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32otz4
|
medical ivs - how do they work?
|
So I'm sitting here in the hospital and my gf is hooked up to an IV to get fluids into her.
The first bag went into her system in 30 minutes. Now that she's more hydrated - this one is taking over an hour.
So how does it self-regulate its flow?
The tech said it was based on gravity and a vacuum but then rushed off to do much more important things than answer my question.
Thanks in advance
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/32otz4/eli5_medical_ivs_how_do_they_work/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cqddu71"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"You can regulate how much fluid is coming out of the bag. I'll use [this picture](_URL_0_) for reference. If you look at the mini container under the actual bag you'll see the drops falling down from the bag. You can count the number of drops falling per 30 seconds and calculate the rate at which fluid is going down. Further along the tubes there would have been a \"scroll\" to narrow the tubing ( white and red in [this picture](_URL_1_)), slowing down the rate at which fluid is falling. You can adjust this, if it's more open the fluid goes down faster and if you narrow it it goes slower. \n\n\nGravity is what pulls the fluids down but the scroll along the tubing is what regulates the flow. There are also machines available which will regulate the flow for you and eliminate the need to count drops.\nSo after your gf got her first fluid boost she would have been less in need of fluids so the second one could go in slower."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.cmpa-acpm.ca/serve/docs/ela/goodpracticesguide/javax.faces.resource/images/pages/communication/Handovers/images/com-im-85.jpg",
"http://www.sgd-uk.com/images/paed-set-big.jpg"
]
] |
|
35ahic
|
what are the biggest ideological differences between the uk's conservative party and the us's republican party?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/35ahic/eli5_what_are_the_biggest_ideological_differences/
|
{
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"text": [
"It's difficult to state the major differences between two parties that are so different.\n\nThey have some core values in similar: they both desire a smaller state, local governance, lower taxation for all and strong national security; and they have cut government spending massively in the 5 years since they have been in coalition. However, the Conservatives believe the government can be a a force for good. A Conservative government should, in theory, support families and marriage (including gay marriage), and those who care for others. \n\nSome key areas that the Republican party would find unpalatable include:\n\n* Conservatives believe civilised societies should oppose the death penalty.\n* Conservatives support abortion rights provided there are reasonable limits. EDIT: For clarity, the Conservative position is that abortion is a conscience issue, subject to a free vote by MPs in parliament; however, the Conservative party has not stated any intention to bring any legislation before parliament that would affect a woman's current right to choose abortion in England, Wales and Scotland nor to extend this right to Northern Ireland.\n* Conservatives support a national health policy and the National Health Service, free at the point of need and paid for by the people through general taxation.\n* Conservatives support a national education policy and national curriculum, although they do not believe that all government funded schools need to be run by the government and are open to allowing private individuals and groups to start their own schools.\n* Conservatives support gay marriage and passed legislation to allow gays to marry in most of the UK.\n* Conservatives believe in taking action on climate change and support renewable energy where fiscally and environmentally appropriate.\n* Conservatives don't care what religion you belong to (if any). However, they believe extremism (particularly Muslim extremism) is a growing problem in the UK.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
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||
5l115n
|
what are the benefits of stop motion animation over cgi?
|
I've just watched Kubo and the Two Strings (great movie), and the entire movie is made using stop motion. Considering how tedious and time consuming stop motion is, and how much easier it would be to recreate the effects using CGI, why would a film maker choose stop motion?
Apart from the "uniqueness" and maybe even it's artistry, which I can argue can be computer generated, it seems to me that it's a little impractical.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5l115n/eli5_what_are_the_benefits_of_stop_motion/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dbs4s14"
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"text": [
"High quality CGI can be vastly more expensive than other methods.\n\nOf course, each creator has to choose the artistic style they want their work to be in, that is certainly a consideration -- but so is cost, and it may be a tradeoff"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
3ik4eb
|
how did humans even survive in the wild? our babies are a predator magnet.
|
Our babies scream and cry like bloody murder and can die if you leave them alone for a couple of minutes, whereas other animals young at least know to not make incredible noise and huge smelly messes for predators. Why evolution why.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ik4eb/eli5_how_did_humans_even_survive_in_the_wild_our/
|
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"text": [
"We are communal animals that live in groups. Instead of fleeing or hiding from predators when in this group we actively fight and kill the predators. Since we did not hide from predators there is no reason for our infants to develop traits to be quiet. In fact, since a noisy infant is more likely to be tended to (getting food, getting cleaned, being held, etc) faster there is evolutionary pressure for our infants to be as annoying as possible. ",
"Well for one humans are very tough when forged from nature and not the sort of easy-mans world we live in today.\n\n\n\nWe're obviously advanced thinkers to say the least.\n\n\n\nWe're excellent long distance movers.\n\n\n\n\nWe have thumbs and color vision, which are both fucking awesome.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAnd we can eat a surprising amount of stuff. I remember when I was still in high school, and watched the walking dead for the first time. I thought to myself \"man, I'm glad the military exists, because I certainly know nothing about hunting and scavaging and wouldn't last 30 days in the zombie apocalypse\". That changed, surprisingly, when I talked to my environmental science teacher. It seems in all reality hymns are very fucking good at surviving off nothing. Not only can we eat obvious shit like fish and apples, and slightly less obvious stuff like grilled bugs, but also just bizzare shit like dandelions, the roots of some grasses, the seeds of rye weeds, natural wheat that I would consider more a weed than anything else. The roots of some trees. All sorts of stuff. Humans are impressively robust.... \n\n\n\n\n\n\nIt seems we are not meant at all to be fighters, just a species that is really, really good at avoiding fights, especially in groups. That's where pack mentality comes from, or, to use Internet slang, the \" circle jerk\". ",
"In hunter-gatherer times, babies were basically held, 24/7 by their mothers. There were no cribs, no carriages, just dirt and rocks on the ground. Until a baby could stand, they were held by someone. And also, humans are tough, no animal is just gonna come fuck with us, especially because humans are rarely alone, we live in groups. Even a big animal like a lion would die if it tried to fight a group of humans. "
]
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1ti5rf
|
why are vegetables yucky and candy so yummy?
|
[Serious]ly though, I've always wondered why the human body never made our tounge recognize vegetables as something that tastes sweet. Sort of like a mechanism that tricks us into eating what's best for us.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ti5rf/eli5_why_are_vegetables_yucky_and_candy_so_yummy/
|
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"Our bodies are designed to eat food to give us energy. Candy, which is sugar, is the most direct source of energy of any type of food. So naturally our bodies taste candy, and our brain tells us \"wow, this has a bunch of energy, this is great!\"\r\rHistorically, candy and other sweet foods have been a very limited part of our diet. We are designed to eat fruits and vegetables because they were all over the place while we evolved. Vegetables are both healthy because of some magical property- we should be eating them because we evolved eating them over millions of years.\r\rEvolution is a very slow process. Civilization has existed for roughly 10,000 years, which is less than the blink of an eye on an evolutionary scale. Our bodies simply haven't had time to adjust to all the excess sugar in our diets. So we will always find sugar and fatty foods to be more appealing than fruits and vegetables.",
"the part of a plant the plant wants you to eat tastes fine. the parts of a plant it doesn't want you to eat contain some sort of chemical designed to discourage you from doing so, almost universally in the chemical category of \"alkaloids\". \n\nhumans evolved an aversion to alkaloids in the form of the sensation of bitterness, because many alkaloids are poisonous to humans. even if the alkaloid in question doesn't significantly affect the human body, it will taste bitter, because how the hell can your body know in advance on a molecule-by-molecule basis what's going to be harmful?\n\nas an aside, peppers taste hot because they're not for us. the pepper plant wants its fruits to be eaten by birds, which do not have the receptor that capsaicin binds to."
]
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nps0c
|
what is directx and why do we need it
|
What exactly is DirectX , Why do we need it, Why is there no competition for it and Why is there a new version of it all the time. Also Why does it need to be installed every time I install a new game again and again
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/nps0c/what_is_directx_and_why_do_we_need_it/
|
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"DirectX is a collection of standardized ways to do certain things with videos and video games on Windows computers. You need it because programmers use the tools DirectX provides, there's no competition for it because Microsoft owns the Windows operating system, and every game tries to install it because every game needs it to be updated at least to the version the programmers used.",
"DirectX is an application programming interface (API). It's basically a common middle layer between the game software and thousands of hardware devices that speak different languages.\n\nDifferent pieces of hardware have different capabilities, and each one needs a driver (a piece of software) to control it. In the past, developers had to cater to specific drivers and speak their language. They would learn how to drive each kind of sound card and game controller.\n\nDirectX allows the software developer to just speak the language of DirectX while the hardware developers work with Microsoft to make sure DirectX and the hardware driver can communicate. This speeds up game development and widens device compatibility.\n\nIndividual components of DirectX have and have had competitors. Direct3D's most well-known competitor is OpenGL. Competitors have not been successful because there isn't really any money to be made making a competing API. OpenGL's primary advantage is it runs on Mac OS and Linux, but these platforms have not competed strongly against Windows for hardware-intensive games. In the past, there may have been performance competitions between OpenGL and DirectX too.\n\nDirectX had 8 major revisions between 1995 and 2000, and since then, has only had 3 major revisions up to 2009 for DirectX11. It does not, in fact, need to be installed every time you install a new game, as long as you have an up-to-date version the game needs.",
"DirectX does have a competitor, called OpenGL. It's used on the PS3, as well as OSX, Linux, and Windows. It has it's pros and cons vs. DirectX. (Most notably, DirectX only works on Windows and Xbox.) Some examples of OpenGL games include Quake, Angry Birds, Amnesia, Minecraft, Unreal Tournament, KOTOR, and the Mac versions of games like Call of Duty, Team Fortress 2, and Starcraft 2.",
"Direct X is like a language for games and software to talk to your computer on how to do things like draw and make sounds.\n\nEvery computer is unique and different and rather than all the games knowing about all the different computers they just talk in direct X and the computers can all understand it.",
"DirectX is a collection of standardized ways to do certain things with videos and video games on Windows computers. You need it because programmers use the tools DirectX provides, there's no competition for it because Microsoft owns the Windows operating system, and every game tries to install it because every game needs it to be updated at least to the version the programmers used.",
"DirectX is an application programming interface (API). It's basically a common middle layer between the game software and thousands of hardware devices that speak different languages.\n\nDifferent pieces of hardware have different capabilities, and each one needs a driver (a piece of software) to control it. In the past, developers had to cater to specific drivers and speak their language. They would learn how to drive each kind of sound card and game controller.\n\nDirectX allows the software developer to just speak the language of DirectX while the hardware developers work with Microsoft to make sure DirectX and the hardware driver can communicate. This speeds up game development and widens device compatibility.\n\nIndividual components of DirectX have and have had competitors. Direct3D's most well-known competitor is OpenGL. Competitors have not been successful because there isn't really any money to be made making a competing API. OpenGL's primary advantage is it runs on Mac OS and Linux, but these platforms have not competed strongly against Windows for hardware-intensive games. In the past, there may have been performance competitions between OpenGL and DirectX too.\n\nDirectX had 8 major revisions between 1995 and 2000, and since then, has only had 3 major revisions up to 2009 for DirectX11. It does not, in fact, need to be installed every time you install a new game, as long as you have an up-to-date version the game needs.",
"DirectX does have a competitor, called OpenGL. It's used on the PS3, as well as OSX, Linux, and Windows. It has it's pros and cons vs. DirectX. (Most notably, DirectX only works on Windows and Xbox.) Some examples of OpenGL games include Quake, Angry Birds, Amnesia, Minecraft, Unreal Tournament, KOTOR, and the Mac versions of games like Call of Duty, Team Fortress 2, and Starcraft 2.",
"Direct X is like a language for games and software to talk to your computer on how to do things like draw and make sounds.\n\nEvery computer is unique and different and rather than all the games knowing about all the different computers they just talk in direct X and the computers can all understand it."
]
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e31315
|
how wild animals can tell their young apart from the young of others of the same species
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/e31315/eli5_how_wild_animals_can_tell_their_young_apart/
|
{
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"text": [
"Sight and smell. Just becasue they all look relatively the same to us, doesn't necesarilly mean that would apply to animals. You can see it in humans, where people of a certain race can often more easily differentiate the specific facial features of their own ethnic group/ the ethnic group that is dominant in their region than that of others they have less exposure to. You could imagine that it would be the same for animals, knowing what specific markers define an individual."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
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32dllx
|
why are some mirrors more "high quality" than others?
|
I was just thinking some mirrors can show pores and hair really good, while others just give a basic reflection
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/32dllx/eli5_why_are_some_mirrors_more_high_quality_than/
|
{
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"If you curve the mirror a little bit, you get some magnifying qualities. Quality in general depends on the glass used, as well as the backing. Both must be free of blemishes and impurity to give a really clear image. ",
"I believe magnification is the answer you're looking for. The mirror, or specifically, its back, is curved, so you see a bigger image of yourself. Someone else can answer whether the curve is convex or concave...my brain prefers not to think about that right now.\n\nRegarding quality of glass, high-quality mirrors always use a Q1 \"grade\" of glass. This is the measurement of the flatness and amount of blemishes for the glass, and Q1 is the best. General use or lower-quality mirrors would use Q2 glass. And for comparison, windows or glass on buildings typically is a Q3 glass.\n\nThe type of mirror backing (giving the glass its reflectivity) will also affect the quality of the mirror. Silver and aluminum backings are widely used today, depending on the mirror's use. But the backing is usually a number of different layers to protect the material from oxidation, scratching, etc.\n\nMirrors used in jail cells aren't glass at all - they're just polished stainless steel, and that has a much lower quality of the reflected image than a glass mirror. But the added benefit of not being upcycled into a shiv.",
"I was expecting discussions of bandwidth and upload speed."
]
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[],
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4v6olm
|
why do many websites continuously try to force you to use their mobile version even if after you've switched back to their desktop version multiple times?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4v6olm/eli5_why_do_many_websites_continuously_try_to/
|
{
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"It´s likely that this data is not available to the websites themselves. While metadata like which browser you used is tracked, the act of switching to desktop version is not.",
"It's likely stored in cookies, and cookies expire after a certain amount of time (or at least can). Could be hours, could be days, could be weeks, months or years.\n\nIt is likely that your preferences either were cleared out somehow or expired naturally.\n\nSource: I build websites and have been doing it for years professionally",
"Reposting my comment since parent got deleted and others apparently found it helpful. It was not really an attempt to ELI5 though which is why I originally posted it as a reply.\n\n--- 8 < --- snip --- 8 < ---\n\nThe feature for iOS does spoof the UA (and a couple of other things). The problem is that with modern responsive design techniques and current generation front-end framework such as bootstrap the mobile site and the desktop site are actually delivering exactly the same resources.\n\nIt is in fact sometimes quite difficult to get the page to actually look like the desktop version on mobile when you have gone to great effort to put in the various css media queries, touch event support, etc. The real issue is that the user choosing 'desktop version' is almost always doing so out of frustration. They are normally trying to use a feature or get to some function that has been helpfully 'optimized out of the mobile experience.'\n\nOn a major site that I maintain we take care to support everything on the mobile view, so whenever we show the 'desktop view' all we really actually do is tweak the viewport. But yeah we have to do it with cookies, and they get cleared all the time."
]
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5pczut
|
does tanning cause cancer or does it only happen if you get a sunburn, and how do moles fit into the equation?
|
My doctor told me to stay out of the sun because of my moles but never explained what exactly the reason was. I understand tanning is a physical acclimatization method your body employs when when exposed to increased sunlight, so my question stands.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5pczut/eli5_does_tanning_cause_cancer_or_does_it_only/
|
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"You get a tan when you are exposed to high doses of UV radiation, such as when you go tanning. \n\nUV radiation can cause damage in the DNA, and thus possibly cancer. \n\nMoles *are* tumor, benign tumors. They wont hurt you if they remains like they are right now.\n\nBut guess what can totally mess with a mole and cause it to change? UV radiation.\n\nThis is true for everybody, even people with not a single mole on their body, but if you have a lot of moles or several large ones, you have increase risk to developed cancer.\n\nTL;DR UV radiation mess with your skin, and moles are a particulary weak point."
]
}
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[] |
[] |
[
[]
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2dobdg
|
why did never gonna give you up by rick astley become a reference to rickroll people?
|
As in, why this exact video? There must have been more suitable videos to 'troll' with, no?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2dobdg/eli5_why_did_never_gonna_give_you_up_by_rick/
|
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"text": [
"Because why not? It just happened to be the one. ",
"It used to be a duckroll, an image of a wooden duck on wheels that people were misguided to. Fast foward in time. On 4chan there was a thread about a trailer of GTA IV. The link provided actually was the video of Never Gonna Give You Up. \"Rick,\" because of Rick Astley, and \"Roll\" from the original \"duckroll.\" The song itself was probably chosen because of its very recognizable intro.",
"The name actually came from the track chosen and a previous incarnation of the same bait and switch trick called 'duckroll' \n_URL_0_",
"Asking for an explanation for 4chan is madness."
]
}
|
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[],
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"http://knowyourmeme.com/memes/rickroll"
],
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|
237zrr
|
why do you get so hungry from smoking weed?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/237zrr/eli5_why_do_you_get_so_hungry_from_smoking_weed/
|
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"I wrote a paper on this for a class....\n\nTHC (the active ingredient in marijuana) binds to the cannabinoid type-1 (CB1) receptors in the olfactory bulb (sense of smell) of animal brains and stimulates them, which increases the animal’s ability to smell food. Scent and taste are very closely related, with as much as 80% of flavor sensation coming from the smell of food as opposed to the taste. \n\nTHC also acts on the nucleus accumbens (part of the pleasure and reward system) of the brain, increasing the release of dopamine (a \"pleasure chemical\") that accompanies eating, causing an increase in pleasure that goes along with it.\n\nFinally, another effect of THC's action on the brain is that it mimics the sensation of being food-deprived, which is believed to be the underlying cause of both the above effects.\n\nSo tl;dr - it makes your brain think you're starving so food smells stronger and tastes better and you feel more pleasure (more rewarded) for eating.",
"Daily cannabis use actually decreases your appetite. ",
"The top answer here is very good. \n\nIt also makes you more sensitive to insulin, which lowers your blood sugar more efficiently - low blood sugar equals hungry. ",
"I had the opposite reaction. When I smoked I usually just wanted water and a nap. Not once did I ever get the munchies.",
"Going slightly off topic here but would really appreciate an answer. \n\nWhy do some people get paranoid when stoned? What happens to the brain that people think something bad could happen? ",
"If you smoke pot every now and then, you get hungry and enjoy food immensly. If you smoke every other day, for some reason you don't eat as often.",
"I'm one of the exceptions for this and my girlfriend hates me for it. We'll smoke, play some halo or watch a movie and she has to go get a shit ton of snacks from the kitchen. I on the other hand get disgusted by food after I smoke. I am 25, she's 21 & we have both been smoking since our early teens. What I find weird is that ever since I stopped smoking on a daily basis (new job I actually give a shit about) I've gained weight. I weighed 124-130lbs all through high school and up to about a year ago. I'm now at 184lbs & I'm 6'1\". That's a huge jump for me and although people tell me I look like a normal human now, I kind of miss the zombie look :/ ....ugh I guess this means I have to try this exercise stuff people are talking about",
"Am I the only one that doesn't necessarily get hungry, but food tastes amazing and my appetite is greatly increased when high. \n\nEDIT: lmao increased appetite as in I can eat a lot more when im high, and dont get full as fast as when im sober. ",
"So is there any way to prevent the munchies and still smoke?",
"Quite honestly, I never EVER get the munchies when I smoke. I actually get the sensation of being full and try not to smoke when I know going to have to eat. ",
"For me I get hungry when the effects of the.high start wearing.off..",
"I never get hungry smoking weed. It actually suppresses my appetite. Anyone else get that?",
"In the Michael Pollan book \"The Omnivores Delimna\", he talks about how weed activates some of the same parts of the brain which are activated when \"In the zone\" for hunting/gathering for food. The idea is these parts of the brain where developed to help concentrate so that the hunt/gather process was more effective. \n\nI never got around to looking up research to back this up, but as a fisherman/outdoorsman, it sounds good to me. ",
"cause your fat ass wants some goddamn cheetos but your sobriety was surpressing the urge.",
"While we're on the topic, why can I eat thrice as much after a smoke?\n\nI'm sober a good eater, but I can eat tons of stuff without getting stuffed after a joint",
"Maybe it's a beginning of a midlife crisis or something, but from about the age of 30 I've completely stopped getting munchies after smoking. And started having incomparably huge ones after alco. \n\n\nI know this is just an anecdotal happenstance, but since noticing that I found 3 of my friends have experienced the same pattern. ",
"The tiny men that live in your blood stream have to work extra hard to to do their jobs because they are also high. This means that your body is exerting more energy to function at a normal level when stoned. Thus, it requires more food to keep the tiny men working.",
"Explain it like I'm *stoned.",
"I literally just got done smoking a joint, and my buddy put some music on so I decided to lay back and browse reddit, out of luck this post was staring Me in the face just before I clicked the link I popped a lolly pop in my mouth. While I read through this my taste for the lolly pop became so intense it was unreal.... \nJust though I'd share. ",
"If you're 5 years old, you shouldn't be smoking dat ganja.",
"I would like to know why music sounds so much better after I'm stoned. It's like my ears have the munchies!",
"I'm not saying that many of these other answers are wrong, but they aren't the primary cause. Weed contains THC. THC is a chemical which controls hunger in the brain. It wasn't till fairly recently (1992) that we found out what exactly THC effects. Almost any drug effects a neurotransmitter within the brain. THC mimics anandamide; it's one of those neurotransmitter. Anandamide effects things like hunger, when you eat, how much your eat, working memory, motivation and pleasure. So your brain makes you behave/react like it has excess anandamide (but it's actually THC)",
"I don't feel like it makes me hungry, I feel that if i start eating it just tastes so good that I can't stop. I think it's because people tend to not focus on their senses enough, like robots, they watch tv while they eat and don't take the time to notice the food like you do on weed.",
"You've got to stop smoking, Hilarical, you're 5 years old dammit.",
"Nothing worse than eating a huge meal before smoking, to stop feeling so hungry afterwards, smoking, then ploughing through junk food, then realising a few hours later how sick you feel from the amount of food in you\n",
"ELI5: Why don't people just google questions that will obviously have an easy answer like this. \n\nOr search Reddit. \n\nI mean look at this, and I didn't even go far back. This sub is becoming silly.\n\n > _URL_7_\n\n > _URL_1_\n\n > _URL_8_\n\n > _URL_0_\n\n > _URL_4_\n\n > _URL_9_\n\n > _URL_2_\n\n > _URL_3_\n\n > vhttp://_URL_5_\n\n > _URL_6_\n\n > _URL_2_\n\n**again this is going back less than 6 months. Come on people.** ",
"So can I piggy back on this and ask if the munchies truly do kill your high?",
"Related.\n\nWhy do I get the drunchies? (Drunk-munchies)\n\nI don't get the munchies when I smoke weed, but when I'm drunk, I swear I could eat an entire Taco Bell stockpile and then some."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1vdj7i/eli5_why_does_weed_give_you_munchies/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/tljib/eli5_why_weed_gives_you_the_munchies/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1nvj6f/eli5_why_do_i_get_the_munchies/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/k9leu/eli5_why_does_smoking_marijuana_cause_the_munchies/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1uea2s/eli5_why_does_smoking_marijuana_make_you_hungry/",
"www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1z5n25/eli5_why_do_i_get_the_munchies_when_im_high/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1elkch/eli5_why_does_smoking_cannabis_give_people_the/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1r85bc/eli5_why_do_people_get_munchies_after_smoking_weed/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1d9jw3/eli5_how_marijuana_affects_you/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/15t0ev/eli5_why_do_you_get_hungry_munchies_from_smoking/"
],
[],
[]
] |
||
311ys8
|
why do i lower the sound in my car when i am using my eyes to look for an address?
|
For some reason, I lower the sound when I am looking for a place I have never been. It always feels like this helps, but I have no idea why.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/311ys8/eli5_why_do_i_lower_the_sound_in_my_car_when_i_am/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cpxs1ba",
"cpxxyok",
"cpy49ez"
],
"score": [
12,
3,
3
],
"text": [
"Because you are trying to minimize distractions when you are trying to concentrate.\n\nIt's kind of like how hands-free cell phone laws don't really do anything. It's not the holding of the phone that's the problem, it's the fact that the driver is distracted.\n",
"Put simply, your brain can only focus on so much things at once, if music is blasting through your speakers it will attract some level of attention from your brain. If you remove the distraction you will find it easier to focus on other things, such as looking out for an address. \n\nPractically the same as trying to figure out a complex maths solution whilst the TV is on in the background, it's distracting. ",
"People think listening to music is some passive activity, but actually your brain lights up like a christmas tree when you are enjoying music.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
6vu7uc
|
why are calculators still clunky, unintuitive, and slow, relatively speaking?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6vu7uc/eli5why_are_calculators_still_clunky_unintuitive/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dm30vgo"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"People think that technology just gets cheaper and better automatically, but it doesn't. It gets cheaper and better because researchers are coming up with better designs and inventing new technologies. So your calculator is just as expensive and just as good as a calculator from 1995 because it *is* a calculator from 1995. \n\nThere are a couple reasons why no one has made a cheaper, better calculator since 1995.\n\n1) All the R & D money is going into computers. Your computer can do all of the things your graphing calculator can do, and so much more, but you can't use a computer instead of a calculator because\n\n2) A new calculator would have to be approved for the SAT/ACT/GRE etc. in order to be approved. And any new technologies on it-- especially internet, might mean it doesn't get approved. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2iwlpz
|
how do game consoles perform the necessary calculations off the disc for complex games?
|
Versus PC, with installs etc.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2iwlpz/eli5_how_do_game_consoles_perform_the_necessary/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cl667w5"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"The disc (DVD, Blu-Ray) isn't the work area - it's just the source of the files. The files are loaded into temporary storage on the console as needed, and the calculations take place in the CPU.\n\nSay you're in a fourth-grade math class, and the teacher passes out a quiz. You're not allowed to write on the test sheet itself, but you write down the problem and your calculations on a sheet of notebook paper. Then you bubble the answers on a scan-tron sheet and hand that in."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
5ovyrh
|
blackwater.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5ovyrh/eli5_blackwater/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dcmgvkm"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"Which is it?\n > **Companies**\n > \n > Blackwater (company), a private American military company and security consulting firm formerly called Blackwater Worldwide, renamed \"Xe Services\" in 2009, and \"Academi\" in 2011\n > \n > **Ecology and technology**\n > \n > Blackwater (coal), liquid waste from coal preparation\n > \n > Blackwater (waste), wastewater containing feces, urine and flushwater from flush toilets\n > \n > Blackwater river, a classification of river with dark-colored waters\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
55f31o
|
why is computer technology advancing at a consistent (albeit accelerating) rate?
