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[
"Devonshire House Ball of 1897",
"participant",
"Victor Duleep Singh"
] |
The Devonshire House Ball or the Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball was an elaborate fancy dress ball, hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, held on 2 July 1897 at Devonshire House in Piccadilly to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria. Due to the many prominent royals, aristocrats, and society figures who attended as well as the overall lavishness of the ball, it was considered the event of the 1897 London Season.Notable attendees
At the ball, the attendees included:
The Prince of Wales, who dressed as the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitallers of Malta, and The Princess of Wales as Queen Marguerite de Valois and Hon. Louvima Knollys (daughter of Viscount Knollys) as her page.
The Duke of York as George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland, and The Duchess of York as a Lady of the Court of Marguerite de Valois.
Czar Nicholas II of Russia and Czarina of Russia dressed in old Court dress of the time of Peter the Great
Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, as Robert I, Duke of Normandy
Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire, as The Emperor Charles V, and The Duchess of Devonshire, who dressed as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra.
Lady Evelyn Cavendish (later Duchess of Devonshire), who attended in the dress of a Lady at the Court of the Empress Maria Theresa, while her husband, who later became the 9th Duke of Devonshire, dressed in sixteenth-century costume.
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia, the Duchess of Connaught
Francis, Duke of Teck and Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, the Duchess of Teck
Charles Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough and Consuelo Vanderbilt, the Duchess of Marlborough
Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery, the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Lady Randolph Spencer-Churchill, the mother of Winston Churchill, attended in byzantine costume as the Empress Theodora
Sir Henry Irving, the actor
Arthur James Balfour
Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick, the wife of Francis Greville, 5th Earl of Warwick, dressed as Marie Antoinette.
Charlotte Spencer, Countess Spencer, the wife of John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer, dressed as Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox, the mother of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley.
Arnold Morley
Henry Innes-Ker, 8th Duke of Roxburghe
Lord Basil Blackwood
Prince Victor Duleep Singh, the son of Maharajah Duleep Singh, also attended the Ball.
Ernest Cassel
Alfred Beit
Rupert Guinness, 2nd Earl of Iveagh
Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild
John Hay, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom
Henry White, as Henri de Lorraine, Duc de Guise, and his wife, Margaret Stuyvesant Rutherfurd, as Morosina Morosini
General Blue and Miss Sanger, guests from the United States Embassy, wore 18th-century velvet court dress.
The Duchess of Newcastle dressed as Princess Dashkova
Prince Charles of Denmark and Princess Charles of Denmark and Princess Victoria, who dressed as Ladies of the Court of Marguerite de Valois
The Duchess of Rutland as Mary Isabella, Duchess of Rutland after Cosway.
Lady Lister-Kaye, the sister of the Duchess of Manchester and the wife of Sir John Pepys Lister-Kaye, 3rd Baronet as the Duchesse de Guise in the time of Henry III.
Thomas Lister, 4th Baron Ribblesdale and Lady Ribblesdale.
Roundell Palmer, 1st Earl of Selborne and Lady Selborne.
The Marchioness of Londonderry, wife of Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 6th Marquess of Londonderry, dressed as Maria Theresa of Austria.
| null | null | null | null | 37 |
[
"Devonshire House Ball of 1897",
"participant",
"Arthur, Duke of Connaught (1850-1942)"
] |
The Devonshire House Ball or the Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball was an elaborate fancy dress ball, hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, held on 2 July 1897 at Devonshire House in Piccadilly to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria. Due to the many prominent royals, aristocrats, and society figures who attended as well as the overall lavishness of the ball, it was considered the event of the 1897 London Season.Notable attendees
At the ball, the attendees included:
The Prince of Wales, who dressed as the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitallers of Malta, and The Princess of Wales as Queen Marguerite de Valois and Hon. Louvima Knollys (daughter of Viscount Knollys) as her page.
The Duke of York as George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland, and The Duchess of York as a Lady of the Court of Marguerite de Valois.
Czar Nicholas II of Russia and Czarina of Russia dressed in old Court dress of the time of Peter the Great
Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, as Robert I, Duke of Normandy
Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire, as The Emperor Charles V, and The Duchess of Devonshire, who dressed as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra.
Lady Evelyn Cavendish (later Duchess of Devonshire), who attended in the dress of a Lady at the Court of the Empress Maria Theresa, while her husband, who later became the 9th Duke of Devonshire, dressed in sixteenth-century costume.
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia, the Duchess of Connaught
Francis, Duke of Teck and Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, the Duchess of Teck
Charles Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough and Consuelo Vanderbilt, the Duchess of Marlborough
Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery, the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Lady Randolph Spencer-Churchill, the mother of Winston Churchill, attended in byzantine costume as the Empress Theodora
Sir Henry Irving, the actor
Arthur James Balfour
Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick, the wife of Francis Greville, 5th Earl of Warwick, dressed as Marie Antoinette.
Charlotte Spencer, Countess Spencer, the wife of John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer, dressed as Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox, the mother of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley.
Arnold Morley
Henry Innes-Ker, 8th Duke of Roxburghe
Lord Basil Blackwood
Prince Victor Duleep Singh, the son of Maharajah Duleep Singh, also attended the Ball.
Ernest Cassel
Alfred Beit
Rupert Guinness, 2nd Earl of Iveagh
Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild
John Hay, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom
Henry White, as Henri de Lorraine, Duc de Guise, and his wife, Margaret Stuyvesant Rutherfurd, as Morosina Morosini
General Blue and Miss Sanger, guests from the United States Embassy, wore 18th-century velvet court dress.
The Duchess of Newcastle dressed as Princess Dashkova
Prince Charles of Denmark and Princess Charles of Denmark and Princess Victoria, who dressed as Ladies of the Court of Marguerite de Valois
The Duchess of Rutland as Mary Isabella, Duchess of Rutland after Cosway.
Lady Lister-Kaye, the sister of the Duchess of Manchester and the wife of Sir John Pepys Lister-Kaye, 3rd Baronet as the Duchesse de Guise in the time of Henry III.
Thomas Lister, 4th Baron Ribblesdale and Lady Ribblesdale.
Roundell Palmer, 1st Earl of Selborne and Lady Selborne.
The Marchioness of Londonderry, wife of Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 6th Marquess of Londonderry, dressed as Maria Theresa of Austria.
| null | null | null | null | 38 |
[
"Devonshire House Ball of 1897",
"participant",
"Mary Adelaide, Princess [Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge], duchess of Teck (1833–1897), philanthropist"
] |
The Devonshire House Ball or the Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball was an elaborate fancy dress ball, hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, held on 2 July 1897 at Devonshire House in Piccadilly to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria. Due to the many prominent royals, aristocrats, and society figures who attended as well as the overall lavishness of the ball, it was considered the event of the 1897 London Season.Devonshire House Ball
In 1897, The Duke and Duchess of Devonshire hosted the Devonshire House Ball at Devonshire House, the London residence (in Piccadilly) of the Dukes of Devonshire in the 18th and 19th centuries. The Duke had served as a Member of Parliament and a cabinet minister as a member of the Liberal Party and the Duchess, known as the Double Duchess, was the widow of the William Montagu, 7th Duke of Manchester.Following the death of Prince Albert in 1861, Queen Victoria had withdrawn from social life and "the mantle of royal entertaining" was passed to the Prince of Wales and his wife, Alexandra. During the 1870s, they hosted a costume ball at Marlborough House, their London residence, which was considered a success and carried on the popularity of such events. The Devonshires, who were close friends of the Prince and Princess of Wales, therefore, decided to throw a costume ball to celebrate Queen Victoria's diamond jubilee. The Queen's Diamond Jubilee procession had taken place on 22 June 1897 and followed a route six miles long through London. More than 700 invitations were sent out a month before the event, although some reports of the event stated up to 3,000 invites. By accident, Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Maria, the Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha did not receive invitations. When the Duchess of Devonshire saw her at a different jubilee fête and asked if she was coming, "the Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha freezingly replied, 'Certainly not'".While the Queen did not attend, almost all of the British royal family attended the ball and nearly every other European royal family was represented.
