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27mpo5
|
how come redditors *always* have a suitable gif animation in the comments section?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/27mpo5/eli5_how_come_redditors_always_have_a_suitable/
|
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"[Huge collection of gifs saved as a single bookmark.](_URL_0_)",
"Imgur account makes it really easy. Then just spend a little time running around on /r/reactiongifs or the imgur archives. If you're super desperate go to tumblr.",
"Lots and lots of bookmarks\n\n_URL_0_",
"Think about it this way: it may seem like there's always someone that has a perfect gif, but think about all the people that read it and *didn't* have the perfect gif.",
"In addition the great imgur links here, you can google for gifs by including 'filetype:gif' in the search terms. And include 'site:_URL_0_' to limit your search to that domain.\n\nFor those moments when you're like 'there just has to be a gif for that'.",
"It's the shared [birthday problem](_URL_0_), often seen in elementary statistics classes. \n\nIf three people are in a room, the probability that they do NOT share the same birthday is (365/365) * (364/365) * (363/365). For each new individual there is one less possibly date available of the year such that no one shares the same birth-date. This probability declines rapidly. By the time 23 people are in a room, the likelihood is about 50% that at least two of them will share the same birth-date.\n\nNow consider everyone out there on reddit. Every person has seen a finite number of gif animations online, remembered to varying degree, and sometimes saved. As the number of people who view a comments section increases, the likelihood that one of them has a suitable gif animation increases, until it's nearly 100%. "
]
}
|
[] |
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"http://reactiongifsarchive.imgur.com/"
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[],
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"http://imgur.com/08iN3IH"
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"imgur.com"
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[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthday_problem"
]
] |
||
6zpguy
|
why are we so close with saudi arabia despite their connections to terrorism?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6zpguy/eli5_why_are_we_so_close_with_saudi_arabia/
|
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"They have lots of oil, we want lots of oil. They oppose Iran in the Middle East, we oppose Iran in the Middle East. They spend a lot of money supporting terrorists, we spend a lot of money supporting some of the same terrorists sometimes. They like buying very expensive stuff from us.\n\nAll in all, they're bastards, but they're reliable bastards who more or less toe the US line.",
"The Petrodollar\n\nPetrodollars may be defined as the U.S. dollar earned front the sale of oil, or they may be simply defined as oil revenues denominated in U.S. dollars.\n\nThe placement of petrodollar surpluses of the Arab oil exporting nations in the United States may be regarded politically as hostage capital. In the event of a major political conflict between the United States and an Arab oil-exporting nation, the former with all its military power can confiscate or freeze these assets or otherwise limit their use. It can impose special regulations or at least use regulations for a time, in order to attain certain political, economic, or other goals. It may be argued that such actions are un-American, since they are a direct violation of the sacred principles of capitalism and economic freedom. Nevertheless, the U.S. government resorted to such weapons twice in the 1980s against Iranian and Libyan assets. It follows, therefore, that governments placing their petrodollar surpluses in the United States may lose part of their economic and political independence. Consequently, the more petrodollar surpluses are placed in the United States by a certain oil-exporting nation, the less independent such a nation becomes.\n\nEssentially we own them, but also in a way...they own us. We arnt friends becasue we like each other, we're friends becasue we have serious oil business with each other (among other things). They control the oil, we control the way the oil is valued. These flows are heavily influenced by government-level decisions regarding international investment... \n(Giving them military equipment and weapons) and aid, with important consequences for both global finance and petroleum politics.\n\nAlthough they breed and fund terrorism, our oil connection with them almost levels this out...",
"The spice must flow. Also, we have a historical alliance with them. When we started the alliance, they didn't have a terrorist connection. And in '79, our other good buddy, Iran, had a major revolution and turned into an enemy, so we needed a solid ally in the area to ensure stability even more. \n\nAlso, the \"terrorist connection\" is not actually with the government. Al Queda's number one aim was to overthrow the Saudi monarchy. There are rich people in Saudi Arabia that donate to AQ, but the monarchy doesn't fund AQ because AQ is actually a major enemy. \n\nAlso, historically, the US encouraged Saudi funding of 'freedom fighters' in Afghanistan in the 1980s to fight the Soviets. We can't exactly get all angry about the funding that they did at our request. And it's those funding ties that continue. ",
"Most of the answers here seem to basically be \"oil\", which is broadly correct although the situation is a little more complicated that that. Saudi Arabia is a country with oil and oil money, but little else. Geographically, the Kingdom occupies a strategically important location from which it can exert influence on the Horn of Africa and particularly the Straits of Hormuz. However, it also across the Persian Gulf from its regional rival Iran. Saudi Arabia wants protection from Iran and Iran's Shiite surrogates throughout the region (Hezbollah, et al) as well as markets for their oil- remember, that black gold is the only thing keeping Saudi Arabia from reverting to a desert wasteland. The United States wants to keep Iranian ambitions in check while ensuring the free flow of oil to the world market, which would be thrown into global chaos if the Gulf oil supply was abruptly compromised. The US also wants to minimize instability within the Sunni Arab regions which the Saudis wield considerably influence. \n\nSo the US Navy patrols the Persian Gulf to safeguard the flow of oil and the US government helps Saudi Arabia arm itself with the latest military hardware to keep the Iranian-led Shiites in check. In return, the Saudis keep the global economy supplied with dinosaur bones and cooperate with the US against Iran and the Sunni jihadists such as ISIS and Al Qaeda. "
]
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3szqs9
|
do higher end cars really need premium gas over regular unleaded?
|
Just bought a BMW and never thought much of the difference. Read numerous articles - some make a case for each side, but most don't really definitely state if Premium really makes a difference. Thoughts?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3szqs9/eli5_do_higher_end_cars_really_need_premium_gas/
|
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"Yes they do. Higher-end cars compress the gas more. If you use a lower-octane gas, the gas will explode on its own, before the engine is ready for it. This may damage your engine, although most newer cars have systems in place that try to detect this and prevent damage.",
"I'm a mechanic, and premium gas contains more octane than regular. The numbers on the pumps (87, 89, 91, 93) indicate the amount of octane. Octane reduces engine knocking from fuel combusting before the spark plug fires.\n\nHigh end cars typically have high compression engines, which heat up faster, meaning that lower octane fuels would possibly ignite before the spark plug fires, which would damage the engine.\n\nModern cars computers can adjust for that, but aren't capable of compensation 100% of the time. If there was no premium, and you needed gas, you can drive a bit on regular, but you need premium asap.",
"Higher end cars usually have more powerful engines and higher compression ratios which need the higher octane fuel or detonation could result which isn't good for your engine.",
"If you drive in the same style, then you may find that you will at least go further on the same amount of fuel. I've found, even with our Nissan Qashqai, we get more mileage with premium fuel, than if we bought cheap fuel and spent the savings on more fuel. If you know what I mean. "
]
}
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[],
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|
2cyewd
|
who/what exactly is isis?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2cyewd/eli5_whowhat_exactly_is_isis/
|
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"The names stands for *Islamic State of Iraq and Syria*. Strictly speaking, they've changed their name to just *Islamic State*.\n\nThe organization actually dates back to 2003, when it was founded to fight against the U.S. invasion of Iraq. After the Syrian Civil War began in 2011, ISIS became one of the most successful factions fighting Assad. In fact, ISIS took over much of Syria's territory. Then, just this year, ISIS crossed the border into Iraq. Although the U.S. had been training them for years, Iraq's military collapsed like a house of cards and ISIS swallowed up much Iraq's territory.\n\nISIS has now declared itself and the territory it controls to be a new country, which it calls simply \"the Islamic State\". ISIS says that it is the new caliphate, a claim accepted by very few Muslims apart from themselves. Life under ISIS really sucks if you're not a extremist Sunni Muslim like them. Also, if you happen to visit ISIS's territory, it's strongly recommended that you try not to be gay or a woman.\n\nEDIT: Okay, ISIS hasn't simultaneously banned being gay and female. I was using this thing called \"sarcasm\" to comment on their treatment of gay people and women. Apparently, some people had trouble with this.",
"If you have a couple of minutes, I recommend reading this article - [The War Nerd: Here’s everything you need to know about “too extreme for Al Qaeda” I.S.I.S.](_URL_0_)",
"[This](_URL_0_) video might help you understand.",
"Bob99999 has a good answer. \n\nThe real simple answer is: ISIS is a private militia, which was funded by rich radical sunnies and is now mostly funded by the money they steal from banks and armed by the weapons they steal or capture during battle. They fight Asad in Syria and take over as much land in Iraq as they can, mostly in areas that have a high Sunni population. Their goal is start a new state, to oppose the Shia government in Iraq.",
"ISIS is a group that formed during the second gulf war to defend more northern Iraqi territory and such. They were quite successful too, even though they had their ass handed to them by American and British troops. The driving force behind the pretty obscure movement is their ideology, they are a very, VERY strict sect of Islam. I must stress, that they are so strict, that it's almost as if they AREN'T Muslims. The comparison to draw from them, is that they're a quite militant and structured version of the Westboro baptist church. Any way, ISIS was subject to large growth over the years during the war, as more and more hardcore Iraqi and Syrian fighters joined the cause. It's important to note that even at this early stage, they were terrorists. They not only attacked US forces in Iraq, but also Iraqi's, and more importantly Kurds. We'll talk about that in a minute. \n\nIn about 2011, the Syrian civil war began which was great news for ISIS, because it gave them a chance to act on the cause they've been preaching for almost a decade. They were fiercely opposed to Assad's regime, and it showed. Syria lost military control of a hell of a lot of territory during the conflict, ISIS had essentially ensured that their 'people' had breathing space from this moment on. Syrian ISIS members had hit a gold mine, they were now influential, had resources, and had territory.\n\nThis year, the Syrian members of ISIS crossed the border in a fully fledged assault on Iraq to bolster the Iraqi portion of ISIS. Even though the US had spent all that time training Iraqi forces, they had their asses handed to them. You may remember a few weeks/months ago that ISIS seemed to be capturing cities every day. Well, they were. They were and are currently being pretty fucking insane towards the Kurds too, they are exterminating the Kurds purely because they've staked a claim to the land ISIS reside in the past from what I can tell. \n\nThey are now as powerful as Iraq itself in a lot of respects. So much so that they have fine tuned their ideologies and plans for the future. They have consolidated their ambitions by saying they want a new Caliphate (Islamic Empire) that enforces their new (barely) Islamic ideas. And this is the most batshit crazy thing they've done. They want not just Iraq and Syria, but the entire Arabian peninsula, Turkey, the Caucuses, West Asia, India (lolgoodluck) Most of slavic Europe, North Africa, West Africa, Central Africa, East Africa, and Spain and Portugal, south east Asia and Indonesia. \n\nIt's an absolutely mental plan, that only alienates their would be Islamic supporters. By declaring that one day they will attack your country turns out isn't the greatest battle plan. Indonesia has already made it illegal for you to support ISIS, and you can make a damn good bet that if ISIS ever gains any sort of legit traction outside of warring rebels, a lot of Muslim countries may crack down on them.\n\nIn conclusion, they're a seriously violent band of essentially just rebels that are very good at winning battles and ruling people through fear. Nothing much else. They will likely be around for a few more years, and then fade into obscurity. They are far too brutal the exist for very long, if you're gay, disabled or a woman you're pretty much assured a shit, or short life. Their demographic for joining is actually pretty slim. I also think that the news is doing it's old trick of sensationalizing shit again. Take everything with a pinch of salt peeps. ",
"[This is a comprehensive summary of everything you might want to know about ISIS.] (_URL_0_)",
"I hope this gets noticed.\n\nOne thing to mention is that ISIS is not only attempting to impose their radical beliefs on others, but they believe in stopping at no lengths to achieve it.\n\nI am an Iraqi Catholic, of Chaldean descent. There aren't too many of us. I was born in the US, but my parents, as well as many other families and friends were born in Iraq. Their hometowns, of which still are home to many other chaldeans and Christians alike, have been ransacked, burned, children and adults alike murdered brutally (in fact I watched a video in which ISIS played soccer with the heads of beheaded townsfolk), and overall simply taken over. We literally hear from others back over there how there is no mercy for even the most innocent and complying person. \n\nI find it oddly disturbing..I've never been there, I've always identified as an American; however, knowing that friends and family have loved ones over there and seeing them appear so sad and distraught over what happens is truly depressing. I wish I could help but I'm only one person.\n\nPerhaps proper action will be taken to ensure justice will be carries out..ISIS does not represent what Islam is even about, it'd be a shame to humanity as a whole to allow this to continue. \n",
"Something something Danger Zone?",
"ISIS came to power during the Syrian civil war. They have been fighting against the Syrian government and other rebel groups. They've recently attacked Iraq and have claimed a portion of the country. \n\nYou could say they are a mix between a mob and a drug cartel when it comes to brutality. Hanging the heads of \"traitors\" on sticks, mass killings and so on. \n\nThey plan to start the new \"Islamic caliphate\" which apparently includes destroying Islam's holiest site, Mecca.\n\n_URL_0_\n\n ",
"I suggest watching this documentary from Vice News about ISIS, or IS as they call themself now. For now, the documentary only has one part. The rest will be up soon I reckon.\n\n_URL_0_\n",
"Islamic State of Iraq & Syria ",
"They are the Muslim equivalent of Zionists. I.e. All your land belongs to us, your life (as a nonmember of our group) has no value, your existence in the direction of our expansion is an inconvenience, and we base all our legitimacy on promises made thousands of years ago, and don't pay much heed to recent realities.\n\nHowever, what complicates this simplistic narrative is that the sunnis of Iraq have suffered a lot under the sectarian Shia rule of Malaki in Iraq and there is a lot of resentment within the oppressed sunnis there that is leading entire villages and towns to suppose the IS. \n\nThis is why the IS is not like other terror groups as they have local grounding and some sort of grassroots legitimacy (which will eventually lead to the breaking up of Iraq and the establishment of a state that starts to cool down)",
"Though people've already taken a crack at it, I've got friends in Syria and Iraq, so I'd like to share what I know.\n\nOfficially the Islamic State, ISIS is basically an Al-Qaeda-funded group that basically serves the same ideal Al-Qaeda is fighting for, Pan-Islamism. Now, many Muslims, even extremists, have taken a disliking to this particular attitude, as ISIS often acts more extremely than even Al-Qaeda.\n\nDespite this, they arose from their humble origins as just another Al-Qaeda cell to being one of the most powerful insurgent groups in the Levant, due to the ever-increasingly violent state of Syria, which they've used to get a lot of weapons. Their professional attitude also transcends what most insurgents go for, fighting with much more modern military tactics.\n\nBut why are they in the news so much recently? Well, it's basically like this. Iraq has, or at least had, a really powerful military, with lots of guns and soldiers that the United States had helpfully supplied and trained to deal with the Iraqi Insurgency, which had started to look manageable. And it was, until, this year, ISIS began an all-out attack in Iraq, after realizing that the name 'Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant' kinda requires Iraq, too. And Iraq, with its infinitely larger and better-equipped army... Fell apart in a big hurry. ISIS now controls nearly half the country that the Kurds don't, and the only military in the area still in any kind of good shape are the Kurds, who managed to deal with an insurgency in their own territory. \n\nWith half of Iraq under their control, ISIS now has military-grade equipment, artillery, tanks, all of that, which they're now using on both Iraqis and Syrians. Most recently, they changed their name to the Islamic State, and declared their conquered territory to be its own country, which no one is really in the shape to deal with right now. And if you know anything about Totalitarian Islam, you'll probably know that it sucks to be anyone that's not a radical Sunni in the Islamic State right now.\n\nBut they're not actually that powerful, at least in terms of manpower. Though they claim they can field something like 50,000 soldiers, they likely are barely fielding a third of that. Which just goes to show just how pathetic the Iraqi military really was. Either way, the Islamic State is bad news for pretty much everyone in Iraq and Syria, and, if things continue like they are, for pretty much anyone in the Levant. ",
"It's the hidden weapons of mass destruction all over again. Same shit different arsehole. ",
"I was under the impression it was a Government organisation in America run by Mallory Archer and including numerous high profile agents including Sterling Archer (Mallory's son), Lana Kane and Cyril Figgis. Recently (or perhaps during the cold war) it was discovered that ISIS was never sanctioned by the US Government and became a rogue group under the name Archer Vice. But I might be wrong.",
"ISIS are part of the \"global jihad\" movement. They follow a Salafist and Wahhabi doctrine and have strong anti-Shia overtones. They didn't spontaneously appear, they are the end result of a coalescing of a number of sub-state and transnational Islamist movements. They became the self-styled Islamic State of Iraq in 2006. In 2006, when they were part of the Al-Qaeda in Iraq network, their numbers were relatively low - between 1,000 - 2,000 fighters (mainly disgruntled Sunnis, ex-officers, ex-Ba'athists, and Salafis/Wahabbis both home-grown and foreign). \n\nIn 2011 with the outbreak of the Syrian civil war, the group was greatly energised and re-surged as ISIS/ISIL (Islamic State of Iraq and Sham/the Levant). Their size and strength greatly expanded as they began to dominate the battlespaces in Syria. They defeated many competing sub-national rebel organizations and drew them into their ranks - greatly increasing their numbers. Many rebel organizations, including certain sub-sections of the Free Syrian Army, switched allegiances to ISIS [\\[1\\]](_URL_0_). The rapid increase in their size also has much to do with recruitment and integration of foreign Jihadists that have been attracted to the uprising in Syria. Many of their brigades are of national hues - Chechen, Uzbek, Saudi and European etc. ISIS have also gained tribal allegiances, which has aided them in projecting their power. Especially in Iraq, where tribes are prominent power-brokers. In early/mid 2014 ISIS and Al-Qaeda formally split, and ISIS became an independent entity - declaring a caliphate under the authority of Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi.",
"I hope you guys read this. I am a Lebanese, muslim shia 23 years old guy. \nIt all starts 1400 years ago after the death of Prophet Mohammad peace be upon him and his family. Three guys wanted the rule of the islamic nation after his death, so they gathered while people were still mourning the prophets death, and decided that they were the elligible for rule, despite the fact the the prophet have assigned a successor, something that all muslims agree upon, in the speech the prophet gave at the holy day of Ghadeer. So they kidnapped the rule from the rightfull heir, Al Imam Ali peace be upon him, someone that all muslims knew for his wisdom, bravery and kindness to all beings. Those three changed the core of Islam and started planting the hate in the peoples hearts for Imam Ali and his family, they started schools where wrong history was written about the prophet and about Islam so they can justify their wrongful actions in rule. They were unjust rulers that ruled with fear, they worshiped money and power. Only shia muslims (Imam Ali followers) opposed them, and they've killed every single shiat Imam, and butchered shia muslims over the centuries. Basically they started a chain of tyrrants that ruled over the centuries the arab nations and started schools that rewrote Islams true history, into a hatefull religion that justified their acts over the centuries. \nThe ISIS is the product of those schools, this extreme form of barabarism is exactly what those schools teach. They have the tyrant right to rule the Islamic nation, the hate they have for shia mulsims. The ruling families in countries like Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Countries, harbor those schools, they hate shia Islam the most and they would stop at nothing to see shias not in rule. They hate Iran for example, and in Iraq the didnt like Saddam Hussein, but they wouldnt allow a country like Iraq to be ruled by shias. Syria as well was a country that strengthens shia influence in the region. They support the ISIS as long they dont affect their rule in the gulf countries or the influence in the region. So they support them in places and are against them in others. Many people that follow the sunni sect of Islam support the ISIS, and are easily drawn to their ideas, so the ISIS are not short on manpower.\n\nIn conclusion its basically a seed that grew throughout 1400 years to become a giant tree of hate. "
]
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],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQPlREDW-Ro"
],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.vox.com/cards/things-about-isis-you-need-to-know/what-is-isis"
],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/01/isis-destroy-kaaba-mecca_n_5547635.html"
],
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bsCZzpmbEcs"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
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"http://www.breitbart.com/Big-Peace/2014/07/08/US-Backed-Moderate-Free-Syrian-Army-Factions-Join-Islamic-State-Terror-Group"
],
[]
] |
||
egwcff
|
how are dvds/blu-rays/vhs’s converted to 4k?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/egwcff/eli5_how_are_dvdsbluraysvhss_converted_to_4k/
|
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"Movies are always shot in a higher resolution than they are released in, for movies shot on film they just scan in 4K the original film, and newer films that were already shot in a higher resolution, so get that version",
"Movie film is capable of capturing more than 4K detail (3840x2160 pixels) but until recently there wasn’t a need for a picture that detailed. Standard devotion TV’s could only display 640x480 pixels. So called Full HD or 1080p TV screens are only 1920x1080 pixels. \n\nMost content you would watch on TV these days isn’t going to be 4K so in order for your brand new 4K TV to display it using the entire screen it does something called “upscaling” which is a fancy way of saying it guesses. It can work pretty good but it’s not true 4K. It’s not going to have the same amount of clarity as true 4K content."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
805ak4
|
does melting plastic make it lose its original properties?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/805ak4/eli5_does_melting_plastic_make_it_lose_its/
|
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"1. it is mostly the release of existing bonds, so you would need to add for lost mass, but it would be more of a thermodynamic process to reconfigure the polymers into what you want.\n\n2. When it is char. Burned down to just carbon chunks."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
mqmxq
|
lif: cthulhu
|
That Cthulhu guy, I don't quite get him...but I like him.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/mqmxq/lif_cthulhu/
|
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"text": [
"Ph'nglui mglw'nafh Cthulhu R'lyeh wgah'nagl fhtagn.",
"There was a strange sort of shy fellow in the early 20th Century named Howard Philips Lovecraft. He grew up in a very rich, sort of haughty, somewhat isolated family, and as a child, he was regularly ill and suffered from chronic nightmares. His strange family and isolated, scary childhood gave him plenty of time to read and be afraid of the world at large.\n\nLovecraft was greatly influenced especially by gothic horror writer Edgar Allan Poe and pseudo-fantasy writer Lord Dunsany, and he decided to start writing things himself, often revolving around the themes of forbidden knowledge and enormous, grand cosmic powers that are completely impossible for humans to understand. \n\nPerhaps the most iconic embodiment of these ideas in Lovecraft's work is a creature called Cthulu, a mountainous evil creature trapped in an undersea city. Cthulu is most prominently featured in a story called *The Call of Cthulu* but Lovecraft makes reference to him in a handful of other stories. Cthulu got very very popular amongst Lovecraft's fans, many of whom eventually started writing their own stories about him. One of these fans, August Derleth, was friends with Lovecraft and got permission to write more about Cthulu; most of the actual \"mythos,\" or history surrounding Cthulu was written by Derleth, not Lovecraft.\n\nLovecraft himself doesn't really say much about Cthulu, other than that he's very very big, has tentacles on his head, a scaly body, and rudimentary wings. Lovecraft also says that Cthulu is widely worshipped by evil cults and is a source of anxiety central to all human consciousness. Not much else is said by him. Derleth expands to say much more more the subject, but I'm no expert on that.",
"Helpful to understanding the design of Cthulhu is to understand Lovecraft's brand of *cosmic horror*.\n\nCosmic horror gripped readers because it was around Lovecraft's time that we were quickly learning more and more about space and what lies beyond Earth. Lovecraft's horror stories capitalise on this 'unknown' that science was currently discovering.\n\nIn Lovecraft's worlds, the universe is an extremely unfriendly place. In fact, the whole of reality is. It's neither good, nor evil. There is no morality - morality is a pathetic human idea that keeps us from going mad. The universe is just cruelly indifferent. There are beings and creatures out there that are so far beyond our comprehension that to bear the sight of them would disrupt our narrow view of what reality is like so much that we would go mad from the discovery. Reality as we know it is a veil we pull over our own eyes to protect our minds. Space is so monstrously big and we're so pathetically small we couldn't possibly understand, and to some beings of the universe, humans are as insignificant as the ants you crush every day as you walk - not out of malice; out of sheer indifference.\n\nOne of the abominations of the cosmos is Cthulhu, who happens to live on Earth itself, deep under the sea. He sleeps down in the sunken city of R'lyeh, telepathically dreaming - some sensitive people receive these dreams while they are asleep and follow what the dreams seem to tell them - the 'Call' of Cthulhu. The city of R'lyeh is said to have such strange and alien architecture that it doesn't even seem to obey the laws of mathematics or geometry. In Call Of Cthulhu, some unfortunate sailors find themselves in the city itself and go mad from merely witnessing the buildings! And then of course, Cthulhu wakes up...\n\nCthulhu is by no means the biggest, most powerful or most terrifyingly alien creatures in writings of H.P Lovecraft, but he seems to resonate with fans - he's the classic sea monster turned up to 11, really. Since then the original Call Of Cthulhu, lots of 'fan fiction' (actually published, however) has been written about Cthulhu, as well as the Call Of Cthulhu franchise, which sells rights to publishers of video games, role-playing games and board games, which is why he's still so popular today as the most evil monster on the planet Earth.",
"Ph'nglui mglw'nafh Cthulhu R'lyeh wgah'nagl fhtagn.",
"There was a strange sort of shy fellow in the early 20th Century named Howard Philips Lovecraft. He grew up in a very rich, sort of haughty, somewhat isolated family, and as a child, he was regularly ill and suffered from chronic nightmares. His strange family and isolated, scary childhood gave him plenty of time to read and be afraid of the world at large.\n\nLovecraft was greatly influenced especially by gothic horror writer Edgar Allan Poe and pseudo-fantasy writer Lord Dunsany, and he decided to start writing things himself, often revolving around the themes of forbidden knowledge and enormous, grand cosmic powers that are completely impossible for humans to understand. \n\nPerhaps the most iconic embodiment of these ideas in Lovecraft's work is a creature called Cthulu, a mountainous evil creature trapped in an undersea city. Cthulu is most prominently featured in a story called *The Call of Cthulu* but Lovecraft makes reference to him in a handful of other stories. Cthulu got very very popular amongst Lovecraft's fans, many of whom eventually started writing their own stories about him. One of these fans, August Derleth, was friends with Lovecraft and got permission to write more about Cthulu; most of the actual \"mythos,\" or history surrounding Cthulu was written by Derleth, not Lovecraft.\n\nLovecraft himself doesn't really say much about Cthulu, other than that he's very very big, has tentacles on his head, a scaly body, and rudimentary wings. Lovecraft also says that Cthulu is widely worshipped by evil cults and is a source of anxiety central to all human consciousness. Not much else is said by him. Derleth expands to say much more more the subject, but I'm no expert on that.",
"Helpful to understanding the design of Cthulhu is to understand Lovecraft's brand of *cosmic horror*.\n\nCosmic horror gripped readers because it was around Lovecraft's time that we were quickly learning more and more about space and what lies beyond Earth. Lovecraft's horror stories capitalise on this 'unknown' that science was currently discovering.\n\nIn Lovecraft's worlds, the universe is an extremely unfriendly place. In fact, the whole of reality is. It's neither good, nor evil. There is no morality - morality is a pathetic human idea that keeps us from going mad. The universe is just cruelly indifferent. There are beings and creatures out there that are so far beyond our comprehension that to bear the sight of them would disrupt our narrow view of what reality is like so much that we would go mad from the discovery. Reality as we know it is a veil we pull over our own eyes to protect our minds. Space is so monstrously big and we're so pathetically small we couldn't possibly understand, and to some beings of the universe, humans are as insignificant as the ants you crush every day as you walk - not out of malice; out of sheer indifference.\n\nOne of the abominations of the cosmos is Cthulhu, who happens to live on Earth itself, deep under the sea. He sleeps down in the sunken city of R'lyeh, telepathically dreaming - some sensitive people receive these dreams while they are asleep and follow what the dreams seem to tell them - the 'Call' of Cthulhu. The city of R'lyeh is said to have such strange and alien architecture that it doesn't even seem to obey the laws of mathematics or geometry. In Call Of Cthulhu, some unfortunate sailors find themselves in the city itself and go mad from merely witnessing the buildings! And then of course, Cthulhu wakes up...\n\nCthulhu is by no means the biggest, most powerful or most terrifyingly alien creatures in writings of H.P Lovecraft, but he seems to resonate with fans - he's the classic sea monster turned up to 11, really. Since then the original Call Of Cthulhu, lots of 'fan fiction' (actually published, however) has been written about Cthulhu, as well as the Call Of Cthulhu franchise, which sells rights to publishers of video games, role-playing games and board games, which is why he's still so popular today as the most evil monster on the planet Earth."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
3losve
|
how do new political movements get past the no-one-takes-it-seriously stage?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3losve/eli5_how_do_new_political_movements_get_past_the/
|
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"When enough people who agree with the goal of movement make the decision that joining movement is worth that you are ridiculed for taking part in the movement. This is easier if the social circle of the people are already sympathetic or indifferent towards the movement rather than hostile.\n\n[Here's a funny parabole](_URL_0_) on how movements grow."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lbaemWIljeQ"
]
] |
||
32x8jk
|
why do sony execs care about blocking netflix in other countries?