|
If the power of computers are coming from the types of chips used, why are we constantly finding ways to slightly alter the make-up of a computer and make it more powerful. And why is this happening at a seemingly consistent rate? Shouldn't it play out that computer technology stays stagnant for ages, and then suddenly makes a huge leap whenever somebody find a breaks through in how to create computer parts?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/55f31o/eli5_why_is_computer_technology_advancing_at_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d8a1wa7"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Any given piece of computing technology has thousands and thousands of parts. Every one of those parts probably has dozens of companies and research labs working on them, trying to make them better.\n\nFor any one given part, a breakthrough might come only once every few years - but when you put all of the pieces together, every year the average computer or phone is quite a bit better than the last year's model because it has many advancements - not all of the components, but enough of them.\n\nThis is even true of something like the main CPU for your computer or phone. Major breakthroughs are rare, but the CPU is very complex and there's room for dozens of \"little\" breakthroughs every year that all give it a little bit better performance than last year's model.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
4whl5w
|
how do steam sales exactly work ?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4whl5w/eli5_how_do_steam_sales_exactly_work/
|
{
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"d671ack",
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3,
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"text": [
"Not all games. Valve will have a discussion with the devs to ask them to lower their prices temporarily. Vice versa, the dev can at any time lower the price on their own game.",
"Publishers agree to put their game on sale. During a Steam sale tons of games are still full price.\n\nSteam just shows the publishers the data on sales, even if a game is 75% off, the game sells way more than usual so they still make way more money than if the game was at full price.",
"It's not that steam arbitrarily decides to drop the price on the games, it's that the games' publisher has made an agreement with steam to participate in the sale and has offered those discounts on their games.\n\nSince any digital sale is pure profit (after Steam takes it's cut as digital distributor), the game publisher has decided that the reduced profits per unit is worth having a huge increase in sales for a period- especially if the game has been out long enough that it is off the radar for people, and those who know about it have either bought it already, are waiting for a better price, or have decided not to buy it.\n\nLet's take your $10 game example- so, under non sale circumstances, steam makes $2 and the publisher gets $8 from that sale. (making up the split, but 80/20 is easy to work with)\n\nDepending on how the publisher is able to negotiate, the price drops to $5, steam collects $1 and the publisher collects $4.\n\nIf the game has been out a while, they may be selling 5 copies a week- $40 a week. during the steam sale, they end up selling 1000 copies because of a combination of people waiting for a price drop, and of people discovering the game because the steam sale highlights it as a cheap $5 or under game. They get $4000- which is about 2 years profit at their normal price and sales rate."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
1me20x
|
what happens at the molecular level when a paper is cut by a scissor?
|
How exactly a scissor manages to cut a piece of paper into two halves?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1me20x/what_happens_at_the_molecular_level_when_a_paper/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cc8bf2f",
"cc8bgb0"
],
"score": [
2,
3
],
"text": [
"Scissors exert shear force on paper fibers and tear them apart. This involves both simply pulling apart the fibers from their woven configuration, and actually breaking the fibers which would be breaking chemical bonds.",
"I'm not sure how to word this given the limitation of a molecular level explanation, but you could say that the scissor's force is strong enough such that the electrons of the scissors repel the electrons of the paper enough to form a cut."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
cf9mk3
|
why do most animals have the same “fleshy” colors on the inside?
|
Colors like red, pink, yellow, white, and brown instead of vibrant colors if you get my gist.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cf9mk3/eli5_why_do_most_animals_have_the_same_fleshy/
|
{
"a_id": [
"eu8cmbb",
"eu99fo3"
],
"score": [
33,
2
],
"text": [
"Most animals, including humans, use hemoglobin to transport oxygen around the body. Hemoglobin is a red chemical and your body is basically filled with it like a sponge, so you're mostly shades of red inside. When a new species evolves, it's unlikely to swap out a chemical that works for another. Some animals, usually sea critters, use hemo*cyanin* in their blood for the same purpose. Hemocyanin is blue, so those animals bleed blue and have blue flesh. As for the reason why bloodless flesh is a certain color, it's the same - the body evolved to be made from materials that *work*, and since animals share common ancestors, they are fairly likely to use the same materials for the same tasks, and so have the same color.",
"For the same reason most animals have the same setup, 1 head, 1 mouth, 2 eyes, 4 limbs moved by muscles, etc...\n\nWe are all related to the same ancestor 300 million years ago. And we evolved to different things, but we still have a lot in common. \n\nIt takes a lot of time to differentiate totally. For exemple, we also have a common ancestor with banana trees, roughly 1 billion years ago. As a result we still have 60% DNA in common with bananas and our cells have similar mechanisms."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
722z86
|
why is older wine considered "better"?
|
Why do people prefer wine that has been "aged"? What does aging do to the wine to make it any different than normal wine?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/722z86/eli5_why_is_older_wine_considered_better/
|
{
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4,
10,
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"text": [
"It's actually not better, in a general sense. Not all wines taste better with age.\n\nHowever, there are still wines that do. Main reason for them is what's called \"tannins\", which comes mostly from the oak barrels (that's why it's stored in those). Tannins also come from grape stems, seeds, and skins. They have anti-fungal properties, but also make the unripe grape taste really nasty until the seed is mature. Not only do they taste bitter, tannins bind to the proteins that make your saliva slimy, stripping away the sliminess, leaving your mouth feeling dry, chalky, and ashen.\n\nThe winemakers determine the amount of tannins that go into the wine, primarily by controlling how long the mashed grapes stay in contact with the tannin-loaded stems, skins, and seeds. Wine that’s allowed to marinate at length in the grape detritus will start out as a bitter, dry youngster, and mature into a rich, complex, and highly desirable vintage. Wines that age well do so over a continuum, and there is an ideal period where the flavors of both youth and maturity are balanced.\n\n[^Know ^more.](_URL_0_)",
"Older wine isn't necessarily better. It can go bad if left for too long. Also, in modern wine making it's more possible to control the elements that go into a wine. This allows the creation of wines that are good to drink in the same year it was released from the barrels and very bad to drink later.",
"Sorry for formatting, on mobile.\n\nI'm seeing a lot of misinformation here, especially with claims that oak aging being the main factor. Yes, being in a barrel for a year or two is important, but that's mainly a source of flavor and 'structure' that gets better as wines age (AFTER being bottled).\n\nBasically, there are 2 factors at play: cork aeration and sugar breakdown. Corks allow tiny amounts of air in, which smooths out and changes the flavors already present-- wines that are 10+ years old tend to have less of a tannin 'bite'--, while sugars breaking down into alcohol adds more. EDIT: sugar breakdown is more of an issue with white wines. Acidity also plays a role in making sure the wine stays balanced, in that one flavor doesn't dominate. \n\nAs a rule of thumb, red wine tends to get softer and more complex (so more flavors, like leather, dried flowers, meat, and other things that sound odd, but tastes great in old wine). If a wine has lower alcohol and high acidity, it tends to age better than most. Lots of tannin also play a big role. Burgundy pinot noir is a good example of this: wines from the 60's are still being raved about by people who can afford them.\n\nIt's worth noting that the best 'aging' wines tend to be really harsh/ not very flavorful early on. Bordeaux wines, especially Cabernet Sauvignon-heavy blends, need several years to be palatable. Californian wines, on the other hand, can be drank much earlier.\n\nThere are several exceptions to these trends, but this is eli5. If you'd like anything clarified, let me know. I work in a wine shop and teach classes on different wine growing regions. ",
"Most consumers do not prefer wine that has been aged. \n\nVery few wines have the structural components to improve with age. The structural components needed are a combination of higher alcohol (13%+), higher acid, tannin, higher intensity of flavors and sugar. Not all wines will have all of these components. The sugar component is only there in Sauternes (and other Botrytis wines), some Rieslings, Vintage Port and ice wines. Examples of wines that can improve with age are Bordeaux, Barolo, some high end Burgundy, Vintage Port, and Napa Cabs; even within these categories not many are made to improve with age.\n\nAging in the bottle involves a lot of complex chemical interactions between the flavor components, the tannin, and oxygen. In general, the tannins will get softer and less astringent. The flavors will change from fresh fruit flavors to more dried fruit and the wine will develop tertiary flavors that are not in the fruit spectrum but that may remind you of gamey meats, forest floor, leather, etc. \n\nAll of those changes are style changes, not necessarily quality changes.\n",
"I had a good friend at one point who was a bonafide oenophile. He had spent tens of thousands on his wine collection. I asked him the same question once and he said that after a certain period (say 20-30 years) it wasn't a matter of taste but experience. \n\nHe showed me a bottle of port from 1912, that was some 90 years old at the time and told me that the same kind of port was served on the Titanic - same batch and year. He bought it not because of the superior taste, but because he will be one of a handful of people to have tasted something that actual passengers tasted before they went down. Until then I never really got how people became so into wine, but this seems pretty cool to me.\n\nEDIT: for bad grammar",
"In a nutshell the whole process of making wine is taking big, complex, molecules like sugars, starches, and fruit flavors, and breaking them down and converting them into different molecules which changes the flavor. This process never really stops even after a wine is bottled and so the flavor continues to evolve. Wine subtly changes character over time, and depending on what day it's opened it will taste slightly different. \n\nA few things happen when wine is bottled. Fermentation usually stops however secondary fermentation by bacteria continues to occur. Sometimes this is intentional like inoculating and adding sugar to bottled wine to produce carbonation such as in Champagne. The combined effects of these bacteria and time breaking down the molecules of sugars, flavors, and tanins will continue to change the flavor of the wine. This causes more simplistic fruit flavors, to evolve to complex flavors brought on by the secondary fermentation which intensifies some flavors and mellows others down. \n\nAt the same time the cork allows the wine to breath ever so slightly which also helps to develop flavor."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.wired.com/2014/10/whats-wines-tastes-better-age/"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
arhcwd
|
how were music videos (the ones that came out before computers were capable of editing videos) actually made? like, how did most music videos make smooth transitions and how were they able to make special effects without cgi?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/arhcwd/eli5_how_were_music_videos_the_ones_that_came_out/
|
{
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"egnajlp",
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],
"score": [
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"text": [
"Lots of cool effects can be done with props and other things, and one *could* splice sections of film together to edit a video together",
"Audio and video editing used to be literally scissors and tape.\n\n_URL_0_",
"Before videos were produced digitally on computers, they were made using analog video.\n\nEffects such as chromakey were available. Chromakey is \"green screen replacement\" ie replacing the background.\n\nYou can make trippy effects by pointing a camera at a video screen.\n\nAnother option is to film people in front of a projector screen.\n\nSo effects are made either \"in camera\" or by manipulating the analog video signal.\n\nEditing is done with multiple video tape players and a video switcher that cuts/fades between the video players. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_wVlRAI33EE"
],
[]
] |
||
6ocnm5
|
micronutrients-- what are they, and why do we really need them?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6ocnm5/eli5_micronutrients_what_are_they_and_why_do_we/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dkgdc5n"
],
"score": [
3
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"text": [
"micronutrients are nutrients needed in very small amounts (such as vitamins) as compared to nutrients which are needed in large amounts (proteins/carbs/fats)\n\nmicronutrients help the body perform the biological chemistry needed to live, by assisting the cellular machinery (example, most B vitamins are used in the cellular processes which break down sugars/fats, they do so by working with proteins to provide an adequate chemical pathway to do so)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
640lfp
|
what causes surges in a free flowing river?
|
Especially in the spring, I notice short (a few seconds) increases in the flow of the river. This is on a free flowing (not dammed) river, so I know the surges are not caused by dam releases. Since this happens mostly in the spring, when water levels are rising, I thought it might have something to do with snow melt, but that seems like too gradual of a process to create these surges.
Edited to add: this river begins about 50 miles upstream from where I experienced the surges and is formed by the confluence of a bunch of small tributaries. The flow range for this river is from 3,500 cfs during peak to about 350 cfs during August.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/640lfp/eli5_what_causes_surges_in_a_free_flowing_river/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dfymkuv"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"A few seconds seems to be a really small time scale for a surge, and could really only be caused by a couple things. First, as was mentioned, a flash storm upstream, in addition to a few really wide areas of the river could result in surges of that nature. Another reason could be groundwater pumping. If a well is being developed nearby and they are drawing significant amounts of water in a short time period, the groundwater table may drop significantly near the river. This will cause the stream flow to drop for a short period as river water equilibrates with the new groundwater conditions. Lastly, if you're basing this off USGS stream gages, you should know that it is unprocessed data and contains a bit of noise. It would be interesting to take a look at the data after it's subjected to a high pass filter."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
21f522
|
ways to tell if someone is trying to get you to join a pyramid scheme?
|
I know what a Pyramid Scheme is in theory, but I don't think I would know someone was trying to drag me into one unless it was spelled out for me.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/21f522/eli5_ways_to_tell_if_someone_is_trying_to_get_you/
|
{
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"text": [
"Its going to require some thinking on your part.\n\nThey'll be promising you \"guaranteed returns\" with \"minimal work\". They'll often mention that recruiting others is a way to earn even more money. \n\nThen you should think about their product. Did the person try to sell you something, or get you to sell something? Pyramid schemes often have a \"product\" but its almost always secondary to the actual recruitment.\n\n ",
"If the primary method of you making money requires you to meet a tier requirement and they encourage you to have your friends and family join right away so that you can start making money faster... Probably a pyramid scheme. And when the dude asking you to join, brags about how awesome and how easy it is to make money... And how rich he is and doesnt have to work anymore... Probably a pyramid scheme.",
"If someone asks you to come to a business meeting in their mothers basement. ",
"As soon as someone starts talking about recruiting your own sales people (especially if they're framing it like everybody is a potential salesman), or you have to buy in to the program, alarm bells should start ringing. Another good one is when you see the phrase \"[multi-level marketing](_URL_0_).\" Not all multi-level marketing companies are essentially disguised pyramid schemes, but it's a term that some companies use to appear less pyramid-scheme like.\n\nGenerally if the proposal is that you'll make all your money based on the work of other people, rather than your own sales of products or services, it's probably best to avoid it.",
"Find out what the company's total revenue is. Most MLM like to brag they are backed by a multi-million dollar company.\n\nThen ask how many people they have participating in the scheme. They like to brag about that, too.\n\nThen use the power of division to find out how much the average person earns. It will usually work out to less than $100 a year.",
"The first thing they say is \"it's not a pyramid scheme.\"\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_multi-level_marketing_companies"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
2tbx1k
|
why to this day do press conferences consist of several reporters shouting out questions at once until one is semi-selected? is there no better way?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2tbx1k/eli5_why_to_this_day_do_press_conferences_consist/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cnxp6e2"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Everyone being reported hates reporters and this is a way to make their life miserable"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
cgsvn5
|
how a bunch of moving electrons can power homes?
|
We've all learn that moving charges cause current and this powers our homes.
But I'm curious, how does this actually occur? Do the electrons physically strike the rotors inside a fan and make it move; or how do they emit light from within in a light bulb?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cgsvn5/eli5_how_a_bunch_of_moving_electrons_can_power/
|
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"text": [
"A moving electrical current produces a magnetic field--so while the electrons aren't directly striking the rotors inside a fan, they *are* creating a magnetic field that is pushing against the rotors.\n\nThat's the basis of any motor: a moving electrical current causes a magnetic field. If you put some pieces together in the right ways and shapes, you can make it so that this magnetic field causes a central shaft to spin. In the case of a fan, that shaft is just hooked up to the blades, making the fan spin.\n\nLight from a bulb is a little different. In incandescent bulbs, the electricity flowing through the filament makes the filament so hot that it produces light. In fluorescent bulbs, the electrical current electrically charges a gas inside the bulb; the gas produces light when it jumps down from one energy level to another. And in a LED bulb, LEDs produce light in a similar way to the fluorescent bulbs, except they're solid instead of gas."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
8psp90
|
- why are li-ion batteries so prevalent in every size except aa, aaa, etc?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8psp90/eli5_why_are_liion_batteries_so_prevalent_in/
|
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"Electronics that use AA batteries expect around 1.5-1.2 volt. Li-ion batteries deliver around 3.7 volt. Applying 3.7 volt to something that expects at most 1.5 is likely to cause damage or at least not work properly. \n\nYou'd need to put a circuit inside the AA battery the converts the 3.7 volt to 1.5 volt. ",
"In addition to the voltage differences mentioned earlier, you’re also going to have to deal with a different naming convention. Try looking for 14500 cells (AA size) and 10440 cells (AAA size). There are some devices that require these sizes of cells for proper performance. The numbers refer to the physical size of the battery— 14 (diameter) x 50 (length of major axis) for the AA equivalent, and 10 x 440 for the AAA equivalent. \n\nBe VERY sure that the device can handle the power of the Li-ion cell before you insert the cell. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
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|
moy68
|
why do some games work only on windows but not on macs?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/moy68/eli5_why_do_some_games_work_only_on_windows_but/
|
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"text": [
"One reason why it's hard to at least translate it is because of DirectX. It's a set of code designed to help draw graphics. The catch is, Microsoft is the one who makes it, so there is no equivalent for Mac. If a programmer uses it for their game, then they have to rewrite everything that uses it for a Mac or Linux version.",
"It's kinda like having a bunch of really talented Hispanic actors gathered together and then handing them a script written entirely in German. It's the game developers fault for not writing a version of the script in Spanish, but perhaps they figured it wasn't worth their time because almost all of their money comes from German purchases.",
"One reason why it's hard to at least translate it is because of DirectX. It's a set of code designed to help draw graphics. The catch is, Microsoft is the one who makes it, so there is no equivalent for Mac. If a programmer uses it for their game, then they have to rewrite everything that uses it for a Mac or Linux version.",
"It's kinda like having a bunch of really talented Hispanic actors gathered together and then handing them a script written entirely in German. It's the game developers fault for not writing a version of the script in Spanish, but perhaps they figured it wasn't worth their time because almost all of their money comes from German purchases."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
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||
enedc4
|
why are hearts and diamonds both red and clubs and spades both black in a standard playing card deck?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/enedc4/eli5_why_are_hearts_and_diamonds_both_red_and/
|
{
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"Assuming you're talking about a 52 card deck, the answer is \"yes\". There are 2-suit games, where red and black are used instead, and games where aspects use color (like many types of solitaire) in addition to suit. The specific colors involved (red and black) were the cheapest colors to print at the time (that wouldn't fade, anyway) and it just stuck.\n\nIn games like poker the color doesn't matter at all, so making the suits all have a separate color allows players to differentiate between them easily - it was just that everyone already had these red/black decks they could play with, so why fix what isn't broken?\n\nYou *can* actually play 2 color games with a 4 color deck, but it's more visually challenging.\n\nAs a fun side fact, the 52 card deck as we know it is a relatively recent thing and there's still other decks floating around with more or less cards and suits and colors. Tarot cards, for example, were originally a 5-suit playing card deck, and it's still played today in some places."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
39kk93
|
how does simply placing my hand on my stomache helps me to regulate body temperature and help relieve stomache aches?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/39kk93/eli5_how_does_simply_placing_my_hand_on_my/
|
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"I'm not sure if there is any / much of a biological basis for that outcome. Maybe it's down to more of a placebo effect? "
]
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|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
32licm
|
how can my insurance company completely deny a service that was requested by my doctor?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/32licm/eli5_how_can_my_insurance_company_completely_deny/
|
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"Because they're the one paying for it so they get to decide when and how to spend their money. Simple as that. ",
"why does it blows your mind? you might want to read contracts before you sign.",
"Because, as you said, you didn't follow the guidelines. It's best to check beforehand what procedures are covered by your insurance and under what circumstances and whether something like a doctor's note **beforehand** to the insurance company makes a difference or not.\n\nAnd while insurance companies care about money, doctors care about covering their asses. You come in, afraid there's something severely wrong with you and while the guidelines would imply that if you haven't had the symptoms for eight weeks it's probably not that severe a condition, your doctor may not have the confidence to tell you to take a wait and see attitude. (Of course I say this without knowing your specific situation.)",
"Insurance doesn't pay for things because they are medically necessary, they pay for things because it's in your contract. The insurance isn't preventing you from having these done; they just aren't going to pay for it. ",
"This usually occurs when they are less expensive and equally effective options, or when the diagnosis has not be completely confirmed, and they want further evidence before treating it.\n\nIt might seem unfair to you, but do you want to pay higher premiums so every hypochondriac who wears down they doctor can get unnecessary and expensive treatments?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
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[],
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||
1y63ke
|
why is it that metal (such as a spoon) left out will become slightly colder than room temperature?
|
I have some dishes to do, and I noticed when I grabbed a spoon that it was colder than the room is, yet it's been sitting on my counter all night. Why doesn't the spoon just sit at room temperature?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1y63ke/eli5_why_is_it_that_metal_such_as_a_spoon_left/
|
{
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"It isnt colder, its just better at conducting thermal energy between yourself and the room compared to the air against your skin.",
"It isn't colder than room temperature.\n\nHowever, it *is* colder than your hand. And it's also an excellent conductor of heat. So that means when you touch it, it conducts some heat away from your hand, making it *feel* cold."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
1rhkhi
|
why is classical music known by its composer, whereas lots of modern music is known by the artist who performs it, and not who writes it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1rhkhi/eli5why_is_classical_music_known_by_its_composer/
|
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"It really boils down to the fact that life is incredibly different now that it was, say, a hundred years ago.\n\nDuring the classical era, most music was commissioned by people of influence. Nobility, the church, etc would hire the famous Then, the distribution of this music is not like it is today. There were no recordings, so the only way to actually HEAR the music of the time was to hear it performed. Major cities throughout Europe had their own orchestras; it's not as if one famous orchestra of composer would travel in some grand tour, it was the music itself that traveled, and the name that was attached to that music.\n\nToday, the face of the music is of the performer, because that's what we all can see. It's distributed via TV, radio, and mp3s. We hear the one artist's performance, not one song performed by the local musicians in each town.\n\nEDIT: Tidied up the grammar a bit.",
"Classical music exists in its primary form as notated manuscripts intended for performance by many different performers/ensembles/orchestras, each bringing their own sensibility to their interpretations - therefore it is more logical to identify the piece by the composer rather than the first performer. \n\nThe primary form of popular music is an actual recording of a particular interpretation/performance which amounts to the \"definitive\" version, identified by the performer - while cover versions and reinterpretations are common, they are rarely based on a manuscript of the original track. ",
"Commercialized music is more about marketing an image and selling an identity than it is about the music itself. It's easier to take a good-looking singer, stylize them and build a brand around their face and name, than it is to do with the songwriters who may have a less marketable image. In some cases, especially in hip hop, the producer's name may be well-known and liked enough that they'll make a point to associate it with the album, but this is an exception to the rule.\n\nFor the most part, the music industry doesn't want you to be consciously aware of the fact that the majority of the music you hear isn't written by the performers, but by marketers in suits and ties applying a formula fine-tuned to maximize the likelihood they'll get your fifteen dollars for the album. That doesn't look as good. Yeah, most consumers know or have been told this is the case, but it's not something the consciously think about every time they listen to a song.\n\nClassical music, on the other hand, wasn't about image or identity; it was just about the music.",
"Well for a start this isn't true. \n\nBeethoven and Liszt for example all started their careers as pianists performing others work. They're remember for their compositions because we don't have recordings by contrast Ludovico Einaudi is known equally for his performance as he is his compositions while Glenn Gould is know for his interpretations especially those of Bach.\n\nFarinelli - a castrati singer from the baroque was celebrated like the Beibers of today and had composers like Handel writing music for him. ",
"The true ELI5 answer is: Because modern humans don't give a shit and are more compelled by spectacle than talent.",
"Most modern music has its roots in folk music (blues to jazz to rock) which was informal and was generally never written down or taught that way. Even when you look up the tabs for popular rock bands, the actual notes for what to sing are never written down and also why the song structures are seemingly more simple (verse-chorus-verse-chorus). That isn't to say that all folk music is simple, as much of it, especially from other countries is extremely complex. I also don't intend to imply that all classical music is complex, as a lot of it is compositionally lackluster as an average pop song today. However, in contrast to folk music, western classical music was written down, and still is written down today, it's just not as popular as it used to be partly due to classical music going bonkers in the early 20th century.",
"Contract and money.",
"I think many here are missing a major point that I think is key. With music performed by an orchestra (such as classical) each individual artist has less influence over the final piece. There are a sea of artists. While the composer is alone and has the most direct influence.\n\nIn modern music each group only has a few artists and they have much more control over the song. They can improvise or add on their own feel. They have the most influence there.",
"Okay so, nobody here is right. Not even doovidooves with his 110 upvotes. It has nothing to do with commercialization or recording, and \"classical\" versus \"modern\" isn't the right way to break things down.\n\nFirst, some terminology. I'm going to refer to it as \"Classical\" versus \"Popular\". Classical music is the musical tradition going back to church music (e.g. Gregorian chant), certain types of Renaissance music (motets, madrigals, etc.), the Baroque period, the Classical period, the Romantic period, and modern periods that we don't quite have the historical context to classify yet. It continues to be written today.\n\nPopular music is the tradition going back to the earliest music ever created, which today involves the rock combo with guitars, basses, drum sets, keyboards, etc., but includes folk music all the way back. It actually predates Classical.\n\nPopular music has always been meant to be easily imitable. In the days before recording, it was meant to be played/sung by amateur musicians in the home, or around the campfire, or whatever the cultural equivalent of those things may be. It's simpler music, not that impressive in its composition, so any enjoyment that the listener receives is due to the skill of the performer. And usually, there aren't that many performers, which makes it simpler still.\n\nClassical music is not meant to be easily imitated. The forms are longer and more complicated, and traditionally written for instruments that take years to master. Sometimes the technical abilities of the instruments are pushed to their limits. Performing Classical music is a serious endeavor. We marvel at the composer's ability to coordinate that many musicians playing such difficult instruments into one harmonious piece. We still marvel at the performers, but we marvel more at the composer. Many people can both write and play Popular music. Few can play Classical music, and even fewer can write it.\n\nRecording and distribution has changed things a bit. Now rather than relying on simplicity and catchiness exclusively to make a piece of Popular music popular (we do still use that but not exclusively), we can record the world's best Popular musicians and distribute that recording. So Popular music has been allowed to become more technically difficult and impressive in its construction (see: Metal).\n\nAnd Classical music has certainly leveraged catchiness to become popular (see: Mozart operas). So the lines have always been a bit blurry and may have gotten blurrier recently. But that's the basic distinction.",
"because these days either\n\na) the performer IS the person/band who wrote it\n\nor\n\nb) the performer want to PRETEND to be the person who wrote it\n\nor\n\nc) the performer is a spoiled little brat who convinced the label to let them \"co-write\" the song - despite their lack of any musical talent - which often consists of them changing one or two lyrics - in order to cheat the REAL songwriters out of their fairly earned percentage of the profits.\n"
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||
4vmnkq
|
islamist vs muslim.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4vmnkq/eli5islamist_vs_muslim/
|
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"Muslim is what you call someone who believes in Islam.\n\nAn Islamist is someone who not only believes in Islam but wants to use it as the basis for public policy. Generally they want a theocracy based off Islam. \n\nNot all Muslims are Islamists but all Islamists are Muslims. ",
"Muslim: A person who defines himself as a believer of Islam \n\nIslamist: A person who advocates an islamic state and society",
"Muslim is a religion (strictly speaking, Islam is the religion; a Muslim is someone who belongs to that religion); Islamism/-ist is an ideology that says that every part of society- but especially law and government- should be run according to Islam.",
"Islam = Religion\n\nMuslim = Person who believes in Islam\n\nIslamist = Political belief structure for Islam (capital*ist*, social*ist*, Islam*ist*..)"