The Duke of Devonshire invited the London photographic firm of James Lafayette, who had been awarded a Royal Warrant ten years previously, to set up a tent (in the garden behind the house) to photograph the guests in costume during the Ball. In 1899, the studio of Walker & Boutal published 286 of the Lafayette photographs.Following the ball, The Duchess received a letter from Francis Knollys, Private Secretary to the Sovereign, indicating that the Prince, later King Edward VII, who arrived after 11 o'clock, thought the party a success.Notable attendees
At the ball, the attendees included:
The Prince of Wales, who dressed as the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitallers of Malta, and The Princess of Wales as Queen Marguerite de Valois and Hon. Louvima Knollys (daughter of Viscount Knollys) as her page.
The Duke of York as George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland, and The Duchess of York as a Lady of the Court of Marguerite de Valois.
Czar Nicholas II of Russia and Czarina of Russia dressed in old Court dress of the time of Peter the Great
Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, as Robert I, Duke of Normandy
Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire, as The Emperor Charles V, and The Duchess of Devonshire, who dressed as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra.
Lady Evelyn Cavendish (later Duchess of Devonshire), who attended in the dress of a Lady at the Court of the Empress Maria Theresa, while her husband, who later became the 9th Duke of Devonshire, dressed in sixteenth-century costume.
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia, the Duchess of Connaught
Francis, Duke of Teck and Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, the Duchess of Teck
Charles Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough and Consuelo Vanderbilt, the Duchess of Marlborough
Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery, the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Lady Randolph Spencer-Churchill, the mother of Winston Churchill, attended in byzantine costume as the Empress Theodora
Sir Henry Irving, the actor
Arthur James Balfour
Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick, the wife of Francis Greville, 5th Earl of Warwick, dressed as Marie Antoinette.
Charlotte Spencer, Countess Spencer, the wife of John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer, dressed as Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox, the mother of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley.
Arnold Morley
Henry Innes-Ker, 8th Duke of Roxburghe
Lord Basil Blackwood
Prince Victor Duleep Singh, the son of Maharajah Duleep Singh, also attended the Ball.
Ernest Cassel
Alfred Beit
Rupert Guinness, 2nd Earl of Iveagh
Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild
John Hay, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom
Henry White, as Henri de Lorraine, Duc de Guise, and his wife, Margaret Stuyvesant Rutherfurd, as Morosina Morosini
General Blue and Miss Sanger, guests from the United States Embassy, wore 18th-century velvet court dress.
The Duchess of Newcastle dressed as Princess Dashkova
Prince Charles of Denmark and Princess Charles of Denmark and Princess Victoria, who dressed as Ladies of the Court of Marguerite de Valois
The Duchess of Rutland as Mary Isabella, Duchess of Rutland after Cosway.
Lady Lister-Kaye, the sister of the Duchess of Manchester and the wife of Sir John Pepys Lister-Kaye, 3rd Baronet as the Duchesse de Guise in the time of Henry III.
Thomas Lister, 4th Baron Ribblesdale and Lady Ribblesdale.
Roundell Palmer, 1st Earl of Selborne and Lady Selborne.
The Marchioness of Londonderry, wife of Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 6th Marquess of Londonderry, dressed as Maria Theresa of Austria.
| null | null | null | null | 39 |
[
"Devonshire House Ball of 1897",
"participant",
"Henry White"
] |
Notable attendees
At the ball, the attendees included:
The Prince of Wales, who dressed as the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitallers of Malta, and The Princess of Wales as Queen Marguerite de Valois and Hon. Louvima Knollys (daughter of Viscount Knollys) as her page.
The Duke of York as George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland, and The Duchess of York as a Lady of the Court of Marguerite de Valois.
Czar Nicholas II of Russia and Czarina of Russia dressed in old Court dress of the time of Peter the Great
Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, as Robert I, Duke of Normandy
Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire, as The Emperor Charles V, and The Duchess of Devonshire, who dressed as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra.
Lady Evelyn Cavendish (later Duchess of Devonshire), who attended in the dress of a Lady at the Court of the Empress Maria Theresa, while her husband, who later became the 9th Duke of Devonshire, dressed in sixteenth-century costume.
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia, the Duchess of Connaught
Francis, Duke of Teck and Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, the Duchess of Teck
Charles Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough and Consuelo Vanderbilt, the Duchess of Marlborough
Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery, the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Lady Randolph Spencer-Churchill, the mother of Winston Churchill, attended in byzantine costume as the Empress Theodora
Sir Henry Irving, the actor
Arthur James Balfour
Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick, the wife of Francis Greville, 5th Earl of Warwick, dressed as Marie Antoinette.
Charlotte Spencer, Countess Spencer, the wife of John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer, dressed as Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox, the mother of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley.
Arnold Morley
Henry Innes-Ker, 8th Duke of Roxburghe
Lord Basil Blackwood
Prince Victor Duleep Singh, the son of Maharajah Duleep Singh, also attended the Ball.
Ernest Cassel
Alfred Beit
Rupert Guinness, 2nd Earl of Iveagh
Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild
John Hay, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom
Henry White, as Henri de Lorraine, Duc de Guise, and his wife, Margaret Stuyvesant Rutherfurd, as Morosina Morosini
General Blue and Miss Sanger, guests from the United States Embassy, wore 18th-century velvet court dress.
The Duchess of Newcastle dressed as Princess Dashkova
Prince Charles of Denmark and Princess Charles of Denmark and Princess Victoria, who dressed as Ladies of the Court of Marguerite de Valois
The Duchess of Rutland as Mary Isabella, Duchess of Rutland after Cosway.
Lady Lister-Kaye, the sister of the Duchess of Manchester and the wife of Sir John Pepys Lister-Kaye, 3rd Baronet as the Duchesse de Guise in the time of Henry III.
Thomas Lister, 4th Baron Ribblesdale and Lady Ribblesdale.
Roundell Palmer, 1st Earl of Selborne and Lady Selborne.
The Marchioness of Londonderry, wife of Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 6th Marquess of Londonderry, dressed as Maria Theresa of Austria.
| null | null | null | null | 40 |
[
"Devonshire House Ball of 1897",
"participant",
"William Palmer, 2nd Earl of Selborne"
] |
The Devonshire House Ball or the Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball was an elaborate fancy dress ball, hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, held on 2 July 1897 at Devonshire House in Piccadilly to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria. Due to the many prominent royals, aristocrats, and society figures who attended as well as the overall lavishness of the ball, it was considered the event of the 1897 London Season.
| null | null | null | null | 41 |
[
"Devonshire House Ball of 1897",
"participant",
"Arnold Morley"
] |
Notable attendees
At the ball, the attendees included:
The Prince of Wales, who dressed as the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitallers of Malta, and The Princess of Wales as Queen Marguerite de Valois and Hon. Louvima Knollys (daughter of Viscount Knollys) as her page.
The Duke of York as George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland, and The Duchess of York as a Lady of the Court of Marguerite de Valois.
Czar Nicholas II of Russia and Czarina of Russia dressed in old Court dress of the time of Peter the Great
Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, as Robert I, Duke of Normandy
Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire, as The Emperor Charles V, and The Duchess of Devonshire, who dressed as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra.
Lady Evelyn Cavendish (later Duchess of Devonshire), who attended in the dress of a Lady at the Court of the Empress Maria Theresa, while her husband, who later became the 9th Duke of Devonshire, dressed in sixteenth-century costume.
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia, the Duchess of Connaught
Francis, Duke of Teck and Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, the Duchess of Teck
Charles Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough and Consuelo Vanderbilt, the Duchess of Marlborough
Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery, the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Lady Randolph Spencer-Churchill, the mother of Winston Churchill, attended in byzantine costume as the Empress Theodora
Sir Henry Irving, the actor
Arthur James Balfour
Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick, the wife of Francis Greville, 5th Earl of Warwick, dressed as Marie Antoinette.