|
Netflix is a paid service that streams content to customers, why do people care what country/region they live in?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/32x8jk/eli5_why_do_sony_execs_care_about_blocking/
|
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"text": [
"Because they want to receive different fees for licencing their material in different countries. \n\nIf as a Canadian I can watch US Netflix....and I can... then what is Netflix's incentive to add a movie to Canadian Netflix when it costs money for them to add it. \n\nThey could licence each movie in the cheapest location and let its subscribers region switch to get it all. \n\nThe customer would be fine, Netflix would be happy, but Sony loses out on income. ",
"They care about it because when Sony licenses content to Netflix it is (in these cases) for domestic use only. If somebody is tricking Netflix such that content can be viewed internationally then the terms and conditions of the agreement aren't being fulfilled.\n\nI'm not defending it just answering your question. Even if it seems like it isn't hurting anything as far as Sony is concerned, one thing holders of intellectual property must do is \"vigorously defend\" their licenses. If Sony were to just say, \"oh well, who cares\" somebody might use that against Sony in some future courtroom to demonstrate that Sony wasn't protecting its intellectual property, so it must have been OK to pirate it (or whatever the subject of this future hypothetical court action involved).",
"Because Netflix didn't pay for streaming rights in that country. Which means that Sony could sell the streaming rights to someone else.\n\nBut nobody will ever purchase those rights unless Sony enforces the other agreements, because then Netflix would erode that share."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
b5yeqa
|
how much energy does a human body produce
|
In terms of raw energy, how much could a human body produce? If you could harness that energy in some way, in terms of joules say, what would the output of a normal person be?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/b5yeqa/eli5_how_much_energy_does_a_human_body_produce/
|
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"Humans do not generate much power. Think about a person who consumes 2000 calories in a day. Every calorie from food (kCal) is equal to 4200 joules of energy. Used over the course of a day (86,400 seconds), this person uses an average of 97.2 joules a second, meaning they have an average power of 97.2 watts. Certainly a person could juggle quite a few hamburgers, but in the end humans only average the power of a bright lightbulb.",
"Net negative, but in terms of output capability -- hoo mama!\n\nPut an Olympic-level athlete on a stationary generator bike and he could power a small kitchen for up to however long he can sprint cycle!",
"_URL_0_ the calories you eat per day is the amount of energy you put out, unless you're gaining or losing weight. Most of it goes out in heat, but human powered generators are a thing, usually a turn crank",
"Seems like everyone failed to answer the question that was actually asked (i.e. how much power a human \\*could\\* produce, not how much a person produces on average).\n\nElite athletes can burn more than 1,000 calories an hour (about 1,200 watts), though most of that is dissipated as body heat. This guy managed to generate 700w sustained for a minute ([_URL_0_](_URL_0_)). Since the body only converts about 20% of the energy you consume into useful mechanical energy, he most likely was generating 2.5 kilowatts or more of body heat in addition."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"https://www.google.com/search?ei=dgmaXJK_NuHNjwTm66-gBA&q=calories+to+joules&oq=valories+to+joules&gs_l=mobile-gws-wiz-serp.1.0.0i13l6j0i13i30j0i22i30.1761.13669..14910...1.0..4.316.6288.4j23j10j1......0....1.......8..0i71j30i10j35i39j46i131j0j46j0i67j46i275j46i10j0i10j0i13i10.z1SyAeZn7u0"
],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S4O5voOCqAQ"
]
] |
|
q6gpc
|
keep calm and carry on
|
I know that this text was on propaganda posters in Great Britain during WWII, but why has it become a "thing" lately?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/q6gpc/eli5_keep_calm_and_carry_on/
|
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"I don't think those particular posters were publicy used, but they were certainly prepared and would have been used, I think, in the event of an invasion.\n\nThey've got popular because they're pretty indicative of the British attitude towards any crisis - not to fuss or panic, just tut and go about our business. They also lend themselves to amusing variants, such as \"Now Panic and Freak Out\""
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2gurno
|
what is an electronic musician doing whilst performing live when their music is already made on the computer?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2gurno/eli5_what_is_an_electronic_musician_doing_whilst/
|
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"Hitting play, and then fiddling with the dials to adjust high, mid and low filters. Most stuff is premixed on a USB stick.\n\nSource: stage LED tech for a number of David Guetta shows this year",
"A few years back I saw Crystal Method live. They basically did a live final mix using hundreds if not thousands of pre-created sounds & samples. Watching them load each set for the next song was awesome. They were still using zip drives! They also played keys, synths and various other instruments. And of course that theremin.\n\nIn 1992 I watched Ministry play the whole set with 2 Mac Quadras, two keyboards triggering synths, two mics and some fire. Al was smart enough to also include 2 scantily - clad ladies to amuse the eye while watching him type.",
"Someone link this guy the video of Armin Van Buuren explaning his video mixing setup. (At work right now, can't access).",
"The idea that \"most DJs just hit play\" Is a really uneducated generalization of so called EDM as a whole. You have certain artists that emphasize the \"show\" more than they do the music and yes their sets are mostly pre-recorded (David Guetta & Steve Aoki are two big name guys that come to mind)\n\nOn the other side of the EDM spectrum you have artists using Ableton and other programs with standard DJ controllers as well as MIDI units. This allows the artist to drop and layer countless samples and tracks creating a one of a kind show that can't be replicated. All sounds can be adjusted through levels, various effects, as well as looping options. Here is a video of one of my favorite artists Ill Gates using Midi controllers basically freestyling using samples _URL_0_ \n\n- Another note. Some DJ's do have a light/visual show linked to their prerecorded performance so everything runs smoothly. \n\n- Other side of that is the performers that have a separate crew running LED and light show rigs using Ableton basically Video DJ'ing live with the artist creating a one of a kind experience. The video crew can improvise and react live as the artist is mixing. \n\nA perfect example of this would be Bassnectar, Lorin's live audio mixing and visual performance put on by his crew is top of the line when it comes to a actual live performance. I have seen Bassnectar 34 times, I volunteer for him, and I'm also friends with one of the guys on his visuals team. I'm not extremely educated on this stuff but I do know a but about it and might be able to answer any other questions. you can see him doing some work here, not just pressing play. _URL_1_",
"There's tons of different ways to perform live, with varying levels of difficulty.\n\n- Press play on a pre-mixed set, twiddle the eq and pretend to be very busy (David Guetta)\n- Live DJ'ing meaning actually live mixing tracks using records / cd's / mp3's. (Most oldskool DJ's)\n- Live DJ'ing / mixing using software like Ableton that allows to add in more live effects, mix more songs at the same time and overall be more creative than \"just\" mixing tracks ([Sasha](_URL_2_) using his custom Maven Ableton controller for example)\n- Live sequencing meaning being able to alter the flow of your tracks in realtime, also adding in / taking out channels and effects, possibly jumping all over the track ([Underworld](_URL_0_) for example) \n- Live working synthesizers / drumcomputers ([Hardfloor](_URL_1_) for example) \n\n\nand any combination of the above and I've probably missed a few variants or made a mistake writing this down but I have no doubt some very pissed off Redditors will berate me for not mentioning their specific flavour, insulting their favourite David or just for being alive :)",
"I really dont know why nobody has given you the most common answer yet, which is just DJing. Slowing or speeding up one track in your headphones while another is playing out loud, matching the speeds, getting the new track to the first beat of the correct measure, and playing it at the first beat of the correct measure of the song that was playing, then mixing the music over the next one so they both play in time with each other. That same process over and over, to put it simply.",
"This is such a loaded question. Let's not forget that a DJ is just that, a DJ. Not so dissimilar from a radio DJ. I like electronic music and listen to it pretty much exclusively but I'm not so delusional to think that I need to defend them when I go to a show. I know they aren't doing anything particularly spectacular. Basically they queue up a track, beat match (either with ableton live or manually when spinning vinyl) and throw in samples here and there while eq-ing or adding effects. \n\nQuestions like these bother me though for two reasons. First, the question itself is inherently loaded. It begs at people to contradict the presupposition while the question asker has no intention of listening. It's like you're trying to reiterate your musical superiority. We get it, DJs aren't real music and blah blah blah. Second, the people defending electronic music are as equally ridiculous as the question. The dude twists knobs, there's no way of defending that. \n\nIt's my opinion that half people who produce electronic music need to stay in the studio putting their talents to work there instead of \"live\" shows. But with the recent boom in popularity of electronic music it seems to me that every one is in for the cash grab that is festivals and tours. Back the day that never used to be the case. DJs were relatively unknown and were such a niche group only a handful of people would know them and those handful would bring their friends to have a fun night out at the club with only 150 other people there. \n\nThese festivals with 200.000 people all staring at a guy with his hands up clapping and twiddling a knob every once in a while is just fucking bizarre to me. I mean, the DJ does what he does and that's cool and all, but the crowd is just weird. Half the people are just there to say they're there and the other half is so drugged out of their minds they don't know what the fuck is going on or how to behave.\n\nFor me the shows I go to are about the people I'm with and the music that's being played. I usually never look at the DJ because well what's the point. I think it's so fucking weird to see hundreds of heads tuned to one singular focal point. No one is dancing with each other. The DJ could be behind a curtain for all I fucking care I'm there for the atmosphere, not to get a god damn cake thrown in my fucking face to show all my friends. \n\n/rant",
"There's a difference between producing and mixing. Producing is not performed live, but this is how the song is created. Then DJs mix the produced songs live. So they transition from one song to the next by adding effects to make it flow together nicely. A poor DJ will mix their songs ahead of time and record them, thus not having to do anything but pretend on stage. The art of DJing is how well you mix, not how well you produce like typical music. Often djs do produce in their own time, but not all of them. ",
"A good friend of mine is a popular solo musician in town. He sings anything from the Beatles to today's hits plus standards like Sinatra. He has Casio XP-60 workstations where he lays down all the sounds of a song. It is called MIDI sequencing. He listens to the song very carefully, and lays down the drum track first. Them the bass then other instruments one at a time, up to 16 tracks. The keyboard saves the file to a floppy disk with a drive built into it. Yes, good old 3.5\" floppy!\n\nDuring the show, he puts the disk in with the song or set he wants to play then plays accompanying guitar or keyboard on top of it. It helps also that he is a hell of an entertainer.\n\nThe keyboards have hundreds of MIDI instruments so he usually has no problem getting the right sound.",
"I saw A-trak at bonaroo last year, does a little bit more than stand around _URL_0_",
"An interesting example is Pendulum. They were a drum and bass group that actually performed the music live with drums, keyboards, and a Key-tar the front man used. [Here's one of there more DnB songs](_URL_0_) ",
"[Four Tet explaining exactly how he dissects songs for live performance using Ableton Live, a looper, a monome and a mixer](_URL_0_). \n\n[Nicolas Jaar, also of Darkside,](_URL_1_) - its very easy to see how he is sequencing and sampling throughout this set.",
"You can see what Kaskade does in his sets. He even has a few artists sing live.\n\n_URL_0_",
"In the case of danimal cannon... tearing it up on the guitar:\n\n_URL_0_",
"The older I get, the more cynical I get.\n\nFor these people that make computer music without actually playing any instruments, I know they play with, and tweak all of the timing, levels, tones, etc of all of their clips and samples. I'm sure they spend a great deal of time getting it just right, then they make that their album. So if I go watch them attempt to recreate this live, it seems like a gimmick. I feel like a consumerist sheep that just insists on throwing money at people I like while saying \"is there any other way that you can monetize this!? I have more money to give!\".\n\nIf anything, I would see it more as a party..... I am going to buy a ticket to a party. The music won't be as good as the album, but there will be a bunch of other people to party with and there will be a bunch of pretty lights. There's nothing wrong with seeking out that experience. But I don't consider it a great artistic experience like for instance if I went to watch an unplugged Storytellers event with Tom Petty.",
"EDM dj/producer here (meh).\n\ndepends on what you mean by \"performing live\" and \"electronic musician\". first DJing, then Live PA.\n\nso the concept of DJing, that is, mixing two or more records/songs together to form a continuous, rarely uninterrupted flow of music, began back in the late 40's, actually. there were instances of people throwing parties by spinning jazz phonograph records, and the idea of using two turntables to keep the music going continuously kinda naturally evolved from there. jazz djing in the 40s would've been neat. anyways\n\nso your typical EDM (i'm including hip-hop here because the majority of that genre and its subgenres uses loops and/or electronic composition and also often uses a DJ as its backbone) DJ, that is, two turntables (and a microphone RDRR) and a mixer (which at its core, is a device that allows the separate control of volume and EQ levels to fade them in or out; many of them include a little horizontal slider called a \"crossfader\" to, well, fade the two records playing across each other from one into the other), is basically a guy that just throws a record on the turntable, drops the needle, hits play, and then throws another record on the other one and plays it, fades the older, \"outgoing\" track into the newer, \"incoming\" track. that's it, at its core. imagine if you have two stereos playing two different songs, and you want song A to flow into song B, so you slowly turn down the volume on A while turning up the volume on B until A is faded out. that's it.\n\nhowever, what makes a flow sound good, is when the two tracks match speed (beats per minute typically BPM) and the incoming track is dropped at an appropriate time to both fade in and out of each other appropriately AND match each other's speed so they don't sound like a jumbly mess of dissonant rhythms and speeds. Tempo/rotation speed of the record is controlled by a slider on the side of DJing turntables. this is called beatmatching- to visualize, imagine spinning a wheel at a constant 10mph, and then spinning another- this one is only going 8mph, however, so you need to speed it up to 10mph to keep it up with wheel #1. now imagine you marked a blue dot on both wheels, and you see the blue dots spinning around on each wheel. to match them properly, not only do you have to maintain their speed of 10mph, but you have to make sure that both blue dots rotate around in the same position at the same time, simultaneously. but instead of visually, DJs do so aurally using musical and rhythmic cues from the two songs playing to match them up. in your head, it sounds like a mess at first (hence the term \"trainwreck\" when a dj ruins a mix) but as you speed up or slow down the incoming record and slowly match each others' tempos, they \"line up\" in your head and if you know what you're doing it'll sound legit.\n\nAnd real quick final note about DJing, what makes a mix, what makes two tracks sound *really* good together is when they're in the same or complementary keys; when you've chosen the right two tracks to mix that play in the same key they literally sound like they were meant for each other (which is just a coincidence of key, song structure, and overall composition). explaining mixing in key and intervals and dissonance and whatnot is a totally different ball of wax though so pm me if you'd like to learn all about music theory. an example of a typical DJ that i guess is all the rage nowadays is Armin van Buuren- he was a big trance DJ back when i knew of him but i think he's doing new school shit like dubstep or whatever. i think. i dunno i don't listen to the guy since i grew out of the trance cracker stage. oh yeah and you can do use CDs, tape decks, 8-tracks, anything that plays music and can be plugged into a mixer, you can technically mix.\n\nokay, Live PA- think DJing, but instead of with two or more records, the performer uses many different snippets or elements of music to create an entirely different piece of music. this was not possible for a long time, but i think most of us had the idea to do something like it if possible; however, the advent of the production and performance software Ableton Live made this sort of thing a reality. it's the industry standard, powerful piece of software, that. with Live PAs, the performers are typically also producers (since many use their own music to \"remix\" and create new art with it) but it's not the rule; the \"elements\" of tracks could include a song's drumbeat, melody, vocals, whatever, and the \"snippets\" i mentioned generally i guess would mean like, taking a completed track, and cutting out a piece of it you like using sound editing software, and incorporating that into your performance. the use of pre-made loops and samples (anything from hits to drumfills to movie quotes if you're being cliche and predictable) are also frequently used. a lot of sample manipulation is used as well, such as cutting/stuttering the samples (if you'e heard dubstep, you've heard the stutter effect) and effects such as low-pass filters and whatnot. you can't manipulate samples or use effects with turntables only; Ableton has those options built-in. with an external effects unit plugged in you can do some of those things with strictly hardware, however.\n\neasiest example of a current Live PA performer(s) is Daft Punk. Alive 2007 is a great example of a really well put-together Live PA, using multiple elements from their library of music with samples from other music and much of it is mixed in key. some of it, the first time you listen to it, is really fucking impressive, mixing 4 of their tracks (or elements of their tracks) together to create a totally different beast, but when you break it all down into its individual pieces it's less astonishing as you realize it's easier to sound good when everything is in the same key and it's easier to stack rhythms into a complex polyrhythm when everything is rhythmically simplistic. they're still the shit and extremely talented though, just saying you get to understand what it's all about once you've heard enough of it.\n\nfor the hell of it i'll explain a piece of live PA that you can listen along with and pick apart like what all competent DJs and producers, hell musicians and general, tend to do.\n\n(Daft Punk - Touch It/Technologic)[_URL_1_]\n\nso the \"touch it, etc\" vocals is from the Busta Rhymes track that sampled the original Daft Punk track \"technologic\" (confusing right? but this was 2007 and the busta rhymes track was pretty popular in popular music). you can hear them use the \"stutter\" effects i mentioned at the beginning where they sliced the sample up. the guitar hits are from \"Robot Rock\" by Daft Punk (which sampled the guitar from \"Release the Beast\" by Breakwater; again, confusing, right?), which was the main piece played in the previous track of the album. you hear elements of the Busta Rhymes percussion line when the track drops from a 4-on-the-floor Unn-TISS-Unn-TISS! typical perc kick-and-hi-hat beat to a hip-hop beat (1:34ish). the \"Oh Yeah!\" vocals is from the track, \"Oh Yeah\", also used as part of the previous track. you hear the sample manipulation of the \"Oh Yeah\" parts and some of the percussion parts around 2:03ish. stuttering, chopping up the samples, reversing some of them, etc. 2:34 is the beginning of the original \"Technologic\" sample, which again Busta sampled for his track (but obviously de-tuned and slowed it down as you can plainly hear). 3:04 is the basic rhythm of some track but i forgot which one it was. 3:42 is basically \"Technologic\" in its original form, but with that 3:04 basic rhythm track slapped on top. more stuttering, effects, etc, and that's it in a nutshell. it sounds complex but when you break it down it's way less complicated than it sounds to your ears, and you learn to pull it apart pretty quickly, much like a DJ can quickly pull apart the trainwreck jumbly mess of two or more tracks and pull it together into one BPM.\n\nI think that covers most of it, reply if you have anymore questions, i love talking music.\n\nand hey, for some shameless self-whoring, how about a great example of a pitched-down house DJ mix using CDJs, most of it mixed in key, recorded at a gig i played back in the day? oh yeah sounds awesome stereotypy thank you\n\n_URL_0_\n\nand i guess if you're a glutton for punishment and want a play by play of THAT mix akin to how i pulled apart the daft punk track, i'm happy to do so also.\n\nhope that helps ya OP.",
"Not all electronic music is 100% digital (sequenced). Some people use analog gear that needs to be manually played. ",
"Reading these replies makes me feel old. \n\nWhen I read \"electronic musician\" I think of Kraftwerk, Eno, Neu!, Tangerine Dream, Moog synths and vocorders. Crazy futurists with soldering irons buying knobs, resisters and transistors in bulk. Armed with a bucket of short cables, attaching modular synths in big convoluted patches, massaging the electrons flowing through the wires, creating a tonal landscape which is tuned with a filter to produce the ultimate bloop sound, which is then contorted into a blip and sent through 3 different hardware delays to create a pulsing pattern - the perfect base to build from. The melody forms, a soft square wave glides to the notes hovering over short bursts of white noise choked with a low-pass filter to provide rhythm.\n\nI don't think of a guy with big glasses behind laptop.",
"Hes pressing the \"Shuffle\" button on his iPad..."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F0jvJXCFFUE",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_NJdyZ8SGbA"
],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Da1ZdmXidIg",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R9Qpap9lXiA",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zv2SIusF5k4"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pCjJVZct7ts"
],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=INxLXn0BpTo"
],
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9KIvnLBF7vU",
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IUjWumGIqe8"
],
[
"http://youtu.be/rHw6o0G0_FI"
],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P5-Pkn96PZY"
],
[],
[
"https://soundcloud.com/stereotypy/stereotypy-b-side-4-17-10",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=19VOXLpYoOo"
],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
1omv54
|
how do plants move?
|
From wilting, to turning toward the sun, to more extreme movement like venus fly traps, how do plants move? Also, how do they "know" they need to move and control that without a central nervous system? (There was a previous question along these lines, but it got only one fairly unhelpful answer.)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1omv54/eli5_how_do_plants_move/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ccti3ic",
"ccti7zu"
],
"score": [
9,
5
],
"text": [
"Generally \"rapid\" plant motion involves a shift in [turgor pressure](_URL_1_) - the solute concentrations in the plant's vascular system change, causing individual cells to absorb more water and expand or release more water and shrink. Together, they can change the shape of the plant. This principle can be exploited further by a structure called a [pulvinus](_URL_0_) which acts a bit like a skeletal joint. Some animals similarly use liquid pressure to move, most famously spiders and other arthropods. ",
"I really wish you had linked to the \"one fairly unhelpful answer\" because that is the entire point of this subreddit, to explain in simple terms answers you find unhelpful, and that requires you to show the unhelpful answer. Remember this subreddit is about explaining answers, not answering questions."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulvinus",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turgor_pressure"
],
[]
] |
|
5anc67
|
why talking sounds different when you have one or two earplugs in.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5anc67/eli5_why_talking_sounds_different_when_you_have/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d9hzh35"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"When you talk, you receive your voice both via your ears and also via your inner hearing system: if you cover your ears, then you get the sound through the inner system (in a very rough way, you could say that the sound bounces in your skull up to the ears), which gives that strange \"canned\" voice feeling.\nOur \"outer\" ears are more efficient at catching sounds, and that's why we try to keep them uncovered. But for people with hearing problems involving the ear structure, they use cochlear implants to somehow (I am not able to eli5 this part) bypass the ear and send the sounds directly to the inner system.\n\nTL;DR: we have two ways of getting sounds:ear and inner ear. Cover the outer ear, and you can hear yourself through the inner :)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
3gtnq0
|
why are we trying to achieve levels of carbon emission levels from 1990s when those levels also further effected our climate?
|
It seams like we are setting ourselves up to fail here? Fail slower than if we continued full steam a head but still fail because historic levels of emissions weren't sustainable anyway.
