ProfessorBob/relation_extraction · Datasets at Hugging Face

triplets list	passage stringlengths 0 32.9k	label stringlengths 4 48 ⌀	label_id int64 0 1k ⌀	synonyms list	__index_level_1__ int64 312 64.1k ⌀	__index_level_0__ int64 0 2.4k ⌀
[ "Phi Beta Kappa", "founded by", "John Heath" ]		null	null	null	null	4
[ "Virgin Trains", "owned by", "Virgin Group" ]		null	null	null	null	3
[ "Virgin Trains", "founded by", "Richard Branson" ]		null	null	null	null	5
[ "Virgin Trains", "owned by", "Stagecoach Group" ]		null	null	null	null	6
[ "Virgin Trains", "topic's main category", "Category:Virgin Trains" ]		null	null	null	null	9
[ "Virgin Trains", "follows", "InterCity" ]		null	null	null	null	10
[ "Castello Normanno-Svevo (Bari)", "founded by", "Roger II of Sicily" ]	The Castello Svevo or Swabian Castle (Italian: Castello normanno-svevo), also known as the Houhenstaufen Castle, is a castle in the Apulian city of Bari, Italy. Built around 1132 by Norman King Roger II, it is currently used for exhibitions.History Probably built in 1132 by Norman King Roger II, it was destroyed in 1156 by king William I of Sicily and rebuilt and reinforced in 1233 by the Holy Roman emperor Fredrick II. During the Angevin domination, it went through several transformation, and after being acquired by Duke Ferdinand of Aragon, was donated to the Sforza family and passed to Bona Sforza, Queen of Poland. After Bona's death, it was returned under the King of Naples and transformed into a prison and barracks. The castle is surrounded by a moat on all sides, except the northern section, which was bordering the sea and can be accessed from the bridge and the gate on the southern side. It is mainly composed of the Aragon walls and the main Hohenstaufen tower, and is currently used for exhibitions.	null	null	null	null	7
[ "Virgin Records", "founded by", "Richard Branson" ]		null	null	null	null	4
[ "Virgin Records", "founded by", "Tom Newman" ]		null	null	null	null	6
[ "Virgin Records", "different from", "Virgin" ]		null	null	null	null	7
[ "Virgin Records", "owned by", "Capitol Music Group" ]	Virgin Records America Virgin Records America, Inc. was the company's North American operations founded in 1986. They are no longer active and were headquartered in Hollywood, California, and operated under the Capitol Music Group imprint, now also owned by UMG, since 2012. The US operations had also taken on the name Virgin Records. A minor number of artists remained on Virgin Records America's roster, which was mostly occupied with European artists such as Bastille, Barbara Pravi, Circa Waves, Corinne Bailey Rae, Ella Eyre, Grizfolk, Walking on Cars, Seinabo Sey, and Prides; American artists include Knox Hamilton, L'Tric, Loren Gray, and Rise Against.	null	null	null	null	8
[ "Virgin Records", "founded by", "Nik Powell" ]		null	null	null	null	12
[ "Virgin Records", "topic's main category", "Category:Virgin Records" ]		null	null	null	null	13
[ "Focolare Movement", "founded by", "Chiara Lubich" ]	Servants of God Chiara Lubich [Silvia] – (1920–2008), Layperson of the Diocese of Frascati; Founder of the Focolare Movement Igino Giordani [Foco] – (1894–1980), Married Layperson of the Diocese of Frascati; Cofounder (Italy) Albertina Violi Zirondoli – (1901–1972), Married Layperson of the Diocese of Fiesole; Consecrated Member (Italy) Alberto Michelotti – (1958–1980), Young Layperson of the Archdiocese of Genoa; Member (Italy) Carlo Grisolia [Vir] – (1960–1980), Young Layperson of the Archdiocese of Genoa; Member (Italy) Maria Cecilia Perrin de Buide – (1957–1985), Married Layperson of the Archdiocese of Bahia Blanca; Member (Argentina) Margarita Bavosi [Luminosa] – (1941–1985), Layperson of the Archdiocese of Madrid; Consecrated Member (Argentina-Italy) Renata Borlone – (1930–1990), Layperson of the Diocese of Fiesole; Consecrated Member (Italy) Santa Scorese – (1968–1991), Young Layperson of the Diocese of Bari-Bitonto; Associate; Martyr (Italy) Dario Porta – (1930–1996), Priest of the Diocese of Parma; Member (Italy) Manuel Pascual Perrin – (1925–2000), Married Layperson of the Archdiocese of Bahia Blanca; Member (Argentina) Ginetta Calliari – (1918–2001), Layperson of the Diocese of Osasco; Consecrated Member (Italy-Brazil) Domenico Antonio Mangano – (1938–2001), Married Layperson of the Diocese of Albano; Member of the Volunteers of God – Focolare Movement (Italy)	null	null	null	null	1
[ "Focolare Movement", "topic's main category", "Category:Focolare Movement" ]		null	null	null	null	7
[ "Lotte Group", "owner of", "Lotte City Hotel Kinshicho" ]		null	null	null	null	0
[ "Lotte Group", "owner of", "Lotte Entertainment" ]		null	null	null	null	1
[ "Lotte Group", "different from", "Lotte" ]		null	null	null	null	2
[ "Lotte Group", "owner of", "Lotte World Tower" ]	Food: Lotte Confectionery, Lotte Chilsung, Lotte Liquor, Lotte Nestle, Lotte Asahi Liquor, Lotte GRS, and others. Retail/Entertainment: Lotte Department Store, Lotte Shopping,Lotte Hi-Mart, Lotte Super, Lotte On, Lotter Korea Seven, FRL Korea, Lotte Cultureworks and others. Chemical/construction/manufacturing: Lotte Construction, Lotte Chemical, Lotte Fine Chemical, Lotte MCC, Lotte E&C, Lotte Aluminium, Lotte Ineos Chemical, Korea Fujifilm, and others. Tourism/service/finance: Lotte Global Logistics, Lotte Rental, Lotte Resort, Lotte Duty Free, Lotte World, Lotte Property & Development, Lotte Capital, Lotte Hotels & Resorts, Lotte Giants, Daehong Communications, Lotte Hotel Busan, Lotte International, and others	null	null	null	null	3
[ "Lotte Group", "founded by", "Shin Kyuk-ho" ]	Lotte Group is a corporate group started by Korean businessman Shin Kyuk-ho in Tokyo on June 28, 1948, starting with the Japanese Lotte Co., composed of Lotte Holdings (Japan) and Lotte Corporation (South Korea). Shin expanded Lotte to his ancestral country, South Korea, with the establishment of Lotte Confectionery in Seoul on April 3, 1967.Name The source of the company's name is neither Korean nor Japanese, or even Chinese, but German. Shin Kyuk-ho was impressed with Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's The Sorrows of Young Werther (1774) and named his newly founded company Lotte after the character Charlotte in the novel. ("Charlotte" is also the name of premium auditoriums in movie theatres run by Lotte.) Lotte's current marketing slogan in Japan is "The sweetheart of your mouth, Lotte" (お口の恋人,ロッテ, Okuchi no koibito, Rotte).	null	null	null	null	5
[ "Lotte Group", "owner of", "Busan Lotte World Tower" ]	Food: Lotte Confectionery, Lotte Chilsung, Lotte Liquor, Lotte Nestle, Lotte Asahi Liquor, Lotte GRS, and others. Retail/Entertainment: Lotte Department Store, Lotte Shopping,Lotte Hi-Mart, Lotte Super, Lotte On, Lotter Korea Seven, FRL Korea, Lotte Cultureworks and others. Chemical/construction/manufacturing: Lotte Construction, Lotte Chemical, Lotte Fine Chemical, Lotte MCC, Lotte E&C, Lotte Aluminium, Lotte Ineos Chemical, Korea Fujifilm, and others. Tourism/service/finance: Lotte Global Logistics, Lotte Rental, Lotte Resort, Lotte Duty Free, Lotte World, Lotte Property & Development, Lotte Capital, Lotte Hotels & Resorts, Lotte Giants, Daehong Communications, Lotte Hotel Busan, Lotte International, and others	null	null	null	null	7
[ "Lotte Group", "different from", "Rakuten" ]		null	null	null	null	8
[ "Lotte Group", "owner of", "E. Wedel" ]		null	null	null	null	9
[ "Lotte Group", "owner of", "Chiba Lotte Marines" ]	Sports Lotte also owns professional baseball teams.Chiba Lotte Marines in Japan (1971–present) Lotte Giants in Busan, South Korea (1982–present).	null	null	null	null	14
[ "Lotte Group", "topic's main category", "Category:Lotte (conglomerate)" ]	Business Lotte Group's major businesses are food, retail, chemical, construction, manufacturing, tourism, service, finance, etc.	null	null	null	null	25
[ "San Miguel de Lillo", "founded by", "Ramiro I of Asturias" ]	St. Michael of Lillo (Spanish: San Miguel de Lillo, Asturian: Samiguel de Lliño) is a Roman Catholic church built on the Naranco mount, near the Church of Santa María del Naranco in Asturias. It was completed in 842 and it was consecrated by Ramiro I of Asturias and his wife Paterna in the year 848. It was originally dedicated to St. Mary until this worship passed to the nearby palace in the 12th century, leaving this church dedicated to Saint Michael. It has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1985.	null	null	null	null	6
[ "San Miguel de Lillo", "located on terrain feature", "Monte Naranco" ]		null	null	null	null	10
[ "Etos", "founded by", "Koninklijke Philips NV" ]		null	null	null	null	3
[ "Etos", "owned by", "Ahold Delhaize" ]	History Etos had a bakery and even fuel pumps, in 1931 the stores went private as Etos.In 1973 Etos was bought by Ahold which reformed the grocery stores to the Albert Heijn formula. The drug stores went on as Etos. Etos has 546 stores in the Netherlands. 54% of the Etos stores operates as a franchise. In 2008 Etos was named best drug store of the Netherlands for the first time (the first 11 years this had been drug store "DA"). In 2009, 2011, 2014, 2015 and 2017 it managed to extend this title.	null	null	null	null	9
[ "České Budějovice", "owner of", "Budvar Arena" ]		null	null	null	null	22
[ "České Budějovice", "topic's main category", "Category:České Budějovice" ]		null	null	null	null	49
