretly returned to his realm of Mordor, soon launching a war against the Númenórean kingdoms. He captured Minas Ithil, but Isildur escaped by ship to Arnor; meanwhile, Anárion was able to defend Osgiliath. Elendil and the Elven-king Gil-galad formed the Last Alliance of Elves and Men, and together with Isildur and Anárion, they besieged and defeated Mordor. Sauron was overthrown; but the One Ring that Isildur took from him was not destroyed, and thus Sauron continued to exist.Both Elendil and Anárion were killed in the war, so Isildur conferred rule of Gondor upon Anárion's son Meneldil, retaining suzerainty over Gondor as High King of the Dúnedain. Isildur and his three elder sons were ambushed and killed by Orcs in the Gladden Fields. Isildur's remaining son Valandil did not attempt to claim his father's place as Gondor's monarch; the kingdom was ruled solely by Meneldil and his descendants until their line died out.

null

17

[ "Gondor", "followed by", "Reunited Kingdom" ]

null

18

[ "Gondor", "topic's main category", "Category:Gondor" ]

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25

[ "Norwegian Research Centre", "founded by", "University of Bergen" ]

The Norwegian Research Centre (NORCE) is a Norwegian government-owned research institute that is majority-owned by the University of Bergen. It is one of the largest research organisations of Norway.NORCE was founded in 2017 through the merger of several university-owned research institutes and has around 900 employees. At the time of establishment the institute was fully owned by three state universities, the University of Bergen, the University of Stavanger and the University of Agder. A few other shareholders, notably including the University of Tromsø, have joined the consortium. According to the Brønnøysund Register Centre NORCE is a government-owned limited company (Norwegian: statlig eide aksjeselskaper). NORCE includes research institutes that were part of the University of Oslo, the University of Bergen, the University of Tromsø, the University of Stavanger and the University of Agder. NORCE conducts both basic and applied research and is active in the fields of energy research, technological research, especially maritime technology, climate science, natural resources and environmental research, health research, and the social sciences. The company operates in Oslo, Bergen, Stavanger, Tromsø, Kristiansand, Grimstad, Alta, Bardu and Svalbard.

null

3

[ "Norwegian Research Centre", "founded by", "University of Stavanger" ]

The Norwegian Research Centre (NORCE) is a Norwegian government-owned research institute that is majority-owned by the University of Bergen. It is one of the largest research organisations of Norway.NORCE was founded in 2017 through the merger of several university-owned research institutes and has around 900 employees. At the time of establishment the institute was fully owned by three state universities, the University of Bergen, the University of Stavanger and the University of Agder. A few other shareholders, notably including the University of Tromsø, have joined the consortium. According to the Brønnøysund Register Centre NORCE is a government-owned limited company (Norwegian: statlig eide aksjeselskaper). NORCE includes research institutes that were part of the University of Oslo, the University of Bergen, the University of Tromsø, the University of Stavanger and the University of Agder. NORCE conducts both basic and applied research and is active in the fields of energy research, technological research, especially maritime technology, climate science, natural resources and environmental research, health research, and the social sciences. The company operates in Oslo, Bergen, Stavanger, Tromsø, Kristiansand, Grimstad, Alta, Bardu and Svalbard.

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5

[ "Norwegian Research Centre", "replaces", "Christian Michelsen Research" ]

null

9

[ "Norwegian Research Centre", "founded by", "University of Agder" ]

The Norwegian Research Centre (NORCE) is a Norwegian government-owned research institute that is majority-owned by the University of Bergen. It is one of the largest research organisations of Norway.NORCE was founded in 2017 through the merger of several university-owned research institutes and has around 900 employees. At the time of establishment the institute was fully owned by three state universities, the University of Bergen, the University of Stavanger and the University of Agder. A few other shareholders, notably including the University of Tromsø, have joined the consortium. According to the Brønnøysund Register Centre NORCE is a government-owned limited company (Norwegian: statlig eide aksjeselskaper). NORCE includes research institutes that were part of the University of Oslo, the University of Bergen, the University of Tromsø, the University of Stavanger and the University of Agder. NORCE conducts both basic and applied research and is active in the fields of energy research, technological research, especially maritime technology, climate science, natural resources and environmental research, health research, and the social sciences. The company operates in Oslo, Bergen, Stavanger, Tromsø, Kristiansand, Grimstad, Alta, Bardu and Svalbard.