What level of carbon emissions is sustainable on this planet?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3gtnq0/eli5_why_are_we_trying_to_achieve_levels_of/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cu1cv5a",
"cu1cvco"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"It's baby steps, were aiming to get it to 1990 levels, and once we achieve that well aim even higher",
"The point is less about reaching some \"ideal\" or \"sustainable\" level and just trying to get our emissions to drop. We know what we're doing now is only going to keep making things worse and we need to drop our emissions, but giving a goal a: makes it look more palatable to the general public and b: actually gives us something to work towards. Once we reach those goals, we can evaluate further action."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
1dgp0w
|
war time production and why it is profitable
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1dgp0w/eli5_war_time_production_and_why_it_is_profitable/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c9q4v8q",
"c9q55qj"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Well, you make guns since everyone needs it during that time and you sell it for more than what it cost to make.",
"It's pretty simple. If there's a war being fought, the government need lots of things. Guns, tanks, planes, etc.\n\nIf you happen to produce these things, you are going to profit from the war."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
7nfjoh
|
why was the nintendo wii so easy to pirate and jailbreak?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7nfjoh/eli5_why_was_the_nintendo_wii_so_easy_to_pirate/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ds1e4ry"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"There were a few easy to use exploits found for the wii. One was a modification to the media reader (DVD) using a modchip to read non-Nintendo disc copies. The other was an exploit involving running a corrupt game save, that allowed root access to the underlying software(kernel). From there you could load/overwrite the system software with whatever you would like to control the system. I don't recall the precise timeline, but it looks like it took a good year before a reliable method existed. Manufacturers have taken much better steps in newer generations to ensure the same drive modchips, and system software is better hardened against similar approaches. A Wii-U hack is much more difficult, and only recently came out ~1 year ago (~5 years after the WII-U release)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
3lyfic
|
if smell is actually molecules reaching your nose, how does a dead skunk stink for everyone within a square mile? also, how can something smell that strongly but be contained within it's body before it sprays/dies?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3lyfic/eli5_if_smell_is_actually_molecules_reaching_your/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cvaco1m",
"cvacyyo",
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"cvaqp9x",
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11,
116,
10,
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"text": [
"Said dead skunk was run over and scent molecules were spread out over many miles by wind and cars.\n\nIn a sac. When sac is closed, no smell gets out.",
"think of it like a high pressure balloon full of really fine glitter. now pop it in the wind!!!",
"Just think.. when you smell someones flatulence it's because molecules that were in their ass are now in your nose. ",
"1. Thiols. I'm glad I could explain, bye bye!\n\n\n\nNo seriously, thiols. They are a sulfur bearing class of molecules that are some of the most potent odors in the world. We are also primed to smell and avoid sulfur bearing compounds due to their association with rot and taint. \n\nSkunks capitalize on this fact by manufacturing one of the most efficient chemicals for triggering these olfactory receptors in most mammals, humans included. \n\nIt only takes a few parts per million to be intolerable so a few ml wafting out of a skunk, dead or alive, is enough to saturate an area. \n\nBelieve it or not there are more powerful thiols sometimes used in organic chemistry that make skunk musk seem quaint by comparison. \n\n[This is an excellent video by Periodic Videos explaining further](_URL_0_)",
"You nose has a fine detection limit for the thiols in the skunks odor, see kodack10's response for why that is. Cork taint is similar and detectable in the parts per trillion range (ppt)\n\nYou can't detect it when the skunk hasn't released it. \n\n_URL_0_",
"Also, where does an odor 'go' when it 'goes away'?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w5u6Jvh59y8"
],
[
"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_taint"
],
[]
] |
||
jvs5r
|
what is love and why do people feel different when they are in love?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/jvs5r/eli5_what_is_love_and_why_do_people_feel/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c2fibia",
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"c2firov",
"c2fjpze",
"c2fjs9t",
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"c2fibia",
"c2fidcr",
"c2firov",
"c2fjpze",
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"text": [
"The English word \"Love\" means far too many different things to answer your question as asked. \"in love\" narrows it down, but perhaps you can give us more guidance on what you really mean.",
"WHAT IS LOVE?\n\nBABY DON'T HURT ME\n\nDON'T HURT ME\n\nNO MO'",
"You'll know what love is when you're in it :)",
"Love is a series of chemical reactions in the brain. In nature, it exists to give the males in a group an incentive to protect specific females and thereby protect the young.\n\nThis is the best scientific, 5 year old compatible explanation I can give (which I think is what you're looking for); if you're looking for an emotional explanation I can't really help you.",
"I'm not sure the internet is the appropriate place to learn about love. Also, love to a 5 year old is a little different than to the average adult. Like, I love ice cream sandwiches!\n\nActually, I do love ice cream sandwiches...\n\nIs any of this getting through to you?",
"what 5 year old cares about love? you're ruining this subreddit. stop it.",
"The English word \"Love\" means far too many different things to answer your question as asked. \"in love\" narrows it down, but perhaps you can give us more guidance on what you really mean.",
"WHAT IS LOVE?\n\nBABY DON'T HURT ME\n\nDON'T HURT ME\n\nNO MO'",
"You'll know what love is when you're in it :)",
"Love is a series of chemical reactions in the brain. In nature, it exists to give the males in a group an incentive to protect specific females and thereby protect the young.\n\nThis is the best scientific, 5 year old compatible explanation I can give (which I think is what you're looking for); if you're looking for an emotional explanation I can't really help you.",
"I'm not sure the internet is the appropriate place to learn about love. Also, love to a 5 year old is a little different than to the average adult. Like, I love ice cream sandwiches!\n\nActually, I do love ice cream sandwiches...\n\nIs any of this getting through to you?",
"what 5 year old cares about love? you're ruining this subreddit. stop it."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
2zgq7e
|
one of the most popular news sources in /r/worldnews is russia today (rt), despite it literally being a mouthpiece for the kremlin. reddit doesn't like links from cnn (let alone foxnews or daily mail), so why does rt get off so easily?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2zgq7e/eli5_one_of_the_most_popular_news_sources_in/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cpiqcrc",
"cpiqj86"
],
"score": [
7,
3
],
"text": [
"RT is anti-American. Reddit loves to circlejerk about how Amerikkka is literally Hitler. It is a match made in heaven. ",
"I think it is the reditors of RT not reddit itself. They are the ones who ban posters."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
beefln
|
why can't we have a tax system without loopholes?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/beefln/eli5_why_cant_we_have_a_tax_system_without/
|
{
"a_id": [
"el586an"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Loop holes are a natural outcome of any sort of complex system. As soon as you start building in exceptions, variable inputs and requirements you create potential scenarios where someone benefits more than they should.\n\nSo obviously the answer is to go as simple as possible right? Flat Tax on everybody! Except that Flat Taxes are extremely hard on poorer people because $1000 to someone who makes 20,000 a year is a much bigger deal than 100,000 is to someone who makes 2,000,000 a year. So that isn't an ideal outcome. \n\nSo we have to add complexity. To shift the burden off of the people who can't pay and onto the people who can. But then we want to encourage certain behaviors like charitable giving and giving incentives for that is a smart way to encourage it. Then we have to consider how we count gains made in investments vs. wages vs. other forms of income. Oh and then there's inheritances, and what about helping people buy homes... and it goes on.\n\nSo in answer to your question - It is extremely difficult to construct a tax system with no loopholes because our system must be complex enough to function as we want it too."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
3blwar
|
where does a country keep it's money? eg. is there a 'government of england' bank account at the bank of england?
|
Do countries have normal bank accounts like everyone else with a bank or does it not work like that?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3blwar/eli5where_does_a_country_keep_its_money_eg_is/
|
{
"a_id": [
"csnc6wx",
"csnc7mo"
],
"score": [
7,
68
],
"text": [
"Typically, at the 'national' bank - the big bank that all the others borrow money from, and is (mainly) state-owned (although not state-controlled). In Australia, where I live, this is the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA), who also have other jobs involving manipulating the economy and acting as a short-term cash reserve for other banks. Notably, each bank (for example the National Australia Bank, NAB) must have enough cash at the RBA to cover their loans to/from other banks, and (I think, I haven't done economics for a bit) to cover all their customer accounts.",
"Essentially yes, there's \"the Account of Her Majesty's Exchequer\" at the Bank of England, which is like the British government's current/checking account. There are also government accounts with other banks for particular purposes. For example when you pay taxes by bank transfer you're actually sending the money to an account at Citibank because the Bank of England doesn't really deal with those kind of electronic transfers."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
f2vic8
|
how does placing my hand on my lower abdomen ease the pain from cramps ?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/f2vic8/eli5_how_does_placing_my_hand_on_my_lower_abdomen/
|
{
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"fhex6vi",
"fhfdraw",
"fhfn45q"
],
"score": [
83,
14,
8
],
"text": [
"Called the 'Pain Gate Theory'.\n\nIn simple terms, the little pathways that carry sensations to your brain will only allow one sensation at a time, therefore rubbing/ patting/pressure will 'override' the pain sensation somewhat.",
"part of it may be gate theory and only being able to allow one sensation at a time.\n\npart of it also may be muscle feedback and supporting that muscle which helps it not contract so hard",
"Beyond pain gate theory [fundal massage](_URL_0_) alleviates cramping and bleeding in a post partum setting as well. It is more to reduce the bleeding, however since cramps and bleeding are part of menstruation well the same affects could be expected.\n\nI've noticed, anecdotally, that augmenting the protocol slightly with a hand on the pubis and \"rolling\" the other hand over the lower quadrant abdominals has helped my fiancé more than light pressure from one hand alone. Provided, of course, it's not *too* strong since the area is so sensitive already *and* she has some unrelated internal issues to consider."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundal_massage"
]
] |
||
3jr5kq
|
how did our ancestors not get sick continuously from drinking stream or river water?
|
I am reading a history of the Oregon Trail emigrants and was wondering how they were not sick drinking from streams. They were not boiling their water based on my reading.
Edit - Awesome answers everyone- thank you
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3jr5kq/eli5_how_did_our_ancestors_not_get_sick/
|
{
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"curl0p4",
"curl7vk",
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"curoqpa",
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"text": [
"It's not the water that will kill you, it's the shit in the water. No seriously the shit in the water. Cholera was the leading cause of death on the Oregon Trail, dysentery was up there as well. The answer is, it did make them sick. \n\nEdit: another thing to think about is that some naturally occurring waterborne parasites that can make you sick (giardia for instance) can take almost a month before symptoms manifest. They might not even have known what was causing the illness at that point.\n",
"Actually they did boil their water; it's called tea, coffee, and soup.\n\nBrewing methods for beer and wine also resulted in liquid that was relatively free of harmful pathogens.",
"It's worth noting that, for the most part, people did get sick. Life expectancy has skyrocketed in recent years, and in large part this thanks to greatly improved sanitation in day to day life. \n\nThere's no substitute for clean water and waste management. ",
"I'd like to point out that you can drink river water and water from some lakes without getting sick. The problem these days is that many watersources have been polluted by e.g. industry, littering and dumping of waste. Many revers and lakes in Finland, for instance, are very drinkable.",
"Have you seen India, the river Ganges? People are bathing in it, washing clothes in it, crapping and drinking from it, even as dead bodies go floating downstream. If you live in an environment like that, your immune system gets downright murderous. \n\nSure ancient people got sick, but there's a war going on. A war between the cells outside our bodies... and the ones inside it. \n\nFun fact: Breastfeeding is nature's way of passing a mother's immune system's 'knowledge' into the baby's.",
"I live in Norway, when we're at the cabin we usually drink the stream water just fine (it's the main water source directly into the tap unpurified), during the 20 years we've never once gotten sick from it. The rule is to only drink from a source above the line where civilization live.",
"- Many natural water supplies used to be less contaminated simply because there were many fewer people around to contaminate them. Global population didn't cross 1 billion until about 1800. 10,000 years ago (around the time we were inventing agriculture) it was likely only ~5 million.\n\n- Early, regular exposure allows immunity to some kinds of pathogens to develop. Many humans living today didn't have that exposure.\n\n- Humans invented fermentation. Alcohol kills many pathogens. There were times and places where the standard drink was a sort of weak beer, because the water wasn't very safe.\n\n- Historically people *did* get sick a lot more often. Infectious disease rates have vastly decreased over time. Some of that is vaccines. Most of the rest is, in fact, better access to clean water.",
"They did, but had methods for removing dangerous content from the water. To quote Benjamin Franklin, “In wine there is wisdom, in beer there is Freedom, in water there is bacteria.”",
"Drinking water did and still does make you sick. Dysentery is still one of the top killers in the world. Most people boiled water first than drank it. It's also why alcohol, tea, and coffee were popular. There creation often sterilized the water.",
"Cholera killed millions of people throughout history, even into the 20th century. And a lot of people were saved by booze.\n\nYou already got a lot of answers in this thread, but one thing that's interesting to mention is just how far back history of brewing goes. People drank beer as early as 7000 bc, and quite possibly even earlier. Wine dates back to 6000 bc at least. Considering how easy it is to get fermentation started once you have some fruits or cereals laying around, it's no surprise that it was independently invented in different places throughout history. \n\nThe Romans and Greeks, for instance, drank posca - a mixture of sour wine(or vinegar), water and herbs. It made the water taste better, but also killed bacteria and prevented scurvy - not that they knew about it.",
"It's also a matter of WHERE you drink from. Not all water sources are created equal. If you are above the treeline or close to it, flowing water is almost always safe to drink. Once its starts going down into the forests and flatlands where is moves slower (more insect activity) and there are more animals around (crapping in it) and where there is more groundwater runoff, it's much less safe.",
"People have answered it in regards to the Oregon trail pretty well but if your want to think further back, people built up an immunity to the crap that was in the water back then. Look at the Ganges river in India. That river is so polluted with shit, dead humans and animals, and pretty much everything else that people should die from it within hours after drinking it. But they don't. They shit, bathe, and brush their teeth in the same water every morning and is given them a tolerance for it. This doesn't mean they wouldn't all die to a parasite if they drank water from another area that was contaminated but they can drink theirs without much issue. ",
"Living in Iceland. You can go to almost any river or stream here and drink the water from it without getting sick. If it is running water that has run for a few years, it is pretty clear and you can drink it as long as no one has shitted in it upstream or it's not a full on glacier water after thawing, cause that shit is dirty as hell!",
"I grew up drinking from open well in my 3rd world country.. If I go back and drink a sip I probably die. \n\nActually bottled water everywhere now and people are getting more sick from drinking non bottled water because they're also used to drinking filterd bottled water. "
]
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|
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|
3gv0kr
|
why ups drivers do not turn left. how are 3-4 right turns equivalent to one left turn (in terms of gas)
|
I read this somewhere that delivery trucks do not make left turns. I don't get it.
I understand the engine idling takes more gas, but I don't understand it in a way I can explain it to myself or others (if that makes sense)
So how does making 3 right turns more gas efficient
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3gv0kr/eli5_why_ups_drivers_do_not_turn_left_how_are_34/
|
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"Mythbusters did this test, and despite the route being longer, they spent less gas, apparently idling is more costly on gas than you would think",
"I think that, in general in city traffic, you'll end up waiting so much longer to make one left turn that taking a few right turns and going around the block will actually save fuel. It's simply a function of the fact that, in US style traffic laws, it generally takes a very long time to make a left turn vs. a right turn.",
"In theory you might be forced to sit through 5-10 minutes at a light before you can make a left-hand turn. Over a day that adds up. Whereas you might be able to make the 3 right-hand turns in less time on average, resulting in less time idling.\n\nBut the bigger factor for some delivery companies is the fact that you are much less likely to get into an accident making a right-hand turn than a left hand. Especially in delivery trucks.",
" > So how does making 3 right turns more gas efficient \n\nWe don't know for sure. However, many tests over time have shown that it is significantly more gas efficient; often more time-efficient; and much safer.\n\nSome of the theories suggest that you spend less time idling; less time and gas getting up to speed; the ability to turn on a red; and possibly other factors as well.",
"[previous posts on this topic](_URL_0_)",
"UPS and FedEx make lefts going into my workplace parking lot. They also make a left to loop around and leave the parking lot.",
"The short answer is, they don't make 3 right turns in place of a left. They use routing software to make routes that minimize or eliminate left turns in the first place. They do this because idling uses up way more gas than most people realize."
]
}
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|
5dmql3
|
how are the dallas cowboys the 'world's most valuable team'?
|
Here is the latest data from [Forbes] (_URL_0_).
According to Forbes, they're valued at over $4 billion. More than Real Madrid, Barcelona, Manchester United, New York Yankees, etc. Cowboys have surpassed the former teams in recent years despite the Cowboys being relatively mediocre and those teams being supported more globally. How? And more importantly, why?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5dmql3/eli5_how_are_the_dallas_cowboys_the_worlds_most/
|
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"It's because of their market and brand name. The Dallas-Ft. Worth market is one of the biggest metro areas in the U.S. in a state that cares about virtually no sports except for football. In terms of the brand name, they're referred to as \"America's Team\" which often draws in fans that are undecided on who their favorite team is. Also, they had the reality show that followed the cheerleaders of the Cowboys, thus giving them even more popularity. Their success this year is most definitely helping the franchise too. ",
"Value = The money people expect you to make in the future.\n\nThe Cowboys aren't going anywhere, they'll never leave Dallas (their brand would be useless anywhere else), they have an ongoing, loyal, self-perpetuating fan base, and worldwide brand recognition.\n\nTherefore their 'value' (the ability to make consistent profits for long periods of time) is huge.\n\nComparable teams are Man Utd, Yankees, Patriots, Barca, FC Milan, Red Sox. It's about the brand, not how good the team is.",
"Brand recognition and revenue generation. I mean they have been given the honor of playing the Thanksgiving Day game for eternity. Guaranteed viewership of a majority of Americans on that day, and a good portion of which don't even watch football but do on that day. ",
"They sell a lot of merchandising. They have an amazing stadium. Jerry Jones loves owning and running the team so he has no desire to sell. If you wanted to try and buy the Cowboys from him, it would likely take 4 billion dollars to do it.",
"The single biggest part of the Cowboys' value is that they share 1/32nd in the NFL's *MASSIVE* tv revenue. You'll notice that 27 of the top 50 in that list are NFL franchises, including the sad-sack Jacksonville Jaguars. For several decades, having an NFL franchise alone was a license to print money.\n \nOn top of that, the Cowboys have arguably the premier stadium in the NFL. It's enormous, modern, and hosts big events all the time and earns additional money for the owner - increasing the Cowboys' non-shared revenue.\n \nThe Cowboys have a huge brand of their own. For a long time, Dallas games were broadcast nationally every Sunday and they have the prime spot on Thanksgiving. So their fanbase is not just limited to the DFW area, it is spread all over the country. \n\nAlso, Dallas has been on an upswing competitively in the last few years.\n\n \n"
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2016/07/13/dallas-cowboys-head-the-worlds-50-most-valuable-sports-teams-of-2016/#355daa1a6bd7"
] |
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|
375voc
|
how is it that humans advanced more rapidly based on where they lived geographically?
|
I was thinking specifically about how the Native Americans were so far behind in comparison to the Europeans when they visited North America.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/375voc/eli5_how_is_it_that_humans_advanced_more_rapidly/
|
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"It's directly correlated with how much energy a society can extract. More extraction = less time spent foraging / less malnourished people and more time/energy developing technology/civilisation.\n\nBasically things explode once you develop agriculture but stagnate if you are a hunter/gatherer society. Essentially some area were better suited for agriculture or where near enough to others that technological developments spread.",
"Guns, Germs, and Steel by Jared Diamond is a really good book on that topic. The tl;dr is that the Middle East had the combination of large animals which won't try to kill you if you corral them, edible and domesticable plants (wheat, barley, amaranth), and rivers.",
"Cultures vary in what they consider to be advanced.\nExample; Australian Aboriginal People were considered to be particularly less advanced when Europeans first came mainly because they were semi-nomadic and had not established farming. \nTurns out the way that the traditional Aboriginal People lived was really sustainable for the land which Europeans (western) civilization still haven't mastered at a reliable level.\nWhile they were less advanced economically, traditional Australian Aboriginal People were much more advanced linguistically and their societies were incredibly complex.\nSo maybe certain cultures used their free time (when not reproducing/surviving) to develop in other ways, not necessarily for the better or worse for their society just different from what 'we' consider advanced. ",
"It highly depends on what you consider advanced. For instance, there is a lot we don't know about the ancient Mayan culture, especially how they were ahead of their time in some matters. Cultural development can take many directions.\n\nIf you're looking at technological stuff, my money is proximity to others. If you have thousands of years of battles between occupants of neighbouring territories, people will undoubtedly develop better and better ways of blowing each other up. Consequently, innovations in warfare lead to innovation in every day life."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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|
j3slp
|
how is a video saved on a computer as data?
|
Is it saved as a super long series of 1s and 0s? or maybe not as long lines of random letters and numbers? It kinda blows my mind. I know it's in a digital format when it's saved, but how does it go from something so simple to something like an hd video that seems so complex?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/j3slp/how_is_a_video_saved_on_a_computer_as_data/
|
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"\nEverything on a computer is 1s and 0s, so that's an easy one.\n\nA big rectangular video on a computer is broken down into lots of small squares. Each square is broken down into numbers you can plug into a math formula. If the square looks like a 21, you can store 3 and 7 knowing you can multiply them to get the 21, and it turns out storing the 3 and 7 takes up less space. If the square looks like a 23, and the same square an instant ago was a 21, you only have to store the difference of 2, and that takes up even less space. \n\nThe key is the math formula - it's a complex formula that happens to be good at storing squares that look like real-world photographs and video. It's not very good at storing squares that look like Fred Flintstone, but other formulas are. If you've noticed that photos on websites are usually JPGs, while simple colorful graphs are usually GIFs or PNGs, that's the reason - they're all using different math formulas.",
"All data stored on a computer is in 1s and 0s; the basic piece of information is one bit which can be either on(1) or off(0). To store a picture we need some way to convert the colors we see to data the computer can store, read, and understand.\n\nIf we start with a basic picture we have to break it down into individual chunks of information; when we see pictures it's hard for us to see individual points of color but to display it on a computer screen we need to define some size that represents a single point. This is a single pixel on a computer screen and is very small so they appear to merge together, if you look really closely at your monitor you can see the individual pixels.\n\nNow the most basic way to store a picture would be a plain black & white image (no greys). To do this we can see each pixel as either white(on, 1) or black(off, 0). This works but the result doesn't look that great; to further improve on this we use more bits of data to represent each pixel. So now if we use 8 bits (one byte) we can get 256 shades of black & white; this results in a greyscale image. We can expand this to use color by storing values of the each primary color (red, green, blue); now we get to the current standard of storing color data which uses 32 ones and zeros (8 for red, 8 for green, 8 for blue, and 8 for transparency). This allows us to have 16,777,216 colors we can work with. Transparency isn't used for most cases unless we want to make parts of an image that we can see through. Look at wikipedia's page on [color depth](_URL_0_) to view images saved with different numbers of colors.\n\nNow that we can define one pixel of color data we can look at storing an entire image; to make one frame of a movie shown in HD resolution on a TV or monitor we need 1920 x 1280 pixels of data (which is 2,457,600 pixels or 78,643,200 ones and zeros); yes that is a lot of data. OK, now we have a single picture, how do we make a movie. If you don't show enough images fast enough the eye & brain are going to see them as single images shown one after another; however, if we start getting faster and faster there is a point where they all blur together and your brain sees them as a smooth movie. This happens at about 24 images each second. So the simplest way to store a movie is storing 24 individual pictures that we can then show very fast to make one second of a movie.\n\nThis requires a lot of ones and zeroes so to reduce the number required people have developed a lot of tricks. One of the simplest ways is to look at a sequence like 00001111; in a lot of data stored on computers you will get a lot of 1s or 0s in a row so we can look at this and say \"hey, that is 4 zeros and four ones\" and decide to store that instead of the real value (this example won't save space but on a larger scale the idea can). There are a lot of ways of reducing the data stored in images but that is too complicated for this explanation (this way of reducing data stored is called compression). There are also different ways to reduce the data in videos; if we notice that a lot of pixels aren't changing during a video (for example the white wall in a video of a room with people in it) we can decide not to store that data and instead use the colors from the previous frames there.\n\nThe problem with trying to reduce the data is it requires us to do more work whenever we want to read that data; it's like the difference between reading a book in English and having to translate a book from French before you can read it. There are also ways of compressing data that doesn't allow us to restore the exact data that we saved; this is OK with pictures because there are a lot of colors that can be slightly off and we won't notice anything different when we view the image.",
"Imagine that you have a Paint-by-Numbers flip book. Let's say this flip book is 300 pages long, and each page is drawn based on sections filled with color. On any given page, as the number of sections and varying numbers/colors, the better the image quality, and the more realistic the pictures and animation made from your flip book will be.\n\nNow you take your 300 page flip book, pack it in an envelope, and stick it in the filing cabinet. Later, when you want to watch your animation, you open the filing cabinet, open the envelope, and flip through the 300 pages.\n\nLet's assume you flip through the 300 pages in 10 seconds...that means you see 30 pages each second, and thats how the animation seems fluid and smooth. When you're done watching your animation, you pack it into the envelope, and file it away in the file cabinet for later.\n\nNow lets assume that you've been replaced by a robot, and that robot does not like paper based animations. The robot sees colors, but rather than remembering the color orange as \"orange\" the robot remembers it as something like \"#FF6600\". So rather than looking at the first page of the flip book (i.e. the first frame of video animation) and seeing the picture, the robot records the color and location of each paint by number section (i.e. each pixel in a video frame), and moves onto the next page. The robot is then able to recreate this paint by number flip book whenever it wants, and can share it on youtube where other robots make meaningless comments on it.",
"I think I'm gonna like this subreddit. Here goes. **Like. You. Are. Five.**\n\nComputers only think about one thing at a time. When a computer thinks about a picture, first it thinks about that one, single, little dot in the top, left corner. Then it thinks about the dot next to it one over to the right. And so on and so on. Until it gets to the bottom right corner. Then it's finally done with the picture. When it's thinking about video, it thinks about one picture at a time; from the first picture in the movie to the last.\n\nComputers also only like to think in Yes or No questions. So, the first thing it thinks about when it's thinking about the first dot is: \"Is this dot redder than halfway red?\" If it is, it thinks YES! and writes down a 1 so that it can remember for later. If the dot is less than half red, it thinks Nope! and writes down a 0. The next think it thinks is \"OK, so it's more than half red... Is it more than half way between half-red and full-red?\" If it is, write down 1, otherwise 0.\n\nIt keeps going like this until eventually, it gets tired of thinking about how reddish the red of the dot is and starts thinking about how greenish the green of the dot is. When it gets tired of thinking about green, it moves on to blue. When it gets done with blue, it's done with the dot. That's when it finally moves on to the second dot.\n\nIt thinks about the second dot exactly the same as it did the first. Then it thinks about the third. Then the fourth. And so on and so on for the rest of the movie.\n\nGood thing computers think really fast!\n\n[note that this describes the dumbest, fattest video format possible. Describing MPEG4 to a 5 year old will have to wait]"
]
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|
[] |
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|
3ehyjs
|
can superman do basic exercises?
|
If Superman was say, out of shape, would basic exercises be the best route for him?
