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3dxphs
|
milk. is 2% or 1% the ammount that's taken out or the ammount that's left? skim? whole?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3dxphs/eli5_milk_is_2_or_1_the_ammount_thats_taken_out/
|
{
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"Milk straight from the cow is roughly 3.25% fat. Unprocessed milk separates over time, with the fat rising to the top. Skim milk has a negligible amount of fat, because the fat has been skimmed off. 1 and 2% have had some but not all of the fat removed, and the percentage refers to how much is left. Whole milk is milk that has not had fat removed, and so it remains about 3.25% fat. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1yfanm
|
is the blue i see even slightly different than the blue you see?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1yfanm/is_the_blue_i_see_even_slightly_different_than/
|
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"Yes - slightly. Not all human eyes are exactly the same, just as not all LED TV screens are exactly the same. In the same manner that one person may not see well in the dark where another sees almost as well as in the day, one person might see a slightly brigher or darker blue than another. Even your own two eyes may differ from each other slightly. Personally, my right eye has a slightly more orange tinge over the world, where my left eyes is more blue-green. This isn't noticable in day-to-day life, of course, as my brain tends to adjust to it and ignore it, but when comparing colors between my eyes directly on a computer screen, I can just barely notice the difference.",
"This is a good question! This is pretty much impossible to know or disprove because the colors we see is subjective to the processing of the brain. But yeah I guess it would be slightly different depending on age or other physical differences within the eye. Also we cannot describe the \"blue\" we see because there is no way to describe a color without \"feelings\" or with words using other objects of the same color. \n\nEdit : you could even probably see slightly different blues depending on which of your eyes you are using...",
"There's a word for this, *qualia*, which describes common experiences we have that we cannot fully express to others. What does that shade of blue look like to me compared to you? Do we taste the same sweet, feel the same heat?\n\nThe estimable Vsauce has addressed this one: _URL_0_ It's worth having a look."
]
}
|
[] |
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[
[],
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"http://youtu.be/evQsOFQju08"
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||
1a18jp
|
ignition timing.
|
Pweez?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1a18jp/eli5_ignition_timing/
|
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"Using a simple [two stroke](_URL_0_) as an example, note how the piston (the \"up and down\" part) is connected to the crank (the \"round and round\" part). As the piston comes up, it compresses the fuel/air mixture in the top part of the cylinder. Then the spark plug fires, igniting that mixture, and the explosive force pushes the piston down, causing the crankshaft to turn. \n\nNow, you might think that the spark plug should fire at the point when the piston is at the absolute top of its motion (this position is called TDC, for Top Dead Center), but you'd be wrong - the spark plug actually fires *before* the piston gets to TDC, because it takes a small amount of time for the explosive force to propagate, and you want the explosive force to begin pushing downwards immediately after TDC, so as to harness its full effect. If the spark plug fires too late, the explosive force is wasted and the engine doesn't generate as much power as it should. If the spark plug fires too early, the explosive force pushes against the piston while the piston is still on the way up. This is called \"detonation\". It's extremely bad for the engine. So, it's important that the spark plugs fire exactly when it will have the best effect on engine performance. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.animatedengines.com/twostroke.html"
]
] |
|
b29mm7
|
there can be a lot of different things in the stuff we eat, so how does the body seperate all of them and bring them do the body parts that need them?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/b29mm7/eli5_there_can_be_a_lot_of_different_things_in/
|
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"This is a very complex one, but i'll try to simplify it, so it may be grossly inaccurate.\n\nSo you eat a nice wholesome meal including both fruit and meat, which includes carbohydrates, proteines, fat and more.\nThey are crushed and broken up by your teeth, and softened with your saliva, which also contains enzymes (proteines which break up molecular structures), which break up a few things already. (This is the reason why bread tastes sweet if you keep it in your mouth for a while, because the starch is broken down into glucose by the enzymes in your saliva)\n\nIt then goes down into your stomach, where it's soaked into pretty strong acid, which breaks it up even more.\nMeanwhile enzymes in your stomach break up the proteines into peptides (which are basically smaller parts of proteines)\nIt then becomes a \"paste\" mixed with liquid, which goes into your intestines, where the acid is neutralized.\n\nYour small intestine contains even more enzymes, which break up the peptides (they become aminoacids), carbohydrates (which become glucose) and fats.\n\nIt then wanders down to the large intestine, which contains your gut flora, which is a large collection of bacteria, which further digest the stuff you don't have enzymes for.\n\nAll the stuff that was broken down passes through the wall of your intestines, right into your blood, where it is transported to the cells, which use it for many different activities, of which the most important is cell respiration, for which you need glucose.\nThe aminoacids made out of peptides are mainly used for protein synthesis, which produces pretty much everything in your body.\nFat can be used in many ways, as it is broken down into parts which can be reused.\n\nSo to sum it up, your body breaks down all the stuff with its enzymes and bacteria, lets it pass through the intestinal wall into the blood, by which it is automatically transported to where it's needed."
]
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|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
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||
3109gr
|
why do search companies track us, does it *really* do something useful?
|
I don't understand the tracking stuff at all. Every reason to track I can think of doesn't work. Tracking because advertising? Just choose based on what I just looked up. Because I might want similar stuff to what I looked up before? That locks us in a filter bubble and doesn't let me see anything new and cool.
What does Google get out of tracking us? What does it give them that can't be approximated with non-invasive ideas? They're not the NSA, they don't have any real motive to learn about us do they?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3109gr/eli5_why_do_search_companies_track_us_does_it/
|
{
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"text": [
"They aren't advertising to help you, they're advertising so you'll buy things. Advertisers want to sell as much as possible. Google makes that happen by tracking what you search and buy, so that you can be advertised things that you are interested in. This tracking draws in advertisers who know that Google can help them to reach as many interested consumers as possible. \n\nIt isn't any kind of conspiracy, its just clever marketing.",
"they're not refining to help you. they're refining to make the product more sellable. the product is you. the buyer is advertising companies."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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|
27bm2q
|
if i am in the us and shoot someone in mexico and kill them who would have jurisdiction/what would happen
|
This if from a conversation with my history teacher
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/27bm2q/eli5if_i_am_in_the_us_and_shoot_someone_in_mexico/
|
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"text": [
"Mexico would request that the US extradite you to stand trial in Mexico. The US would probably comply.",
"I think this question could be better phrased as:\n\n\"If I am standing at the US/Mexico border, on US soil, holding a gun, and I shoot it at someone standing on Mexican soil and kill them, who would have jurisdiction?\"\n\nIf that is the case, I suspect the crime was committed in the US and therefore they'd have jurisdiction.",
"Great, dude. You just started a war.",
"They literally teach entire courses on this, although the bulk of the subject is concerned with state vs other state crimes/torts. It's super interesting and complicated, but the most general answer is \"the locus of the crime.\" The short answer to your question would be Mexico. Things get real sticky from there.",
"Thanks guys for the answers. Both me and my teacher were wondering the answer to this question.\n",
"This already [has] (_URL_0_) happened. Just the other way around. The outcome was that the US wanted to prosecute the ones who shot them but they were never discovered. The Mexican government also refused US help in locating them. ",
"the murder would be investigated by where ever the body lies. so if you were on the boarder and shot across into mexico and killed them the mexican police would investigate it since the us police have no say there. if they were able to track you down you would most likely be tried in mexico due to the us extradition. ",
"So if I launch my drone from the US and bomb a town in Pakistan - how long can I hold my Nobel Peace prize for without any sense of irony?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
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"http://www.borderlandbeat.com/2010/10/us-citizen-shot-on-texas-border.html"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
26qcjp
|
why is the nfl draft so popular compared to the nba/mlb/nhl drafts?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/26qcjp/eli5_why_is_the_nfl_draft_so_popular_compared_to/
|
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"text": [
"I think its because NFL as a league is more popular than NHL/NBA in states. So they tend to get more media coverage.",
"There are a number of reasons. \n\n* It's the most popular professional league in the US by a longshot.\n* It has a sweet spot for the number of rounds--7. Hockey has this as well but it's less popular than the other three in the US. The NBA has two and the MLB has *forty*\n* There is a lot of uncertainty. Given the number of positions in football, teams will have a lot of needs or weaknesses to address. It's interesting to see how they prioritize these needs. Further, it's tough to predict much outside of the top 5 picks.\n* The NFL does an excellent job of promoting and building excitement around the draft.\n* It involves college football, the most popular college sport in the US. Many of the players in the draft are already well known to even a casual sports fan. \n",
"The popularity that other commenters mentioned is probably the biggest thing. Football in general is much more popular on than the other sports. \n\nOther points: \n\nThe NFL has the largest number of players that can make an immediate impact in any round. (Actually, maybe hockey. But I don't know much about that sport.) 95-99% of baseball prospects will take years to develop to a major league level, and the vast majority never make it. \n\nAlso, scouting is more fun. The top basketball players generally stand head and shoulders above the rest, and busts are usually injury related. Baseball prospects fail far more often than they succeed, and this usually takes years to see. Can't miss football prospects bust all the time, but unheralded players succeed all of the time. You can play GM in your living room for months ahead of the draft. \n\nPlus, fantasy football. ",
"I think there are two main reasons.\n\n1. Football is insanely popular. It's by far the most popular sport in the US. That in itself is a huge boost.\n\n2. The NFL draft is composed of mostly American players who went to American universities. The people who are going to be getting drafted high in the NFL draft have been playing at big universities in the spotlight for the past 3+ years. Effectively, they are already famous in their own right, and people want to know what will happen to them. For example, a ton of people watched the NFL draft because they wanted to know where Johnny Manziel would be picked. For the past three years, he has been making headlines for various reasons, and he is more or less a national celebrity. Compare that to the NHL, where the projected top pick is Aaron Ekblad. Ever heard of him? Unless you are a big hockey fan like me, you wouldn't have. He is completely unknown, even to most hockey fans. To add to that, consider that many of the high picks aren't even from the US (or Canada!), and you can see where the interest is lost. Disclaimer though: the NHL draft is insanely popular in Canada (obviously). It's about at the same level as the NFL draft is in the US."
]
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|
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||
2f76py
|
why is tuna very expensive but canned tuna very cheap?
|
Is is the "hot dog" of the tuna? Freshness?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2f76py/eli5why_is_tuna_very_expensive_but_canned_tuna/
|
{
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"text": [
"Completely different types of tuna. It's almost like saying why is duck so expensive while chicken is so cheap even though they're both poultry. \n\n\nThe cheap canned tuna is [albacore](_URL_1_). It is white meat and not really good for steaks, tartare, or sushi. \n\n\nThe expensive tuna is [bluefin](_URL_0_). The normal cut of this is the red meat that is you'll see as one of the most common sushi dishes and as steaks in other restaurants. The belly cut of the bluefin, otoro/toro, is the kinda pink and fatty pieces of sushi that are even more expensive. ",
"Since this is ELI5 I'll try to break this down Barney Style. \n\nThe canned tuna is a different species that is easier to catch and process in large quantities, hence the phrase [Chicken Of The Sea.]( _URL_0_) \n\nSince the canned tuna can be stored without refrigeration for a long time it can be shipped much cheaper than fresh tuna and with less risk of spoilage or other loss of quality, also keeping the price low. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
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"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluefin_tuna",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albacore"
],
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"http://child-1st.typepad.com/.a/6a00e5529de4af8834017743dc2692970d-800wi"
]
] |
|
4p5fk3
|
how much trouble are we in environmentally?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4p5fk3/eli5_how_much_trouble_are_we_in_environmentally/
|
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"text": [
"I think we're in a mess of trouble, [specially with our coral reefs](_URL_0_) , but I also don't know a lot about whats going on, so I'm sure someone else will follow up who's more informed then myself ",
"According to most environmental scientists, and to explain like you are five, we are currently at threat level midnight. ",
"We'll notice the effects first in the oceans, but the problems are caused by atmospheric greenhouse gasses. \nWe did really well with the Ozone layer. International regulation lead to the damage slowly repairing itself. \nAs far as how long we have, it depends on what you mean. In terms of stopping the damage, it may already be too late. In terms of how long until we see the more serious effects, they've already started, and will continue to escalate for the next several decades. \nMoving to drastically reduce our carbon output immediately may be enough to slow the problem down and possibly prevent the worst effects. A global transition to solar/wind/nuclear power instead of coal/oil/gas would be the largest share of that. \n",
"I don't know, but watching that dude in the north pole play piano while glaciers fell behind him was unsettling."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://gizmodo.com/scientists-have-no-idea-when-the-worst-coral-dieoff-in-1782302815?utm_campaign=socialflow_io9_facebook&utm_source=io9_facebook&utm_medium=socialflow"
],
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||
5u4kk6
|
how could scientists predict elements when creating the periodic table?
|
I remember learning that when creating the table, scientists were able to determine properties of elements before they were discovered, and even going so far as to re measure new elements if they didn't match the table.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5u4kk6/eli5_how_could_scientists_predict_elements_when/
|
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"text": [
"A lot of the behaviors of the atoms are determined by the electron shell configuration. For instance, atoms like to have \"full\" electron shells, which for most shells is 8 electrons, or an empty shell if it can't be filled. But atoms can't just have as many electrons as there are spots to fill in the shell, because the negative charge of the other electrons will repel more negative electrons, balanced by the positive charge of the proton nucleus pulling more electrons in - one electron for each proton, for a net neutral charge. So for instance, oxygen has eight protons, which means it has eight electrons to match. Two of those electrons are in the lowest shell (which can only hold two) and six in the next shell. But oxygen *really* wants to fill that outer shell.\n\nThat makes oxygen very reactive. It will readily bond to other atoms and \"borrow\" their electrons to fill that outer shell. Hydrogen has one proton and one electron, so two hydrogen atoms complete oxygen's outer shell of eight, giving you H2O.\n\nOn the other hand, sodium only has a single electron in that outer shell. It would be more stable with just the next shell down full at eight and nothing in the outer shell. But then sodium wouldn't have a neutral charge, it would be slightly positive. On the other hand, chlorine has seven in the outer shell, and would love to have eight. When sodium and chlorine get together, chlorine steals the electron from sodium, so sodium is happy and stable, and chlorine is happy and stable, and because now sodium is slightly positive and chlorine is slightly negative, they stick to each other and form table salt.\n\nNoble gases, like helium and neon, have full outer shells, so they really don't need to bond to *anything* and very rarely do - almost nothing will bond to helium, at all, ever.\n\nSo, by understanding the electron shells and their role in bonds between atoms, scientists can understand how an element will react to other elements, even if they have never seen that element. They know how many protons it has (because that's what defines an element) so they know how many electrons it has.\n\nScientists also have a pretty good idea on how the nuclear forces of atoms work to hold the nucleus together. Because protons are all positively charged, they will repel each other and try to fly apart. The strong nuclear force prevents this, but if there are too many protons the strong force isn't strong enough. That's where neutrons come in. Neutrons have no charge, so they aren't repelled by the protons. The protons can stick to the neutrons instead of each other. The more protons you have, the more neutrons you need to keep the nucleus stable - otherwise it will decay, which is what happens to Uranium to make it radioactive. There are several kinds of decay, which is its own ELI5, though. Too few neutrons and the electromagnetic force between the protons is too much and it falls apart. Too many neutrons and the nucleus is too heavy and falls apart.\n\nScientists have a pretty decent idea of how many neutrons are needed for each proton to keep the element stable enough to exist at all (even if they're not stable enough to exist for very long). They can estimate the total nuclear *weight* based on that (which is, roughly, the number of protons plus the number of neutrons). The atomic *number* is, of course, the number of protons. They can also look at what other isotopes (same atomic number, different atomic weights) could form based on the minimum number of neutrons needed and the maximum that could happen, and do some pretty good estimates of how many of each of those isotopes will exist. So again, even without ever seeing the element, they can know how stable it *should* be, what the atomic weight should be, what isotopes probably exist for it, and based on the stability, how abundant each isotope will be.\n\nAll the other characteristics of an element are derived from those numbers and behaviors, so you can make very accurate predictions about any one element. You can verify those predictions, still before looking at the element, by examining the behavior of the elements around them (sodium is very reactive, magnesium - with an additional electron in the shell - is a little less reactive, so it follows that aluminum will be even a little less reactive...Potassium - the next highest atomic number with a single electron in the outer shell - is *more* reactive than sodium, so it follow that rubidium will be even more reactive). You can look at the atomic weights of the elements around them, too, and look at the pattern of how the atomic weight increases with the atomic number. For the most part, the elements make exactly as much sense and follow exactly the pattern you would expect them to.",
"The first thing was to put the known chemical elements in some kind of order, and once the idea of atoms was accepted one way was the relative atomic weights, which could be worked out with chemistry. For example if you think that sodium chloride has one sodium atom per chlorine atom, you can measure the weight of sodium and chlorine that you need to make some perfect sodium chloride and so you can work out the relative weights of the sodium and chlorine atoms. (There are of course some complications involved, but good chemists figured it out.)\n\nOnce the elements were ordered by atomic weights, then scientists could start looking for patterns and trends in the way they behaved. And so the periodic table was worked out. The patterns weren't perfect, there were some gaps. And so the hypothesis could be made that a new, undiscovered element should fill a gap, and its properties could be predicted by basically averaging the properties of the elements around the gap. Indeed those predictions often turned out to correct.\n\nAt that time chemists didn't know anything about protons, neutrons, and electrons. They just found the patterns and filled in the gaps."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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|
1wred1
|
all of this "burnt snow" nonsense
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1wred1/eli5_all_of_this_burnt_snow_nonsense/
|
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"People are gullible and lack critical thinking skills. Put it in the microwave and you'll get water. Heat it with a tiny lighter and you get soot as a result of incomplete combustion. ",
"Asked and answered many times in the last few days, but:\n\n1) The snow doesn't appear to melt because water ice can absorb a lot of heat without changing phase and a butane lighter just can't make very much heat.\n\n2) The black stuff is soot from the lighter's flame."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
frj27u
|
how does corn seemingly reassemble itself in your gut?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/frj27u/eli5_how_does_corn_seemingly_reassemble_itself_in/
|
{
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"text": [
"Corn always looks like itself in the gut because it's not really digested. It always resembles itself because it never changes.",
"The corn casing actually isn't usually chewed up, the inside of the kernel is just pushed out when you chew down, so it's not really reassembling itself so much as resembling a full kernel."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
5u86lu
|
how do you fit 104 satellites into 1 rocket?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5u86lu/eli5_how_do_you_fit_104_satellites_into_1_rocket/
|
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"text": [
"You make the satellites really small. \nThe PSLV rocket that India launched can lift 8,400 lb into orbit. \nFor comparison the Apollo program's Saturn V can lift 310,000 lb into orbit. \nA SpaceX Falcon 9 can lift 50,300 lb into orbit. \n \nThis time around the rocket was only carrying 3,300 lb of satellites into orbit. \nOne satellite was almost half of that weight. \n88 of the 104 were [CubeSats](_URL_0_). \nImagine a cube of electronics about the size and weight of a bowling ball. \nThey're about 4 inches on the side and 11lbs each. \n \nSo basically, tiny satellites, decent sized rocket. \n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CubeSat"
]
] |
||
36xuc6
|
how did 11 year old tanishq abraham graduate a california college with 3 separate degrees when it takes an average person 2-4 years to complete?