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12

[ "Zirid dynasty", "replaces", "Fatimid Caliphate" ]

Ziri ibn Manad d. 360 AH (971 CE) Abul-Futuh Sayf ad-Dawla Buluggin ibn Ziri 361-373 AH (972-984 CE) Abul-Fat'h al-Mansur ibn Buluggin 373-386 AH (984-996 CE) Abu Qatada Nasir ad-Dawla Badis ibn Mansur 386-406 AH (996-1016 CE) Sharaf ad-Dawla al-Muizz ibn Badis 406-454 AH (1016–1062 CE) declared independence from the Fatimids and changed the khutba to refer to the Abbasid Caliph in 1048, changed capital to Mahdia in 1057 after Kairouan was lost to the Hilalian invasions Abu Tahir Tamim ibn al-Mu'izz 454-501 AH (1062–1108 CE) Yahya ibn Tamim 501-509 AH (1108–1116 CE) Ali ibn Yahya 509-515 AH (1116–1121 CE) Abu'l-Hasan al-Hasan ibn Ali 515-543 AH (1121–1148 CE)

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2

[ "Zirid dynasty", "topic's main category", "Category:Zirid dynasty" ]

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5

[ "Zirid dynasty", "founded by", "Ziri ibn Manad" ]

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14

[ "Russian Liberation Army", "founded by", "Andrey Vlasov" ]

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4

[ "Russian Liberation Army", "followed by", "Russian Armed Forces" ]

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7

[ "Russian Liberation Army", "different from", "Russian National People's Army" ]

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13

[ "Russian Liberation Army", "topic's main category", "Category:Russian Liberation Army" ]

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18

[ "Russian Liberation Army", "different from", "S.S. Sturmbrigade R.O.N.A." ]

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19

[ "Annales school", "founded by", "Marc Bloch" ]

Origins The Annales was founded and edited by Marc Bloch and Lucien Febvre in 1929, while they were teaching at the University of Strasbourg and later in Paris. These authors, the former a medieval historian and the latter an early modernist, quickly became associated with the distinctive Annales approach, which combined geography, history, and the sociological approaches of the Année Sociologique (many members of which were their colleagues at Strasbourg) to produce an approach which rejected the predominant emphasis on politics, diplomacy and war of many 19th and early 20th-century historians as spearheaded by historians whom Febvre called Les Sorbonnistes. Instead, they pioneered an approach to a study of long-term historical structures (la longue durée) over events and political transformations. Geography, material culture, and what later Annalistes called mentalités, or the psychology of the epoch, are also characteristic areas of study. The goal of the Annales was to undo the work of the Sorbonnistes, to turn French historians away from the narrowly political and diplomatic toward the new vistas in social and economic history.Co-founder Marc Bloch (1886–1944) was a quintessential modernist who studied at the elite École Normale Supérieure, and in Germany, serving as a professor at the University of Strasbourg until he was called to the Sorbonne in Paris in 1936 as professor of economic history. Bloch's interests were highly interdisciplinary, influenced by the geography of Paul Vidal de la Blache (1845–1918) and the sociology of Émile Durkheim (1858–1917). His own ideas, especially those expressed in his masterworks, French Rural History (Les caractères originaux de l'histoire rurale française, 1931) and Feudal Society, were incorporated by the second-generation Annalistes, led by Fernand Braudel.

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0

[ "Annales school", "founded by", "Lucien Febvre" ]

Origins The Annales was founded and edited by Marc Bloch and Lucien Febvre in 1929, while they were teaching at the University of Strasbourg and later in Paris. These authors, the former a medieval historian and the latter an early modernist, quickly became associated with the distinctive Annales approach, which combined geography, history, and the sociological approaches of the Année Sociologique (many members of which were their colleagues at Strasbourg) to produce an approach which rejected the predominant emphasis on politics, diplomacy and war of many 19th and early 20th-century historians as spearheaded by historians whom Febvre called Les Sorbonnistes. Instead, they pioneered an approach to a study of long-term historical structures (la longue durée) over events and political transformations. Geography, material culture, and what later Annalistes called mentalités, or the psychology of the epoch, are also characteristic areas of study. The goal of the Annales was to undo the work of the Sorbonnistes, to turn French historians away from the narrowly political and diplomatic toward the new vistas in social and economic history.Co-founder Marc Bloch (1886–1944) was a quintessential modernist who studied at the elite École Normale Supérieure, and in Germany, serving as a professor at the University of Strasbourg until he was called to the Sorbonne in Paris in 1936 as professor of economic history. Bloch's interests were highly interdisciplinary, influenced by the geography of Paul Vidal de la Blache (1845–1918) and the sociology of Émile Durkheim (1858–1917). His own ideas, especially those expressed in his masterworks, French Rural History (Les caractères originaux de l'histoire rurale française, 1931) and Feudal Society, were incorporated by the second-generation Annalistes, led by Fernand Braudel.

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2

[ "Annales school", "topic's main category", "Category:Annales School" ]

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3

[ "Military Cross", "founded by", "George V" ]

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2

[ "Military Cross", "different from", "Military Cross" ]

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8

[ "Military Cross", "topic's main category", "Category:Recipients of the Military Cross" ]

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9

[ "Amnesty International", "participant of", "The People's Meeting 2016" ]

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11

[ "Amnesty International", "topic's main category", "Category:Amnesty International" ]

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20

[ "Amnesty International", "founded by", "Peter Benenson" ]

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30

[ "Caldas da Rainha", "owner of", "Campo da Mata" ]

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1