[ "České Budějovice", "founded by", "Ottokar II of Bohemia" ]	History The first written mention of Budějovice is from 1251, when it was only a village. The royal city was founded on its site by King Ottokar II of Bohemia in 1265. The siting and planning of the city was carried out by the king's knight Hirzo. The German-speaking settlers were coming from the Bohemian Forest and Upper Austria. The royal city was created as a platform of the king's power in South Bohemia and to counterbalance the powerful noble House of Rosenberg, which became extinct in 1611. In 1341 King John of Bohemia allowed Jewish families to reside within the city walls, and the first synagogue was built in 1380; however several pogroms occurred in the late 15th and early 16th century. Since the Hussite Wars, the city was traditionally a bulwark of the Catholic Church during the long-lasting religious conflicts in the Kingdom of Bohemia. A part of the Habsburg monarchy from 1526, České Budějovice remained a loyal supporter of Emperor Ferdinand II in the Thirty Years' War. České Budějovice underwent a short occupation by Prussia during the Silesian Wars, and the war between the Habsburgs and the French army in 1742. In 1762 the Piarists established a gymnasium here and Emperor Joseph II founded the diocese in 1785. In 1847, the production of Koh-i-Noor Hardtmuth pencils was relocated from Vienna to Budějovice. Aside from Hardtmuth, Adalbert Lanna the Elder belonged among the city's most prominent industrialists of the 19th century. During his time, Budějovice became a major trade hub. The Budweis–Linz Horse-Drawn Railway was built in 1825–1832 and became the second oldest public line in continental Europe (after the St. Étienne-Andrézieux line in France).The city remained a German-speaking enclave until 1880, after which Czechs became the majority. Until the end of World War II, the city contained a significant German minority (about 15.5% in 1930). For example, the ratios between the Germans and the Czechs were in 1880: 11,829 Germans to 11,812 Czechs, in 1890: 11,642 to 16,585, in 1900: 15,400 to 23,400, in 1910: 16,900 to 27,300 and in 1921: 7,415 to 35,800.During World War II, the city was occupied by Nazi Germany. The occupiers operated a Gestapo prison and a forced labour camp in the city. During the final stages of the war, in March 1945, České Budějovice's marshalling yard was twice targeted by United States Army Air Forces raids that greatly damaged the city and caused great loss of life. At the end of the war, on 9 May 1945, Soviet troops liberated the city. The entire German population was expelled in 1945 under the Beneš decrees and the Potsdam Agreement.	null	null	null	null	60
[ "České Budějovice", "uses", "House number" ]		null	null	null	null	93
[ "České Budějovice", "founded by", "Hirzo z Klingenbergu" ]		null	null	null	null	122
[ "Königsberg Castle", "topic's main category", "Category:Königsberg Castle" ]		null	null	null	null	0
[ "Königsberg Castle", "founded by", "Ottokar II of Bohemia" ]		null	null	null	null	7
[ "Peace Palace", "founded by", "Wilhelmina of the Netherlands" ]		null	null	null	null	4
[ "Peace Palace", "founded by", "Andrew Carnegie" ]	The Peace Palace (Dutch: Vredespaleis; pronounced [ˈvreːdəspaːˌlɛis], The Hague dialect: [ˈfʁeidəspaːˌlɛːs]) is an international law administrative building in The Hague, the Netherlands. It houses the International Court of Justice (which is the principal judicial body of the United Nations), the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA), The Hague Academy of International Law and the Peace Palace Library. The palace officially opened on 28 August 1913; it was originally built to provide a home for the PCA, a court created to end war by the Hague Convention of 1899. Andrew Dickson White, whose efforts were instrumental in creating the court, secured from Scottish-American steel magnate Andrew Carnegie US$1.5 million ($50,000,000, adjusted for inflation) to build the Peace Palace. The European Heritage Label was awarded to the Peace Palace on 8 April 2014.	null	null	null	null	5
[ "Peace Palace", "topic's main category", "Category:Peace Palace" ]		null	null	null	null	13
[ "Peace Palace", "owned by", "Carnegie Foundation" ]		null	null	null	null	19
[ "Mahler Chamber Orchestra", "founded by", "Claudio Abbado" ]		null	null	null	null	1
[ "Gustav Mahler Jugendorchester", "founded by", "Claudio Abbado" ]		null	null	null	null	2
[ "Court Church", "founded by", "Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor" ]	The Hofkirche (Court Church) is a Gothic church located in the Altstadt (Old Town) section of Innsbruck, Austria. The church was built in 1553 by Emperor Ferdinand I (1503–1564) as a memorial to his grandfather Emperor Maximilian I (1459–1519), whose cenotaph within boasts a remarkable collection of German Renaissance sculpture. The church also contains the tomb of Andreas Hofer, Tyrol's national hero.Although Maximilian's will had directed that he be buried in the castle chapel in Wiener Neustadt, it proved impractical to construct there the large memorial whose plans he had supervised in detail, and Ferdinand I as executor planned construction of a new church and monastery in Innsbruck for a suitable memorial. In the end, however, Maximilian's simple tomb remained in Wiener Neustadt and the Hofkirche serves as a cenotaph.	null	null	null	null	3
[ "Queen Anne's Summer Palace", "owned by", "Czech Republic" ]		null	null	null	null	1
[ "Queen Anne's Summer Palace", "founded by", "Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor" ]	History Ferdinand I commissioned the Summer Palace, built on the eastern edge of the Royal Garden between 1538 and 1560, for his wife Anne Jagiellonica. The garden was founded simultaneously with the Palace. It was initially designed by Italian architect Paolo della Stella, and construction was started by Giovanni Spatio, but both men died before the building was completed, as did Jagiellonica.Upon its completion, the palace was not regularly used until Rudolf II converted its first floor into an astronomical observatory, and used the palace to accommodate his guests. After Rudolf II's death, the palace was again unused for over thirty years. Afterwards, it served as a military base for Swedish soldiers in the Thirty Years War. For over 100 years, an artillery laboratory was based on the grounds until governor count Karel Chotek evicted the artillery.After it was abandoned by the military, Bernard Grueber and Petr Nobile organised the renovation of the building, which included the addition of a picture gallery and a Classicist staircase. Other reconstruction of the building took place in 1860s. In the 1950s, the palace was restored by a Czech architect Pavel Janák and it served as an exhibition hall. It became a National Cultural Monument in 1962. Since then, the building has provided space for exhibitions of fine and applied arts.	null	null	null	null	3
[ "Queen Anne's Summer Palace", "different from", "Belweder" ]		null	null	null	null	11
[ "Ministry of Defense (Saudi Arabia)", "applies to jurisdiction", "Saudi Arabia" ]	The Ministry of Defense (MoD; Arabic: وزارة الدفاع) is a Ministry in Saudi Arabia that is responsible for the protection of national security, interests and sovereignty of the country from external threats as well as the working with all ministries of the state to achieve national security and stability. The current minister of defense is Prince Khalid bin Salman Al Saud, who was appointed on 27 September 2022. The Ministry includes the five service branches of the Saudi Arabian Armed Forces: The Royal Saudi Land Force, The Royal Saudi Air Force, The Royal Saudi Naval Force, The Royal Saudi Air Defense Force and the Royal Saudi Strategic Missile Force. In 2017, Saudi Arabia has ranked third in the world with military spending and by far the largest military spender in the Middle East. With an allocated budget of $69.4 billion representing 10% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP), Saudi Arabia replaced Russia, which ranked fourth in military spending according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). SIPRI also stated that Saudi Arabia is the most well-armed country in the Persian Gulf region in terms of its inventory of modern equipment.	null	null	null	null	1
[ "Ministry of Defense (Saudi Arabia)", "founded by", "Ibn Saud" ]		null	null	null	null	3
[ "Ministry of Defense (Saudi Arabia)", "applies to jurisdiction", "Saudi Arabian Armed Forces" ]	The Ministry of Defense (MoD; Arabic: وزارة الدفاع) is a Ministry in Saudi Arabia that is responsible for the protection of national security, interests and sovereignty of the country from external threats as well as the working with all ministries of the state to achieve national security and stability. The current minister of defense is Prince Khalid bin Salman Al Saud, who was appointed on 27 September 2022. The Ministry includes the five service branches of the Saudi Arabian Armed Forces: The Royal Saudi Land Force, The Royal Saudi Air Force, The Royal Saudi Naval Force, The Royal Saudi Air Defense Force and the Royal Saudi Strategic Missile Force. In 2017, Saudi Arabia has ranked third in the world with military spending and by far the largest military spender in the Middle East. With an allocated budget of $69.4 billion representing 10% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP), Saudi Arabia replaced Russia, which ranked fourth in military spending according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). SIPRI also stated that Saudi Arabia is the most well-armed country in the Persian Gulf region in terms of its inventory of modern equipment.	null	null	null	null	4
[ "Ministry of Defense (Saudi Arabia)", "follows", "Wizarate of War" ]		null	null	null	null	7
[ "Ministry of Defense (Saudi Arabia)", "replaces", "Wizarate of War" ]		null	null	null	null	8
[ "Ministry of Defense (Saudi Arabia)", "different from", "Ministry of National Guard" ]		null	null	null	null	14
[ "Ministry of Defense (Saudi Arabia)", "replaces", "Agency of Defense" ]		null	null	null	null	15
[ "Ministry of Defense (Saudi Arabia)", "topic's main category", "Category:MoD" ]		null	null	null	null	16