|
As most of us know if it generally takes 8 years of schooling for an adolescent, 4 more for a teen and about 4-8 more for an adult, how does Tanishq bypass most if not all of this process when he is only 11 years old? Is his family loaded to the gills to be able to pay for all this expedited testing or are there methods to save time on subjects at the collegiate level to get a faster degree? There is a lot that confuses me about this story and I know I can't be the only one wondering how the hell did he pull this off when a lot of California state schools are unwilling to even accept students who have met their prerequisites. Thanks!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/36xuc6/eli5_how_did_11_year_old_tanishq_abraham_graduate/
|
{
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"text": [
"He graduated from American River College, which grants 2-year Associate degrees. Also, while he may have only been enrolled full time at ARC as a student for a year, he's been taking courses since he was 7 years old. And other college-level classes online for a year before that.\n\nThat's not to say his accomplishments aren't extremely impressive, they are.\n\nAs for cost, he and his sister were home schooled through a tuition-free program, and even normal homeschooling only costs around $900 at most. MENSA and other organizations also have grants available for such gifted students. That said, his parents are a software engineer and a veterinarian, so they're probably not doing too poorly. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
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|
8dcelf
|
what is the difference between a ledger balance and an available balance?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8dcelf/eli5_what_is_the_difference_between_a_ledger/
|
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"text": [
"Accountants usually define ledger balance as the account balance listed at the start of the day.\n\nAccountants usually define available balance as the ledger balance plus or minus any transactions so far in the day, possibly accounting for checks that are \"in processing\" such that the funds are expected to arrive but not yet ready to be used.\n\nTo get a firm idea, you'll have to ask whoever is preparing the balances.",
"If you're asking about what you see on your bank account, the available balance is how much money you can spend *right now* while the ledger balance is how much your account has total. The available balance doesn't include transactions that haven't been completed (eg - you deposit a $1000 check but they only give you access to $200 until the check clears the other bank)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
2qx5dn
|
if you sent a ship 1 light year from earth and immediately brought it back, while live streaming it to people back on earth, what would they see?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2qx5dn/eli5_if_you_sent_a_ship_1_light_year_from_earth/
|
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"Your assumptions are incorrect. A light year is the distance that light travels, while moving at the speed of light, in a year. Light speed is not instantaneous, it just seems that way due to how ludicrously fast it is. If you move at the speed of light, to a point 1 light year away, and then come back, it would take the moving person 2 years. It would not be instantaneous.\n\nThe problem we have is that the formula we use to determine time dilation (i.e. the effect you are asking about) will result in dividing by 0 if we are traveling at exactly the speed of light. So in order to come up with some more interesting results, let's say the ship moves at 0.99 times the speed of light. It will take the ship a little more than 2 years, at least according to their perspective, to make the trip you described. So what would the stream look like?\n\nThe relativistic change factor for something moving that fast is a little higher than 7. This means that every year to the person on the ship will seem like more than 7 years to the people on earth watching the stream.\n\nWhile this is pure speculation, as the technical restraints on everything you've described are impossible to overcome, I would guess that the live stream would appear to be moving 7x slower than \"earth speed.\" They would appear to be moving incredibly slowly. If you had a simultaneous stream of earth on the ship, it would appear to be moving 7x faster than \"ship speed,\" making us all look like incredibly hyper children.\n\nEDIT: There are now, thankfully, much smarter people than I am answering this question more fully. My answer makes several assumptions (such as somehow instantaneous transmission between earth and ship regardless of distance). Please read everyone else's replies for fuller answers.",
" > Imagine a ship capable of travelling at the speed of light. Now imagine the occupants of said ship decide to live stream the entire journey over the internet and some how the connection wouldn't be broken. \n\nObjects with mass cannot move at light speed. Let's assume then that it is moving arbitrarily close to the speed of light.\n\nAs they pull away their signal would be red-shifted dramatically. Travel time adds up; at the midpoint of their outbound trip those on Earth would still need to wait for the signal to travel half a year to be received. At the destination the ship immediately turns around and comes back, meaning the rest of the transmission after that point will arrive in one big burst of blue-shifted signal only slightly ahead of the ship itself.\n\nSo what the Earthlings would see on the trip out is sort of complicated by the recording method. If we are using a computer then it is probably sending 1080p 30 fps video back, but the entire trip might only take an hour from the perspective of the ship. So Earth is getting a frame only every so often, but the computer would try to play them at 30 frames per second. Once you had the data you could play the video as normal, it wouldn't appear slow or anything. But it would be an hour that spanned two years.",
"I already replied this to another comment, but I'll add it as a top-level comment because it answers your question.\n\nFirst, some things that have already been pointed out by others:\n\n* It is meaningless to talk about travel at light speed, so I will make this about almost-light speed.\n\n* If the spaceship travels a light year for an observer on Earth, it will travel much less for an observer inside the spaceship. Space will be contracted so that the initial distance of a light year will shrink down considerably.\n\n* EDIT: Forgot to point this out initially, but I have assumed that the stream is received instantly as it is transmitted so that I can focus only on the phenomena of time-dilation. In fact, because the stream travels through space at the speed of light, the stream would be even slower during phase 1 of the trip and faster during phase 3.\n\nSo let's break this trip down into phases:\n\n**PHASE 1:** Travelling towards the turnaround point\n\nThe spaceship travels at a *steady* speed. The live stream seems to go slow, because the spaceship is travelling at near-light speed.\n\n**PHASE 2:** The turnaround\n\nThe spaceship needs to revert course to return to Earth, so it is *accelerates rapidly*. The live stream would seem to grind to a halt (or literally cut out if the spaceship turns around instantly). Even if the turnaround only took a couple of seconds for the observers on the spaceship, it would seem to take an enormous amount of time on Earth.\n\n**PHASE 3**: The return trip\n\nThe spaceship moves at a steady pace so the principals as phase 1 apply. The stream is not as slow as phase 2, but rather it moves at the same pace as phase 1 assuming that the spaceship travels at the same speed as before.\n\n[SOURCE](_URL_0_)\n\nPS: the reason why this does not work for the speed of light is that the lenght would contract to 0 for the spaceship so the stream would be \"infinitely slow\".",
"This isn't the best sub for this question, because it's not the sort of thing you can work out intuitively. You're getting a bunch of very confidant, very incorrect responses.\n\nFirst of all, of course nothing with mass can move at C. Call it super close, though.\n\nYou are correct that things moving at C do not experience time at all.\n\nBasically, this much is true: A ship moving two light-years at ***~***C would experience ***~***0 time, and the trip would take ***~***2 years for earth observers.\n\nSince your motion and your radio transmission are along the same axis the signal will be red/blue shifted. What exactly this does depends on how your stream is encoded- the most likely answer is that it just gets corrupted into meaningless garbage because the functional code itself will be shifted as well and your viewers won't be able to decode it.\n\nTheoretically, though, if you want to stream live video signals over large distances with radio waves, the traditional choice is visible light. In this case the terms \"red shift\" and \"blue shift\" are literal. (Although I'm willing to bet the light would be shifted *waaaaay* outside the visible spectrum.)\n\nCome to think of it, that's pretty much the answer no matter what. If you're changing distance from your audience that quickly, you experience no time, and they experience a blast of microwave radiation, followed by a blast of gamma radiation. Also 2 years of time.",
"The key to being a good manager is keeping the people who hate me away from those who are still undecided."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_paradox"
],
[],
[]
] |
||
6tg5sj
|
why are there so many fire hydrants in america compared to european countries?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6tg5sj/eli5_why_are_there_so_many_fire_hydrants_in/
|
{
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"text": [
"It's not that there are less, but that they do not have the same shape. In the U.K., for example, they typically look like little boxes (typically yellow or grey), marked with a big \"H.\" \n\nIn Germany, our fire hydrants can have a lot of different appearances. \n\nIt's probably not that we have less, but that you don't notice them. :)",
"In some places,the fire truck carries the _URL_0_ the scene they open a plate in sidewalk,then screw in the hydrant.",
"I think there aren't actually more hydrants in the US than Europe.\n\nYou maybe see fewer, but that doesn't mean they aren't there.\n\nIn Germany for example hydrants commonly are either integrated into the facade of buildings or underground. [Here is a picture from Wikipedia of a standard German underground hydrant.](_URL_0_)\n\nStand alone hydrants like the common red pillar types familiar from the US are comparatively rare. They probably would get in the way."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"hydrant.At"
],
[
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/DIN_Unterflurhydrant_.jpg/640px-DIN_Unterflurhydrant_.jpg"
]
] |
||
6d3qbo
|
what happens when a person overstays their visa in a foreign country?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6d3qbo/eli5_what_happens_when_a_person_overstays_their/
|
{
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"dhzl2ua",
"dhznnj9"
],
"score": [
2,
3
],
"text": [
"That depends where you are. In the US, overstaying for over 180 days but less than one year, you just get a 3 year ban from entering the US. In Schengen, you can get anything from fines to deportation, and Schengen countries *do* share information (since they have a common border).\n\nI'm assuming that other places like Singapore and China has worse punishments than western Europe and the US.",
"Many places don't do anything until the next time you apply for a visa. They check to see if you've ever had one before, look up the dates, notice the overstay, and deny giving you another one. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
aq2m89
|
how is solar power becoming cheaper?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/aq2m89/eli5_how_is_solar_power_becoming_cheaper/
|
{
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"text": [
"Several reasons.\n\nFirst is simply technological advancements in the field. solar panels are getting more efficient meaning you can get the same amount of power with less panels.\n\nSecond is the economic of scale. As any market increases in scale, the cost to produce things will decrease. 20 years ago how many solar panel could a factory expect to sell, not many. This means that the cost of static things like worker wages, cost of the factory itself, and equipment cost where spread over a smaller batch of panels, so the panels needed to be sold for more to gain back this lost. Now as solar becomes more mainstream those costs are spread over a wider amount of product driving the cost down.\n\nFinally solar panels have become a much bigger market than they where even 10 years ago. This means that with so many companies trying to get a foothold in the market they end up competing with each other which drives cost down. ",
"Hey, controls engineer here (think *How it's Made*) that just happened to have done a bit of work for 3 different solar companies that make panels and inverters. I also work closely with a distributor of industrial automation equipment that also has the ability to sell a few different solar inverter brands. I also got really into the physic of photovoltaics and came pretty close to spinning up a solar installation business a few years ago. I'm also continuing to research the best value for my own residential system. So I'm coming at this issue from all angles, but not exactly an industry insider.\n\n* The wait and see phase of the tech is over so there is no reason to wait to buy; this has increased sales a lot. It isn't going to get substantially better at consumer price points than it is now for a long time so you don't have to worry about buying a system today and is costing half as much in 5 years. They are reaching the physical limit of currently understood physics; there is an efficiency limit based on the material the solar panel is made of and it's called the Shockley-Queisser limit; for silicon that limit is 32% and what you will get out of an actual panel must be less than that both because it won't be perfect and some surface area is taken up by the electronics. 25% is a pretty good estimate of the theoretical max of a residential solar panel and you can buy 22% panels right now. To go beyond that you need multi-layer designs and/or designs that use expensive materials/processes like gallium-arsenide and they won't compete in the residential space from a return on investment standpoint for at least 15 years.\n* There are new methods of making silicon solar ready for much cheaper than older processes. They can re-melt, resurface, and prep silicon like never before in economical, mass-production scale processes. [This video](_URL_0_) is just one way, other methods grow huge silicon mono-crystals and just bandsaw them just like they do for computer chips, but much faster/cheaper since PV silicon doesn't need to be of the same quality to still produce good results.\n* There are advancements in Inverter tech too by optimizing the output of panels at the panel or even cell level to improve power output of existing panels and so improve return on investment times. These would be called optimizers (DC-DC converters on each panel), microinverters (DC-AC inverters right on each panel), and integrated panels (multiple optimizers built into the panel to optimize on the cell or cell string level). The inverters themselves can't get too much better since they're already 96%-99% efficient and full featured and cost reductions on volume has largely already taken place. I could see integrated panels becoming more widespread though.\n* Companies that already mass produced inverters, but not for solar, are now making inverters for solar. Anyone working within industry would recognise the Fortune Global 500 names like ABB (famous for robots), Schneider-Electric (famous for SquareD), and Siemens (the 66th largest company in the world). They have the expertise and were already making high power inverters for controlling electric motors in industry and for electrical utilities. They've swooped in and started professionalizing the residential solar space. They also grew the some of the engineering know-how that is used in solar-only companies like SMA, Fronius, SolarEdge, etc by being the first employer of many electrical engineers.\n* Climate change pushing volume. People want to do their part and countries are setting targets for themselves. One of the easier and scalable power sources is solar to reduce dependence on coal.\n* National Defense providing government incentives. Those tax breaks for installing solar on your house? That isn't climate related, it's defense related. Distributing energy production removes high value power plant targets.\n* Battery tech is helping even out supply at the utility level. Unless you are off grid, batteries don't make sense financially for residential solar. However, it does make sense to put the solar power from thousands of customers into utility scale energy storage instead of making a new power plant that only runs at night and on rainy days, so that is exactly what power utilities are doing. This has made utilities more open to interconnection and removed one barrier to installing residential solar and improved return on investment times with decent net metering agreements.\n* China is subsidizing it. There are, of course, cheap tier 2 and 3 panels and inverters coming out of China that are just cheaper because they're cheap crap, but there are also Tier 1 products and the price of these product is set to be cheaper than western equivalents and losses are absorbed by the Chinese government. Huawei inverter products are set about 10% cheaper than Fronius or SMA equivalents for instance. China is rumored to be offering low level incentives to other companies to move solar related production of their products to China; this is probably both to dry up production capability elsewhere and to steal design innovations. SMA recently moved some production to China which upset some people. All the most affordable panels come from China or Singapore (Singapore is less nefarious in the reason they are so inexpensive, so don't feel as bad buying panels from REC Solar).\n\nEdit: Neo Solar Power from Taiwan recently made the jump from making cells for other panel makers to making their own panels. Not only did this put another brand of inexpensive, quality panels on the world market, but they have a high density panel that is raising eyebrows. Not revolutionary in a cost per watt sense, but it is the most affordable panel at that power density."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://1366tech.com/technology-2/#directwafer"
]
] |
||
31w3pz
|
why do eyedrops have to be saline to not burn your eyes, but rubbing salt in a wound stings?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/31w3pz/eli5_why_do_eyedrops_have_to_be_saline_to_not/
|
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"text": [
"Saline has just enough salt in it to match the level of salt in your body fluids - remember, tears are salty. Salt in a wound is *way* too much salt & starts drawing water out of body and otherwise mismatches the chemistry of your body.",
"Speaking as someone who literally got salt in my eyes about 3 days ago, that didn't hurt either. Surprisingly. It felt gritty until it dissolved. Doesn't answer your question I know, but comparing salt in your eyes to salt in a wound may be too different from each other."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
4oumlk
|
why must organ donors be matched with recipients if immunosupressive drugs will be prescribed to the recipient?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4oumlk/eli5_why_must_organ_donors_be_matched_with/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d4fpj7t"
],
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"text": [
"It's a similar principle to the problems facing blood typing and matching; If memory serves, we have an aspect of the immune system named the HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigen). The HLA essentially decides what's considered an unknown quantity in the body, which would then trigger an immune response. Without at least a partial match to the HLA, the transplanted organ will, as you know, fail. \n\nProblem is, there's a fine line to tread between suppressing the immune system slightly - as you would with matched tissue - and depressing it to the point where you're open season to every prokaryote in the vicinity. As far as I'm aware, the tissue match helps keep the balance, so you wont need to nuke the immune system to complete vulnerability to keep the transplanted organ alive. \n\nTl;dr It's a balancing act between keeping the organ alive and destroying the immune system."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
41pjbb
|
why is it so easy for hackers to disrupt government services and access private information but no one has erased all credit card debt for everyone?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/41pjbb/eli5_why_is_it_so_easy_for_hackers_to_disrupt/
|
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"text": [
"Because, no matter what movies and TV shows teach you about hackers, in the real world we have redundant servers and offline backups to prevent what you're talking about.\n\nSure, it's remotely possible to delete all of that data at an institution -- but just for a few hours. Then they restore it, and you get 10 years in prison and the bank is just inconvenienced.",
"Disrupting something is easy, all things considered. You just take something working, and force it to crash somehow. This holds true even for government systems.\n\nAltering something specific, like credit card debt, is far more complicated. For starters, there is no central database of debt. Each credit card company is going to have its own system, with its own back ups, paper and electronic, as well as its own encryption method. \n\nFurther complicating matters is the back ups and ledgers. Your credit card debt, even for a single card. It's a record of every transaction and payment you've made with interest, all of which adds up to your balance. That transaction record exists in many places, online and physical, all of which need to match in order for it to be changed.",
"Much easier to access information than to destroy it. \n\nTo wipe out, say, a banks' VISA card electronic records, you'd need to get access to their main their servers, all their backup servers, a bunch of individual computers at different branches, and possibly the VISA card brand's and payment processing company's servers + backups. Then you have to find a way to wipe/overwrite the data in a way that makes it so difficult for forensic experts to reconstruct that whatever they recover won't survive a court challenge. Oh, and you'd better hope they don't keep any paper records as backup.",
"Accessing information and disrupting operations is a lot easier than changing information. To disrupt an online system, you just have to send too many requests for the server to process them all, you don't actually have to get in. As for accessing private information, most secure systems require extra verification and review to change a value and may not even have an automated way to make a global change in value on all accounts. This is why banks commonly won't give you ALL of the money from a cashed check immediately, but you can check your balance instantaneously. \n\nMy company has a system where getting write permission needs not only a password, but also to get a second code sent to your phone through encrypted means that will expire in 15 minutes or so. This way a would-be hacker would need both the password and access to the phone of a senior dev. We do websites for the bicycle industry.",
"Disrupting access to information is far easier than actually destroying it.\n\nDenial of service attacks for example can block someones access to their own services by plugging up all the access points but it can't destroy or access anything that's secured on those servers.\n\nEven if someone was able to access the credit card information at a bank or credit card company, they could copy it or destroy that copy of the data but all financial companies spend millions of dollars on creating failsafe systems that would ensure that it was impossible to delete all copies.\n\nBasically they'll always have a back up somewhere and best case scenario is that a couple of transactions get lost in the shuffle between the time you delete one copy and the last time a backup was created. Most likely they would also have redundancies as well so you would actually need to access multiple servers at multiple locations in order to delete all \"current\" copies of credit card information.",
"Because the debt is held by many, many individual companies, and they have dozens of levels of redundancy and safety because losing track of that information means losing billions, or hundreds of billions of dollars.\n\n\nAnd then there's the big consequences to actually doing this: If you erase all debt, the banks go bankrupt, and our financial system collapses. \n\nBusinesses can't get loans because the few banks that survived, if any, can't risk loaning out money in case something like this happens again. Which is the only reason banks exist - to take money people aren't using, and loan it out to people who can use it to generate wealth. And you've just gone and destroyed the trust that whole system relies on to function.\n\nInterest rates spike, companies go out of business, jobs are lost, unemployment rises, and the whole country collapses in a manner of months. The government will seek to print money to prevent this from happening, but when several trillion dollars are lost in the accounting of who owes whom, you can't print your way out of that. People have lost faith in digital money, which is the majority of the money nowadays. Hyperinflation, a cascaded economic disaster that overflows to Europe and China, etc.\n\nGame over for all the progress of civilization made in the past few hundred years. Better luck next time.\n\nPeople that have debts are people who took *other peoples money, spent it, and have yet to give it back.* It's not some evil thing they were tricked or forced into. It's their responsibility to pay it back, and these fantasies about it all going away are childish and dangerous notions.\n\nSo because this is ELI5: I guess I'll just say: \"I'll tell you when you're older.\""
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
4o3dvw
|
why do modern cameras still mirror images
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4o3dvw/eli5_why_do_modern_cameras_still_mirror_images/
|
{
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"text": [
"This is for selfies, people are used to seeing themselves in a mirror, and so a phone reflects the image in order to let you see the image of yourself you are more used to. Most phones nowadays have the option to switch whether or not the pictures are flipped. ",
"It was never a technical limitation. Flipping the image is about the easiest piece of image manipulation possible. \n\nBut people expect a camera to act like a mirror. If you move left, your image should move to your left. It feels weird if it doesn't do this. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
x7w6f
|
"brain freeze"
|
What happens inside your head when you drink something too cold and get the freezing feeling in your head?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/x7w6f/eli5_brain_freeze/
|
{
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],
"text": [
"Cold stuff goes into your stomach. Cools the blood around your stomach. Body doesn't care that much until that cold blood reaches your brain. Your brain likes to be at a certain temperature, when cold blood reaches brain. Brain doesn't like it, and pain receptors fire off. The blood eventually warms up and the brain relaxes.",
"I've always been told that when the roof of your mouth gets too cold, your brain thinks that your head is super cold and needs to warm up, so it tries to heats itself up and it causes pain. For this reason, you can get rid of a brain freeze by flipping the underside of your tongue (the warm side) onto the roof of your mouth to warm it up. ",
"Your brain interprets expanding blood vessels as pain. This why some dudes get headaches after sex. It is also the mechanism behind suicide or cluster headaches. \n\nCold - > increased blood flow - > expanding blood vessels - > pain",
"When you eat ice cream and it touches the roof of your mouth, your sinuses (the deep inside of your nose) gets cold really fast. There is a lot of blood that goes to your sinus so it has some big blood vessels to carry the blood. When blood vessels get cold the shrink. Since they got cold fast they shrink fast.\n\nWhen they shrink that quickly they open up again quickly and maybe to0 much. Opening blood vessels like that hurts. Other blood vessels around the top of your moth might also do the same thing when you eat ice cream and make the head ache worse, we aren't quite sure. \n\nIf you don't want them to happen eat your ice cream more slowly so that the roof of your mouth cools down slower. Making sure that it doesn't touch the top part of your moth helps too. I know this because I used to race a friend to see who could eat a quart of ice cream fastest once a week. Making sure brain freeze doesn't happen was important. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
1u070s
|
if we can build massive telescopes to gaze into space why can't we build massive microscopes to gaze further into the sub-atomic level?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1u070s/eli5if_we_can_build_massive_telescopes_to_gaze/
|
{
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"ced8pbp"
],
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27
],
"text": [
"Telescopes use light. That is a simple statement, yes, but it is important. Light is a particle, and it reacts with things as if it had a physical size - it's wavelength.\n\nThat wavelength is a few hundred nanometers. Trying to see atoms with light is like trying to see marbles by throwing basketballs at them, and seeing how they bounce off. We need smaller things - higher energy light, for instance, like X-rays, with shorter wavelengths, or tiny particles like electrons. With these, we can produce images of atoms and molecules.\n\nTLDR: Light is too big. In order to see something, we need something smaller than it to see with."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
j2p33
|
ubuntu, eli5
|
I know it's a Linux kernel. That's about all. Is it better then Windows 7 or OS X? Pro's, Con's if you'd please. Thanks a lot
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/j2p33/ubuntu_eli5/
|
{
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"text": [
"Pros and cons depend on what you want to use the computer for.",
"It's simply different then other operating systems. \n\nIt's main features are that it is free, faster then most other operating systems and easier to use then most other Linux systems.\n\nBut it's still trickier to use then most Windows and Macs.\n\n--Sent via Ubuntu--",
"First off, it's a Linux distribution based on the Linux kernel. There are lots of Linux distributions. But as for being better or worse than OS X and Windows, it's mostly your opinion. The biggest pro for most is that it's free and always will be, for every update. Many also consider it the best distribution for Linux beginners. If you've never used Linux before, it's very good and pretty easy to use. Like I said, a lot of it is about personal opinion. Some swear by Ubuntu, some wouldn't use it if their life depended on it."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
1n9nud
|
if the pacific ocean were to be drained of all its water and you traveled down to the mariana trench, what would the atmospheric pressure be at the bottom?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1n9nud/eli5_if_the_pacific_ocean_were_to_be_drained_of/
|
{
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"text": [
"According to the formula [here](_URL_0_), 372936 Pascals, which is 54.09 psi, or, to put it in other terms, about 3.68 times greater than the pressure at sea-level."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pressure#Altitude_atmospheric_pressure_variation"
]
] |
||
3ypvc3
|
why does sweat smell distinctively different in different areas of the body?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ypvc3/eli5_why_does_sweat_smell_distinctively_different/
|
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"text": [
"There are two distinct types of sweat glands found in humans: the eccrine and apocrine sweat glands. While eccrine sweat glands cover every area of your body, apocrine sweat glands only appear in axillary (armpit), external genital, perianal and areolar (nipple) areas. While secretions of both glands are initially odorless. The content of apocrine sweat glands' secretion includes proteins and lipids along with water and minerals while the secretion of eccrine glands only contain water and minerals. Bacterial breakdown of the apocrine glands' secretions is what causes the odor, not the secretion itself. As there is nothing to break down, the secretion of the eccrine sweat gland remains odorless.",
"Also: different bacterial populations grow in different parts of your body, depending on exposure to light, small variations in temperature, moisture, etc. Bacteria are responsible for a large part of the smell.",
"Sweat doesn't actually smell...its bacteria that smells; sweat just heightens the odour. You would find that a sweaty armpit smells worse than a sweaty hand because armpits are confined by clothes and skin to skin contact which means it doesn't air out well. The hand is always exposed to air. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
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||
b5yi0e
|
how does curves work in photo editing? what is the graph we see on cameras for each pictures?
|
Can someone explain what the curve does and how it works?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/b5yi0e/eli5_how_does_curves_work_in_photo_editing_what/
|
{
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"text": [
"You can use graphs to represent any measure of an image, but the most common one, the one that often looks like a curve, is called a Histogram. It's a graph of the distribution of tones in an image, from dark on the left to light on the right. If the left part of the graph is high, the image has very dark tones (black, shadows). If the right part of the graph is high, the image has very light tones (white, light).\n\nThe histogram is directly impacted by exposure, which is effectively how much light is exposed to the camera's sensors. Exposure is affected by three camera controls: Aperture (the area of light exposed), Shutter Speed (how long the sensors are exposed to light), and ISO Speed (the sensitivity of the camera sensors). Each setting has its own pros and cons, and there is not necessarily an \"ideal\" setting or exposure level.\n\nLikewise, there's no ideal histogram, and the desired distribution is going to depend on what kind of scene you're photographing, and the kind of artistic style you want your photo to have. Displayed on a camera, the histogram can give the photographer immediate feedback on the levels for their photo, which allows them to make adjustments to take another photo with the desired qualities. Many image editors will let you modify the levels of the image in post-processing, which directly affects the histogram, but this generally isn't going to be as good as adjusting the camera settings when you take the photo.\n\nYou can read [more about histograms here](_URL_0_), and [exposure here](_URL_1_), with fairly ELI5-friendly explanations.",
"The histogram is the graph you normally see on the camera. It shows the light values. Let’s imagine a black and white photo. Now, Imagine a scale from blackest to whitest with gray in between. That is the graph left to right. The camera counts how many black pixels there are and stacks that on the left of the graph like a bar graph. The more black pixels the taller the line in the graph. An all black picture would just be a single vertical line on the left side of the histogram. Next it counts how many pixels that are almost black but not quite, and displays that. So on and so forth until you get to the right of the graph. \n\nWhen taken all together it shows you a distribution of the shades in the picture. How much of the picture is dark and light. On a color picture it is the same, and sometimes you can select the rgb values to see their values as well. A picture of a blue room will have a taller blue graph compared to the red and green graphs because there are more blue pixels. \n\nCurves is a tool for editing. The graph is set up the same. Imagine if you could take the histogram and increase or decrease the bars. Want more pure white pixels? Drag that part up. It does this by stealing the next brightest pixels and making them pure white instead of light grey. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://digital-photography-school.com/histograms-for-beginners/",
"https://www.cambridgeincolour.com/tutorials/camera-exposure.htm"
],
[]
] |
|
30wuq7
|
how is "counting cards" in poker considered as cheating?
|
While watching TV a girl in the show got addicted to poker and she got in trouble and the guys she were playing were like "She's cheating! She's counting cards".