Charlotte Spencer, Countess Spencer, the wife of John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer, dressed as Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox, the mother of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley.
Arnold Morley
Henry Innes-Ker, 8th Duke of Roxburghe
Lord Basil Blackwood
Prince Victor Duleep Singh, the son of Maharajah Duleep Singh, also attended the Ball.
Ernest Cassel
Alfred Beit
Rupert Guinness, 2nd Earl of Iveagh
Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild
John Hay, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom
Henry White, as Henri de Lorraine, Duc de Guise, and his wife, Margaret Stuyvesant Rutherfurd, as Morosina Morosini
General Blue and Miss Sanger, guests from the United States Embassy, wore 18th-century velvet court dress.
The Duchess of Newcastle dressed as Princess Dashkova
Prince Charles of Denmark and Princess Charles of Denmark and Princess Victoria, who dressed as Ladies of the Court of Marguerite de Valois
The Duchess of Rutland as Mary Isabella, Duchess of Rutland after Cosway.
Lady Lister-Kaye, the sister of the Duchess of Manchester and the wife of Sir John Pepys Lister-Kaye, 3rd Baronet as the Duchesse de Guise in the time of Henry III.
Thomas Lister, 4th Baron Ribblesdale and Lady Ribblesdale.
Roundell Palmer, 1st Earl of Selborne and Lady Selborne.
The Marchioness of Londonderry, wife of Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 6th Marquess of Londonderry, dressed as Maria Theresa of Austria.
| null | null | null | null | 42 |
[
"Devonshire House Ball of 1897",
"participant",
"Basil Temple Blackwood"
] | null | null | null | null | 43 |
|
[
"Devonshire House Ball of 1897",
"participant",
"Charlotte Spencer, Countess Spencer"
] |
The Devonshire House Ball or the Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball was an elaborate fancy dress ball, hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, held on 2 July 1897 at Devonshire House in Piccadilly to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria. Due to the many prominent royals, aristocrats, and society figures who attended as well as the overall lavishness of the ball, it was considered the event of the 1897 London Season.Notable attendees
At the ball, the attendees included:
The Prince of Wales, who dressed as the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitallers of Malta, and The Princess of Wales as Queen Marguerite de Valois and Hon. Louvima Knollys (daughter of Viscount Knollys) as her page.
The Duke of York as George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland, and The Duchess of York as a Lady of the Court of Marguerite de Valois.
Czar Nicholas II of Russia and Czarina of Russia dressed in old Court dress of the time of Peter the Great
Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, as Robert I, Duke of Normandy
Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire, as The Emperor Charles V, and The Duchess of Devonshire, who dressed as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra.
Lady Evelyn Cavendish (later Duchess of Devonshire), who attended in the dress of a Lady at the Court of the Empress Maria Theresa, while her husband, who later became the 9th Duke of Devonshire, dressed in sixteenth-century costume.
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia, the Duchess of Connaught
Francis, Duke of Teck and Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, the Duchess of Teck
Charles Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough and Consuelo Vanderbilt, the Duchess of Marlborough
Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery, the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Lady Randolph Spencer-Churchill, the mother of Winston Churchill, attended in byzantine costume as the Empress Theodora
Sir Henry Irving, the actor
Arthur James Balfour
Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick, the wife of Francis Greville, 5th Earl of Warwick, dressed as Marie Antoinette.
Charlotte Spencer, Countess Spencer, the wife of John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer, dressed as Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox, the mother of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley.
Arnold Morley
Henry Innes-Ker, 8th Duke of Roxburghe
Lord Basil Blackwood
Prince Victor Duleep Singh, the son of Maharajah Duleep Singh, also attended the Ball.
Ernest Cassel
Alfred Beit
Rupert Guinness, 2nd Earl of Iveagh
Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild
John Hay, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom
Henry White, as Henri de Lorraine, Duc de Guise, and his wife, Margaret Stuyvesant Rutherfurd, as Morosina Morosini
General Blue and Miss Sanger, guests from the United States Embassy, wore 18th-century velvet court dress.
The Duchess of Newcastle dressed as Princess Dashkova
Prince Charles of Denmark and Princess Charles of Denmark and Princess Victoria, who dressed as Ladies of the Court of Marguerite de Valois
The Duchess of Rutland as Mary Isabella, Duchess of Rutland after Cosway.
Lady Lister-Kaye, the sister of the Duchess of Manchester and the wife of Sir John Pepys Lister-Kaye, 3rd Baronet as the Duchesse de Guise in the time of Henry III.
Thomas Lister, 4th Baron Ribblesdale and Lady Ribblesdale.
Roundell Palmer, 1st Earl of Selborne and Lady Selborne.
The Marchioness of Londonderry, wife of Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 6th Marquess of Londonderry, dressed as Maria Theresa of Austria.
| null | null | null | null | 44 |
[
"Spoiled child",
"cause",
"spoiling"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Spoiled child",
"different from",
"bright young things"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"January–February 2019 North American cold wave",
"cause",
"polar vortex"
] |
In late January 2019, a severe cold wave caused by a weakened jet stream around the Arctic polar vortex hit the Midwestern United States and Eastern Canada, killing at least 22 people. It came after a winter storm brought up to 13 inches (33 cm) of snow in some regions from January 27–29, and brought the coldest temperatures in over 20 years to most locations in the affected region, including some all-time record lows. In early February, a concentration of Arctic air colloquially referred to as the "polar vortex" moved west, and became locked over Western Canada and the Western United States. As a result, February 2019 was among the coldest and snowiest on record in these regions. In early March, the cold once again shifted east, breaking records in many areas. In mid-March, the cold wave finally retreated, but combined with above-average temperatures, precipitation, and a deep snowpack, widespread flooding ensued in the Central US.
| null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"LOT Polish Airlines Flight 16",
"cause",
"leak"
] |
LOT Polish Airlines Flight 16 was a Boeing 767 passenger jet on a scheduled service from Newark, United States, to Warsaw, Poland, that on 1 November 2011 made a successful gear-up emergency landing at Warsaw Chopin Airport, after its landing gear failed to extend. All 231 aboard survived without serious injuries. A leak in one of the aircraft's hydraulic systems occurred shortly after takeoff, resulting in the loss of all of the hydraulic fluid supplying the primary landing gear system.Investigation
The preliminary report by the SCAAI found that a hydraulic leak occurred shortly after takeoff, after the landing gear and flaps were retracted. The leak was caused by excessive bending of a flexible hose in the center hydraulic system, resulting in the loss of all fluid in that system. The drop in pressure was indicated by the EICAS and recorded by the flight data recorder.
Later investigation indicated a popped circuit breaker just to the right of the F/O at floor level would have enabled the electric motor for releasing the undercarriage. The breaker was reset after landing and the undercarriage extended normally.The final report of the accident was released in 2017. The causes of the accident were the center hydraulic hose leak, the C829 circuit breaker popping, and the flight crew's failure to detect the C829 breaker during the approach, which could have allowed them to lower the landing gear. Contributing factors were the lack of safeguards to prevent accidental opening of circuit breakers, the C829 circuit breaker being in a low position where the flight crew would have difficulty noticing its condition, LOT's operations center inadequate procedures, and LOT's failure to incorporate a Boeing service bulletin on the prevention of excessive bending in the hydraulic system hose.