]
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|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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||
9mnakq
|
if cells store their own copy of dna, how does gene editing work? wouldn't you have to change all of them?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9mnakq/eli5_if_cells_store_their_own_copy_of_dna_how/
|
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"Basically, yeah. \nThat’s why it’s not more commonly practiced, theoretically you could edit the genes of an embryo before it’s too far along. \nAt least that’s how my chemistry teacher responded when I asked him this.",
"Gene editing doesn't work on a large scale, like an entire adult human just yet. Just after fertilisation, we're a single cell. And that single cell replicates to become 2, 4, 8, etc. You can do an edit on that single cell, or a small group of cells just after fertilisation and every cell afterwards will carry on with the edit. ",
"Not all cells replicate - in fact more than 90% of your cells will never divide and just die off. They are replaced with new cells created from stem cells, which do divide.\n\nGenetic editing will target these stem cells (called proliferating non-differentiated cells), and slowly the “diseased” cells in your body will be replaced.\n\nHowever the life cycle of the cell has a large impact on the effectiveness of gene editing. Neuron cells last basically forever, so genetic neurological diseases will not be cured by gene editing. Skin cells replace themselves every 28 days, so genetic editing has some potential there.\n\nAlso like you mentioned, it will be extremely hard to change all of your stem cells. Our current genetic editing tools have very low success rates and can only handle small volumes of cells. Modifying an entire organism is beyond us right now.",
"Yes this often called transient transgenics. Where only a certain area of tissue can be edited. This is still kind of an issue today. HOWEVER for many applications of gene therapy this is okay. There is promising research of the effect of gene therapy on cancer cells. Since they divide uncontrollably it makes sense to target them through gene editing. Another method is to manipulate embryos to make the whole organism contain that dna. This is a huge issue with genetic engineering though even to this day. It is fairly difficult to completely edit someone’s genes in their whole body"
]
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[] |
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[],
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||
7v1q8n
|
what happens when an adult male is castrated? is voluntary castration a thing e.g. if a person doesn't want kids and would rather spend their effort on their job instead of the "distraction" of sexual thoughts?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7v1q8n/eli5_what_happens_when_an_adult_male_is_castrated/
|
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"I believe men get vasectomies when they don't want to have children anymore. I've never heard of a man ever removing his entire genitals to prevent having children. Not sure about the removal of genitals to deter distraction from one's work. I don't think that's a thing in the US, but it might be in some other country. Humans are weird. ",
"Castration messes with testosterone levels, as the testis are the main place it is produced. Testosterone levels fall off a cliff following castration. \n\nTestosterone is strongly associated with motivation and drive in men, so castration certainly wouldn’t help with focusing on your job. ",
"gonadectomy\n\nThe Vietnamese adopted the eunuch system and castration techniques from China. Records show that the Vietnamese created eunuchs through castration in a painful procedure by removing the entire genitalia with both penis and testicles being cut off with a sharp knife or metal blade. The procedure was agonizing since the entire penis was cut off.\n\nThe young man's thighs and abdomen would be tied and others would pin him down on a table. The genitals would be sterilized with pepper water and then cut off. A tube would be then inserted into the urethra to allow urination during healing. Any facial hair such as the beard would fall off and the eunuch's voice would become like a girl's."
]
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|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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||
1ogr7o
|
how to correctly use an equalizer.
|
I know it'll make my music sound better, but damned if I can do it correctly without the presets.
EDIT: Apparently I knew so little about the topic I didn't even word my question correctly. Thank you to everyone who took time to reply! Particularly to /u/jdsamford for the explanation I was looking for.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ogr7o/eli5_how_to_correctly_use_an_equalizer/
|
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"Write down the frequencies under each slider. \ne.g. 100 = 100 Hz, 2k = 2000 Hz\n\nUse something like Audacity or a tone generator program to generate those frequencies in a sound file with a short silence in between each tone. So it goes \"boop -silence- boop -silence- boop... etc\". Each boop is a progressively higher frequency. \n\nPlay that in a loop on the system with the equaliser you want to adjust. Adjust each slider until each tone sounds like it's playing at the same volume. \n\nTo do it properly, you need special equipment, but doing it \"by ear\" is just fine. ",
"Each room has its own frequency profile. Some frequencies get absorbed by carpets, chairs, walls etc, and some get reflected. Ideally, you want all frequencies to be the same volume when played at the same volume, as /u/diamondjo said. But you can't change the dynamics of the room. You can only change the output of your system.\n\nYou would do this with equipment that produces ~~white~~ pink noise - a signal that plays a range of frequencies with the same power in each octave. You would use a microphone to pick up the sound played in the room you are equalizing and send the signal into a piece of hardware that measures each frequency, called a spectrum analyzer. This would tell you which frequencies the room reflects (louder) and absorbs (softer). You would then use the equalizer to, well, equalize those frequencies.\n\nTo do so, you'd adjust the volume so that the spectrum analyzer shows the majority of frequencies. Each band on the analyzer would correspond to a band on your equalizer. If for example, the 1khz band is 10dB high, you'd use the equalizer to pull down the 1khz band about 10dB to make it equal to the others. \n\nThe reason there are presets that sound like a large auditorium, concert hall, cave, etc, is that those various types of rooms have similar frequency profiles. You can use the equalizer to adjust your system to play frequencies louder and softer to match what it would sound like somewhere else.\n\nYou can also adjust to make certain types of music sound better, to boost bass, or mid tones, or treble. But usually if your room is flat, the music itself should do that for you.",
"Gefilte is spot on. You tune the equalizer to adjust for the acoustics of the room you are in.\n\nYou will need a mic and a spectral analyzer.\nYou place the mic where you will be sitting normally, you play noise through your system, white, pink, brown, google the 'colors' of noise, each has a different spectral makeup.\n\nThe mic capture the noise and send it to the spectral analyzer. then you adjust the EQ to change the playback of the noise until you get your spectrum flat which means that you have adjusted the eq to account for any material and room makeup which would diminish any specific frequencies.",
"Turn it into a smiley face. Enjoy a tried-and-true EQ setting.",
"Don't. It's terrible since they split it in two.",
"are you talking about within a DAW? like FL studio or ableton?\n\nEdit: I'm a producer. \n\nEdit 2: You know what i'm bored. Tell me exactly what your problem is and what you wanna know and i'll make a video for you",
"I've been told never to bother with an equaliser as they are more than likely to make the origional recording sound worse, presuming the the hifi setup is reasonably good in the first place",
"Here's what those levels are adjusting:\n\n16Hz – 60Hz = SUB BASS\nThis is the super low-end that can be felt physically by your body on a good subwoofer/sub-bass system. Sounds with these frequencies are the most powerful ones, and they will take up a lot of room in the mix. Use this range to fatten up your kick drums or sub-bass patches. Too much volume in this range makes your mix sound «muddy.»\n\n60Hz – 250Hz = BASS\nThis is where basslines and kick drums have their most important sounds. A common problem is that the bassline and kick cancel each other out due to PHASE problems (easily demonstrated when DJ-ing, if you play two tracks and have them beatmatched, it's important to cut one of the tracks' bass level or else the kick drums will cancel each other out and the overall bass level is lowered). A useful trick then is to try PHASE INVERSION on either the bassline or the kick drum, compressing the kick and bass together and/or avoiding to place a bass note on top of a kick drum. This range should also be lowered in most other sounds like guitars, synth lines and vocals so they don't interfere with the kick and bassline. Too much volume here makes the mix sound «boomy.»\n\n200Hz - 400Hz\nToo much volume here will cause vocals to sound muddy and unclear. Cut this to thin out drum parts like snares, hi-hats, percussions and cymbals, boost to make them sound warmer or more «woody.»\n\n250Hz – 2kHz = LOW MID or MID-LO\nMost instruments have their «darkest» parts here; guitars, piano, synthlines. Boosting around 500Hz – 1kHz can sound «horn-like» while boosting 1kHz – 2kHz can sound metallic.\n\n400Hz - 800Hz\nYou can reduce some of these frequencies on the master mix to make your overall bass level sound tighter. Boost or cut here to fatten up or thin out the low end of guitars, synthlines and vocals.\n\n800Hz – 1kHz\nHere you can also fatten up vocals and make them sound warmer, in a different way than the previously mentioned method. Boosting around 1kHz helps add to the «knocking» sound of a kick drum.\n\n1kHz – 3kHz\nThis is the edgy part of a sound, boost (gently!) here to define guitars, pianos, vocals and add clarity to basslines. Cut here to remove painful mid-frequencies in vocals. This frequency range is very hard on the ears, so be careful not adding too much volume here!\n\n2kHz – 4kHz = HIGH MID or MID-HI\nVocals have a lot of sound in this area, the sounds «B», «M» and «V» lie here.\n\n3kHz – 6kHz = PRESENCE\nPlucky, fingered guitars and basslines can be more defined by boosting in this range. Cut in the lower part to remove the hard sound of vocals. Cut in the upper part to soften/round off sounds, and boost to add more clarity or presence to a sound. Boosting here helps defining most instruments and vocals.\n\n6kHz – 10kHz = HIGH\nBoost this area to add more air and transparency to a sound. Crispness and and sparkle can be added by boosting this range on guitars, strings and synth sounds. Snares and bassdrums also benefits from boosting this area. In vocals, cut some of these frequencies (a de-esser plugin does this easily) to remove the hissing sounds. The sounds «S» and «T» lies between 6kHz and 8kHz and too much volume there will make the vocals stressful on your ears.\n\n10kHz – 16kHz = HIGH\nThis frequency range is where the crispness and brightness of sounds lie, and hi-hats and cymbals are the dominant drum parts. You can boost here to add even more air and transparency to sounds, and cut here to remove noise and hissing sounds which is unwanted in a bassline, for example. Pads and atmospheric sounds benefits from a boost in this range to make them sound brighter. Be careful not to boost too heavily, or else the mix will sound noisy.",
"Don't do any of the things listed here! \n\nUsing an equalizer is extremely practical for music, however, without trained ears, you're SOL. And by trained ears, I don't just mean being able to hear a specific frequency band, I mean being able to hear your music and understanding how boosting or reducing a frequency band will affect a particular instrument/vocal/random sound. If you want to train your ears so you can hear different frequencies and understand what an equalizer is actually doing, look into a thing called Golden Ears. \n\nA lot of what is being said in this thread has to do with tweaking your speakers so that your listening environment is as flat (meaning each frequency band comes out at the same level) as possible. This is advanced stuff, and if you're not really sure on how to use an equalizer, I wouldn't worry about that sort of thing too much, yet. It'll be important if you ever want to open your own studio/mix a professional album/master a professional album.\n\nIf you want a short answer: do what sounds good to you, and always try to cut before you boost any frequencies. Often times cutting around where you want to hear a boost will sound better than just boosting the frequency itself. If you want a couple helpful tips try these (I'm guessing you're mixing music, so these tips will pertain to music):\n\nPutting a hi-pass filter on pretty much everything except a kick drum up to around 60-80hz will clear out any unwanted noise. nothing except a kick drum (save a few instruments) makes any frequencies that low that matter anyways.\n\n250 is the \"muddy range.\" Cut here whenever possible to find clarity in your music.\n\nMid range can make things sound tinny when boosted. Be careful when boosting here or your music will sound like it's coming through an old radio. Cutting here can get rid of unwanted noise, but can also detract from the dynamics of things like vocals, guitars, and other midrange instruments.\n\nAccording to the Fletcher-Munson curve, 2khz-5kh is where the human ear is most sensitive, so be careful boosting here as people may find your music very unappealing if theres too much 2k. Boost closer to 5k for things such as cymbals for brilliance or vocals for clarity.\n\n5k and up rarely needs boosting unless your ear says it does. Some things, like guitar, can have a lowpass down to somewhere around 10k or even lower because their harmonic spectrum doesn't go beyond that, and you're just adding to your noise. \n\nSeriously though, just do what sounds good to you, and use the pre sets if you have to! They were made by people who spent decades figuring out all of these things. Trust your ears!",
"Am I the only one who thought about Team Fortress 2?",
"OK, first things first. Yes, it is pink noise that you use to \"EQ\" a room. Second, you need a RTA (real time analyzer) to be able to decipher what the reproduciton of the pink noise is relative to your room. (You can download a great app from JL Audio for free!) Third, although a \"flat eq'd\" room is accurate, most people prefer a warmer sound. Depending on the style of music you like; if you are a Bass head, you want to boost 55-100hz. If you love female vocals a boost around 700-1100hz (also referred to as 1.1khz) There is no \"perfect sound\" for all ears and or speaker combinations. You should take some time listening to each frequency and how it effects a few of your favorite music passages. Once you understand what each frequency gain does, then you can tune the room. (you are really pleasing your ears more than tuning the room!) A flat room is essentially exactly as the sound was recorded. But almost always sounds very shallow/hollow. The best thing about an eq is, you really can't screw anything up - have a little fun and self educate!\n\nSource: Iasca RTA judge for 10+ years, started a worldwide known car audio shop, currently doing high end home audio and home automation. ",
"The best thing you could do is to play with a physical EQ on a live system. Virtual (GUI) EQ will never give you a real sense of the tool's purpose. \nOn most digital gadgets the EQ is treated more like a toy and is of use to dope your headphones. \nTo get good useage from EQ requires some understanding of what it does and why you would need it. \nMy fellow, more knowledgeable redditors have offered these explanations for you.",
"Dont put R on smartcast, that really fucks it up in the first place. Furthermore you should always anticipate the enemy teams movements and decide whether you want to actually damage a certain target or split their team so you and the rest of your team can focus-fire whoever is closest to you.\n\nBest used in narrow places like the ramps from river to blue or redbuff, the baron-pit or dragon-pit.",
"Honestly the eq's in 99% of all consumer electronics are of low quality and for the most part will do more harm then good.\n\nIf your music sounds pretty good already/ nothing is really sticking out that sounds really bad to you then don't worry about it.\n\nIf all your music (not just one song) sounds overly bassy/trebly(tinny) then turn down the bass or treble. I would very rarely use any of those to ADD gain (boost the bass or treble.)",
"I'm a bit late, but there are two different \"types\" of equalization. The first is done in mastering. This is usually done with a parametric equalizer, which gives very precise control over every aspect of the process. The people who _make_ music use this to make the song exactly how they want. This type of equalization is out of my area of expertise, and I can't really help you with it. If you want to get into producing music, there are a ton of resources online.\n\nThe other type is done by the person setting up a sound system. This is usually done with a 10-band (or similar) graphic equalizer, which has pre-defined \"bands\" of frequency which you can move up or down. This is much more simple, and it is done by the consumer (or a roadie, etc.) in order to make sure that the music coming out of your speakers sounds exactly like it did to the guy doing the first kind of equalization. Someone on a different system or in a different room can't send you \"their\" eq settings to help you with this, because it is dependent on your sound system, where the speakers are placed, the acoustics of the room/venue you are in, and even where you are standing when you listen.\n\nAs a result, presets like \"rock\" or \"r & b\" or \"live\" on 10-band eqs are something you should avoid. It's attempting to perform the first type of EQ with the tools for the second, post-mastering and on the consumer level. It is highly unlikely that any of the presets will get you a flat frequency response on your particular setup, and it's hard to tell by ear without adjusting each one anyway, which would defeat the purpose of the preset.\n\nAs a consumer listening to well-mastered music, you should just be trying to get all the frequencies coming out of your system to sound flat, which means that each frequency band (they get larger in width polynomially as you go up in frequency) should have the same amount of energy in it. You can set this up by playing pink noise (which goes down in energy per frequency at the same rate as the bands expand, so the energy in each band is equal) through your system and then listening to it as you mess with the sliders.\n\nStart with the lowest slider. Move it up and down until you feel like you hear the particular noise in the pink noise that's getting louder or softer. Once you know what it sounds like, start the slider significantly higher than the rest, and slowly bring it down until right where the sound sounds like it melds into the rest of the pink noise. Then take the next slider and do the same thing, isolating the frequencies it controls and then matching the energy of the band until it sounds like it is absorbed into the rest of the pink noise. Repeat until you've done this for all of the sliders.\n\nOnce I'm done with that, I usually start back at the lowest frequency and make one more pass over the whole thing, kind of like tuning a guitar. The closer the whole noise is to perfect, the more precisely you can adjust each band.\n\nOnce you're done, and it sounds like all the \"parts\" of the pink noise are the same volume, you have your eq setup for your system in that room. Congratulations, your music will sound more or less like the producer originally intended.",
"The real answer is that there isn't a \"correct\" way. Professional tracks are mastered so that the frequency composition of the track matches the song the best sounding way possible. So normally you shouldn't have to apply any EQ on the track you're listening to.\n\nThere are however I think three cases where it might be beneficial to use one.\n\n\n1) Your sound reproduction system (this could include the room you're listening to it!) is sub-par. You might want to add some missing low-end when listening on a bass-light headphone, for example, or some mid frequencies on a \"home theater\"-y speaker. Keep in mind, however, that bass frequencies may be completely missing (cut off) on cheap speakers/laptop speakers, so no amount of boost will make them appear, but it may blow the speaker/make the apund distorted.\n\n2) Personal preference. You might like that metal song with just a bit more of that \"boom\" in the kick drum. Anything besides a small bass boost, however, and you're probably butchering the track, or compensating your shitty sound system (see point #1)\n\n3) Compensating low listening volumes. Our ear works non-linearly. At low volumes, we hear the bass and high frequencies much less than the midrange. This is why songs sound cheap and dull at low volumes. To compensate, apply the \"loudness curve\", which is basically bass boost and treble boost. A lot of home stereos do exactly this with the \"loudness\" button. ",
"Can any one explain to me what the \"bass boost\" function is on my car stereo and how it differs from turning up the bass on the EQ? ",
"Always cut never boost. Hopefully someone said this already.",
"Just a rule of thumb... Try to never increase your eq when you're listening to music, always reduce it. When you increase a slide, you're trying to enhance something that doesn't exist and that distorts the sound. \n\nSo if you want more bass, turn the higher frequencies down (and maybe the actual volume knob up) to reveal more of the bass in the mix.",
"The name says it all. Use it to equalize frequencies to compensate for variances caused by your speakers, positioning, and vehicle/room. \n\nMany people think if you make a smiley face you just get \"better\" bass and high end and in reality all you do is generate distortion and destroy your speakers.",
"Very good explanations here. Musical taste is different to everyone; personally I like my bass and treble high while keeping the midrange lower, to me it sounds more clear. You'll have to experiment until you find your own custom setting that sounds optimal to you. ",
"Pull every slider all the way down (maximum \"cut\"). Play your go-to jam. Starting on the high end, boost the frequency until you think it sounds good--them back it off just a smidge. When you get to the mids, it will start to sound \"live.\" Bass will fill out the final sound and you should then be happy. \n\nDon't be afraid to tweak the final settings until you're satisfied. Also, remember that your ear is unique, and may enjoy different settings than your friends.",
"When I read the title, my first thought was Rumble's ult.",
"So every single comment has spoken about what an EQ is or does but not how to use it. \n\nIn a room or car it's all taste. You could do all this pink noise stuff but chances are you're not doing anything heavy enough that this would be important. My roommate had the bass on his stereo way past what was balanced but that was how he liked to listen to music. \n\nIn a mix what you need to think about is that the way you hear different instruments at different times is because they have a different timbre. If you made a recording of your mom and her sister talking at the same time you could easily tell them apart because they each have a different timbre to their voice. \n\nSo in a mix how does this play out? Well instead of two women perhaps it's the kick on a drum set and the bass guitar which are close in pitch. What an EQ can be used for is focusing the differences in the timbres to make the two sources sound more different and therefore easier to hear at the same time. \n\nThis is when the chart up top comes into play. If the kick is super punchy maybe it needs more around 2.5kHz. So what we'll do is actually turn down (cut) 2.5kHz on the bass track. And perhaps the bass has a lot of great meat around 250Hz, so we cut 250Hz on the kick. Now each instrument has their own place on the frequency spectrum. \n\nUsing EQs across an entire mix can get tricky but luckily there are all sorts of tools to help us hear tracks independently that we can use. Happy mixing!",
"When playing rumble, you want to make sure you drop your Equalizer on as many people as possible during teamfights, the perfect places could be near dragon/Baron, or in bottle neck areas such as near Pink side blue buff, forcing your opponets to fight ontop of the ultimate dealing the most damage possible or causing them to pull out from the team fight all together securing either an objective or saving team mates. Hope this helps answer your question!",
"What all you sound engineer guys forget every time is that she speaker is system in question needs to be eq'd to a \"reference\" before you start listening to anything.\n\n1. Assign active or passive crossover networks to speakers to limit bandwidth to speakers within their effective range by looking at speaker data sheet.\n\n2. Play uncorrelated pink noise through speakers.\n\n3. Use real time analyzer to visualize any anomolies the speakers are creating from enclosure type, room shape, speaker placement or other physical problems. Adjust speaker placement, enclosure type, phase relationship, crossover points, speaker amplitude, room treatments etc. Anything you can do to get the speakers working at their most efficient and proper. WITHOUT USING EQ.\n\n4. Using the real time analyzer, apply ONLY CUTS to the areas that cannot be fixed otherwise. What you should be aiming for here is to normalize the whole range to a smooth curve. All frequencies should be able to play the same loudness +/- 3db or so. If you like, you can apply a custom curve at this point such as the Harmon kardon RTA curve (Google search it, its a 1/3 octave bar graph with blue bars) this all depends on the weight scale of the RTA and such.\n\nTHIS EQUALIZER SHOULD BE PERMANENTLY SET BETWEEN THE SPEAKER AND THE INPUT AND NEVER ADJUSTED. Only adjust the EQ in the actual mix.\n\nAFTER THE SPEAKERS ARE NORMALIZED YOU SHOULD FEEL FREE TO START MIXING MUSIC! DO NOT ASSUME YOUR SPEAKER SYSTEM IS REFERENCE BECAUSE YOU SPENT TONS OF MONEY!",
"The absolutely shortest answer to your question is: Don't. But do read on.\n\nThe EQ is one of those rare devices that was originally intended for studio professionals, that has since bled over into the consumer market without the accompanying rationale behind why you should use it. It's there, it makes your shit sound different, but you're not really sure how. That's because you're not really the intended audience; you don't know what to listen for, and the music you're listening to has presumably already been mixed pretty well.\n\nNow, the longer answer is: An equalizer is used to change the balance of frequencies in the sound eminating from your speakers, so you can correct for imperfections in your speakers, your room, the song your listening to, or even your own hearing. To do this correctly, you need to understand what the different frequency bands sound like, and jdsamford does an excellent description of this.\n\nMy advice would be: Don't mess with the EQ unless you can hear beforehand what's wrong with the sound. To learn that is actually a fun experience, and it certainly got me interested in designing sound for a living. Try touching one band at a time, gently, and listen *closely* to what happens. Then set it back to where it was, and try another band. Once you've done this a few times, you might be telling yourself \"OK, so I noticed that adding more bass made the vocals harder to hear. I shouldn't overdo it.\" Little conclusions like this will make you understand that the EQ is there to solve problems, not just \"make your music sound better.\"\n\nNow, all this said... Everything sounds better with a little more bass, so go ahead and crank that sucker to 11! It's awesome!",
"I'm pretty sure op was asking about a car stereo equalizer, and if he wasn't, I wouldn't mind knowing how to use the damned thing. Please. ",
"Sound engineer here. First of all, for the best sound **CUT** instead of boost. You will always achieve a better sound this way. If your music is quieter after cutting, boost the gain to bring it back. Boosting frequencies on a standard equalizer will muck up the phase of the soundwaves, and make it sound worse by introducing harmonic distortion among other things. \nthe post that jdamford made is a great guide, however it left out a couple points.\nFor one, if you do a wide band cut around 400-500 hz, it will give your music a \"scooped\" sound. Often, a hard cut here (-10db) will make your kick drum and your floor toms sound like magic. A good tip to find a good EQ is to start at around 400hz@(-10) and slowly move up to 600 and your \"sweet spot\" should be in there.\n\n\nAnd for all you budding sound engineers here:\n\n**HIGH PASS FILTERS!**\nBasically a HPF only lets frequencies above a cutoff.\nWhen you are mixing music you should have a HPF set to 30hz or more on **every track**. Every last one, unless you specifically have an effect or instrument that purposely dives below that point.\n\nFor example, when I'm mixing a trumpet I would have an HPF set at 500hz, because the instrument operates entirely above that range. Therefore, any information below that point ( < 500hz) would just add \"mud\" and other weird low-frequency information that can only detract from the overall mix. That's why we cut it all out! IT'S LIKE A TOOMAH! \nHope this helps! \n",
"Shit. I thought you meant the TF2 equalizer weapon. I was so ready. ):",
"commenting to save. thank you!",
"Came here for TF2 strategy. Stayed because it was interesting."
]
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|
20jtd0
|
why aren't black box's datas stored in real time on a server somewhere ?
|
Why does it have to be on the plane ? Why can't we send it directly to an air base so that we wouldn't have to find the very box ?