How is that cheating? It is like playing a memory game and remembering what cards you already picked up, right?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/30wuq7/eli5_how_is_counting_cards_in_poker_considered_as/
|
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"text": [
"Poker uses a full reshuffled deck each hand so counting cards would provide no advantage.\n\nBlackjack is a game where card counting can give an edge with a small number of decks, but a larger number of decks makes it less effective. ",
"It's not actually cheating. Casinos ban the practice however (because they like to keep the odds in their favor), but you cannot get arrested or anything for doing it.",
"First, you can only count cards in blackjack, not poker. It's not cheating, it just gives you a ~~huge advantage~~ slight edge over a casino. They're in the business of making money, and if you're counting cards, they're losing money (if you do it right). Because they're losing money, they'll kick you out. It's only considered \"cheating\" by the casino, because it's bad for business. The reason why it's \"cheating\" is because blackjack is supposed to be a game of chance. You're not supposed to know what cards are coming. If you count cards, you can make educated guesses about what cards will be next, so you can bet big if you know you're probably going to win, or small if you're probably going to lose.\n\nEdit: Reality crushes Hollywood.",
"Poker counting cards isn't a thing. Black jack is where you would \"count cards\". It isnt illegal, but a casino will kick you out for it. You are correct that it is a game of memory. It can no be illegal for you to use your memory, but casinos reserve the right to refuse service to anyone."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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|
268msj
|
why is there so little interest in space by the general public or media?
|
Considering the sheer magnitude of discovery to be made and just how downright awe inspiring it is. It's like all interest stops at fictional representations in movies and games.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/268msj/eli5_why_is_there_so_little_interest_in_space_by/
|
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"choukp7"
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"text": [
"A lot of people don't share your opinion of space, and virtually every issue surrounding space and its exploration has far less of an impact on our day-to-day lives than a number of other issues.",
"Cause you spend billions and ordinary folk see almost no result. Great we landed another rover on mars! How does that help me keep warm in the winter and feed my kids?",
"I think it's just a little remote for most people",
"Ironically it is possible that advancement in our understanding of physics and space might have led to a lowered interest in the subject. If you look at early science fiction and the idea of intelligent life on a planet like Mars, space could be viewed as a new frontier where visits and interaction with other life forms were only decades away. Now, after better understanding the technologies and logistical difficulties, I think people and scientists are more interested in focusing on understanding the theoretical aspects of science that could later yield practical benefits, as opposed to spending enormous amounts of time trying to send humans on one way suicide missions that could be recreated in a laboratory.",
"I think people's view of space is the same way they view the oceans. We are sort of blind to the vast openness that is 71% of the planet we live on. I like to vacation a lot and when I go on cruises, I stare out at the ocean constantly and marvel at the shear magnitude of it all. Meanwhile, other people on the ship don't even bother to look out towards it. The same is true for the cosmos, but on an even grander scale. Or take that of which exists on the minute and infinitesimally small. Bottom line is, I meet people every day that don't see what is around them and take for granted every device or moment of their lives. I can't tell you what the difference is between us and them, but I can say you should feel lucky to be able to revel in it. :) ",
"Light pollution. \n\nIf you live in the developed world, especially if you live in a city, and you look up at the night sky what do you see. Some stars yes and it looks pretty enough but is it really all that inspiring. I'm not convinced. Go somewhere where there is very little light pollution and it is different though. I'm convinced that this has robbed many people of their wonder at space. \n\nAdd to that the lack of any manned missions anywhere exciting and to be honest I'm impressed the average person cares about space so much, after all it doesn't exactly impact on an individuals life all that much.",
"Many people are far more interested in things that are much easier to understand and allow for easy conversation such as celebrities (I hate celebrity gossip personally.)\n\n\nI am pretty interested in space, particularly black holes, they're just so mysterious and cool when/if we get a greater understanding of what is actually inside a black hole and how it works and where it leads everything as we know it could change. ",
"I think people don't realize what a small percentage of their taxes actually goes towards space exploration, or how the culture of science works. People see that a mission costs x-million dollars, but don't realize that even so NASA averages less than 1% of the federal budget, and that's counting NASA's earth-centered missions like weather satellites and solar observatories. As for the culture of science, people don't realize that no six year old sits around dreaming of growing up to design better crime-tracking software or of inspecting your asshole for tumors. Instead, kids need to see ongoing scientific adventures like what NASA provides (for less that 1% of the Federal budget) to get them interested in the science that they will apply to their future careers in more mundane and useful scientific fields.",
"The mentality of some of the people in this thread is precisely why there is so little interest. This short sighted mentality is just shared by enough people. "
]
}
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1tagjk
|
why do i need to enter my pin number when i pay using my credit card's chip but not when i pay using "tap"?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1tagjk/why_do_i_need_to_enter_my_pin_number_when_i_pay/
|
{
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"text": [
"Tap transactions as limited to a certain amount. (For example on my card, if the total is more than $50 and I tap, the machine will tell me to insert the card and enter the pin). \n\nCredit card companies are willing to assume the risk associated with not entering a pin in order to encourage us to use our credit card for small transactions and to speed the whole process up. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2wswid
|
what is wrong with the math in this comic? _url_0_
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2wswid/eli5_what_is_wrong_with_the_math_in_this_comic/
|
{
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"cotss4s",
"cou0ahr"
],
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5,
3
],
"text": [
"You can't do arithmetic with infinities like that. It is true in one sense that infinity+1=infinity, but you can't then subtract infinity from both sides to prove that 1=0.",
"Although \n Infinity + x (where x is any real number) = Infinity, \nand \n Infinity + Infinity = Infinity,\n Infinity - Infinity = **undefined**, \n*not* 0. This is because Infinity is an *undetermined* quantity, and so - like /u/avfc41 said - you can't do normal arithmetic with it."
]
}
|
[
"http://www.smbc-comics.com/?id=3645#comic"
] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
jkdot
|
why is technology, like computers, the internet and phones, impossible to comprehend for some people?
|
I realize that, for older people who werent born into this day and age it can be tough, but for people like my parents, who arent unintelligent or incapable, there is neither a will nor a way for them to understand how to do the simplest of tasks involving computers independantly. They double click everything. They drag the scroll bar up and down with the mouse. The only thing that has ever stuck in their heads from what ive told them is to never use internet explorer.
Now I am the one who needs something explained. Help me.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/jkdot/eli5_why_is_technology_like_computers_the/
|
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"Computers are complicated, and aren't always consistent. They double click everything because that always seems to work. If it didn't, they'd try something else.\n\n > They drag the scroll bar up and down with the mouse\n\nI assume you're meaning as opposed to using the scroll wheel? AFAIK that's a relatively recent part of the everyday mouse. Perhaps they aren't sure exactly how it works? Also, it doesn't work everywhere. Consistency again. dragging the scroll bar almost always works when they want to go down, the wheel doesn't always.",
"The will:\nPeople sometimes don't like change. If you are on a comfy sofa and you see an even comfier one, it might not be worth the hassle of getting up and walking over to it. \n\nThere are a number of reasons people don't want to change such as not being interested or fear (of messing up - my dad get's scared of deleting everything by mistake, so is very tentative and needs direction)\n\nThe way:\nYounger generations have grown up with computers. It is almost like our mother tongue (the main language you speak with.)\nI imagine that older generations find using computers similar to speaking French or Spanish for me.\n\n\nStay classy",
"Imagine you have only one toy and it's a stuffed bear. You spend lots and lots of time playing with the bear, you give it a name, you go on adventures with it, you have parties with your bear, you may even make clothes for your bear. Your bear is also your pillow and a boxing mitt and comfy to sleep with! \n\nImagine you get a new toy a week later. It's a small airplane and it's exciting! You take it outside, you make a little stick man to put on the airplane, you have adventures in the mud and flying to little islands and it has a rubber band you wind up (it takes lots of practice, but you get good at it) and it flies on it's own! It's awesome! \n\nNow imagine you get a pillow. Now you don't need your bear as a pillow. Now imagine you get an RC helicopter. Now you have to learn how to use the RC helicopter even though you were getting really good at the airplane, but you're starting to forget how to use the airplane. It doesn't fly as far as it used to and you're not that great at flying the RC copter, but it's okay and kinda fun, but not as satisfying as winding a rubber band propeller. \n\nNow you have a birthday party and get 10 more toys! So many toys!! How will you spend time with your bear and your airplane? \n\nYou might spend a little time with the bear and the airplane and the other 10 toys. You might learn how to play with dolls (even though it might be uncomfortable), and dribble a basketball (but maybe not very well), and teach yourself how to solve a Rubik's Cube. \n\nOr you may spend a week playing basketball, then another week playing with dolls, and another week with Rubik's Cube until you get bored with each one. Eventually you'll want another toy. \n\nOr you may say, \"10 toys?!? I really liked my plane and my bear. I had fun and I had a pillow and a friend and great adventures and I was really really happy and life was simple. My room is so crowded! I don't need this stuff! I don't have time to learn about Rubik's Cubes! I don't need to learn how to play basketball; I'm too short anyway! Give my toys away! I just want my bear and plane!\" \n\nSometimes friends will worry about you and try to get you more toys, but really, you're perfectly happy with the bear and the plane. \n\nEventually, the plane will break and you can't go on adventures and you'll be sad and maybe a little frustrated. They don't make the same plane anymore. You know how to wind up the rubber band propeller and you know how to make really fantastic stick men to fly your plane, but no one will care. Your family will get a newer, fancy plane with lots of lights and buttons. It needs batteries. You think it's really complicated, but everyone else uses the fancy plane and they're happy, so you'd better learn. They're happy using the new plane and have no problem, so you try to use the plane too. You crash it a bunch and sometimes people might yell at you, but you're trying. \n\nBut you still really really miss those days with your bear and your plane. ",
"Computers are complicated, and aren't always consistent. They double click everything because that always seems to work. If it didn't, they'd try something else.\n\n > They drag the scroll bar up and down with the mouse\n\nI assume you're meaning as opposed to using the scroll wheel? AFAIK that's a relatively recent part of the everyday mouse. Perhaps they aren't sure exactly how it works? Also, it doesn't work everywhere. Consistency again. dragging the scroll bar almost always works when they want to go down, the wheel doesn't always.",
"The will:\nPeople sometimes don't like change. If you are on a comfy sofa and you see an even comfier one, it might not be worth the hassle of getting up and walking over to it. \n\nThere are a number of reasons people don't want to change such as not being interested or fear (of messing up - my dad get's scared of deleting everything by mistake, so is very tentative and needs direction)\n\nThe way:\nYounger generations have grown up with computers. It is almost like our mother tongue (the main language you speak with.)\nI imagine that older generations find using computers similar to speaking French or Spanish for me.\n\n\nStay classy",
"Imagine you have only one toy and it's a stuffed bear. You spend lots and lots of time playing with the bear, you give it a name, you go on adventures with it, you have parties with your bear, you may even make clothes for your bear. Your bear is also your pillow and a boxing mitt and comfy to sleep with! \n\nImagine you get a new toy a week later. It's a small airplane and it's exciting! You take it outside, you make a little stick man to put on the airplane, you have adventures in the mud and flying to little islands and it has a rubber band you wind up (it takes lots of practice, but you get good at it) and it flies on it's own! It's awesome! \n\nNow imagine you get a pillow. Now you don't need your bear as a pillow. Now imagine you get an RC helicopter. Now you have to learn how to use the RC helicopter even though you were getting really good at the airplane, but you're starting to forget how to use the airplane. It doesn't fly as far as it used to and you're not that great at flying the RC copter, but it's okay and kinda fun, but not as satisfying as winding a rubber band propeller. \n\nNow you have a birthday party and get 10 more toys! So many toys!! How will you spend time with your bear and your airplane? \n\nYou might spend a little time with the bear and the airplane and the other 10 toys. You might learn how to play with dolls (even though it might be uncomfortable), and dribble a basketball (but maybe not very well), and teach yourself how to solve a Rubik's Cube. \n\nOr you may spend a week playing basketball, then another week playing with dolls, and another week with Rubik's Cube until you get bored with each one. Eventually you'll want another toy. \n\nOr you may say, \"10 toys?!? I really liked my plane and my bear. I had fun and I had a pillow and a friend and great adventures and I was really really happy and life was simple. My room is so crowded! I don't need this stuff! I don't have time to learn about Rubik's Cubes! I don't need to learn how to play basketball; I'm too short anyway! Give my toys away! I just want my bear and plane!\" \n\nSometimes friends will worry about you and try to get you more toys, but really, you're perfectly happy with the bear and the plane. \n\nEventually, the plane will break and you can't go on adventures and you'll be sad and maybe a little frustrated. They don't make the same plane anymore. You know how to wind up the rubber band propeller and you know how to make really fantastic stick men to fly your plane, but no one will care. Your family will get a newer, fancy plane with lots of lights and buttons. It needs batteries. You think it's really complicated, but everyone else uses the fancy plane and they're happy, so you'd better learn. They're happy using the new plane and have no problem, so you try to use the plane too. You crash it a bunch and sometimes people might yell at you, but you're trying. \n\nBut you still really really miss those days with your bear and your plane. "
]
}
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ca2whb
|
how do they isolate oxygen to fill tanks with?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ca2whb/eli5_how_do_they_isolate_oxygen_to_fill_tanks_with/
|
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"Most of the time is is done by cooling down air and when you reach the temperature oxygen become a liquid you can extract it.\n\nAir is mostly Nitrogen. oxygen, water, argon and carbon dioxide . The water and carbon dioxide will become a liquid(solid before oxygen and the other will become a liquid after \n\nIt is a bit how you distill alcohol by heating it up and the alcohol boil before water but it is done by cooling it down instead.",
"Air is cooled and compressed and seent through a sort of distillation chamber. Oxygen and other gasses turn from gas to oxygen at different temperatures, the gas is collected at different temperatures, resulting in purified gases. \n\nThat is compresses into a liquid again and put into the pressurizes tank in liquid state. When the pressure changes, it turns to a gas.",
"One way in which this is done on a commercial scale is to use cryogenic liquefaction, which is a fancy way of saying that it is made cold enough to make it become a liquid. Regular air is scrubbed of various other potential contaminants such as water and carbon dioxide, and then it is exposed to extremely cold surfaces which make it precipitate out much like water condenses on a cool glass. That liquid can then be collected and allowed to expand into very pure oxygen gas.",
"The process of hydrolysis utilizes a negatively charged anode and a positively charged cathode. Water is boiled to create steam. Leads are connected to a power source. Each lead is connected to a rod - one is positive and one is negative. The anode and cathode are placed in inverted collecting vessels. The gas that collects around the anode is positively charged hydrogen. The gas that collects around the cathode is negatively charged oxygen. These gases condenses at a particular temperature and pressure and can be collected.\n\nAt least that’s how we did it when I taught physical science.",
"In a home concentrator they use sieve beds. Nitrogen molecules are larger than oxygen molecules, so can be separated to concentrate the oxygen the patient breathes. There are two sieve beds that separate the gasses, expelling the nitrogen into the room while the patient breathes a higher concentration of oxygen. \n This doesn’t really answer your question, but it’s still interesting how it works."
]
}
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6iqrrn
|
how do life support machines work?
|
Always been curious. It's probably simple but would be nice to have an answer from real people instead of a search engine.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6iqrrn/eli5_how_do_life_support_machines_work/
|
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"Your body is basically a bunch of machines that do stuff to keep you alive. Your lung breaths, your liver filters blood and so on. If those things fail you will have problems!\n\nLife support machines just do these functions. Say your liver breaks, you get a life support machine to do the blood filtering for you. \n\nSay you have a hard time breathing, then you get a machine to supply you with oxygen.",
"Oh okay. That was like a genuine explanation as if i were 5 ",
"Most of the time when someone is \"on life-support\" it means they are on a ventilator. This is a machine that facilitates gas exchange by pumping in air either through a tube down the throat or a hole in the neck called a tracheostomy. It's a very high-tech piece of equipment that monitors crucial aspects of breathing.\n\nAnother component of long-term life-support is feeding. This is done either through a tube up the nose into the stomach (or first section of small intestine) or through a hole in the side of the abdomen directly in the the stomach known as a PEG tub. Or if these are contraindicated, a person on life-support may be on TPN or total parenteral nutrition, which is is customized nutrients pumped directly into the person's venous system.\n\nIf the kidneys don't work for some reason, they can hook the patient up to a dialysis machine that filters out waste, removes excess fluid and balances electrolytes.\n\nOf course this person will also need to be turned every 2 hours to prevent pressure ulcers, cleaned up after every bowel movement and episode of urinary incontinence as well. \n\nThe other respondent is wrong when it comes to liver failure. There is no machine that does the job of the liver if yours fails. Heart, lungs and kidneys can all be supplemented by machines, but not the liver."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
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[],
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|
a0o4wu
|
how swallowing cough syrup (digestive system) has an almost immediate effect on the lungs (respiratory system)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a0o4wu/eli5_how_swallowing_cough_syrup_digestive_system/
|
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"If it’s immediate you probably just needed water. But remember that the esophagus (digestive) and trachea (respiratory) are the same tube higher up above the vocal cords in the back of your throat. \n\nCough is usually from secretions dripping back in your throat (post-nasal drip) - it stimulates a forceful burst of air out to avoid getting them into your lungs. A lot of cough syrups decrease secretions and cough sensitivity, but the thick liquid also helps with secretions in the moment. This is why in pediatrics we recommend a teaspoon of honey instead (as long as it’s not an infant under 1). This has actually been studied too and shown to be just as effective and safer.",
"You know the feeling of eating a piece of mint gum? Well menthol is what you are tasting, and the sensation of freshness is because of it touching your skin, right? Well most cough medicine has some menthol in it, and when it coats your throat, you feel it right away. Plus, every time you breath you get a +1 menthol boost into your lungs!\nEdit: forgot this was eli5",
"Depends what kind of cough syrup you are taking. Some of them are basically menthol and a viscous syrup to help coat your larynx. Those are no different than honey really, so it helps soothe an irritated throat and reduce your cough reflex. Some have dextromethorphan and/or guaifenesin (or rarely other members of similar drug families). The first help suppress cough by raising your \"cough threshold\", basically making your body tolerate more before it triggers coughing. The latter helps thin mucus so that your body can cough it out of your airway easier.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nBoth of these are absorbed fairly quickly (the dex is the slower of the two by far). So to answer your question, the \"immediate\" effect is that it helps your angry throat calm down, and thus cough less."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
23tpw3
|
why does 'humid' cold feel colder than 'dry' cold?
|
Wondering why is feels colder in winter in humid conditions than dry climates?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/23tpw3/eli5why_does_humid_cold_feel_colder_than_dry_cold/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ch0ho4l"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"Humidity is the amount of moisture in the air and water is a good thermal conductor so when its cold water is cold and hot water gets as well. So when its cold and humid it will feel colder than when its dry because of the moisture in the air. It also has the reverse effect hot days will feel worse when it's humid."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
39mpah
|
what has happened to the babysitting market in the last ten years?
|
So, I used to babysit when I was a teenager, and I had my Red Cross CPR/First Aid certifications, which made me hot shit and netted me around $8/hr on average for watching people's kids.
Now I'm in college and was looking into doing it again over the summer to earn some extra cash, and I see multiple ads for people looking for babysitters at the princely sum of $5/hr or some other one who want to pay $20 for and entire overnight job. Grated the kids are asleep, but $20 for 11pm-7am works out to.... $2.50/hr. I'm also seeing many ads advertising babysitting services that say things like 'Childsafe Certified' 'FBI Background Checked', etc.