[ "Prince of Canino and Musignano", "founded by", "Lucien Bonaparte" ]		null	null	null	null	3
[ "Ministry of Interior (Saudi Arabia)", "applies to jurisdiction", "Saudi Arabia" ]	The Ministry of Interior (MoI; Arabic: وزارة الداخلية) is one of the governmental bodies of Saudi Arabia responsible for national security, naturalization, immigration, and customs in Saudi Arabia. It was founded in 1926 by King Abdulaziz, but the organization was reformed in 1951 when the combined ministerial body covering financial and interior affairs were separated. The current minister of interior is Abdulaziz bin Saud Al Saud, who has been in office since 21 June 2017.	null	null	null	null	1
[ "Ministry of Interior (Saudi Arabia)", "topic's main category", "Category:Ministry of Interior (Saudi Arabia)" ]		null	null	null	null	3
[ "Ministry of Interior (Saudi Arabia)", "founded by", "Ibn Saud" ]	The Ministry of Interior (MoI; Arabic: وزارة الداخلية) is one of the governmental bodies of Saudi Arabia responsible for national security, naturalization, immigration, and customs in Saudi Arabia. It was founded in 1926 by King Abdulaziz, but the organization was reformed in 1951 when the combined ministerial body covering financial and interior affairs were separated. The current minister of interior is Abdulaziz bin Saud Al Saud, who has been in office since 21 June 2017.History The Ministry of Interior was created in 1926 by King Abdulaziz as a solution to the end of political unrest, tribal conflicts, and statelessness caused by the absence of a powerful central government. The goal of the organization is to serve the citizens and residents of Saudi Arabia, achieving security, stability, and tranquility.	null	null	null	null	6
[ "General Staff Presidency", "founded by", "Ibn Saud" ]		null	null	null	null	2
[ "General Staff Presidency", "topic's main category", "Category:General Staff Presidency" ]		null	null	null	null	10
[ "General Staff Presidency", "different from", "National Staff Presidency" ]		null	null	null	null	11
[ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Saudi Arabia)", "applies to jurisdiction", "Saudi Arabia" ]	The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MoFA; Arabic: وزارة الخارجية Wizārat al-Khārijīyah) is the ministry responsible for handling the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia's external relations. The ministry oversees "political, cultural and financial international relations" and monitors the Kingdom's diplomatic relations. It was created in 1930 by a royal decree issued by King Abdulaziz Al Saud, being the first ministerial body created by the King.History While consolidating the newly formed Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz, King Abdulaziz, established foreign diplomatic relations by sending representatives and receiving delegations from various states. In 1926, he established the directorate general for foreign affairs in Mecca. A branch of the directorate was also opened in Jeddah. The first director general of foreign affairs was Abdullah Beg Al Damluji, who was also ruler of Hejaz at that time.In 1930, a royal decree was issued to elevate the directorate general to the ministry of foreign affairs. King Abdulaziz appointed his son, Prince Faisal, as the first foreign minister. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was formally established by King Abdulaziz in 1932. Initially the ministry was made up of five departments, namely the private office and the departments of oriental affairs, administrative affairs, political affairs and consular affairs. The ministry began establishing diplomatic missions abroad. The first one was opened in Cairo in 1926 followed by another in London 1930. The number of missions increased from five in 1936 to 18 in 1951 and expanded further after that. Aside from a brief interjection, Prince Faisal continued to serve even after he succeeded the throne as King. After his assassination in 1975, Faisal was succeeded as foreign minister by his son, Prince Saud. Saud was the longest-serving foreign minister of any country in current political times, The ministry launched a magazine, The Diplomat, in 2007.It was rumored in 2010 that the next foreign minister would be Prince Turki Al Faisal, Saud's younger brother, after Saud retired, which however did not occur.	null	null	null	null	1
[ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Saudi Arabia)", "founded by", "Ibn Saud" ]		null	null	null	null	3
[ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Saudi Arabia)", "replaces", "Directorate of Foreign Affairs" ]		null	null	null	null	7
[ "Gallipoli Star", "founded by", "Mehmed V" ]	The Gallipolli Star is a military decoration awarded by the Ottoman Empire. It was known as the Ottoman War Medal (Turkish: Harp Madalyası) or the Iron Crescent (from German Eiserner Halbmond, in allusion to the Iron Cross). It was instituted by Sultan Mehmed V on 1 March 1915 for gallantry in battle. This decoration was awarded for the duration of World War I to Ottoman and other Central Powers troops, primarily in Ottoman areas of engagement.Design and composition The award includes a badge, ribbon and campaign bar. The medal, made of nickel-plated brass, has a vaulted star-shaped badge, 56 mm across the diagonal span of the arms. The tips of the star are capped by ball finials and enclosed in a raised silver edge with the field in red lacquer or enamel. A raised crescent, open at the top, encircles the center of the badge. Inside the crescent is the Tughra or cipher of the decoration's creator, Sultan Mehmed V Reşâd, over the date 1333 AH (AD 1915). The reverse is flat, unadorned and has a straight pin. Along with the badge came a ribbon with red and white stripes. The dimensions of the ribbon for combatants are: red 2.5 mm; white, 5 mm.; red, 29 mm.; white, 5 mm.; red 2.5 mm. For non-combatant awardees, the colors are reversed. The campaign bar is a right-pointing parabola of white at 56mm in length and 7mm in height. In the field is red Arabic script denoting the specific campaign:	null	null	null	null	3
[ "Gallipoli Star", "followed by", "Liakat Medal" ]		null	null	null	null	5
[ "Gallipoli Star", "topic's main category", "Category:Gallipoli Star" ]		null	null	null	null	6
[ "Gallipoli Star", "different from", "Medal Wojenny" ]		null	null	null	null	7
[ "Royal Saudi Air Force", "has use", "air force" ]		null	null	null	null	3
[ "Royal Saudi Air Force", "founded by", "Ibn Saud" ]		null	null	null	null	6
[ "Royal Saudi Air Force", "owner of", "Prince Sultan Air Base" ]		null	null	null	null	9
[ "Royal Saudi Air Force", "owner of", "Riyadh Air Base" ]		null	null	null	null	10
[ "Royal Saudi Air Force", "topic's main category", "Category:Royal Saudi Air Force" ]		null	null	null	null	13
[ "Royal Saudi Air Force", "owner of", "King Khalid Air Base" ]		null	null	null	null	15
[ "Royal Saudi Air Force", "follows", "Royal Saudi Navy" ]		null	null	null	null	21
[ "Royal Saudi Air Force", "followed by", "Royal Saudi Air Defense" ]		null	null	null	null	22
[ "Royal Saudi Air Force", "replaces", "Hejaz Air Force" ]		null	null	null	null	23
[ "Royal Saudi Air Force", "different from", "Royal Saudi Land Forces Aviation" ]		null	null	null	null	27
[ "Royal Saudi Air Force", "different from", "R.S. Naval Aviation" ]		null	null	null	null	32
[ "Royal Saudi Air Force", "has use", "military aviation" ]	The Royal Saudi Air Force (Arabic: ‎الْقُوَّاتُ الْجَوِّيَّةُ الْمَلَكِيَّةْ ٱلسُّعُوْدِيَّة, romanized: Al-Quwwat Al-Jawiyah Al-Malakiyah as-Su’udiyah) (RSAF) is the aviation branch of the Saudi Arabian Armed Forces. The Royal Saudi Air Force currently has approximately 1,106 aircraft, 40,000 active personnel, 23,000 recruits, 9 wings, +99 squadrons, and a Special Forces unit dedicated to combat search and rescue. The RSAF has developed from a largely defensive military force into one with an advanced offensive capability, and maintains the third largest fleet of F-15s after the U.S. and Japanese air forces. The backbone of the RSAF is currently the Boeing F-15 Eagle, with the Panavia Tornado also forming a major component. The Tornado and many other aircraft were delivered under the Al Yamamah contracts with British Aerospace (now BAE Systems). The RSAF ordered various weapons in the 1990s, including Sea Eagle anti-ship missiles, laser-guided bombs and gravity bombs. Al-Salam, a successor to the Al Yamamah agreement will see 48 Eurofighter Typhoons delivered by BAE.	null	null	null	null	36
[ "Royal Saudi Air Force", "owner of", "King Abdulaziz Air Base" ]		null	null	null	null	38