EDIT : Thanks to all of you for your answers ! I didn't answer any comments because each one were pretty clear at explaining why such a device didn't exists.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/20jtd0/eli5_why_arent_black_boxs_datas_stored_in_real/
|
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"They could do something like that. Flight data recorders are outdated.",
"Right now the reason is inertia. The Black Box is a system that works and if it ain't broke, why fix it? Practically speaking, there's no means to do it yet. One thing about radio communications is you have to be set at a certain frequency and someone has to be listening to that frequency. The problem in an airplane is that some frequencies work better than others depending on high up you are. That, combined with the fact that even for a single flight, the black box records pages upon pages of data, is a very daunting task.\n\n[That hasn't stopped people from suggesting what you're thinking of, though] (_URL_0_)\n",
"People often become so comfortable with technology that they forget that 10 years ago, much of it didn't exist, or existed in a form that's very different from the one we have now.\n\nThe ability to move large quantities of data off an airplane anytime anywhere in realtime has really only existed for a few years.\n\nUntil there's a reason to make it a requirement, I suspect you won't find anyone willing to spend the money just because it's a good idea.\n\nEven though losing a plane is a big deal, airline safety is so incredible, that even if you lost a plane a year, that's such a small percentage of the total number of aircraft and flights that happen. You don't drop millions of dollars into fixing something that statistically, doesn't happen."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://spectrum.ieee.org/aerospace/aviation/beyond-the-black-box"
],
[]
] |
|
3dr1be
|
why do they say the first day is the most crucial in a missing child's case but they refuse to call it a missing persons case unless they have been gone for at least 24 hours?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3dr1be/eli5_why_do_they_say_the_first_day_is_the_most/
|
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"That's absolutely not true in regards to the whole 24 hour period. Anytime it involves a missing child, it is acted upon immediately.",
"The 24 hour thing is a [myth](_URL_0_). Depending on the circumstances, they may not immediately freak out if an adult did not come home as expected. If your 10 year old went to the playground and disappeared, it will probably get a much different reaction.",
"The whole \"they need to be missing 24 hours\" thing is a total urban legend. It's not true, you can file a missing persons report at any time.",
"Is your knowledge based on actual law enforcement or television?\n\nIn the real world, there isn't a 24 hour delay when it comes to children. While some police departments may not take a missing *adult* report very seriously for at least 24 hours, missing children are a very different thing."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://www.missingpersonsofamerica.com/2011/03/when-can-you-report-person-missing.html"
],
[],
[]
] |
||
ao8jr9
|
why does taking oxycodone make it harder to urinate?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ao8jr9/eli5_why_does_taking_oxycodone_make_it_harder_to/
|
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"There are likely several mechanisms involved. Firstly, opioids seem to bind to spinal opioid receptors resulting in relaxation of the bladder. Opioids also seem to inhibit parasympathetic nerve fibers that innervate the bladder, resulting in a decreased sensation of fullness (decreased urgency). Opioids also seem to increase the tone of the urinary sphincter. "
]
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|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
msmot
|
can someone explain what a "functional" programming language like objective caml and f# are? what separates them from other languages? also: why are they used a lot by financial firms?
|
I was recently looking at the Skills Required for jobs at a prop trading firm called Jane St. Capital. The "Software Development" path was looking for someone with knowledge and applicable ability in "functional programming languages like OCaml". Just a little background on the genesis of my curiosity.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/msmot/eli5_can_someone_explain_what_a_functional/
|
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"The canonical functional language is Haskell - probably the best place to start reading. \n\nFunctional is the opposite of procedural: a functional program is a *description* of the output, not the steps needed to produce it. \n\nBasically, in functional languages, *there are no side effects*. The result of every operation is a function of its input; calling it again with the same input will always have the same result. \n\nHaskell doesn't have an '=' operator. You cannot assign values to variables. As such, there are no loops or looping constructs - instead, you map functions to ranges.\n\nIt's weird and bizarre, and gives me a headache. However, I'm just barely on board with the underlying concept to the point where side-effects in code offend my sensibilities, without being able to do it properly. \n\nAt a guess, banks like them because the lack of side-effects makes for provably correct code. There's effectively no state to track, so you can statically analyze the whole thing, and not have unforeseeable bugs. \n\n\n",
"There are two core features that pretty much every functional language has: \"referential transparency\" and \"functions as first class citizens\". Here's an explanation of what these two features mean.\n\n##Referential transparency##\n\nThe \"function\" in \"FP\" -- also known as \"functional programming\" -- refers to the mathematical concept of a function. In math, a function, given a certain set of inputs, always returns the same output. For example, if you have a function f(x), and you pass in the value 3 for x, and the function returns 6, then you can be confident that no matter how many times you pass in the value 3, you'll always get 6 back as your output. In contrast, in a non-functional language, sometimes a function will return different results given the same input, e.g.\n\n class MyClass {\n int internalState = 2;\n function f(int x) {\n internalState = internalState + 1;\n return internalState + x;\n }\n\nwith this piece of code, you can see that the first the time the function f(3) is called, you'll get 6, but the second time you call f(3), you'll get a different value. This would be considered a big no-no in FP.\n\nThe benefit of restricting you to the mathematical definition of functions is that this gives you referential transparency. That is to say, if you see code like \"x = f(3) + f(3)\", in a language with referential transparency, you could evaluate the call to f(3) only once, and then add that value to itself, whereas in a language without referential transparency, you'd need to actually run f(3) twice, because the second call might produce a different result than the first call.\n\nSo one big benefit of referential transparency gives right away is that the compiler can do some very powerful optimizations, reducing the amount of work the CPU needs to perform to calculate the same results.\n\nReferential transparency implies \"zero side effects\". What does that mean? It means that the function doesn't do anything beyond returning the some value as a result. For example, it doesn't cause the printer to print a new sheet, or it doesn't cause a file to change on the disk. Why does referential transparency implies \"zero side effects\"? Well, if the function f(x) had some sort of side effect, such as causing a sheet of paper to be printed by the printer, then when you called f(3) twice, you'd expect 2 sheets to get printed (one for each time the function got called). But this defeats the optimization we mentioned earlier! The compiler would try to call the function f(3) only once, which would cause only one sheet to be printed, thus introducing bugs in our program! The philosophy of FP is to disallow as much as possible any side effects, so that the compiler has the most flexibility to perform the optimizations it wants.\n\nBTW, \"zero side effects\" has a very nice property for concurrency, but I think getting into that may be beyond ELI5. Let me know if you're interested and I'll explain further, but for now, I'll just say that nowadays, we're getting more and more cores in our CPU (I have a quadcore CPU at home, for example, and soon we'll probably have 8 or even 16 core CPUs), and the more you program in a \"concurrent style\", the faster your programs will run on multicore CPUs. And zero side effects makes it very easy to program in a \"concurrent style\".\n\n##Functions as first class citizens##\n\nAlmost all programming languages have a \"type system\", where values can be of specific types. For example, \"integer\" or \"string\" are types. And in many languages, when you write a function, you have to say what type of value it will return, and if it takes any parameter, you have to say what the types of all those parameters are. For example, you might say the function \"add\" takes two integers, and returns an integer.\n\nThe concept of \"Functions as first class citizens\" just means that in addition to all the normal types like \"integer\", \"string\" and so on, there should be another type called \"function\". That is to say, it's possible to write functions which return other functions, and it's possible to write functions which accept functions as one of their arguments.\n\n##Why are they used by financial firms?##\n\nNow that you know the two core features present in every functional program, you might be asking yourself why they are preferred by financial firms.\n\nFirst, you should know that some problems are more \"parallel\" than others, meaning some problems are solved faster the more people working on it. An example of that is eating a cake. If I have a big cake, and I have 10 friends, I can cut the cake into 10 pieces, and hand a piece of each of my friends, and we'd finish eating the cake faster as a team than if I had to eat the cake alone. And if I had 100 friends, I could cut the cake into 100 pieces, and finish eating it even faster. In contrast, making a baby is not parallelizable. No matter how many friends I have helping me make a baby, I can't do it any faster than 9 months.\n\nIt turns out that the types of computation than the financial industry usually does is very parallel. That means, if only I wrote my programs in a \"concurrent style\", I could make my program go faster: The more cores on my CPU I have, the more pieces I could cut my problem into, and the faster I could solve the problem.\n\nUsing an FP language makes it very easy to write programs in the concurrent style, and since that's the type of problem the financial industry cares about, that's why FP is so popular in that industry. ",
"The canonical functional language is Haskell - probably the best place to start reading. \n\nFunctional is the opposite of procedural: a functional program is a *description* of the output, not the steps needed to produce it. \n\nBasically, in functional languages, *there are no side effects*. The result of every operation is a function of its input; calling it again with the same input will always have the same result. \n\nHaskell doesn't have an '=' operator. You cannot assign values to variables. As such, there are no loops or looping constructs - instead, you map functions to ranges.\n\nIt's weird and bizarre, and gives me a headache. However, I'm just barely on board with the underlying concept to the point where side-effects in code offend my sensibilities, without being able to do it properly. \n\nAt a guess, banks like them because the lack of side-effects makes for provably correct code. There's effectively no state to track, so you can statically analyze the whole thing, and not have unforeseeable bugs. \n\n\n",
"There are two core features that pretty much every functional language has: \"referential transparency\" and \"functions as first class citizens\". Here's an explanation of what these two features mean.\n\n##Referential transparency##\n\nThe \"function\" in \"FP\" -- also known as \"functional programming\" -- refers to the mathematical concept of a function. In math, a function, given a certain set of inputs, always returns the same output. For example, if you have a function f(x), and you pass in the value 3 for x, and the function returns 6, then you can be confident that no matter how many times you pass in the value 3, you'll always get 6 back as your output. In contrast, in a non-functional language, sometimes a function will return different results given the same input, e.g.\n\n class MyClass {\n int internalState = 2;\n function f(int x) {\n internalState = internalState + 1;\n return internalState + x;\n }\n\nwith this piece of code, you can see that the first the time the function f(3) is called, you'll get 6, but the second time you call f(3), you'll get a different value. This would be considered a big no-no in FP.\n\nThe benefit of restricting you to the mathematical definition of functions is that this gives you referential transparency. That is to say, if you see code like \"x = f(3) + f(3)\", in a language with referential transparency, you could evaluate the call to f(3) only once, and then add that value to itself, whereas in a language without referential transparency, you'd need to actually run f(3) twice, because the second call might produce a different result than the first call.\n\nSo one big benefit of referential transparency gives right away is that the compiler can do some very powerful optimizations, reducing the amount of work the CPU needs to perform to calculate the same results.\n\nReferential transparency implies \"zero side effects\". What does that mean? It means that the function doesn't do anything beyond returning the some value as a result. For example, it doesn't cause the printer to print a new sheet, or it doesn't cause a file to change on the disk. Why does referential transparency implies \"zero side effects\"? Well, if the function f(x) had some sort of side effect, such as causing a sheet of paper to be printed by the printer, then when you called f(3) twice, you'd expect 2 sheets to get printed (one for each time the function got called). But this defeats the optimization we mentioned earlier! The compiler would try to call the function f(3) only once, which would cause only one sheet to be printed, thus introducing bugs in our program! The philosophy of FP is to disallow as much as possible any side effects, so that the compiler has the most flexibility to perform the optimizations it wants.\n\nBTW, \"zero side effects\" has a very nice property for concurrency, but I think getting into that may be beyond ELI5. Let me know if you're interested and I'll explain further, but for now, I'll just say that nowadays, we're getting more and more cores in our CPU (I have a quadcore CPU at home, for example, and soon we'll probably have 8 or even 16 core CPUs), and the more you program in a \"concurrent style\", the faster your programs will run on multicore CPUs. And zero side effects makes it very easy to program in a \"concurrent style\".\n\n##Functions as first class citizens##\n\nAlmost all programming languages have a \"type system\", where values can be of specific types. For example, \"integer\" or \"string\" are types. And in many languages, when you write a function, you have to say what type of value it will return, and if it takes any parameter, you have to say what the types of all those parameters are. For example, you might say the function \"add\" takes two integers, and returns an integer.\n\nThe concept of \"Functions as first class citizens\" just means that in addition to all the normal types like \"integer\", \"string\" and so on, there should be another type called \"function\". That is to say, it's possible to write functions which return other functions, and it's possible to write functions which accept functions as one of their arguments.\n\n##Why are they used by financial firms?##\n\nNow that you know the two core features present in every functional program, you might be asking yourself why they are preferred by financial firms.\n\nFirst, you should know that some problems are more \"parallel\" than others, meaning some problems are solved faster the more people working on it. An example of that is eating a cake. If I have a big cake, and I have 10 friends, I can cut the cake into 10 pieces, and hand a piece of each of my friends, and we'd finish eating the cake faster as a team than if I had to eat the cake alone. And if I had 100 friends, I could cut the cake into 100 pieces, and finish eating it even faster. In contrast, making a baby is not parallelizable. No matter how many friends I have helping me make a baby, I can't do it any faster than 9 months.\n\nIt turns out that the types of computation than the financial industry usually does is very parallel. That means, if only I wrote my programs in a \"concurrent style\", I could make my program go faster: The more cores on my CPU I have, the more pieces I could cut my problem into, and the faster I could solve the problem.\n\nUsing an FP language makes it very easy to write programs in the concurrent style, and since that's the type of problem the financial industry cares about, that's why FP is so popular in that industry. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
9164ig
|
is planet earth brighter than other planets due to artificial lighting?
|
I am not 100% sure if only the reflected sunlight is what can be seen from farther away. So I am wondering what Earth looks like compared to, for example Mars. Thanks for explaining!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9164ig/eli5_is_planet_earth_brighter_than_other_planets/
|
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"Brighter than other planets because of artificial lightning; unlikely (or likely depending on how many planets we assume in our example)\n\nBrighter than other planets because of our composition of materials in the atmosphere and on the ground in general, say compared to a hypothetical rouge planet far away from any star, made out of dead rock. Definitely brighter, but due to artificial lightning? No. ",
"Just as others said, not really. Many things we do seem to be massive to us, but when we compare anything to what happens naturally, it suddenly losses its scale. One of the simplest things you can do to see it for yourself is to fetch some satellite pictures of earth. The Japanese himawari satellite is a good option since it takes a picture every 10 minutes or so. During the night, the Earth is pitch black, without any sign of artificial lighting of the cities.",
"As an aside, the Earth is actually getting \"darker\" from space. Ice and snow are a major solar reflector and as it melts the Earth's overall albedo (reflectivity) decreases: _URL_0_\n\n > Albedo is measured as a percentage. A perfectly black surface has an albedo of zero percent and a perfectly white surface has an albedo of 100 percent. The albedo of fresh snow is typically between 80 and 90 percent whereas the albedo of the ocean surface is less than 20 percent. Clouds and other factors, like aerosols and black carbon, also influence the albedo of Earth.\n\n > The researchers calculated that the overall albedo of the Arctic region fell from 52 percent to 48 percent between 1979 and 2011. The magnitude of surface darkening is twice as large as that found in previous studies."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/nasa-satellites-see-arctic-surface-darkening-faster/"
]
] |
|
4210q2
|
what is a power factor in electricity?
|
I understand the basic P=I*E and P/IE = Power Factor, but I don't quite get what a power factor is.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4210q2/eli5_what_is_a_power_factor_in_electricity/
|
{
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"When you have a ressistor the power just goes trough it in normal time, but when you put power to a inductor or a capacicator it either takes the voltage and holds it back for a periode of time or takes the time that it needs to travel and speeds it up. \nHow much difference there is to the \"normal\" power traveling trough a ressistor is messured with the power factor.\n\nEdit: Typo"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
3nam5p
|
why does it seem that the common cold 500 years ago is much more lethal than a cold in the modern era?
|
Plus, this question does not incorporate the antibiotics and vaccine varibles.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3nam5p/eli5why_does_it_seem_that_the_common_cold_500/
|
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"You...can't really ignore those two things. Those two things are very important for modern medicine.\n\nBut *other* than those things: our diets are much better, so we have a lot more energy to fight off colds. Food is readily available, so if for some reason we're too sick to work it *probably* doesn't mean you'll starve to death (whereas the serfs working on subsistence farms 500 years ago literally worked every day for their food). That also means you *can* choose not to work, so you can take it easy and avoid stress that would make the infection worse. We have also eradicated other opportunistic diseases and generally keep much better hygiene, so we don't have to worry about secondary infections that will take advantage of an immune system weakened by the cold. We can identify infections much more quickly so if there *are* complications and the cold worsens to the point when it might become lethal, you'll get professional medical care more quickly (or, you know...at all). We do have a few anti-viral drugs that directly assist your body in fighting off the cold. Antibiotics don't fight viruses like the cold, but they *do* fight off bacteria that would, again, take advantage of your weakened immune system.\n\nUm...we have temperature controlled homes, so we don't take on additional stress or the energy-drain of maintaining a healthy core temperature. We don't live alongside our animals (see \"better hygiene\")."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
35cx9r
|
if nipon is japanese for japan, and deutschland is german for germany, where do we get the words "germany" and "japan" from?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/35cx9r/eli5_if_nipon_is_japanese_for_japan_and/
|
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"Germany comes from Latin. Germania is what the Romans called Germany. As a curiosity, the word \"germanus\", which means kin, evolved into Spanish's \"hermano\" (brother).\n\nJapan comes from Mandarin - somewhat. (**EDIT**: There is debate in the comments. Read the comments!) European traders heard what the Chinese said to refer to that country and kinda wrote it down as they heard it. Again as a curiosity, the old Spanish name for Japan is \"Cipango\" - here you can see the evolutionary origin of the word.",
"Theres a wiki page of all the countries names in the native tongue. General rule is if you're saying it in English, you're probably wrong.",
"There is a fairly convolution explanation for this, but the simplest version of that explanation is that some languages include in their vernacular certain speech sounds that other languages might not have. And within each language's groups of speech sounds, you can often find dialects that make the language spoken in one region sound drastically different from that spoken in another region, even though those languages might share a common vocabulary. Consider the English that is spoken in the Southern United States, as opposed to the English that is spoken in the Midwestern United States. Very different accents. \n\nIn essence, the shortest version is that when we (Westerners of European descent) first encountered the Japanese, the dialect with which they were introduced to us made their \"Nippon\" sound like \"Jippon\" to our ears. Factor in the fact that English-speakers are historically somewhat lazy in their treatment of the languages of other cultures, and it's not so hard to see how \"Jippon\" could easily morph into \"Japan.\" \n\nThe issue is complicated a bit more when you consider that we first heard the name \"Japan\" from the Chinese before we ever met the Japanese themselves, and that \"Japan\" actually kind of derives from the Chinese pronunciation of \"Nippon.\" \n\nWithin Japan, you can find people who refer to the country as \"Japan,\" \"Nippon,\" or \"Nihon.\" This last one is due to a dialectical difference. The first one, Japan, is due to the Japanese recognizing on a national level that the rest of the world thinks of them as \"Japan,\" and so this pronunciation has been accepted as a matter of convenience.",
"~~For Germany: It has to do with the fact that Germany wasn't a single country until 1871. We had the Holy Roman Empire (which was neither Holy nor Roman), which eventually became the Austro-Hungarian Empire (which didn't include what we call Germany today) and a bunch of small states, united only by language. \"German\" is the name of one of the small Dark Age German tribes, and the name stuck in the English language. It gets much crazier when you consider other countries, such as India and China. Incidentally, Japanese for Germany is \"Doitsu\" which is actually closer.~~\n\nApparently wrong?",
"Maybe this is a dumb question, but why aren't all nations universally known as their 'proper' names? i.e., why can't we just say Nippon, Deutschland, or Espana in English (or whatever language)? \n\nI never really understood the need to come up with language specific names.\n\n",
"Germany is called many different things. The Germans were a Germanic tribe and the name came back in English passed down from the Romans. Sorta.\nThe Alemanni were another major faction of Germanic people, and a lot of languages (Spanish for instance) call Germany Aleman.\nSome languages use Suebi. \n\n_URL_0_",
"The word \"Japan\", as I've been taught during Japanese culture classes, comes from the Chinese word 日本国 which literally means \"country of the sun's origin\". Marco Polo heard the chinese talking about it but since Chinese language is phonetically different and more complex than Italian he had problems getting the right pronunciation. However, he had to write it down somehow and went for \"Cipango\" (sounds like Chee-pun-go) which is not that far from \"Jiibenkuo\" (the way we western people would hear those three ideograms pronunced in Chinese). From there, as time passed, the last ideogram (the one that means \"country\" or \"nation\") was dropped leaving only the \"jiiben\" part, or, as Marco Polo called it, \"Cipan\". The portugueses then added some portuguese flavour to it and it became \"Japao\" and probably some English speaker finally turned it into \"Japan\".",
"Egypt. Egypt is actually called \"Misr\" but I don't know where the name Egypt came from (probably from the Copts??)",
"And here i sit in Denmark, calling our self Danmark... why cant we have a cool unique name?.. like our capital directly translated. Buy-a-habor. (Køb-en-havn).",
"In finnish, Germany is called Saksa, Russia is Venäjä, Sweden is Ruotsi and Estonia is Viro. I've wondered where these have came from.",
"Here's a good one, Bangkok is actually \"Krung Thep\" in Thai but its full ceremonial name is: Krungthepmahanakhon Amonrattanakosin Mahintharayutthaya Mahadilokphop Noppharatratchathaniburirom Udomratchaniwetmahasathan Amonphimanawatansathit Sakkathattiyawitsanukamprasit, which translates to *City of angels, great city of immortals, magnificent city of the nine gems, seat of the king, city of royal palaces, home of gods incarnate, erected by Vishvakarman at Indra's behest*.",
"Here's my little theory on where the name \"Japan\" came from. It's totally just my guess.\n\nJapanese call their land Nipon. Southern Chinese from the Taishan or Kaiping area probably tried to approximate that name with the Chinese characters \"日本\". The Taishanese pronounced those characters as *ngit-pon*, which is pretty damn close to Nipon. And so Japan became known as \"日本\" in China. \n\nBut various Chinese dialects pronounce \"日本\" differently. In Taishanese \"ngit-pon\" was close enough to Nipon. But in Mandarin, it's pronounced \"Ri-Ben\". In Cantonese it's \"Yat-Pan\". Westerners probably took the Cantonese pronunciation, and turned it from Yat-Pan to Japan.\n\nThat is my totally unsubstantiated explanation. ",
"Coming from a boyfriend of a Japanese national and student of the language (can't answer for the German side of the question): \n\nThe word \"Japan\" comes from the mispronunciation the people across Asia have made from \"Nipon/Nippon\". \n\nAs Japan/Nipon was starting its own colony (obviously several thousand years ago), China recognized its name as Nipon and then the name gradually made its way westerly, through the Indian/Pakistani subcontinent, Persia and then to Europe etc etc. Whilst on the journey, the name changed between countries, so like, \"Nipon, Nippon, Jipon, Jippon, Jappan (and many others that could be mistaken\" to eventually get to Europe and English speaking countries as \"Japan\". This was due to people simply mistaking/mishearing the name of Nipon.",
"This is one of my prime arguments against the stupid trend of 100% american accent TV person suddenly referencing the country of Cheelay or Arhenteenah. (Yes I'm exaggerating)",
" Germany has lots of different names in other Countries :O [This Countryball comic](_URL_1_) shows some... \n\nAfaik most scandinavian countries call it \"Tysk\" or something similar, thats derived from \"Deutsch\".\nLatin-based languages call it Alemania because of the [Alemanni](_URL_0_)\n\"German\" was already explained, but where does \"niemcy/nemecko\" etc come from? as well as Finlands \"saksa\" ?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
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[],
[],
[],
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"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_Germany"
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[],
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[],
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"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanni",
"http://i.imgur.com/h3RSOhF.png"
]
] |
||
fw7s5b
|
why can starvation cause stomachs to become larger?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fw7s5b/eli5_why_can_starvation_cause_stomachs_to_become/
|
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"Short answer: the stomach (i.e., the organ that first collects and begins mechanically digesting food after ingestion) doesn't actually enlarge in starvation. It's actually the abdomen (belly) that swells up with fluid that leaks out from the blood vessels due to a lack of protein in some states of serious malnutrition.\n\nLong answer: if you're referring to the swollen bellies (abdomens) of malnourished individuals, this abdominal swelling is related to a condition called kwashiorkor (or protein malnutrition), which is seen mainly in patients who experience starvation to a severe degree.\n\nThe reason that this occurs is related to how our circulatory systems handle leakage of fluid at the tissue level. Blood in the body travels from the heart to the arteries to the capillaries (where tissue gas and nutrient delivery occurs), then to the veins and then back to the heart. When blood travels through the capillaries, some of the fluid component of the blood (plasma) leaks out into the tissues. Normally, the amount of fluid that leaks out is regulated by (1) how much fluid pressure is present inside the capillaries and (2) how much protein is in the blood. Greater fluid pressure within the capillaries causes more fluid to be \"pushed\" out into the tissues, while more protein in the blood \"pulls\" fluid back in. When there's not enough protein in the blood (in this case, because not enough protein-rich food has been consumed), more fluid will leak out, eventually building up in areas where if can't be absorbed back into the body rapidly enough—such as the belly. This gives the striking appearance of a swollen belly (also called ascites).\n\nMeanwhile, the body has a very delicate system of vessels called lymphatics that also help sponge up extra fluid from the tissues. The lymphatics are likely also failing to do their jobs properly in patients with severe protein malnutrition, though the mechanism behind this is less clear.\n\nOf note, isolated protein malnutrition is actually rarer than total calorie malnutrition in areas of extreme food scarcity. Total calorie malnutrition (also called marasmus in medical terminology) more commonly results in an emaciated, bone-thin appearance rather than swelling. However, both types of malnutrition are dramatic and can have severe medical consequences."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2jggh0
|
why do anxiety sufferers feel so many physical symptoms? does anxiety cause them or are our bodies so sensitive we feel every physical sensations "normal people" don't?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2jggh0/eli5_why_do_anxiety_sufferers_feel_so_many/
|