Since when do you need to be investigated by the FBI to watch someone's kids, why, and why are the prices parents are willing to pay suddenly so pathetic even though they want the babysitter too have a lot more certifications than they used to?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/39mpah/eli5_what_has_happened_to_the_babysitting_market/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cs4mwxz"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"The market is flooded. You have a lot of people who can't get jobs elsewhere because the economy isn't as strong, so there are many people able to work as babysitters. Which not only means that you have babysitters lowering their rates to remain competitive with everyone else, but also advertising whatever benefits they have to try and get that babysitting gig."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1y66jd
|
what does it mean for a temperature to be below kelvin, and how do we make that happen?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1y66jd/eli5_what_does_it_mean_for_a_temperature_to_be/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cfhojbq",
"cfhonww"
],
"score": [
7,
6
],
"text": [
"we can't. \"below Kelvin\" is the same as \"faster than the speed of light\". As of yet even \"zero Kelvin\" is not attainable.",
"Kelvin is a unit of temperature, just like Celsius or Fahrenheit. For a temperature to be 0 Kelvin is for movement to completely stop, by definition. There is no below Kelvin, and its currently impossible to reach 0 Kelvin."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
4cmfn9
|
since edward snowden has been out of the inner circle for so long, how is he still relevant and threatening?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4cmfn9/eli5_since_edward_snowden_has_been_out_of_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d1ji7ec",
"d1jiqhv"
],
"score": [
5,
11
],
"text": [
"The man risked a lot to get a bit of important information out before. He's someone you'll believe when he talks. ",
"What I have understood from [Citizenfour](_URL_0_) documentary, the information he released wasn't nearly everything he had access to. He simply decided to inform public just about the mass surveillance. Imo the argument that he can't do more damage now is false. \n\nAnother thing is that he hasn't been charged yet thanks to asylum in Russia."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://www.imdb.com/title/tt4044364/"
]
] |
||
7ybqxa
|
why do older television recordings have distinctive looks to them that vary by decade?
|
When I see old television programs, it seems like it's possible to guess the decade solely based upon the quality of the picture. I know that for a lengthy period the resolution was largely unchanged; what about the technology of the time caused the differences?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7ybqxa/eli5why_do_older_television_recordings_have/
|
{
"a_id": [
"duf5arg",
"duf6b6m"
],
"score": [
6,
3
],
"text": [
"This is to do with the type of camera/film used and as the decades move on you see an improvement in camera technology - I wish there was more to it that that but that's about it I think.",
"Analog TV dont have resolution the same way as digital. There is a set number of lines but the changes over the line are not decrete pixels. Output from a computer etc to that is on a CRT display will be defines in pixels but not the input from a analog camera.\n\nThere is two distinct changes in analog TV that changes from a technical standpoint. Black and white to color and the introduction of wide screen. That is changes in the TV sets. \n\nThere have been changes over time how the TV program was produced.\n\nLive programs could use tv cameras and direct transmission. The amount of light needed and the quality of the cameras changed over time.\n\nFor prerecorded TV you used 35 or 16 mm film in the beginning. Over time cameras that used video tape and later digital storage started to be used. Image quality was better on 35mm film then video tape and the way it was lit and how the camera works will result in difference how the image looks.\n\n\n\nTV that was creased with 35mm film can result in beautiful HD and even 4K video because the film has even higher restitution that that. So what you see can be better then it ever looed in the past"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
4wmvm8
|
what specifically about puberty negatively impacts female gymnasts to the point that retirement occurs around age 20?
|
I've been thinking about this and am even starting to get skeptical of whether this is true or not. So I guess my question is divided into two parts: Is the retirement of female gymnasts after puberty for social or for established physical reasons? For instance, are elite female gymnasts forced to retire after their teens due to some wierd aesthetic reasons or is it due to some established medical reason such as: after __ post-pubescent age, the body becomes less compatible with gymnastics training demands? Post some real scientific studies if you can.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4wmvm8/eli5_what_specifically_about_puberty_negatively/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d68bijo",
"d68bjby",
"d68hdye"
],
"score": [
3,
20,
4
],
"text": [
"It has nothing to do with the aesthetics of a prepubescent girl. It does have to do with center of mass distribution, and the way puberty changes that, especially with the addition of body fat on a woman's body. Breasts, hips, and buttocks all subtly change where the mass is on a woman as they develop, which directly affects movement and grace. ",
"It is a few factors but the biggest two are strength to weight ratio and the change in size of the person. \n\nWhen you train things like balance, one of the biggest components of gymnastics, you are training neuromuscular connections. When you grow, those change, performance dips. With girls their highest strength to weight + height ratio happens just before puberty, during puberty they have a lot of hip growth for instance, this will add weight but also change how they can balance. That change needs to be relearned. \n\nAll sports see this dip. Runners get slower at the start of puberty then get faster again, swimmers have a dip in performance... Pretty much any sport has this dip, gymnasts just experience it to a greater extent. The small stature of gymnasts also is good to maintain, easier to rotate a shorter person. ",
"What they do is at such an insane level of ability, plenty of lady gymnasts stay gymnasts much further in life but the natural peak is just a lot younger. If there was a 28 year old who could compete at that level you bet your ass they would. \n\nOne big thing not mentioned here is injuries. Gymnastics is a brutal sport, and virtually everyone gets hurt. Tough to stay injury free as your career greets longer and longer at that level"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
16r0yn
|
the effects of meth
|
So I'm watching breaking bad, and it's making me curious; why does meth rot the body so much? Why do people get those nasty sores? Why do some people in the show not get as addicted to it as others? Is that realistic? What does it feel like to be on?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/16r0yn/eli5_the_effects_of_meth/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c7yjtnq"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
" > Why do people get those nasty sores?\n\nMeth users often experience a psychological effect called [Dermatillomania](_URL_0_). This is the cause of the sores, they are self inflicted.\n\n > Why do some people in the show not get as addicted to it as others? Is that realistic?\n\nYes it is realistic. While it is **highly** addictive, it is not 100% addictive. Some people are able to use for short durations and quit using at their own discretion.\n\n > What does it feel like to be on? \n\nThe brain has a function to reward you for biologically beneficial behavior such as eating, procreation, surviving in general. This is accomplished using a chemical called dopamine.\n\nMeth triggers an uncontrolled release of dopamine. While I've never used, I can imagine that the first hit is probably one of the best feelings you will ever have in your entire life. An overwhelming sense of satisfaction, happiness, etc.\n\nThe problem is that you will never feel it again. The process by which dopamine makes us feel good is degraded with each use of meth. \n\nThe more destruction of this process that takes place, the more dopamine you need to release to feel the same level of happiness. This results in meth users chasing that first experience, and why it is such a huge addiction risk. Eventually this neurological process is so damaged that they need the excessive dopamine levels just to feel normal."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatillomania"
]
] |
|
400wsh
|
how come a liger is larger on average than both a lion and a tiger despite being the product of them mating?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/400wsh/eli5_how_come_a_liger_is_larger_on_average_than/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cyqj59d",
"cyqj6ys",
"cyqrbxq"
],
"score": [
4,
59,
2
],
"text": [
"I forget the exact details, but it's got to do with the gene that controls when the animal stops growing. In tigers, that gene is inherited from the father. In lions, that gene is inherited from the mother. A liger has a Lion for a father and tiger for a mother... and that gene is missing... or something along those lines. ",
"It's a genetics thing. Male lions have a gene that stimulates growth. Female lions have one that mitigates growth. Put them together and you get a normal sized lion.\n\nHowever, female tigers don't have the same \"Whoa, stop growing now\" gene, so when a male lion and a female tiger mate, it produces offspring that just grow and grow (to a point at least).\n\nContrast this with tigons, where you have a male tiger and a female lion mating, and you end up with offspring about the size of a tiger.",
"So tigers and lions are really the same species?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
3ddmu5
|
why do we have to swallow pills? what would happen if we just chewed them?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ddmu5/eli5_why_do_we_have_to_swallow_pills_what_would/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ct43mhy",
"ct43nm8",
"ct43nx0"
],
"score": [
2,
7,
2
],
"text": [
"Have you ever chewed on a pill? Most of them taste horrible",
"In some cases the medicine would be released too quickly. In other cases it wouldn't make much difference, but the taste would just be vile. Pills offer the advantage of a quick, easy, tasteless administration of medication.",
"Some tablets have a covering that is designed to disintegrate in certain points of your body. Therefore chewing them doesn't get them to where they are supposed to be before they activate."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
cy76q9
|
why do li-on batteries loose capacity when we fully charge them and why do they last longer if we keep them between 40 and 80 % charge?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cy76q9/eli5_why_do_lion_batteries_loose_capacity_when_we/
|
{
"a_id": [
"eyq63a4"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"Batteries run off of a chemical reaction that is easily reversed with electricity. Most reactions just won't work. When batteries are charged up to full, the reversed reaction starts to run out and side reactions start that render parts of the chemicals unusable. The same happens when you fully drain a battery. Do this enough times, and there's very little useful chemicals left in the battery."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
4p5vyb
|
if the foundation of all life is comprised of inorganic matter, how does this become organic to form life?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4p5vyb/eli5_if_the_foundation_of_all_life_is_comprised/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d4i99ya",
"d4i9q77"
],
"score": [
23,
3
],
"text": [
"There is no qualitative difference between organic and inorganic matter in the usage you are implying. In chemistry \"organic\" just means that it contains carbon. \"Life\" is simply a label we apply to an emergent behavior; we are in essence just novel chemical reactions.",
"In chemistry the term \"organic\" simply means contains carbon. Carbon can form long strings that allow the creation of very complex molecules. It appears that life needs these complex molecules so all living things are comprised of carbon based molecules.\n\nThe step from organic molecules to life is another question. Many of the basic molecules found in living things can be created in other ways -- volcanic vents and ice are two of them that have been studied. Some of those molecules can then assemble into larger structures, similar to cell walls. It isn't clear how to get from that to something that can sustain itself, and replicate itself, and therefore eventual evolve into something more complex."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
393o8r
|
why does baseball have their draft in the middle of their season when other sports draft in their offseasons?
|
ssia
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/393o8r/eli5why_does_baseball_have_their_draft_in_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cs03ju0"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"You hold the draft in June because that's when the students graduating high-school or college are available. You want to draft them then, so that you can be guaranteed to get them. Waiting until after the season means that they've either left school or re-enrolled, and makes it harder to draft college students."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2tuypt
|
how are copyright and patents actually enforced in other countries?
|
What prevents me from using ideas/ contents in other countries?
What penalties/sanctions can the owners impose on foreign nationals if the infringement occurs in that other nation?
What about in neutral locations like in international waters or in Arctic or in Antartica?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2tuypt/eli5how_are_copyright_and_patents_actually/
|
{
"a_id": [
"co2j8ub"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Under the Berne Convention, copyright protection is automatic in the vast majority of countries. You still have to sue in the country where the infringement takes place, but you don't have to do anything special to obtain the rights in the first place.\n\nPatents are different, because they aren't automatic. A person in France can legally infringe on a patent that was only filed in the US."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
629zls
|
what is the difference between the old usb and usb c?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/629zls/eli5_what_is_the_difference_between_the_old_usb/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dfkwggf",
"dfkxvdj"
],
"score": [
7,
17
],
"text": [
"1) type c will transfer data faster (assuming 3.1 spec)\n2) type c can charge electronics better/faster (assuming 3.1 spec)\n3) type c is reversible. Meaning, the old usb, you would try to plug it in, see it doesn't fit, flip it over to try again, see it doesn't fit, flip it back to where it was in the first place to see that it fits and plugs in. (assuming you are sober)\n\nEdit: clarified my assumptions",
"So, there's kind of two parts to this, and I'm not sure if you're specifying type c to exclude usb3, or just conflating the two, so ill explain both a little. \n\nUSB 3.0 is a USB protocol designed to allow for more advanced features like more options for sourcing/sinking current, offering vendor defined messaging, etc. The specification says it can transfer much more power than usb 2, and also has a bunch of other great features. Its also going to be easy for companies to lock chargers down depending on what's plugged into them. E.g. Apple can force it so only their charger will supply max power - any other would default to standard 2.0 levels. \n\nUSB Type-C is the physical connector specification, and is pretty great. It can be flipped around, and it doesn't matter which end of the cable you use. Usb type a and b cables can only go one way in one orientation. The cables can also physically support higher current/voltage levels. \n\nNOTE - There are a bunch of knockoff type c cables on the market right now with incorrect impedances. This means those cables may not work at all, or they may kind of work but catch fire or whatever, but either way a ~~Microsoft~~ Google employee went into Amazon and left reviews on many of the cables being sold, telling you if they're legit or not. Look for that.\n\nSource - Was writing usb 3.0/type-c drivers at a semiconductor for my job. \n\nEdit - Not Microsoft, Google. Thanks! "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
5bc97b
|
if a fleck of paint can presumably punch a hole through a spacecraft, with all of our space junk, how after almost 20 years is the iss not swiss cheese?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5bc97b/eli5_if_a_fleck_of_paint_can_presumably_punch_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d9nc8h5"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Space is very, very, very big! Even if there are 1 million particles in orbit, they are still miles and miles apart. NASA keeps track of the larger ones and can move the station out or the danger area"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
37bfay
|
how is hacking into driverless cars going to be prevented?
|
Just curious.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/37bfay/eli5_how_is_hacking_into_driverless_cars_going_to/
|
{
"a_id": [
"crl8a1a",
"crl9k6h"
],
"score": [
3,
3
],
"text": [
"The easiest way to prevent hacking is to secure any access point into the car's information systems. There's three channels through which you could try and hack it - communicate to it wirelessly, communicate to it on a wired connection like a USB port, or physically install or change some components. \n\nIf your car doesn't communicate with anything wirelessly or is set up so that it doesn't receive any instructions, only data, through that type of connection, it'll be a lot tougher to hack and you'd pretty much need it parked and with some physical access to it. It may be possible but it'd be tough.\n\nP.S. I don't consider sending it a false map to send it off course, for example, to be hacking the car. That's sabotaging the data it receives, not actively interfering with its operating process.",
"Think of all the incredibly sensitive and/or valuable electronics we interact with every day which are connected to the internet, but have a physical presence:\n\n* ATMs\n* jumbo jets\n* Redbox DVD rental kiosks\n* traffic signals\n* pacemakers\n* Electronic toll collection systems (E-Z pass, etc)\n\nThe manufacturers of these systems have a strong incentive to prevent people from hacking them, and as a result we don't see headlines like \"men with laptops take control of Airbus autopilot\".\n\nManufacturers of driverless cars have the same incentives, and will take similar security measures."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
4gg0qz
|
years ago lead was used prevalently in paint, water pipes, and fuel. why didn't everyone who was exposed get poisoned?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4gg0qz/eli5_years_ago_lead_was_used_prevalently_in_paint/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d2h7owu",
"d2h7pv2"
],
"score": [
4,
3
],
"text": [
"A lot of people did. Google \"mass lead poisoning\" and there are a lot of pretty gross examples. There is also a strong correlation between use of leaded gasoline and violent crime in the US (_URL_0_).\n\nYou also have to recognize, though, that lead poisoning is on a spectrum to some degree (it's not just black and white), and lots of other things caused or were believed to cause madness as well. So while you can certainly test for lead poisoning, many people likely wouldn't bother or even think to. There are likely many cases of deaths that were spurred on by lead poisoning but blamed on alcohol or madness or whatever was popular at the time.",
"They did, that's why kids of the current generation seem so much smarter than the ones of generations past.\n\nLead poisoning is subtle in many situations."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Lead-crime_hypothesis"
],
[]
] |
||
37osi7
|
glow in the dark
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/37osi7/eli5_glow_in_the_dark/
|
{
"a_id": [
"crok0yz",
"crokody"
],
"score": [
3,
3
],
"text": [
"Things that glow in the dark will have a chemical that changes when it absorbs light, and then it releases light as it changes back to the original shape.",
"Many different ways. One is fluorescence, where a material will absorb UV rays and re-emit them as visible light. Another is phosphoresce, where the light is re-emitted slowly over time so it still glows after all light sources are removed. The way they work has to do with how electrons absorb energy, quantum states and energy levels and I don't understand it well enough to simplify the explanation. The Wikipedia articles on photoluminescence, phosphorescence and fluorescence explain more."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
23av9u
|
how do virtual phone numbers work?
|
When using an App like GroupMe or Google Voice or WhatsApp, how does the company have a seemingly unlimited number of virtual numbers that are able to function as SMS servers and communicate with other phones without any cell phone contracts? Where do these numbers come from and how do the companies obtain them?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/23av9u/eli5_how_do_virtual_phone_numbers_work/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cgv6xk1"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"The companies get blocks of the numbers from their upstream carriers (like AT & T, or a [competing local carrier](_URL_1_) ) which they then will assign or allocate to their customers. Text messages are data packets sent in a specific format over a [compatible signalling system](_URL_0_) - they don't require a cell phone, just the necessary plumbing."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signalling_System_No._7",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitive_local_exchange_carrier"
]
] |
|
300bd3
|
why does experiencing one or more pregnancies seem to lead to long term struggles with body weight for women ?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/300bd3/eli5_why_does_experiencing_one_or_more/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cpnwuzt",
"cpnx07l"
],
"score": [
5,
3
],
"text": [
"I am sure a real doctor will come and correct my language, but to put it simply, hormonal and muscular changes in the body and a lifestyle change generally, all lead to weight gain. After giving birth is is not unusual for the stomach muscles, especially on small women, to be trashed. This means that they look tubby even if the weigh the same. The body also goes into a milk-producing mode, which encourages the development of the fat cells around the breast, hips and buttocks. Finally, as a mother, you would spend less time \"on yourself\" and more time playing with baby or driving brats around, leading to overeating, fast food diets and under exercise. \n\nWhile a proper diet, a regular fitness routine and child care can all help solve these problems, most people simply don't have the resources. \n",
"After two pregnancies, I gained a massive amount of weight and no amount of exercise or dieting would get it off. I'm fact, I could only gain.\r\rI finally went to a doctor. Hormone imbalances are common after any pregnancy, as your body goes through significant changes. My thyroid had been affected by this, making my T3 hormone, responsible for metabolism, spiral down to practically nothing. I was also exhausted all the time.\r\rNow, I've lost 75lbs. I'm active. And not so sleepy!"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
4usfx4
|
how to access healthcare in the us when you have no insurance and no money.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4usfx4/eli5_how_to_access_healthcare_in_the_us_when_you/
|
{
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"text": [
"Well, if you have an emergency, you can go to the Emergency Room and get treatment. They are required by law to treat emergencies, at least to get the patient stabilized, regardless of the patient's ability to pay.",
"Most good-sized cities have immediate care clinics, where they treat minor illnesses and injuries for a flat rate of $75 or so. They're not going to help you if you have a serious illness or injury, but, if you just need an antibiotics prescription or a splint for a broken finger, etc, they're great.\n\nI've had two wisdom tooth incidents in the past few years. The pain was immense, but, I wouldn't be able to see a dentist for a few days. The first time, I went to the ER to get some painkillers. That cost me $350. The second time, I went to the immediate care clinic. Same result, cost me $75 (plus about $12 at the pharmacy.) I now have insurance, but, I'll probably continue to use immediate care when possible just to duck copays.",
"Go to your local social services office, located in most 50k+ population cities. Sign up for medicaid. Get well soon.",
"The other answers explain the options pretty well: (1) pay a flat rate of ~$100 or so for an urgent care clinic, or (2) go to an emergency room where they will take care of you no matter what and send you a bill later.\n\nFor certain types of care there are free clinics that will help, like Planned Parenthood for women - not just for abortions, they help with all sorts of health issues women face.\n\nAlso, there are a lot of options for getting insurance and a lot of people don't know all of their options.\n\n* If you're under 26 you can get on your parents' plan\n* If your income is really low then in many states you qualify for Medicaid (totally free health insurance)\n* If your income is low then in ALL states you qualify for subsidized health insurance under Obamacare (the less money you make, the less you pay)\n* Many employers offer health insurance. Even if it isn't free, it's often a better deal than getting it yourself\n* If you used to have health insurance from a job, you can continue to get it after you leave your job\n* Ever since Obamacare, if you have health insurance, preventive care and prenatal care is FREE.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
1ridb5
|
why does cocaine make people so horny?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ridb5/eli5_why_does_cocaine_make_people_so_horny/
|
{
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"cdnjt7n",
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"cdnvuwk"
],
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3,
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"text": [
"increased blood flow, lower inhibitions, overall euphoria?",
"The person who devises a way to include this safely and legally in birth control pills will be a billionaire!",
"Cocaine doesn't directly increase sex drive but it definitely creates an environment in which many people would find sex desirable (increased endorphins, blood flow, and energy levels and a resulting reduction in inhibitions). Also, consider the general atmosphere of a place where cocaine would be used...not exactly a monastery. ",
"Always made me have ED. Never could get it up. Glad I never touch it anymore.",
"Clearly, no one here has experienced coke dick.",
"Who ever decided that cocaine makes people so horny? Where are you getting your cocaine?",
"I did coke once before years ago, my dick looked like an inny belly button. Wasn't horny at all.",
"Coke doesn't make you horny, it just shuts down the parts of your brain that say fucking some skank you just met behind a dumpster is a bad idea."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
4mbfxb
|
why did the nazis let the pows in their camps retain their military hierarchical system and m.o. ? (drills, rituals, etc..)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4mbfxb/eli5_why_did_the_nazis_let_the_pows_in_their/
|
{
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"d3u53x4"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"If you maintain the hierarchical system you've made your job much easier. If I have 40 people I know will listen and obey one guy the all I need to do is control that one guy. I can also use him to pass information along. If I make him the access point to all critical info I'll get everyone else to fall in line because not doing so would at best a beating. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
63m6yh
|
in practice how does a filibuster actually work? if you are filibustering a court nominee until a new election how long does someone actually need to filibuster and talk continually?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/63m6yh/eli5_in_practice_how_does_a_filibuster_actually/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dfvmw16"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"The U.S. senate has a rule that a bill (or nomination) cannot be voted on until every Senator has said what they want to say about it. The original intent of the rule was to make sure that a bill got sufficient debate and that no Senator was cut off.\n\n\"Cloture\" is the process by which the Senate as a whole votes to declare that debate on the bill is over. It requires 60% of the Senators to agree, which is a fairly high bar to reach. Again, that's to ensure that no Senator is treated unfairly or cut off by a simple majority.\n\nAll of this means that a Senator who wants to can continue \"debate\" by holding the floor and only yielding to allies who have also agreed to continue the debate. Together, a coalition can keep debating the same bill indefinitely, preventing the Senate from doing any other work until a successful cloture vote can be held. That's what a \"filibuster\" is. There are Senate rules that determine how a talking filibuster must take place, but no requirement that the content of the debate be related to the bill (or nomination) at hand.\n\nIn practice, filibusters are rarely actually \"talking filibusters\" anymore; they're simply the threat to do so. That's intended to prompt further negotiation behind the scenes. When you see a Senator actually holding the floor all night, it's more of a PR stunt these days.\n\nThe \"nuclear option\" that people are mentioning reflects the ability of the majority party in the Senate to change the rules of debate. By tradition, many Senators of both parties have been unwilling to do that because both sides rely on the ability to filibuster at different times and because the Senate is proud of its reputation as \"the world's greatest deliberative body.\"\n\nBy the way, the filibuster has nothing to do with the Constitution, other than the fact that each house of Congress can make its own rules. And there's no requirement that normal bills or nominations must have 60 votes (although some legislative actions do require a 2/3 vote). These are misconceptions you sometimes here when people get heated over the filibuster."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
3akzid
|
why is there little-to-no discussion on the value of vocational schools, in regards to the growing demands of higher educational?
|
Moreover, I use to hear stories like how in the past, High Schools actually provided skilled trades like auto repair, home economics, and wood shop
*edit: Education
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3akzid/eli5_why_is_there_littletono_discussion_on_the/
|
{
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2,
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"text": [
"Vocational schools still carry the stereotype of the place you go if you can't get into college. More students are saying 'I want to be engineer' than 'I want to an automotive body repair specialist.' Of course an objective look would show you that vocational school pays off pretty well for a lot of people, but it just doesn't seem as appealing to a 17 year old who's trying to choose a career path. Kids see themselves as a doctor, a lawyer, a CEO. Not a welder.\n\n > Moreover, I use to hear stories like how in the past, High Schools actually provided skilled trades like auto repair, home economics, and wood shop\n\nHigh schools don't do this anymore because those courses are expensive, dangerous, and not part of the government-mandated standardized tests. Public schools spend most of their energy trying to keep their numbers up on the government tests, and little attention is given to anything which won't improve those numbers. Private schools have a little more leeway, but they have to keep costs competitive so they aren't going too excited to invest in expensive shops and tools and open themselves up to injury lawsuits either.",
"Often schools who offered those classes did so by having a 2 track system. One bunch of classes for the kids who will go on to more education, and another bunch of classes for the kids who won't\n\nThe problem with high schools providing those classes in the past is that the \"vocational\" track was often used to get rid of students that were more difficult to deal with. There were also significant problems with racial equity and socioeconomic issues. A school in a poor black neighborhood might not even have a college track in their high school. \n\nSo, overall in most places in the US they have leaned more towards a unified system where kids are not on any kind of defined path in public education. Basically, they don't want the schools deciding who gets to become a mechanic and who gets to become an engineer. They want everyone to have a shot at being an engineer, unfortunately that puts a stigma against being a mechanic. \n\nIn our desire not to pigeonhole children we have simply removed choice from the system. It's a shame. ",
"I attended a high school that was both academic and vocational and because it had vocational kids in it- the academic programs were passed over for scholarships and applications were looked over because the school had \"comprehensive\" in the title which I always thought was very unfair. Why can't kids with trade skills get an education and very intelligent dedicated kids get their shot at the college of their choice in the same place? We need people who do both things. Graduated 10 years ago and it still rubs me the wrong way",
"The \"liberal elite\" believe that a liberal education is the best tool for equipping today's youth for the world of tomorrow. The problem is that we live in a very specialized world in which jobs specialize more and more. America will likely never have another Thomas Edison or William James.\n\nThe problem is it makes for a poor speaking point. The \"we're in for education\" talk is always aimed at the liberal elite who feel education does not have a monetary value. Up north in Canada there is a lot of pride about being in a trade or being a tradesmen and there is a lot of work to promote people into that field. In America it's still seen as being lower class work.",
"There was in the UK with the wolf report in 2011 about the value of vocational qualifications in 6th form (UK high school ends at 16 and you go onto 6th form college).\n\nAnyway schools in the past did used to provide subjects such as woodshop, home economics... ours did not do car repair though. The reason why these subjects have been withdrawn is down to money. You can teach geography, maths, IT etc using a basic room with a board and some text books. Computers can also cover multiple subjects therefore buy one item of equipment and it can be used across a broad range of subjects.\n\nWhile things such as lathes, wood cutting equipment is expensive and they are subject specific. My school had an entire wing (9 huge classrooms) devoted to woodworking. It was very well equipped. 14 years ago they started having to rent it out to carpenters and other educational organisations as they were bleeding money in maintaining the machinery (even though it had been full paid off). 10 years ago they simply sold the machinery as they didn't have the money to maintain it and changed them into normal classrooms and crammed them full of computers instead.",
"Writers extolling the virtues of a classical education have a vested interest in promoting themselves and their profession. Any writer who promotes vocational schools is essentially telling the job market, \"I'm not essential.\""
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
2dih1a
|
why are front-loading washing machines more water efficient than top-loaders?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2dih1a/eli5_why_are_frontloading_washing_machines_more/
|
{
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"cjpsuea",
"cjpt9od"
],
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10,
4
],
"text": [
"Because the load will travel top to bottom, meaning you only need a small amount to clean everything. A top load machine circles around and with centrifugal force, some clothes won't make it down to the bottom. So you need more water to fill up the entire machine whereas a front load only needs half the amount. ",
"Take a jar & fill it 3/4 full of marbles.\n\nHow much water does it take to get all the marbles wet if it's standing upright? enough water to fill the jar.\n\nIf you turn that jar on its side and turn it, you only need enough water to fill it to the halfway point."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
fofc4l
|
how did humans get diseases if you have to catch it from someone else?