| null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"LOT Polish Airlines Flight 16",
"cause",
"landing gear deployment failure"
] |
LOT Polish Airlines Flight 16 was a Boeing 767 passenger jet on a scheduled service from Newark, United States, to Warsaw, Poland, that on 1 November 2011 made a successful gear-up emergency landing at Warsaw Chopin Airport, after its landing gear failed to extend. All 231 aboard survived without serious injuries. A leak in one of the aircraft's hydraulic systems occurred shortly after takeoff, resulting in the loss of all of the hydraulic fluid supplying the primary landing gear system.History of the flight
LOT Polish Airlines Flight 16 was scheduled to arrive at Warsaw Chopin Airport from Newark Liberty International Airport on 1 November 2011 at 13:35 CET with 220 passengers and 11 crew on board. The aircraft operating the service was a Boeing 767-35DER, registered SP-LPC, named Poznań, serial number 28656. It was first delivered to LOT in 1997.Within 30 minutes of departing from Newark, the crew received a warning that the center hydraulic system had malfunctioned. The decision was made to continue to Warsaw in order to use up the heavy load of fuel needed for the transatlantic flight. The aircraft proceeded to approach as normal, but aborted when the landing gear failed to deploy.The crew informed Warsaw air traffic control (ATC) that they were unable to lower the landing gear due to a hydraulic system failure. The captain decided to circle the airport for over an hour, to consume excess fuel and to allow time for ground emergency services to prepare for the landing. Visual observation by two Polish Air Force F-16 fighter jets verified that none of the landing gear were down; attempts to lower the landing gear by alternative means failed.
| null | null | null | null | 9 |
[
"1994 Black Hawk shootdown incident",
"cause",
"friendly fire"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"1994 Black Hawk shootdown incident",
"participant",
"United States Army"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"1994 Black Hawk shootdown incident",
"participant",
"United States Air Force"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"1980 Catalan regional election",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Catalonia"
] |
Results
Overall
Distribution by constituency
Aftermath
Analysis
On a turnout of 61.3%, which was seen as high by political leaders at the time, Convergence and Union (CiU) emerged as the largest political force with 27.8% of the share and 43 seats, which came as a surprising victory over the Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC–PSOE) which had been widely expected to form the next regional government of Catalonia. Instead, the PSC–PSOE secured 22.4% of the vote and 33 seats, losing many votes compared to the previous 1979 general election in what was seen as an electoral punishment to the PSC's ambiguous position on the issue of Catalan nationalism—said to have cost it the support from Catalan centre-left bourgeoisie voters, losing them both to the Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia (PSUC) (which obtained 18.8% of the vote and 25 seats) and to the Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) (8.9% of the share and 14 seats)—but also to the ongoing internal tensions between the more pro-Catalan faction made of former Socialist Party of Catalonia–Congress members and the more pro-Spanish faction from the former Catalan Socialist Federation, as well as Joan Reventós's little appeal among working class voters.Results for the Centrists of Catalonia (CC–UCD) alliance were seen as negative, after securing only 10.6% of the vote and 18 seats when compared to the 19.3% it had obtained in the 1979 general election, in what was perceived as a tactical voting from centrist voters in favour of Jordi Pujol's CiU to prevent any chances of a Socialist—Communist government from being formed. The Socialist Party of Andalusia–Andalusian Party (PSA–PA) was able to get elected to parliament with 2.7% and 2 seats, after narrowly surpassing the 3% threshold in the province of Barcelona. Incumbent President Josep Tarradellas was said to have cast a blank ballot, after his attempts to run for re-election proved unsuccessful amid his growing mistrust of Catalan political parties.At the national level, results were seen as a failure in the consolidation of the UCD–PSOE bipartisanship, but also as another in a row of electoral defeats for the UCD: only one year into the legislature resulting from the 1979 election, the governing party in Spain had been trounced in the Andalusian autonomy initiative referendum, had scored a humiliating result in the Basque regional election—where it lost 53.5% of its 1979 voters—and had sizeable losses in Catalonia amounting to about 226,000 out of its 513,000 votes in 1979. Eventually, these would be joined by disappointment over the dismal turnout at the 1980 Galician Statute of Autonomy referendum and further electoral setbacks in the November 1980 Senate by-elections in Almería and Seville, with the deterioration of Adolfo Suárez's public figure leading to increasing internal struggling within the party and to his resignation as Prime Minister in January 1981. The enormous losses sustained by the UCD in the 1981 Galician regional election would see the party entering into a state of crisis and decay, culminating in crushing defeats in the Andalusian regional and Spanish general elections held throughout 1982, ultimately leading to the UCD's dissolution in February 1983.
| null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"1980 Catalan regional election",
"follows",
"1932 Catalan regional election"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"1980 Catalan regional election",
"cause",
"Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 1979"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"1980 Catalan regional election",
"followed by",
"1984 Catalan regional election"
] | null | null | null | null | 24 |
|
[
"1980 Catalan regional election",
"immediate cause of",
"Govern de Catalunya 1980-1984"
] | null | null | null | null | 27 |
|
[
"Ekō-in",
"cause",
"Great Fire of Meireki"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Death and state funeral of Hirohito",
"cause",
"duodenum cancer"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Stresa–Mottarone cable car crash",
"cause",
"structural failure"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"2012 Hungarian presidential election",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Hungary"
] |
An early indirect presidential election was held in Hungary on 2 May 2012, following the resignation of Pál Schmitt as President of Hungary on 2 April 2012. János Áder was elected president with an absolute majority.
| null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"2012 Hungarian presidential election",
"follows",
"2010 Hungarian presidential election"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"2012 Hungarian presidential election",
"cause",
"Pál Schmitt academic misconduct controversy"
] |
Background
Pál Schmitt was elected head of state of Hungary in summer 2010, following the 2010 Hungarian parliamentary election in which Fidesz came out with an absolute majority of seats and PM Viktor Orbán nominated him.As a result of an allegation of academic misconduct he was stripped by a legal session of the Senate of the SOTE of his doctorate degree on 29 March. On 2 April, Schmitt told Parliament he would resign as President saying that "under the Constitution, the President must represent the unity of the Hungarian nation. I have unfortunately become a symbol of division; I feel it is my duty to leave my position." Speaker of the National Assembly László Kövér then took over as acting president according to the Constitution of Hungary, which also mandates the National Assembly has 30 days to elect a new president. One of the five Deputy Speakers of the Parliament, Sándor Lezsák, was commissioned with exercising the Speaker's rights and responsibilities in the interim period.
| null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"2012 Hungarian presidential election",
"followed by",
"2017 Hungarian presidential election"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Kiel mutiny",
"cause",
"Naval order of 24 October 1918"
] |
Naval order of 24 October 1918
In October 1918, the imperial naval command in Kiel under Admiral Franz von Hipper planned to dispatch the fleet for a final battle against the Royal Navy in the English Channel. The naval order of 24 October 1918 and the preparations to sail triggered a mutiny among the affected sailors and then a general revolution which was to sweep aside the monarchy within a few days.
| null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Kiel mutiny",
"immediate cause of",
"German Revolution of 1918–1919"
] |
The Kiel mutiny (German: Kieler Matrosenaufstand) was a major revolt by sailors of the German High Seas Fleet on 3 November 1918. The revolt triggered the German revolution which was to sweep aside the monarchy within a few days. It ultimately led to the end of the German Empire and to the establishment of the Weimar Republic.Naval order of 24 October 1918
In October 1918, the imperial naval command in Kiel under Admiral Franz von Hipper planned to dispatch the fleet for a final battle against the Royal Navy in the English Channel. The naval order of 24 October 1918 and the preparations to sail triggered a mutiny among the affected sailors and then a general revolution which was to sweep aside the monarchy within a few days.
| null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Russian Armenia",
"cause",
"Russo-Persian War of 1826–28"
] |
The Russian annexation and Persia's ceding
A turning-point came in 1801 when the Russians annexed the Georgian Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti, giving them a foothold in Transcaucasia. Over the next three decades, Russia sought to further expand its territory in the Caucasus at the expense of Ottoman Turkey and Qajar Iran. The Russian campaigns found enthusiastic support amongst the Armenians, led by the Bishop of Tbilisi, Nerses Ashtaraketsi, who took part in the fighting in person. The Russo-Persian War of 1804–1813 saw the Russians conquer a bit of territory in eastern Armenia only to renounce most of it at the Treaty of Gulistan.