Could he do around 60 push-ups in a set and not be out of breathe? If so, how will he get any gains? If not, how will he be able to burn body-fat if he happens to be overweight? Will his Kryptonian physic not allow him to get heavier in weight and/or Earth's gravity not effect him at all?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ehyjs/eli5_can_superman_do_basic_exercises/
|
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"he is a fictional space man given super powers by the sun...What kind of answer are you expecting to get?",
"The comics have addressed this once or twice. Depending on the comic, his strong and muscular physique is a result of exposure to the sun. When he loses that exposure, his muscles atrophy astoundingly fast. So, in yellow sunlight he cannot get out of shape. An alternate explanation is that he has a special red sunlight generator which he uses to remove his superpowers while exercising, so that he can make muscular gains."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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|
23konr
|
why is the internet dominated by america? the most visited websites and social media services are all american. why?
|
America only makes up a fraction of the developed world, so why is it so monopolized?
^(I know there are a few Chinese sites in the most-popular mix, but only the Chinese visit them so they don't count. Most of the Western world has never heard of them.)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/23konr/eli5_why_is_the_internet_dominated_by_america_the/
|
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"You're only looking at the English language part of the internet.\n\nThere's plenty of other websites in other languages. \n",
"Honestly, probably because we're so aggressively capitalist. America is one of the few places with the opportunities to allow practically anyone witha bright idea and the will to see it out a shot at success. That and because so many people worldwide know English. Not that many people outside China know Chinese, same with like every other country/language. And because this is a country of immigrants. Pieces of our culture travel out of the US almost as fluidly as outside cultures become a part of ours.",
"I think you are confusing american and English. What are you describing as being \"american\"? \nAlso as the other person said you probably are just looking at the most popular sites in America since that is what search engines will return when doing basic searches (if you are in america)"
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|
[] |
[] |
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[],
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|
4ovo85
|
what is a petaflop and how does the chinese supercomputer compare to a pc?
|
I'm trying to find a good way to explain this, and I want to know I have my information right.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4ovo85/eli5_what_is_a_petaflop_and_how_does_the_chinese/
|
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"Peta is the SI prefix for 10^15\n\n'flops' is FLoating-point-OPeration-per-Second. It indicates how many floating point calculations the architecture can manage in a second.\n\nYour PC processor is limited to around 10^11 flops while the graphics processors won't hit more than around 10^13 flops.\n\nSo a petaflop is about the same as 10,000 desktop PCs or 100 graphics cards.\n\nHowever, both the software you're using and the way you interconnect the processors will dramatically impact your performance."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1ywgbn
|
what happens to social security numbers after the owner has died?
|
Specifically, do people check against SSNs? Is there a database that banks, etc, use to make sure the # someone is using isn't owned by someone else or that person isn't dead?
I'm intrigued by the whole process of what happens to a SSN after the owner has died.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ywgbn/eli5_what_happens_to_social_security_numbers/
|
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"When someone dies, their Social Security Number is entered in the [Social Security Death Index](_URL_0_). It's a publicly accessible database that I guarantee every bank and credit-granting agency checks.",
"So what happens when we run out of SSNs? Do we recycle the old ones or add new numbers?",
"In Canada, you can go into any Service Canada and ask them what to do with the card. I believe it can be mailed into the government and a hold/notice will be placed on the account to prevent identity theft.",
"Social Security Numbers are not reused. But just because someone is dead doesn't mean that their ssn is irrelivant. Often a person's social security benefits continue to be paid out to a family member, generally a widow until that person dies.\n\nThe actually number itself can be used to reference a person through the social security administration and it is entered into something call the SSDI (Social Security Death Index).\n\nThere are still plenty of available numbers, I think the estimate is that the feds won't have to add an additional digit until 2055-2060.",
"They go to some shady hotel in Miami where all the mexicans I work with go to get their \"papers renewed\"\n\none named gustavo had the SSN of a blonde, 9 year old boy. he got deported :(",
"After someone dies (when some time has passed) the IRS locks that social security number so that nobody can use it for tax purposes when e-filing. ",
"The system used by banks and employers to check the validity of an SSN is \"e-verify\". _URL_0_\n\nSSNs are SUPPOSED to be unique, and they do not get reused. In fact, part of the \"birther\" controversy is due to the assertion that the presidents own SSN could not pass the e-verify check. ",
"The mob uses them for insurance fraud. ",
"They are used to vote shitty people in to office.\n\nSource: [Black Sheep](_URL_0_)",
"It is called the [Social Security Death Index or SSDI](_URL_0_). When a person is reported as deceased - when a death certificate is issued, that death is reported to the Social Security office wherein they retire that Social Security Number, and that SSN then becomes part of a public record.\n\nCredit reporting bureaus get regular updates of the SSDI database, and therefore credit card companies and all other associated agencies all get updated/notified of a death within 30-60 days. Those creditors will then start closing those accounts and proceed with determining the final disposition of those accounts.",
"They start casting votes in Chicago",
"It gets recycled in voting ",
"As an Australian, what are Social Security Numbers? ",
"Since there's only a finite amount of numbers we can conceive of, we try to re-use them for people born after the original owner died. In the case of followers of Eastern Mysticism we try to link a soul's earlier SSN to their reborn identity.",
"I use them to keep getting their social security checks. ",
"It's assumed by undocumented migrants for a nominal insidious fee",
"The SS# feels immense heartbreak. After an eternity of depression, alcohol, drugs and not being able to find another soulmate. The SS# lights himself on fire, never to be seen or heard from again.",
"This is the kind of question a smart ilegal alien would ask.",
"Like with ancient Chinese kings, they are buried alive with the body out of respect.",
"So, I did a look for my late grandfather. It said that his SSN was issued in the state of Illinois, does that mean he born in Illinois, or that was a state where applications for a Social Security Number were sent??",
"I used a fake name and SSN to get phone and utilities all through college and a few years beyond. No one seemed to check, and if you memorize everything and rattle it off, no one ever checks.\n\nWhy? It doesn't cost them anything to believe you. \n\nNo one even noticed that the payment checks were coming from a totally different person, either. They only care if they DON'T get their money.",
"This reminds me of a fun story. \n\nWhen I was 12 or 13, my parents decided that they should upgrade my bank account from some type of \"child\" account to some sort of \"teen\" account. I think the difference had something to do with my ability to see my funds and use the website, I don't really know. My parents put all of my allowance funds in here, rather than giving it to me physically, which really irked me, as I couldn't use those funds to buy whirly gigs and gadgets, but rather had to save for *college*. \n\nSo anyway, my mom took me into the bank, and told the banker that they were looking to close my current account. The banker pulled up my account, and all of the sudden got very stone-faced and somber. She treated my mom with kid gloves for the next half hour or so. I was just playing gameboy like a boss. My mom thought something was wrong, but simply ignored it. \n\nThe banker ended up bringing the branch manager in to talk to my mom. He said \"Mrs. 11, I'm really sorry we have to meet under these circumstances. I'm sorry for your loss.\" \n\nMy mom freaked out, she had no idea what was going on. At this point, I was paying attention. This shit was better than Pokemon. My mom asked what they meant, and the banker simply said, \"we're just offering condolences on jefferino11's death.\" \n\nMy mom just turned to me very confused, and said \"he's right here!\" I waved. \n\nTurns out my parents had messed up one number on my SSN when they filed the original paperwork. Since it was a child's account, they never bothered to check the SSN against the database, and simply kept it on file. The person whose SSN was in the computer had passed away two weeks earlier. \n\n**TL;DR: Went into the bank. They told me I was dead.** ",
"Please note that SSA records are more than just the Social Security Death Index. \n\nThe Numident is the home of the Social Security Number (SSN).\n_URL_0_\nA new numident entry is generated each time a social security card is issued. A final entry is generated when a report of death is received. Coding is based on the source of the info. \n\nFor example if SSA gets info from a state registry about a death it will not be released on the Social Security Death Index. Where as if a funeral home reports a death on an SSA-721 or using an Electronic Death Reporting system, or a death certificate is provided; then it will end up in the SSDI. \n\nThere are so many varied reports of death and SSA records all of them, Some create disclosure potential other don't. The SSDI is a service that is constantly under review because it does not serve the core mission of the Social Security Administration (SSA), why blow money informing other of what SSA spent time collecting (the death reports). \n\nRemember that the SSN is a number generated by SSA for its own purposes. There is nothing stopping other from using the SSN, for really any pupose. like the way aa school assigns it students a number, SSA assigns workers an SSN. \n\nPlease refer to:\nYour Social Security Number and Card\n_URL_1_\n\nGeneral Info about the SSN:\n_URL_2_\n\n\n ",
"They somehow vote for Obama.",
"What if someone goes missing but is never found? Do they retire the number after x number of years?",
"They get counted as votes/members to the Republican party.",
"While some people believe that Social Security numbers are just retired, never to be used again, the truth is actually much more interesting. First, immediately upon the death of the owner, a special team is dispatched to retrieve the number. This team is recruited from the most kind-hearted of mathematicians who are strong of limb, swift of feet and of greatly reverential attitude. Upon arrival, the team wraps the Social Security number in mylar and attends to its grief. Next, the number is taken to The Great Counting Place. There, all numbers reach their final reckoning, from simple bar tab totals to huge national deficits. Most are dispatched quickly to ignominious ends. However, Social Security numbers are accorded a much better fate given their unique natures and delicate dispositions. They are first treated to a celebration of their owner's life and then commended on their own performance. It is a time of both solemnity and joy. Then, their own reckoning is scheduled. At the appointed time and with great fanfare and hoopla, the Social Security number is divided by zero. There's a brief flash of light and the number slowly fades into undefinition. As there is nothing at all left, no further action is required and the team slowly withdraws into quiet contemplation to wait for their next assignment. ",
"so now you have enough info to put your plan into action.",
"A Mexican slave laborer deploys it to secure a sweatshop/grill job."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security_Death_Index"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.uscis.gov/e-verify"
],
[],
[
"http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0115697/?ref_=nm_knf_i3"
],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security_Death_Index"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numident",
"http://www.socialsecurity.gov/pubs/EN-05-10002.pdf",
"http://www.socialsecurity.gov/ssnumber/"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
2ri9rf
|
if all of the (man-made) satellites orbiting earth went down simultaneously, what immediate effects would it have on our lives?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ri9rf/eli5_if_all_of_the_manmade_satellites_orbiting/
|
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"Most communications is routed over land so loss of comms satellites would affect some parts of the world and some networks, but most things would be able to route around it.\n\nLoss of weather satellites would significantly degrade forecasting ability, especially for things like Hurricanes.\n\nOne big consequence would be GPS - not only is it used for navigation, but there's also a lot of time synchronisation applications (for example in financial transactions) that depend on it. Some estimates put 6-7% of GDP in developed nations relies on GPS. So we'd have lots of banking problems, stock market disruption and potentially plane crashes (they have redundant navigation systems, but if all GPS went down it would be challenging to get all aircraft landed safely), ships having trouble navigating - so plenty of delivery delays (and all the knock on effects from that).\n\nEDIT: Wrt air crashes, I'm not suggesting that planes will start dropping out of the sky. Individual aircraft can function perfectly without GPS, but take it and other satellite based systems out across the world's entire air transport system could degrade safety (including in ways that may not be entirely predictable) to the point where an accident or two may be indirectly caused. The literature on the response of complex systems to unexpected events suggests the risk of a resulting accident is always higher than we think.\n\nEDIT 2: Others have rightly pointed out the dependence of modern communications protocols on the timing signals from GPS. This could cause more problems than I initially suggested.",
"If the satellites fell out of orbit all at once, things could get pretty exciting for a few hours.",
"Rob Lowe would finally be jealous of his alter egos ... HOW GREAT IS CABLE NOW ROB",
"Big construction projects rely on GPS. 100s of millions of jobs would be in jeopardy when you factor in their suppliers, shipping, etc. ",
"Ojutai's been spoiled and is in one of the siege art's. \n\nI assume all the dragon's pictured will be revealed (possibly have, I've been slacking this season.)\n\nExciting stuff.",
"Every driver in my city would be lost and spend even more time tapping and looking at their phone.",
"You would loose most of the television you watch. Nearly everything you watch is shot up to a bird first before coming back down to be broadcast. \n\nObviously 100% of DirecTV and Dish, as well all other satellite television people would be SOL. But the people with cable/fiber/VDSL/IPTV wouldn't be much better off. I'm sure some of the channels are delivered by terrestrial links. But the other 95% are not, so would go down hard.",
"Actually it would be rather anticlimatic. We don't nearly rely as much on space technology as some people would like you want to believe. The biggest impairments would be\n\n- cease of TV broadcasts (who still watches broadcast TV programming anyway?\n- lack of satellite navigation (GPS, Glonass, Galileo)\n\nand most importantly\n\n- loss of satellite weather data\n\nThis last point is the most important one, because satellites are so far the only way to get an accurate picture (in the literal sense) of the weather over the oceans. For the weather on land we have a dense grid of weather stations, but not knowing whats over the oceans would mean that you can kiss goodbye weather forecasts with make at least a bit of sense.\n\nWhat remains working would be\n\n- Internet (runs over transoceanic cables)\n- telephone systems (sans satellite phones of course)\n- energy distribution\n- air traffic would still operate (it would have to switch back to IMU and radio beacons, but the infrastructure exists is still the major means of air traffic navigations and where GPS is used its maintained as a backup).\n\nMost interesting what would run into serious problems are cargo ports. Not because ships are unable to navigate, but because the automated container carriers rely on GPS to find their way (they use LIDAR for precise navigation at their terminal points, but the macro navigation happens by GPS).",
"I don't know, but it is one of the premises for a really good sci-fi novel I read a few years ago:\n\n_URL_0_",
"No GPS, no pay TV (cable companies use satellites too), no satellite video feeds for newscasters, and no satellite internet.",
"There would be some loss of life. I actually can't believe no one has mentioned it but the international space station is a man made satellite which currently houses 6 people. 3 Russians, 2 Americans, and the first female Italian astronaut. \n\nEdit: I saw some posts mentioning the iss",
"Why did you specify man-made? Are there satellites out there not made by man?",
"They are all going down simultaneously already! And sideways..",
"Only the very best dodgeball players would survive, and we would become a species of really good dodgeball players. Homo dodgiens they would call us."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
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"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(novel)"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
9v0p6g
|
what is kant morality?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9v0p6g/eli5_what_is_kant_morality/
|
{
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"He calls it Duty Motive which is seeking to act out for respect of the moral law. It’s pretty strict as well. But you have to have a moral law, they have to apply to everyone and they have to be possible. I could be leaving something out my philosophy notes are a bit vague. ",
"Kant was a proponent of Deontology, which is an ethical system that focuses on whether an action is right or wrong regardless of the outcome. Within Deontology you are concerned with if lying is wrong and you don't consider what the lie is.\n\nKant's main theory was that of the Imperative, the motivation for action. Kant believed that humans, unlike any other animal, were capable of reason. As such reason is what you should use to determine if something was right or wrong. He then used logic to determine a few things he called Categorical Imperatives, which were moral absolutes based on logic.\n\nOne of was lying. Kant said that to lie you need language, and if lying was morally acceptable everyone should be allowed to lie all the time. But if everyone lied all the time, you wouldn't be able to trust what anyone said, so people would ignore everything people said. Which would mean language would cease to exist, a logical contradiction. So Kant said it is a Categorical Imperative to tell the truth.\n\nAnother was stealing. Kant said to steal something someone needs to own it. If stealing is acceptable, everyone can steal all the time. But if everyone steals all the time, then you never own anything because people just take anything they want. So ownership ceases to exist, another logical contradiction. Again Kant said it is a Categorical Imperative to not steal."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
6qx3x3
|
why is it that when you have motion sickness in a car/bus, looking outside somewhere far away makes you feel better?
|
I know motion sickness is the failure of your brain and eyes to sync in motion. But staring at something far away (which would seem like it's not moving), isn't that the same as not looking out at all?
However when I look at moving objects, passing trees etc, it makes me want to throw up immediately.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6qx3x3/eli5_why_is_it_that_when_you_have_motion_sickness/
|
{
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3
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"text": [
"Motion sickness is caused by your inner ear and eyes sending conflicting information to your brain. Your brain then thinks you're hallucinating, which means you might have ingested poison, and you need to expel it. So you get nauseous. \nPeople can get motion sick on/in vehicles because they move with the vehicle. Imagine you're in a closed room on a ship in rough seas. Your inner ear perceives you going up and down on the waves, which could be huge movements, but you are barely moving at all in relation to your surroundings (the room). That confuses your brain. If you're on the deck and staring at the horizon, the tiny movements of your eyes tracking it as you move will match up more closely to your inner ear's signals, which can help you not become sick. Closing your eyes can also help, as it removes the conflict in signals, but but it has issues in movement while your eyes are closed, which can be easily perceived as danger by the brain.",
"Motion sickness mostly happens when what you see isn't what you feel. Like you see the seat in front of you moving still, but you feel yourself moving. It's a confusing disconnect and it can make you sick.\n\nLooking outside lets you focus on something that actually isn't moving, so when you move it moves exactly how you feel like it should, there is no disconnect so you don't get sick."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
4uki7i
|
why do tech giants such as microsoft and google output the same emoji differently?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4uki7i/eli5_why_do_tech_giants_such_as_microsoft_and/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d5qf25f"
],
"score": [
8
],
"text": [
"This is about aesthetics and intellectual property. The standards does not say how an emoji is going to look, just like it does not say how any other letters should look. In one application the designers might settle for one particular look for the emojis that fits with the rest of the design. However someone else might have a different look for their application and use a different design for their emojis. Just like they use different fonts.\n\nIt is also the matter that if someone draws a symbol he owns that symbol and have the exclusive rights to give others permission to copy the symbol. It might be that a designer have worked hard on a set of emojis to get them to look as good as possible. Apple likes his work and wants to use the symbols and pays the designer to be allowed to copy them. But to make sure nobody else is using the symbols so they have an advantage they might want to pay him extra for exclusive rights to copy the symbols. Anyone else would have to wait 70 years after the designer dies before they are allowed to copy his work into their products."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
4zm9nh
|
why are olive oil and industrial petroleum categorized as 'oil'? how did the first discoverers of petroleum relate the black liquid to conventional cooking oil?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4zm9nh/eli5_why_are_olive_oil_and_industrial_petroleum/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d6wzcxn"
],
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7
],
"text": [
"both fat and petroleum have similar physical properties. they're liquid and slippery and have a sheen to them. ancient world didn't have any concept of molecular properties but things of similar physical properties implied a connection."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1zpkg3
|
what happens after a snake has fully devoured a large animal? what is happening inside?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1zpkg3/eli5_what_happens_after_a_snake_has_fully/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cfvtn4v",
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3,
2
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"text": [
"It digests it...",
"This may be slightly off topic, but did you know that an anaconda only has to eat once a year if it eats something big enough. They can burn as little as 50 calories a day despite being one of the largest animals, and they have amongst the most efficient energy storing mechanisms in the animal kingdom."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
84k8ik
|
what exactly causes a keloid scar? if a cut results in a keloid scar, what happened differently in the healing process?
|
I got a cut on my wrist years ago that resulted in a keloid scar, but I have had other cuts that have pretty much faded away. Never really understood the science behind it other than the term "keloid".
I take it they don't fade away on their own?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/84k8ik/eli5_what_exactly_causes_a_keloid_scar_if_a_cut/
|
{
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"dvq8my3"
],
"score": [
14
],
"text": [
"Our body produces this thing called \"collagen.\" According to Wikipedia, \"Collagen is the main structural protein in the extracellular space in the various connective tissues in animal bodies.\" In ELI5 terms: \"Collagen gives our skin its structure.\" It's the reason why we can pinch our skin and it doesn't rip. \n\nWhen you get a keloid scar (or a hypertropic scar, which just stays small and sometimes fades away), your body for some reason decides \"Hey, I think we need more collagen here!\" and starts saying to the cells \"PRODUCE COLLAGEN RIGHT NOW! IT'S AN EMERGENCY!\" Since collagen is a very stiff and rigid protein, it gives keloid scars their distinctive bump. And since those cells keep on saying \"PRODUCE COLLAGEN,\" it never really fades away. \n\nThere are ways you can get keloid scars removed, depending on how big they are and how much you are willing to pay. If it's this little bump on your big toe, then it's going to fall under \"cosmetic surgery\" and your insurance company isn't going to cover that as well as if your entire neck is covered by a gigantic keloid scar, which would be more understandable to remove. Cutting off a scar doesn't really help because you're generally slicing off the collagen, not the cells (it's kind of like trying to kill a person by cutting off his or her hair), and in some cases it might grow even bigger. If you cut deep enough, you might be able to kill them, but you're better off going to a doctor's office rather than following advice off of Reddit comments like this. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
p5d2f
|
li5: how can economics be a science with such different schools of economics?
|
If there were different branches of biology that were so different what wouldn't it be hard to take biology seriously?
If half the biologists were Darwinian and the other half denied genetics as a basis?