|
For example, you have to get HIV/AIDS from another person, but how did the first person get it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fofc4l/eli5_how_did_humans_get_diseases_if_you_have_to/
|
{
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3,
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"text": [
"Many contagious diseases / viruses start in animals and then transfer to us by eating them or coming into contact with them\n\nLike swine flu, bird flu, coronavirus, etc",
"We can get infected by animals, these are called zoonotic infections.\n\nThe infection can be direct or sometimes require a third host for the pathogen to further adapt and then jump to humans.\n\nHIV in particular comes from monkeys.",
"Diseases are caused by different kinds of pathogens like viruses and bacteria. The amount of pathogens there are is so large, that it's impossible to understand the amount. Seriously, the estimated amounts have hundreds of zeros in them. However, most pathogens are harmless to us and many are in fact beneficial to us.\n\nBecause of how biology works, living organisms can sometimes mutate, meaning that their genes change a little bit. Mutation is rare but since there are so many pathogens, together, they are constantly mutating.\n\nEvery now and then, some of these mutations can change the pathogen just the right (or wrong?) way that the pathogen becomes harmful for us. Sometimes they cause us a common cold, sometimes death. \n\nIn case of HIV, we are not sure where it came from but it is believed to have originated in non-human primates in West-central Africa, then mutated such a way that humans could get infected by it and finally got transferred to humans in the early 20th century. By the way, HIV is the virus someone can get infected by and AIDS is the disease it can cause.\n\nEdit: typo",
"Viruses, bacteria, and fungi sometimes make the jump to being able to infect humans\n\nThere's always a chance that a random mutation will result in the trait needed to hop from one type of host to another, the closer we are with animals and the longer we spend with them the greater the chances of this happening in an animal that is in the right place to infect a person. Viruses can also combine with other bits of viral DNA that are floating around to pick up the ability to infect us.\n\nThen you have diseases that are always present in the animal and always able to infect people(salmonella) but as long as you're handling your food correctly you won't encounter it.\n\nIn general, fresh diseases come from animals that we're keeping around to turn into food later because this gives you a big population of animals next to a big population of people and it makes the jump easier if the right mutation does happen.\n\nNo livestock, no novel new diseases, no plagues."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
1dq0wt
|
why does riding a horse make your legs hurt?
|
If you are not doing majority of the work then why do your legs hurt after riding for a while?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1dq0wt/why_does_riding_a_horse_make_your_legs_hurt/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c9sqcjx"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Because you're bouncing up and down in an unnatural position."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
7h7qak
|
where are dns servers?
|
I understand the basics of DNS (mapping IP to domain names) but where are these DNS servers? My home doesn't have one, I assume my ISP has it and i use theirs. But my university has their own DNS servers throughout the campus in different departments. Why do they have their own?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7h7qak/eli5_where_are_dns_servers/
|
{
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"dqothzj",
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"text": [
"DNS is a distributed services to map hostnames (_URL_2_) to ip addresses (151.101.193.140). While there are a set of central (root) DNS servers, there are many more spread out all over the world. Your university probably has a set of DNS servers for two reasons. First, they provide a local DNS cache so you don't have to wait as long to find out the IP address for frequently used servers. Second, they might want to run the domain _URL_1_, and may want to ability to easily make their own subdomains (e.g. _URL_0_, etc).",
"As you are aware of what a DNS server is, I'll explain how they function in relation to each other.\n\nA DNS usually serves the purpose of one of two functions:\n\n* Resolves a domain to an IP address\n* Forwards the request to another DNS \"upstream\" server (which the other server it forwards to can either resolve or forward again)\n\nThink of it like a game of Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon, in that every domain usually can be resolved in a daisy chain forward-forward-resolves within 5 or 6 hops (but can be significantly more depending on which DNS you use).\n\nThe reason for this is that every DNS server does not hold all the information to resolve everything in the world - that amount of data to keep updated on a single server (with millions of updates a second) is just not possible at scale. Instead, they distribute the load into a concept called shard distribution in that each DNS server can hold a tiny piece of information, or know where to \"forward\" the request onto some bigger brother server.\n\nLastly, your local DNS servers hosted by your official or university can have custom DNS entries that are used to resolve only local assets, such as that printer down the hall called RickAndMorty-Printer-Room-633. If you request a record from this local DNS server that it does not have, it will just forward the request on to it's configured upstream servers.\n\n---\n\nA bit more about these big brother upstream servers... \n\nHow is this hierarchy structured? Usually on each of the \"dot\" of your DNS name you are looking, starting with the right most element (.com), then the domain (._URL_1_) and finally the host (_URL_0_).\n\nThere are 13 \"root\" DNS servers spread throughout the world and operated by different trusted organizations.\n\nEach of root servers only hold information for Top Level Domains (TLD), which are com, net, org, etc. Think of \".com\" at these root servers containing the addresses of another dozens \".com Root Servers\", which can hold information about each _URL_1_.\" If you were using a root DNS server to look something up, that would be one hop to find a \".com name server.\"\n\nThese \".com servers\" still don't hold all the Domains and IPs. Instead, what they do hold are the \"NS\" DNS records for that _URL_1_. An NS record is the\"specified name server(s) for that domain.\". Each domain name is required to have at least one NS record, to tell other serves \"hey, these are my authority name servers to lookup.\" So this is a second hop to find the \"domain NS name servers.\"\n\nAnd finally, the third hop would be to one of those listed NS nameserver records, which your \"www.\" can now be resolved to an actual IP address.\n\nDone, right? No, not even close. That would be how it worked if you used root DNS servers as your local DNS (don't so that). \n\nInstead, your local office or campus DNS server receives your request for _URL_0_. if it is not in cache (which DNS cache is huge on these DNS servers, with strict expiration policies set on each domain and each record entry), then it will have to \"forward\" the request to it's upstream server in hopes it has the \"www.\" part cached. If not, then maybe the '._URL_1_\" NS records cached. If not, maybe just the \".com\". If no to all of these, it again forwards the request to it's upstream server, and again and again until the \"www.\" or \"._URL_1_\" or \".com\" can be resolved first. Hopefully, someone has it cache before getting to a root name server. \n\nWhen it is found at the root, everyone in that chain you went through will usually cache it. Yes, if you had to go through 5 hops to get to the root DNS server to lookup a freshly minted name, then all 5 servers in that request will cache that lookup and NS nameserver records for future lookups - to save time for future request. Yep, you just caused 5 servers to cache data for your one request.\n\nEdit: NS not NX."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"math.TrueBlueUniversity.edu",
"TrueBlueUniversity.edu",
"www.reddit.com"
],
[
"www.domain.com",
"domain.com"
]
] |
|
46makw
|
why do so many rich, old-money states vote blue?
|
I notice that most of the richest old-money states with lots of people employed in law, medicine, and business tend to vote Democrat in presidential elections. Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Illinois, and even DC (not technically a state but whatever) all come to mind.
But shouldn't these demographics lend themselves to preferring a more conservative view? I.e. less taxes (especially for higher income brackets), less welfare, etc.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/46makw/eli5_why_do_so_many_rich_oldmoney_states_vote_blue/
|
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"text": [
"People don't just vote out of financial self-interest. They care about political philosophy, about their vision on democracy or justice. They care about the future of their state, the nation and the world. So there should be nothing surprising about seeing a wealthy Democrat--just as much as among Republicans, there are communities of well-established and influential Democratic families of means.\n\nIf anything, the wealthy are *more* likely to vote according to deeply held beliefs rather than pragmatism. A wealthy person can afford to pay more tax if he wants to, for example, while it is harder for the poor to take a stance against something that might benefit them but which they otherwise dislike. If you look at philosophers, scholars and other intellectuals, most of them are from the upper class, yet they hold wildly differing views.",
"Democrat/Republican party alignment has more to do with the urban/rural divide than tax policy. The states you highlight have a significant part of their population living in a highly urbanized region, so on a state wide level they tend to vote Democrat. If you break them down by county, you'll note that the more rural upstate New York is generally moderate Republican, not Democrat.",
"There's a difference between the comfortably entrenched wealthy and people like the Koch brothers. Some of the biggest proponents of high taxes on the wealthy have been very wealthy people themselves.\n\nThe people pushing conservative viewpoints are usually people with vested interests in industries that liberals would like to regulate, like fossil fuels and the finance sector.\n\nMaybe my bias is showing, but when the wealthy vote Republican it's usually more a decision of business strategy than principles.",
"People with old money don't appreciate it in the same way that new generation rich people do. Old money implies they didn't even have to earn it so it isn't as big of a deal for them to voluntarily vote their money away via taxes. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
2fhxjc
|
during segregation, where were biracial and other minority students placed?
|
Iv always wondered where biracial and Hispanic students were placed in the american south during segregation. Were they sent to white or black school? Thanks
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2fhxjc/eli5_during_segregation_where_were_biracial_and/
|
{
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"text": [
"Hispanic people were/are white.\n\nBiracial people were black according to the [one-drop rule](_URL_0_).",
"Depends on whether they and their parents passed. My dad's family is Native American. His grandmother used to tell me stories when I was a kid about growing up during the Great Depression. Her mother was too dark to pass herself off as white, so if they were in public anywhere, the kids weren't to call their mother Mama. They called her by her first name, and if anyone asked, she was their housekeeper. She never went to any of their school events or anything where it would be obvious she was the parent. It was something that wasn't talked about, because if anyone knew that Adina was their mother, they'd be outed as not-white.",
"Biracial people were legally considered black based on the one-drop rule. I'm not too sure about other minorities, but foreign blacks tended to be exempt from the normal segregation rules."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-drop_rule"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
7k7udb
|
are there any incidents of diseases jumping the species boundary from humans to animals? was it bad? we know the reverse is pretty bad for humans.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7k7udb/eli5_are_there_any_incidents_of_diseases_jumping/
|
{
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"drc7otd",
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13,
2,
2
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"text": [
"It's called reverse zooinosis. \n\n\nThere is at least one case of a cat catching swine flu and dying from their human. Mumps and salmonella are two as well along with tuberculosis and MRSA.",
"have just seen something about monkeys dying and common cold being the cause, meant to read the article but got a phone call and now cant find it. \nSorry that not a great deal of information or help, but im now going to google monkey cold and see what comes up. Wanted to type this first incase i forget. \n\nok just found this\n\nBy Debora MacKenzie\n\nHuman researchers are killing wild chimpanzees by inadvertently giving them colds, a new study shows for the first time.\n\nThe researchers in Africa now face a dilemma: let tourists and scientists get close to Africa’s great apes and risk spreading diseases, or curb contact with the apes and leave them vulnerable to a bigger threat – poachers.",
"Tuberculosis can be a major problem in primate colonies - and they typically acquire it from contact with infected humans."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
1ioxfj
|
what happened to /r/circlejerk?
|
What the hell is rationing? What the point of it? What is /r/jerktalk? Is /r/jerktalk the actual /r/circlejerk? Why aren't people allowed in?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ioxfj/eli5_what_happened_to_rcirclejerk/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cb6mqpz",
"cb6ula0"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"r/jertalk the ultimate circlejerk, pretending theres a magic place where awesome things happen and you are not part of it.",
"/r/atheism and /r/politics are two subreddits that provided a lot of material /r/circlejerk can make fun of. The joke is that since those two were removed from the default subreddit list, there's a lot less circlejerky material and what is left needs to be rationed. That it doesn't make any sort of actual sense is completely irrelevant to the joke.\n\nIn case you need to know, in real life, rationing is used when supplies of a particular product are low. You limit everyone to a maximum portion, or *ration*, hoping that will last until you can get more. Since rationing is usually used for essential products like food, if you didn't ration, you run the risk of either running out (and everyone starving as a result) or people buying more than they need because they're afraid it **will** run out and thus running out."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
6vbfwp
|
why do we automatically dislike people who dislike us?
|
It seems if someone ever finds out that another person doesn't like them or says bad things about them, the feeling becomes mutual. I've actually liked people who didn't like me and had good things to say about people who said bad things about me, but for the most part that doesn't seem to be how we react.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6vbfwp/eli5_why_do_we_automatically_dislike_people_who/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dlz8t62"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"Most likely serves as defense mechanism for our ego. If we still liked people that dislike us, we would still actively try to be around them and involved in activities with them. Someone that doesn't like you usually isn't going to treat you well, the pain of which is multiplied due to your liking of them (as anyone who has been treated poorly by someone they care about can attest to). \n\nIt is much less painful if our mind can respond instead with \"well fuck that guy, I hated that douche anyway\""
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
7sr247
|
how do credit card companies handle unauthorized charges or when your card is stolen or misused.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7sr247/eli5_how_do_credit_card_companies_handle/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dt6uqfe",
"dt6vcq2"
],
"score": [
5,
2
],
"text": [
"With the rollout of chip cards, a little bit has changed. If a store accepts a swiped chip card, and it turns out that card was used fraudulently (along with a few other situations), the store is responsible. For most other situations, the credit card issuer assumes the loss (although the merchant may be punished for excessive chargebacks by higher rates).",
"It's all set forth in the contract between the merchant and the credit card company. Certain things are an automatic like the Merchant has to eat the cost like if they enter the credit card number manually. Or if they're still using swipe and not chip technology in their card readers. But after that there is a dispute resolution process between the credit card company and the merchant which involves reviewing receipts. Part of the cost of doing business as a credit card company is dealing with fraud so it's taken into account but they're always trying to improve detection."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
4kfq5v
|
why do we get very uncomfortable/get chills whenever we hear very squeaky sounds (like fabric pillows being scratched)?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4kfq5v/eli5_why_do_we_get_very_uncomfortableget_chills/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d3el8jr"
],
"score": [
10
],
"text": [
"Copied and pasted from the post [here](_URL_0_) by kaze_no_saga:\n\nThere are two theories.\n\n\nThe sound resembles the cry of alarm of the primates long way down the evolutionary lane;\n\n\nThe sound frequency resonates within the human ear canal, causing it to vibrate violently.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/26s6k4/eli5_why_do_some_sounds_such_as_fingernails_on_a/chtz1nt"
]
] |
||
6j2xrm
|
why do yawns sometime yield no fulfillment as if you couldn't "complete" them.
|
What I mean is sometimes when you yawn you don't get that sense of relief/release you normally get. This leads to frustration where people have to sometimes yawn multiple times or sit/stand in various positions to "finish" the yawn properly.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6j2xrm/eli5_why_do_yawns_sometime_yield_no_fulfillment/
|
{
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"text": [
"It's because you are hyperventilated. It's counter-intuitive, but what you need to do is NOT yawn, to get the CO2 levels in your blood back to normal. Breath slowly and evenly. Then you should be able to yawn and get that blessed feeling of completion. ",
"I think its the same as the case of dyspnea I have. \n(In germany, also referred to as \"Lufthunger\"[airhunger] because you open your mouth to get as much air as possible down your throat, kind of like eating the air.\n\nIt feels like the air gets stuck in your throat, and no air gets down\nto your lungs, though this isnt whats actually happening.\n\nThis doesnt have to start with a yawn, but can occur pretty much \nanytime. Reasons why it happens are pretty mysterious to this day.\n\nPretty sure it at least CAN be psychosomatic, because thats the case for me.\n\n\nWhen my mental problems act up, I sometimes have it half the day.\n",
"\"I dunno, aliens maybe?\"\n-science\n\nBut no seriously, we don't even definitively know why:\n-we yawn in the first place\n-yawns are contagious\n-yawns can be spontaneously induced by just thinking about yawns\n-yawns can feel \"unfulfilling\" if interrupted\n-what physiological effects yawning even has\n\nSeriously. So so so many people have studied yawning and the general consensus is just a bunch of equally viable competing theories.",
"For me it has to be a full yawn with maximum chest expansion, if the yawn is not deep enough I feel unsatisfied.",
"I kept having the feeling of unfulfilled yawns, sometimes to the point it felt like I couldn't breath right. I went to my doctor, thinking it had to do with my asthma. They took my BP (which has always been very good) and it was through the roof. Doc asked me some questions and imagine my surprise when I was told I was having a daily, nonstop series of Itty bitty panic attacks. (Life at that time was very stressful)\n\nIf you are having this problem please go see your doctor!",
"I havent yawned properly for about 4 years. Whats wrong with me?! ;( i can almost remember the day I last yawned and it felt nice\n\nNow I get to like the last second and it just turns off. Like a robot about to climax then unplugging itself and powering down",
"In England if I turned up to the doctors and said I couldn't yawn properly he would laugh me at the office",
"I literally cannot make it through the headline or the comments in this thread without yawning. I am holding my fourth one back now. Can someone explain why the compulsion to yawn is so powerful, even when just reading about it?",
"Physician here. It usually is a manifestation of underlying stress or anxiety. Found a paper that explains it more. \n\nWhen you yawn, you stretch a load of muscles in the face and chest etc. These feed back onto an area of your brain that is associated with a good feeling. When you are stressed, you can't 'let go' enough to relax fully and achieve that stretch, so you feel unsatisfied. \n\nThe scientific explanation is:\n\n\"Frustration due to an incomplete or inharmonious development of a yawn is a frequent complaint. Yawning is a stretching of respiratory muscles and muscles of the face, and is sometimes associated with a generalized muscular stretching of the trunk and limbs. The yawner perceives differences in muscle tonus, a veritable and conscious extraction of the progress of the phenomenon, its stimulus and contextual valence, through interoceptive pathways (projections by the lateral spinothalamic tract onto the insular cortex) leading to a hedonistic perception. The dissatisfaction felt seems to be linked to an unconscious inhibition of the ‘letting go’ that underlies a complete yawn. \"\n\nWalusinski, O, 2009. Yawning in disease. European Neurology, [Online]. 62, 180-187. Available at: _URL_0_ [Accessed 24 June 2017].",
"The number of yawns you are causing around the world right now from this one post.. he's like a serial yawnist",
"This is very often caused by anxiety. I've dealt with this feeling for the last 5 years, but I've learned to deal with it. Don't try to complete the breath/yawn. Actively trying to take a big breath like that almost always leads to more and more anxiety for me, because you think you have to take those breaths or you'll not survive or something which puts a lot of pressure on you. But that is not the case. Your body does not need that fulfilling breath to survive.\n\nJust breath calmly and evenly. Trust that the air you are getting is enough. Eventually you may get relaxed enough and sometimes you're able to take that fulfilling breath without even trying. Just breath calmly and trust your body. ",
"I don't have an answer this, but I'd like to say a giant \"screw you\" to the OP for creating a post that has led to me contagiously yawning so many times. ",
"I've found m that when this happens I become very self conscious about my breathing, which used to cause even more anxiety. But now I lean into the self consciousness by meditatively focusing on the sensations of my breath. This usually relieves my anxiety and allows me to yawn to completion. ",
"Is reading about yawns contagious? ",
"I would love to know why our eyes go teary after several yawns. Another thread, another day I guess.",
"Did anyone else have a strong urge to yawn reading this title?",
"Someone trying to stop my yawn or stetch by acting like they'll slap my chest pisses me off more than anything. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/228262"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
4jn1aq
|
why do we (in the u.s.) have a national forest service and a national parks service?
|
Couldn't one agency do both?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4jn1aq/eli5_why_do_we_in_the_us_have_a_national_forest/
|
{
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"d37wrim",
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"text": [
"No. They are very different things.\n\nA park is for people. It's about recreation -- going somewhere to do and see things.\n\nA national forest is for nature. Sure, people can go there and enjoy it, but tourists aren't the reason it's there.\n\nThis is reflected in the fact that it's not just two agencies, but they are under two separate Cabinet offices -- National Parks are part of Interior, and National Forest Service is under Agriculture.",
"The National Forest Service is part of the Department of Agriculture and manages United States' the national forests and national grasslands. The National Parks Service is part of the Department of the Interior and manages the United States' national parks. The two aren't the same thing.\n\nNational parks protect important natural features as well as important cultural and historical sites. National parks are supposed to preserve the land in its original state and are also generally set up to allow visitors to most areas of the park.\n\nNational forests are managed for a number of reasons beyond natural preservation. Some forests are managed for timber production, some for grazing, and other for specific types of wildlife. National forests are also not as tourist oriented. \n\nSo the National Forest Service is more concerned with managing productive forests and grasslands in a sustainable manner while the National Parks Service is more concerned with preserving sites of unique beauty or importance in a pristine condition for visitors. There's enough difference in those jobs to have two different agencies do it (in fact, there's enough difference for them to be in different departments of government). We could probably combine the duties into a single agency if we needed to, but that's true of a lot of government agencies."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
1l2qzh
|
eyebrows
|
From an evolutionary perspective.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1l2qzh/eli5_eyebrows/
|
{
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"score": [
56,
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11,
14,
19,
9,
3
],
"text": [
"keep dirty sweat out of your eyes.",
"They also allow for more nuanced no-verbal communication.",
"They keep sweat and other stuff dripping down your forehead from getting in to your eyes. That's why they are curved that way and all the hairs are growing outwards.",
"now explain how whoopie goldberg lives w/out them",
"Eyebrows are how we recognize people and what mood they're in from a distance. \n\nThe slant of eyebrows is the most important way of showing someone's in a bad mood. Looking at eyebrows is so hard wired in people that you will automatically see a V-shape with a downward point in the middle as \"evil\". [Like this guy](_URL_1_). Look at the evil eyebrows and evil chin.\n\n[I am not kidding.](_URL_0_)\n\nResearch shows [your eyebrows are AT LEAST as important as your eyes](_URL_2_) in letting people recognize you. In fact, it's easier for people to recognize faces without eyes but with eyebrows than it is to recognize faces with eyes but without eyebrows!",
"In all seriousness, try hot yoga. When you're inverted and you don't have eyebrows to shield your eyes from hot, rolling sweat, that's a bad day.",
"to provide shade and prevent glare when hunting in the sun "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/newsandevents/pressreleases/research_reveals_the/",
"http://www.popcrunch.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/joker.png",
"http://web.mit.edu/bcs/sinha/papers/sinha_eyebrows.pdf"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
3dtf03
|
why do people fret guitars with their non-dominant hands when fretting is harder than picking?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3dtf03/eli5why_do_people_fret_guitars_with_their/
|
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"fretting is harder than picking? ",
"The important thing about the dominant hand, is that it allows you to do very small movements very exact. And that's what you do with the picking hand. Pressing the frets isn't complicated it's like pressing buttons, just put your fingers at about the right place and press down. So i guess it's just simpler to begin with, put your non dominant hand down and just let it rest there while you try to pick some cool notes with your dominant hand. \n\n\nBut there are some left handed guitar players that play with \"normal\" guitars and do it just as good as everyone else. At the end it comes down to what your used to and your preference. And as soon as you go to fret less guitars/instruments you need to be very accurate with both hands. And the only thing that will make you good is intensive practice of both of your hands. If you have a non-dominant hand while playing an instrument you just haven't practiced enough. ",
"I play guitar, and I've always had the same question. I'm not sure I buy the \"picking is more complex than fretting\" bit. On an electric guitar, (possibly an acoustic, too, if you're super strong and a master player) it's possible to play entirely with hammer-ons and pull-offs, without using your right hand at all!",
"Picking is the harder part. Fretting does not require rapid, tiny, accurate movements at consistent speeds and picking does. ",
"Picking is harder than fretting. The difficult thing about fretting isn't the finger movement itself, but keeping that movement in sync with your picking.",
"The way I see it is some people do it because they don't know any better, others do it because they know it feels comfortable.\nPicking can be harder than fretting: instead of pushing strings down, you're manipulating a pick that's the size of your thumbnail. That requires much more dexterity if you intend to learn advanced picking techniques. I'm left handed but own regular guitars and I had trouble *palm muting* initially.",
"I think it's tradition. Violin uses the non-dominant hand on the fingerboard (for reasons), so all the other string instruments do, too.\n\nIt's a little hard to argue that picking is always harder than fretting, especially given that most people do John Denver style strumming. But for finger pickers: imagine trying to do classical finger picking with your non dominant hand. My best guess is, if all you're doing on guitar is strumming chords, then it doesn't really matter which hand does what, but it makes more sense to learn with your dominant hand doing the picking because then you can switch to complex fingerpicking if you want. It also makes the switch to instruments like banjo and mandolin easier. I can't imagine playing bluegrass banjo with my non-dominant hand doing the finger picking.",
"I'm left handed but play right handed. Paul McCartney is right handed but plays left handed.\n\nIt makes sense to me to have my dominant hand on the fretboard, but OTOH (tee hee) I suck at fingerpicking.",
"Your tone mainly comes from the way you pick the notes. Using your stronger hand gives you more control and therefore better dynamics.\n\nIn my opinion, this is a large part of the difference between good and great guitarists. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
1tjqt2
|
why do some scars raise and turn pink/purple while others heal to white within weeks?
|
So, I'm a clumsy person and tend to fall and get hurt a lot. I have very pale skin (thanks, anemia) and scar very easily.