In 1826, in violation of the Gulistan treaty, the Russians occupied parts of Iran's Erivan Khanate. This sparked the final bout of hostilities between the two; the Russo-Persian War of 1826–1828. In the subsequent war that raged, (Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)), the Qajarid Iranians suffered an even bigger disaster, as Russia occupied as far as Tabriz in mainland Iran. At the end of the war, in 1828, with the Treaty of Turkmenchay, Iran was forced to cede its territories comprising the Erivan Khanate (comprising modern-day Armenia), the Nakhichevan Khanate, as well as the remainder of the Republic of Azerbaijan that had not been ceded forcefully in 1813. By this time, in 1828, the century-long Iranian rule over Eastern Armenia had thus officially come to an end.
| null | null | null | null | 9 |
[
"Pidgin",
"different from",
"Pidgin"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Pidgin",
"cause",
"language contact"
] |
prolonged, regular contact between the different language communities
a need to communicate between them
an absence of (or absence of widespread proficiency in) a widespread, accessible interlanguageKeith Whinnom (in Hymes (1971)) suggests that pidgins need three languages to form, with one (the superstrate) being clearly dominant over the others.
Linguists sometimes posit that pidgins can become creole languages when a generation of children learn a pidgin as their first language,
a process that regularizes speaker-dependent variation in grammar. Creoles can then replace the existing mix of languages to become the native language of a community (such as the Chavacano language in the Philippines, Krio in Sierra Leone, and Tok Pisin in Papua New Guinea). However, not all pidgins become creole languages; a pidgin may die out before this phase would occur (e.g. the Mediterranean Lingua Franca).
Other scholars, such as Salikoko Mufwene, argue that pidgins and creoles arise independently under different circumstances, and that a pidgin need not always precede a creole nor a creole evolve from a pidgin. Pidgins, according to Mufwene, emerged among trade colonies among "users who preserved their native vernaculars for their day-to-day interactions". Creoles, meanwhile, developed in settlement colonies in which speakers of a European language, often indentured servants whose language would be far from the standard in the first place, interacted extensively with non-European slaves, absorbing certain words and features from the slaves' non-European native languages, resulting in a heavily basilectalized version of the original language. These servants and slaves would come to use the creole as an everyday vernacular, rather than merely in situations in which contact with a speaker of the superstrate was necessary.
| null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Pidgin",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Pidgins"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Allogenic succession",
"cause",
"abiotic component"
] |
Example
The majority of Salt Marsh development comes from allogenic succession. The constant exposure to water in the intertidal zone causes the soil of a salt marsh to change over time. This results in sedimentation and nutrient buildup that also slowly raises the level of the land. What started as a sandy soil with a slightly high pH level, eventually becomes a loamy soil with a more neutral pH level. During this period, the soil-salinity will also change by starting low and eventually rising to higher levels from continued seawater exposure.
Glacier forelands are another example of ecosystems that form from autogenic but also partly allogenic succession. The importance of which is estimated to be higher in earlier successional stages, regarding rock formations, slope angles and soil composition.
| null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Dysbaric osteonecrosis",
"cause",
"decompression sickness"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"2023 Nagano attack",
"cause",
"resentment"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Assassination of Shinzo Abe",
"cause",
"resentment"
] |
Reactions
Domestic
Incumbent prime minister Fumio Kishida called the assassination an "unforgivable act" and an "act of cowardly barbarism". Noting that Abe was shot while delivering a campaign speech, Kishida also denounced the assassination as an attack on Japan's democracy and vowed to defend a "free and fair election at all costs".Before Abe's death was announced, Governor of Tokyo Yuriko Koike stated that "no matter the reason, such a heinous act is absolutely unforgivable. It is an affront against democracy." Kazuo Shii, chairman of the Japanese Communist Party, called the assassination "barbaric", an attack on free speech and an act of terrorism in a post to Twitter. Tomohiko Taniguchi, a former advisor to Abe, compared his death to the assassination of John F. Kennedy in terms of likely social impact in Japan.Tomoaki Onizuka, head of Nara Prefecture Police, acknowledged security lapses at the political rally where Abe was killed, and pledged to identify and resolve the flaws, "It is undeniable that there were problems with the security for former prime minister Abe, and we will immediately identify the problems and take appropriate measures to resolve them".On 11 July, Kishida's cabinet decided to award Abe Junior First Rank (Ju Ichi'i (従一位)), as well as the Collar of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum and Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum (Dai Kun'i Kikkashō Keishoku (大勲位菊花章頸飾)) effective 8 July, making Abe the fourth former prime minister since Yasuhiro Nakasone to be conferred the Collar under the current Constitution.Individuals, non-governmental organisations and sports
The University of Southern California (USC) paid special condolences to Abe, who attended the university for three semesters studying English and Public Policy during a study abroad program. USC's president Carol Folt personally sent her own condolences.The International Olympic Committee (IOC) president, Thomas Bach, recognised Abe for being instrumental in securing the 2020 Summer Olympics for Tokyo before his tenure ended in 2020 as well as his "vision, determination and dependability" that enabled the IOC to make an unprecedented decision to postpone the Olympics by a year. The Olympic flag was flown in Lausanne at half-mast for three days.Despite official condolences sent by the Chinese and South Korean governments, many Chinese and South Korean internet users were unsympathetic to Abe's death. This stemmed from grievances concerning historical colonialism and war crimes by Imperial Japan, and towards nationalist Japanese politicians – including Abe – who denied or questioned some accounts of the atrocities. In Japan, the assassination led to a renewed level of scrutiny of the ties between the Unification Church and the Liberal Democratic Party, with the newspaper Mainichi Shimbun running an editorial denouncing the LDP's ties to the organisation; anti-Unification Church slogans trended in Japan on social media platforms, and an online petition was launched seeking to deny Abe state honours due to his ties to the group. As of August 2022, approval for the Kishida government had fallen by 12%, and polling suggested that a majority of Japanese citizens were opposed to Abe being given a state funeral.The UN Security Council paid tribute to Abe, saying, "He will be remembered as a staunch defender of multilateralism, respected leader, and supporter of the United Nations."The American magazine Time unveiled the cover of its next issue, prominently featuring Abe's portrait in black and white. This will be Abe's fourth time featured on the magazine, with Time writing Abe would be "remembered for remaking Japan".
| null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Assassination of Shinzo Abe",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Asassination of Shinzō Abe"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Assassination of Shinzo Abe",
"followed by",
"state funeral of Shinzō Abe"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Order of Saint Lazarus (statuted 1910)",
"cause",
"Order of Saint Lazarus"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Order of Saint Lazarus (statuted 1910)",
"different from",
"Order of Saint Lazarus"
] |
Hospitaller Order of Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem (1995)
This body's website states that an organisation called the "United Grand Priories of the Hospitaller Order of Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem" was established in 1995. It is registered as a chivalric organisation within the United Nations and has a presence in many countries of the world, with a membership of 14,000 Lazarites. It is based in Edinburgh, Scotland, with an administrative presence in Malta, and it was under the leadership of Richard Comyns of Ludston (as Supreme Grand Prior) and the spiritual direction of Mgr Joseph Vella Gauci (as Grand Chaplain General) until the former's demise in 2020. The organisation claims to be chivalric, but it makes no claim to be an order of chivalry descended directly from the original Order of Saint Lazarus, or from the order statuted in 1910.In 2020, on the 25th anniversary since the founding of the United Grand Priories, HI&RH Sandor Habsburg-Lothringen, Archduke of Austria (elder son of Dominic von Habsburg), was appointed as Supreme Grand Prior of the organisation, together with a number of Grand Officers from various jurisdictions projecting the organisation's international presence.
It is very active within international and European fora and is a member of various United Nations initiatives, Amnesty International, the European Disability Forum, the European Network of Independent Living, Inclusion International and other institutions. Several distinguished personalities, including heads of state, nobility, high-ranking government ministers and public personalities, are members of this chivalric organisation.