[ "Shugendō", "founded by", "En no Gyōja" ]	History Shugendō evolved during the seventh century from an amalgamation of beliefs, philosophies, doctrines and ritual systems drawn from local folk-religious practices, Shinto mountain worship and Buddhism. The seventh-century ascetic and mystic En no Gyōja is widely considered as the patriarch of Shugendō, having first organized Shugendō as a doctrine. Shugendō literally means "the path of training and testing" or "the way to spiritual power through discipline." Shugendō practitioners are also said to be descendants of the Kōya Hijiri monks of the eighth and ninth centuries.From the ninth century, elements of Vajrayana Buddhism such as Shingon and Tendai Buddhism were taken into Shugendō and it developed further. In the Heian period, it became very popular among the nobles living in Kyoto to visit Kumano Sanzan (three major shrines, Kumano Hongū Taisha, Kumano Hayatama Taisha and Kumano Nachi Taisha), which was the common holy place of Shugendō, Shinto and Buddhism.The Meiji government, which erected a barrier between Shinto and Buddhism, ruled that Shugendō was unacceptable because of its amalgamation of the two religions, and officially forbade it in 1872. With the advent of religious freedom in Japan after World War II, Shugendō was revived.In 1907, Yoshitaro Shibasaki and his team successfully climbed Mount Tsurugi, which was regarded as the last unclimbed mountain in Japan. However, they found a metal cane decoration and a sword on the top of the mountain, and it turned out that someone had reached the top before them. A later scientific investigation revealed that the metal cane decoration and sword dated from the late Nara period to the early Heian period and that shugenja had climbed Mount Tsurugi more than 1,000 years ago.The Ōmine mountain range, which stretches 100 km from north to south and connects Yoshino and Kumano, was historically the biggest practice place of Shugendō. The highest peak of the Ōmine mountain range is Mount Hakkyō at an altitude of 1915 m, and there are 75 places for ascetic practices along the mountain trail, and Ōminesan-ji Temple at the top of Mount Ōmine at an altitude of 1719 m is considered to be the highest sacred site of Shugendō. At present, the Ōmine mountain range is designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site "Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range" and Yoshino-Kumano National Park.In modern times, Shugendō is practiced mainly through Tendai and Shingon temples. Some temples include Kimpusen-ji in Yoshino (Tendai), Ideha Shrine in the Three Mountains of Dewa and Daigo-ji in Kyoto (Shingon).	null	null	null	null	2
[ "Shugendō", "topic's main category", "Category:Shugendō" ]		null	null	null	null	6
[ "SpaceX Starbase", "founded by", "SpaceX" ]		null	null	null	null	2
[ "SpaceX Starbase", "owned by", "SpaceX" ]		null	null	null	null	3
[ "Way of the Five Pecks of Rice", "founded by", "Zhang Daoling" ]		null	null	null	null	2
[ "Reading Light", "founded by", "Mandatory Palestine" ]		null	null	null	null	3
[ "Kelmscott Press", "founded by", "William Morris" ]	Background Before Morris founded the Kelmscott Press, he had a strong interest in book design. Morris and Burne-Johes both admired illuminated manuscripts, and visited the Bodleian Library often to admire them. They also admired the works of Chaucer and Dürer. Morris carefully studied the techniques of the illuminators and the woodblock carvers in hopes of reviving that type of craftsmanship. Morris had some experience in contributing to and designing books before he founded the Kelmscott Press. He designed and illuminated books by hand, starting in 1870 with an anthology of his own poetry, A Book of Verse. He designed as well as wrote The House of Wolfings (1889) and The Roots of the Mountains (1890); he also designed The Story of Gunnlaug the Worm-Tongue (1891). He had plans to make a richly illustrated version of his epic poem, The Earthly Paradise. He abandoned the project, but surviving trial pages show that the typefaces and illustrations are "incompatible".Morris was not merely trying to replicate 15th-century printing practices. He preferred the iron hand-press of the 19th century to the medieval wooden ones, because the weaker wooden presses had to print on wet paper to get a print from a woodblock. Printing on wet paper weakened the press and subsequently, the book itself. Conveniently, iron hand-presses were still readily available in the 1890s. While modern rotary presses focused on speed and affordability, Morris did not. Some book dealers and designers disliked the newly popular, poorly-produced books. Talbot Baines Reed, in an 1890 lecture on typography at the Society of Arts, complained that new typefaces were thin, harsh, and lacking dignity compared to old-face typefaces like Caslon and those of Nicholas Jenson. Morris expressed similar opinions.	null	null	null	null	0
[ "European Court of Human Rights", "applies to jurisdiction", "Council of Europe" ]	The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR or ECtHR), also known as the Strasbourg Court, is an international court of the Council of Europe which interprets the European Convention on Human Rights. The court hears applications alleging that a contracting state has breached one or more of the human rights enumerated in the convention or its optional protocols to which a member state is a party. The European Convention on Human Rights is also referred to by the initials "ECHR". The court is based in Strasbourg, France. An application can be lodged by an individual, a group of individuals, or one or more of the other contracting states. Aside from judgments, the court can also issue advisory opinions. The convention was adopted within the context of the Council of Europe, and all of its 46 member states are contracting parties to the convention. Russia, having been expelled from the Council of Europe as of 16 March 2022, ceased to be a party to the convention with effect from 16 September 2022 in accordance with article 58. The court's primary means of judicial interpretation is the living instrument doctrine, meaning that the Convention is interpreted in light of present-day conditions. International law scholars consider the ECtHR to be the most effective international human rights court in the world. Nevertheless, the court has faced challenges with verdicts not implemented by the contracting parties.Jurisdiction The court has jurisdiction amongst the member states of the Council of Europe which includes almost every country in Europe except for Vatican City, Belarus and Russia. The jurisdiction of the court is generally divided into inter-state cases, applications by individuals against contracting states, and advisory opinions in accordance with Protocol No.2. Applications by individuals constitute the majority of cases heard by the court. A committee is constituted by three judges, chambers by seven judges, and a Grand Chamber by 17 judges.	null	null	null	null	4
[ "European Court of Human Rights", "founded by", "European Convention on Human Rights" ]		null	null	null	null	6
[ "European Court of Human Rights", "different from", "European Court of Justice" ]		null	null	null	null	8
[ "European Court of Human Rights", "topic's main category", "Category:European Court of Human Rights" ]	The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR or ECtHR), also known as the Strasbourg Court, is an international court of the Council of Europe which interprets the European Convention on Human Rights. The court hears applications alleging that a contracting state has breached one or more of the human rights enumerated in the convention or its optional protocols to which a member state is a party. The European Convention on Human Rights is also referred to by the initials "ECHR". The court is based in Strasbourg, France. An application can be lodged by an individual, a group of individuals, or one or more of the other contracting states. Aside from judgments, the court can also issue advisory opinions. The convention was adopted within the context of the Council of Europe, and all of its 46 member states are contracting parties to the convention. Russia, having been expelled from the Council of Europe as of 16 March 2022, ceased to be a party to the convention with effect from 16 September 2022 in accordance with article 58. The court's primary means of judicial interpretation is the living instrument doctrine, meaning that the Convention is interpreted in light of present-day conditions. International law scholars consider the ECtHR to be the most effective international human rights court in the world. Nevertheless, the court has faced challenges with verdicts not implemented by the contracting parties.	null	null	null	null	12
[ "OpenWSN", "founded by", "University of California, Berkeley" ]		null	null	null	null	1
[ "OpenWSN", "founded by", "Open University of Catalonia" ]		null	null	null	null	3
[ "LDS (automobile)", "founded by", "Doug Serrurier" ]		null	null	null	null	4
[ "Goldman Sachs", "owner of", "200 West Street" ]		null	null	null	null	4
[ "Goldman Sachs", "founded by", "Marcus Goldman" ]	History Founding and establishment Goldman Sachs was founded in New York City in 1869 by Marcus Goldman. In 1882, Goldman's son-in-law Samuel Sachs joined the firm. In 1885, Goldman took his son Henry and his son-in-law Ludwig Dreyfuss into the business and the firm adopted its present name, Goldman Sachs & Co. The company pioneered the use of commercial paper for entrepreneurs and joined the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) in 1896. By 1898, the firm's capital stood at $1.6 million.Goldman entered the initial public offering market in 1906 when it took Sears, Roebuck and Company public. The deal was facilitated by Henry Goldman's personal friendship with Julius Rosenwald, an owner of Sears. Other IPOs followed, including F. W. Woolworth and Continental Can. In 1912, Henry S. Bowers became the first non-member of the founding family to become a partner of the company and share in its profits.In 1917, under growing pressure from the other partners in the firm due to his pro-German stance, Henry Goldman resigned. The Sachs family gained full control of the firm until Waddill Catchings joined the company in 1918. By 1928, Catchings was the Goldman partner with the single largest stake in the firm.On December 4, 1928, the firm launched the Goldman Sachs Trading Corp, a closed-end fund. The fund failed during the Stock Market Crash of 1929, amid accusations that Goldman had engaged in share price manipulation and insider trading.	null	null	null	null	16
[ "Goldman Sachs", "founded by", "Samuel Sachs" ]		null	null	null	null	18
[ "Goldman Sachs", "owner of", "EagleBank" ]		null	null	null	null	27
[ "Goldman Sachs", "topic's main category", "Category:Goldman Sachs" ]		null	null	null	null	29