But I scraped my knee about 2 weeks ago on a piece of metal and the scar raised in some areas, but stayed flat in others. Almost like a hilly road.
So, because google doesn't seem to understand why this happens either, why do some scars raise while others stay flat?
EDIT: I am not asking what type of scar it is. I know how to identify hypertrophic scars, keloid scars, and atrophic scars. I'm asking why a nearly perfect wound would heal so strangely. [For those wondering, this is the scar I'm talking about on my knee.](_URL_0_)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1tjqt2/eli5_why_do_some_scars_raise_and_turn_pinkpurple/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ce8rwbf"
],
"score": [
13
],
"text": [
"**Edit:** the actual ELI5 is: scars will form differently mostly depending on the type & severity of the injury. \n\n---------------------------------------\n\nScars can be a reflection of the wound that created them. They will show the shape of the tear into the skin. Their shape can be determined by \"...the size, depth, and location of the wound; the age of the person; heredity; and skin characteristics.\"[1] They form because the skin has to repair the damage caused. \"The skin sent a bunch of collagen...- tough, white protein fibers that act like bridges - to reconnect the broken tissue.\"[2] Because the skin covers the area as quickly as possible, the new tissue looks different from the normal tissue that surrounds it. This noticeable disparity, is what we identify as a scar. \"It can take up to 24 months for a scar to develop and mature to its stable form and appearance.\"[5]\n\nAfter they have matured, some scars are pink, or just a little lighter or darker than one’s normal skin tone. Others are much more dark, even red due to \"An increased number of blood vessels... that prompts the discoloration.\"[5]. Not only do scars some in different shapes and colors but also \"...can take the form of a sunken recess in the skin, which has a pitted appearance. These are caused when underlying structures supporting the skin, such as fat or muscle, are lost.\"[4] Those that are not pitted can either lay flat or protrude as a result of too much tissue build-up.\n\n------------------------------------------------\n\n[From Here](_URL_0_)"
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://i.imgur.com/n21zLeq.jpg"
] |
[
[
"http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/exchange/node/62"
]
] |
|
2ztf3m
|
what happens after people like bill gates, warren buffet, and mark zuckerberg sign the giving pledge to give 50% of their wealth to charity?
|
[Background on The Giving Pledge](_URL_0_)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ztf3m/eli5_what_happens_after_people_like_bill_gates/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cpm3r0r"
],
"score": [
12
],
"text": [
"Not a whole lot.\n\nMost charity tries to fix urgent problems (hunger, disease) with instant visible outcomes. In the next generation of people, the same problems will repeat themselves and more of the same charity will be needed.\n\nA better approach would be to solve problems long term, such as investing in basic research or improving infrastructure."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Giving_Pledge"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
49namh
|
an ai just beat the go world champion for the first time ever. what is it about go that makes it harder than, say, chess for a computer to win at?
|
You can read more here: _URL_0_
It was monumental when an AI beat Garry Kasparov at chess, but back then people said that an AI would "never beat a human at Go in our lifetimes".
What's so much more different about Go that makes humans inherently stronger than an AI (at least until today!)?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/49namh/eli5_an_ai_just_beat_the_go_world_champion_for/
|
{
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"d0t70w3",
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"text": [
"Chess has a rather low number of possible board states compared to go.\n\nIn chess pieces follow strict rules concerning where and how they can move. This allows a computer to predict ahead several moves through thousands of possible board states to pick the optimal one.\n\nIn go pieces can be placed anywhere on the board at any time. Go boards also have many more spaces than chess boards.These factors result in there being many, *many* more possible board states in go. Too many for even very powerful computers to sort through in a reasonable amount of time.",
"The main difficulty indeed is the huge number of possible next board states at any point in the game that need to be considered. This grows exponentially each time you want to look an additional step ahead.\n\nThere are about 360 moves to consider. Using some common sense and some heuristics, this can be brought down to about 30 moves. But if you want to look an additional step ahead, you have to consider 30 * 30 = 900 moves. Another step ahead = 30^3 = 27.000 moves. Ten steps ahead = 6*10^14 moves. That's just a lot.\n\nBesides, in chess you either win, loose, or tie, while in Go you have to score the most points. This is not the main source of difficulty, but it certainly contributes.",
"Just adding one of the reasons. Chess starts with the maximum number of pieces and slowly reduces in complexity. Go develops huge structures that interact with each other as the game goes on."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-35761246"
] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
6txs1k
|
what is "white culture"?
|
I have read several comments in condemnation of "White Culture" and "White Supremacy". I am opposed to white supremacy. I am White but I have never defined my culture by my race. Do I as a white person have a "White Culture"? How might that be different then how White Supremacist define "White Culture"?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6txs1k/eli5what_is_white_culture/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dloduaw",
"dloekdo",
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"score": [
3,
3,
2
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"text": [
"It's mostly European culture, and more recently American culture. There have been many great accomplishments made by Europeans and some made by Americans. There have been great risks taken, long voyages undertaken into the unknown, crazy inventions made which revolutionized the world. It's natural to feel some pride for those accomplishments, but there are people who take it too far and start to think of themselves as better than other cultures. That is when it turns into white supremacy.",
"Well there is the Irish, Dutch, French, Scottish, Russian, Scandinavian, English, Welch, Spanish, Italian..... etc. You are going to have to be more specific.",
"I don't think you'd get the same two answers about what exactly the pejorative \"White Culture\" is from any two different people, but the closest stab I can take at explaining the concept is that it describes a generalized tone-deafness that (many) white people are thought to have toward the needs and concerns of minority groups. The premise being that white people are fairly insulated from the realities/consequences of racism and can therefore be liable to say stuff like \"I don't think racism exists anymore.\"\n\nWhich, many minority groups would contend, is simply wrong. \n\nThere's obviously a lot of disagreement over whether the concept is really true or accurate, the various nuances in what \"White Culture\" really means, and how far the idea of it should be taken (some people just see it as descriptive of a problem we should all work on solving, and some people take it into a generalized disdain of white peoples' opinions on race or even white people in general), etc. But that's my best take on the blurry idea behind the term.\n\n\n\n\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
7nm0mn
|
why fish flesh is different?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7nm0mn/eli5_why_fish_flesh_is_different/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ds2rqax"
],
"score": [
80
],
"text": [
" Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained:\n\n1. [ELI5: Why is fish meat so different from mammal meat? ](_URL_1_) ^(_ > 100 comments_)\n1. [Eli5 Why fish meat is vastly different to all meats from land animals ](_URL_2_) ^(_99 comments_)\n1. [ELI5: why does cooked fish *flake*, while things like chicken and beef *shred* ](_URL_0_) ^(_3 comments_)\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2rt1nm/eli5_why_does_cooked_fish_flake_while_things_like/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ajo3h/eli5_why_is_fish_meat_so_different_from_mammal/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/69eihe/eli5_why_fish_meat_is_vastly_different_to_all/"
]
] |
||
3j81g3
|
the difference between ac and dc current and why there was a whole big debate between what was better. what role did edison and tesla play in it all?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3j81g3/eli5_the_difference_between_ac_and_dc_current_and/
|
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" > Electricity flows in two ways: either in an alternating current (AC) or in a direct current (DC). Electricity or \"current\" is nothing but the movement of electrons through a conductor, like a wire. The difference between AC and DC lies in the direction in which the electrons flow. In DC, the electrons flow steadily in a single direction, or \"forward.\" In AC, electrons keep switching directions, sometimes going \"forward\" and then going \"backward.\"\n\n > A magnetic field near a wire causes electrons to flow in a single direction along the wire, because they are repelled by the negative side of a magnet and attracted toward the positive side. This is how DC power from a battery was born, primarily attributed to Thomas Edison's work.\n\n > AC generators gradually replaced Edison's DC battery system because AC is safer to transfer over the longer city distances and can provide more power. Instead of applying the magnetism along the wire steadily, scientist Nikola Tesla used a rotating magnet. When the magnet was oriented in one direction, the electrons flowed towards the positive, but when the magnet's orientation was flipped, the electrons turned as well.\n\n > Another difference between AC and DC involves the amount of energy it can carry. Each battery is designed to produce only one voltage, and that voltage of DC cannot travel very far until it begins to lose energy. But AC's voltage from a generator, in a power plant, can be bumped up or down in strength by another mechanism called a transformer. Transformers are located on the electrical pole on the street, not at the power plant. They change very high voltage into a lower voltage appropriate for your home appliances, like lamps and refrigerators.\n\n\ni.e both use the same principal, each are useful for different applications.",
"Just one thing, most people have something wrong. \n\nThe ability of electricity to travel efficiently has to do with its voltage. It's more efficient to transmit high voltage than low voltage. In fact, high voltage DC is much more efficient than high voltage AC over long distances. \n\nThe issue is that we don't use high voltage power for most applications because it's dangerous, so we need to step it down. AC power can be stepped down really simply with a device called a transformer, which converts the high voltage into current, and (in theory) is perfectly efficient. \n\nStepping down DC is easy too. You use a bigass pair of resistors. The issue is that the excess voltage is lost as heat. It's not efficient at all. \n\nThere are efficient DC to DC converters but they are much more complex to design and the technology didn't really exist during the debate. AC was chosen because of ease of use over long distances, where they could use a few large power plants outside the cities whereas Edison wanted many small power plants in the cities.\n\nToday, really long distance power lines are used with DC transmission because the efficiency on the line outweighs the inefficiency at the neighborhood where an inverter converts the DC into AC. These lines are used in really remote areas and undersea cables. ",
"AC operates in a cycle of reversing polarity. The cycle is naturally caused by the rotational motion of a generator. Tesla was working largely with generators and motors so AC is what he used.\n\nDC operates as a fixed polarity. One wire always anode the other always cathode. This is not how a generator works but it is how a battery works. Edison's focus at the time was largely on illumination so there was not an inherent advantage to using AC for the application like there was for motors. He just needed any current really to run through the filaments of his light bulbs. Much of his experimentation could be accomplished with batteries. When it came to actually generating power, it had to be generated as AC, then converted* to DC for his use.\n\n*Edit for clarification: this conversion takes place within the generator. See _URL_0_",
"Other people touched on the technical aspects. Here's what happened between Tesla and Edison. Originally, Tesla worked for Edison. They fell out, partially because Edison constantly stole Tesla's work, partially because Tesla was extremely strange and hard to get along with himself.\n\nAnyway after they parted ways Edison super hated Tesla and wanted to destroy him. This was pretty much how Edison reacted to any type of professional competition, because he was, to quote another poster, a bit of a cunt. \n\nSo first Tesla invented an AC transformer and then broke off from Edison's lab with his own backers. If that wasn't bad enough, he then went to work with Westinghouse (Edison's mortal foe) to further develop and promote AC power. This made Edison crazy with fury making him obsessed with the superiority of (his) DC system to the extent that he invented AC-based torture devices, including but not limited to the Electric Chair, for the sole purpose of making AC seem dangerous. Ironically, his Electric Chair wasn't very good at killing people. \n\nAnyway AC ended up being the more commercially viable appliation for long distance electrical power, and here we are today. Later, Tesla went pretty much insane and was semi-forgotten by history. So Edison kind of \"won\" in that he was the more remembered and revered inventor. Lately there's a renewed interest in Tesla and the many cool things he invented, and greater acknowledgement of Edison's frequent dickishness. "
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3vmt8c
|
how does unilad blatantly steal content from reddit and not face any repercussions?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3vmt8c/eli5_how_does_unilad_blatantly_steal_content_from/
|
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"Reddit doesn't own the content posted here; it's just a sharing site. The users are the ones who technically own it, but only if its original. But if they're posting it here they're not making money off their creation so they won't really have any incentive to pursue a copyright claim. I've never even heard of unilad, so they can't be profiting that much from serial reposting.\n\nComedians stealing jokes from other comedians is far from the \"same EXACT thing.\""
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33tlt0
|
valve/steam mod controversy.
|
Because apparently people can't understand "search before submitting".
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/33tlt0/eli5_valvesteam_mod_controversy/
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"So what happened is that Valve announced paid modding for Skyrim. There are plans to support more games in the future. Many people disagree with this, or certain aspects of it.\n\nEdit: For the benefit of the non gamers who have no idea what mods are:\n\nModding is the idea of a third party taking a game, and modifying its files to make it different. That can be done by actually injecting new code, or just replacing art/sound assets, or changing configuration files. The result is usually new gameplay (new maps, enemies, weapons, quests, etc), or maybe changes to the user interface, stuff like that. Until now people on PC have shared their mods on various communities for free, with mostly no paywalls in place other than the optional donation button. Now Valve, who own Steam, which is the top game distribution platform on PC, are trying to monetize it by allowing modders to charge money for their mods through Steam. A large percentage of that money would then go to Valve and the original game owner.\n\nI guess I'll post my list of cons. Maybe someone can reply with some pros as well, because both sides have valid arguments\n\n- Valve is criticized to take a huge cut (75%). In reality most of this probably goes to the developer/publisher, but regardless, the modder only takes 25% in the case of Skyrim. [According to the workshop FAQ](_URL_1_), you also need to earn a minimum of $100 before they actually send you the money. Edit: It seems that 30% goes to Valve, and the dev/publisher gets to decide how much they take, in this case 45%. [Link](_URL_2_)\n\n- Some people feel that mods should be free, partly because they are used to mods being free. Partly because they feel like the whole idea of PC gaming is the appeal of free mods, which sets it apart from console gaming. This makes mods be closer to microtransactions/DLC. Partly also because they have already been using certain mods and to see them behind a paywall now doesn't make much sense.\n\n- Some people believe that, similarly to how Steam early access/greenlight are now breeding grounds for crappy games made with minimal effort to cynically make money (and of course iOS and Android app stores), there will now be an influx of people not really passionate about modding but just seeing it as an opportunity to make money. This might oversaturate the scene with horrible mods and make the good ones harder to find.\n\n- Some people believe that mods are inherently an unsuitable thing to monetize because certain mods don't work with each other, and mods might stop being usable after game patches. This might cause a situation where a customer buys a mod, and it doesn't work (or it stops working after a while when refunds are no longer possible)\n\n- Some people simply dislike the idea of giving Valve even more control over the PC gaming market than they already do. They also feel like Valve just doesn't deserve even a small cut of this money, given that they don't *really* have much to do with the process at all.\n\n- Some people don't feel like this will work because mods are easy to pirate\n\n- Some people feel like this doesn't support the idea of collaborative mods, because the money always ends up in one person's pocket. However mods can also be made in collaboration with multiple people.\n\nEdit: A lot of other good points in the responses, do check them out, I won't bother putting them all here.\n\nEdit 2: As people have suggested, [here's a Forbes article on the subject](_URL_0_). It lists a lot of stuff that I didn't.\n\nEdit 3: [Gabe Newell is having a discussion on /r/gaming](_URL_3_) on the subject.",
"A lot of PC games allow amateur enthusiasts to 'mod' them. This means creating your own content for a game. This can be something as simple making superficial changes to the appearance, creating your own levels and missions or a full conversion mod that creates a totally new game from the original game's assets.\n\nModders have done some terrific work, often leading to brand new stand-alone games being created (e.g. Counter Strike, which was originally a Half-Life mod). PC Gamers have long felt the modding scene makes PC gaming superior to console gaming, because it breathes new life into games that tend to just fizzle out and be forgotten about on console.\n\nIt would be illegal for mod creators to charge for their mods for reasons of copyright: they are working with someone else's proprietary code and can't monetize it. So mods have always been free. Some developers have actively encouraged modding of their games (in particular Valve and Bethesda).\n\nAs well as being game developers, Valve own Steam, a digital disribution network that sells games directly to the consumer, including games from Bethesda's catalogue. As mentioned before, Valve and Bethesda have been supportive of the modding community and Steam allows users to distribute the mods to other Steam users for free. Steam and Bethesda just announced that mod creators will be able to *sell* mods for the Bethesda game Skyrim via the Steam Workshop. The mod creator will get 25% of proceeds, with the rest being split between Valve and Bethesda.\n\nThis has caused uproar among PC gamers for a number of reasons:\n\n(1) Mod creators have been removing their mods from free forums so that they can sell them through steam. (People don't like paying for stuff that used to be free. Fact of life.)\n\n(2) Dishonest people have been stealing other people's work and selling it as their own on Steam. Valve apparently did not anticipate or plan for this, or if they did, they didn't care enough to do anything about it.\n\n(3) Man mods are inter-dependent. For Mod A to work, you also have to have Mod B and Mod C installed. This was all fine when it was free and there was a thriving and supportive community, but no there is a financial incentive, it may upset the balance. It also makes modding very expensive for people who like to have dozens of mods running at a time.\n\n(4) People take issue with 75% going to Valve / Bethesda and modders only getting 25%. They argue it is a cynical cash grab that won't result in better content being created. It is also argued that it shows that Valve do not care about the modding community and see it as just another cash cow to be milked, when Valve are already making money hand over fist.\n\n(5) The argument for monetizing mods is that it will produce better quality mods, as creators will be able to do it for a living. The argument against is it will produce worse quality mods and the market will be flooded with cheap cosmetic crap rather than labours of love.\n\nThere are more arguments for and against, but I hope this gives an overview.\n\nTLDR: Something that was free will come at a price. As well as people just not being happy at having to pay for stuff that was once free, people are up in arms about the effect that this will have on the community and modding scene and the special status of PC Gaming.\n",
"I think that [this](_URL_0_) is what gave Valve the idea of payed mods.\n\nOr maybe Rockstar and other big devs had something to do with this.",
"if you create a mod do you have to charge people? Like, is steam forcing them to?",
"The hardest part about selling a modification for a game is not digital distribution or payment collection. The hardest part is settling the legal disputes over copyright ownership, and supporting a project that relies on someone else's code to operate.\n\nValve has proposed a system where they provide digital distribution and take the lion's share of the earnings while leaving legal issues and support issues solely on the hands of the mod makers.\n\nThey've effectively walked into a party where everyone shares things for free with a stack of revshare spreadsheets and started saying \"you guys should charge each other money\" and every revshare spreadsheet has Valve penned in as the biggest partner already.",
"I'll copypasta what I posted yesterday in /r/steam.\n\n----\n\nPaid mods are basically outsourced DLC with little to no consumer protection or presumption of support.\n\nValve has basically shown publishers that they can make money off of outsourced DLC created by modders without being obligated to offer any support or assurances of quality regarding the mod.\n\nPublishers receive all the benefits of free labor without the onus of accountability or responsibility falling on their shoulders. This will assuredly encourage publishers to offer even more watered down versions of their games so that the community will pick up the slack.\n\nSkyrim would have been dead years ago if it weren't for the modding community, and Bethesda is well aware of that considering what a buggy pos-state that game was left in. Now publishers and developers don't have to worry about creating content themselves when they have a community full of eager young artists who are fresh for exploitation.\n\n\n",
"Valve decided to do something that, at first glance, makes sense: They wanted to create a way for mod authors, if they wanted to, to have a place they could sell their content easily and get some kickbacks for the time and effort they've invested into the community.\n\nValve has a history of trying to do this. Gabe has often talked about wanting to get the users to be the ones that create and sell the content, instead of it being just the game developers. They see this as supporting the community and encouraging it to grow. And, on the face of it, they're not wrong and (at least I think) their intentions were good.\n\nHowever, they went about implementing it all wrong. They neglected to communicate and get input from the community first and they failed to understand what it was about the modding community that made it popular.\n\nOnce you add a way to profit, you change the energy and dynamic of that community. It goes from being supporting and sharing to competitive and exploitative. You take a group of people who do what they do for fun and add in a whole bunch of people who do what they do for profit. And some of those people will do it at the expense of other people and the community.\n\nAlso, communities become inundated with people who are being deceptive for sales: Puppet accounts doing guerrilla marketing, people posting to modding subreddit about a 'great new mod' that are all just marketing hype by shills. Now those posts have to *all* be deleted or, at the least, mistrusted which means that honest developers get lost in the spam.\n\nWhen you start adding profit incentives into these types of communities it fundamentally changes them for the worse. \n\nSo people are upset. Not because they have to pay for mods; most people would be happy to support developers. They're upset because monetizing the modding community is the death-knell for the way that community is. It becomes a community you can't inherently *trust* because a percentage of the people are there just to make a buck.\n\nAnd we all loved the modding community the way it was. The way we created it. And we don't want to see it ruined.\n",
"What I'm unclear on is what about all the current mods that exist and have been created and distributed free of charge? \n\nOr indeed if, in the future, someone wants to create a mod for Skyrim and distribute it for free? Bethesda can distribute mods through Steam and charge for those, but can they *stop* people from doing it for free?",