Are there other "So-Called" sciences that are divergent?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/p5d2f/li5_how_can_economics_be_a_science_with_such/
|
{
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"text": [
"No idea about Biology, but in Physics this happens all the time. Theories are postulated/discussed/debunked/improved all the time.\n\nFor a while there were two schools of thought over sub-atomic Physics - Bohr vs Einstein (or rather Heisenberg vs Schrodinger) who ultimately reconciled and all was well. \n\nI'm sure it happens in Math and Chemistry too.",
"Economics is what's called a social science. Social sciences are different from the \"hard\" sciences like biology and physics. This is because the methods that make biology and physics so reliable are not easily applied to areas of study that deal with the interaction of people, especially large groups of people. When you look at large systems like an economy, there is just too much going on for anyone to say for sure that one thing caused another. It's hard enough to tell why one person does something, imagine millions. \n\nSocial scientists can do what hard scientists do and run experiments in a lab; but while a particle or a gene works the same in a lab as outside, it's not the same with people. There are a thousand little things about a laboratory situation that are different from real life. Even just the fact that people know they are being watched makes them act differently. So even in controlled experiments, there's a lot to criticize and disagree with about the conclusions of these experiments.\n\nAnd on top of that, many social scientists of many kinds think that you can't be objective in social science--that is, who you are and the way you think will influence your conclusions. So many don't even try to do science, but instead do something more like interpretation.",
"My personal definition of science is such that a domain of study is science if it uses the scientific method. And the scientific method is to come up with falsifiable hypothesis, perform repeatable experiments to try to falsify the hypothesis, and finally discard the hypothesis if the results of the experiment do indeed falsify the hypothesis.\n\nUnder this definition, it seems that (some forms of) economics is acceptable as a science, in that it is indeed possible to make falsifiable hypothesis. Of course, not everyone who calls themselves an economist actually *does* make falsifiable hypotheses, just like not everyone who calls themselves a physicist, chemist, biologist, etc. makes falsifiable hypothesis.\n\nIt's probably difficult to make scientific hypothesis in economics, because experiments usually involve human behaviour, which can be hard to repeat. There are many other sciences that also involve human behaviour and are thus difficult to involve in repeatable experiments. These sciences are generally referred to as \"soft sciences\" and include psychology, sociology, anthropology, etc., as opposed to \"hard sciences\" like physics or chemistry.\n\nRegarding being \"taken seriously\", I imagine that most people think math is even \"more serious\" that science, and believe it or not, there are plenty of topics in math that are divergent. See the [Millenium Prize Problems](_URL_0_), for example, and in particular, the P vs NP problem. It's basically a yes/no question (\"is P equal to NP or not\"?), and so generally there's two camps (those mathematicians who say \"yes\" and those mathematicians who say \"no\"), and yet this doesn't seem to really hurt the reputation of math."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Prize_Problems"
]
] |
|
3xwk4m
|
why aren't guns replaced with non-lethal alternatives?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3xwk4m/eli5why_arent_guns_replaced_with_nonlethal/
|
{
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"Rubber bullets just hurt a lot. They don't incapacitate people. As for \"some kind of total neutralizing agent\" that doesn't exist.\n\nGuns are currently the best way to incapacitate a person or animal quickly with the least danger to yourself.",
"Well there are a couple reasons.\n\nOne, there isn't a non-lethal alternative that is as effective as a gun. Most non-lethal alternatives have a much shorter range than a gun, and lack the ability to put down an attacker with the same degree of certainty.\n\nWith the military, they don't use non-lethal means, because they want to kill enemy soldiers, or at least wound them badly enough that they're a drain on their army's resources. A non-lethal option doesn't do that."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
1ino76
|
how can we recall and see somebodys face from memory, even though we are looking at something else?
|
I can recall and see vividly a close relatives face even though I am looking at another object. Why is this how does your brain ignore what you are seeing.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ino76/eli5_how_can_we_recall_and_see_somebodys_face/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cb683hq"
],
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2
],
"text": [
"Most likely, the object you are looking at has a certain connection with the person you are remembering. You may not be aware of it, but your brain is."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2jhawj
|
why do most microsoft office programs ask me if i want to save when i close a document, even if i didn't modify it?
|
Even when it's as simple as opening a document, scrolling down to read something, then closing it. Or opening it to print it, then closing without making changes. What happens?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2jhawj/eli5_why_do_most_microsoft_office_programs_ask_me/
|
{
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"text": [
"Because you did modify it. Or at least it was modified by the program ina away that isn't visible. ",
"If you're opening the file with a version of Office that's newer than what the file was created with, it MAY be changed into the new format internally. Excel for example has a new way of storing formulas after 2007, so opening such a file with 2010 or 2013 does in fact modify the file as it's opened.\n",
"I know that Excel stores data about which cell is selected in each worksheet, and which worksheet is active. Just navigating around the workbook will create changes to be saved.\n\nPrinting may cause changes to the print settings, which are stored in the file. Even if you don't change anything, Word may take the better-safe-than-sorry strategy and treat that as a maybe-change, thereby prompting a save."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
ahj9xq
|
why is digital cable signal measured in decibels? is that a measurement of how loud something is?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ahj9xq/eli5_why_is_digital_cable_signal_measured_in/
|
{
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],
"text": [
"A decibel isn't actually a unit; it's a way of expressing a ratio between the strength/size/magnitude of two things.\n\nIn acoustic sound, \"80 dB\" isn't a measurement, really. \"80 dB SPL\" is. That means a sound measured at 80 dB SPL is 80 dB louder than (that is, 10000 times the amplitude of) an agreed-upon reference level of 0 dB SPL.\n\n(Which, by the way, is *not* silence. It's possible to be [quieter](_URL_0_) than the 0 dB SPL reference level.)\n\nYou may be thinking of a Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), which is measured in decibels. A SNR of, say, 10 dB is poor because the signal isn't that much more powerful than the noise. If you reduce the level of the noise, and/or increase the level of the signal, you increase the SNR.",
"Decibels are used for ratios, so they can be associated with many things.\n\nIt may help if you see the equation used to convert to decibel\n\n decibel value = 20*log10(value/reference value)\n\nYou can create a ratio between any 2 values. Typically they have the same unit and physical meaning, to make things easier.\n\n* For sound pressure level (SPL) this is the RMS pressure divided by a standardised reference of 2\\*10^-6 Pa.\n* For signal amplification, it is often: voltage after amplification / voltage before amplification.\n\nThe ratio is typically expressed in decibels because it's easier to show large changes in ratios.\n\nFor the values that you want to know about, I'm not sure, because I don't know the context. Now that you know that you're dealing with ratios, though, I think that you should be able to either reasonably deduce the reference, or otherwiwse reaserch what it is.\n\nI hope this helps."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/orfield-labs-quiet-chamber"
],
[]
] |
||
19vyq4
|
how come i tear up at an ending of an anime but i can't cry when something sad happens in real life?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/19vyq4/eli5_how_come_i_tear_up_at_an_ending_of_an_anime/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c8rsai7"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"My guess is that you get more emotionally invested in anime because you prefer fantasy worlds over the real thing. Totally understandable, the real world can suck sometimes. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2w22gt
|
how does being postpartum trigger postpartum psychosis in some women?
|
Why has this survived natural selection?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2w22gt/eli5_how_does_being_postpartum_trigger_postpartum/
|
{
"a_id": [
"comy7a3"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Hormones, emotions, significant life change, stress, etc. There isn't *a* cause, there are risk factors and even genetics play a part."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
61srbq
|
why do some people get deep vein thrombosis (and die) while gaming but others don't?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/61srbq/eli5_why_do_some_people_get_deep_vein_thrombosis/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dfh0ew1",
"dfha2a8",
"dfhiuxy"
],
"score": [
2,
3,
3
],
"text": [
"DVT is often a result of a sedentary lifestyle. Are you active other than gaming?",
"Vein problems, hyperviscosity, overabundance of clotting factors, less c and s proteins, basically anything to do with Virchows triad. ",
"Some people have genetic disorders that predispose them to forming DVTs. Obesity is also a factor, as are medications, supplements, alcohol use, activity level. It's also possible to have a DVT that doesn't kill you."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
1v1m0m
|
why do some wounded vets get robotic limbs, smart homes, trained dogs, etc. and others end up struggling or homeless?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1v1m0m/eli5_why_do_some_wounded_vets_get_robotic_limbs/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cent42i",
"centf5z"
],
"score": [
3,
3
],
"text": [
"I have only second hand knowledge, but I think a lot of it has to do with their (the soldier's) support system and their ability to put up with the V.A. system. A high number of vets end up homeless because of mental and coping issues and fall out of the system. They won't chase you down to support you...\n\n\nEdit: I also forgot, there are tons of non-profits that raise money for these projects. When a friend of mine came back from iraq paralyzed a bunch of us got together with his firemen co-workers and raised money for special rehab programs the va wouldn't pay for.",
"A lot of it has to do with mental issues (as does the majority of homelessness in general). The VA has historically given very little support for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and other emotional injuries. That has left many vets unable to care for themselves and cope with the rest of society. But since they don't *appear* to be injured, they have been largely ignored.\n\nThat is changing little by little now as the public becomes increasingly aware of how debilitating emotional trauma can be."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
be0zx7
|
where does my water go after it goes down the drain? also if it goes to a water treatment plant does it just get “cleaned” and put back in for use?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/be0zx7/eli5_where_does_my_water_go_after_it_goes_down/
|
{
"a_id": [
"el293t0",
"el29d4i",
"el29wo3"
],
"score": [
6,
3,
3
],
"text": [
"It ends up in the sewer. From there is goes to a sewage plant to get treated. Once it makes it through, it gets dumped back into a creek/river.",
"Varies. But yes, it all goes to the water treatment plant, and then it gets treated, which is a complicated process, too complicated to explain here. But there are lots of YouTube videos that explain the graywater processing. \nThen, at the end, the treated water is technically clean enough to drink, but of course no one would like that, everyone would freak out if the treated sewage water was piped back into the municipal supply, no matter how clean they said it was. \nSo different communities deal with it in different ways. Some use it for municipal irrigation. Some pump it into natural or artificial wetlands so it can reenter the aquifer naturally. Some dump it into the sea or a river.",
"If you're in a typical urban or suburban area, from your drain, both black water (containing feces) and gray water (shower and sink drain) goes into a sewer system. At the sewer plant, a combination of mechanical filtration through metal screens, oil traps and gravel/sand filters. Biological processing of the waste where bacteria and sometimes aquatic plants will convert the nutrients in sewage into safer products and finally chemical processing to neutralize any chemicals people have dumped into the sewers, or any bad bacteria and viruses that might be in the water. Then often the water is sent down stream into a river or ocean."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
96b11x
|
what is an amicus curiae?
|
I've searched the definition over multiple websites, but i just don't understand.
I know it's a 3rd party "help" but what does that mean? Somebody comes into the court and explains the law? I'm just so confused. Thanks for any help.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/96b11x/eli5_what_is_an_amicus_curiae/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e3z4qbi",
"e3z5jvg"
],
"score": [
7,
4
],
"text": [
"You'll most often see it in the context of major Supreme Court cases. An Amicus is a party who isn't involved in the case (they are neither the plaintiff nor the defendant) but has experience or an opinion that will help the Court decide the case. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) for instance, will often provide Amicus briefs on matters that have an impact on constitutional rights.\n\n",
"Amicus Curiae means \"Friend of the court\". An Amicus brief is a statement issued by someone not directly involved with the specific court case but may have a stake in it or be an expert in the field\n\nIf there is a case about an obscure internet issue then the EFF, Google, Facebook, and other large players will weigh in on what the impact of the ruling would do as the court may not have enough technical knowledge to forsee all the consequences of a decision. Plus sometimes the issue at hand is really obscure and proper understanding is required for a good ruling"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
6obwue
|
focal length on a lens
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6obwue/eli5_focal_length_on_a_lens/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dkg7h9j"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"For a simple convex lens , focal length is the distance from the lens to the image it forms of a distant object. So when you use the sun and a magnifying glass to burn something, you hold the lens at the focal length from the object being burned. For a complex lens it is the length of a simple lens which has the same angle of view. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2yvbdi
|
why is privatization of healthcare bad?
|
I am basing this question more on Canadian Health Care. The current Medicare system in place in Canada is unsustainable and there are recommendations of privatizing services. Does privatization mean that the government is no longer the single funder? If the government is still paying for everything, what's wrong with privatizing some of the services?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2yvbdi/eli5_why_is_privatization_of_healthcare_bad/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cpdabvl"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"People feel that curing illness and saving lives should not be something left to the whims of companies whose sole motive is profit. The profit motive can cause companies to deny needed treatment, deny coverage in the first place, or provide substandard care. It is also believed to add cost because in addition to the actual cost of providing care and bureaucracy (something present no matter what type of health care you have) you also are paying for the company's profit."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
bn5fip
|
what is that funny metallic taste you get from certain cutlery?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bn5fip/eli5_what_is_that_funny_metallic_taste_you_get/
|
{
"a_id": [
"en2iuew"
],
"score": [
9
],
"text": [
"You shouldn't experience a metallic taste when using cutlery. Either there's something wrong with the cutlery, or with how you're using it."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2ayhpu
|
what is the allure of a smart watch, and other similar wearable tech?
|
Smart watches seam impractical when compared to the already successful and functional smart phones. Why are companies putting so much effort into developing these products?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ayhpu/eli5_what_is_the_allure_of_a_smart_watch_and/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cizznlb",
"cj07ctu"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"1. the watch is constantly in contact with your body. As tech improves, this will be _very_ valuable access to health related information. \n \n2. If you believe voice-interface will be a significant part of the future of competing, you're going to have to have something outside of your pocket at all times. If you want to ask your phone \"what time is it\", you don't want to have to pull the phone out of your pocket to do so. This could either be as an accessory to your phone, or a replacement.\n\n3. You _hold_ a phone. That means you're down a hand. \n\n",
"I was thinking about this myself alot. I realized the other day that my dad could probably really use one. He's older and not really into the tech thing, but he does have a smartphonn. He misses calls all the time and also just refuses to have the phone on him all the time. But he wears a watch... so now I can kind of see the purpose of it. I'll probably never own one myself tho."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
6k5154
|
ticks, how and why do they transfer lyme disease/other conditions?
|
I've been wondering why and how ticks can cause such serious and long term illnesses in humans and our pets, how does this happen and whats the physiology behind it?
Also, why is there no vaccine to prevent lyme or other tick borne illnesses?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6k5154/eli5ticks_how_and_why_do_they_transfer_lyme/
|
{
"a_id": [
"djje5p5"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"Lyme disease is caused by one of the varieties of Borrelia bacteria. (Usually B. burgdorferi in the U.S.) It's a spiral-shaped bacteria that is endemic in a variety of wild mammals, so that's where the bacteria \"comes\" from. We humans get it from the tick species which happen to feed on both those small animals, and us. So, how does the transfer happen?\n\n* First, an animal (let's say a deer) is wandering around in the woods, infected with B. burgdorferi. The deer probably doesn't even feel that sick, and it certainly doesn't notice when it gets a tick that drinks its blood. Ticks happen.\n\n* The tick drinks the deer's blood, and in the process ingests some of the B. burgdorferi bacteria. All of it goes to the tick's stomach, where the bacteria chills for a while while the tick lets go of the deer and wanders off.\n\n* The tick finds another animal to vampire on (let's say me, out on a hike), and starts drinking. Meanwhile, the bacteria is in the tick's stomach, messing around with proteins that convince the tick's body to \"move\" it (and other stomach contents) up to the salivary glands.\n\n* So basically, the tick slobbers on me, and the bacteria in that slobber gets into my body and makes me sick. It takes time for the bacteria to get into the saliva, though, which is why Lyme Disease usually only occurs after a tick bite which lasts for a number of days.\n\n* I get a distinctive rash. (Probably.) If I don't notice, I get a number of other unfortunate symptoms, once the bacteria gets into my blood. Hopefully, I catch it early and go get some antibiotics pumped into me.\n\nNext Up, In The Comments: Vaccines!"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
auyfow
|
why does the material of the resonance chamber on a musical instrument affect the sound?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/auyfow/eli5_why_does_the_material_of_the_resonance/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ehbc3q7"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"All materials have a resonant frequency, that is, when the molecules in that material all resonate at once in sympathy with something else or by being struck.\n\nIt’s not as obvious with things like wood because when you hit a piece of wood it makes a “thock” sound. But a piece of metal makes a long ringing “ding”. They are both resonating, but for a different length of time. \n\nSo, the resonance of a particular material is based on several factors, like size, shape, thickness, crystal arrangement etc etc.\n\nIn a carefully made resonating musical instrument, like a violin, the material has been selected and machines to achieve a desired overall resonance. When they are all connected together, they work together to support the sound of the strings (strings alone are not very loud, just play an unamplified electric guitar). \n\nThe hollow chamber amplifies the resonance of the materials. Lots of things vibrating at once causes lots of air to vibrate, which is sound. \n\nIn fact, you can demonstrate the use of a hollow chamber to amplify resonance quite easily with a metal pipe vs a flat sheet of metal. The pipe is far more sonorous than the sheet. All the air inside it is moving at the resonant frequency. \n\nIf you do have an electric guitar and a wooden table handy you can do a little experiment:\n\nPlay a chord and then hold the tip of the headstock so that it is in contact with the table. It will instantly sound a lot louder. \n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
20cyjb
|
if artificial diamonds are cheaper than mined diamonds, why do we still have diamonds mines?
|
Or is it that industrial diamonds are cheaper mined than made?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/20cyjb/eli5_if_artificial_diamonds_are_cheaper_than/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cg20kwu",
"cg20z8g",
"cg22pej",
"cg24qmx",
"cg265kc"
],
"score": [
2,
2,
5,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Im guessing for the same reason why do people pay extravagant amounts for automatic pateks when a quartz timex keeps time better?\n\nThe demand for the genuine thing exists.",
"As a jewelry gemstone, marketing. If a diamond is forever, would you give someone an engagement ring with an \"artificial\" forever?\n\nIndustrial uses for diamonds as an abrasive will use artificial diamonds as its easier to get a sufficient uniform quality.",
"Because DeBeers (a cartel of companies that dominate the diamond, diamond mining, diamond shops, diamond trading and industrial diamond manufacturing sectors) doesn't want people to view industrial diamonds and mined diamonds the same way.\n\nThat's the only reason why: they have a monopoly on mined diamonds and the resources to ingrain whatever view of diamonds they want to into the minds of the general public. Currently, their marketing says that the imperfections in real diamonds add value and that you should buy a natural diamond ring for marriage. Since almost any natural diamonds you buy originate from DeBeers, they profit from it.\n\nThe problem with artificial diamonds is that anyone with the proper equipment can produce them perfectly. You can't have a monopoly on that, and so DeBeers has no incentive to promote them to ordinary people. They do have companies devoted to artificial diamond production, but that's for industrial purposes (and they can use their weighty name in the world of diamonds to attract buyers.)",
"cause DeBeers\n\n_URL_0_",
"I\"m gonna be that guy [kid (guy)] and make a Pokemon reference: It's like finding a shiny in the wild VS making one in pokesav - sure, mass production is easy, but it's nowhere near as satisfying as finding something through effort."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Beers#Legal_issues_on_monopolising_and_fixing_prices"
],
[]
] |
|
2c51um
|
why is the vatican city it's own country?
|
Why is such a small city who's sole purpose is to house the pope it's own country?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2c51um/eli5_why_is_the_vatican_city_its_own_country/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cjbz195",
"cjbz2w3",
"cjc2j69",
"cjc35rh",
"cjc774q",
"cjclcms",
"cjdh8ql"
],
"score": [
42,
71,
6,
2,
4,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Here's CGP Grey's video on the subject:\n\n_URL_1_\n\n_URL_0_",
"The Vatican used to be a far more powerful entity, controlling nearly half of what we now call Italy through the [Papal States](_URL_0_). When the modern nation state of Italy was formed the Vatican was stripped of all land. Eventually the Vatican agreed to give up the claim to the Papal States in return for it's formal recognition as an independent soveriegn nation.\n",
"_URL_0_ \n\nCGP Grey does an exellent job explaining exactly that. :) ",
"For what it's worth, so is Mt. Athos, a city-state of monastics on an island near (and under the protection of) Greece.",
"Because it is claiming to be, other nations agree to its claim, and no one disputes it.",
"I always thought it was sort of the same thing as The District of Columbia, only it includes religion. Could be wrong, but that's how I always saw it and how I understood it.",
"barc0de gave a pretty good answer, to put it slightly more detailed:\n\nFor about a thousand years, primarily the middle ages, [the Papal States](_URL_1_) used to be an independent country, with the Pope as its king, which held a sizeable portion of what is now Italy.\n\n(If the Papal States were as big now as they were 400 years ago, the Pope would be the king of about 10 million Italians.)\n\nIn the 19th century the other Italian states joined together to form a single Kingdom of Italy. The Pope refused to join, but his army was tiny so he was essentially defenceless. So the new Italy declared war and conquered the Papal States.\n\nThe Pope however did not want to surrender, and kept complaining that Italy had illegally taken his country away. Eventually, after 50 years, Italy and the Pope came to [an agreement](_URL_0_): the Pope would not get his old country back, but he wouldn't have to become part of Italy either.\n\nHe'd get his own tiny nations, the Vatican, which would have to rely on Italy for things like food, water, national defence, etc. But which would still be its own nation with its own laws and its own international diplomacy, so the Pope could continue to act as an independent head of state like he'd done for the previous 1000 years."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.cgpgrey.com/blog/vatican-city-explained",
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPHRIjI3hXs"
],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States"
],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPHRIjI3hXs"
],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateran_Treaty",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States"
]
] |
|
6vn2px
|
why did the parents of the columbine shooters have an obligation to pay reparations to the families of the victims?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6vn2px/eli5_why_did_the_parents_of_the_columbine/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dm1hhgs",
"dm1hxbd"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"[A parent is legally responsible for their childs actions until their child turns 18. They did play a part in it. They raised the little monsters. They failed to properly monitor their childrens activities. They committed a serious parenting fail. ](_URL_0_)",
"Parental liability in Colorado is limited to $3,500 (and it similarly limited in most other states) - so they weren't liable solely on the basis of their being parents to the kids that committed the shootings.\n\nRather, the lawsuit was based on a negligent entrustment theory. This means that the parents entrusted their kids with guns and bomb making materials despite the fact that they knew, or should have known, that the kids were going to use those items to carry out a massacre.\n\nThe same is true of anyone who entrusts a gun, or any other item, to another person. If you know that your friend has a history of mental illness, is prone to bouts of extreme violence, and is currently plotting to attack a third party *and despite all of that* you decide to loan your friend a gun, car, or knife then you can be held liable for any damages that your friend causes with those items. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://family.findlaw.com/parental-rights-and-liability/parental-liability-basics.html"
],
[]
] |
||
1tqagp
|
how does photo identification work for muslim women who wear the full face veils?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1tqagp/eli5_how_does_photo_identification_work_for/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ceafupl",
"ceahdlo",
"ceahszo",
"ceaijgj"
],
"score": [
44,
16,
4,
2
],
"text": [
"They take them off and presumably, smile. \n\nIn airport security or anywhere where they are required to show their face, it isn't really convoluted: they go to a private room where a *female* officer identifies her. \n\nThe keyword is female. \n\nI live in a country with a native Muslim population and the issue has never really come up. ",
"There was a case in Florida where a woman refused to remove her veil for a Photo ID. The state of Florida (DMV) refused to issue her one.",
"Muslim women only cover their faces on front of males that they are not related to. as someone else pointed out this means that other females can take the photos for IDs and verify the ID at the airport etc. ",
"In Iraq I saw IDs other than Passports that had veils on the woman in the photo. I wasn't sure what type of ID it was at the time, but I'm sure it wasn't something that would get you on a plane or anything."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
3lhs1j
|
how do they determine the speed to set in variable speed zones
|
During rush hour where I live they reduce the speed limit from 60 to 30-45. It seems like that just makes traffic worse. I know it may be a perception problem but it always seems like the speed decrease causes more traffic, not the other way around. I say that because they lower the speed before traffic gets bad.
My first thought was that it's for safety. Wouldn't congestion slow down naturally anyway?
Why do they reduce the speed in variable speed zones during rush hour?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3lhs1j/eli5_how_do_they_determine_the_speed_to_set_in/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cv6jcw3"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"The faster you go, the more space you need between you and the next car, which means fewer cars can fit on the road. When traffic exceeds that point, you get that stop and go effect that is annoying, dangerous, and inefficient.\n\nBy slowing everyone down to 40 mph, cars can safely travel more closely together, and average a higher speed than going from 55 to 0 to 55 to 0."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
fo3c4k
|
when you take long exposure pictures of galaxies from earth, how do you counter the fact the telescope is rotating with the earth and so wouldn’t be pointing at these galaxies for say 13 hours?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fo3c4k/eli5_when_you_take_long_exposure_pictures_of/
|
{
"a_id": [
"flcvf61",
"flcwm0k"
],
"score": [
7,
3
],
"text": [
"The telescope is mounted on a motorized tripod which is programmed to track the rotation of the Earth.",
"They mount the telescope on a motorized gimbals which are programmed to rotate with the rotation of the Earth. It used to be complicated with having to set up a plane parallel with the equator with a fixed speed motor that is geared to rotate once a day. However with modern electronics you just use two stepper motors and some software to achieve the same effect. In addition to moving the telescope it is not common to take a single 13 hour exposure but rather take many shorter exposures of maybe 5 minutes at a time and then stitch them together later. This allows you to remove artifacts caused by airplanes, satellites, clouds and atmospheric distortion in each exposure separately before combining them. It also allows you to take the exposure over different nights and also use different filters to let you play with the colors and composition. During this process it is possible to fix any misalignment that may have been caused over the days when you took the picture as you can manipulate each individual exposure. So for example the atmospheric distortion will be different depending on the elevation to the horizon and the temperature but also if your tracking is a bit off it is possible to fix this."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
2rq0ol
|
why does it seem some cultures have a single name that is so ubiquitous - muhammed, jose gonzales/sanchez, etc
|
I know the same could be argued of english (sort of) with John Smith but it doesn't seem like I run into all that many John Smiths by comparison.
If it helps, I work in a call center so I see a -lot- of names, there's really not a common analog for how often i see the others.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2rq0ol/eli5_why_does_it_seem_some_cultures_have_a_single/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cni79su"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"They are relevant names in that culture, mostly religious. \n\nLarge Muslim influence in the middle east and Mohammed becomes a popular name \n\nChristians also use biblical names like John, Jesus, Matthew, David, Sarah, Mary, Michael. \n\nLast names tend to be associated with professions, locations or family lineage. \n\nSmiths are metal workers, \nCoopers are barrel makers, etc. \n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2yel69
|
why do we tend to turn the volume down when we get closer to our destination?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2yel69/eli5_why_do_we_tend_to_turn_the_volume_down_when/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cp8sayo",
"cp8sc0h"
],
"score": [
4,
2
],
"text": [
" > a block away from home \n \nNever heard of people doing this when arriving at their own homes. But people usually turn down the music when they want to pay extra attention to what's happening or what they have to do, such as merge onto a freeway, looking for a parking stall, or looking for a street address.",
"We're typically driving more slowly and cautiously when approaching a destination. In a parking lot or residential neighbourhood with blind corners and pedestrians, low volume means you'll notice more. It's a good habit. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
7e7ca2
|
why does our left hand move in sync with our right hand and vice versa when we walk/run?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7e7ca2/eli5_why_does_our_left_hand_move_in_sync_with_our/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dq30e44",
"dq31oqq"
],
"score": [
7,
2
],
"text": [
"It moves in sync with your body. \n\nYour right hand will swing forward with your left foot, and your left hand will swing forward with your right foot. This keeps your body's mass centred.\n\nOtherwise, your body would start to twist a little as you moved, making it harder to keep your balance or run in a straight line.",
"Involuntarily little receptors send messages to your brain (cerebellum) relaying information about your balance and sends a message back to muscles to keep you balanced. If you try you can ‘over ride’ these commands and keep your hands to your side or holding something, but you won’t be as balanced."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
3u1bx3
|
how does "content aware" work like magic in adobe photoshop?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3u1bx3/eli5_how_does_content_aware_work_like_magic_in/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cxb81p7"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"I believe* it’s algorithm based on [Resynthesizer](_URL_0_), which is an open-source algorithm that (in ELI5 terms) looks at the pixels to be replaced, looks at everything around those pixels, and finds the best match of neighboring pixels to replace what you have selected to be replaced. It takes in to account the things in the selection that don’t match what’s around the selection, and those things get more emphasis on being replaced with things that are more similar to the surrounding area.\n\n*about that “I believe” part. You asked specifically about “content aware” in Photoshop. The feature I described (Resynthesizer) had been available for years (Gimp users had been enjoying it long before it debuted in Photoshop CS4). Similarly, there’s a feature in Photoshop called “content aware scale”, which will scale an image disproportionately without affecting visual appearance (e.g. take a 900 x 600 image and scale it to 600 x 600, but not make everything look squished horizontally). This algorithm is known as “seam carving”, which was created by Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories. Like content aware remove/fill, it also made its Photoshop debut in CS4, and was available in Gimp before it saw the light of day in Photoshop. So, given that Adobe is not re-inventing the wheel with seam carving, I’m venturing a guess they also implemented the existing, open-source methods for content aware fill."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.logarithmic.net/pfh/resynthesizer/removal"
]
] |
||
ddrq3n
|
why do lcd displays cause headaches and eye strain, while oled displays do not/take way longer?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ddrq3n/eli5_why_do_lcd_displays_cause_headaches_and_eye/
|
{
"a_id": [
"f2mdp5w",
"f2mk5tx"
],
"score": [
8,
5
],
"text": [
"The LCD display has a backlight, and a filter which changes to colour the pixels a certain way, whereas an OLED has pixels that generate their own light.\n\nLets say you're looking at reddit in Dark mode. \n\nOn an LCD, the backlight is still having to push light out, and the filter is trying its best to block said light, to make it look black. the net result is a gray colour background, and white light potentially bleeding through the edges. \n\nSince the OLED only puts out light where necessary, the pixels actually dont put out any light to make the colour black. the net result is that your eyes absorb a lot less light, which can help reduce headaches.\n\n Likewise since the black is actually black, there's a lot better contrast than on an LCD screen. a better contrast makes text 'pop' a lot better, meaning your eyes work a lot less to read text.",
"Do they though ? I've never gotten a headache or any other issue from any screen I've ever used."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
cgrsru
|
why many people in poor places prefer to have male babies?
|
The advantages of making a man are probably more chances of the man geting a better paid job. But chances are against him, and it will requiere effort and probably money to educate the man, and he will have to compete with many men.