[ "Phi Beta Kappa", "founded by", "John Heath" ]

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4

[ "Virgin Trains", "owned by", "Virgin Group" ]

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3

[ "Virgin Trains", "founded by", "Richard Branson" ]

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5

[ "Virgin Trains", "owned by", "Stagecoach Group" ]

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6

[ "Virgin Trains", "topic's main category", "Category:Virgin Trains" ]

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9

[ "Virgin Trains", "follows", "InterCity" ]

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[ "Castello Normanno-Svevo (Bari)", "founded by", "Roger II of Sicily" ]

The Castello Svevo or Swabian Castle (Italian: Castello normanno-svevo), also known as the Houhenstaufen Castle, is a castle in the Apulian city of Bari, Italy. Built around 1132 by Norman King Roger II, it is currently used for exhibitions.History Probably built in 1132 by Norman King Roger II, it was destroyed in 1156 by king William I of Sicily and rebuilt and reinforced in 1233 by the Holy Roman emperor Fredrick II. During the Angevin domination, it went through several transformation, and after being acquired by Duke Ferdinand of Aragon, was donated to the Sforza family and passed to Bona Sforza, Queen of Poland. After Bona's death, it was returned under the King of Naples and transformed into a prison and barracks. The castle is surrounded by a moat on all sides, except the northern section, which was bordering the sea and can be accessed from the bridge and the gate on the southern side. It is mainly composed of the Aragon walls and the main Hohenstaufen tower, and is currently used for exhibitions.

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7

[ "Virgin Records", "founded by", "Richard Branson" ]

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4

[ "Virgin Records", "founded by", "Tom Newman" ]

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6

[ "Virgin Records", "different from", "Virgin" ]

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7

[ "Virgin Records", "owned by", "Capitol Music Group" ]

Virgin Records America Virgin Records America, Inc. was the company's North American operations founded in 1986. They are no longer active and were headquartered in Hollywood, California, and operated under the Capitol Music Group imprint, now also owned by UMG, since 2012. The US operations had also taken on the name Virgin Records. A minor number of artists remained on Virgin Records America's roster, which was mostly occupied with European artists such as Bastille, Barbara Pravi, Circa Waves, Corinne Bailey Rae, Ella Eyre, Grizfolk, Walking on Cars, Seinabo Sey, and Prides; American artists include Knox Hamilton, L'Tric, Loren Gray, and Rise Against.

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8

[ "Virgin Records", "founded by", "Nik Powell" ]

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12

[ "Virgin Records", "topic's main category", "Category:Virgin Records" ]

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13

[ "Focolare Movement", "founded by", "Chiara Lubich" ]

Servants of God Chiara Lubich [Silvia] – (1920–2008), Layperson of the Diocese of Frascati; Founder of the Focolare Movement Igino Giordani [Foco] – (1894–1980), Married Layperson of the Diocese of Frascati; Cofounder (Italy) Albertina Violi Zirondoli – (1901–1972), Married Layperson of the Diocese of Fiesole; Consecrated Member (Italy) Alberto Michelotti – (1958–1980), Young Layperson of the Archdiocese of Genoa; Member (Italy) Carlo Grisolia [Vir] – (1960–1980), Young Layperson of the Archdiocese of Genoa; Member (Italy) Maria Cecilia Perrin de Buide – (1957–1985), Married Layperson of the Archdiocese of Bahia Blanca; Member (Argentina) Margarita Bavosi [Luminosa] – (1941–1985), Layperson of the Archdiocese of Madrid; Consecrated Member (Argentina-Italy) Renata Borlone – (1930–1990), Layperson of the Diocese of Fiesole; Consecrated Member (Italy) Santa Scorese – (1968–1991), Young Layperson of the Diocese of Bari-Bitonto; Associate; Martyr (Italy) Dario Porta – (1930–1996), Priest of the Diocese of Parma; Member (Italy) Manuel Pascual Perrin – (1925–2000), Married Layperson of the Archdiocese of Bahia Blanca; Member (Argentina) Ginetta Calliari – (1918–2001), Layperson of the Diocese of Osasco; Consecrated Member (Italy-Brazil) Domenico Antonio Mangano – (1938–2001), Married Layperson of the Diocese of Albano; Member of the Volunteers of God – Focolare Movement (Italy)

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[ "Focolare Movement", "topic's main category", "Category:Focolare Movement" ]

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7

[ "Lotte Group", "owner of", "Lotte City Hotel Kinshicho" ]

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0

[ "Lotte Group", "owner of", "Lotte Entertainment" ]

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1

[ "Lotte Group", "different from", "Lotte" ]

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2

[ "Lotte Group", "owner of", "Lotte World Tower" ]

Food: Lotte Confectionery, Lotte Chilsung, Lotte Liquor, Lotte Nestle, Lotte Asahi Liquor, Lotte GRS, and others. Retail/Entertainment: Lotte Department Store, Lotte Shopping,Lotte Hi-Mart, Lotte Super, Lotte On, Lotter Korea Seven, FRL Korea, Lotte Cultureworks and others. Chemical/construction/manufacturing: Lotte Construction, Lotte Chemical, Lotte Fine Chemical, Lotte MCC, Lotte E&C, Lotte Aluminium, Lotte Ineos Chemical, Korea Fujifilm, and others. Tourism/service/finance: Lotte Global Logistics, Lotte Rental, Lotte Resort, Lotte Duty Free, Lotte World, Lotte Property & Development, Lotte Capital, Lotte Hotels & Resorts, Lotte Giants, Daehong Communications, Lotte Hotel Busan, Lotte International, and others

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[ "Lotte Group", "founded by", "Shin Kyuk-ho" ]

Lotte Group is a corporate group started by Korean businessman Shin Kyuk-ho in Tokyo on June 28, 1948, starting with the Japanese Lotte Co., composed of Lotte Holdings (Japan) and Lotte Corporation (South Korea). Shin expanded Lotte to his ancestral country, South Korea, with the establishment of Lotte Confectionery in Seoul on April 3, 1967.Name The source of the company's name is neither Korean nor Japanese, or even Chinese, but German. Shin Kyuk-ho was impressed with Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's The Sorrows of Young Werther (1774) and named his newly founded company Lotte after the character Charlotte in the novel. ("Charlotte" is also the name of premium auditoriums in movie theatres run by Lotte.) Lotte's current marketing slogan in Japan is "The sweetheart of your mouth, Lotte" (お口の恋人,ロッテ, Okuchi no koibito, Rotte).

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[ "Lotte Group", "owner of", "Busan Lotte World Tower" ]

Food: Lotte Confectionery, Lotte Chilsung, Lotte Liquor, Lotte Nestle, Lotte Asahi Liquor, Lotte GRS, and others. Retail/Entertainment: Lotte Department Store, Lotte Shopping,Lotte Hi-Mart, Lotte Super, Lotte On, Lotter Korea Seven, FRL Korea, Lotte Cultureworks and others. Chemical/construction/manufacturing: Lotte Construction, Lotte Chemical, Lotte Fine Chemical, Lotte MCC, Lotte E&C, Lotte Aluminium, Lotte Ineos Chemical, Korea Fujifilm, and others. Tourism/service/finance: Lotte Global Logistics, Lotte Rental, Lotte Resort, Lotte Duty Free, Lotte World, Lotte Property & Development, Lotte Capital, Lotte Hotels & Resorts, Lotte Giants, Daehong Communications, Lotte Hotel Busan, Lotte International, and others

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[ "Lotte Group", "different from", "Rakuten" ]

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8

[ "Lotte Group", "owner of", "E. Wedel" ]

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[ "Lotte Group", "owner of", "Chiba Lotte Marines" ]

Sports Lotte also owns professional baseball teams.Chiba Lotte Marines in Japan (1971–present) Lotte Giants in Busan, South Korea (1982–present).