"Just because people are against this business model of paying for mods it doesn't mean that people don't want modders to get paid at all. Pretty much everyone is fine with donations instead of paying up front. It allows to support good modders, decreases chances of cheap and crappy mods getting support and allows stuff to be shared between mods.\n\nThe thing is that when I buy mods I can guarantee (or rather my bank can) on my side that the money I am sending is legit, not forged, not stolen and you are getting exactly what you ask, immediately, it won't change and you can use it straight away. Modders however cannot give me any of that. I don't know if it will work at all times, if it will work after an update, will it work with other mods. Valve said that if the mod breaks due to an update to a game then at best you can ask nicely a mod creator to fix it. There is absolutely no quality control and customer support from Valve is already abysmal.\n\nPeople are already getting very suspicious and cynical when it comes to buying games. And those are made by companies with people who you can find out about, who do it for longer period of time, who offer many ways to learn about it before the release, who offer sometimes customer support. With this particular model that Valve is implementing there is none of that. There needs to be a healthy dose of skepticism and limited trust between players and modders since mods by their very nature are unstable, unreliable and can abandoned at any time.",
"The only thing I ever \"scared\" about steam is them being so strong market leader they can start doing whatever they want whenever they want. Maybe I'll boycot them? No wait. I still wanna play my games.",
"I'm all for the idea everyone's so critical these days. Nobody's forcing anyone to buy anything and creators can choose to still have it be free",
"I think that they should have made it so that people can donate and not force it on people. They should have just made it so that people can donate to modders and allowed the people who can't afford to buy 60$ games and 500$ worth of DLC to be able to download mods for their games for free, while allowing people a bit more lucky in life to support the modder. This i would support and i would also be very happy with Value trying to help modders, but this is just a move to make money. The amount of money they are taking is crazy. It's also pretty easy for someone to make a mod, make a few bucks and then leave the mod and never update it again. So if a game is updated and the mod is broken, this leaves the person who paid out of luck.\n\nSo to make people happy\n\n- Make it donation, not mandatory\n\n- Lower the % Steam and the dev gets",
"In short:\n\n > Valve monetizes historically free system that worked based on developers receiving donations for their good work, support, and continued development of mods.\n\n > Community realizes that this creates a bad precedent, one where people can create and sell terrible quality mods that have no guarantee of support, or continued development, not to mention even the content they say they will have. \n\n > Valve's refund policy allows you to refund the purchase, but only to your steam wallet, where Valve still technically holds your money, as it's not a true refund. ",
"Steam is a marketplace for PC gaming titles. For many games, it's the only legitimate marketplace. Valve is the company that owns and operates Steam, as well as being the creators of several popular game series (Left 4 Dead, Half-Life, and Portal come to mind). \n\nThrough Steam, people can use the accompanying free development software to make mods for some games, and to upload them for others to share. Until recently, this was done at-will, and there was no financial compensation involved, although there were always a handful of people who seemed to feel that modding a game at all is inappropriate. That's not the current issue, just throwin' it out there.\n\nThe current issue is that Steam is now offering the capacity to *sell* your mods, with Bethesda being the first to jump on board with Skyrim. \n\nSome people are taking direct issue with this. There are certainly legal hurdles to overcome, but people are afraid of low-effort, low-quality mods being produced for profit by people who don't have the same dedication to the game that past (free) modders demonstrated. Also, people are uploading other individuals' free mods from elsewhere on the internet and trying to sell them, or so I've heard (and one has to imagine that someone will try it eventually). \n\nOther people don't take issue with the general idea, but are offended by the notion that the modders who sell their mods (Skyrim-specific, at present, since the game devs set the amount the modder receives) only receive 25% of the money, with the rest being split between Valve and Bethesda. \n\nThis is the gist, anyway. There are people with more specific concerns. ",
"Come see us in /r/pcmasterrace/\n\nWe are already on our third mega thread and the front of the sub has been swamped with threads regarding this issue in the past few days.",
"I would donate to a modder if I love the mods he makes, but I will NOT pay for a mod. What happens if the mod gets abandoned? A game update breaks the mod? One mod cancels the other one out? So now you pay for the base game + DLC + all the mods you want? So a game is going to be 120+$ now?",
"If a Mod is good it will sell, if it's shit it won't... \nI really don't get the issue here, the only thing I kinda see wrong is how big of a cut the larger companies are taking from the modders.\nBut that is the nature of the beast I guess. ",
"When it comes down to it, people SHOULD have the option to be payed for their work. Mod creators dedicate quite a bit of time to provide content that would otherwise be unavailable to consumers. Arguing otherwise is like saying \"I expect free content at the expense of other people's time and creativity -- and those people should be happy to continue providing without being compensated with more than a pat on the back.\" Steam/Publishers has provided a platform for the people who wish to be compensated. I think the amount given to the creator should be increased, though I do think Steam/Publishers should be given the majority because they provide the platform and games accessed by millions of users.\n\nThe real problem is quality control. People who create mods for fun and simply like contributing to the community still have the option to provide a mod for free, but what's to stop someone from making a few changes to their idea and deciding to sell it? Mod creators may not wish to be financially compensated, but I'd imagine they'd at least like to be acknowledged for their contributions. So there should be some type of 'application' process to be able to sell on the store. Mods should have a 'trial' period during which time they will be rated by the community. Once they've released a mod that has been out for x period of time and has maintained y rating, then they will be eligible to be sold. This way you don't have a flood of low quality replications being tossed around on the market, and incentive to provide original quality mods and maintain them will be increased.",
"You're favorite restaurant (Steam) used to offer ketchup (mods) for free. And now they're going to start charging for the ketchup. ",
"If people are going to start paying for mods I really need to learn how to make mods for games and just make bunch of nonsense mods all selling like $1-5 a piece with amazing descriptions so people will just buy them out of curiosity like iOS/Android apps/games",
"Well, guess I'm only playing skyrim on nexus from now on.\n\nI ***fucking hate*** the way the games industry has gone in the past 5-10 years. It used to be about making awesome games, profit being the secondary objective. Now it's all fucking micro transactions and trying to monetise ***everything***. Games are released, in effect, half finished compared to the previous decades offerings, with the remaining content released as DLC that cost almost as much as the final game. Fuck the whole thing, this will kill the industry unless it is checked.",
"Valve still takes 50% of the money from Gmod because last decade they created Half Life 2.",
"So....does Steam do the job of SKSE and the like and effectively make running mods idiot proof?",
"something i dont understand, why cant you just download the mods from where you would usually get them for free? isnt valve just making it easier to find tops rated mods for games in steam? i like the idea actually because im fairly new to pc gaming and dont have time to sift through thousands of mods. a nice top rated list would be nice and a 5 dollar mod isnt going to break me. but if you do pirate or download them from people who are releasing them for free will it not work with steam?",
"From what I've read, when Valve added the payment option for mods, these things happened:\n\n* **Microtransaction Hell**: The Skyrim workshop was flooded with people trying to sell minor items, like swords or armor. Compare that with more sofisticated mods, like Falksaar, which is entirely free and it's practically a expansion of Skyrim (something that totally deserves to be paid, in my opinion). It may also discourage people from making bigger mods if people purchase any crap.\n\n* **Copyright Theft is rampant**: Some scummy users are grabbing free mods from Nexus and uploading them with a pricetag. If that becomes a common occurrence, modders might be discouraged from making free mods for Nexus and other sites.\n\n* **Money Sharing is unfair**: A modder only gets 25% of the value the users pay for the mods. The excuse from Valve and Bethesda is that they're the ones providing exposure and hosting. It's bullshit, since the mods are what add value to the games and not the other way. Ask any artist to draw you an artwork and tell them you plan to pay with exposure to see if they won't punch you in the face.\n\n* **Hijacking of Publishing Rights**: Valve doesn't let the modders take down a mod once it's for sale, making hard to fix things as use of unauthorized assets. Notice that when all mods were free, there wasn't any problem with mods using other mods for assets. Now there's a licensing hell.\n\n* **Mods are too volatile to be sold**: Games change from time to time, breaking mods. If a mod you got for free breaks, it's not much of a big deal. If a mod you paid for breaks and the modder refuses to fix, the user who bought it just wasted his money.\n\n* **24 hours refund is too little time**: Valve offers too little time to see if a mod works before it stops you from getting a refund in case it's a piece of shit. And the money doesn't even come back to you: it goes to your Steam Wallet, so you can only spend it on Steam.\n\nSo having paid mods is causing quite a lot of trouble. It's becoming bad for modders, that can't control assets when uploaded and are having their works stolen by other users, bad for users, that don't have any guarantees that their purchases will work later and have to scavenge good mods in a sea of microtransactions, and bad for the games, as the workshop was a good place to distribute them but now the best modders are going to avoid the place, or worse, convincing modders into not making the mods for fear of having them stolen. \n\nIt's a mess. Maybe there is a way to monetize these mods, but it's not the way Valve decided to do it.",
"Gaming, particularly PC gaming was perceived as one of the last spheres of life not ruined by greedy corporate fuckery. It's very off putting to realize Valve/Steam can become this out of touch with their community. There are plenty of reasons why Valve should never charge/profit from mods and no good reasons they should. I'll happily donate to modders on the nexus who ask and whose mods I enjoy. This gross new policy will turn me off from using Steam as my preferred PC gaming platform. Please Valve, don't dig out PC gaming just to fuck its corpse. ",
"It really seems like a model of donations going out based on your own personal download history. Package the best mods of x amount of years, and sell them as a dlc. All the mods in the dlc are promised future support for x years. That fixes a lot of issues in the modding community, increases revenue, and sells a valuable service to gamers who love certain mods.",
"I feel like we did this to ourselves. If they put this system in place and the community doesn't like it, isn't it as simple and not using it? \nJust dont purchase mods on Workshop... Unless I'm missing something here\n",
"Guys; Video Games just jumped the shark - when people have to pirate mods because they're too broke to pay for them.\n\nI really am getting too old for this shit.",
"This seems like a good thing to me that mod makers can get paid whereas they couldn't get paid for it before. The game creator gets a cut because without the game there is no mod. Valve gets a cut for creating the way it's distributed to you. Yes there will probably be an increase in shitty mods but at the same time the quality is going to go up since creators can now get paid. ",
"To some extent I feel like this is Bethesda trying to recoup losses after the elder scrolls online bombed.",
"Beth Soft/Valve - We can earn money selling mods!\n\n & nbsp;\n\nMod creators in support - We can earn money selling mods!\n\n & nbsp;\n\nMod creators against - I don't want my mods being sold. Other people are uploading my mods and selling them. Other mods use my added work without permission. I will only earn 25p in the £1, between my whole Mod Team. (ex. Falskaar - has 12 people). My mod has content from other creators, if a creator leaves it breaks my mod.\n\n & nbsp;\n\nConsumers - Mods were free and should be free.\n\n & nbsp;\n\nSensible Consumers - Theres going to be some legal issues isnt there, also where the quality control?\n\n & nbsp;\n\nSimplified Consumer - I'm ok with DLC and this is just DLC right?\n\n & nbsp;\n",
"Why can't we just do recommended donations? Not necessary but very much appreciated? ",
"Cheap ass nerds are mad that modders might actually like to make a little bit of money for their work. Instead of being rational persons they're trying to pretend like the modders and the consumers are the victim of the big, evil companies. In reality the modders are getting a pretty good cut to use someone else's IP to make a profit, and are still able to release mods for free should they choose to do so.",
"Steam provided a way for Skyrim mod authors to sell their mods for money. Many mods that were previously free (like SkyUI) became for-pay. This upset a lot of people. Instead of blaming the mod authors for putting their mods behind a paywall, the community is blaming Steam for providing the tools to do so. This is mostly because of emotional overreaction, due to the community feeling betrayed by Valve. \n\nThis was made worse by Bethesda setting the profit margin for mod authors at a hard 25%, but people blamed Steam for that decision, as it's the most visible part of the problem. ",
"***TLDR: like 90% of the problems are because the idiots pulled this shit on an old game with a large established modding community and existing body of work created under completely different rules***\n\n___________\n\nfrom what i can tell:\n\n\nbethesda and valve see all the mods and all the people still playing the same old game. they only got money for this game at the very beginning when the initial purchase was made.(same kind of complaint when xbox wanted money from used game sales) steam has an idea. they pick one game as a test launch \n^((cover themselves by making the pricing up to the developer/publisher...fanboys only need the thinnest excuse to lick gaban's feet)^) \nbethesda thinks 45% looks good from mods, steam wants 30 to use their store and make it happen, modders get 25 which i guess is better than free so fuck it \n(DISCLAIMER: can't remember the exact source on those numbers, they've been repeated so much)\n\n \\- \\- \\- \\- \\- \nand then comes the hate. \n\n\nconsumer backlash: it wasn't a big deal if an update broke mods, mods were abandoned, mods crashed my game or mods talked big and didn't deliver fully, but if they're paid... \n*3rd party dlc where the company can claim no responsibility despite getting a cut is just made of obvious problems.* \n(also nobody likes free stuff magically becoming not free stuff overnight on a long established game/community) \nthe big chunky dlc mods are probably fine for pay, the small or frivolous would feel like \"oblivion horse armor\" gouging.\n \nmod community backlash: \nmodding was open and community driven for the love of the game so there was a good deal of collaboration and sharing. mod ownership especially on the larger mods can be murky with large teams and cross dependencies. \nfor that reason skyrim is a terrible choice to suddenly monetize mods \npeople feel like this will kill the larger mods. the cut is so small the teams need to stay small, the required mods and borrowing is suddenly an issue since if one of your components becomes paid you either need to replace it or pay them, only way to pay them is to sell your larger mod too but then all the other components will either want money or to revoke permission to use their free work. (also some of this stuff was made with tools under non commercial licenses, or fair use nonprofit copyright suddenly become violations if included in a paid mod.) \n\npeople were already occasionally uploading others' mods and claim ownership when they were free. so theres worry of theft there too...especially after steam says its not their problem to 'curate' the store and its down to the community to police that by flagging it. steam support sucks ass(so flagging won't work without a major rehaul)\n\nfree modders are seeing their community fracture and worried about being used.\n\nalso the modders, the creators, get the smallest cut of the pie for doing all the work and don't get anything at all until it sells something like a couple hundred dollars iirc\n\none was already pulled from the store for including/depending on somebody else's work. when the author contacted them steam said they'd take it off of sale but not remove it entirely unless lawyers make them.(there was a big reddit post by the modder involved, and a blowup on nexus)",
"i really think this quote from gabe in the treade he made sums it up pretty well\n\n > Let's assume for a second that we are stupidly greedy. So far the paid mods have generated $10K total. That's like 1% of the cost of the incremental email the program has generated for Valve employees (yes, I mean pissing off the Internet costs you a million bucks in just a couple of days). That's not stupidly greedy, that's stupidly stupid.\nYou need a more robust Valve-is-evil hypothesis.\n\n\npeople feel like valve's being stupidly stupid in a very bad way right now, i do too\n\nmaybe we're all wrong, what i know for sure is that valve REALLY fucked up on the pr side of this, they couldn't have presented this in a worst way, shoot themselves in the foot before even starting the race",
"So I don't get it, at all. So here's my perspective, maybe someone can fill in the blanks if I miss something.\n\nSo to me, this shouldn't even be an issue. What I noticed is not all mods are paid, in fact when I have a look now the majority aren't paid.\n\nCouple that with what Gabe said in the Q & A thread and you have the solution to the whole thing except people downvoted his response without really thinking about it.\n\nHe said he (his decision making) is data driven. In other words, why don't people just vote with their wallets? Don't buy the addons, just stick to the freebies. This thing feels like the whole early access system where people complain about it a lot without ever stopping to think all they have to do is NOT buy it as early access.\n\nSo at the end of the day if the data says people won't buy mods, then they will stop doing it. How hard is that?",
"Fact: Mods are technically illegal since it alters a video games software which usually is against the EULA.\n\nFact: Bethesda is allowed to set the percentage of profits taken because the product or IP belongs to them. Mods as stated in the previous fact are technically against the video games EULA. Also because of copyright laws you can't use a person's IP unless you get a license or permission. ",
"Basically Steam has been developing a place for mods and modders over the past few years, and has no shifted to make a way for them to be paid instead of just working hard for nothing and people are mad they have to pay that was previously free.\n\nHowever it is completely fair because programmers and modelers don't fall off of trees. Spending months and years grueling away on a mod for half life only to release it for free BLOWS. Hopefully more people will take part now and there will be even more mods of even higher quality",
"ELI5 has become ridiculously unhelpful in deciphering these kind of questions. After perusing the comments, I have no better understanding than when I first clicked through.\n",
"- Some people (modders) spend their free time making new graphics, levels, and content for games. These are called modifications (or mods) and are usually given away to the community for free to anyone who owns the original game.\n- A bunch of kids were used to getting free mods.\n- Steam added a way for modders (for a single game only) to charge people to download the mods they make.\n- A bunch of kids threw a temper tantrum because they don't want to have to pay for mods.",
"I would like to give another take on this issue. I understand both sides of the isle where one side would like to have their work rewarded as to make more content but I also understand that this really feels scummy in more ways than one as it would very much so open a can of worms (Mods that would do a F-ton of stuff but costs as much as the game, Paid mod of a mod, etc).\n\nWhat I propose is how the Android ROM community does it where they have donations setup for the the ROM makers. Anyone can donation as much as they want and anyone can also use it for free if they wish but of course if you do donate to the maker, it would incentivize them to make more ROMs. You could even setup a pay system that if someone wants to \"hire\" you to make a certain mod they want (Maybe a pervert wants a Nude NPCs mod for a game is an example that comes to mind), they can.",
"The ELI5 is people are circlejerk butthurt they potentially have to pay for something they had no intention to pay for before. \n\nAll the other things are just circumspect justifications. ",
"Please bear in mind whilst reading this thread that if no mod makers *wanted* to make money, you won't have to pay for anything. You only pay when mod makers want you to pay to play the content they created.",
"Imagine games are brands of ice cream, being made at game developing stores.\n\nIce Cream Companies (Ben & Jerry's or Bethesda/Steam in this case) make flavors (Ben & Jerry), and they also make the store which makes them (Steam).\n\nA new flavor of Ice Cream is made, and everyone loves it. Just like a videogame has release hype (all aboard the KSP1.0 Release Hypetrain!). But, after a while, it starts getting boring and people revert to the flavors (games) they love. But, some companies are smart, and give players who understand the game ice cream machines (modding support/Creation Kits) and give everyone the opportunity to make new combinations like (smoothies/milkshakes/sundaes, the ability to retexture, etc.) at release, keeping the game alive.\n\nThese people are dedicated to their work to the community, keeping it fresh and alive. Some have donation buttons, but they're **not** mandatory. These people keep doing what they're doing years after release, ensuring that more people buy the old flavors (old games) to experience what the topping (mods/dlc) have to offer. It's the reason why Rum Raisin and Strawberry Amaretto haven't gone out of style (Skyrim and Mount and Blade: Warband respectively).\n\nNow imagine Ben & Jerry's releases a topping combo just for Rum Raisin, calling it the definitive rum raisin experience (legendary edition for skyrim) and that rebuilds hype for Rum Raisin, because there's a new way to experience it.\n\nWhole new mods are made and the community goes wild.\n\nBut after some time, people get jaded, and Ben & Jerry's wants more money, so they create a non-disclosure agreement with a select few premier ice cream comboers, which means you can't talk about what's inside it with anyone. Inside this agreement is the release of paid toppings.\n\n*But before everything was free!*\n\nYes it was.\n\nBut Ben is a bloodsucking fool that doesn't get why people love his Ice Cream (bethesda) and makes it so in the agreement he makes with Jerry (valve) to make this work, Jerry asks Ben how much the comboers should be paid in commission for their work, and Ben says one quarter of all sales will go to the modders, while an undisclosed amount goes to us, because fuck the people who enjoy our ice cream.",
"If someone reading this wanted to help make a change to this system, without flooding the forums with negative posts, what could they do? \n\nIs there an official feedback section for this that I can use or maybe a petition of sorts? ",
"For me this means i won't be installing paid mods. Not really and issue since indie developers are dropping high quality games for $5 to $25. which is about what I'd expect the best produced mods on the best produced games to sell for."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.forbes.com/sites/insertcoin/2015/04/24/valves-paid-skyrim-mods-are-a-legal-ethical-and-creative-disaster/",
"http://steamcommunity.com/workshop/workshoppaymentinfofaq/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/33tlt0/eli5_valvesteam_mod_controversy/cqocdrn",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/gaming/comments/33uplp/mods_and_steam/"
],
[],
[
"http://store.steampowered.com/app/280740/"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
anow2z
|
why aren't bedbugs endemic (...at least in the uk)?
|
I hear that bedbugs are easily spread and that they're very difficult to get rid of. Given that we now travel frequently and from all over the world, how have they remained a rarity (at least in the UK - sorry, don't know about other countries)? I've never met anyone who has ever come across them and even when I search for reports of bedbugs in London (where I'd most expect them to be in England), there isn't actually that much word of them.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/anow2z/eli5_why_arent_bedbugs_endemic_at_least_in_the_uk/
|
{
"a_id": [
"efv0vue",
"efvggh2"
],
"score": [
5,
2
],
"text": [
"Bedbugs are a more prominent issue in warmer climates rather then colder climates. For example New York tends to have less bed bugs then Atlanta. It is not necessarily that they do not handle the cold but they do not spread as fast in the cold as in the heat. Bedbugs are a problem in the entire world though as humans have adapted their indoor climates. And especially in hotels they can be a big issue.",
"Because of DDT.\n\n_URL_0_\n\nDDT is a potent insecticide, and was used to kill bugs, including bedbugs through much of the 20th century. But it's also carcinogenic, so its widespread use has been banned, so the bedbugs are coming back."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://www.vox.com/2015/4/27/8502491/bed-bugs-kill-increase"
]
] |
|
86735o
|
how does cryotherapy (temps of -150f) not cause frostbite/skin damage?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/86735o/eli5how_does_cryotherapy_temps_of_150f_not_cause/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dw2tx4y"
],
"score": [
12
],
"text": [
" > How does cryotherapy (temps of -150F) not cause frostbite/skin damage?\n\nIt **does** cause frostbite/skin damage which is how it is used to remove skin lesions and such similar things. It freezes them and kill them."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
6imtsw
|
venomous means harm is done with injection. poisonous means harm is done when ingested... but is venom poisonous, and is poison venomous? like, will eating a venomous critter poison you?