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"Anxiety sufferer here. When I get my episodes I get light headed, I feel very faint, nauseous, trapped, cold sweats and tingling at the tips of my fingers. I think it's my body reacting to something that's not there, it goes into panic mode even when I'm having a great time, it's kind of ruined some portions of my life unfortunately. And it's a very hard thing to cure and get rid of. If you're getting anxiety frequently go see a doctor I'll tell you right now it makes my life very hard and depressing sometimes and I'm only 15 it gets worse with age. Believe me. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
33ln3d
|
with hundreds of thousands of people loving hunted meat like venison, elk, and buffalo, why are these meats for the most part not sold in major supermarkets? especially with venison considering its a really clean and healthier meat that is in high population.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/33ln3d/eli5_with_hundreds_of_thousands_of_people_loving/
|
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"I'm mostly a beef girl myself but I grew up in the Midwest where hunting is more popular, and in those areas, there are usually local shops/meat markets that sell things like that, but that's not really mass produced. \nI'm on mobile right now so I can't really do much research to back this up, but I'm fairly certain that it would take a lot more resources to raise deer for slaughter. Deer also have the tendency to get super violent if you accidentally startle them, so that's another risk. It would take a lot of land for a very small amount of product. \n",
"Here in Germany wild meat is raised in a sort of farming situation--they will bring herds in from the wild that the farm fed and helped to raise and slaughter them for venison and sausages and such. \nHere's something I found using google that might or might not be of interest to you:\n_URL_0_\n\n\"1. Germany is the largest consumer of venison importing about 20,000 MT per year at a wholesale price of 10-12 DM/kilo ($12.20 to $14.65 Cdn). Most comes from New Zealand in the form of frozen, de-boned cuts in portion control packaging.\"\n\nBut some of it is raised here as I have been to a farm that did. I guess it's just a cultural thing--a \"what kind of meat does your culture prefer\" kind of thing. ",
"Elk and Buffalo are available in supermarkets in California. They are not hunted; they're raised on game ranches. ",
"Because on a mass scale you would destroy the ecosystem of said animals. Humans pick cows/chicken for mass consumption because they both off by-products that offer more financial gain (eggs/milk).\n\nDeer are also very susceptible to health issues.",
"[Meat sold in store is highly regulated](_URL_0_). The regulations aren't perfect, but it is absolutely necessary to prevent mass food poisoning. These regulations don't ban selling game, but they make it difficult. There is also a higher risk of lawsuits, because there is actually a higher risk of food poisoning. Farmed meat is slaughtered in a very specific way to avoid contaminating the meat with material from inside the digestive system, and it is refrigerated within minutes of the animal's death. Plus the animal has to be free from obvious signs of disease before slaughter. Wild animals are killed in a more messy way, usually field dressed in a forest to avoid dragging heavy guts out, then the meat isn't fully chilled until it is transported to a different location for full butchering.\n\nOf course hunters handle all of these problems routinely, and the quality of the meat is worth the risk. But do you trust a hunter you've never met to handle food safety without a USDA inspector watching over his shoulder?",
"Most meats we eat are from animals that are decently docile and easy to domesticate. Deer and buffalo are harder to keep lots of",
"Cows just walk around and can't run very far. Deer and elk can. Cows produce more meat also. So it's just easier. ",
"There are multiple good reasons that commercial hunting is illegal.\n\nOne of them is to keep wildlife populations from being decimated by people with devices like the [punt gun](_URL_0_)",
"Hey, I just wanted to point out that our local food banks except venison!!! If you fill your tags but it's too much meat for one family to consume in the year, you can donate it. I think this is such an awesome idea.",
"I run a pub that offers an Exotic Burger. Today is venison, but we also do Elk, Bison, Camel, Kangaroo, Llama and a few others. The meat's about 2-3 times more expensive than beef, so that may have something to do with the lack of mainstream popularity. But is that a problem on the supply side or the demand side? I dunno.\n\nFor a while, ostrich farming was a fairly popular business, but most farms have shut down. I presume there's just not enough people like you interested in eating wacky stuff often.",
"Its actually illegal in most states to sell meat from wild native game species. So called profit hunting was outlawed long long long ago. The few places that do sell venison etc sell non native species of deer.. Mule deer vs white tail etc. ",
"Country not specified, again.\nI can buy (in autumn season) deer, horse, boar meat in a usual supermarket next to my door. For reference, that's in Zug, Switzerland.\nMy friends were buying venison on Saturday markets, that's in Haarlem, Netherlands.",
"To sell it in stores you need a way to farm it, which means a farm of deer/elk/whatever.\n\nThat's incredibly harder to manage than pigs cows or poultry. On top of being harder to implement, most of these animals are only tasty because of their diet and activity, which isn't feasible for a farm.",
"Tesco in the UK sells all of this stuff at the butcher counter",
"They are sold where I live, from farms that specialize in game meat. \n\nEdit: upstate NY, hannaford supermarket",
"It could have something to do with simple math. While hundreds of thousands of people seem to like this type of meat, there are hundreds of millions of consumers out there. 10^5 / 10^8 = 10^-3. so basically, you're talking about distributing a perishable product that .1% of the population will enjoy, when those same facilities can be used to deliver products that a vastly larger percentage of the population will enjoy. If I were in the distributing meat business, I think I'd rather have the bigger chunk as my target customer base. That said, where these meats are locally available, they tend to be more common. I lived in the east for a long time, and other than my friends and coworkers that hunted, I never saw \"game\" meat. Living in the Denver, CO area, it's fairly common to see elk and bison meat in restaurants, and probably not too difficult to find in butcher shops. ",
"It also has to do with the history of conservation in North America. Part of the reason we don't sell hunted meat is because it would then incentivize hunting game for the profit of selling it. Because game is a limited resource and one shared by all citizens of the United States, incentivizing its sale goes against the practical side of conserving these species for personal use. \n\nThat said, this falls out in an interesting way. One, there are tons of deer across the central and eastern US where there once wasn't nearly as many with the loss of some predators and the availability of good food sources like corn crops or personal gardens. Additionally, you'll notice that the North American model does not apply to fisheries, which are a major component of some economies still, like in Alaska and parts of the Great Lakes. \n\nFor more info on the North American Model see this [info](_URL_0_) from the Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation.",
"I don't know where you live, but here in Germany (and at least where I live) I can get venison very easily in a supermarket.",
"Try controlling deer like you do cattle and let me know how your farm works ",
"Everyone is ignoring the obvious - deer & elk especially have grazed widely, which is not a condition you can repeat on a farm economically. Hence, it would be too expensive/impractical to set up a supply chain to mass produce and distribute venison & elk meat to major supermarkets on a national level. \n\nThey will remain either something you can get from specialty markets seasonally or in the South from your buddy running out of room in the chest freezer.....",
"wild game is not regulated and therefore illegal to sell at a store",
"Train by day Joe Rogan podcast by night..All day!",
"In effect a lot of it comes down to ease of domestication. Wild game like Bison and elk would need years of breeding programs to select out the DNA that leads these animals to want to be free of captivity. After that, there's production and disease resistance, parasite control, blah blah blah. Without properly domesticated animals, *farming* them is pretty difficult. Our big three meats, cow, chicken, and pig, are all from lines that have been domesticated over hundreds of generations to provide animals that are relatively easy to handle, and provide large amounts of meat per animal. \n\nHowever, none of the above matters, as the health benefits of wild game comes from their being on the move all the time. This makes their meat leaner, and thus less fatty thus \"more healthy.\" So, domesticating them would effectively eliminate most of the reason for seeking them out in the first place.",
"Cows, pigs, and chickens have already been domesticated. They tolerate people well.\n\nDeer do not. Deer would not thrive in the conditions we raise animals for slaughter in today. You'd need large areas of land from them to move through, and your returns would be minimal.\n\nThe deer that do exist in the wild (and there are tons of them in MI, where I'm from) are easy enough to down and eat, but it's illegal to sell the meat from them commercially. I'm sure it's frowned upon to even sell it to your neighbors. These are wild animals eating god knows what and accumulating god knows what diseases, then shot, skinned, gutted, cleaned, and butchered, by either a shop or good old Cletus. Hard to inspect and certify meat like that :)\n\nTo be clear, I'm an avid hunter and I love all meat, including venison. ",
"A lot of it is that people don't like the taste as much, game has a sharper and more distinctive flavor. However, I've met lots of people who claimed to not like the taste but love it if prepared properly. \n\nAnother reason is that such animals are more difficult to keep in confinement. They require more expensive fencing and don't do well at all in cramped environments. This is also why other options such as goat are not popular. Goats are a *much* more efficient form of red meat, but they die easily in feedlots. You'll notice all the popular types of meat (cow, pig, chicken, turkey) all survive reasonably well in factory farm situations which are easier for mass production. ",
"I once did the math for the german numbers...\n\nAll the hunted meat in germany would last for about 1 day, considering the amount of meat german population is eating overall...",
"Buffalo is my favorite kind of meat, and I'd take a buffalo burger over a regular burger any day of the week. \n\nMy local super market chain is United. They have different versions of their store, and their fancy/organic version sells Buffalo meat, but even then, it's still pretty pricey. \n\nSo instead, my dad and I went and shot a buffalo last summer. We're still eating some of the meat we took off of that big ol' guy. \n\nIt was totally worth it. ",
"Venison, elk, and buffalo are much harder to manage than cows chicken and pigs that have been domesticated for centuries. Why do we raise pigs enmasse and not say boar? Because pigs have been bred to do what they are told and boar will try to murder you all day long. Buffalo are just as unruly compared to regular cattle and way stronger. Some white tail deer can jump obstacles 15 feet in height. Good luck roping and branding those fuckers.",
"Many places in America have laws against selling wild game like elk, deer and bear. The reasoning is that it would cause people to kill all of the wild game for profit.",
"there is a lot of misinformation in this thread. \n\nI'm not going to have time to fully cite this, but long story short, it has almost everything to do with conservation and despite comments in this thread, predates things like FDA rules. it definitely has zilch to do with the health benefits of one meat versus another. \n\nAt some point in relatively recent history, here in the United States there was a very conscious, very deliberate decision to move away from market hunting (which is what you are describing). this decision was more or less ENTIRELY motivated by conservation. One highly emblematic example of this is the Migratory Bird Act: _URL_0_ Market hunting caused the extinction of the passenger pigeon, for example, and believe it or not, especially in the east, a large number of game species were hunted to very small populations. this includes deer and bears. \n\nagain, I don't have time for firm citations, but game management in the United States, very deliberately, departs from the management of our cousins (and I mean that in the sense that we share a history in terms of philosophy and legal structures) in Europe. Unlike Europe, property owners DO NOT OWN WILD GAME. Wild game is managed by state entities for members of the public.\n\nmarket hunting was (and is) considered counter to the overarching goal of managing wild game for the entire public. ",
" > According to evolutionary biologist Jared Diamond, animal species must meet six criteria in order to be considered for domestication\n\n > Flexible diet - food that is not utilized by humans (such as grass and forage) are less expensive to keep in captivity\n\n > Reasonably fast growth rate - Fast maturity rate compared to the human life span allows breeding intervention\n\n > Ability to be bred in captivity - Creatures that are reluctant to breed... do not produce useful offspring\n\n > Pleasant disposition – Large creatures that are aggressive toward humans are dangerous to keep in captivity.\n\n > Temperament – A creature with a nervous disposition is difficult to keep in captivity as it may attempt to flee whenever startled. \n\n > Modifiable social hierarchy – Social creatures whose herds... can be raised to recognize a human as the pack leader\n\n_URL_0_\n\nSo, to answer your question: deer, elk, and bison fail ~2-3 of those tests. That is why they weren't domesticated by ancient humans. That's also why almost all bison is inherently free range - because good luck penning a dozen of those.",
"My take on it is hundreds of thousands of people is not a major market. IMO hunted meat doesn't taste as good as domesticated meat.",
"game meat is healthy because it isn't raised on a farm, selectively bred to be the biggest animal it can be, or pumped full of hormones and medicine.\n\nfor it to be viable to mass produce venison, elk, moose, or any other \"game\" animal, you would have to add all of the shit in that makes beef less healthy than other meats.\n\nBison meat is growing in popularity, but it is quite a bit more expensive than beef, so it is going to be a slow road for it to take over beef. \n",
"Australian here. It is sold in supermarkets. In the game section with the rabbit, kangaroo, buffalo, emu, crocodile and wallaby.\n\n",
"Many reasons. The yields on wild game aren't as good compared to animals we domesticated and selectively bred to dress out nicely. Look at the farrowing rate of wild hogs versus domestic pigs. Also, regulation has a big part in it. You cannot sell wild game meat. The majority of venison comes from over seas if sold in stores. Deer farms here are largely canned hunt operations. The venison processed on the side is a sort of bumper crop. There is still a market for exotic meat though. But I don't think people will be willing to pay 3-10x the amount every time they sit down for meat loaf. My family ran a food truck that featured American Bison. Our supplier was direct. One county over we could see the animals being raised and butchered. They had to undergo the same testing and quality regulations as domestic cattle. Tagging and testing bison is much harder though. Nasty animals but very tasty. ",
"There are not nearly enough wild hunted animals to sustain our taste for flesh. With the amount of meat consumption, industrial farming is necessary, and it's not practical to farm elk or deer on the scale that we do with cows and chickens.",
"They sell all of these meats at our local farmers market. A place called \"Sprouts\" in the US has it all. ",
"In the 1920's there was a push to commercialize caribou, reindeer, and moose meat ( besides taste a herd of animals that live in colder environments are less susceptible to diseases). However the beef industry basically ran a smear campaign telling the public that they couldn't trust the meat from these \"wild animals\". One thing leads to another and there are regulations against selling commercially game meat such as moose. \n\nSource - My senior seminar course was Geography of Food, discussed this at length. ",
"Once upon a time back in the 1800s, game meat was sold in butcher shops. But the over hunting of game on the East Coast nearly led to the extinction of white tail deer. As a result, game wardens and hunting permits were developed which made it illegal to sell game meat. There's actually a really interesting book on the topic called The Hunter's Game. You should check it out as it goes into much more detail about the move from selling wild game to the responsible management of wild game species. ",
"We don't eat animals if they're adorable in any sort of way.",
"Venison is sold in supermarkets here, but then I'm not in USA",
"Just want to add that Reddit's userbase continues to surprise me with its wide diversity and wealth of knowledge. I literally learn somehing every day. /commentary \n\nCarry on",
"I can't speak to elk and buffalo, but I can provide some insight on deer. I have been an avid hunter since I was nine, and I am personally friends with the caretaker at a massive game-farm nearby. Deer are ranging animals that behave relatively independent of the \"herd.\" We use herd to refer to a population within a geographic area, but they do not behave as a single, cohesive group. I've also witnessed deer clear a 9' high-fence like it wasn't even there. Unless you put up a very high fence you wouldn't be able to raise these in pastures like cattle. Even if you did it would put undue stress on the deer, and their prone to being unhealthy/dying in high stress situations. The higher setup costs and lower meat yields also makes it an unattractive option. My friend helps run a \"genetics-harvesting program\" for their other ranch in Texas. In layman's terms he collects sperm from deer with superior genetics and it is then used to impregnate deer elsewhere. These deer are individually penned in a barn, they are only kept there for one season due to the stress it causes. We weren't allowed to have more than two people in view, otherwise the deer could panic and injure/kill themselves. At up to $15k a \"load\" I can understand his concern. Unless you put in serious work domesticating deer over a lot of generations, it's just not a scalable operation. Also, hunted deer are considered wild game and fall under different regulations regarding resale. I have been to shops that had venison available but it was always at a significant premium compared to beef/pork.",
"They do sell it in the grocery stores around here (Pittsburgh) but it usually special order, pretty expensive or both ",
"Couple things. \n\nA large group of whitetail deer has a good chance of getting chronic wasting disease. I'm sure other wild game has similar diseases\n\nPeople would over harvest and probably make all wild game extinct, if there was a market for it.\n\nHumans are assholes\n",
"My local supermarket has ground elk and bison right next to the grassfed beef. (It's Harris Teeter, which is big in the southeast. Whole Foods has more.)",
"Venison is sold in most reasonably sized supermarkets in Scotland. Even Bambi burgers and sausages! ",
"For me, the point of hunting game is that I know exactly where it came from, and exactly what was done to it.",
"It's illegal in most states to sell hunted meat. This is a hobby, not a job. And wild populations wouldn't support an industry.\n\nThey do sell farm raised elk and bison.",
"A whole lot of typical reddit talking-out-of-my-ass ignorance and general dipshittedness here.\n\nThere are farms for all of these animals, they're profitable and aren't particularly hard to manage. The reddit fucktards who're claiming that farming these animals \"wouldn't work\" are typical mouth-breathers who don't know what the fuck they're talking about. Ignore these worthless sacks of shit and everything they have to say.\n\nThe one and only reason you can't find these meats in chain stores? Lack of demand. Venison, elk and buffalo, even if corn-fed, are much gamier than beef, which is very bland in comparison. Believe it or not, Americans prefer their meat to be very, very bland (beef and chicken), and most don't like non-bland meats. That's why you have a huge demand for meat with little taste - the aforementioned beef and chicken - and little demand for meat with taste, i.e., elk, venison, bison, duck, and so on. If there were a sizable demand for these meats, farmers would easily be able to provide for it.\n\nThis thread, however, is full of fucknuts who make ridiculous claims to the contrary, and in the process show that the closest they've ever been to a real working farm is Farmville on Facebook. One of the reasons I loathe this site 95% of the time is because dumbshits like these, who pretend to know something about a topic they're completely ignorant about, actually get upvotes from other morons who can't tell they're talking out of their asses.\n\nFucking reddit, the shit-hole of internet misinformation....",
"Cattle are far more easy to raise profitably than Traditional Wild Game. There are numerous Bison/Elk/Deer herds that do raise animals for commercial sale, but it comes with a whole host of it's own issues, including disease, laws regarding the captivity of native wildlife, and the general lack of domestication.",
"You should seriously look up some info on the commercial meat industry and then tell me if you would like to see elk and buffalo go through the same thing that pigs ,chickens, and cows have to go through. ",
"Here is Australia, we eat kangaroo. Kangaroo are abundant, live wild and not farmed or ranched. They are shot humanely by professional shooters. \n\nThe meat is available in most supermarkets, as kangaroo fillet, steak and mince. Its extremely low in fat, and while a bit \"gamey\", tastes great. Kangaroos are perfectly suited to the Australian environment, there is no farming or ranching involved, so its very environmentally friendly. \n\nI'm guessing its only a few percent of the meat market in Australia (based on casual observation of the supermarket meat aisles), but easily and readily available in most stores.",
"Because then it would have to be factory farmed to keep up with demand, and wouldn't be wild game anymore.",
"You guys know that there are deer farms, and that you can buy venison from deer farms over the internet, right? You can buy a bunch of other \"exotic\" meats, too.",
"venison is so abundant in my area it literally covers the roads \n\nlike a big deer pancake ",
"lol! Have you ever tried to create food herds of deer and elk like they do cattle other farm animals? Not really that easy. \n\nAlso, people who eat that stuff generally likes to kill it first. \n\n\nI grew up with game meat and I would never do it again unless it's the only choice I had and we've been starving. Then I'll be more than happy to have another Bambi Burger. But ugh....no thank you. ",
"In australia we have wild animal meat starting to come into stock. Kangaroo has been around for a while and is delicious and healthy; we're just starting to see crocodile and camel come in too as well as emu and wild bore. ",
"Beef rancher, butcher and agriculture-history buff checking in\n\n1) taste\n2) productivity\n3) domesticability\n\nPeople, like all animals, need certain things to survive. Some of these things were relatively abundant in our ancestral environment (like water and oxygen). Some were less abundant (like calories). So we have evolved a taste to seek out the things that used to be rare. Calories (in particular pure sugars and fats), protein, and salts fall in that later category. Domesticated livestock have been bred to have a lot of fat (cattle, pigs) and protein (chickens) so we REALLY like the taste of them. Wild game has a lot of protein, but very little fat or salt. So we don't like the taste of them as much. Our bodies and taste buds are not geared towards 21st century dietary needs, they are geared towards the needs of hunter-gatherers 100,000 years ago. our preference = > corporations offerings\n\nDomesticated livestock are very productive. You can take grass (no nutritional value to humans) and turn it into beef (very nutritious to humans) with great efficiency. Buffalo are significantly less productive. Since, for the majority of history, edible calories have been scarce, the species with the best conversion ratios have been more valuable to us. So economics does it's whole invisible-hand thing and we end up with highly productive livestock as our main source of animal protein.\n\nA domesticated animal is worth a lot more than wild one. A few benefits: control over genetics, veterinary care, predictable economic output. Not all animals are domesticable. See 1) Jared Diamond's \"Guns, Germs and Steel\" and Stephen Budiansky's \"The covenant of the wild\" for more on this.\n\n < /education > \n\n\n",
"They sell deer steaks at my local giant, its $27.00 a pound. I say f that. It cost about a dollar for a bullet."
]
}
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[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://www.deerfarmer.org/index.php/component/content/article?id=191:analysis-of-venison-markets"
],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.brokenarrowranch.com/Articles/WildGameMeatInspection.htm"
],
[],
[],
[
"https://youtu.be/n7FeeamC4qk?t=13s"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.rmef.org/Conservation/HuntingIsConservation/NorthAmericanWildlifeConservationModel.aspx"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migratory_Bird_Treaty_Act_of_1918"
],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication#Animals"
],
[],
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||
wjq62
|
virtue ethics
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/wjq62/elif_virtue_ethics/
|
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"Essentially the point is this: In each of us there exists the idea of a virtuous character. Or, our idea of the model citizen. This person is characterized by his/her exemplary dedication to virtuous behavior. The exact traits that define such a character are obviously seen as different from person to person, but the general idea is relatively the same in all people. For instance, basically everyone thinks that things like volunteering at a soup kitchen or helping an old lady across the street are examples being a good person.\n\nNow, according to virtue ethics, the grounds on which we base our behavior should be rooted in this \"virtuous character.\" In other words, when presented with an ethical quandary we should ask ourselves, \"What would the model human being do in this situation?\" Whatever the answer to that is, should be our reaction. It's kinda like those WWJD bracelets, assuming you think of Jesus as THE virtuous character.\n\nIn a really watered down sense, virtue ethics tells us that we should follow our gut. I think it holds a great deal of truth, but it's also problematic because the notion of a model citizen is so relative. For instance, a Nazi would have a much different idea of what constitutes a virtuous character than I would.\n\nHope this helps!",
"Virtue ethics is a broad term, but I'll try my best for a five year old.\n\nIn moral philosophy, which is basically people telling you what you should do in general, the three biggest schools of thought are consequentialism, deontology, and virtue ethics. Consequentialism says that we determine what to do based on what might happen as a result of our actions. For example, let's say your friend was drowning in the pool. Consequentialism would tell you to save him as all human lives are valuable.\n\nDeontology is completely different. Instead of following what might happen, deontology tells you to follow rules, in particular, the Golden Rule you just learned about in school (since you're five). Don't remember it? Do onto others as you would do to yourrself or something like that. However, this doesn't mean you have to save your friend from drowning. Deontology just says that it would be good to save your friend, but not that you absolutely have to. This is because you don't break a rule by choosing not to do something; you only break rules if you do certain, bad things like lying or killing people. (Note: Yes, I know deontology can generate positive obligations, but that's considered high brow stuff even in the philosophy world.)\n\nVirtue ethics then is the last one. Virtue ethics rejects universal rules like in deontology and looking to what may happen as in consequentialism. Virtue ethics instead says that we should do things in line with our character as human beings. That means that everyone has different things to do as everyone is different, but we all have some things to do in common as we are all human beings. This is one of the problems of virtue ethics: what about us tells us what to do, anyways? Some virtue ethicists say that we have to save your friend from drowning under virtue ethics because helping people is either part of the human character or we should help your friend because it say good things about your personal character.\n\nThis isn't really a question for ELI5 but I tried.",
"The previous two posts are accurate, but not posted in a ELIF mannor. Here's my attempt:\n\nVirtue ethics is where all your moral decisions, good or bad, are based on what your chosen rolemodel is. That rolemodel is who you wish to be; in the case of a five year old, let's pick Batman. Every time you need to make a decision, the first thing you do is ask, \"Hey what would Batman do right now?\" This old lady just asked me to help her cross the street, should I do that? Hell yeah, Batman would jump all over that!\n\nBy doing this, you try and bring yourself up to Batman's level, a place where in your mind where you think you should be. Over time, you slowly transform into Batman, at least psychologically. Whether that's a good idea (or even a healthy one) or not, is up to you to decide. The problem with this, is if someone honestly thinks picking a bad rolemodel is a good idea, such as the Joker. That guy has a lot of fun and a cute girlfriend, he's a winner right?",
"You're friend steals your candy bar. While your first thought might be to slap him in the face and take it back, you think about what is most important all in all. Do you really want to hit him? Is this going to make you more likely to hit the next little boy that steals from you? Is it more likely to make you a person that hits people even when they don't do bad things? \n\nVirtue ethics looks at how you're actions turn you into a good or bad grownup. Bad habits now as a 5 yr old will make you into a meanie as you become a big kid. Even the smallest of actions, like your reaction to your stolen candy bar, change who you are becoming."
]
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|
[] |
[] |
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[],
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||
cdqxzb
|
how do humans get "vibes?"
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cdqxzb/eli5_how_do_humans_get_vibes/
|
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"It’s just kind of like a tingly feeling in your body it’s really hard to explain, but let’s say you go to a haunted house and you can get some creepy vibes just because the setting and of the scene etc",
"In some cases the vibe is justified, it's based on real sensory input and your subconscious mind reaching a conclusion about a given situation without your conscious mind being fully aware of how. We would also call this \"instinct\", and it happens because, evolutionarily speaking, our ancestors that didn't develop this natural sense failed to recognise danger sooner or didn't form cohesive tribes. That doesn't necessarily mean this instinct is always correct, but in general false positives have fewer consequences than false negatives. I.e. it's better to run from the rustling bushes just in case it's a hungry tiger, even if it ultimately turns out to just be the wind.\n\nIn other cases the \"vibe\" is unjustified, we just get good or bad feelings about things that aren't based on any rational conscious or subconscious reasoning.",
"* Human brains have evolved to keep us alive by constantly being aware of threats to our safety.\n* This happens on the lower, more instinctual level of our brain, sometimes called the conscious. \n* You brain is constantly evaluating the world around it looking for patterns that fit events that have happened in the past and then reacting based on those patterns.\n* So the \"vibes\" you get are really just your sub-conscious saying \"hey I think I've seen this situation before and I remember that being cautious was the right move.\n* Conversely it could be your brain saying \"I've never seen this situation before, I should be careful\".\n* Unfortunately your brain gets this wrong a lot since it's evolved to keep us alive, and the kinds of things that used to kill us aren't huge issues anymore for the average human."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
3yfb1h
|
china's dire gender imbalance.