The ranks of membership within this organisation are similar to other Lazarite chivalric organisations, starting from member of the order (MLJ), with the highest rank within the order being that of Knight Grand Cross (GCLJ) or Dame Grand Cross of the order. The organisation also has a prestigious Companionate of Merit for persons from all over the world who have aided and assisted the order or who have performed meritorious philanthropic or social work in their career. Whilst membership of the order is exclusively for Christians of all denominations, the Companionate of Merit is conferred regardless of religious affiliation. During investitures, members of the order wear black mantles with a green eight-pointed cross.Efforts to create a memorandum of understanding and cooperation agreements between the Hospitaller Order of Saint Lazarus and the various obediences within the Military and Hospitaller Order of Saint Lazarus were regularly brought up, especially during the years 2003–2004, but were never concluded in full.
| null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Order of Saint Lazarus (statuted 1910)",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Order of Saint Lazarus (statuted 1910)"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Poisoning of Alexei Navalny",
"cause",
"novichok"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Poisoning of Alexei Navalny",
"uses",
"novichok"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Poisoning of Alexei Navalny",
"cause",
"chemical warfare"
] |
Investigation by German authorities
Upon Navalny's admission to Charité hospital intensive care unit, toxicological analysis and drug screening in the patient's blood and urine samples was performed. Several drugs, including atropin were identified, whose presence was attributed to the previous treatment in Omsk. Cholinesterase status testing was performed in an external laboratory, and it showed virtually no activity of acetylcholinesterase in erythrocytes, which served as a strong evidence supporting exposure to cholinesterase inhibitor. Navalny's attending doctors from the Charité turned to Bundeswehr experts for help to check whether Navalny had been poisoned with a chemical warfare agent.On 2nd of September, 2020, the German government announced that scientists at the Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology obtained in unequivocal proof that Navalny was poisoned by Novichok type nerve agent Although the German government did not disclose any technical details about the exact procedure of Novichok's identification, as well as a concrete formula of the poison, Marc-Michael Blum, an expert in chemical weapons testing and former OPCW employee suggested that the alanytic procedure used by German chemists was similar to the one used for identification of Sarin poisoning, and it allows reliable identification of the poison at the ppb level. His opinion is in agreement with the opinion of Palmer Taylor, a pharmacologist at the University of California, San Diego.Traces of the Novichok nerve agent were found in blood and urine, as well as on Navalny's skin samples. Traces of the poison were also found on one of Navalny's bottles, which had previously been handed over to Berlin doctors, and on some other undisclosed object(s). Experts suggest that Navalny drank from it after he was poisoned, and left traces on it. Navalny's team suggested that he was possibly poisoned before leaving the hotel. It was also stated that before leaving Russia, Navalny's clothes were seized by the Russian government.Bruno Kahl, the head of Germany's foreign intelligence service, revealed that the Novichok agent identified from Navalny's toxicology results was a "harder" form than previously seen, suggesting it was a different compound from that used to poison the Skripals.The research results from the Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology were handed over to the OPCW.The Charité hospital, with Navalny's consent, published a scientific article titled "Novichok nerve agent poisoning" in the peer-reviewed medical journal The Lancet. In the article, 14 doctors described Navalny's clinical details and course of treatment. The doctors also confirmed that severe poisoning was the cause of Navalny's condition: "A laboratory of the German armed forces designated by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons identified an organophosphorus nerve agent from the Novichok group in blood samples collected immediately after the patient's admission to Charité." They also expressed the opinion that Navalny survived thanks to timely treatment and previous good health. After the publication, Navalny said that the evidence of the poisoning that Putin was demanding was now available to the whole world.
| null | null | null | null | 9 |
[
"Akahoya eruption",
"cause",
"Kikai Caldera"
] |
The Akahoya eruption or Kikai-Akahoya eruption was the strongest known volcanic eruption of the Kikai Caldera in Kyūshū, Japan. It ejected about 150 cubic kilometres (36 cu mi) of volcanic material, giving it a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 7.
| null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"OPANAL",
"cause",
"Treaty of Tlatelolco"
] |
The OPANAL (which stands for el Organismo para la Proscripción de las Armas Nucleares en la América Latina y el Caribe) is an international organization which promotes a non-aggression pact and nuclear disarmament in much of the Americas. In English, its name is the Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean. The agency was created as a result of the Treaty of Tlatelolco, ratified in 1969, which forbids its signatory nations from use, storage, or transport of nuclear weapons.
The first official Secretary General was Leopoldo Benites from Ecuador.
| null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Comey memos",
"main subject",
"communication"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Comey memos",
"significant event",
"publication"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Comey memos",
"cause",
"worry"
] |
Motivation
The New York Times reported that Comey had created the memos as a "paper trail" to document "what he perceived as the president's improper efforts to influence a continuing investigation". Comey shared his notes with "a very small circle of people at the FBI and Justice Department." Comey and other senior FBI officials perceived Trump's remarks "as an effort to influence the investigation, but they decided that they would try to keep the conversation secret—even from the F.B.I. agents working on the Russia investigation—so the details of the conversation would not affect the investigation."In his June 8 testimony, Comey explained that he had documented his conversations with Trump because he "was honestly concerned he (Trump) might lie" about them. "I knew there might come a day when I might need a record of what happened," he said. The Washington Post reported that two Comey associates who had seen the memo described it as two pages long and highly detailed. The Times noted that contemporaneous notes created by FBI agents are frequently relied upon "in court as credible evidence of conversations."
| null | null | null | null | 8 |
[
"Comey memos",
"significant event",
"disclosure"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Charter of the United Nations",
"main subject",
"United Nations"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Charter of the United Nations",
"cause",
"United Nations Conference on International Organization"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Charter of the United Nations",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Charter of the United Nations"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"National Masturbation Day",
"cause",
"Good Vibrations"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Operation Weak Meat",
"cause",
"meat scandal"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"The Plant List",
"cause",
"Global Strategy for Plant Conservation"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Magnesium deficiency",
"cause",
"magnesium deficiency"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Hellenistic Judaism",
"cause",
"Hellenization"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Hellenistic Judaism",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Hellenistic Judaism"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"War of the Austrian Succession",
"cause",
"Vertrag von Nymphenburg"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"War of the Austrian Succession",
"topic's main category",
"Category:War of the Austrian Succession"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"1990 oil price shock",
"cause",
"Invasion of Kuwait"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"2021 Scottish Liberal Democrats leadership election",
"cause",
"resignation"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Human overpopulation",
"different from",
"overpopulation"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Human overpopulation",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Human overpopulation think tanks"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Human overpopulation",
"cause",
"human population explosion"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Adidas Telstar",
"has use",
"1970 FIFA World Cup"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Adidas Telstar",
"different from",
"Telstar"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Adidas Telstar",
"cause",
"color television"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Adidas Telstar",
"has use",
"1968 UEFA European Championship"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"1977 Spanish general election",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"Spain"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"1977 Spanish general election",
"cause",
"Spanish transition to democracy"
] |
Background
The death of Francisco Franco in 1975 paved the way for Spain's transition from an autocratic, one-party dictatorship into a democratic, constitutional monarchy. As per the Succession Law of 1947, the Spanish monarchy was restored under the figure of Juan Carlos I, who quickly became the promoter of a peaceful democratic reform of state institutions. This move was supported by western countries, an important sector of Spanish and international capitalism, a majority of the opposition to Francoism—organized into the Democratic Convergence Platform and the Democratic Junta, which in 1976 would both merge into the Democratic Coordination—and a growing part of the Franco regime itself, weary of popular mobilization after the outcome of the Carnation Revolution in neighbouring Portugal in 1974. However, as incumbent Prime Minister Carlos Arias Navarro rejected any major transformation of the Spanish political system, rather supporting the preservation of Francoist laws, he was dismissed by the King in July 1976, who appointed Adolfo Suárez for the post.