|
My boyfriend joked about eating a venomous critter we found and (oopsie daisy) killed... Even though he won't really do that, I questioned whether or not the venom inside venomous critters will poison you if you swallow them.... And vice versa. If a poisonous substance is pierced into your skin, will you be harmed?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6imtsw/eli5_venomous_means_harm_is_done_with_injection/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dj7f89i",
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"score": [
7,
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59
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"text": [
"It depends. Some venoms are only harmful if they enter the blood stream so eating them is fine. Most poisons are plenty harmful if injected into the blood though.",
"Depends on the nature of the toxin. Most would be destroy/deactivated by the acid in the stomach, but if you have something like an ulcer in your stomach/mouth/esophagus, then the toxin has a chance to get into your blood stream before being destroyed by stomach acid.\n",
"Most venoms are not poisonous. \n\nMost poisons are venomous. (That sentence is wrong, but we're having a conversation.)\n\nVenoms are *usually* proteins that are produced to do a very specific thing, they are designed to be injected into soft tissue and act very quickly. Most venoms are neurotoxins, meaning they target nerves in some way, like blocking the neurotransmitters from being released and thus paralyzing the muscle. This gets to the heart or the lungs and the victim dies. \n\nThese venoms are not designed to pass through mucosal membranes like those found in the mouth, eyes, nose, etc, so if someone were to swallow it, it would pass through the esophagus with minimal damage. When it gets to the stomach it's now in a massively acidic environment. The pH is ~2, the pH of blood is ~7.4, so the stomach is ~250,000x more acidic (thanks for actually doing the math) than blood. \n\nProteins are only stable in certain conditions, salinity, temperature, pH, all effect the protein on a molecular level. \n\nSo the venom passes into the stomach, isn't stable in that environment, and is rendered \"harmless\". \n\nPoisons are a different story. \n\nPoison Dart Frogs, probably the most notorious poisonous animal. Arrowheads were poisoned (envenomed?) By rubbing them on the frogs, stabbing it into the frog, or \"roasting them over a fire\". Which shows that the poison wouldn't be able to be cooked out.\n\nBut these frogs are also too poisonous to *TOUCH* the poison is on the frog's skin and is absorbed through our skin. \n\nYou've probably heard of licking toads? They're also poisonous, but the poison isn't fatal and it's absorbed readily through mucosal membranes. \n\nPolar bears aren't poisonous. But their livers are, they contain an essential vitamin, which is fat soluble, at such high concentrations that it would kill you to eat. Poison by concentration.\n\nWarfarin? A massively popular heart medication? Rat poison. It's a blood thinner, and originally was made as a rat poison, but at very low levels, can be used therepuetically. \n\nWhether a poison can be used as a venom really depends on the poison. If I were to dip an arrowhead in botulism toxin, yeah, that will kill ya.\n\nPoisons can be proteins, small molecules, drug like substances, pretty much anything, it's a catch all. \n\nVenoms are pretty much just proteins, they're produced by an animal for a purpose and evolutionarily speaking it's a hell of a lot easier to produce a protein for a purpose than it is to create an enzyme or an enzymatic pathway that produces a molecule. \n\nIf you look up rattlesnake venom you'll find \"modified saliva\", evolution took an existing structure, a salivary gland, and modified it until it produced a saliva capable of killing prey. Also, venoms are usually more than one protein, dozens of them working in concert. Toxins and poisons are generally thought of as a single molecule. \n\nKomodo Dragons? Actually venomous, the whole blood poisoning thing with bacteria was a hypothesis that was never really proven and made a good story. Their venom isn't nearly as fast acting as other venoms, which probably lead to this hypothesis of the bacteria in their mouth causing sepsis and death. \n\nA bit rambly, but I think I hit most of the key points.\n\nEdit: words and I looked up the Komodo dragon I was taught that they causes sepsis and it wasn't until recently that the venom was proven. Also looked up the poison dart frog thing."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
2jau08
|
cucumbers make my throat itch, but pickles i can eat all day and have no allergic effetc
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2jau08/eli5_cucumbers_make_my_throat_itch_but_pickles_i/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cl9z9mw"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"Because you probably have [OAS](_URL_0_) and it is possible that the pickling process denatures the proteins that you are allergic too. Cooking, freezing, pasteurization may also denature/destroy the protein. Always get tested by a doctor for allergies, and always avoid any foods that you have been tested allergic for, because while a reaction may be mild the first time you encounter the food, it can be deadly even just on the second exposure. \n\nFor example, and this is ANECDOTAL and thus must be taken with a grain of salt. My experience may not be yours. Be especially careful of anecdotal stories in regards to allergies. *I have OAS to many raw fruits and vegetables. I cannot eat a raw apple without my throat, mouth, and inner ears becoming very itchy, but that is the extent of the reaction. However, I can eat a cooked apple with no reactions at all - yummy apple pie :) Unfortunately, I also have an anaphylactic and gastrointestinal reaction to all nuts - not only do I get an itchy mouth, throat, and inner ears, I also get swelling of the throat, upset stomach, vomiting and diarrhea from the smallest exposures. Cooking, freezing etc., does not stop my allergic reaction to nuts. I treat my OAS allergies and my nut allergies differently because they are different. I need to be aware of nuts at all times in all types of food, cooked or raw and I must be aware of cross-contamination. I only have to be careful of fruits and veggies in the raw form, not cooked.*\n\nMy last exposure to nuts was scary, I ate at a vegan restaurant (red flag number 1), where they ground up pistachios into the mac and cheese sauce. I didn't think they would ruin the mac and cheese, and I didn't think it would still be yellow (sauces with pistachios tend to be green). Well I was wrong. I had a small side portion, maybe three spoonfuls. I was hanging over the toilet the whole night, feeling like a piece of shit. It's scary as fuck. Now when I think of pistachios I want to vomit, if I smell them I almost instantly hurl. The revulsion is real. I don't want to know what would have happened if I ate more. I don't want to think about the next time I am exposed, but I would be lying if I said I wasn't scared.\n\nYou must determine with your doctor the kinds of allergies you have, and the best way to avoid further exposure. Stay safe.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_allergy_syndrome"
]
] |
||
762uaz
|
why is stomach fat considered to be the worst?
|
Is there any scientific weight to this?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/762uaz/eli5_why_is_stomach_fat_considered_to_be_the_worst/
|
{
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"doawxzs",
"doaz4qu"
],
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11,
2
],
"text": [
"There are different types of fat in your body. The main two are visceral, close to your organs, and subcutaneous, below your skin. Your visceral fat secretes hormones that can affect your organs, liver, heart, kidneys, etc. There have been epidemiological studies linking high levels of visceral fat with heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. This visceral fat surrounds your abdomen so people call it stomach fat, even though your subcutaneous fat is there as well, sitting on top of it and under your skin. ",
"Abdominal fat in particular is prone to instigating a low grade inflammatory response from the immune system. The inflammatory mediators involved have been shown to damage insulin receptors throughout the body, resulting in type II diabetes."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
6dlk89
|
why does the boiling point of water decrease with altitude but the freezing point does not?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6dlk89/eli5_why_does_the_boiling_point_of_water_decrease/
|
{
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"di3li1f",
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10,
4
],
"text": [
"There is less air pressure at higher elevations. It is easier for water to enter the gas phase when there is less water vapor and other gases around.\n\nWater's melting point *does* change at different pressures as well. You can see it here on this [phase diagram](_URL_0_) which shows what phase water is in at various temperatures and pressures. At extremely high pressures it will basically always be a solid and at extremely low pressures water will be a vapor at 0 degrees Celsius. Without air pressure around pushing on the water on all sides, even water molecules in a relatively cool block of ice will move into the gas phase.",
"One intuitive way to understand this is that boiling of water is really the escaping of water molecules from the main body of water. As you apply heat to water, the water molecules become energetic enough to escape the forces that otherwise \"hold\" the water together as a liquid. Now, the other force that keeps the water molecules \"down\", is the external pressure. So, you need impart enough energy to the water molecules for them to overcome these two forces. When you go to a higher altitude, one of the forces goes down in strength i.e. the external pressure. So it stands to reason that you need to supply less energy for the water molecules to escape. Which can then happen at a lower temperature."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Phase_diagram_of_water.svg/700px-Phase_diagram_of_water.svg.png"
],
[]
] |
||
61lnn1
|
vantablack.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/61lnn1/eli5_vantablack/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dfff8bz",
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],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
" > Would it be possible to say, coat a car in this material?\n\nIf you have enough money to do so, sure. \n\n\n > If I saw that driving down the road, I would have a seizure I think.\n\nUnlikely, imo. It's just a very-very dark black color and fairly static. ",
"It is basically paint that absorbs nearly all light. Yes it is possible to coat your car in this material but you would probably get arrested. With it absorbing nearly all light, it makes 3D objects appear 2D because we cannot perceive depth with the little light that is reflected by the paint."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
8syddd
|
if planned obsolescence is one of the main concerns for inkjet printers, why is not or less so for laser printers ?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8syddd/eli5_if_planned_obsolescence_is_one_of_the_main/
|
{
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"e13a1zz",
"e13aeox"
],
"score": [
3,
10
],
"text": [
"with printers, the money is made off the ink. not sure what you mean about planned obsolescence for inkjets. as far as i know, they still make ink for 20 year old inkjets. ",
"Laser printers are much more commonly sold to businesses, who frequently have needs in terms of volume that massively outstrip anything a home user would encounter. Businesses also track things like cost per page much more closely than most home users, and are far less likely to continue purchasing a product that is costing them more than it needs to. \n\nEssentially, different markets, different strategies."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
4a7hui
|
why did guns used to go off when dropped, do they still, and if not what stops it?
|
I know that in cartoons and some movies we would always see a dropped gun fire off, often to hilarious or tragic effect, but I've been told that this is because guns used to do this due to primitive construction, but that it is much rarer today.
So when a gun was dropped in the old days, what exactly was it that caused the gun to go off? And what supposedly keeps today's guns from doing the same thing? And how effective is it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4a7hui/eli5_why_did_guns_used_to_go_off_when_dropped_do/
|
{
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"text": [
"In firearms you have a hammer hit a pin that hits the primer that sets off the bullet. In older guns the hammer would rest directly on the pin. If the hammer got jolted just right it would hit the pin. In modern firearm the have found several ways to help prevent this one of which is known as a transfer bar. It leaves a gap between the hammer and the pin until the trigger is pulled in which case it moves between the hammer and the pin eliminating the gap.\n\n _URL_0_",
"It has been really rare for any gun to go off when dropped, but some guns did have the tendency. The first generation of arquebuses [lacked trigger guards and had large crossbow styled trigger](_URL_0_), so could easily go off if dropped.\n\nHowever, they figurered out pretty quickly that trigger guards were a good idea, so the chance of a gun going off became pretty slim.\n\nFlash forward a few centuries to the introduction of [fully contained cartridges](_URL_1_). Now the gun needs something to strike the \"primer,\" called a bolt. Various guns engineers have found different way to make sure the primer is not struck unless you pull the trigger with the safety off, but some guns had better systems with others (and even good systems could degrade/be weakened under wartime stresses). \n\nA few guns, particularly machine guns, have \"open\" bolts where the bolt is not locked down (to make it easier to get the gun to fire as quickly as possible). A hard enough jolt could send the bolt into the primer with enough power to set the bullet off. Rare, but *possible*.",
"it was basically only revolvers, most other guns would only go off if you hit the trigger. with old revolvers, once you pulled back the hammer, there was only a small clip of metal holding it in place, it was usually safe but hitting it hard enough could make it slip.\n\nthere was a guy, in the 70's i think, who was riding a horse, and a revolver dropped out of his belt, hit a rock, and shot him to death. his family sued the company that made the gun. ever since then, revolvers have had a thicker bolt that holds the hammer unless the trigger is pulled. Basically every other type of gun has a hammer which is more covered or internal. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.bevfitchett.us/ruger-blackhawk-single-action-revolver/images/3326_26_8-pistol-nomenclature.jpg"
],
[
"http://www.musketmart.com/images/caliver001.jpg",
"http://www.ibuzzle.com/images/diagrams/bullet-parts.jpg"
],
[]
] |
|
841u2h
|
are there more than 3 "conventional" dimensions?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/841u2h/eli5_are_there_more_than_3_conventional_dimensions/
|
{
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"text": [
"So... imagine you have an orange and a cardboard tube, and the orange just barely fits into the tube. If you put the orange inside the tube, you may notice that from the right angle, both of these shapes look like a circle, but from any other angle you can tell that they're different.\n\nMathematically, what I'm getting at is that the orange is a sphere, and the tube is a cylinder. Both of these shapes look like a circle from the right angle, but from any other angle you can tell that they're different.\n\nWhat you've made there is, more or less, 3 cylinders cut out of a block of wood. It's *closer* to a sphere, but still not a sphere.\n\nFun thing to consider: if you were able to safely and accurately repeat this cut from 10 angles, or 100 angles, the resulting shape would start to look more and more like a sphere.",
"There are just the three spacial ones, plus the arrow of time. A hole saw makes cylinders, so you can think of the shape you made as the intersection of three cylinders in each of the classical axes. As you demonstrated, that doesn't equal a sphere exactly. You can actually create a sphere with a hole saw by manipulating only one axis, albeit slowly. Drill on the X axis repeatedly, and rotate your workpiece steadily on the y axis by small degrees between each pass of the hole saw. To picture something similar, think of a hoop or ring standing upright on a flat surface and spinning very fast; what you'll perceive is a sphere. Hope that helps!",
"axes and dimensions are different things, the axes spans the dimensions yes, but there are also other sets of axes that to that. Linear combinations of them.\n\nYour pudgy cube only looks like a sphere or rather a circle from exactly the three axes you used, but not from every linear combination, for example an axis diagonal to the X and Y axis, because you never used your circular drill in that direction. your drill is only 2D, a sphere is circluar in any direction, not just 3 directions."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
66bruh
|
how is it that we are sometimes able to tell when people are looking at us even if they're not in our direct filed of vision or are standing far away?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/66bruh/eli5_how_is_it_that_we_are_sometimes_able_to_tell/
|
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"text": [
"Wouldn't it have something to do with the 'homo' line being both prey and predator for millions of years? That selection pressure would have forced early homo and other species to be acutely aware of being watched/stalked. Also social norms in many cultures and even across the species boundary see staring into eyes as a challenge rather than a show of respect. Gorillas are rather infamous for this and some zoos give out odd glasses that have large eyes pointed away so you don't upset the gorillas. \n\nOur eyes are not the greatest data gathering organs and our brains make mistakes all the time. I posit that we see someone in our peripherals and our brain inturprets this person as looking at us, we turn to address this, focusing more sensory organs towards them and more brain power. Add in a dash of confirmation bias and a bit of forgetfulness and we end up with a recipe for some sort of super sensory perception. \n\nI am not a doctor, i am not a scientist. This is best guess and should be treated and in all honesty, dismissed, as such. ",
"our brains are hard wired to recognize human faces and eye contact. In fact, there's a whole part of your brain devoted specifically to that task, and people with damage to it can get something called face blindness. So human faces in your visual field get some special attention when it comes to how your brain processes the image in front of you, leading to quick attraction and notice.\n\nFor people you can't see, you might recognize their presence by some other means, such as sound or touch. Then when you turn, both you and their face-recognizing visual systems have a reasonable chance to result in spontaneous eye contact. This might fool you into thinking you \"sensed\" them looking at you.\n\nOtherwise it is likely simply a matter of confirmation bias. You recall when you felt something \"odd\" and met someone's eyes, and forget when you just \"felt something odd\" and nothing happened. There's no real basis for a 'sense' that can detect eyes looking at you, eyes don't transmit anything unique that makes an impact on human skin. ",
"From Earlier Thread - This answer seems helpful\n \nIn as ELI5 as I can: you can't, but you think you do. One of 4 things can happen:\n \n- Someone is looking at you, and you notice.\n- Someone is looking at you, and you don't notice.\n- Nobody is looking at you, and you notice.\n- Nobody is looking at you, and you don't notice.\n\nNow, the first one, you'll remember. You think \"why is Johnny looking at me? Has he been looking at me the whole time? That's kinda weird.\" The 2nd and the 4th, you cannot remember, since you didn't know it was happening. And the 3rd, well, you notice but you don't remember it, usually. Why would you? Nothing happened. People around you just doing their own thing.\n \nLet's assume for fun each of these events are equally likely. Then some is looking at you (and you notice) 1 in every 4 times, on average. But it will feel like almost every time, because you don't bother remembering the times when someone isn't looking at you.\n\nBonus Read - _URL_0_",
"I thought I read under controlled studies that this phenomenon isn't real. Just confirmation bias whenever it actually happens. Most people wouldn't take mental note whenever they felt like they were being watched but weren't. Can't source it this second unfortunately. ",
"The whites of our eyes are very important communication devices that evolved for that very reason. Ours is the most visible among other animals, and other primates don't even have it.",
"I don't know if it me.. But if I'm in a quiet room.. with the most minimal sound around.. I can somehow \"sense\" when someone is trying to either sneak in or walk by very quietly.. For me it's like the air pressure warns me of something being nearby... Even when the cats walk in.. and those fuckers are stealthy... ",
"On mobile so I can't make a quality post, but this is an area of study called Morphic Resonance if you're interested in looking into this more. Science doesn't understand the mechanism, but there are many statistically significant studies demonstrating that there is some aspect of animal intelligence (not just humans) that works telepathically. ",
"I have only some anecdotal personal experience, but i would say that your brain can recognize things out of focus/\"conscious\" field of vision (while these things are still apparently visible and processed). As for the personal experience: my old cell phone started some time ago to spontaneously reboot itself (and when doing so, it shows some animations on the screen). I usually keep it at the side of my desk. Once in a while, even when I'm working on a PC, I have an urge to quickly turn my head to the side of the desk. It turns out that what's happening there is my phone reloading and the screen blinking (though my attention was totally on a monitor and I swear the phone was out of focus and \"conscious\" field of vision). So it seems that our actual field of vision is broader than we usually consciously perceive and even if we focus on something else, our brain can still detect important things on periphery: especially human faces and any strange movement. I'm pretty sure there shall be some papers out there about it, but i don't know any.",
"You know they are there because they've made a noise..even their breathing, or them walking into the room disturbs the air in the room. It's not hugely noticeable, but it's there. If they are on the other side of glass or something like that, then call it a sixth sense. I firmly believe there is something in us that can do this stuff that hasn't been quantified by science yet. ",
"You might, maybe unconsiencly, have good reason to believe they may be watching you. But mostly the not remembering when they weren't looking thing. ",
"Even if an animal is looking at you. This has happened when I've turned around and saw a huge buck looking at me. I could feel it like if it were a person.",
"I'm going to offer a rare dissent, here, supported by absolutely no evidence. So y'all are free to laugh at me until I am proven correct, years from now.\n\nI offer the following:\n\n* Human hearing is more sensitive than many of us credit. There was a recent example--predicted by William Gibson, by the way--of a blind person who learned to navigate a room by making bat-like clicking noises and learning to \"read\" the echoes. \n\n* Check him out: _URL_0_\n\n* A possibly useful survival trait would be the ability to detect a silent predator by the change in *ambient* noise. That's a change in the texture of other noises going on as something silently occludes a sound source or echo. So our brains may retain this ability. Furthermore, humans seem to have evolved from an early time in close proximity to a potentially useful ambient noise point-source--a smoldering fire. Eyes burning a hole in your back, see--or rather, hear? Does that turn of phrase go all the way back to the caves?\n\n* The shape of the human head might reflect ambient noise in different ways. We have convex foreheads and, more to my point, we have two semi-concave eye sockets which, at a certain distance, might actually *focus* ambient noise. When someone is looking directly at the back of your head (or more likely, from an angle that might help the subject to guess the position), their eye sockets may be focusing ambient sound directly at your *ears*.\n\n* Thus, when a person behind you turns to face you (as in staring), I think it's possible that some people may actually be able to *hear* a change in ambient noise that gives them the \"feeling of being watched.\"\n\nHaving said that, it would of course depend upon the shape of a person's face, the distance and position of that person, and it would be useless beyond a certain very short distance.\n\nBut it *might* explain some of the incidents that occur in enclosed places with a fair amount of ambient noise, like for example in waiting rooms or on the subway. \n\nAnd, in conclusion, I wish to credit Iron Maiden for the idea: *You walk through the subway, his eyes burn a hole in your back/ A footstep behind you he lunges prepared to attack*\n\n",
"Some people are more \"Force sensitive\" than others. The Force is an energy field that connects all living things in the galaxy. Some believe Force sensitivity comes from microscopic \"midi-chlorians\" but this was only during a brief period in 1999 and has not received further support. The Force surrounds us and penetrates us, and binds the galaxy together. People who are REALLY in tune with the force go to special schools, where they learn to be bureaucratic puppets or power-hungry assholes."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-narcissus-in-all-us/201102/how-you-know-eyes-are-watching-you"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Kish"
],
[]
] |
||
24fimk
|
why do the different phases of fetal face formation look like animals?
|
It goes from something similar to a fish, to a reptile, to a mammal, then human.
_URL_0_
I'm sure there's something interesting here that i'm just not grasping.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/24fimk/eli5why_do_the_different_phases_of_fetal_face/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ch6vjh0"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Human and animal fetuses look similar because the things that make humans and animals different come later on in the development of the fetus. Fetuses even have tails that are eventually reabsorbed. Although the fetus is **not** following the evolutionary path that humans took."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://www.viralnova.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/face.gif"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
4946fb
|
how do search results work, like typing something into google or youtube? are they all the same coding?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4946fb/eli5how_do_search_results_work_like_typing/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d0ovzuk"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Your term gets put into a database, and they match your term with where it's located more frequently in the data base to get a quick gist of it. From there google/youtube obivously biases their results a little bit showing you the most popular or reptuable results."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
3yb1nd
|
what would happen if two people moving faster than the speed of sound tried to have a conversation. flash/quicksilver for example.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3yb1nd/eli5_what_would_happen_if_two_people_moving/
|
{
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"text": [
"If Flash and Quicksilver were running next to each other, and Flash said something, the sound would never reach Quicksilver's ears.\n\nIf Flash was in front, Quicksilver could hear him, but Flash couldn't hear what was said back.\n\nIf Flash stopped while in front, he could hear what Quicksilver was saying, but it would be time reversed.",
"It depends on their speed relative to the air around them. For example, flying at mach 2 you could easily talk to someone inside the plane next to you, as if you were standing still because you're not moving relative to the air around you. ",
"When my Mom was close to taking the Concorde to London, I warned her, \"Now remember, once you go faster than the speed of sound, you won't be able to hear each other anymore. So get your conversation over with early on the flight.\"\n\nI had her for about 8 solid seconds.",
"Ever stick your head out of a moving car window? Pretty loud huh? Now multiply that loudness times about 100 and imagine trying to have a conversation. You're not coming out of this with your hearing intact, let alone making out any sort of conversation. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
35yxx2
|
how does encryption works? for example, if i'm connecting securely to a server, how do the server sends me the encryption key without other people seeing it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/35yxx2/eli5_how_does_encryption_works_for_example_if_im/
|
{
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"text": [
"It uses what's called public key encryption. There are two keys, a public key and a private key. The public key is used to encrypt the data, but can't be used to decrypt it. For that, you need the private key.\n\nSo, it doesn't matter if someone intercepts the public key.",
"There is some video that explains it with mixing colors.\n\n_URL_0_",
"Other users pretty much covered it, however [this Numberphile video](_URL_0_) also explains it, if you want some more info about the math involved."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3QnD2c4Xovk"
],
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7kEpw1tn50"
]
] |
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