|
According to [Wikipedia](_URL_0_) China's male to female ratio is 1.12, now I know China has a lot of people and all but this doesn't seem at all dire to me, how is this a serious problem and what sort of implications can it have?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3yfb1h/eli5_chinas_dire_gender_imbalance/
|
{
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"text": [
"For decades China had a one child per family policy in order to try and slow a population boom, too many people, to few jobs, social services etc. \n\nDue to cultural beliefs, male babies were preferred over female ones, so many females were aborted or killed so as not to violate the one child per family rule. This allowed the family to have another go at having a boy. \n\nFast forward to now, where there is a large gender imbalance due to the one child policy in many provinces of China, all the boys that were born in this period have no suitable mates of their own age because most of them were killed or aborted. This has risen to wide spread strife amongst men in their early 20's and 30's who can not find women to date, let alone marry and have a family of their own. This also means there are less young people to care for an aging population. "
]
}
|
[] |
[
"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_sex_ratio"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
7ahzwl
|
how is banksy's identity still anonymous if there are public statements made by him, the location of his house is known, and parties are held to unveil his new works?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7ahzwl/eli5_how_is_banksys_identity_still_anonymous_if/
|
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"His inner circle is very tight knit. Everybody who deals with him directly has an interest in maintaining his anonymity. For those who interact with him professionally, this anonymity is a still significant contributor to the value of his work. For those who are his friends and family, protecting his anonymity is about respecting his desire to live and work this way. \n\nThere are photos of him out there, but this tight knit inner circle is effective because there is never a verifiable confirmation by anybody who knows him personally to say \"yes - that's him\". So the photos and \"Is This The Real Banksy???\" headlines are just left hanging out there.\n\nStatements can be released through spokespeople. Works done in public spaces might be created by Banksy, but put up by other people. Anyone brought in from outside to be involved in a work will only deal with Banksy's crew, not Banksy himself.",
"I watched a show about it not that long ago and Banksy, is not one person. It's a group of people, like a secret club. By being more than one person, it makes it impossible to track them or hunt them down. A lot of people really think it's one person, but it's not. It's a group of artists.",
"Banksy's identity has been known for a long time. Google it. Though a) it's no one you've otherwise heard of and b) he and his people will never confirm it.\n\nUltimately it's irrelevant. I could tell you his name is Bob Sampson a 48 year old builder from Frome. Because you've no idea who Bob Sampson is, that information barely registers to you. Doesn't matter. Only if I told you it was Gary Barlow from Take That would it pique your interest. \n\nThing is, everyone prefers not knowing. His identity already Is Banksy. Outing him fully, with confirmation, would just mean Banksy stops making work.",
"Isn't 3D of Massive Attack Banksy?",
"Banksy is a collective, though the principal member and funder is likely 3D from Massive Attack. Someone noticed that tour dates coincided with new Banksy pieces popping up in the same cities, either a day before or after the concert. This means that Banksy gets paid ever time [House MD](_URL_0_) airs anywhere in the world.",
"Goldie, the D & B guy said it was 3d from massive attack. he let it slip in some interview, I think he actually said 3d was the boss, but banksy is really a collective. their work appears (or used to) suspiciously close to where massive attack where touring...",
"I love the \"3D is Banksy\" discussion we are having in here because Massive Attack is fucking amazing and maybe it will turn some people on to them. ",
"I went to the opening of his movie “Exit through the gift shop” at Sundance years ago. While sitting in the theater waiting for it to start I pulled up a google image search of who Banksy is supposed to be on my phone. I looked up and saw the exact same guy sitting 4-5 rows in front of me. The guy left the theater about 15 minutes before the end of the film. After it finished, we all walked out of the theater to find a new Banksy rat painted on the side of the theater. So basically yeah, your google search will provide the actual identity of Banksy but without catching him in the act, he can always deny\n\nEdit: Not sure why so many people find this hard to believe. It’s not unheard of for a director to attend the premier of their movie at Sundance",
"[how I imagine my reaction will be when he does get revealed ](_URL_0_) ",
"i think the art and commentary describe him pretty well. I dont need a face or another name to know him. We all got to know him thru the years on streetcorners, dark alleys, and rooftops.",
"I'm of the opinion that Banksy is a team of people and Robert Del Naja of Massive Attack is one of them.",
"I've come close to Banksy's circle. There was a weird system where in order to receive something from him, we had to be told it wasn't from him. \n\nWhilst we weren't told this, there was a strong indication that Banksy started as one person and then more joined so I'd say it's a group. I wouldn't be surprised if Del Naja was involved. \n\nMany Banksy pieces (the 2D pieces on walls) are collages, created by using a laser cutter to make multiple templates built from the image made in Photoshop. Whoever figured out that technique and applied it to street art is the original Banksy. Then I suspect Del Naja or someone like him found Banksy and they had a political affinity, so his work was expanded and costs funded. \n\nBecause Banksy has committed multiple acts of vandalism, he is likely wanted in many countries for several petty crimes. So it's in everyone's interest that he remain free, hence the lack of confirmation of his identity by those that can prove it. \n\nEdit: typo",
"There was a tradition in Baltimore for an anonymous man to drink at Edgar Allen Poe's grave every year.\n\n_URL_0_\n\nFor what it is worth, graves sit ignored and unvisited 99% of the time. The media made the Poe Toaster story a thing. Investigating the story, I'm quite sure people have seen the Toaster (to prove it happens at all) and they know who it is.\n\nThey intentionally keep him anonymous because it makes the story more interesting.",
"Interesting article I read after visiting an exhibition: _URL_0_\n\n(Unfortunately it is German, tell me if I should sum up in English)",
"Is Banksy even a \"he\"?",
"Used to be a regional rep for a major fine art auction house. \n\nThe reason that the identity of Banksy isn't known is that Banksy is a contrived concept created by a network of art dealers. There doesn't have to actually be a specific person. Yes, someone makes the art (or a group of people), but attributing the work to a particular real-life human being is unnecessary. Pros for the art dealers include not having to pay 50% of the profit to the artist, and the dealers don't have to worry about the issues they've had with other people, like if an artist dies young or creates a PR problem that impedes the market for the product. (Eg: We squeezed works out of people like Jean-Michel Basquiat, but when the guy dies young, it just doesn't pay off like someone who could have produced 10x the amount of work.) Oh, and no...having limited amount of work isn't better in an enormous and hungry world art market. \n\nThe movie \"Exit Through the Gift Shop\" is an extension of this brand. The entire movie is contrived with lots of hints to tell you that \"this entire thing is contrived\"...hence the name \"BANKsy\" and the concept that the dealers are directing the buyers like cattle to a purchasing opportunity. The movie was nothing more than a huge advertisement for the brand.\n\nThis is what the high-end art business is about. We manufacture \"desire\" in a variety of different ways (even having art created) and manipulate the buyers to spend as much as possible. I'd be happy to talk more about how this happens, but here are a few resources:\n\nHere's a [great book](_URL_1_) that explains everything. \n\nHere's an [article](_URL_0_) about when the auction houses got caught price fixing. So laughable because it's what we do every day. It's the way the whole system is set up. We're just a little more savvy now.",
"I love how this thread is full of speculation and disagreements over who Banksy is. The real answer to OP's question is perhaps buried in the meaning behind all these comments.",
"My guess is that people well connected to the art scene know perfectly well who he is, but the \"anonymity' shtick kicks ass from a marketing standpoint, and people aren't going to burst the bubble. You don't talk about fight club.\n\nI had a geologist friend that had to do some work in Death Valley. He tells me that one of the first things he was told was basically \"You shall not solve the mystery of the sliding rocks\". "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://youtu.be/u7K72X4eo_s"
],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://media.giphy.com/media/U8dE78G2gB3Zm/giphy.gif"
],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poe_Toaster"
],
[
"http://m.art-magazin.de/szene/14302-rtkl-wissenschaftler-sind-banksy-auf-der-spur-banksy-enttarnt"
],
[],
[
"http://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/23/business/art-auction-houses-agree-to-pay-512-million-in-price-fixing-case.html",
"https://www.amazon.com/Million-Stuffed-Shark-Economics-Contemporary/dp/0230620590"
],
[],
[]
] |
||
3orotm
|
why is being the country with the most jailed people in the world an issue?
|
doesn't this talk about how criminals are actually punished? In third world countries 10% or less of the crimes are punished, so I guess this is a good thing?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3orotm/eli5_why_is_being_the_country_with_the_most/
|
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"Man North Korea is **really** good at punishing criminals...\n\nNo, when we have more people in jail than China, an authoritarian country with more than 4 times as many people as the US, something is deeply wrong. Prison is only one tool of criminal justice and it is a very costly one. Our over-reliance on it is not only a pretty big moral problem, but it is objectively an enormous policy failure. ",
"A statistic bereft of context is often useless if not worse than useless. You can have the most jailed people because you have the best cops or the worst society. The statistic itself isn't the problem. The problem is why that statistic is like it is. Many people feel we criminalize issues that shouldn't be criminal, and that our justice system is used vengefully instead of to rehabilitate, and that the societal and political way in which we handle criminality makes recidivism much higher than it needs to be (that is to say, doesn't reduce crime as effectively as it might). \n\nDo you have the most people in jail because you're best at catching crooks, or because you're best at making crooks, in other words. ",
"I would say it is best to look at countries more comparable than the US, for instance Western European countries. The National Audit Office (NAO) in the UK made a comparison between several western European countries plus New Zealand and Australia and the United States. \n\nIncarceration rates are still incredibly high, most European countries had 60-120 people per 100,000 people inprisoned, the United States 730.\n\nIt could be the severe punishments in the US (which Human Rights Watch warned for: _URL_1_) or the higher crime rates (homicide rate in the US is 4-5 times higher than in an average European country) (Check this Wikipedia article _URL_0_).\n\nAs a European, I would advise Americans to start to look at the causes of crime. This will not be an easy debate, since it would involve the gun laws, social problems and drugs policy. But remember, costs of prisons can better be spent on housing, education and health care.",
"Usually, the implication that goes with saying that the incarceration rate is too high is that either A) some of those people are unfairly imprisoned, or B) that it's not helping us as a society to keep them locked up.\n\nA common argument used to support point (A) is that a lot of people are serving sentences for non-violent drug offenses, or other things that they may consider to be benign.\n\nA common argument used to support point (B) is that the jails operate more as a department of punishments than a department of corrections. And putting aside any issue of whether this is fair or unfair for the inmates, the potential problem with that is that when they are released, they are no more well equipped (arguably even worse equipped) to function in society.\n\nAs an exercise, ask yourself what percentage of Americans deserve to be living behind bars. If your answer is ~1%, then the system is working more or less the way you would want it to be working. A lot of people feel like fewer than 1 in 100 people are bad enough that they need to be living behind bars, and that's part of what keeps this discussion in the spotlight. ",
"Imprisoning people effects society as a whole, not only in terms of the financial costs, but also to the family (separation of children and parents, partners) loss of income to the family (and tax revenue to the state), reduced earning potential upon release, etc. We should only imprison people when they are too high of a risk of harm to others, otherwise we are harming society more than we are helping it, imo.",
" > Why is being the country with the most jailed people in the world an issue?\n\nLargely, it's because lots of them are in jail for drugs, non-violent offense, or are wrongfully convicted. Many are also hit with harsh minimum sentences. The system also appears to be very biased against minorities and especially black men. \n\n > doesn't this talk about how criminals are actually punished?\n\nMaybe punishment isn't always the best solution. The prison system is expensive to taxpayers and might not be the best way to deal with a lot of these problems. There's a lot to suggest that instead, it makes things worse by breaking up families and removing male leaders from the community. Money might be better spent on programs to help struggling communities.\n\n > In third world countries 10% or less of the crimes are punished, so I guess this is a good thing?\n\nDo you really want to be benchmarking yourself against a you're defining as \"less developed\"? Doesn't having the most prisoners mean that you had the most people who committed crimes?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States#International_comparison",
"https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/05/06/us-nation-behind-bars"
],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
bwxal1
|
how does the human body know what kind of food you ate in order to secrete the right digestive enzymes like if you ate steak versus mashed potatoes?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bwxal1/eli5_how_does_the_human_body_know_what_kind_of/
|
{
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"There aren't a huge number of super specific enzymes required to process the food you eat, at least until it gets broken down to small enough molecules to cross from your small intestines into your blood stream. The types required are generic enough that you always have some ready to go, although you can ramp up production in response to a meal.\n\nThings get a lot more complex in the bloodstream and major organs, with all kinds of receptors measuring levels of different chemicals, but from the perspective of your digestive system, starting from your lips and ending as your small intestines transition to large intestines, your steak and mashed potatoes just look like certain percentages of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. You will break them down to simple sugars, fatty acids and amino acids respectively, allowing your body to absorb them and get the chance to do more complicated stuff with them"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
dcg9jn
|
why are the musical notes represented by letters in some places (c-d-e-f-g-a-b), but in others by their sound (do-re-mi-fa-sol-la-si-do) ?
|
I'm from Mexico and the way I learned the musical notes was by their sound, however some friends from other places learned the notes with letters.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dcg9jn/eli5_why_are_the_musical_notes_represented_by/
|
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"text": [
"Do-re-me and such are used to show a notes position in a scale, for example in a C major scale, C is do, D is re. A B C and so-on are the exact note names, corresponding to a specific pitch",
"They aren't (necessarily) the same thing. The do-re-mi (solfège) system does not (generally) fix \"do\" to a particular note - it's just a scale of set intervals (tones and semitones). You could start it at C, or D, or A, or G, or any note you choose. In other words, it depends on the key you're in. Solfège is useful to do things like sight reading, because if you've memorized the do-re-mi scale then you know what different intervals (e.g. thirds, fifths) sound like, which is enough to figure out what a piece of music sounds like from sheet music (if you also know the key).\n\nThe letter system, on the other hand, assigns names to particular frequencies of sound. Middle C, for instance, in standard tuning, is a frequency of 261.626 Hz. The C one octave above that is exactly double that frequency, and the C one octave below is exactly half, and so forth. It's still a system that is relative to a reference, because you have to pick one frequency that you align everything else to. The most common standard is to pick A4 (A above middle C) = 440 Hz. Other standards may put A4 at slightly different frequencies, but it's not like solfège where you can set 'do' to be literally any note and start the scale from there.\n\nNow there is something called \"fixed-do\" solfège which is used in a number of places (including Mexico), where they decide that do = C. In this case, the do-re-mi naming system is equivalent to the letter-based system, and it's just a matter of preference (you could equally refer to the notes by colors, for instance - it's arbitrary). Personally I would say it makes more sense to use separate naming schemes for relative and absolute scales, but there you have it.",
"I believe these two things are not the same actually. While C-D-E etc. are absolute note values (a certain pitch), the do-re-mi scale is relative to a base tone. So if you start a major scale from G, then do will be G, re will be A, mi will be B etc.\n\nSo one denotes fixed pitches, while the other denotes relative pitches to a base tone.",
"Typically, countries with a Romance language (like Mexico) use the \"Fixed Do\" system, in which each specific pitch has its own distinct solfege syllable (the note at 440 Hz is called La, for example). Countries with Germanic languages (including English) tend to use the letter names instead (440 Hz would be \"A\" instead of \"La\"). \n\nI'm from the US where we use letters to refer to specific pitches, but we also use a form of Solfege to teach people to sing. The most popular method is called \"Movable Do,\" which would probably drive you crazy if you listened to it. In Movable Do, the pitch names that you are so familiar with aren't assigned to the \"correct\" pitches; instead we call the first note of whatever scale is used \"Do,\" and assign the other pitches accordingly.\n\nIf you and I are both singing a piece written in C major (Do Mayor), we will be singing the same solfege syllables, but if the piece is in any\\* other key we will disagree. Your \"Do\" is what I call C, but my \"Do\" is determined by the context of the music. They say music is a universal language, but your solfege syllables actually do depend on your local language. \n\n\\*I'm leaving out some nuances (Do-based minor vs La-based minor, for one) but we'll get to those when you're six or seven. Thanks for the question!"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
2dezgy
|
how are scented stickers/markers made and how do people create the corresponding scents?
|
Also why can't they make things smell realistic like grape/strawberry? It always comes out smelling way too sweet and cough-medicine-y.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2dezgy/eli5_how_are_scented_stickersmarkers_made_and_how/
|
{
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"I can't answer all of your question, as I only have the hypothesis that the sticker paper or ink or the marker's ink is infused with the scent. A comprehensive explanation how scratch and sniff stickers work is given here: _URL_0_.\n\nHowever, when it comes to realistic scents, the point is the following: some fruit, like grapes, don't have that much of a scent. Just check it yourself on a bunch of grapes. Then compare it to the aroma of a good, ripe strawberry or a pineapple or even a cucumber. \n\nSo in the case of grapes, basically something had to be made up.\n\nIn case of other scents, which do exist in a distinctive, natural form, it is a question of extraction or synthesis, i. e. \"rebuilding\" these in a retort. Many scents can't be extracted from an item, so they have to be recreated in a lab.\nThe real scent of a fruit, a flower, a food item, consists of many components, not all of which can be synthesized. Of the ones that can be, many are quite expensive, thus kept for \"better\" uses, e. g. cosmetics or food flavouring. \nSo, in the end, only a couple of main components, the ones which can be produced cheaply and easily, are thrown together until they resemble something which roughly smells like a strawberry, an apple etc."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.ehow.com/about_6582192_were-scratch-sniff-stickers-created_.html"
]
] |
|
3bigh4
|
why are youtubers who statistically have a larger following never go mainstream?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3bigh4/eli5_why_are_youtubers_who_statistically_have_a/
|
{
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"text": [
"Because even a large following doesn't mean mainstream. Think of the average person....not someone on Reddit. Jennifer Aniston or Peyton Manning can show up on TV, and some average 40 year old woman in Iowa will know who they are....that's mainstream. Having a huge following among a specific community or group online does not make you widely known. ",
"First of all, how would we define \"mainstream\" on the internet? It's practically a collection of various \"tribes\" with no \"tribal house\" where we gather together and enjoy stuff at the same time.. So I'd say it's pretty hard to say what \"mainstream\" is. At best we can only measure what's mainstream in our own \"tribe\"... And I'd dare say there are lots of internet celebrities that are mainstream in their respective tribes. E.g., pewdiepie, Key & Peele, Perez Hilton, MKBHD, Kai/Digitalrev, etc.\n\nAs for your question:\n\n > they are still considered second class to the traditional celebrity/ not taken as seriously\n\nThey're basically big fish in a small pond. Yes, the internet **is** a small pond compared to where \"traditional celebrity\" are. Especially considering the fragmentation of the internet into smaller \"tribes\" as I mentioned earlier."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
67ml9d
|
where do banks keep their money? what stops them from just adding a 0 somewhere?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/67ml9d/eli5_where_do_banks_keep_their_money_what_stops/
|
{
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"text": [
"The Government or a Government Empowered Organization makes sure by Auditing the Bank. \nThey check through the records of how the money came and went and how interest was payed out to make sure nobody accidentally or intentionally messed up the numbers.",
"But clearly they don't have a bunch of physical money. If your account has 100k it's not like they have 100k sitting around. (X thousands of people's balances). It's all numbers on paper/computer (how did they keep track before computers?)",
"Before computers they used paper. After the telegraph was invented protocols were invented for \"wire transfer,\" which is still done but not by telegraph. Relics of those days include \"certified checks,\" which are often counterfeited in fraudulent schemes. They will be sent as part of a scheme to have the recipient send money back.\n\nDeposit of a counterfeit cashiers check will result in refusal to credit the money to an account. It was fraud.\n\nBasically everything was done on paper. Money was transferred by \"letters of credit.\" Auditors still compared the numbers to see that they matched. It was harder then.\n\nThere was a famous case where Jay Gould used receipts for box cars of commodities for collateral. He would send them on a circular route around Chicago. The receipts for the boxcars were used in a float scheme."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
259dwb
|
would you love longer in a humid environment without water or does humidity have no effect on the amount of water in our body?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/259dwb/eli5_would_you_love_longer_in_a_humid_environment/
|
{
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"text": [
"It does, but the effects are minimal.\n\nIn a humid environment, you tend to be sweating just as much or more than you would in an arid environment.\n\nBut humid environments generally have water somewhere that you can drink.",
"I'm pretty sure you would lose less water through breathing. However you would sweat more, given the same temperature, I think.",
"I know I love longer when it's humid."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
j3ic5
|
ram (random access memory)
|
How is data stored? How is it accessed? What are all the types and what is the difference between them?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/j3ic5/eli5_ram_random_access_memory/
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"From what I know.\nPretend that your computer is a work desk.\n\nYour **hard drive** would be like your drawers, where most of the files and documents are stored for the long run. However it'd be hard to write letters and reports in the drawer.\n\n\nYour **RAM** is like your desktop. You take stuff out of your drawer to edit them. But at the end of the day when you turn off the lights, you can't leave your papers on your desktop. You have to put them back into your drawer (saving), so any edits you have made will be kept securely in memory, and not blown off your desk. **ROM**, on the other hand, is like a reference book on your desk. You can read it, but (hopefully) won't write anything in it.\nThe bigger your desktop, the more files and stuff you can have on it without it getting messy and slow (more RAM space)\n\n\nYour **CPU** is you, the writer. It is the brain of the place, and how fast you think determines how fast your writing process goes. If you are fast, then nothing will be messy and confused, and writing is very fast. If you aren't, well...it takes forever to organize the papers on your RAM.\n",
"There are two main types of memory\n\nRAM or Random Access Memory or Memory that can change.\nROM or Read Only Memory or Memory that stays the same.\n\nRam is a series of transistor or electronic switches that are ether in the on or off position. The computer turns these On or Off switch into numbers. So if one switch is On that would be a 1. If there are two switches on and they were both on the number would be 3. It basically goes like this as each switch goes on it adds double the value to the number.\n\n1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128\nI I I I I I I I\n\n\nSo four would be represented by 00100000\nAnd 33 would be represented by 10000100\n\nEvery 8 switch is called a byte and there are 1024 bytes in a kilo bytes\n1024 kilobytes in a mega byte and 1024 mega bytes in a giga bytes.\n\nRam is accessed by giving every byte a number or address. So for example this letter X might that is being displayed might exist at the memory adress 0010002354364 of your computer. 32-bit system (XP and older computers) use 32 on and off switch to represent the address of all the memory in the computer. This is about 4 gigs of memory that can be addressed and this is why most computer are going 64 bit so they can access more.\n\nROM is memory that can't be changed. Examples would be a CD-ROM or a DVD-ROM. Both of these are made by a big metal stamp that make holes in the Disc. Their data can not be changed only read by a computer. Thus that is why alot of games and software is delivered on a Disc because people can not change it and viruses can't change the data.\n\nDoes that help."
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1cg8qp
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how is dividing scholarships by race, not racist?
|
Sorry if this sounds stupid but I honestly don't get it. What good does it do anyway?
When I ask this in school, everyone avoids the subject.