The advantages of making a woman is that being a woman she won't have problems reproducing, specially when there are even less women than usually. And asuming an undeveloped place with "traditional roles", the woman won't need much education.
Are they thinking in earning money from them by making male babies? It looks more "natural" making sure that your children have children? (Not talking in a logical way, I'm talking about biology and insctints).
There is probably something wrong un what I said, but I don't know what.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cgrsru/eli5_why_many_people_in_poor_places_prefer_to/
|
{
"a_id": [
"euk7jyf",
"euk7wbk",
"eukn0oo"
],
"score": [
25,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"It's not to do with biology, it's to do with culture.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nIn many more traditional societies, the wife goes and lives with the husband's family once they get married and in most cases becomes a de-facto servant of the husband and his family. The wife takes care not just of her own children, but of her husband's parents as well as they age. In some societies (eg: most of India) there is the expectation that the bride's family will also pay a large dowry to the husband and his family.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nSo if you have a male child, your family retains the earning power of the son within the family unit, reasonably expects to gain additional unpaid labour in the form of a wife, and possibly stands to acquire capital in the form of a dowry.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nWhereas if you have a daughter, all your investment will be lost to the family once she marries. If you are very poor this is likely to be a cost you cannot bear. \n\n & #x200B;\n\nThis not only explains the gender imbalance in much of the developing world, but also why women have much lower status, education and life outcomes than men do. \n\n & #x200B;\n\nI hope this helped :)",
"It depends on the tradition, in poorer families males can do jobs that are akin to manual labour i.e that which does not require much education. When they get married of to a woman, (this is the tradition bit) the family on the woman's side has to give a certain amount of money to the groom's family as a gift for accepting their daughter. \nThis is old custom and is being eradicated quickly across the world",
" > The advantages of making a man are probably more chances of the man geting a better paid job. But chances are against him, and it will requiere effort and probably money to educate the man, and he will have to compete with many men.\n\nYou seem to think that life in a poor remote village in India is a lot like life in the Western world... it isn't anything like that.\n\nIt's manual labor that starts at a young age. Someone will call this sexist I'm sure, but biologically a young man is better built to plow a field than a young woman."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
1ja7u1
|
what does it mean when i hear people saying that time only exists this universe?
|
"Time only exists in our universe"
I was reading [The egg] (_URL_0_)and it reminded me of that concept.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ja7u1/eli5_what_does_it_mean_when_i_hear_people_saying/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cbcmv1e"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"time is a measure of change in the universe."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://www.galactanet.com/oneoff/theegg_mod.html"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
23xrkr
|
why are restaurants built like banks in some states, and not others?
|
This is what I mean:
_URL_0_
_URL_1_
I understand the glass is to protect the employees, but none of the restaurants are like that in my state (Oregon). I didn't realize this was a thing until recently, supposedly the pics were taken in Chicago, Illinois and Los Angeles, California.
What's different about those places that accounts for this? Different company owns the restaurant franchises there and they're bullish about security, or what? Paranoid managers...?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/23xrkr/eli5_why_are_restaurants_built_like_banks_in_some/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ch2b7uj"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"*elephant in the room*"
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://i.imgur.com/lJIVQxx.jpg",
"http://i.imgur.com/ryP7qXT.jpg"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
4t80dt
|
what was bill gates' business strategy that made people give him bad looks?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4t80dt/eli5_what_was_bill_gates_business_strategy_that/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d5fc7t8",
"d5fc8y2"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Microsoft is primarily criticized for its monopolistic tendencies (that is, its tendency to crowd competitors out of the market, or purchase them outright). They have a habit of buying businesses and re-branding their primary product as Microsoft Whatever, then giving it away for free with Windows (thus making it harder for other companies to make a profit in those markets). Internet Explorer, Direct3D, VirtualPC, and Windows Defender all fall into that category. \n\nHistorically, it has been very hard to buy a computer *without* Windows already installed, because up until ~2007, Microsoft would charge PC vendors for a windows license whether they installed it or not. This maintained a very high market share (since most people can't or won't bother changing their OS). And since Windows already comes with free versions of a bunch of software, etc. etc.\n\nTheir model has been kind of similar to Wal-Mart's, actually - focusing everything on consumer satisfaction, at the expense of their business partners, supply chain, and competitors.\n\nBill Gates is supposed to be kind of an asshole in person (at least in business settings). Some people even think he's on the autism spectrum.",
"The two people who commented may be shadow banned as the thread says 2 comments and there isn't any when you click into the thread."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
ybv4y
|
can someone explain to me how fractional reserve banking works? or why there's such a fuss about it?
|
And I don't want you to link me to [Inside Job](_URL_0_) or regurgitate the talking points. I know what they are - I've heard them. Something about all the "media" about fractional reserve banking feels a lot like propaganda and I don't trust it one bit. But whenever I try to sift through all the claims, I get lost. Can anyone help me out?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ybv4y/can_someone_explain_to_me_how_fractional_reserve/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c5ue0u1",
"c5uef6o",
"c5umtsq"
],
"score": [
2,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Say you deposit $100 at the bank. The bank doesn't keep anywhere close to all of that money stashed in their vault; in some cases, they aren't legally required to keep *any* of it. Whatever they don't keep, they loan back out to other people.\n\nLike with many of the economic controversies in the media, economists all agree that fractional reserve banking is a good thing. The economy would not be better off if a bunch of money had to sit there collecting dust in bank vaults. ",
"If you deposit $100 at a bank, fractional reserve banking means that the bank needn't keep $100 on hand for you to withdraw. They are allowed to, instead, spend that $100 or loan it to another customer (at a profit, of course). Banks that do fractional reserve, depend on the fact that people generally don't walk up and withdraw their entire savings in cash. When that happens, though, there can be a bank run, and the bank can run out of money, causing great panic.\n\nIn terms of arguments for and against, the main argument FOR fractional reserve banking is that it allows money to flexibly move around the economy, allowing people to get more easy loans. This can be good, in the case of loans like student loans or construction loans. The main argument AGAINST is that it puts risk on the financial system, purely so that banks can make more money. The risk is that people may make a run on the banks, and the government might have to bail them out.",
"Let's say a bank has $1,000,000 in deposits. They could just let it sit there, or they could loan $900,000 of it out at 5% interest, and pay people 3% for keeping their money there.\n\nEveryone wins, right? You make money, the bank makes money, and people get the loans they need.\n\nMostly, yes. The problem is that now the bank only has $100,000 sitting in its vaults to cover $1,000,000 in depositions. That's the fractional part. If too many people withdraw their money, or if they mismanage their loans, they can get into trouble. \n\nIf too many banks do this, it can lead to a bank panic, where *everyone* tries to take their money out of banks at the same time. That can cripple the banking system and severely damage the economy.\n\nSome people feel this risk outweighs the benefits of fractional reserve banking. Others just can't get past the \"my money isn't really in the bank anymore\" concept."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4H5HqrPYttw"
] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
tleia
|
the alternatives to the greek debt crisis offered by the newly elected greek government
|
To the best of my understanding, Greek is being held afloat by the money offered by other European countries, namely Germany. They have already received money from the loan. If they do not accept the terms and conditions of the loan, they will be insolvent and forced to deal the catastrophic effect it will have on their economy.
After reading this [Times](_URL_0_) article in which Tsipras balked at the idea of "submitting to blackmail," I still can't figure out what he is doing.
* I was wondering what are the alternatives do they have?
* Is it feasible for them to avoid the money loaned to them and still function as a country?
* What will be the rammifacations of them not accepting these terms?
* Is this just political hard ball/incompetence/naivety?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/tleia/eli5_the_alternatives_to_the_greek_debt_crisis/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c4nmf7v"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"The 'other' option for greece is this:\n\nGreece owes a lot of money to a lot of people. Well money doesn't just grow on trees? Actually, yes it does. Money is issued by a government, and they can, if they want, make as much or as little as they want. So if a nation owes a lot of money, they can just make more money and use that to pay every one. Why doesn't everyone do this? Well because usually if you make more of your money, it becomes worth less and less, so money supply (how much money a country will make and distribute) is a careful balance of many needs.**\n\nWithout getting too deep into an Econ 101 lecture, right now Greece can't make its own money. You see Greece entered into a common currency with the rest of Europe, the Euro, and so they can't control how much is made. But they can run up a huge debt, which Greece did for years (they were run by idiots, well, more idiotic than usual).\n\nNow Greece has two options: Accept continual bail outs (the German money you mentioned) but also accept Europe's terms (Germany and France want reforms in Greece to prevent them from getting into serious debt again and that means cutting social programs that the Greek people like). They will do this until their economy is recovered and they can begin to generate their own wealth again and pay their debts with that.\n\nOr, Greece could withdraw from the Euro currency, go back to their old money, the Drachma, and pay their debts with their old money that they can print. The downside here is that it would render the Greek currency next to worthless and set a dramatic president, that a nation can join the Euro, run up debt on its credit card, and then get a pass when the bill is due. Greece isn't the only country in a similar situation (Spain, Portugal, Iceland are similar debt ridden countries). Europe fears that a Greek exit would trigger a domino effect, and end the power of the Euro. Also it would mean a lot of the money Germany already gave to Greece would be lost.\n\nThe debate is over what to do, what is good for the Greek people? Or what is good for European people?\n\nThe path to the future is murky at best. The problem with the great common currency experiment is that shared currency doesn't work without shared economic sovereignty (the power to make law). As long as nations insist on sovereignty over their affairs, esp economic, then a common currency isn't possible. \n\n\n**Edit: I'll add it didn't always used to be this way. Money used to be just a stand in for a actual thing, usually something with a finite amount of in the world, and usually that was gold. This was the 'gold standard' and your dollar was just a substitute for a dollar's worth of gold, the real currency. But this mean money was controlled by the supply of gold, and not governments, so governments ditched the gold standard, and had their money issued as faith backed, or the dollar is worth as much as you think it will be worth when you want to exchange it. Sorry for the long explanation about how money today is really just numbers made up in spread sheets on excel, but that really is how it works today."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/14/world/europe/greek-coalition-talks-collapse-threatening-deal.html"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
74hkd1
|
why can martial arts experts break bricks with their hands, but when a normal person try, he ends up with a fractured hand?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/74hkd1/eli5_why_can_martial_arts_experts_break_bricks/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dnyb7zb",
"dnybger",
"dnybsqt",
"dnyc4e2",
"dnyfwfa"
],
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2,
5,
8,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"I saw this special on TV once about this guy who could kick through baseball bats. It turned out, if he didn't apply enough force to the bat, all that force just went into his leg and would shatter his shin bones. \n\nAnyway, they mentioned this process of continually hitting whatever body surface would be used in order to strengthen the bone there. So this guy would hit his shin against something repeatedly to strengthen it to prep for this bat, in addition to prepping for the strength to swing through it.\n\nBy creating microfractures over and over and allowing the bone to heal, it basically causes bone-scar-tissue, which is pretty tough. The average Joe isn't going to have this bone-build up to protect him/her.",
"Few things at play here but 95% of it is technique. If you're talking about a punch then it's also a little bit of conditioning your body to be ready to take a hit. When you punch correctly it's only supposed to be your first and second knuckles that make contact. The other ones will guarantee broken bones, similarly many people put their thumb in their fist, again broken bones. With that the more you practice punching the more your body can adapt and will actually build up calcium deposits on your knuckles to increase their strength.\n\nHowever most experts still don't like punching bricks because it doesn't feel good. Many will do an open hand strike, called a palm heel or something. In doing so they soften the blow to their bones with the palm of their hand but additionally the don't 'hit the board' they 'hit through the board'. What this means is that when a layperson tries to break something they will actually attempt to have their arm fully extended at the point of contact so not only is the brick pushing back but your arm is also fighting you. An expert will aim to fully extend 3 or so inches beyond the board so you have your momentum still building when you reach the board. ",
"There's a few factors at play here:\n\n1. If you practice enough mashing your bones against hard things, your bones get harder. I know a muay thai expert who says his teacher (master, sensei? I forget) trained in the old days by basically striking tree stumps with his shins for an hour a day, to toughen up his bones. You create little fractures, and when they heal, they calcify and become harder. \n\n2. If you break something, the force of your hand/foot/whatever is overcoming the forces holding the object together, which means that you're getting less resistance out of the object. Think of falling onto concrete versus falling onto foam rubber - the foam rubber deforms and absorbs more of the impact, while the concrete pushes back at you as hard as you're pushing on it. So if you strike a brick and don't break it, it's always going to hurt more than if you *do* break it.\n\n3. A lot (but not all!) of the bricks and wooden panels that martial artists use are designed to be broken. If you know what you're doing and where to apply force, you're going to have a better time than someone just swinging and hoping for the best.\n\nAll that considered though, this stuff is hard. My wife is a karate sensei and even though her style doesn't usually do breaks, she's worked with other styles with more of a focus on that aspect, so I've seen her and people she trains with break boards and bricks, chop through rocks (like flat, river rocks), and I've seen people kick through Louisville sluggers. It definitely still hurts.",
"Martial arts experts breaking- well, just about anything, will choose things to break that are easier to break, and will often specially prepare them to be easier to break. For instance: boards for breaking are usually pieces where the grain runs straight through the board rather than parallel to the surface, and drying boards in the oven to drive out moisture and make them brittle.\n\nA slightly easier and more obvious thing is when they partially cut through the thing to be broken in order to weaken it and make it easier to break.\n\nSetup is also important- the thing to be broken is usually set so that the optimum breaking point is lined up between the supports- such as putting the grain of the board perpendicular to the line of the supports.\n\nBreaking is mainly meant to look visually impressive, it's a showy thing for audiences and prospective club members.",
"I learned to break wooden boards with my hands in martial arts class, and I'd assume it's the same for bricks. For one, there's a certain point on it that you have to hit, and there's a certain way to hit it. Basically, you have to hit the weak point with the heel of your hand. The average person doesn't know how to find the point until they're taught, so they can't do it. Also, they build up to it. You don't start off breaking bricks. We started with paper (not breaking it, just making sure you hit the right angle by the sound it makes), then practice boards (they're like big plastic puzzle pieces that separate when you hit it), then wood, then brick. Finally, practicing a lot makes your bones harder."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
sc5gd
|
how do computers read the code of various programs and then create the content on your monitor?
|
I understand that computers read programmed code, but how do they do that? How does the computer "understand" these textual commands?
How does the computer circuitry then transform that into the content you see on your screen?
Thank you!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/sc5gd/eli5_how_do_computers_read_the_code_of_various/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c4cu066"
],
"score": [
8
],
"text": [
"Saying computers can do math is like saying cottage cheese can do math because you can cut it into pieces and arrange them to represent mathematical calculations.\n\nComputers merely act according physical laws. It tumbles down from one physical state to another. Much like a ball falling over stairs. Our minds identify these states are meaningful representations which behave like the calculations we like to do or games we like to play.\n\nBack in the old days, there used to be a machine for every little thing. There was a machine to play music, there was a machine to add numbers, another to sew patterns onto clothes. Then second world war happened and the Nazis were sinking trade ships by coordinating their submarines using coded messages. These codes were so fickle, cracking them required trying out many calculations and methods in a short amount of time. So Alan Turing came up with \"One Machine to do them all, One Machine to find them, One Machine to bring them all and in the darkness bind them\". In other words he created an idea for machine which could calculate anything we wanted it to. But there was a catch. This machine had to be \"programmed\". Thus the idea of software was born. To us the idea of software is obvious, the idea of one machine for everything (including porn) is obvious. But back then it was very revolutionary.\n\nWhen a computer starts it is merely like a washing machine. Devices inside the computer blindly measure the output of certain cirtcuits called ROM (Read only memory) and measures the magnetic/optical states of certain other mediums like the hard disk or CDs. These contain information stored in bits which is then blindly given to the almighty processor.\n\nThe processor is the machine which Turing invented which can calculate anything. As it measures the pulses which are given to it, it aligns itself in certain states and starts tumbling down from those states as it is designed to do. From that point on we can make the processor act in anyway like we want it to. If we connect a zillion tiny light bulbs to the processor, we can even show pictures - that is what a monitor does. Using the keyboard and mouse we can inject more information into the processor to make it act like what we want. We see the consequences and interpret it like we want to."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
4n9m9w
|
why do toys that are low on battery slow down and change pitch instead of stopping completely
|
^
EDIT : Well jesus christ on a bicycle! This post blew up. Thanks to everyone for helping me understand my simple issue!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4n9m9w/eli5_why_do_toys_that_are_low_on_battery_slow/
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"Batteries lose power over time and don't simply just 'die'. As less and less power is sent to the speaker they move slower, slowing and lowering the pitch. ",
"Imagine instead of a stopwatch you have a guy whose job it is to count the seconds as they go by. (1 Mississippi, 2 Mississippi, etc.) If the guy is well fed and got a good night's sleep, he will count at an even, steady, pace and when he says 60 Mississippi you can be pretty sure a minute has gone by.\n\nNow let's say the guy skipped breakfast and is really tired. He might lose track, or count slower, and will therefore be less accurate.\n\nIn a lot of electronics, the \"guy\" is crystal (like the quartz in a quartz watch), and with the proper voltage the crystal will vibrate at a steady and predictable pace. As the voltage drops as the batteries die the quartz vibrates at a slower speed, so the internal clock of whatever device is controlling the sound is slower. The pitch lowers as a result. \n\nThe sound doesn't stop completely because the internal clock still has some juice, just not enough to run at full speed. ",
"It's low voltage. Imagine if the toy were powered by pressurized water instead of electricity. As the water feed tank empties (akin to low batteries), pressure drops, and the device performs sluggishly.",
"I think the bit you've missed out of the title, OP, is this:\n\n > Why do toys that are low on battery slow down and change pitch instead of stopping completely **like many modern electronic devices, such as mobile phones, do**?\n\nAs others have said, low batteries cause electronics to slow down.\n\nBut many more complex devices have chips which simply won't work if they don't run at a consistent speed with the right voltage. So because of this, they constantly monitor their batteries, and shut themselves down (claiming to have 0% battery left) when the battery is low enough that the voltage starts to drop.",
"Most toys use Classic Alkaline or NiMh batteries, which has a different voltage curve compared to li-ion batteries used in modern electronics.\n\n\n_URL_0_\n\n\nAlkaline & NiMh behave like a kid counting from 10 to 1 slowly.\n\n\nLi-ion is a kid who likes 10 so much and repeats it until she sleeps.",
"Toys with motors and stuff that run directly off a disposable battery slow down and stop working as the voltage of the battery drops. Motors spin slower, lights glow dimmer and tone generators run at lower frequencies. Modern electronics run off secondary cells, rechargeable batteries. They have to be treated differently, you can't abuse them by running them down to zero volts. That's the first reason that modern electronics will suddenly stop. The batteries are protected by circuits that prevent them being over-discharged. The second reason comes down to the components in a modern device. Basically all the bits and pieces inside say an iPhone run at certain voltages, and you have a power supply that supplies different voltages to different voltage rails. 3.3v, 5v, 12v, etc. The power supply sucks juice from the battery, and as the voltage drops on the battery, it'll suck more current, put a bigger load on the battery and bump the power supplies voltage up to maintain the specific voltage. At a certain point you can't put a bigger load on the battery without the voltage dropping off substantially so the safety feature I guess you could call it cuts the power supply. Generally an operating system such as iOS or Android shutdown a little bit before the power supply will. I think. Or I could be totally wrong. \n",
"Analog electronics, which run solely off whatever voltage and current the battery supplies, will slow down as the battery drains, just like a tank of helium runs out of pressure and slows down as you fill more and more balloons\n\nDigital electronics like phones, computers, toys with \"brains\" and advanced functions will simply shut off or freeze, because once the voltage drops below the \"minimum\" required to generate the 1's and 0's in the computer chip inside the device, it can no longer do computations",
"Toys use simple circuitry as fidelity is usually not needed, these simple circuits use timers/oscillators that vary depending on the voltage supplied, tones are created by oscillating a voltage at high frequency.\n\nA battery will drop in voltage over time as it loses its charge, affecting the frequency of the tone.\n\n",
"Because they are missing a voltage regulator. Many modern devices, phones, etc have something to tell them when the power is too low to properly operate the device. Cheap shit like Chinese toys etc don't have this so they will try to work with whatever is left. ",
"OMG all these high ranked post doesnt say what is really happening. Like comparing electricity to water pressure, it might be true sometimes but its still wrong explanation!\n\n1) As batteries deplete their voltage level drops, this is true for all batteries but the curve is different for different technologies\n\n2) Different electronic devices work differently. There are devices where their performance is dependent on voltage level. Like DC motors. DC motor rotates faster with higher voltage level. Digital components have minimal voltage (and maximal) they can work with and their performance isnt voltage dependant.\n\n3) There are voltage regulating techniques that would make sure the toy would work the same until voltage was too low and then stopped.\n\nActual answer: Those toys doesnt have voltage comparator that would not let them work when they have low voltage. It is not needed and it would make the product slightly more expensive. These devices stop working when the voltage isnt enough for the components, for example DC motors need certain voltage to overcome its inner friction and have enough power to drive the load.",
"The processes is called \"Browning\" or \"Browning Out\" some of the internal components are not receiving the proper voltage to operate. However these components still operate under lower voltages. Which is why you get your twitchy, weird movements and noises.",
"The thing that most people seem to miss is that (cheap) oscillators are dependent on voltage. To play sound the electronics need a reference frequency, to know how fast should they be playing back the recorded sound. If the oscillator giving this reference shifts in frequency because the voltage changes all sounds will change in pitch.\nThe slow movement part is correctly explained by the other comments. Less voltage in the batteries means less power for the motors.",
"So you've got a few interacting effects here.\n\n1) clock speed. This is pretty well independent of voltage. Clocks are easy to get right. Often several binary operations will occur in one clock-tick, but for purposes of this explanation we'll simplify that to be one.\n\n2) digital trigger levels. Digital voltage counts as 'low' if it is lower than some voltage threshold, and 'high' if it is above another, and if it's between it's not very well defined but often it'll just not change the input of whatever's reading this value. This is read when the clock ticks. Let's imagine for simplicity that the low trigger level is 1V and the high trigger level is 2V, and normally you operate from 0V to 3V.\n\n3) It takes time to charge up capacitors. Under a wide variety of fairly normal circumstances, they will approximately exponentially approach the voltage you're feeding it. So if you're a bit and you've been 'low' for a while, you're dang near 0V. If you get switched 'high', you'll go, say, 90% of the way up in one clock-tick. So when your voltage is read, you're 2.7V, which is easily above the threshold of 2V. Across the next clock-tick, if you're still 'high', you'll close in 90% of the rest of the way, to 2.97V. If you were flipped back to low instead, you go 90% of the way from 2.7V to 0V, which is 0.27V.\n\n4) Not providing a voltage high enough can screw that up. Suppose you feed in 2.2V instead of 3V. Now if you were pinned at near-zero and you get a 'high' signal, then you make it up to 1.98V instead of 2V. This is not high enough to bring you high, yet. But you can make it high next clock-tick.\n\nNow, for complicated electronics like cell-phones, this sort of failure to be the right value right away is instantly fatal and they have to protect themselves. But for toys or synthesizers and things, usually the digital operation is just counting up. In which case, it can count slowly (note that digital counting involves setting only one new bit high and some number of bits low, so depending on the architecture it might not lose count altogether, just take longer than it should to set the proper next number).\n\nOr sometimes it'll count up until it triggers some action that draws enough current that it begins dropping bits and can't count properly and then goes back to an earlier number - like, if it gets to 7F, that's 15 high bits and ugh I can't handle that much so I go to 0 instead.\n\nEpistemic status: I know these effects exist and are important, but I am not entirely sure that they dominate in the case of the question.",
"I remember being 6 or 7 years old and being woken up by the hellish sounds of a dying battery Simon game. It was stuffed in my toy box in the closet and somehow switched on in the complete silence and dark of 2 am.\n\nMan, fuck that noise. ",
"ELI5: most battery-powered toys use batteries like they are a bucket full of water with a hole in the bottom. Water will pour through the hole steadily until almost all of the water is gone, then will slow to a trickle, then will slow to drips, then will basically stop when there isn't enough water in the bucket to do anything other than keep the bottom of the bucket wet. These toys will run as fast as the \"water\" is coming out and until there is no more water (or so little that there's not enough).\n\n\nOther battery-powered devices have a mechanism that governs their battery usage more like having the hole in the side of the bucket somewhere above the bottom. The water will stop pouring as soon as the water level is below the hole in the side. There will still be water in the bucket, but not enough to pour out of the side and keep the device running. This might be to prevent damage to the bucket/battery or to prevent damage to the device.\n\nThere are some great explanations here, but that's the simplified version of how I'd explain it to my kids.",
"Basically, there is less voltage to make things happen with, so less voltage is stretched across the same circuit. This means that less things can happen, or that the same things can happen slower. So, a toys motion will slow down, and the pitch of their noises will drop, because the frequency is being stretched out.",
"Some electronics have circuitry that makes it so that when the voltage drops down below a certain voltage, it won't work anymore. Others don't have this circuitry. Those are the ones that will slow down and change pitch.",
"One could take the opposite approach to answering your question:\n\nMany ppl have already stated that the slowdown is due to discharge of batteries / chemical reactions, etc. \n\nBUT what if I told you that they don't just stop working BECAUSE there isn't a **low voltage cutoff** circuit inside the electronic component. \n\nOne could easily insert a low voltage relay into the battery circuit that shuts off the device at a defined low battery set point (e.g. 75%) but this consumes extra cost and space, which is why it usually isn't done. ",
"The base of the argument that most folks are missing here is that the output voltage of batteries decreases as they drain. AA batteries are rated at 1.5 volts DC. When fully charged, they might actually provide 1.6 volts. As they drain and toward the end of the charge it might get down to 1.3 volts. \n\nThis affects analog electronics like motors and lights. Digital electronics, like your smartphone, work with voltage regulators that prevent this from becoming an issue. For instance, USB provides 5 volts, but most electronics run at 3.3 volts. If your battery pack is providing between 6 volts (4 AA batteries) and 4 volts (drained batteries), it's still above the operating voltage of the electronics.",
"Less battery power = Less energy getting to the parts inside the toy, as the voltage drops, the energy required to maintain full speed/volume/clarity causes it to slow down, pitches lower, motors get slower, and sound quality degrades until there's not enough power to even make movement/sound anymore.",
"I don't think it has anything to do with voltage, or potential. It is current that is decreasing. If a stream runs off of a 90ft cliff, the potential, or the distance it dropps, remains the same. Now think of a paddle wheel part way down the cliff. As the water hits the paddles, it turns the machine it is attached to. If the stream starts to run out of water, and now half of the current falls off of the cliff, the paddle wheel will slow down, but the distance it falls remains 90ft. So as the current drops, so does the speed of the machine being powered by the water hitting the paddle wheel, until the stream dries up.\n\nEdit: The paddle wheel and machine that it runs are the load (the resistance). The water slows down as it hits the wheel, but it still falls 90ft. So you have Voltage (V) = cliff height, Current (I) = how much water falls off the edge of the cliff per unit time, and Resistance (R) = paddle wheel attached to machine...V = I*R. Is Ohm's Law.\n\nSource: I am an Electrical Engineer",
"Modern devices like phones and tablets have more complicated power systems. They have a power regulator which measures how much charge is still in it and once it starts getting low we get a mention when it's about to run out.\n\nThese devices can't ever properly run out of battery, there will always be at least less than 1% of a battery that you don't want discharged. Because lithium ion batteries can't receive a charge if they are completely dead. And in some scenarios even 1 dead cell in a bigger cluster can cause the whole thing to not work right. \n\nIn more primitive devices like toys there are no regulators on them. So when their batter goes flat it uses the last drops of charge. Also with most typical kids toys they use analogue outputs, like motors and speakers. So when there is little to no charge left they are reduced on how much power can be delivered. "
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35cpyn
|
what is rent control?