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[ "Lotte Group", "topic's main category", "Category:Lotte (conglomerate)" ]

Business Lotte Group's major businesses are food, retail, chemical, construction, manufacturing, tourism, service, finance, etc.

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[ "San Miguel de Lillo", "founded by", "Ramiro I of Asturias" ]

St. Michael of Lillo (Spanish: San Miguel de Lillo, Asturian: Samiguel de Lliño) is a Roman Catholic church built on the Naranco mount, near the Church of Santa María del Naranco in Asturias. It was completed in 842 and it was consecrated by Ramiro I of Asturias and his wife Paterna in the year 848. It was originally dedicated to St. Mary until this worship passed to the nearby palace in the 12th century, leaving this church dedicated to Saint Michael. It has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1985.

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[ "San Miguel de Lillo", "located on terrain feature", "Monte Naranco" ]

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[ "Etos", "founded by", "Koninklijke Philips NV" ]

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3

[ "Etos", "owned by", "Ahold Delhaize" ]

History Etos had a bakery and even fuel pumps, in 1931 the stores went private as Etos.In 1973 Etos was bought by Ahold which reformed the grocery stores to the Albert Heijn formula. The drug stores went on as Etos. Etos has 546 stores in the Netherlands. 54% of the Etos stores operates as a franchise. In 2008 Etos was named best drug store of the Netherlands for the first time (the first 11 years this had been drug store "DA"). In 2009, 2011, 2014, 2015 and 2017 it managed to extend this title.

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[ "České Budějovice", "owner of", "Budvar Arena" ]

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[ "České Budějovice", "topic's main category", "Category:České Budějovice" ]

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[ "České Budějovice", "founded by", "Ottokar II of Bohemia" ]

History The first written mention of Budějovice is from 1251, when it was only a village. The royal city was founded on its site by King Ottokar II of Bohemia in 1265. The siting and planning of the city was carried out by the king's knight Hirzo. The German-speaking settlers were coming from the Bohemian Forest and Upper Austria. The royal city was created as a platform of the king's power in South Bohemia and to counterbalance the powerful noble House of Rosenberg, which became extinct in 1611. In 1341 King John of Bohemia allowed Jewish families to reside within the city walls, and the first synagogue was built in 1380; however several pogroms occurred in the late 15th and early 16th century. Since the Hussite Wars, the city was traditionally a bulwark of the Catholic Church during the long-lasting religious conflicts in the Kingdom of Bohemia. A part of the Habsburg monarchy from 1526, České Budějovice remained a loyal supporter of Emperor Ferdinand II in the Thirty Years' War. České Budějovice underwent a short occupation by Prussia during the Silesian Wars, and the war between the Habsburgs and the French army in 1742. In 1762 the Piarists established a gymnasium here and Emperor Joseph II founded the diocese in 1785. In 1847, the production of Koh-i-Noor Hardtmuth pencils was relocated from Vienna to Budějovice. Aside from Hardtmuth, Adalbert Lanna the Elder belonged among the city's most prominent industrialists of the 19th century. During his time, Budějovice became a major trade hub. The Budweis–Linz Horse-Drawn Railway was built in 1825–1832 and became the second oldest public line in continental Europe (after the St. Étienne-Andrézieux line in France).The city remained a German-speaking enclave until 1880, after which Czechs became the majority. Until the end of World War II, the city contained a significant German minority (about 15.5% in 1930). For example, the ratios between the Germans and the Czechs were in 1880: 11,829 Germans to 11,812 Czechs, in 1890: 11,642 to 16,585, in 1900: 15,400 to 23,400, in 1910: 16,900 to 27,300 and in 1921: 7,415 to 35,800.During World War II, the city was occupied by Nazi Germany. The occupiers operated a Gestapo prison and a forced labour camp in the city. During the final stages of the war, in March 1945, České Budějovice's marshalling yard was twice targeted by United States Army Air Forces raids that greatly damaged the city and caused great loss of life. At the end of the war, on 9 May 1945, Soviet troops liberated the city. The entire German population was expelled in 1945 under the Beneš decrees and the Potsdam Agreement.

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[ "České Budějovice", "uses", "House number" ]

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93

[ "České Budějovice", "founded by", "Hirzo z Klingenbergu" ]

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[ "Königsberg Castle", "topic's main category", "Category:Königsberg Castle" ]

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0

[ "Königsberg Castle", "founded by", "Ottokar II of Bohemia" ]

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7

[ "Peace Palace", "founded by", "Wilhelmina of the Netherlands" ]

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4

[ "Peace Palace", "founded by", "Andrew Carnegie" ]

The Peace Palace (Dutch: Vredespaleis; pronounced [ˈvreːdəspaːˌlɛis], The Hague dialect: [ˈfʁeidəspaːˌlɛːs]) is an international law administrative building in The Hague, the Netherlands. It houses the International Court of Justice (which is the principal judicial body of the United Nations), the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA), The Hague Academy of International Law and the Peace Palace Library. The palace officially opened on 28 August 1913; it was originally built to provide a home for the PCA, a court created to end war by the Hague Convention of 1899. Andrew Dickson White, whose efforts were instrumental in creating the court, secured from Scottish-American steel magnate Andrew Carnegie US$1.5 million ($50,000,000, adjusted for inflation) to build the Peace Palace. The European Heritage Label was awarded to the Peace Palace on 8 April 2014.

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[ "Peace Palace", "topic's main category", "Category:Peace Palace" ]

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[ "Peace Palace", "owned by", "Carnegie Foundation" ]

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[ "Mahler Chamber Orchestra", "founded by", "Claudio Abbado" ]

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[ "Gustav Mahler Jugendorchester", "founded by", "Claudio Abbado" ]

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2

[ "Court Church", "founded by", "Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor" ]

The Hofkirche (Court Church) is a Gothic church located in the Altstadt (Old Town) section of Innsbruck, Austria. The church was built in 1553 by Emperor Ferdinand I (1503–1564) as a memorial to his grandfather Emperor Maximilian I (1459–1519), whose cenotaph within boasts a remarkable collection of German Renaissance sculpture. The church also contains the tomb of Andreas Hofer, Tyrol's national hero.Although Maximilian's will had directed that he be buried in the castle chapel in Wiener Neustadt, it proved impractical to construct there the large memorial whose plans he had supervised in detail, and Ferdinand I as executor planned construction of a new church and monastery in Innsbruck for a suitable memorial. In the end, however, Maximilian's simple tomb remained in Wiener Neustadt and the Hofkirche serves as a cenotaph.

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3

[ "Queen Anne's Summer Palace", "owned by", "Czech Republic" ]

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1

[ "Queen Anne's Summer Palace", "founded by", "Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor" ]

History Ferdinand I commissioned the Summer Palace, built on the eastern edge of the Royal Garden between 1538 and 1560, for his wife Anne Jagiellonica. The garden was founded simultaneously with the Palace. It was initially designed by Italian architect Paolo della Stella, and construction was started by Giovanni Spatio, but both men died before the building was completed, as did Jagiellonica.Upon its completion, the palace was not regularly used until Rudolf II converted its first floor into an astronomical observatory, and used the palace to accommodate his guests. After Rudolf II's death, the palace was again unused for over thirty years. Afterwards, it served as a military base for Swedish soldiers in the Thirty Years War. For over 100 years, an artillery laboratory was based on the grounds until governor count Karel Chotek evicted the artillery.After it was abandoned by the military, Bernard Grueber and Petr Nobile organised the renovation of the building, which included the addition of a picture gallery and a Classicist staircase. Other reconstruction of the building took place in 1860s. In the 1950s, the palace was restored by a Czech architect Pavel Janák and it served as an exhibition hall. It became a National Cultural Monument in 1962. Since then, the building has provided space for exhibitions of fine and applied arts.

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[ "Queen Anne's Summer Palace", "different from", "Belweder" ]

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[ "Ministry of Defense (Saudi Arabia)", "applies to jurisdiction", "Saudi Arabia" ]

The Ministry of Defense (MoD; Arabic: وزارة الدفاع) is a Ministry in Saudi Arabia that is responsible for the protection of national security, interests and sovereignty of the country from external threats as well as the working with all ministries of the state to achieve national security and stability. The current minister of defense is Prince Khalid bin Salman Al Saud, who was appointed on 27 September 2022. The Ministry includes the five service branches of the Saudi Arabian Armed Forces: The Royal Saudi Land Force, The Royal Saudi Air Force, The Royal Saudi Naval Force, The Royal Saudi Air Defense Force and the Royal Saudi Strategic Missile Force. In 2017, Saudi Arabia has ranked third in the world with military spending and by far the largest military spender in the Middle East. With an allocated budget of $69.4 billion representing 10% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP), Saudi Arabia replaced Russia, which ranked fourth in military spending according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). SIPRI also stated that Saudi Arabia is the most well-armed country in the Persian Gulf region in terms of its inventory of modern equipment.