But I'm mixed, then what? Just apply for everything? I feel like that's wrong. What happens when the majority of the world is mixed with everything?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1cg8qp/eli5how_is_dividing_scholarships_by_race_not/
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"Because statistically minorities have a much lower chance of getting any sort of scholarship. These scholarships and programs are, in theory, there to make sure that everyone has an equal opportunity at getting them. ",
"It's called [Affirmative Action](_URL_0_). (I'd always known it as \"positive discrimination\", which I feel is a much more descriptive phrase. But according to Wikipedia, that phrase is only used in the UK.)\n\nIt is legal, so long as it is designed to reduce or eliminate some kind of systematic discrimination, and so long as it doesn't afford opportunities to one group of people that are not available to another group.",
"*Racism*, like *sexism*, is a term used confusingly to refer to two related but importantly different subjects. The casual usage refers to any incidental act of discrimination. The second, more political usage refers to *systems* of discrimination that form when prejudice is backed up by (social, cultural, political -- which are all differents ides of the same triangular coin) power.\n\nThe second is what we're primarily concerned with. There are always going to be individual arseholes discriminating against this or that, we can't expend our effort on policing every rude interaction. What we care about are oppressive institutions and elements of our culture that are generated an reinforced by our collective social power.\n\nSo, for example, if your conspiracy-theorist neighbour thinks that white men are injecting HIV into the world's chicken nuggets, that's a singular instance of discrimination. If popular culture reinforces the idea that black men are inherently violent and stupid, then that's oppressive racism. Your neighbour's a dick but he's not using his social power to reinforce real and serious problems. He's not going to affect anything.\n\nWe care about individual instances more when they reinforce existing social problems because everything -- our thinking, our practice, our policy -- ultimately derives from our culture. One of the main methods to solve social problems is to change the culture by restricting and chipping away at the negative reinforcements. \n\nThis is why 'nigger' and 'cracker' are not considered the same.\n\nThis is something that confuses many people, who initially look at actions as discrete instances and not in a broader social context, or who don't hold that culture has a profound real-world effect.\n\nIn your example of scholarships, the individual instance is discrimination, but it's a narrow and temporary discrimination with the intent of eradicating racism as a broader permanent social institution. Certain races in certain countries are trapped in poverty loops; systems of exploitation based on race were imposed on them for centuries. Within the last 50 years, much of the legal barriers to their participation in larger society have been removed -- but does that suddenly make them no longer an underclass? We can use the example of black Americans, since I don't think many non-Australians are very familiar with the example of Aboriginal Australians. Black Americans were initially enslaved. After a few centuries, slavery was abolished, and the slaves turned loose... as illiterate, uneducated, unskilled workers, who were not given adequate education, power, or the rights to live and mix with those parts of society that had those things. So they remained an underclass living in their own neighbourhoods with little opportunity or infrastructure for the next century. Starting 50 years ago, the legal barriers to their participation in larger society were lifted. But did this suddenly make them no longer an underclass? Did the babies born that year grow up to be exactly equal to whites in every way? No, because none of us operate in vaccuums and none of us are born on fresh slates; our environment, our history, and others' engagement with us shapes how we live. Your family grew up under those racist institutions, so they are impoverished and living in a bad area, so you grow up with poor schooling. You don't have access to the resources that people with wealthier histories have, or the social opportunities that people not subject to negative cultural elements have. Your family, struggling, may require you to leave school early and take a job to help. Economic crises will hit you harder. It's just harder for you to live, to study, and to move in the world, because of your background. And if you *don't* move, then your children are born into the same situation... and it continues forever, because of the history and because of the culture. And because your race remains an underclass, with its own impoverished neighbourhoods and ghettos, social culture's negative attitudes will be reinforced by popular perception, making that another factor you have to try to escape.\n\nSo how do you fix this problem? Given that the situation was caused by direct negative power, would it be fair to solve it with direct positive power? Society can discriminate on the individual basis to reduce barriers for members of underclasses. This makes it more likely for them to have social mobility, more likely for them to break the cycle. The positive change in their life directly changes all of their descendants, and their families. It affects their communities, and the combination of these things affects social culture as negative stereotypes are broken and clear divisions are softened. It's an instance of discrimination in a single moment that helps to dissolve discrimination on a permanent basis. The end goal is for it to no longer be necessary; eventually it will be abolished. \n\nIt may help to compare it to clearer and more obvious examples. Starting in the 1950s and continuing through to the modern day, especially in areas like India, people have been opening schools specifically for adult women. Why haven't we seen more schools opening for Indian men? The answer should be obvious: the culture has long decreed that men are educated breadwinners who engage with society while women are simple parents and wives who engage with the home, and people are trying to change that. With a superficial glance it seems discriminatory, but it's actually an attempt to end discrimination.\n\nThings that can seem silly when analysed in a vaccuum can make perfect sense when you look closely at their context.",
"On a related note, the black scholarship fund in my city doesn't discriminate based on color. They awarded it to 4 or 5 students the year I received it and three of them were white. ",
"The idea is so everyone gets their fair share. People from minorities are presumed to be disadvantaged due to money, access, privilege etc so scholarships are trying to \"even the playing field\". Yeah it is still discriminating by race but it's done to right a wrong, so to speak.\n\nELI5 version: Imagine you're a kid with a little brother or sister. Because you're bigger you always take all the cookies and best toys for yourself, leaving only crumbs and the shit toys for them. Your mother finds out and says 'for the next week your little bro/sis gets everything, you get nothing, and then after that you both share everything evenly'. That's a very dumbed down way of thinking about minority scholarships.",
"I think discrimination would be a more correct term for your questions than racist. But here is your my answer to your question. First there are a lot of private scholarships that can be set up for certain individuals. Lets say a successful black business man wants to give back. He has a soft spot for young black males because they remind him of himself. He knows that society is a little hard on young black males than everyone else. He decides he wants to help those kids out so he donates to an organization that gives scholarship money to a black youth heading to college. I don't think that would be consider discrimination.\nOn the other side of the coin, let's say, 70% of the population is white. Statistically speaking 70% of the university population should be white but it is not, it is 90%. Somewhere along the line discrimination is happen, whether it is in purpose or accident, it is happening. So the college system both private and public setup programs to help fix this discrimination problem. The most likely cause of this discrimination is that our k-12 education system is gear toward main stream America. Kids of different cultures can be at a disadvantage because these cultural barriers can be hard to overcome, either to hard to understand or just discouraging so the student doesn't give 100%. Either way there is a strong argument that this is reverse discrimination to the main stream white culture. The real question is \"is it right or wrong\" and if it is wrong does someone have a better answer? Part of the problem is injustices have been committed against minorities in the US for so long it has out them at a disadvantage, has a moral society don't we have the duty to fix the wrong we created?\n\nEdit: spelling and grammar typed out fast on iPhone. ",
"I'm not a scholarship expert, so please correct me if I'm wrong, but I think a point that nobody has considered is that some scholarships are kind of like charitable donations awarded to applicable individuals. A scholarship can be founded by a person who simply wants to reward/help a certain group of people. I received some scholarships just because I was studying a particular major. The scholarship founders created the scholarships to help promote the success of people like me by providing some financial support. This same logic could be why a scholarship is available for a particular ethnic group, gender, etc.",
"Imagine you and your older brother both like cookies. Every Friday your mom puts a plate of cookies on the counter. You and your older brother both run to the kitchen when she calls you. Your brother runs straight for the plate but you have to grab a chair first because you are shorter and cannot easily reach the plate. \n\nBecause of this, most Fridays your brother eats the majority of the cookies. This isn't because he's naturally any better than you, you just have circumstances which make it statistically less likely for you to get to the cookies first. \n\nMom comes up with a way to help make sure you both get the same number of cookies. On Thursdays, mom bakes a special small batch of cookies just for you. Your brother is not allowed to eat any of these. Despite the fact that your brother is lucky to be taller than you and normally gets most of the Friday cookies, he doesn't like the fact that he can't eat the Thursday cookies as well. He complains to Mom that the Thursday cookies just for you are unfair. \n\nShe admits that her system isn't perfect and ideally she'd find a way to make sure you both share the Friday cookies equally. Because she can't think of a better way, the Thursday cookies will be fine for now. In time, when you are both older, there should hopefully be no need to make Thursday cookies...",
"Well, it still can be considered racist technically, however the reason for its existence today is because it's making up for all of the past discrimination endorsed or overlooked by our government. Also, it is to help break the cycle of poor minority groups. For the sake of this discussion, we'll call it affirmative action (AA).\n\nFor instance, state governments in the past didn't let blacks into the same public schools as whites, and before then, they didn't even let them into school at all. Without education, it's much harder to find a good job, which means you'll be poor. Your children are going to be poor, and even when you let blacks into the same public schools, it makes it hard to afford college. So basically, groups that were discriminated against by race still have a much harder time \"getting out of the ghetto\", so to speak. The parents die penniless, so the kids never get an inheritance. The parents can't afford to save up for a college fund when they're poor. AA was a progressive idea to help give those people the same \"leg-up\" that other college students from richer families got via trust-funds, inheritance, college funds etc.\n\nThere are valid arguments on both sides. The pro-AA crowd says basically what I said in the last paragraph. The anti-AA crowd says that it's unfair, and that today's taxpayer is paying for the \"sins of their fathers\", meaning that, at least at a government level, we haven't been oppressing minorities for about 50 years now, and many states stopped minority oppression from the government before even the civil war. The civil rights act had more to do with the culture of the deep south. The anti-AA crowd also considers it unfair, because it's taking money from everyone, and giving it disproportionately to one group on the basis of race, which can be considered racist.\n\nEither way, at this time it's more of a political football than a real issue. The amount of money involved is insignificant in the big picture, and the arguments are more about people's personal principles rather than reality.",
"Its not racist because rather than enforcing a system of oppression, programs that favor minority students work to overturn oppression. \n\nThink about it this way. An entire system, dating back to 1636 with the founding of Harvard College, was built and designed with only one potential student in mind, white males. Although times have changed, we had the 14th Amendment and the Civil Rights Movement, institutions don't change overnight just because the government passes laws. \n\nBecause of that, groups that support women and minorities have had to work not only to change the system but also to ensure that those changes are enforced. In the case of minority students, it is one thing to get colleges in America to accept them, but another part of this movement is to make sure they are graduating and succeeding. Statistics show that minority students face more challenges in going to college than white students, and scholarships are one part of the movement to close the gap between outcomes for white students and minority students. \n\nSo what good does it do? As I said before, an entire system was designed not for minority students, but for white male students. Today, this system manifests itself in many ways, but what it basically means is that white students enter college with the advantage of a system designed for them, which minority students don't have. One example of this is merit based scholarship aid. \n\nThis article shows that white students receive 76% of merit based scholarship and grant funding: _URL_1_\n\nIt also states that whites receive 65% of private scholarship aid. Comparatively, blacks receive 11% and Hispanics receive 8%. \n\nThis article from the New York Times compared the outcomes of low income and and middle and high income students with similar SAT scores. (I am citing it because of how closely income and race is intertwined in the U.S.) Some of these scholarships work to make minorities believe they can attend a top college. _URL_0_;\n\nThese statistics show that although we have moved forward in America, more work needs to be done (some people think we are actually moving backward when it comes to low income and minority students). Scholarships based on race are one way to try to aid the groups who do not receive the same amount of aid as white students. \n\nThere's a lot more I could get into and explain, but I'm trying to keep it simple. ",
"The college republicans at my university put together a white scholarship and everyone freaked out. I was working for the event (on campus job) to do audio/video. I think the kid that won donated the money or something. \n\nThat was fun!",
"It's okay when anybody that's not white does it.",
"of course it's racist",
"[This seems like a relevant link for this thread](_URL_0_)",
"Discrimination against whites is not considered racism in America.",
"Okay, sometimes the world isn't fair. \n\nYou know this because Jimmy stole your bouncy ball, and he didn't get in trouble but YOU got in trouble because you socked him a good one. Remember?\n\nSometimes the world isn't fair, and it's in your favor. Remember the time we found that $5 bill by the side of the road? That ice cream we bought was good, wasn't it? \n\nSo - the world isn't fair. A lot of folks, because they're stupid, think that brown skin means something different than white skin. Instead of meeting people and basing their reaction on the person, they think \"that's a brown person, that means they're bad or lazy or mean\"\n\nYeah, I know that's stupid. You're exactly right. \n\nBut so many people, for so long, have been treating brown people differently. Badly. \n\nSo, some grownups decided that we need to make the world a little unfair in their favor for a while, in a few ways that will help. \n\nSome other grown ups are angry, because \"it isn't fair\" \nWell, no... it isn't. \nBut it's an honest try at making things more fair for everyone, and it seems to be helping.",
"There was a good [NY Times article](_URL_0_) about how this works *against* Asian students.",
"[As President Lyndon Johnson said in 1965, \"You do not take a person who, for years, has been hobbled by chains and liberate him, bring him up to the starting line of a race and then say you are free to compete with all the others, and still just believe that you have been completely fair.](_URL_0_)\n\nI struggle with how I feel about the issue, it makes sense from both sides. I guess the best we can do is analyze how it has worked and I think it is undeniable that the varied minorities/races in America are now at a more equal level than in the past, with reasonable hope for continued improvement. Stick with what is working or stick to core beliefs? It is a hard question.",
"When conservatives favor whites over other races it's called racism. When liberals favor other races over whites it's called progressive. The reason why one is horrible and the other is honorable is...... LOOK! A squirrel!! ",
"It is racist.",
" > How is dividing scholarships by race not racist?\n\nIt is racist.",
"Any time special rights are taken or given to a specific group of people that is discrimination. I am against all forms of affirmative action including the Americans with Disabilities Act....\n\nLet the downvotes commence.",
"It's intentional racism designed to fix prior racism. It may or may not accomplish that goal, but that's what they were trying for.",
"Applying for everything isn't wrong. I'm completely white, and applied for a scholarship my senior year of high school that was supposed to be given to an African American female that played sports and had a good gpa. I was a perfect candidate for the scholarship, except for the whole being white issue. My principal, who was black, told me to apply anyway because the foundation rather give money to someone than no one and hardly anyone applied for this scholarship. I ended up being one of the people who received the scholarship. I was honest on my scholarship application and checked the box saying I was white. I know this doesn't explain why it isn't racist, but several other people in this thread did a good job of that already. Just wanted to encourage you to apply to any and all scholarships, it isn't wrong and you might get lucky. :)",
"They're not giving out the scholarships because they think certain races can't succeed without extra help because they're innately inferior. They're giving them out because other people's beliefs that they were inferior have put them at a disadvantage. ",
"I'm going to try to Explain Like You're 15 instead...\n\nSometimes it's easier to think about racism if we substitute another kind of privilege -- one that's a little more obvious. Let's set race aside and talk about *economic class* (I'll come back to race in a minute, I promise).\n\nIf you are born to a wealthy family, you'll have an easier time going to a good college. This is partly direct -- you have more money, you can afford higher tuition. And it's partly *indirect* -- chances are you'll have a series of advantages throughout your life that make it easier to get into a good school, such as more time with your parents, better access to knowledge, better education starting at preschool, access to 1:1 tutoring in subject you find challenging, etc.\n\nA person born to a poor family is not only going to have trouble paying tuition, but is also a lot less likely to have access to all that other stuff that helped the rich kid be prepared to get admitted to a good college.\n\nThe poor kid is \"underprivileged\" when it comes to education. That is, they were born to a circumstance that, in our society, makes it harder to get a good education. Colleges recognize that there are poor kids who are really smart, and so they put some effort into finding those poor kids and giving them some privilege -- usually in the form of money, but also in the form of access to resources -- to try to \"level the playing field\" a bit.\n\nThat kind of action taken by the college makes the poor kid's life a little bit easier. Not as easy as the rich kid's, still, but easier than it would be without the help. It's not classist of the college to give this help, because they're giving the help to someone who needs the help more, and nothing is being taken away from the people with more privilege.\n\nNow, in the US, replace \"rich\" with \"white\" and \"poor\" with \"black\".\n\nA kid born white is statistically more likely to have certain advantages in life. They're more likely to be in a higher economic class, they enjoy some freedom from having to be regularly confronted with their race, live in an area with better education, etc. While a kid born black is statistically more likely to be in a lower economic class, have less access to education, and be confronted with their race on a regular basis.\n\nIn other words, a black kid is significantly more likely to be \"underprivileged\" with regard to education. So some colleges, recognizing that these kids got dealt a bad hand, try to help out by handing black kids some privilege (in the form of money and access to resources) to try to \"level the playing field\". This isn't racist because the help is being given to people who need it more, and nothing is being taken away from the people with more privilege.\n\nNow, the *counter-point* to this is that when it comes to race, there are outliers. Being black means that, statistically speaking, you're more likely to be economically disadvantaged. But not *every* black kid has that challenge, and race isn't the only source of privilege in our society. This means that it can seem very unfair if you have racial privilege but are poor, because you see people who have more economic privilege than you getting economic help because they lack racial privilege.\n\nThe reality, of course, is that it's very hard -- maybe even *impossible* -- for a college to be *completely fair to every applicant*. They have to pick a lesser of many evils, and some class of people will always be treated less than equitably. Many colleges feel that the most positive impact they can make in terms of equalizing privilege is to try and equalize racial privilege. There's certainly debate to be had regarding whether that's the best choice.",
"It is called affirmative action, and yes it is racist. The idea is that since minorities are actively mistreated for being minorities, we are going to counter this by actively treating them better than the majority for being minorities. It is essentially racism in reverse, but it does have a place. Affirmative action can be a sort of peace-keeping system between two races, keeping the minority from angering or being angered at the majority by forcing the majority to be nicer to the minority. Of course, the better cure here would be to remove the whole concept of race and eliminate inequalities at birth. But that demands the elimination of so much of our social hierarchy that it is unlikely to ever happen. Lets just be glad we're only treating minorities slightly better than the majority, instead of having the minority run around murdering the majority the way majorities sometimes did to minorities.",
"Private money, they can give it to whoever they damn well please and attach whatever stipulations they want.",
"As a caucasian female from a middle class family with higher than average (though not \"outstanding) grades, I share in this pain.\nDrives me insane that I am not \"special\" or \"financially needy\" enough. \nIf these donors let people like me apply, they may realize I am worthy, and genuinely do need the money.",
"This topic drives me nuts.\n\nI was born in the 70's. Back then, they taught us individual equality. Basically, how to be colourblind.\n\nYou treat people with respect and treat them how you want yourself to be treated. That works well for me.\n\nIn the 80's, social values shifted from monoculturalism to multiculturalism, and white people were told to accept different cultures and to treat members of these different cultures with respect and tolerance.\n\nHowever, that way sucks because it removes a person's unique personal individuality, and forces people to see others by their skin colour, social or ethnic group.\n\nWith affirmative action, all it did was say 'here, this groups needs more of a break, becuase they've been mistreated in the past, so they need a leg up'.\n\nIt is racist. It's positive discrimination thrown against an entire group just because of their race or cultural background.\n\nGo on youtube, you'll find lots of black people who don't like affirmative action, because they don't want to feel any different than anyone else, except they're marginalized by PC attitudes which are based on positive discrimination.\n\nAA didn't do fuck all to help out black communities. It made them worse because it created an 'us vs them' attitude by forcing people to see others not as equal individuals, but as lesser individuals that need help.\n\nIvy League schools, where this shit came from, only bring in minorities to fill quotas. If you're Jewish or Asian, congratulations, you come from cultures that really don't need help and actually tip the scales in your favour.\n\nLatino or black, sucks to be you because you're poor, can't afford the tuition, and good luck getting a scholarship.\n\nAt some schools, you have like 40% Jewish compared to 4% black.\n\nStatistically, Jewish people only make up 2% of the population while black people make up 13% of the population. One contributing factor for that is there's a lot of Jewish administrators and they're more prone to accepting other students from their culture because of ethnic favouratism.\n\nAsians get the same treatment. They're so over represented in some schools that they're having to pull back on the amount of asian students they accept.\n\nIt's all bullshit, and really, the only thing it does is keep poor minorities culturally & financially segregated.\n\nNotice it's only black people and Latinos mostly living in the ghettos while Asians and Jewish people live in the suburbs and gated communities more often.\n\nIt's all one giant scam for political and social gain. The democrats, largely filled with the same ivy league assholes pretend to give a damn about black people but they don't. They use visible minorities as a way to pull voters from the Republicans.\n\nMovies like Django Unchained, uses positive racism. The Weinstein company, which made the movie, are huge Obama supporters. They also made a shitload of money off that movie and made people 'hate whitey' even more. \n\ntl;dr: Fuck political correctnmess."
]
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[],
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"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States"
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[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
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"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/17/education/scholarly-poor-often-overlook-better-colleges.html?hp&_r=1&",
"http://www.finaid.org/scholarships/20110902racescholarships.pdf"
],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://girljanitor.tumblr.com/post/42933025700/the-myth-that-minorities-get-more-scholarships"
],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/20/opinion/asians-too-smart-for-their-own-good.html?_r=0"
],
[
"http://www.civilrights.org/resources/civilrights101/affirmaction.html"
],
[],
[],
[],
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[],
[],
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|
37p08l
|
freeway traffic
|
ELI5: Freeway Traffic - There's not an accident, it's bumper to bumper, and yet at a certain point everyone just speeds the fuck up and it's gone... Then it's back... Yes, there are more cars. Why aren't they moving faster/more consistently?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/37p08l/eli5_freeway_traffic/
|
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"I get the feeling this is more of a rant then a genuine request for an explaination.\n\nIt's called a ghost or phantom traffic jam. Let's say everyone is driving 70 mph spaced about 1 car length apart. The car in front slows down 60 mph for whatever reason. \n\nThe car behind now is 1/2 car length away, and has to slow down to 50 mph to restore that 1 car length gap. Third car behind has to now slow to 45 mph, and it cascades back. \n\nThen the lead car speeds back up to 70 mph, and everyone speeds back up, but this rearward moving slow down continues for hours afterwards. Until a large enough gap between cars to absorb that phantom.\n\nOr they cleaned up whatever traffic obstruction, like a car accident, and by the time you get there, the original issue is gone.",
"compression waves, people see brake lights up ahead, they hit their brakes, people behind their brakes. and so on tavelling backwards for miles. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
znaf2
|
how do cartoon artists manage to draw their characters exactly the same way every time?
|
There's gotta be teams working at them, but how do they manage to draw the characters the same way as the guy next to them. Thousands of times.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/znaf2/eli5_how_do_cartoon_artists_manage_to_draw_their/
|
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"text": [
"practice, practice, practice, trade secrets, practice practice practice.",
"Cartoonists work from model sheets--collections of poses and facial expressions that they can copy, basically. They only have to \"really\" draw it once.",
"ELI12: It's because they interpolate and not extrapolate.\n\nThere's the character artist, who draws only the key frames. Like the beginning of a movement and the end of a movement (and often a frame or two in between). Then he hands it over to the animator, who only draws the frames between the key frames, this way they can minimize the mistakes.\n\nOf course these are incredibly experienced artists. They study the characters extensively before the whole process starts. Draws them in many different poses, study which characteristics makes the character distinctive, etc...",
"Most characters are also very simple. They start out with basic shapes. Patrick from SpongeBob is a rounded triangle, for example. Then they go back and add detail. \n\nEach animator will have a character sheet so they can see how the character looks and they will often have a few different poses, facial expressions or if only they change in a certain way (sometimes he has rounded teeth, sometimes they are sharp for example) they would also show these details.\n\nThen the main animator will draw key poses. The other animators will take these key poses and draw in-betweens, which are poses in-between the key poses.\n\nThey will also have something called an x-sheet, which is like a shot list for films. This will have notes about the timing, mouth positions if they are talking or anything else they might have to add while animating.",
"Another thing to note is that whenever a character is wearing something new that they don't often wear, there will likely be a new model sheet specifically for that outfit. Same thing goes for props, backgrounds, buildings, etc. ",
"I've always wondered about this! Thanks for posting.",
" > Cartoonists work from model sheets--collections of poses and facial expressions\n\nModel sheets use perspective and 3D space to measure out the 2D models \nproportions. \n\nThe term \"going off model\" means the artist is stretching the model beyond the proportions.\n\nOr the notes are taking the character away from the \"model sheet\"",
"Awhile ago somebody posted the *King of the Hill* character art handbook, and it provided some interesting insight into the process. Of course I don't have it :("
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
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[],
[],
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[]
] |
|
8nntfj
|
how will the upcoming tarrifs on steal and aluminum affect the average person, both american and foreign?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8nntfj/eli5_how_will_the_upcoming_tarrifs_on_steal_and/
|
{
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"dzwyekf"
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"text": [
"There's an exceedingly large amount of things that are made with steel and/or aluminum. Now that these are more expensive to bring into America, everyone in America has to pay more for these things.\n\nDouble whammy for cars. If you want to buy a car made outside of America, tariffs. That means expensive foreign cars.\n\nIf you want to buy a car made inside of America, tariffs on the steel and aluminum. That means expensive American cars."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1xhp01
|
how do competitors receive seemingly specific scores in judged sports such as figure skating?
|
I know the competitors are judged by many factors (style, accuracy, etc.), but how do final scores end up being something like "9.81" instead of something more general like "9.5"?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1xhp01/eli5_how_do_competitors_receive_seemingly/
|
{
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"text": [
"From watching gymnastics during the summer Olympics, what I learned is that the judges know the competitor's planned routines beforehand. Deviations from it, or mistakes, are docked a specific amount of points, and it is somehow scaled to the difficulty of the routine.",
"I think many sports start out with the perfect score of 10, and then deduct small points for any mistakes they see.\n\nFor ice skating for example maybe they landed there tripleaxel jump but only went around 2.8 times instead of the full 3( -0.05 points), or there spin was wobbly (-0.1), or they almost fell ( -0.2). Or they did fall (- 0.5).\n\nAnd routines normally start off with a maximum amount they can earn based on their pre-submitted routeins. So this girl is going to attempt all of the hardest moves and in difficult ways, perfect 10 is possible.\n\nHowever the next girl only does easy to land moves and so her max score only started out as 9.6"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
37ctc6
|
how do people travel without any money?
|
I always hear of people going "backpacking" across the world with out having any money how is this possible do you just panhandle the whole time or what?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/37ctc6/eli5_how_do_people_travel_without_any_money/
|
{
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"You never go without really any money. Most people that I know who did it have some money to them, but they still try to be as cheap as possible, planning the trip beforehand and staying with people who will let strangers sleep for the night, trying to get rides with people already going to a destination, or at the worst case, taking on an odd job here or there. ",
"They make money while they travel. Get jobs that pay for their stay. I've done it for a year , still spent over 10k. ",
"There are websites like wwoof, workaway or helpex where you work a couple hours for room and board. There is couchsurfing which is a community that lets each other sleep on their couches and do some cultural exchange. You can also travel for pretty cheap using hostels and slow transportation. Most of the backpackers you're most likely referring to do the latter and for that they need money. However it is a misconception that travelling is very expensive. It always depends on what your expectations are. ",
"You never go without any money but you can live of very little money. For example, I hitchike quit a lot, the last time from Germany to Russia, which puts my travelling costs at about $0. A lot of times you will meet people who provide you with shelter and share their food with you, simply because they are interested in you and your story, so at the end of the day you often don't spend more than $5 a day (especially in poorer countries). Couchsurfing, Woofing, helpex etc. also provide you with ressources to travel very cheap. At the moment I am working to save $10k and this will enable me to travel longer than a year all around the world. ",
"Most of what I had to say was already said. But one important thing: cut every touristic side of the trip. Most people think \"travel\" as a room service, tour guide and business class experience. \n\nIt's about getting rides, sleeping at hostels/shelters/church benches, making your own (budget) food and visiting the least expensive places. And we're talking about being on the verge of society, just like a homeless man or a monk would be. \n\nBut, honestly - nothing's really stopping you from exiting your room and asking for a ride/free food right now. It's difficult to get it and it requires certain skill, but most of the chains that bind us (at least the social ones) are imaginary.\n\nOtherwise, people grow their piggybank until they have enough to kick their careers and go out for a determined period of time.",
"From my experience and friends' experience in Europe, travel is dirt cheap if you know how to work the systems, and don't care about quality. Same thing for actually staying, stay in Youth Hostels and they are dirt cheap.\n You also end up meeting a ton of people, and networking with them, and mutually help people out. You can get flights fom the US to Europe for as low as $150 if you look hard!",
"Guy making these videos claims he traveled 3 months through Russia having $55 only. It was his second trip. Turn on subtitles: _URL_0_",
"Essentially they get a lot of help, and break a lot of rules.\n\nI met a guy going from San Diego, CA to anywhere else. He planned on moving to the rest of the US but after seeing how much better looking Oregon and Washington are, he decided to stay. Well, last I heard of him. He got a ride on am Amtrak train from Sacramento to Portland. Before that he was on freight trains (highly illegal). Sometimes he just lives on the streets. Other times he found shelters that various churches put on. Don't get me wrong, his story is really cool but he had, and has, a lot of help. ",
"I got temporary work visas for a few of the places I visited (Working holiday maker visas). So, I would come into a country with savings, and live cheaply... and if it was one of the places I was able to get permission to work, I would work for a while, then travel a bit, then work some more then travel a bit, then leave that country and travel through a few more then arrive in a country I was able to get work permission for and repeat.\n\nI saved up, I lived cheaply and I took jobs along the way. I never had generous benefactors help me. I never couch surfed or hitchhiked (which are ways some people keep the costs down) I personally didn't think the discomfort and potential risk was worth it for me.\n\nSo answers are:\n\n\n\n* Save up quite a lot of money, and live off that\n* Keep your costs down in what ever way your comfortable with\n* Find ways to work/make money along the way\n* Some people are supported by family members\n* Some people have family around the world who they are able to get free accommodation/transport/food from as they go.\n\nHow I personally kept my costs down - I stayed in youth hostels/backpackers, I traveled by bus between cities or train if that was cheap, once in the city I walked quite a lot or took cheap transport, I ate fairly cheaply. I spent money on going to museums and fun experiences though. In hostels sometimes they have discounted tickets for events/museums etc, or they sometimes put on little tours that you each only pay $5/10 for and they'll drive you around or whatever.\n\nI did some temping work in between, at offices or wherever would pay a good amount of money (1 week gig here, 2 weeks here, I once stopped travelling to work somewhere for about 2 months, because I was going to make good money) which I then traveled off for about 3.5 months in major (not-cheap) cities. \n\nI worked for cash at an event, selling merchandise, and made a lot of cash that way (paid by the hour and received a cut of what I sold... turns out I'm a pretty good salesperson when I'm motivated by coin).\n\nThere is also work you can do on farms or at buddhist centers for room and food. Or sometimes a room and a little cash stipend that you save up. So you can live for free, do little side trips on your days off there while saving up the little bit of money you're earning... and then move on to the next thing.\n\n",
"It really all boils down to whether you're gonna be a singin' hobo or a stabbin' hobo.\n\nSingin' hobos don't make much, but the townsfolk don't seem to mind 'em or make trouble.\n\nStabbin' hobos, OTOH, generally make more money, but run a much higher risk of going afoul of the law.",
"Couchsurfing and random oddjobs/part time jobs. I have two friends who have seen so much of the world with very little money. ",
"I've had lots of friends who have done this. They always have a little money. But there are lots of ways to get by that most people don't realize. The biggest factor is attitude, people who are okay to occasionally sleep outside, and are happy to party when then the opportunity arises. The single best way to get by cheaply is friends, People who are very good at making friends can always find a place to stay, and probably get some free food and transportation too. One big thing that helps with this is the ability to play an instrument. I've had a lot of friends who start the day busking in the evening outside a liquor store, get invited to a party, then they have the opportunity to meet which ever friend is convenient for them to stay with. The two best websites for helping with this are wwoofinternational and couchsurfing I don't normally use any of this, I don't play instruments, and I'm a bit of a loner, but I've traveled 2 years in the last 4, I don't spend a lot, about 40% of my expenditures are on travel, 35% on food, 25% on housing, nothing on anything materialistic or luxury.",
"Two friends and myself left from Alabama and lived in a car for a month while we traveled across the west coast, Washington down California and back over.\nWe're all musicians though; we learned a handful of covers and played a few originals acoustically near bars in downtown areas and at malls with no busking rules\nIf you have a talent you can perform on the street, then traveling the states is relatively easy if you pick a route with places you know you'll have a crowd and don't leave that place until you save up for a few days to go on. Of course this is if you're okay with living in a car and living on $5 hot-n-ready pizza and $1teas/water \n\nI find playing for money to have a lot less shame attached to it than panhandling ",
"My best friend Myke (yes he does spell it that way) was able to travel and live for next to nothing all around Europe. Here's how he did it:\n\n1. GET SOME INCOME When we landed he bought a cheap conga at a music store. He teamed up with a guitar playing friend he had met on a previous trip and traveled all over Germany, Scandinavia, Netherlands, Latvia, Poland etc... in a van with a bed in the back. Myke and his guitar friend would pull up to a community and busk until they raised enough money to pay for gas & food to the next place. Busking on the weekends would generally give them a ton more money than weekdays. \n\n2. PLAN FOR CHEAP PLACES TO STAY. When didn't want to sleep in the back of the van OR really needed a shower; they stayed at a youth hostel. It's SO cheap. Even in expensive cities like London you can find a decent hostel for under £20. They would also occasionally make friends with people who would invite them over for a party and let them crash on the couch. Also... Airbnb is sometimes worth it. \n\n3. CHEAP TRANSIT: Myke's friend eventually went back to his job & life in Germany. Myke now had to figure out how to get around Europe cheaply without breaking the bank. He sent me a message asking how to get to Newcastle, UK from Germany. I messaged him back the greatest solution to his transit needs. _URL_0_ His entire cost to come visit me in Newcastle was £18!! And that's a more expensive ticket. I personally went from Newcastle to London for £4. \n\n4. BOOK ONE WAY. Not everyone will agree with this, but if you are a \"go with the flow\" type person a round trip ticket might hamper your plans and cut back on spontaneous opportunities. Also, I found that when travelling by train in the UK I could usually pay less if bought one way seats that the train companies were trying to get rid of. This worked well for my friend Myke. After a stint in Africa, he came to Germany to meet up with his guitar busking friend. He had no idea where and when he might go back home to Canada. When he was ready to head back, Myke was able to find a discounted one way ticket from Dublin (the last city he wanted to visit) all the way back to Saskatoon. It was only £180. Which is insanely cheap! Booking one way gives you flexibility. \n\n5. GOOD ATTITUDE. My friend Myke is pretty much up for anything. He's not the guy that complains about sleeping on the couch. He's so easy going, and can make friends where every he goes. You can't be a complaining Nelly if you want to make it out there. Be as friendly as possible. Learn how to say all the local greetings. Try to your best as accommodating and learning other peoples cultures. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w0hurJKOTpU"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"www.megabus.co.uk"
]
] |
|
200xht
|
why do some people use their throat to roll their rs while others use their tongues.