Suárez's plans for political reform involved the transformation of Spanish institutions in accordance to the Francoist legal system through the approval of a "political reform bill" as a Fundamental Law of the Realm. This was meant as a step beyond Arias Navarro's plans to update—but preserve—the Francoist regime, with Suárez intending to implement democracy "from law to law through law"—in the words of Torcuato Fernández-Miranda—without the outright liquidation of the Francoist system as called for by opposition parties. Thus, on 18 November 1976, the 1977 Political Reform Act was passed by the Francoist Cortes, later ratified in a referendum on 15 December 1976 with overwhelming popular support. As set out in Suárez's scheme, the Act called for an electoral process to elect new Cortes that were to be responsible for drafting a democratic constitution.
| null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"1977 Spanish general election",
"followed by",
"1979 Spanish general election"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"1977 Spanish general election",
"follows",
"1936 Spanish general election"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Nixon goes to China",
"cause",
"1972 Nixon visit to China"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Nixon goes to China",
"different from",
"1972 Nixon visit to China"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Nixon goes to China",
"different from",
"Nixon in China"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Nixon goes to China",
"depicts",
"credibility"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Bloop",
"cause",
"ice calving"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Tobacco industry playbook",
"uses",
"talking point"
] |
History
The strategy was initiated at a crisis meeting between US tobacco executives and John Hill, of public relations company Hill & Knowlton, at the New York Plaza Hotel, in 1953, following the Reader's Digest's précis of an article from the Christian Herald titled "Cancer by the Carton", highlighting the emergent findings of epidemiologists including Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill. It led to the 1954 publication of A Frank Statement, an advertisement designed to cast doubt on the science showing serious health effects from smoking.
Tactics included:
"Fear, uncertainty and doubt", including funding studies designed to undermine scientific consensus on the health effects of tobacco and characterising findings of harm as "junk science";
Astroturfing;
Lobbying and political talking points;
Emphasising industry self-regulation and personal responsibility.Documents such as Bad Science: A Resource Book were used to promulgate talking points intended to cast doubt on scientific independence and political interference.Influence
The playbook has been adopted by the fossil fuel industry, in its efforts to stave off global action on climate change, and by those seeking to undermine the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) more generally. The manufacture and promotion of uncertainty, especially, has been identified as inspired directly by the tobacco industry.Recognising that it had little or no credibility with the public, and concerned about mounting pressure to act on environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), the tobacco industry actively recruited fellow enemies of the EPA, setting up the "Advancement of Sound Science Coalition" (TASSC), a fake grassroots group. Its first director was Steve Milloy, previously of APCO, the consultancy firm employed by Philip Morris to set up TASSC. Milloy subsequently set up junkscience.com, a website which equates environmentalists with Nazis and now promotes climate change denial. Many of the consultants who worked for the tobacco industry, have also worked for fossil fuel companies against action on climate change. TASSC hired Frederick Seitz and Fred Singer, both now prominent in climate change denial. Greg Zimmerman found a 2015 presentation titled "Survival Is Victory: Lessons From the Tobacco Wars" by Richard Reavey of Cloud Peak Energy (and formerly of Philip Morris) in which Reavey explicitly acknowledged the parallels and urged fellow coal executives to accept the facts of climate change and work with regulators on solutions that would preserve the industry. Both Fred Singer and Frederick Seitz are prominent figures in climate change denial who previously worked for the tobacco industry.Environmentalist George Monbiot identifies many groups that were funded by tobacco firms and subsequently by Exxon and other fossil fuel companies, and now actively take part in climate change denial, including the Competitive Enterprise Institute, the Cato Institute, the Heritage Foundation, the Hudson Institute, the Frontiers of Freedom Institute, the Reason Foundation, the Independent Institute, and George Mason University's Law and Economics Centre.Opponents of vaping also identify elements of the tobacco playbook in the e-cigarette industry's response to health concerns. Tobacco companies took stakes in soft drinks companies and used the same tactics around colours and flavours that they had used to target young potential smokers. The soft drinks industry's attempts to avoid sugary beverage taxes or other government action to reduce obesity draws upon elements of the tobacco playbook, including use of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programs as a PR strategy. Research contracts issued as part of CSR programmes allow soft drinks manufacturers to bury inconvenient results.A 2019 article in the Emory Law Journal made parallels to attempts by the National Football League to downplay the issue of CTE in football, with the New York Times noting a number of tobacco figures involved in the NFL's defence.The World Health Organization has subsequently published a tobacco control playbook.The public relations strategies of Big Tech companies have often been compared with the tobacco industry playbook.
| null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Tobacco industry playbook",
"cause",
"health effects of tobacco"
] |
The tobacco industry playbook, tobacco strategy or simply disinformation playbook describes a strategy devised by the tobacco industry in the 1950s to protect revenues in the face of mounting evidence of links between tobacco smoke and serious illnesses, primarily cancer. Much of the playbook is known from industry documents made public by whistleblowers or as a result of the Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement. These documents are now curated by the UCSF Truth Tobacco Industry Documents project and are a primary source for much commentary on both the tobacco playbook and its similarities to the tactics used by other industries, notably the fossil fuel industry. It is possible that the playbook may even have originated with the oil industry.A 1969 R. J. Reynolds internal memorandum noted, "Doubt is our product since it is the best means of competing with the 'body of fact' that exists in the mind of the general public."In Merchants of Doubt, Naomi Oreskes and Erik Conway documented the way that tobacco companies had campaigned over several decades to cast doubt on the scientific evidence of harm caused by their products, and noted the same techniques being used by other industries whose harmful products were targets of regulatory and environmental efforts. This is often linked to climate change denialism promoted by the fossil fuel industry: the same tactics were employed by fossil fuel groups such as the American Petroleum Institute to cast doubt on climate science from the 1990s and some of the same PR firms and individuals engaged to claim that tobacco smoking was safe, were later recruited to attack climate science.History
The strategy was initiated at a crisis meeting between US tobacco executives and John Hill, of public relations company Hill & Knowlton, at the New York Plaza Hotel, in 1953, following the Reader's Digest's précis of an article from the Christian Herald titled "Cancer by the Carton", highlighting the emergent findings of epidemiologists including Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill. It led to the 1954 publication of A Frank Statement, an advertisement designed to cast doubt on the science showing serious health effects from smoking.
Tactics included:
"Fear, uncertainty and doubt", including funding studies designed to undermine scientific consensus on the health effects of tobacco and characterising findings of harm as "junk science";
Astroturfing;
Lobbying and political talking points;
Emphasising industry self-regulation and personal responsibility.Documents such as Bad Science: A Resource Book were used to promulgate talking points intended to cast doubt on scientific independence and political interference.
| null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Tobacco industry playbook",
"cause",
"Profit motive"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Tobacco industry playbook",
"significant person",
"Steven Milloy"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Tobacco industry playbook",
"significant event",
"A Frank Statement to Cigarette Smokers"
] |
History
The strategy was initiated at a crisis meeting between US tobacco executives and John Hill, of public relations company Hill & Knowlton, at the New York Plaza Hotel, in 1953, following the Reader's Digest's précis of an article from the Christian Herald titled "Cancer by the Carton", highlighting the emergent findings of epidemiologists including Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill. It led to the 1954 publication of A Frank Statement, an advertisement designed to cast doubt on the science showing serious health effects from smoking.
Tactics included:
"Fear, uncertainty and doubt", including funding studies designed to undermine scientific consensus on the health effects of tobacco and characterising findings of harm as "junk science";
Astroturfing;
Lobbying and political talking points;
Emphasising industry self-regulation and personal responsibility.Documents such as Bad Science: A Resource Book were used to promulgate talking points intended to cast doubt on scientific independence and political interference.
| null | null | null | null | 12 |
[
"Tobacco industry playbook",
"significant person",
"John W. Hill"
] |
History
The strategy was initiated at a crisis meeting between US tobacco executives and John Hill, of public relations company Hill & Knowlton, at the New York Plaza Hotel, in 1953, following the Reader's Digest's précis of an article from the Christian Herald titled "Cancer by the Carton", highlighting the emergent findings of epidemiologists including Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill. It led to the 1954 publication of A Frank Statement, an advertisement designed to cast doubt on the science showing serious health effects from smoking.