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[ "Ministry of Defense (Saudi Arabia)", "founded by", "Ibn Saud" ]

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3

[ "Ministry of Defense (Saudi Arabia)", "applies to jurisdiction", "Saudi Arabian Armed Forces" ]

The Ministry of Defense (MoD; Arabic: وزارة الدفاع) is a Ministry in Saudi Arabia that is responsible for the protection of national security, interests and sovereignty of the country from external threats as well as the working with all ministries of the state to achieve national security and stability. The current minister of defense is Prince Khalid bin Salman Al Saud, who was appointed on 27 September 2022. The Ministry includes the five service branches of the Saudi Arabian Armed Forces: The Royal Saudi Land Force, The Royal Saudi Air Force, The Royal Saudi Naval Force, The Royal Saudi Air Defense Force and the Royal Saudi Strategic Missile Force. In 2017, Saudi Arabia has ranked third in the world with military spending and by far the largest military spender in the Middle East. With an allocated budget of $69.4 billion representing 10% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP), Saudi Arabia replaced Russia, which ranked fourth in military spending according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). SIPRI also stated that Saudi Arabia is the most well-armed country in the Persian Gulf region in terms of its inventory of modern equipment.

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[ "Ministry of Defense (Saudi Arabia)", "follows", "Wizarate of War" ]

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[ "Ministry of Defense (Saudi Arabia)", "replaces", "Wizarate of War" ]

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8

[ "Ministry of Defense (Saudi Arabia)", "different from", "Ministry of National Guard" ]

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[ "Ministry of Defense (Saudi Arabia)", "replaces", "Agency of Defense" ]

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[ "Ministry of Defense (Saudi Arabia)", "topic's main category", "Category:MoD" ]

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[ "Prince of Canino and Musignano", "founded by", "Lucien Bonaparte" ]

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3

[ "Ministry of Interior (Saudi Arabia)", "applies to jurisdiction", "Saudi Arabia" ]

The Ministry of Interior (MoI; Arabic: وزارة الداخلية) is one of the governmental bodies of Saudi Arabia responsible for national security, naturalization, immigration, and customs in Saudi Arabia. It was founded in 1926 by King Abdulaziz, but the organization was reformed in 1951 when the combined ministerial body covering financial and interior affairs were separated. The current minister of interior is Abdulaziz bin Saud Al Saud, who has been in office since 21 June 2017.

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[ "Ministry of Interior (Saudi Arabia)", "topic's main category", "Category:Ministry of Interior (Saudi Arabia)" ]

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[ "Ministry of Interior (Saudi Arabia)", "founded by", "Ibn Saud" ]

The Ministry of Interior (MoI; Arabic: وزارة الداخلية) is one of the governmental bodies of Saudi Arabia responsible for national security, naturalization, immigration, and customs in Saudi Arabia. It was founded in 1926 by King Abdulaziz, but the organization was reformed in 1951 when the combined ministerial body covering financial and interior affairs were separated. The current minister of interior is Abdulaziz bin Saud Al Saud, who has been in office since 21 June 2017.History The Ministry of Interior was created in 1926 by King Abdulaziz as a solution to the end of political unrest, tribal conflicts, and statelessness caused by the absence of a powerful central government. The goal of the organization is to serve the citizens and residents of Saudi Arabia, achieving security, stability, and tranquility.

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[ "General Staff Presidency", "founded by", "Ibn Saud" ]

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[ "General Staff Presidency", "topic's main category", "Category:General Staff Presidency" ]

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[ "General Staff Presidency", "different from", "National Staff Presidency" ]

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[ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Saudi Arabia)", "applies to jurisdiction", "Saudi Arabia" ]

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MoFA; Arabic: وزارة الخارجية Wizārat al-Khārijīyah) is the ministry responsible for handling the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia's external relations. The ministry oversees "political, cultural and financial international relations" and monitors the Kingdom's diplomatic relations. It was created in 1930 by a royal decree issued by King Abdulaziz Al Saud, being the first ministerial body created by the King.History While consolidating the newly formed Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz, King Abdulaziz, established foreign diplomatic relations by sending representatives and receiving delegations from various states. In 1926, he established the directorate general for foreign affairs in Mecca. A branch of the directorate was also opened in Jeddah. The first director general of foreign affairs was Abdullah Beg Al Damluji, who was also ruler of Hejaz at that time.In 1930, a royal decree was issued to elevate the directorate general to the ministry of foreign affairs. King Abdulaziz appointed his son, Prince Faisal, as the first foreign minister. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was formally established by King Abdulaziz in 1932. Initially the ministry was made up of five departments, namely the private office and the departments of oriental affairs, administrative affairs, political affairs and consular affairs. The ministry began establishing diplomatic missions abroad. The first one was opened in Cairo in 1926 followed by another in London 1930. The number of missions increased from five in 1936 to 18 in 1951 and expanded further after that. Aside from a brief interjection, Prince Faisal continued to serve even after he succeeded the throne as King. After his assassination in 1975, Faisal was succeeded as foreign minister by his son, Prince Saud. Saud was the longest-serving foreign minister of any country in current political times, The ministry launched a magazine, The Diplomat, in 2007.It was rumored in 2010 that the next foreign minister would be Prince Turki Al Faisal, Saud's younger brother, after Saud retired, which however did not occur.

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[ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Saudi Arabia)", "founded by", "Ibn Saud" ]

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[ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Saudi Arabia)", "replaces", "Directorate of Foreign Affairs" ]

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[ "Gallipoli Star", "founded by", "Mehmed V" ]

The Gallipolli Star is a military decoration awarded by the Ottoman Empire. It was known as the Ottoman War Medal (Turkish: Harp Madalyası) or the Iron Crescent (from German Eiserner Halbmond, in allusion to the Iron Cross). It was instituted by Sultan Mehmed V on 1 March 1915 for gallantry in battle. This decoration was awarded for the duration of World War I to Ottoman and other Central Powers troops, primarily in Ottoman areas of engagement.Design and composition The award includes a badge, ribbon and campaign bar. The medal, made of nickel-plated brass, has a vaulted star-shaped badge, 56 mm across the diagonal span of the arms. The tips of the star are capped by ball finials and enclosed in a raised silver edge with the field in red lacquer or enamel. A raised crescent, open at the top, encircles the center of the badge. Inside the crescent is the Tughra or cipher of the decoration's creator, Sultan Mehmed V Reşâd, over the date 1333 AH (AD 1915). The reverse is flat, unadorned and has a straight pin. Along with the badge came a ribbon with red and white stripes. The dimensions of the ribbon for combatants are: red 2.5 mm; white, 5 mm.; red, 29 mm.; white, 5 mm.; red 2.5 mm. For non-combatant awardees, the colors are reversed. The campaign bar is a right-pointing parabola of white at 56mm in length and 7mm in height. In the field is red Arabic script denoting the specific campaign:

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[ "Gallipoli Star", "followed by", "Liakat Medal" ]

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[ "Gallipoli Star", "topic's main category", "Category:Gallipoli Star" ]

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[ "Gallipoli Star", "different from", "Medal Wojenny" ]

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[ "Royal Saudi Air Force", "has use", "air force" ]

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[ "Royal Saudi Air Force", "founded by", "Ibn Saud" ]

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[ "Royal Saudi Air Force", "owner of", "Prince Sultan Air Base" ]

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[ "Royal Saudi Air Force", "owner of", "Riyadh Air Base" ]

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[ "Royal Saudi Air Force", "topic's main category", "Category:Royal Saudi Air Force" ]

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[ "Royal Saudi Air Force", "owner of", "King Khalid Air Base" ]

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[ "Royal Saudi Air Force", "follows", "Royal Saudi Navy" ]

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[ "Royal Saudi Air Force", "followed by", "Royal Saudi Air Defense" ]

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[ "Royal Saudi Air Force", "replaces", "Hejaz Air Force" ]

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[ "Royal Saudi Air Force", "different from", "Royal Saudi Land Forces Aviation" ]

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[ "Royal Saudi Air Force", "different from", "R.S. Naval Aviation" ]

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[ "Royal Saudi Air Force", "has use", "military aviation" ]

The Royal Saudi Air Force (Arabic: ‎الْقُوَّاتُ الْجَوِّيَّةُ الْمَلَكِيَّةْ ٱلسُّعُوْدِيَّة, romanized: Al-Quwwat Al-Jawiyah Al-Malakiyah as-Su’udiyah) (RSAF) is the aviation branch of the Saudi Arabian Armed Forces. The Royal Saudi Air Force currently has approximately 1,106 aircraft, 40,000 active personnel, 23,000 recruits, 9 wings, +99 squadrons, and a Special Forces unit dedicated to combat search and rescue. The RSAF has developed from a largely defensive military force into one with an advanced offensive capability, and maintains the third largest fleet of F-15s after the U.S. and Japanese air forces. The backbone of the RSAF is currently the Boeing F-15 Eagle, with the Panavia Tornado also forming a major component. The Tornado and many other aircraft were delivered under the Al Yamamah contracts with British Aerospace (now BAE Systems). The RSAF ordered various weapons in the 1990s, including Sea Eagle anti-ship missiles, laser-guided bombs and gravity bombs. Al-Salam, a successor to the Al Yamamah agreement will see 48 Eurofighter Typhoons delivered by BAE.