|
just finished watching Friends and they keep talking about the place they live being rent controlled. Does it really make that much of a difference in price?
Edit: also how do people get to keep it if the next building over pays 5x as much? and thanks for the help
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/35cpyn/eli5_what_is_rent_control/
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"Rent control means the landlord isn't allowed to increase rent unless the government gives them permission.",
"In NYC, there used to be a system called \"Rent Control\" The rent was fixed and it was very very difficult to increase it. As a result, Controlled apartments ended up way way below market rent. \n\nThat actually led to a lot of terrible results so in 1971 Rent Control was ended and replaced with something called \"Rent Stabilization\" (more on that). However, tenants already living in Controlled apartments were able to keep paying the Controlled rate. \n\nNow, under Rent Control, family members had \"succession rights.\" For example, children could live in their parents's apartment at the same controlled rate as the parents, as long as the apartment was occupied continuously. In theory, a sucessor was supposed to a family member who had occupied the apartment at the same time as the original leaseholders, but in practice this rule was often ignored.\n\nSo, Ross was the sucessor tenant, able to pay the Controlled rate which was probably something like 20% of the market rate, and that's how they could afford all that sweet sweet space.\n\nBy contrast, Stabilized apartments are increased almost every year, at rates set by the Rent Guidelines Board. Landlords are also allowed to raise the rent for doing things like renovating. Stabilized apartments, while usually a bit lower than the market rate, are not a fraction of market rate like Rent Controlled apartments were.\n\nToday, many people use the term \"Rent Control\" to refer to various systems of rent regulation. However in NYC (and thus in Friends) it refers to a specific, now-defunct program that created insanely cheap apartments that were handed down in families. ",
"I can only speak for New York, but that's where Friends is set, so here we go:\n\nIn NYC, there are two different forms of rent regulation; proper **rent control** and **rent stabilization**\n\n**Rent control** is the kind that you see on Friends. Basically the rent cap was frozen so long ago that the market has surpassed it dramatically, so these are the 3br apartments on the Upper West Side that go for $600 a month. Normal market-rate apartments of course can be 10x that.\n\nBecause of \"vacancy decontrol,\" wherein rent control on a unit ends when the occupant dies, basically the only way to get a rent-controlled apartment is to be related to the current occupants and take it over, but this is extremely hard to do because landlords fight tooth and nail and the larger public doesn't like rent control anyway.\n\nIt should also be noted that these units have dwindled to the point where nowadays they are so vanishingly rare as to be almost completely irrelevant.\n\n**Rent Stabilization** is much much milder; basically it says landlords can only raise the rent by somewhere around ~5% per year. It's also much, more common. In general it applies to 6-unit apartment buildings built before 1974. There's tons of exceptions, but overall it's close to ~40% of apartments in the city."
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8xq8lt
|
how was crude oil formed and why is it the same in every part of the world?
|
I had the idea that it was formed from the remains of animals and plants alike but I don't understand how it's composition stayed the same even though life was different in all continents.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8xq8lt/eli5_how_was_crude_oil_formed_and_why_is_it_the/
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"There's a few competing theories on how crude was formed but the prevailing one is that a lot of organic life (plants, animals, etc.) Died and were covered over as things tend to be when they sit out in nature for a very very long time. Then the pressure and decay eventually lead to all that biomass becoming crude oil.\n\nAnd to answer your second question: it's not the same everywhere. Different deposits have different characteristics, but refineries have techniques to extract the stuff they want from the crude, despite any differences. ",
"Organic matter (so basically plants, algae, decaying animals, and so on) will, at intense pressures, and with enough time, turn into a soup of hydrocarbons. Because of how hydrocarbons form, they tend towards certain structures, which result in certain specific hydrocarbon species showing up in greater amounts than others. The lighter segments of this can be extracted as gas (mostly as methane), while the heavier fragments are extracted as liquids.\n\n > but I don't understand how it's composition stayed the same even though life was different in all continents.\n\nIt doesn't. Oil and natural gas from different regions will have different compositions. They're all made from the same pieces, but they all have different amounts of each of the different hydrocarbon species.",
"There are major differences. One example are *tar sands* which have been known for a while, but are only recently considered to be commercially viable. They contain a lot of larger, thicker compounds (think motor oil instead of gasoline... but even thicker than that) and useless sand etc. The junk needs to be separated and the oil needs to be heavily processed before use as motor oil, gasoline, etc. \n\nOnly with improving technology for that processing and high prices for oil does this make economic sense. "
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4id5rq
|
what happens when the referee doesn't throw down the puck or 'kicks a player out' in a hockey faceoff?
|
In hockey, the referee periodically fakes as if he is going to drop the puck, but doesn't. The players act accordingly, then he suddenly points at a player, players switch places, and the crowd boo's and jeers.
What actually is happening here? What is the ref looking for? Is there a reason why they specifically do it at any given time?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4id5rq/eli5_what_happens_when_the_referee_doesnt_throw/
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"Because a player is cheating a faceoff. Only the players taking the faceoff can be inside the circle. Players may try to cheat this. Additionally, the players taking the faceoff may move before the puck is dropped which is a violation. The ref has the descretion to kick a player out of the circle if their team breaks the rules to give their team an unfair advantage and a backup player must take the faceoff.",
"Typically, the player on the away team who is taking the face-off puts his stick on the ice first. This used to be the rule for 100% of face-offs but has changed recently in the NHL, but for simplicity and to avoid confusion I'll still just pretend that this is the rule all of the time. The rules are a little more nuanced, but this should give you the general idea.\n\nNow, if the player on the home team who is taking the face-off does something that the ref thinks gives him an unfair advantage (the player turning his body so that his shoulders are no longer \"square\" with the puck, moving his stick in an illegal way, putting his stick on the ice before being told to do so by the ref, lining up improperly, etc.), the ref may eject him from the face-off and a different player on his team (who was already on the ice) will then have to take the face-off. When this happens it's not a penalty, the players just trade places and the game moves on. Sometimes this happens because the player on the home team was jittery and thought the puck was dropped before the ref actually dropped it (the refs don't fake dropping it, although sometimes they hold it in the air an uncomfortably long time), or sometimes the home team will deliberately send the wrong person for the face-off in order to get intentionally thrown out in order to buy more time (like a mini-time out)."
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d7jvk8
|
why do eyeballs roll back when someone is passing out?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/d7jvk8/eli5_why_do_eyeballs_roll_back_when_someone_is/
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"What you're referring to is probably a tonic-clonic seizure(the cause of most unconscious spells outside of fainting and standing up too fast). All the muscles in the body seize up as the brain experiences trauma, which makes the eyes roll back. THat's the tonic part, and when you see someone twitch and spasm after falling over is the clonic part. These used to be referred to as \"grand mal\"(very bad) seizures.",
"It’s loss of muscle tone. If you slow down footage of someone blinking, their eyes roll back a tiny bit before the lid closes, and you can see the same thing in heroin use, in extreme pleasure and in sleep. \n\nThe direction you eyes look is controlled by six muscles and if all of them relax (for whatever reason) the eye rolls back.\n\nThe last time I read about this would have been twenty years ago so happy to be corrected.",
"When I think about this when I’m trying to sleep, it makes my eyeballs hurt. It’s actually something that’s been going on for years",
"They don't. Eyes roll back when you close them because it's a way to protect them.\n\nIf the eyes are rolled back, then that person is either awake (faking it) or just asleep. \n\nWhen someome passes out and is truly unconscious, their eyes are looking straight but keep their normal reflexes, if they show no reflexes then that's a sign of severe brain damage.\n\nAlso, this explanation is heavily simplified.",
"They don’t usually roll but they relax. We had to euthanize our golden retriever due to old age and being riddled with tumors. One of the things that stuck with me was how he went from blinking and looking around to his eyelids relaxing and not shutting but being half open and kind of droopy with his eyeballs just sort of... idk, just dead. Not fixed but not rolled back either. He was laying on his side. If he were on his back they probably would have rolled backwards.",
"Because the quickest way to jumpstart the brain and regain consciousness is to stare at it in a passive aggressive manner",
"It's called the bells reflex. It's a primitive protection mechanism to protect your cornea during blinking. Because it's a reflex, it takes a lower consciousness to occur than your tonic eye muscle balance. So when you lose consciousness and your muscle balance goes, the reflex is still present.\n\nSource - I'm an ophthalmologist.",
"It’s called a Bell’s phenomenon and even when you blink, your eyes roll backwards slightly. \n\nThis is thought to be an evolutionary reflex so that if you were to get hit in the eye, your first reflex would be to blink and your eyes would naturally roll back and hopefully your cornea would not get hit. It’s suppose to be a defensive mechanism so your vision would be less affected",
"It’s actually due to a reflex called the Bell’s phenomenon. The facial nerve carries the afferent fibers for this reflex, while the efferent fibers travel via the oculomotor nerve to the superior rectus muscle that controls upper ward eye movement. It makes the eye roll upwards at an attempt to protect the cornea or front of the eyeball. It is also seen with forceful eye shutting, not usually in short blinks.",
"To look up into your brain. How else do you think we see dreams and thoughts?",
"i have a friend when as he blinks u can actually see that his eyes roll back.\nHe is the only person i know that u van see it so well",
"Would they roll down if one’s body were oriented upside down or face down?",
"Eyeballs roll back every few seconds, not only when passing out. When the eyelids go down, the automatism of the muscles makes the eyeball go up (by very little), to ensure best hydration on a slightly larger surface. \n\nIn passing out, the eyeballs roll back more than in blinking, but not by very much. The shape of the eye + the shape of the cranial socket + the existence of optical nerve don't allow a full roll back. The muscles relax, therefore the eye is not as \"tight\" held in place, so it rolls back more than in blinking. \n\n**Why it rolls upwards and not downwards:** due to the position of the optic nerve and due to the positioning of muscles.",
"The eyes are trying to look at the brain to see what's wrong. \n\nIf you were at the front end of a boat looking out at the water and suddenly you stopped moving or drifted off course you would roll your head back to see what's going on. \n\nYour eyes are doing just that. And now you know.",
"I just watched people pull g's in flight training and pass out and then this post was next. Lol",
"I am not a fainter, but I once passed out and my eyes stayed wide open. Once it became clear I was okay, my sister said it was the creepiest thing ever. At least we immediately had something to laugh about?",
"It’s cuz the brain wants to take a look at itself and make sure everything aight. 20 year PHD neuroscience here",
"It's how we dream. Eyes roll back staring at the mind and we see what we call \"dreams\". Hol' up I gotta take another hit...",
"The reason is the persistence length of he muscles responsible for upward and lateral movement is shorter than the others. You can test this yourself. Your eyes move faster laterally then down. When you close your eyes or lose consciousness the electrical signals to the muscles relax and your eyes roll into a position slightly up and to the side because of this. One could suppose this is evolution as attacks are more likely to come from above and the side than below. This is called Bells phenomenon. It is not strictly speaking a reflex as there is no impulse to cause it. This happens for all muscle systems. Your fingers naturally relax to a given position based on flexibility as well.",
"Body: Hmm, something's not right, please run a soft restart.\nBrain: Restarting.\nEyes: Adjusting to be able to read the restart files directly from file source (the brain) upon powering up from restart.\n\nI would know, I've restarted before."
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5oeysk
|
why does the spiciness from salsa intensify after i stop eating it.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5oeysk/eli5_why_does_the_spiciness_from_salsa_intensify/
|
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"Your VR1 receptors (the neuron in your mouth that deceased temperature) binds to capsaicin molecules, which give the sensation of being \"hot\" \n\nAs you eat, your mouth salivates, breaking down that capsaicin.\n\nWhen you stop eating, you stop salivating, and the capsaicin that remains in your mouth settles down and bonds with your neurons fully. "
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[
[]
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||
34rk65
|
what happens when people in jobs that 'can't' strike do?
|
Like if firefighters or cops went on strike even though their contracts say they can't?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/34rk65/eli5_what_happens_when_people_in_jobs_that_cant/
|
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"Back in the 1980s, the FAA flight controllers went on strike, even though it violated federal law, and their bargaining agreement. Back then Ronald Regan fired all of the striking workers, and banned them for life from working for the federal government. (Ban was lifted about 12 years later) He also used the military to assist in directing flights.\n\nIn other areas, firefighters and law enforcement, the city would probably declare a mutual aid emergency and get assistance from the state or neighboring cities/counties. ",
"I live in Montréal and our police officers are using other pressure methods on our governement since they can't strike. They're all wearing funny colored pants, often pink or yellow with camo designs and their cars are covered in stickers. Same with the firemen and bus drivers!"
]
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2zx7ob
|
does the text in the quran justify muslim extremists' suicide bombings and other attacks?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2zx7ob/eli5_does_the_text_in_the_quran_justify_muslim/
|
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"Not really, it's all in how you interpret it. It's the same as how certain verses in the Bible can be warped to justify extremist views.",
"Considering suicide is expressly forbidden, and killing innocents is as well, not really, but extremists of any religion will find a way to justify what they want to do using whatever mental gymnastics they can."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
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||
3fe4yw
|
why does a photo taken with any type of camera look different than when we look at that scene with our eyes?
|
As an example, when I see a scene directly, I see more detail, things are a bit zoomed also the colours are vibrant
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3fe4yw/eli5_why_does_a_photo_taken_with_any_type_of/
|
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"The retina of your eye has special cells called photoreceptors. These cells take in light and send a signal to your brain telling you what you're seeing. These photoreceptors perform a similar function to the light sensors in a camera. But, the light sensors will never work exactly the same as the photoreceptors in your eye. They are going to record a slightly different image from what your eye sees. Also, there is a lens in front of the light sensor just like there is a lens in front of your retina. The two lenses will never be the same either.\n\nBut, even if the camera did manage to record the scene exactly the same way as your eye does, you still have to display that picture somehow. That either means printing it out or displaying it on a screen. Neither of those methods will ever perfectly recreate the scene exactly as you would have seen it if you had been there.",
"There are a lot of factors that contribute to this: \n\n* Dynamic range of camera sensors are significantly inferior to what the human eyes can see. Dynamic range is [how well the sensor captures the highlights and shadows](_URL_5_) of the scene. The more you can see in both the highlights and shadows, the higher the dynamic range. For example the human eye can see approximately 24 stops of DR while a high-end full frame sensor (such as one found on the [Sony A7r](_URL_3_)) only has a DR of 14.1.\n* Colours also look different because most cameras capture photos in the [sRGB gamut](_URL_6_). This is only a small fraction of what the eye can see (The whole coloured space is what the eye could see). Some can shoot in [Adobe RGB](_URL_0_) which captures a wider gamut of colours but still not close to what the eye can see.\n* The lens of the camera can also contribute to the difference. High-end lenses usually have less [distortion](_URL_2_), therefore making the image less different.\n* Image processing of the raw image is also a great contributor to the overall appearance of the image. Some cameras over-sharpen the image, making it look artificial. Some add more contrast, which makes for a more subjectively 'appealing' image, sometimes sacrificing more dynamic range.\n* There is also the way you display the image. All displays are calibrated differently. Some cover a large gamut such as [OLED displays found in Samsung Galaxy Phones](_URL_1_) but most good displays are [closer to sRGB](_URL_4_). Even if the display can output every single colour that the eye can see, it has to be properly calibrated. If a display is [poorly calibrated](_URL_7_), it would display the images considerably different from what the sensor captured. \n\nHope I helped.",
"There's also the issue of focal length. Your eyes work about the same way as a 50 mm lens on a full frame camera. A < 50 mm lens is going to take in more than your eyes, and can distort the scene by making the foreground and background look farther apart. A lens > 50 mm does the opposite. "
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|
80dfxu
|
ignoring the difficulties of getting it up there, would launching a rocket from the top of a mountain really save that much fuel and delta v overall?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/80dfxu/eli5_ignoring_the_difficulties_of_getting_it_up/
|
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"No, most of the energy in a rocket is getting it moving *sideways* very fast, not getting it further up. That's why space programs always launch as close to the equator as is practical (the earth orbits at a constant angular velocity so the widest part of the earth is moving the fastest). ",
"No.\n\nAltitude is the least important part of getting something into orbit; the vast majority of the energy is used to build speed sideways. In fact, irrespective of altitude, anything with enough lateral speed is in orbit: you would be in orbit around the Earth at sea level if you were traveling 7.9 kilometers per second. \n\nObviously, the problem with that is things get in the way: buildings, people, the odd mountain - but most importantly, air. You can think of the \"up\" component of a rocket flight as just a way to get out where there's nothing in the way.\n\nAs an example, Low Earth Orbit (LEO, which is any orbit between roughly 200 km and 2000 km) requires ~7.8 kilometers per second of lateral speed.\n\nThis is why the vast majority of orbits are west-to-east - you get a \"bonus\" ~0.4 kilometers per second from the Earth's rotation, so you only need to add 7.4 kps. Putting something in a an east-to-west orbit (retrograde orbit), on the other hand, means you need to first scrub off that 0.4 kps, then pile on 7.8 kps. Which (obviously) is the same energy expenditure as accelerating to 8.2 kps.",
"It will definitely reduce fuel requirements and reduce the delta V required, but it won't be significant in any way. Pitch-over could occur slightly earlier, reducing gravity losses slightly and aerodynamic losses will be reduced slightly. It took a Falcon 9(CRS-12) only about a minute to reach the height of Mount Everest and it was going only about 300m/s by that point. Would starting higher help? Sure, however, height isn't what puts you in orbit and the energy spent getting higher is a small fraction of the energy spent going sideways fast enough."
]
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1uz7tu
|
why are homosexual acts in straight women generally more socially acceptable/passable than vice versa?
|
I feel like this question was explained a while ago in some form or another, but I just can't find where. Basically, when two girls kiss just for fun/experimentation/whatever, why is it written off as such? Why don't men experience the same? Or to put it a different way, I've met homophobic people who have no problem with watching lesbian pornography. Where does this come from?
Sorry if it's unclear. I just remember seeing a great explanation on reddit once and it'd be great to read something like that again.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1uz7tu/eli5_why_are_homosexual_acts_in_straight_women/
|
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"It's fetishized. Queer women still can't get married in a lot of states, can't go to prom together, can't pursue their relationship without stigma and judgment and (in some countries) the threat of death. The difference is that men in power find girl-on-girl sexual acts to be sexy to them, and that fetishization is mistaken for acceptance.",
"I've heard the argument - and I don't know that I can give you anything but speculation on this subject - that it's a sexism issue. \n\nCertainly this was true in some ancient cultures: the problem wasn't that it was two dudes, the problem is that one of the dudes was being \"the girl\". The Greeks/Romans had an entire culture built, essentially, around \"if you're on top it wasn't gay\". Since women weren't expected to live up to manly ideals, no one gave a fuck.\n\nAs a companion issue, consider transgender people. Anytime trans women come up, there's always a bunch of guys going \"do what you want but don't try to trick me into doing something *gay*\" - but this notion never arises with respect to trans *men*. The notion is that a gay man isn't really 'being a man'.",
"I think men prefer straight girls messing around to actual lesbians anyway. Ive never seen straight men get excited about two lesbains making out if they werent really femme looking. Its more of a fantasy than men excepting lesbians more.",
"I'm with /u/Lirkmor\n\nmaybe it is a matter of fetishization and the promise of sexual arousal for men who enjoy watching lesbian sex rather than \"acceptance\"\n\n > Basically, when two girls kiss just for fun/experimentation/whatever, why is it written off as such? Why don't men experience the same?\n\nThey do, or perhaps more aptly, they *can*.\nIn public, wherever this may be \"written off\", it's unlikely the reaction is even all that different for a male couple. Elsewhere, 'generally', bigotry will treat both situations the same way.\n\nIn pornography, this is a pretty well-known matter of content creation catering to the audience's demand.\n\n\n\nHave you considered that there are homophobic women who are stimulated or excited by gay male sex?\nI know you qualified your question with, 'generally', but this is a completely contradictory case that should start to point out the holes in your questions",
"Women can make out without losing their feminine status, when two guys make out they aren't looked at as men anymore",
"Most opinions will be guys - and the only experience of girls who sleep with girls will be from porn. \n\nThis isn't to say that guy/guy porn isn't watched by lots of men too! But women who sleep with women are often seen as having a potential to still sleep with men. Men who sleep with men are often assumed to ONLY want to sleep with men. Actually there's loads of bisexual men but if you admit to sleeping with a man, people assume you're a gay man. If a woman admits to sleeping with another woman often they are viewed as 'doing it for fun'. \n\nAlso I'd argue that most people view women as the more attractive gender (feel free to disagree!) and therefore there's more of an idea from men and women about 'yeah I get it' whereas with men it 'must be personality' rather than thinking that dude is sexy.",
"There have been studies done on the sexuality of men of women. The results generally show that women who self-identify as straight get turned on by many different things including men, women, straight sex, gay/lesbian sex and even animal sex. However, women who identify as lesbians and men who identify as straight tend to only get turned on straight and lesbian sex.\n\nSo I think it largely has to do with the general sexual spectrum of men and women of different preferences.",
"Gay men are more threatening than gay women, because men are more threatening than women.\n\nThis comic sums it up well: [Homophobia is the fear that gay men will treat you the way that you treat women](_URL_0_). Now, obviously not all men objectify women like that. But anecdotally, I have seen a correlation between misogyny and homophonia. And it makes sense to me that men who conflate sexual attraction with objectification, would feel threatened by gay men because they would feel objectified. They fear for their anus.\n\nMeanwhile, lesbians represent no threat. The only thing a lesbian is going to do to you is be more difficult to have sex with.",
"Women are seen as the weaker part, so when they are together, no problem. Men, however are considered disgusting if they succumb to the \"female role\" which is being the recipient in sexual intercourse.",
"I'd propose an aesthetic argument as it relates to the \"disgusting\" factor, not as a replacement for some of the others given (which have varying degrees of validity), but as an adjunct for consideration. \n\nMen and women are portrayed of and thought of in very different terms of attractiveness. Perhaps this stems from some male-dominated media conspiracy which portrays what they find attractive - women - in one such light, while portraying men in another. Women are portrayed regularly as beautiful, sexually appealing bombshells that even gay men would find impossible to acknowledge. Men, until extremely recently with things like Abercrombie and the like, are portrayed entirely differently. \"Handsome\" at best, usually older, far more reserved compared in dress and abject sex appeal than the women.\n\nThat culture permeates into everyday people (whether that's part of one whole or whether one begets the other... who cares). Girls aspire to a certain aesthetic (even the butchest lesbian has layered on some lipstick a couple times) where none exists for guys. Women are in focus, men are Ron Jeremy being used for 10 inches. In addition, women are FAR more physically/visually forgiving of men than men are of women. Thank god for most hetero men that women are willing give top priority to humor or 'personality' when these things are lucky to make top 5 with roles reversed. On top of this, women are the 'gentler' sex, which is to say that there is inherently less opportunity for disgusting smells/hair etc.\n\nAll this to say that most people's idea of a \"Man\" does not carry the same mathematical value as their idea of a \"Woman\". It's apples and oranges. If I tell you to picture two girls - even average girls - you are still going to picture something well put together, well make-uped, nice cleavage etc. If I tell you to picture two average men, you're going to imagine something much more disgusting - john hodgman making out with the cast of the office, or your slightly overweight balding father making out with his fishing buddy. \n\nEven a lot of the men considered smoking hot today, \"hollywood's hottest\" or whatever, are determined by women who are NOT judging pure physicality in the same way that men are judging women. Women are notorious for 'corrupting' their judgement of male physical attractiveness based on aspirational qualities such as status, perceived personality etc. \n\nSo the equivalent of this: _URL_0_ is this: _URL_1_\n\nNone of this means anything if you're dealing with brutally repressed people, but for those slightly more open it might hold weight. Even gay men would prefer seeing two versions of the girl above going at it than two versions of your father."