Tactics included:
"Fear, uncertainty and doubt", including funding studies designed to undermine scientific consensus on the health effects of tobacco and characterising findings of harm as "junk science";
Astroturfing;
Lobbying and political talking points;
Emphasising industry self-regulation and personal responsibility.Documents such as Bad Science: A Resource Book were used to promulgate talking points intended to cast doubt on scientific independence and political interference.
| null | null | null | null | 13 |
[
"1540 European drought",
"cause",
"Azores High"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"2022–2023 food crises",
"cause",
"climate change and agriculture"
] |
During 2022 and 2023 there were food crises in several regions as indicated by rising food prices. In 2022, the world experienced significant food price inflation along with major food shortages in several regions. Sub-Saharan Africa, Iran, Sri Lanka, Sudan and Iraq were most affected. Prices of wheat, maize, oil seeds, bread, pasta, flour, cooking oil, sugar, egg, chickpea and meat increased. The causes were disruption in supply chains from the COVID-19 pandemic, an energy crisis (2021–2023 global energy crisis), the Russian invasion of Ukraine and some effects of climate change on agriculture. Significant floods and heatwaves in 2021 destroyed key crops in the Americas and Europe. Spain and Portugal experienced droughts in early 2022 losing 60-80% of the crops in some areas.Even before the Russian invasion of Ukraine, food prices were already record high. 82 million East Africans and 42 million West Africans faced acute food insecurity in 2021. By the end of 2022, more than 8 million Somalis were in need of food assistance. The Food and Agriculture Organization had reported 20% yearly food price increases in February 2022. The war further pushed this increase to 40% in March 2022 but was reduced to 18% by January 2023. Nevertheless, FAO warns of double-digit food inflation persisting in many countries.Due to the COVID-19 lockdowns, agricultural produce reduced significantly. Fuel and transport prices aggravated the complexity of food distribution. Previously, Ukraine was the fourth-largest exporter of corn and wheat. But the Russian invasion crippled supplies resulting in inflation and scarcity of these commodities in dependent countries. This was compounded by the climate crisis diminishing global food reserves.This caused food riots and famine in different countries. Therefore, China acquired 50% of the world supply of wheat, 60% of rice, and 69% of corn stockpiles in the first half of 2022. The United States increased its farm production by April 2022, also contributing $215 million in development assistance plus $320 million for the Horn of Africa. Germany commenced a plan to ban biofuels produced from food crops by 2030. A grain agreement was signed by Russia, Ukraine, Turkey and the United Nations to open Ukrainian ports. This resulted in grain shipment by 27 vessels from Ukraine between June to August 2022 which stalled in October and then resumed in November 2022. In addition, the World Bank announced a new $12 billion fund to address the food crises.The World Economic Forum's Global Risks Report 2023 described food supply crises as an ongoing global risk. The compounding issues, including the Russian invasion of Ukraine, as well as climate-related crop failures, undermine global efforts in hunger and malnutrition reduction. Even Global North countries known for stable food supplies have been impacted. Analysts described this inflation as the worst since the 2007–2008 world food price crisis. Despite initial international responses that implied success, none of the efforts have proven significant as of January 2023.
| null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"2022–2023 food crises",
"cause",
"impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on food"
] |
During 2022 and 2023 there were food crises in several regions as indicated by rising food prices. In 2022, the world experienced significant food price inflation along with major food shortages in several regions. Sub-Saharan Africa, Iran, Sri Lanka, Sudan and Iraq were most affected. Prices of wheat, maize, oil seeds, bread, pasta, flour, cooking oil, sugar, egg, chickpea and meat increased. The causes were disruption in supply chains from the COVID-19 pandemic, an energy crisis (2021–2023 global energy crisis), the Russian invasion of Ukraine and some effects of climate change on agriculture. Significant floods and heatwaves in 2021 destroyed key crops in the Americas and Europe. Spain and Portugal experienced droughts in early 2022 losing 60-80% of the crops in some areas.Even before the Russian invasion of Ukraine, food prices were already record high. 82 million East Africans and 42 million West Africans faced acute food insecurity in 2021. By the end of 2022, more than 8 million Somalis were in need of food assistance. The Food and Agriculture Organization had reported 20% yearly food price increases in February 2022. The war further pushed this increase to 40% in March 2022 but was reduced to 18% by January 2023. Nevertheless, FAO warns of double-digit food inflation persisting in many countries.Due to the COVID-19 lockdowns, agricultural produce reduced significantly. Fuel and transport prices aggravated the complexity of food distribution. Previously, Ukraine was the fourth-largest exporter of corn and wheat. But the Russian invasion crippled supplies resulting in inflation and scarcity of these commodities in dependent countries. This was compounded by the climate crisis diminishing global food reserves.This caused food riots and famine in different countries. Therefore, China acquired 50% of the world supply of wheat, 60% of rice, and 69% of corn stockpiles in the first half of 2022. The United States increased its farm production by April 2022, also contributing $215 million in development assistance plus $320 million for the Horn of Africa. Germany commenced a plan to ban biofuels produced from food crops by 2030. A grain agreement was signed by Russia, Ukraine, Turkey and the United Nations to open Ukrainian ports. This resulted in grain shipment by 27 vessels from Ukraine between June to August 2022 which stalled in October and then resumed in November 2022. In addition, the World Bank announced a new $12 billion fund to address the food crises.The World Economic Forum's Global Risks Report 2023 described food supply crises as an ongoing global risk. The compounding issues, including the Russian invasion of Ukraine, as well as climate-related crop failures, undermine global efforts in hunger and malnutrition reduction. Even Global North countries known for stable food supplies have been impacted. Analysts described this inflation as the worst since the 2007–2008 world food price crisis. Despite initial international responses that implied success, none of the efforts have proven significant as of January 2023.Yemen
The main cause of the famine in Yemen is the ongoing Yemeni Civil War. Aid often cannot effectively reach the population because of the blockade of Yemen by Saudi Arabia which started in 2015. 17.4 million do not have enough food and malnutrition levels in Yemen are among the highest in the world.Tunisia
By May 2022, wheat prices in Tunisia had risen to over $430 per tonne, more than double the cost from 2021 due to supply interruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Tunisia imports over 95% of the soft wheat used in its bread, increasing its purchases by $250 million in 2022.Causes
The COVID-19 pandemic significantly disrupted food supply chains around the world, disrupting distribution channels at the consumption and distribution stages of the food industry. A rise in fuel and transport prices further increased the complexity of distribution as food competed with other goods. At the same time, significant floods and heatwaves in 2021 destroyed key crops in the Americas and Europe.
| null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"2022–2023 food crises",
"cause",
"2021-2022 global supply chain crisis"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"2022–2023 food crises",
"cause",
"Russian invasion of Ukraine"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Disappearance of ARA San Juan",
"cause",
"implosion"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Reductio ad absurdum",
"cause",
"law of noncontradiction"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Autogenic succession",
"cause",
"biotic component"
] |
"Auto-" meaning self or same, and "-genic" meaning producing or causing. Autogenic succession refers to ecological succession driven by biotic factors within an ecosystem and although the mechanisms of autogenic succession have long been debated, the role of living things in shaping the progression of succession was realized early on. Presently, there is more of a consensus that the mechanisms of facilitation, tolerance, and inhibition all contribute to autogenic succession. The concept of succession is most often associated with communities of vegetation and forests, though it is applicable to a broader range of ecosystems. In contrast, allogenic succession is driven by the abiotic components of the ecosystem.Light captured by leaves
Production of detritus
Water and nutrient uptake
Nitrogen fixation
anthropogenic climate changeThese aspects lead to a gradual ecological change in a particular spot of land, known as a progression of inhabiting species. Autogenic succession can be viewed as a secondary succession because of pre-existing plant life. A 2000 case study in the journal Oecologia tested the hypothesis that areas with high plant diversity could suppress weed growth more effectively than those with lower plant diversity.
| null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"2022 Melilla incident",
"cause",
"Morocco–Spain relations"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"2022 Melilla incident",
"cause",
"immigration policy"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"2022 Melilla incident",
"cause",
"illegal immigration"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Aerolíneas Argentinas Flight 648 hijacking",
"cause",
"aircraft hijacking"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Three Mile Island accident health effects",
"cause",
"Three Mile Island accident"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
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