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[ "Royal Saudi Air Force", "owner of", "King Abdulaziz Air Base" ]

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[ "Shugendō", "founded by", "En no Gyōja" ]

History Shugendō evolved during the seventh century from an amalgamation of beliefs, philosophies, doctrines and ritual systems drawn from local folk-religious practices, Shinto mountain worship and Buddhism. The seventh-century ascetic and mystic En no Gyōja is widely considered as the patriarch of Shugendō, having first organized Shugendō as a doctrine. Shugendō literally means "the path of training and testing" or "the way to spiritual power through discipline." Shugendō practitioners are also said to be descendants of the Kōya Hijiri monks of the eighth and ninth centuries.From the ninth century, elements of Vajrayana Buddhism such as Shingon and Tendai Buddhism were taken into Shugendō and it developed further. In the Heian period, it became very popular among the nobles living in Kyoto to visit Kumano Sanzan (three major shrines, Kumano Hongū Taisha, Kumano Hayatama Taisha and Kumano Nachi Taisha), which was the common holy place of Shugendō, Shinto and Buddhism.The Meiji government, which erected a barrier between Shinto and Buddhism, ruled that Shugendō was unacceptable because of its amalgamation of the two religions, and officially forbade it in 1872. With the advent of religious freedom in Japan after World War II, Shugendō was revived.In 1907, Yoshitaro Shibasaki and his team successfully climbed Mount Tsurugi, which was regarded as the last unclimbed mountain in Japan. However, they found a metal cane decoration and a sword on the top of the mountain, and it turned out that someone had reached the top before them. A later scientific investigation revealed that the metal cane decoration and sword dated from the late Nara period to the early Heian period and that shugenja had climbed Mount Tsurugi more than 1,000 years ago.The Ōmine mountain range, which stretches 100 km from north to south and connects Yoshino and Kumano, was historically the biggest practice place of Shugendō. The highest peak of the Ōmine mountain range is Mount Hakkyō at an altitude of 1915 m, and there are 75 places for ascetic practices along the mountain trail, and Ōminesan-ji Temple at the top of Mount Ōmine at an altitude of 1719 m is considered to be the highest sacred site of Shugendō. At present, the Ōmine mountain range is designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site "Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range" and Yoshino-Kumano National Park.In modern times, Shugendō is practiced mainly through Tendai and Shingon temples. Some temples include Kimpusen-ji in Yoshino (Tendai), Ideha Shrine in the Three Mountains of Dewa and Daigo-ji in Kyoto (Shingon).

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[ "Shugendō", "topic's main category", "Category:Shugendō" ]

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[ "SpaceX Starbase", "founded by", "SpaceX" ]

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[ "SpaceX Starbase", "owned by", "SpaceX" ]

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[ "Way of the Five Pecks of Rice", "founded by", "Zhang Daoling" ]

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[ "Reading Light", "founded by", "Mandatory Palestine" ]

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[ "Kelmscott Press", "founded by", "William Morris" ]

Background Before Morris founded the Kelmscott Press, he had a strong interest in book design. Morris and Burne-Johes both admired illuminated manuscripts, and visited the Bodleian Library often to admire them. They also admired the works of Chaucer and Dürer. Morris carefully studied the techniques of the illuminators and the woodblock carvers in hopes of reviving that type of craftsmanship. Morris had some experience in contributing to and designing books before he founded the Kelmscott Press. He designed and illuminated books by hand, starting in 1870 with an anthology of his own poetry, A Book of Verse. He designed as well as wrote The House of Wolfings (1889) and The Roots of the Mountains (1890); he also designed The Story of Gunnlaug the Worm-Tongue (1891). He had plans to make a richly illustrated version of his epic poem, The Earthly Paradise. He abandoned the project, but surviving trial pages show that the typefaces and illustrations are "incompatible".Morris was not merely trying to replicate 15th-century printing practices. He preferred the iron hand-press of the 19th century to the medieval wooden ones, because the weaker wooden presses had to print on wet paper to get a print from a woodblock. Printing on wet paper weakened the press and subsequently, the book itself. Conveniently, iron hand-presses were still readily available in the 1890s. While modern rotary presses focused on speed and affordability, Morris did not. Some book dealers and designers disliked the newly popular, poorly-produced books. Talbot Baines Reed, in an 1890 lecture on typography at the Society of Arts, complained that new typefaces were thin, harsh, and lacking dignity compared to old-face typefaces like Caslon and those of Nicholas Jenson. Morris expressed similar opinions.

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[ "European Court of Human Rights", "applies to jurisdiction", "Council of Europe" ]

The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR or ECtHR), also known as the Strasbourg Court, is an international court of the Council of Europe which interprets the European Convention on Human Rights. The court hears applications alleging that a contracting state has breached one or more of the human rights enumerated in the convention or its optional protocols to which a member state is a party. The European Convention on Human Rights is also referred to by the initials "ECHR". The court is based in Strasbourg, France. An application can be lodged by an individual, a group of individuals, or one or more of the other contracting states. Aside from judgments, the court can also issue advisory opinions. The convention was adopted within the context of the Council of Europe, and all of its 46 member states are contracting parties to the convention. Russia, having been expelled from the Council of Europe as of 16 March 2022, ceased to be a party to the convention with effect from 16 September 2022 in accordance with article 58. The court's primary means of judicial interpretation is the living instrument doctrine, meaning that the Convention is interpreted in light of present-day conditions. International law scholars consider the ECtHR to be the most effective international human rights court in the world. Nevertheless, the court has faced challenges with verdicts not implemented by the contracting parties.Jurisdiction The court has jurisdiction amongst the member states of the Council of Europe which includes almost every country in Europe except for Vatican City, Belarus and Russia. The jurisdiction of the court is generally divided into inter-state cases, applications by individuals against contracting states, and advisory opinions in accordance with Protocol No.2. Applications by individuals constitute the majority of cases heard by the court. A committee is constituted by three judges, chambers by seven judges, and a Grand Chamber by 17 judges.

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[ "European Court of Human Rights", "founded by", "European Convention on Human Rights" ]

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[ "European Court of Human Rights", "different from", "European Court of Justice" ]

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[ "European Court of Human Rights", "topic's main category", "Category:European Court of Human Rights" ]

The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR or ECtHR), also known as the Strasbourg Court, is an international court of the Council of Europe which interprets the European Convention on Human Rights. The court hears applications alleging that a contracting state has breached one or more of the human rights enumerated in the convention or its optional protocols to which a member state is a party. The European Convention on Human Rights is also referred to by the initials "ECHR". The court is based in Strasbourg, France. An application can be lodged by an individual, a group of individuals, or one or more of the other contracting states. Aside from judgments, the court can also issue advisory opinions. The convention was adopted within the context of the Council of Europe, and all of its 46 member states are contracting parties to the convention. Russia, having been expelled from the Council of Europe as of 16 March 2022, ceased to be a party to the convention with effect from 16 September 2022 in accordance with article 58. The court's primary means of judicial interpretation is the living instrument doctrine, meaning that the Convention is interpreted in light of present-day conditions. International law scholars consider the ECtHR to be the most effective international human rights court in the world. Nevertheless, the court has faced challenges with verdicts not implemented by the contracting parties.

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[ "OpenWSN", "founded by", "University of California, Berkeley" ]

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[ "OpenWSN", "founded by", "Open University of Catalonia" ]

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[ "LDS (automobile)", "founded by", "Doug Serrurier" ]

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[ "Goldman Sachs", "owner of", "200 West Street" ]

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[ "Goldman Sachs", "founded by", "Marcus Goldman" ]

History Founding and establishment Goldman Sachs was founded in New York City in 1869 by Marcus Goldman. In 1882, Goldman's son-in-law Samuel Sachs joined the firm. In 1885, Goldman took his son Henry and his son-in-law Ludwig Dreyfuss into the business and the firm adopted its present name, Goldman Sachs & Co. The company pioneered the use of commercial paper for entrepreneurs and joined the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) in 1896. By 1898, the firm's capital stood at $1.6 million.Goldman entered the initial public offering market in 1906 when it took Sears, Roebuck and Company public. The deal was facilitated by Henry Goldman's personal friendship with Julius Rosenwald, an owner of Sears. Other IPOs followed, including F. W. Woolworth and Continental Can. In 1912, Henry S. Bowers became the first non-member of the founding family to become a partner of the company and share in its profits.In 1917, under growing pressure from the other partners in the firm due to his pro-German stance, Henry Goldman resigned. The Sachs family gained full control of the firm until Waddill Catchings joined the company in 1918. By 1928, Catchings was the Goldman partner with the single largest stake in the firm.On December 4, 1928, the firm launched the Goldman Sachs Trading Corp, a closed-end fund. The fund failed during the Stock Market Crash of 1929, amid accusations that Goldman had engaged in share price manipulation and insider trading.

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[ "Goldman Sachs", "founded by", "Samuel Sachs" ]

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[ "Goldman Sachs", "owner of", "EagleBank" ]

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[ "Goldman Sachs", "topic's main category", "Category:Goldman Sachs" ]

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