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4j1pmd
|
what would happen when 2 objects with mass collide head-on while travelling at 3/4ths the speed of light?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4j1pmd/eli5_what_would_happen_when_2_objects_with_mass/
|
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"This is what's inside the Large Hadron Collider, for objects called Protons. Larger objects would be even more dangerous and the energy released would likely damage everything nearby.",
"They explode due to the massive amounts of energy.\n\nIt is important to note that from each other their own inertial frame of references, they are not moving and the other object is moving at less than the speed of light towards them (but higher than 3/4 the speed of light).\n\nThus it is still a sub-lightspeed collision, just like any other collisions (but obviously vastly higher energy).\n\nEDIT: Two objects closing at 0.75*c each (from the view point of an observer) will be closing at a speed of 0.96*c from their own view points. This is a long long way off the energy involved in experiments such as the Large Hadron Collider, even though the speed doesn't look that different. As you approach c, the increase in energy to go faster becomes exponentially bigger.",
"The two things really really want to keep going 3/4 of the speed of light. However, they are in each others way. Stuff is made of smaller stuff held together by some force. Everyday stuff is made of molecules. Molecules are made of atoms. Atoms of protons and neutrons. Those are made of quarks. When the stuff meet, each will try to hold on to the stuff around it. If it's not strong enough it breaks into smaller and smaller stuff as it all tries to get out of the way of each other. \n\n\nNormal stuff we pick up breaks pretty easy all things considered. We can even experience when molocules break down. Normal chemical reactions and such. Nuclear energy, enough to power cities (or destroy them) is how much you need to break down atoms. When we want to break down protons, we need particle accelerators, flinging stuff near the speed of light. \n\n\nSo basically when our two pieces of stuff collide, you'll get a big explosion as it's ripped apart down to it's quarks and electrons because even those forces that hold them together can't hold on strong enough. ",
"The screwiest thing about relativity is that everything you intuitively know about physics is *wrong*. In a relativistic universe, 3/4c + 3/4c != 6/4c. You see object A moving at 3/4c, and you see object B moving at 3/4c. Object A sees you moving at 3/4c, and sees object B moving at some speed X, where 3/4c > X > c. Object B sees you moving at 3/4c and sees object A moving at that same X. *These viewpoints are all true.*\n\nIt's a terribly difficult concept to accept, but it's the essential basis of relativity: everything is relative to the observer. There's really no way to reconcile it with our intuitive Newtonian model of physics.\n\nAs for the answer to the question you asked, the two objects will most likely explode violently, because relativistic energies are quite large. If the two objects are atoms, you get subatomic particles. If the two objects are spaceships, you get subatomic particles mixed with spaceship dust."
]
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1vgs1r
|
when and why did the us military change their camouflage to the more "pixelated" design that soldiers currently wear?
|
Was it just a stylistic decision or does it serve a more pragmatic function?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1vgs1r/eli5_when_and_why_did_the_us_military_change/
|
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"The objective (and it can be argued whether or not it was met) was that the new uniform be functional in more environments. The older uniforms were good for Woodland OR Desert. The newer uniform was meant to work in Woodland AND Desert.\n\nThe digital pattern was meant to help achieve this pattern. If you remember the older uniforms, there were large blobs of color, and large blobs don't usually happen in nature. The digital patterns are more broken up and help to achieve a more natural camouflage.",
"We would rather give you good camouflage for where ever you are rather than perfect camouflage for somewhere else.",
"There is a History Channel episode on this that covers the testing and idea behind how the eye perceives color and shape in camoflage. Apparently the pixel pattern makes it harder for the eye to determine silhouettes. ",
"If I walk into a forest 25 feet in front of you and hold up a black piece fabric 1ft x 1ft chances are you'll be able to see it. Now if I do the same thing with a piece of fabric that is 6in x 6in you'll have a harder time seeing it, and so on the smaller the piece gets.\n\nThe idea behind digitized camo wasn't to make it work in different environments (That was the colors job), but to blend the human figure into its surroundings better. The smaller the pattern is (to a certain point), the better it is at breaking up form. At least this is how it was explained to me on MCRD.",
"The camouflage came from Canada and the US started using it after we did, but the reason we use it is because it simply provides better camouflage in more environments.",
"[This page has a really good picture showing how well they blend in](_URL_0_). Unless you're looking directly at the digital pattern, you probably won't even notice it.",
"I think the first U.S. Army units began receiving the ACU in 2005. Marines had the MarPat uniforms at least as early as 2004. When the 4th Brigade, 10th Mountain (U.S. Army) deployed to Afghanistan in early 2006, they had the ACU. That was the first time I saw the uniform in person. I'm not sure how the cloth/pattern choice were selected, the uniforms \"glowed\" in the dark. \r\rEdit: english",
"This is an interesting discussion because the \"U.S. Military\" has a bunch of different camo for most of their branches. Each branch has a different camo at this point in time. I'm not entirely sure about when the different switches occured, but at one point most of the branches used [BDU's](_URL_0_) or [DCU's](_URL_5_) in desert deployed locations. I know at this point the Marines wear [MARPAT](_URL_3_), which also had a [desert](_URL_6_) version. The Army has since switched to [ACU's](_URL_4_) with no alternate for desert situations. The Air Force has switched to [ABU's](_URL_1_) with no desert alternatives either. The Navy has switched to this [NWU](_URL_2_) which I think looks awesome. \n\n\n\n\n\nI remember hearing some rumors that a few high up officials wanted to go to one single uniform for all branches and the lead contender was the marine camo, but the head guy of the marines basically said fuck off, no one but a marine is wearing our uniform. That could have been a rumor, can't remember where I heard it. Also, I know buddies that are getting deployed to Afghanistan in the Air Force are receiving multicam instead of going in their ABU's. No idea how widespread that is going to become.\n\n\nedited* to change the navy uniform name.",
"I was going through training at the Presidio in Monterey, CA when they started issuing them to selected Marines on base. This was roughly fall of 2002.",
"ACUs are fucking terrible.",
"To follow up on the posts here, the Army did away with ACU's a few years ago and now uses Multicam. The ACU's sucked, ripped easily, didn't blend into anything at all, and were pretty much hated. They are using multicam until they can find something better. The Marines still use DCU's and they are great. Comfortable, well designed, and actually provide some measure of camoflauge. Source : former Marine.",
"Fun fact: \nAir Force ABUs blend in perfectly with large piles of Air Force ABUs. \nSource: I'm in the Air Force. ",
"As a foot note on the points everyone else has contributed, I just wanted to mention that as far as the Army goes, the pixelated pattern a lot of people are familiar with, the Universal Camouflage Pattern (UCP), is actually on the way out and will be replaced with something else; troops on ground have slowly been integrating a newer pattern into their closets. (Source: I worked as a gov't contractor on a military installation and watched transition begin in the spring of last year.)\n\nThe Army came out in 2012 and recognized that the pattern most of us are used to has been a failure that's pretty universally loathed. [Source](_URL_0_)",
"Because the Marine Corps thinks the Army has cooties and every other branch wishes it was the Marine Corps. They won't admit it, but they do.",
"Because we live in a computer simulation. Don't wanna be seen by an admin now, don't we",
"\"Why does that tree have an American flag on it?\"\n\n\"Why's that tree eating a burger?\"",
"After god knows how many hours of training and drills a have learned that ACUs blend in with exactly two things: faded paisley couches, and other ACUs. As people have been saying the ACUs were originally thought to provide better camouflage in a range of environments than it's predecessors. Once again, as has already been mentioned the reason it stuck around for so long is because the top brass of the military became infatuated with it and didn't want to admit failure. While ACUs are still used stateside the \"multicam\" pattern is now fully rotated into overseas use and works much better. This is because the smaller pattern blotches do better at breaking up a profile or silhouette than digital print. THIS is because digital blocks are not often found in nature. \n\nCurrently however tier one operations groups as well as several Ranger companies are trying out a new camouflage pattern called A-TACs. This new camouflage should be the most effective to date as the concept of splotches has been removed entirely and a blended, muddled look has been adopted which almost completely removes visible difference between profile, surroundings, and equipment/weapon.\n\n_URL_0_\n\nSource: Am a US Army Infantrymen"
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|
3rhv77
|
why does laptop batteries become dead when laptop is constantly connected to the socket?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3rhv77/eli5_why_does_laptop_batteries_become_dead_when/
|
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"The back-and-forth chemical reactions which store and release electricity aren't 100% efficient. Over time the battery wears out and its capacity steadily goes down when the materials inside sometimes react in a wrong way and end up not being able to do their job anymore.\n\nWhen plugged in your laptop isn't taking electricity straight from the outlet, the power is used to recharge the battery. Continuously using a bit of the battery charge and then immediately recharging it wears down the battery.."
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|
[] |
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[
[]
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dvy79i
|
in the us, why are phone numbers 10 digits long? how was it determined? won't there be a time when all possible phone numbers will be taken?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dvy79i/eli5_in_the_us_why_are_phone_numbers_10_digits/
|
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],
"text": [
"The US phone system (formally known as the North American Number Plan as it also covers canada and some of the caribbean) was originally developed and implemented in its current form in the 1940s. It's been a bit improved upon and expanded since then, but mostly, its still the same underlying format and structure since it was made.\n\nYes, numbers will run out, its expected to run out sometime around 2050, and its not something they haven't known or been planning for, there have been several proposals on how to fix the problem and the usual one that is cited is that they will expand area codes into 4 digits instead of 3, which will give many more numbers."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1cxit1
|
why is the high traffic caused by video streaming a big problem for internet bandwith worldwide while there is no problem in streaming hd content via cable and satellite tv ?
|
Ok,
I know the stream of a cable provider and a satellite signal contain EVERY single channel and your tuner just picks up the one you want and decrypts it.
But why isn't there such a thing for the Internet, where everything (youtube, netflix, hulu...) is just a signal broadcasting all the time and you just pick the one video you want to watch, when you want to watch it ?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1cxit1/eli5_why_is_the_high_traffic_caused_by_video/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c9kwgeh"
],
"score": [
8
],
"text": [
"That's because the satellite signal is sending every channel to everyone as a single signal.\n\nIt's as if someone is standing in the middle of a packed gymnasium with a loud speaker. When he talks, everyone in the audience can hear the same information even though he's only speaking once. He doesn't need to speak to each person individually.\n\nThe internet on the other-hand, is like a telephone network. When you call someone, you are getting information on a 1-on-1 basis. That's why you can stream video on-demand through the internet. When you watch a video on youtube, there's is a server that is serving up the video directly to you. So if there's a million people watching the same internet stream, there's a direct internet connection between each of those million users and the provider."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
3n83l8
|
why don't australians like their aboriginal people?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3n83l8/eli5_why_dont_australians_like_their_aboriginal/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cvlnn5u",
"cvlnw1f"
],
"score": [
4,
4
],
"text": [
"Like disadvantaged members of almost every society, negative stereotypes are able to perpetrate due to disadvantage. It is a similar situation to the Native American people in North America. ",
"I like to think that most of us Australians don't have any dislike or prejudice toward aboriginal people. Unfortunately the people that do have problems with aboriginals tend to be very vocal and outspoken about their blatant racism. I'm a white Australian guy and I grew up living next door to an aboriginal family that I consider among my closest of friends. While growing up with them I saw a fair share of undeserved racism and stereotyping directed at them by complete strangers and I never understood why it happened."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
2190eo
|
why should i get the factory recommended oil in my car?
|
I own an 2005 Audi A6 for which the manual recommends 5W-40 synthetic oil. I just had it changed and my tab was $100 at Jiffy Lube which seems absolutely ridiculous. What does this oil do and is it even important that I get it as opposed to a cheaper alternative??
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2190eo/eli5_why_should_i_get_the_factory_recommended_oil/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cgar1z9",
"cgarhxd",
"cgarw7k"
],
"score": [
3,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"You are driving an Audi. Do you really want to put cheap stuff into your (once expensive) sports car?\n\nThey recommend you use a certain oil because the engine is optimized to use that oil. Using a \"cheaper\" oil can cause damage to your engine and ruin your car.",
"The oil the manufacturer tells you is the guideline. Putting in thinner oil will not provide proper oil pressure and lead to metal on metal contact. \n\nThat said, jiffy lube is the absolute LAST place you want to take your car to,whether it be Audi BMW Honda Chevy ford GM. The guys that are changing your oil have about 10minutes of training. You're seriously better off finding some neighborhood high schooler that loves to work on his Honda to change your oil",
"I spent the $100 dollars for the exact reason many of you are saying I should have: to not blow out my engine and pay more later. I just don't know if that would actually happen though. I've heard of tons of people (including my dad) who have put the lowest grade oil in their car for their entire lives and never noticed a difference. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
46wc4w
|
aren't women-only companies against the law?
|
I've read stories about women going off to start "women only" companies, of various types. The most recent well known one being Jessica Chastains production company.
Isn't that blatant and most importantly, **loudly acknowledged** discrimination based on gender?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/46wc4w/eli5_arent_womenonly_companies_against_the_law/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d08afp9",
"d08ag2n",
"d08as90",
"d08asx2"
],
"score": [
5,
6,
16,
2
],
"text": [
"It depends. At hiring time, is the company choosing women over men on the basis of their gender, or is it just a company run by women.\n\nDiscriminating against a protected class during hiring is illegal in the US. Just having a company run by all women us perfectly legal. After all, a solid number of companies are run or at least started by teams of men.",
"Her production company is not all women, nor does it claim to be? Where did you see that? It just happened to be started by a group of women. I do not see any indication that they are going to make hiring decisions based on gender.\n\nUsually you cannot make a hiring decision based on gender, although there are some cases (rare) that it is somtimes allowed, but we really don't need to go into those, because the are quite obscure.",
"Refusing to hire men because they are men is illegal discrimination. \n\nJessica Chastain's company is not a \"women only\" company. As [this](_URL_0_) article makes clear, it's a company designed to make products that cater to women - films about women, starring high-profile female actresses. That's totally legal. \n",
"In general the doctrine of \"disparate impact\" holds that (i) you can't explicitly discriminate based on gender, ethnicity, etc. without some legitimate reason (like bikini models have to be girls, waiters at Chinese restaurants sometimes need to read and speak Chinese), and (ii) you can use any other criteria in hiring that results in the hiring of a disproportionate number of men or whites/asians. \n\nMake sense? So if they don't explicitly say \"I will only hire women\", they can claim they're hiring candidates who \"fit in well\" with their company who all end up being women, and it's okay because \"disparate impact\" says it's only sexism if it hurts women."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"http://www.hitfix.com/harpy/jessica-chastain-tired-of-waiting-for-hollywood-launches-female-production-company"
],
[]
] |
|
83jrfn
|
why "black lights" look purple?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/83jrfn/eli5_why_black_lights_look_purple/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dviblko",
"dvibtdc",
"dviezny",
"dvigdfc"
],
"score": [
182,
28,
43,
6
],
"text": [
"Because they are not \"black\" at all, they are ultraviolet, and the closest visible color is violet so they give off some of that too.",
"Blacklight is actually ultraviolet light, slightly higher energy than visible light. When fluorescent surfaces absorb ultraviolet light, they give up that energy in two or more steps. One is in the form of visible light, which is what you see as purple, even when other luminous sources of light are turned off. The other step(s) are lower energy light that we cannot see, such as infrared.\n",
"They're actually low ultraviolet, which is just outside of the visible range and right above violet on the spectrum. They usually overlap into violet slightly.",
"Follow-up question: How/Why does it make certain things glow?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
1yzpa2
|
what does it mean to say that switzerland is "neutral"?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1yzpa2/eli5_what_does_it_mean_to_say_that_switzerland_is/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cfp6d1q"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"It does not align with any power or state during war time. A lot of nations do it, Switzerland just did it always. The Netherlands tried the same, and it worked in WW1, but Hitler ignored it in WW2 and invaded anyway.\n\nSwitzerland can get away with always being neutral due to large natural borders"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1il5as
|
why do my computer programs lag and hand when i have plenty of free memory and only 5% processor usage?
|
See title.
It puzzles me. I'm pretty tech savvy, but I really don't know anything about this.
*(hand should have been hang)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1il5as/eli5_why_do_my_computer_programs_lag_and_hand/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cb5i7rf",
"cb5r1kq"
],
"score": [
5,
2
],
"text": [
"Can you give some examples?\n\nIn general, a computer program only runs as fast as the slowest part of the process.\n\nSo if you're downloading something, hanging might be due to your ISP, or due to the site you're downloading from. If you're accessing a disk, hanging may be due to the disk. And so on.",
"clearly you've found a use case for your program that is hitting some kind of bottleneck. the bottleneck is not available memory or CPU cores though, as your measurements show that those resources are still available. \n\nwithout knowing the details of the program and its source code its not really possible to give a conclusive answer here. if I had to take a guess I'd assume that the particular function you're calling is single threaded and also blocking. that could create a software bottleneck even when plenty of hardware resources are still available. alternatively your program may be hitting a disk I/O bottleneck. particularly if for some reason it needs to write out a large amount of data to the hard disk."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
270s6p
|
why is having sex with someone's mother considered offensive?
|
I'm confused by the 'I fucked your mother' insult - it doesn't make sense. Mothers still have sex drives, they're capable of choosing who they wish to sleep with, and of sleeping with people. Outside of that, their sex life isn't really anybody's business. Ergo, it's a neutral statement devoid of personal implication or impact.
I'd normally just associate this with secondary school/teenage inanities but: Teenagers learnt that this was insulting from somewhere, so the most obvious explanation is that they learnt it from previous generations. Secondly, it's a thing that you hear from just about all ages, therefore it cannot be a teenage-centric insult alone.
Why, then, is claiming to have slept with a person's mother, considered to be offensive?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/270s6p/eli5_why_is_having_sex_with_someones_mother/
|
{
"a_id": [
"chwaqxm",
"chwar8k",
"chwaujn",
"chwaur1",
"chwbc2y"
],
"score": [
4,
2,
3,
7,
2
],
"text": [
"[This site has a few explanations.](_URL_0_)",
"Your mom is presumably not married to the person saying it (sometimes your dad says it for irony when you're in your 20s), and the implication is that your mother is a slut. In conventional society, though this perception is currently changing, a slut is not a good thing to be.",
"If we acknowledge that there's nothing more taboo than having sex with one's own mother, then it becomes understandable how a peer having sex with your mother is a close enough association to give you the heebie jeebiess. ",
"According to Freud, a 5-year-old is the last person who'd need an explanation.",
"Often the most important person in a person's life is their mother.\n\nWhile healthy respectful sex is a natural thing for any woman, when someone talks about \"doing your mum\" it invariably means that they played or defiled her which is a different story and a great offense."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://english.stackexchange.com/questions/27308/what-is-the-origin-and-history-of-the-word-motherf-er"
],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
4flbk2
|
how are fm/am radio stations still around and profiting when we have satellite, pandora, spotify etc?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4flbk2/eli5_how_are_fmam_radio_stations_still_around_and/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d29u7hr",
"d29ulbj",
"d29uoqi",
"d29vyiw",
"d29wz6u"
],
"score": [
9,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Because AM/FM radio is FREE, satellite radio is a pay service, and broadband internet in cars for streaming music is nowhere near common or widespread enough to see streaming internet media overtaking terrestrial (AM/FM) radio in cars... yet! And because it's still a widely listened to format (especially in cars), AM/FM radio stations still sell a ton of lucrative advertising air time (hence, where they profit).\n\n5 years from now though will be different story. I think we'll start to see almost every new car having some sort of internet connection & integrated smart system.... and/or most people will have cheap enough quality data plans on their smartphones such that they could just pair their phones to their car's computer or audio system and stream from any service they want. It's inevitably where things are headed, and it will no doubt have a *huge* impact on terrestrial (AM/FM) radio listenership and the vibrancy of the radio industry and formats overall, but for now the ol' AM/FM radio lives on for a little while longer...",
"* Every car comes with an AM/FM radio (unless you specifically request a car without one.)\n\n* It's free. \n\n* While some cars have built in Sat radio hardware and come with lengthy free trials (year+) they don't have local programming that many people rely on local radio broadcasts for (traffic, news, sports, weather, local politics). \n\n* Integration of streaming services into cars is way farther behind than even Sat radio is. These services require a subscription plus charges for data usage (in many but not all cases) and suffer from coverage gaps. Again they also lack local programming. \n\n* Radio stations pay a much lower licensing fee per play than streaming services. \n",
"First, they exist because they are wildly popular, meaning that they can profit from providing a good. If you want to know why people like them then it's some combination of the following and probably more:\n\n* Once you buy a radio then you don't have to spend money for anything else in order to tune in so long as your radio is powered\n* As long as you're in range then you can hear it; it doesn't get cut off based upon your account balance\n* Radio doesn't track you\n* Radio has someone who regularly has some judgement about their audience, they choose the music to play, that means the listener often hears what they like\n* Radio means you don't have to make choices. You can just chill without worrying about making another choice\n* It provides regularity. You can know to prioritize that at X time -- disclaimer: I subscribe to the podcast and listen to it later -- of whatever program, like Lake Home Wobegon. Many people appreciate the experience more when they (however minor) sacrifices for it. It applies to radio like everything else\n\nIf FM and AM radio ever died out to the point that no radio station used them, then they would remain dead until someone figured out a new way to profit from those particular airwaves. That's exactly what is happening, and what will happen, with all other airwaves. People use it to their benefit, it just so happens that in this particular instance people are willing to provide money so it's being used to broadcast songs and conservative radio and stuff.",
"Idk but I'm so happy for it. I'm past being an angsty youngin so I love the music on the radio for the most part. I was just thinking of this the other day. I was like why did radio become a thing and it's free. When you think about it it's really great. Thanks for the free radio life!",
"There's plenty of reasons, but an important reason is its simplicity. The technology has existed for decades. As long as the antennae is intact, you can pick up any signal almost anywhere. Pretty much all you need is power to a transmitting antennae and power to a receiving antennae and you're good to go. FM radio waves encounter very little atmospheric interference so that's another reason why. Honestly there are countless benefits to VHF radio transmission but these reasons are why I think they'll be superior to any form of every-day application of radio waves for decades to come."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
1ujqme
|
when people measure "brain waves" (alpha, beta, gamma, etc.) what are they actually measuring?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ujqme/eli5_when_people_measure_brain_waves_alpha_beta/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ceisj2w"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Your brain is made of neurons. Neurons are electrically charged cells that communicate with each other by exchanging ions - positively or negatively charged molecules. This exchange of ions creates a voltage. When enough of these neurons creates a voltage, they start to push and pull on each other. This makes a sort of \"wave\" of voltage that travels through the cells. When this wave approaches the scalp, you can actually detect the voltage with very sensitive electrodes. \n\nA wave consists of a couple different \"properties\". When looking at an EEG (electroencephalogram), which is a tool to measure the voltages on the scalp, the technicians will characterize the different waves based on how intense the peaks and troughs are (amplitude) and how close the peaks and troughs are over time (frequency). \n\nUsing this information, they can classify activity in the brain. Alpha waves tend to be moderate amplitude and have a frequency of 8-13Hz. Delta waves have a high amplitude and have a fequency between 0-4 Hz. And so on. \n\n_URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_oscillations"
]
] |
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