|
And how a person is only physically able to do one or the other.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/200xht/eli5_why_do_some_people_use_their_throat_to_roll/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cfyrz5f"
],
"score": [
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"text": [
"They're different phonemes! Some languages have alveolar trills /r/, others have uvular trills /ʀ/. /ʀ/ is pretty restricted to Central European languages. I couldn't find any other languages in the world that use it. It's most common in Urban German and Western French, and shows up only in very formal speech in other languages spoken in the area. \n\nSo, to answer the question, some people use one or the other because it's part of the language that they're speaking. If a speaker grew up speaking a dialect that uses one, they may have trouble producing the other, and this is pretty natural: you pick up the phonemes that exist in your mother tongue, and any others sound strange and are hard to produce. For example, most English speakers have a hard time with /x/ (voiceless velar fricative) and /y/ (front high rounded vowel) which are common in German, /ʈ/ and /ɖ/ (retroflex alveolar consonants) which are common in Indian languages, and /ɬ/ (lateral fricative) which is common in Native American languages. There are tons more examples, just take a look at an IPA chart to see all of the interesting sounds that world languages produce. \n\n\nEdit: Sorry for the technobabble. I hope a glossary is suitable for Eli5?\n\nPhoneme: A mental representation of a speech sound. The sound you actually make is often somewhat different from what you think you're making, but Phonemes are what you hear and recognize has meaning. Every language has its own set of phonemes called a \"phonemic inventory\". marked with // (in case you're curious, [ ] marks sounds that are actually made, and < > marks symbols that are written to represent a sound)\n\nAlveolar: a sound that is produced with the tongue against the bony ridge behind your teeth, such as English \"d, t, n, s, z, and l\"\n\nUvular: a sound produced with the back of the tongue against the uvula. We don't have these in English, try to imagine /k/ or /g/, but further back. \n\nTrill: exactly what it sounds like: a sound that is produced by letting something flap in continuous airflow. \n\nThat should be enough to understand the main point, but I'll give you this too, for the examples in my second paragraph.\n\nVoiced / voiceless: whether your vocal cords are vibrating or not. The difference between /s/ and /z/, you can feel it by touching your throat while saying those sounds. \n\nVelar: another word for \"soft palate\". When a sound is produced with the back of the tongue on the soft palate, such as English /g/ and /k/\n\nFricitive: a sound made by partially closing the airflow, creating turbulence. Lots of examples, in English we have /v/, /f/, /s/, /z/, \"*th*ree\", \"*th*e\", \"sh\", and \"gara*ge*\". Sorry for not using IPA, I'm not at my computer, and I think this is more understandable anyway. \n\nAs for /y/, it's a vowel we don't have in English. We describe vowels by where the tongue is in the mouth, and whether the lips are rounded or not. We have the unrounded version of the same vowel in English. In IPA it's /i/, and it's pronounced like the vowel in \"beat\" and \"feet\". If you make that sound, and round your lips, you get /y/. It sounds weird to us, but it's super common in continental European languages. \n\nA retroflex consonant is just one where the tongue is bent back on itself. This is what makes Indian accents so iconic. \n\nAnd a lateral is basically an \"l\". If you make an \"l\" shape and instead of voicing it, you just blow air through your mouth, you get a lateral fricative, which is super common in North America. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
emzq7v
|
if urine is only expelling what was already inside your body, then how is it more toxic to consume as it was to be in your body in the first place?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/emzq7v/eli5_if_urine_is_only_expelling_what_was_already/
|
{
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"fdsfzkw",
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],
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3,
2
],
"text": [
"When it was in your body, it was stored in the bladder, where it was inert because it cannot be reabsorbed from there. \n\nWhen you drink it, it is absorbed from your gut and ends up in your bloodstream again. The “toxins” that you had previously expelled in order to keep your blood toxin levels low, will now contribute to higher blood toxin levels. \n\nDoing this once or twice is probably ok, but doing it over and over multiple times will lead to these toxins accumulating, and your blood becoming too salty, and the problems that entails.",
"There is a reason that the stuff is in the urine and not in our body, we do not need it and to high levels is bad for you, it can even kill you. It the stuff was needed it would not be in the urine.\n\nUrine is used to expelling stuff that should not be in our body we use the kidneys to clean our blood and remove stuff that should not be there. The stuff that is removed might be stuff that is absorbed from food and is bad for us like mercery, it can also be stuff that is produced when we metabolize food.\n\nHumans produce ammonia, urea, uric acid, and creatinine for metabolizing proteins. Proteins contain nitrogen those chemical are produced when we use proteins for energy and has to be removed som way. What we do is use the kidneys to get rid of it in the urine. So drinking it will result that par of it will be reabsorbed back into the blood and has to be expelled again.\n\nSo a small amount of those chemicals is not a problem as you produce them all the time but higher levels can kill you. So drinking urine is bad because you put stuff back in that is bad for you and you can get to dangerous levels.\n\nThe chemical might be excreted to the urine for hours so you never had a high level in the blood of it but when you drink it is can be absorbed a lot faster and result in higher levels. All the stuff that gets absorbed was put in the urine for a reason so it will to the kidneys once more and be back in the urine"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
8fcw7k
|
why is the use of steroids for personal bodybuilding illegal?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8fcw7k/eli5_why_is_the_use_of_steroids_for_personal/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dy2ggya"
],
"score": [
9
],
"text": [
"According to Wikipedia, it looks like steroids became illegal in the USA after a controversy with Ben Johnson\n\n_URL_0_. \n\nThis led to them becoming a schedule III drug, which means:\n\n* The drug or other substance has a potential for abuse less than the drugs or other substances in schedules I and II.\n\n\n* The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States.\n\n\n* Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence.\n\nSo it is illegal for everyone without a prescription, regardless if you are using it for personal use or for competition. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Johnson_(sprinter)#Olympic_win_and_subsequent_disqualification"
]
] |
||
2bzrid
|
- why do crystals form in the same geometric shapes?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2bzrid/eli5_why_do_crystals_form_in_the_same_geometric/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cjaiw52",
"cjameaw"
],
"score": [
2,
3
],
"text": [
"Not a scientist but I assume its to do with the shape of the molecules and how they fit together- kinda like how lego bricks can only attach in certain orderly ways.",
"The geometric shape of single crystals arises from the molecular level order that the atoms arrange themselves in: the crystal structure.\n\n_URL_0_\n\nThere are different classifications that have different geometries. Many common crystals are in the cubic system, so many exhibit similar shapes when the molten mineral slowly solidifies into one crystal, with a defined shape.\n\nCrystallography, mineralogy and materials science are all fascinating topics."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_structure"
]
] |
||
1zadqm
|
how are some neuronal receptors activated by molecules other than their recorded function?
|
e.g. how do things like LSD bind to more than one class of receptors? Does the LSD molecule literally dock into the protein of both 5-HT subtypes AND dopamine receptors, as well as adrenoreceptors?
It's interesting to me that the designated receptors show some kind of morphology that seems to fit a similar backbone, some of which prefer different limbs, so to speak, over others.
And, if the binding affinity is not great, and it's a partial agonist/antagonist, then how does that affect the events after the GPRC? Are they just weaker? Are they stronger?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1zadqm/eli5_how_are_some_neuronal_receptors_activated_by/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cfrwq67"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"These compounds are not evolved to bind only one class of receptor, they are by nature non-specific and have a shape that allows them (or even different parts of them) to bind to different receptors. When you look at the natural NTs that bind to these, you see there is a lot of similarity between dopamine, serotonin, epinephrine, etc. I think the more interesting thing is that proteins are able to distinguish between these at all.\n\nAnd a partial agonist doesn't change the action of the G-protein cascade. It's an on-off switch, so if it fires, it fires with the same strength. It just doesn't always fire, it has the ability to bind, displacing a full agonist, but not always fire the receptor"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2qrr0r
|
how do they determine the dollar value on _url_0_?
|
The numbers seem pretty specific
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2qrr0r/eli5_how_do_they_determine_the_dollar_value_on/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cn8x49k"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"They seem specific, but are most likely derived by the method known as \"rectal extraction,\" i.e., pulled out of their asses.\n\n\\*Source: I know a couple of people whose values are incredibly overstated on the site."
]
}
|
[
"celebritynetworth.com"
] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1ez46y
|
multivitamins
|
Specifically, what's the deal with daily values far beyond 100%? How much of that is actually absorbed by the body? Are there adverse effects to overdoing it on certain vitamins and/or minerals?
I tried Google, but came up with mostly Yahoo answers and subjective message boards.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ez46y/eli5_multivitamins/
|
{
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"ca573iy"
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5
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"text": [
"There's a lot of stuff going on in this question, here's an ELI5 attempt:\n\n1.) Absorption - this is complex unto itself but in short you have a few different factors at play. So even though you may be ingesting 1000% of the recommended intake of a vitamin or mineral you may not be absorbing anywhere near that.\n\n1-a) Saturation - Some vitamins and minerals just get passed once the body is saturated. Magnesium is a great example, once your body has enough it just passes through. \n\n1-b) Chelation - Another factor that influence absorption of minerals (pure elements like zinc, copper, iron, etc) are the chelations. Chelations basically make the mineral more digestible, going back to magnesium, magnesium comes in multiple chelations e.g. magnesium tartrate, magnesium threonate, and so on. Different chelations have different potentials to be absorbed. For example magnesium citrate may be less available for absorption than magnesium tartrate. \n\n1-c) Open Pathways - Some minerals compete with each other for absorption, for example I believe calcium and zinc get absorbed by the same pathways (think of them like doors) and as a result a dose of both can result in less absorption of either or both.\n\n1-d) Digestion - A multi-vitamin is really dense nutritionally and may not be fully unwound or digested. Think of this as trying to read an entire encyclopedia in one borrowing period from a library. You can help aid absorption by taking MVs with a meal to slow the emptying process.\n\n1-e) Solubility - Water soluble vitamins break down in water, fat soluble vitamins break down in fat. IIRC the fat soluble vitamins are A, D, E, and K (the remainder (B's and C) are water-soluble) if there is no fat present when you ingest the fat soluble vitamins they get passed through the digestive tract. It is VERY hard to over dose on water soluble vitamins, while over-dosing on fat soluble vitamins takes a while for the super saturation to accumulate.\n\n2.) Overdose risk - There are few factors here as well. But in short, if the pills killed people they wouldn't be sold.\n\n2-a) RDI vs RDA vs TUL \n\n2-a-1) The RDI (recommended daily intake) is set for substances that are necessary for health and typically set at a rather low level. These also tend to be applied to things you have to seek out as opposed to things that are easy to acquire. This level prevents diseases of deficiency but does not necessarily guarantee the benefits of saturation or potential benefits of super saturation. Most minerals and vitamins have RDIs.\n\n2-a-2) RDA (recommended daily allowance) is set for substances that are easier to acquire and need to be limited to prevent too much intake. Again these levels are typically set to avoid illness not necessarily optimize health. An example of something with an RDA is sodium, which easy to ingest in abundance and can be harmful if over consumed.\n\n2-a-3) TUL (tolerable upper limit) is basically an RDA for things that are a bit harder to ingest but can still be toxic in large doses. This is typically set at the level where the benefits of saturation or super saturation start to give way to the harm of \"toxicity\".\n\nFor a hypothetical example, a mineral may have an RDI of 10mg which avoids a disease associated with deficiency, a vitamin may provide 50mg (500% of daily value), recall that you don't actually absorb all 500%, but the TUL could be as high as 150mg. Remember, if MVs killed, nobody would buy them."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
evtbqu
|
how do people translate newly found languages or codes?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/evtbqu/eli5_how_do_people_translate_newly_found/
|
{
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"text": [
"One of the most famous examples is the Rosetta Stone which contained a language we did know plus two others we didn't but that had been studied for a long time. \n\nThere basically needs to be done frame of reference to accomplish this. Like you said one method is finding patterns. That's how the zodiac killer's code was deciphered when the newspapers published it.",
"Sometimes we can't, like the [Voynich manuscript](_URL_1_). Usually, based on other clues, we can compare unknown text to other languages of the era. Few writing styles are started from scratch, so there are usually reused ideas from other languages that we understand. Sometimes you find a [Rosetta Stone](_URL_0_ ), literally a sign with the same message written in three languages so that \"anyone\" could read it. Since we knew one of the languages, the stone helped us learn the other two.",
"It's actually not that simple, those ancient languages we have managed to translate have been based on luck.\n\nAncient Egyptian is only remotely understood because of the discovery of the Rosseta Stone and that was only because it had Egyptian text paired with ancient greek which was a better maintained script leading to greek being better understood. But even then they had to verify the transcriptions made contextual sense, it was assumed that the Egyptian text was a translation of the Greek at the bottom.\n\nUsually the universal way of doing it is to collect as much of the script as possible and hopefully determine patterns in the text. Even then you need contextual clues. \n\nSometimes an ancient language will have similarities to modern text, like with ancient Greek.",
"If they use a phonetic way of writing, you use patterns, context and similarties with known languages.\n\nLike if I found an unknown language in a tomb in turkey with a lot of Gold, and I can read something that look like \"basilgreu\", I may think: ok, this Word look like the greek Word \"basileos\" which means \"king\", the tomb is full of Gold and we are in an area close to where the greeks lived... So probably \"basilgreu\" means king.\n\nThen I use that info to look for patterns, like I notice that everytime basilgreu is followed by the world \"gar\". This doesn't Remember me of anything in another language, but it must have something to do with a king. So maybe it means \"great\". \n\nAnd I go on and go on with this process, correcting previously erroneus ideas (\"oh gar makes sense if it means 'the', not 'great'!) and adding stuff.\n\nIt's a very long and complex process.\n\nNow for languages that use a pictographic system... God luck. You either find a reference somewhere or you simply can't.",
"Whyy is this removed. It's such a good question?!"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta_Stone",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voynich_manuscript"
],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
dhbdoe
|
why will antibiotics eventually stop working even for those who have never had them or only had them once or twice as well as somebody who has taken them many times?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dhbdoe/eli5_why_will_antibiotics_eventually_stop_working/
|
{
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"text": [
"Because the bacteria evolve. They mutate and change their ccomponents\" to have resistance against antibiotics. And then someone who never used antibiotics gets infected by a resistant strain of bacteria and antibiotics won't work for them.",
"Because whenever we use antibiotics, we are weeding out the weak bacteria, removing competition for stronger, antibiotic-resistant bacteria to survive and thrive. That means that with time there will be far more antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which makes our antibiotics less effective. \n\nImagine you have a triangle bacteria and a square bacteria, and they both cause a disease. There might be 10,000 triangles and only 100 squares, but the antibiotics can only hit the triangles. Those squares will have more food and can grow their numbers up, and we don't have a drug to hit the squares.",
"I think you are getting slightly mixed up about what antibiotics do. They affect bacterial cells - either by preventing them from multiplying or by actually killing them. This lets you recover from the infection. But bacteria evolve quickly. If they are exposed to antibiotics they can become resistant to them. \n\nThe antibiotics don’t do anything to affect you or your body or your immunity (except maybe from giving you side effects like a dodgy tummy). Therefore whether you’ve had antibiotics once or hundreds of times doesn’t affect YOUR response to them the next time. If they don’t work next time it’s because the bacteria have become resistant. Not you. \n\nTl;dr it’s the bacteria that change if they get antibiotics, not the humans.",
"Antibiotics destroy bacteria in various ways, but a tiny fraction of them remain afterwards, because they have a mutation that resists those effects. Normally this is fine, your body's immune system handles them from there. But a few of them will be spread just like any other bacteria, to other people.\n\nFor you, you don't get sick again because your immune system is ready to sweep up the weakened bacteria. But other people's systems have not adapted to the bacteria. When they get the infection of those few remaining bacteria that came from you, their immune systems are just as vulnerable as yours was.\n\nBut this time when we give them antibiotics more of the bacteria possess the mutation that lets them survive. But still enough of them are vulnerable that its not a problem.\n\nAfter a few cycles of this though, the antibiotics stop working well at all. Because of how fast bacteria reproduce, Nearly all of them now resist the antibiotics. These bacteria aren't by themselves any more dangerous than the ones you had, but now you don't have any help in destroying them. Your immune system is overwhelmed and is not able to adapt properly, and you become just as sick as if you hadn't had antibiotics at all.\n\nThis spreads around and everyone else is similarly unable to adapt and everyone gets very sick.",
"Antibiotic resistance is not a quality of *people*, it's a quality of *bacteria*. Humans don't become resistant to antibiotics, the *bacteria* become resistant to the antibiotics.\n\nOver time, we're essentially killing off all the \"weak\" bacteria who can be killed by antibiotics, leaving only the \"tough\" bacteria who can survive exposure to antibiotics. Eventually the tough bacteria will be the only ones left. At that point, the only people getting sick anymore will be people infected by the tough bacteria. Antibiotics will be useless now, because they only work on weak bacteria, but all the sick people are infected by the tough bacteria, not the weak ones.\n\nIt's like, imagine if you were trying to kill all the rats in your house. You leave out rat poison for them to eat. Let's suppose 5% of rats are immune to rat poison. Your poisoning will kill off all 95% of the rats who *are* susceptible to poison, and leave only the immune 5% alive. That 5% will then breed and create more poison-resistant rats (assuming immunity to rat poison is a genetically-inherited trait). A few months later, you've got just as many rats as before. You leave out rat poison again, but now the poison doesn't work anymore, all the rats you have left are poison-resistant."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
5i2dq7
|
chinese folk religion
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5i2dq7/eli5_chinese_folk_religion/
|
{
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"db4vii9"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"From what I understand...\n\n > What kind of deities are worshipped?\n\nNot really deities in the Western religious sense, but the spirits of ancestors. They all form a sort of general spiritual corps.\n\n > Is magic or sorcery practiced at all?\n\nMagic or sorcery do not exist. :) There is a lot of folk medicine, a lot of it pretty legitimate - based on the medicinal effects of local plants that have been discovered and refined over the centuries, etc. But there is also lots of superstition, belief in omens and symbols as predicting or affecting the future, attracting or repelling benevolent or evil spirits, etc. For example, the number 4 is avoided (because the character is pronounced similar to the character for \"death\"), the number 8 is considered a symbol of good fortune for similar reasons, etc.\n\n > Are there anything akin to \"saints\"?\n\nThere are famous philosophers whose spirits are particularly worshipped and whose teachings are considered especially relevant. The most famous one being Lao Tzu. \n\n > Any guiding principles?\n\nAbsolutely. A lot of the books have been translated into English."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
8dvl50
|
why can we, as humans, see the moon so well, even though it's 239,000 miles away?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8dvl50/eli5_why_can_we_as_humans_see_the_moon_so_well/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dxqaxfp"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"The same reason you can see a sky scraper from a few miles away but can't see an ant from more than a few feet away\n\nThe moon is really really *really* big, and only really really far away. The bigger something is, the farther away you can see it; the smaller it is, the closer or more zoomed in you need to be(using a microscope or telescope)\n\nThe moon is about 100x its diameter away so it appears reasonably large. This is equivalent to look at a tennis ball from 6.8 meters away which you can also see quite well.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
8vpao9
|
how do they determine the demographic breakdown of an election (e.g. 50% of hispanic male voters over 45 voted for...) when ballots are secret?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8vpao9/eli5_how_do_they_determine_the_demographic/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e1p8q3b"
],
"score": [
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],
"text": [
"Exit polls are surveys taken of people after they have voted.\n\n_URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/12y4s3/if_voting_is_anonymous_how_can_we_tell_what/"
]
] |
||
2q6bz9
|
why are there no consequences for people like dick cheney who have admitted to authorizing torture?
|
These are war crimes are they not? Who could try them? Why are they not? Is this something along the lines of you only get punished if you lose the war?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2q6bz9/eli5why_are_there_no_consequences_for_people_like/
|
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"text": [
"Torture is a war crime. However, Cheney et. al. have defined what they did as \"Enhanced Interrogation Techniques.\" \n\nThe federal government could send them to trial and determine if they broke international law. However, Cheney and others still have massive influence in congress and the politicians that would press charges are friends and colleagues. \n\nThe UN or NATO might be able to bring charges in an international court, but that would likely sour relations with the USA, which could harm aid that we provide to other countries.\n\nBasically it all boils down to the idea that bringing them to court doesn't really solve anything. It might also be, and I wouldn't be surprised at all, that the current administration also conducted some of the same EIT and if Cheney and others went to trial that would come to light and current politicians would be just as culpable. \n\nTL;DR: There's a risk of losing more than there is to gain for anyone that presses charges against the politicians. You can't selectively try people either. If you go after the head of the CIA you have to go after Cheney, Bush, several politicians still in office, several CIA agents, the lawyers, the researchers that made up the routines, etc. \n\nEDIT: We might see them go to trial eventually. However, it's also a weird place for them to be. In defense, terrorists are kinda hated world-wide and are not considered \"soldiers of an enemy state\". They aren't part of a country that signed anti-torture laws and aren't treated with the same privileges a POW has. So, it might turn out it's okay to torture a terrorist since they aren't POW's. \n\nIt might also be that no one really cares that much. The news is blowing it up and a few politicians are waving it around to get attention, but in reality, most other countries probably don't care when they hear about terrorists attacking a school and slaughtering 130 kids and teachers - burning some alive - or when they hear about terrorists kidnapping 300 young girls from a school and selling them off all over Africa. The world's view is pretty dismal toward anyone labeled a terrorist so it might just be no one really cares enough to push for the cost and relationship damage of a trial. ",
"Lets look at who could possibly conduct the trial:\n\nThe US isn't going to do it, one they were exercising their authority to approve \"Enhanced Interrogation\" now Cheney knew what that meant realistically, but he is also damn smart, and so are the people around him. At the time the word torture was never used, so now he can say it all he wants and it wont really carry legal weight. \n\nAlso setting a precedent for later administrations to punish previous ones is VERY dangerous, and something that is fundamentally harmful to the calm transition of power. \n\nThe UN/ICJ: The ICJ only provides binding rulings in cases where all parties consent to it, the US has never done so. It also can fall to the Security Council to act, which the US has a Veto on. \n\nOther Countries: Technically the Geneva Conventions call for other signatory states to act to apprehend persons believed to be responsible for \"Grave Breaches\" of the treaty. However that means they have to be within that states power to grab, so in their territory.\n\nThe ICC: While the default court for War Crimes, and has actually done a lot of good with relatively even rulings and helped jump start the reconciliation process in the DRC and other places. \n\nHowever the US (and Russia) have never ratified the treaty, and when they cooperate with it, it is on an ad hoc basis, and they have no obligations to the organization. ",
"War crimes apply to conduct of war and against legal combatants. These individuals are generally illegal combatants, and thus don't have many of the protections afforded soldiers.\n\nYou probably mean \"Crimes Against Humanity\".\n\nAs for why they likely won't be pursued, who is going to tell the US to hand them over. Obama is not likely to let a former president be taken by a foreign power because it would destroy the Democratic Party politically, as well ass set a poor precident for how things happen regarding decisions that violate other nations' laws, like the raid that killed Bin Laden.\n\nInternational politics is really very primitive under the surface, and it really comes down to what you can get people to do by bribing or threatening them. No one has enough money to bribe the US government (foreign aid) or enough millitary might to credibly threaten us.",
"ELY5: Because, under the same situation most other countries would have taken the same path that we have with tactics, and this is more of an issue of the public image. Press conferences will be had with other leaders, then handshakes and back pats will be had behind the curtain."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
ei30hi
|
why do nearly all newscasters speak in a similar cadence?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ei30hi/eli5_why_do_nearly_all_newscasters_speak_in_a/
|
{
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"fcn0yes",
"fcn2znn"
],
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28,
5
],
"text": [
"It's called non-regional dialect. They are taught to speak that way on camera.\n\nAudience-wise, it's so we don't have to slog through accents and slang.",
"Even YouTubers have their own cadence, The Young Turks being the most annoying. I find it impossible to watch when YouTube hosts speak in that unnatural way."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
5beevo
|
why is polydactyly so uncommon when it is a genetically dominant trait?
|
Shouldn't dominant traits become more popular over time?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5beevo/eli5_why_is_polydactyly_so_uncommon_when_it_is_a/
|
{
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],
"text": [
"A big possibility to it being perceived as uncommon is that a lot of parents choose to have the extra digits removed at birth or shortly thereafter. Many people would never know if they were polydactylic unless their parents told them.",
"I think it's dominant, but I would say it's also rather frowned upon having polydactyly (i.e. you wouldn't look at a member of the opposite sex with extra digits as \"healthy\") natural selection would in a manner of speaking weed out these people. Also I've seen and heard that plenty of people that have other congenital disorders manage to have polydactyly as well, so perhaps spontaneous self abortion is the occurrence in many instances of this.\n\nI'm no expert on this but these things make sense to me, perhaps they make sense but are completely wrong.",
"I don't know if it's the case with humans but polydactyly in some animals is lethal if you get two copies of the gene. So basically, you go from the usual 25/50/25 distribution to a 33/67 distribution of 2/3 of the offspring having polydactyly because 25% of the offspring died during development. So there's a fairly strong negative selection pressure in those cases.",
"Dominant traits don't in general become more common over time. \n\nThis is somewhat counter-intuitive. You generally have two copies of each gene, one from each of your parents. The gene that expresses itself in you is called dominant. However the other gene is still there and you will have a 50% chance of giving it to your child. Dominance or recessiveness doesn't, in itself, affect the prevalence of that gene in the population.\n\nThe usefulness of a genes expression is what causes its prevalence to change over time. \n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
9a7zty
|
the difference between a brain aneurysm and a stroke
|
Just speaking with a friend and we weren't 100% sure. A quick Google kind of didn't help as neither of us are medically inclined. Thanks
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9a7zty/eli5_the_difference_between_a_brain_aneurysm_and/
|
{
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"e4tdzu7",
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],
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18,
2
],
"text": [
"An aneurysm is a weakened part of a blood vessel which balloons outward and may eventually burst. A brain aneurysm is when that is in the brain.\n\nA stroke is when poor blood flow in the brain results in cell death. This might be from something like a clot that blocks flow, or a burst vessel such as with an aneurysm.",
"An aneurysum is just the bubbling of an artery. Think blowing up like a balloon only there shouldn't be a balloon there so it's very weak and can easily pop causing you to bleed out. \n\nWhen you are bleeding out into your brain it can cause a hemmoragic stroke, they can be from aneurysm or a leaky vessel but it's a build up of pressure in the brain due to blood leaking into the limited space of your skull.\n\nThere is also an ischemic stroke, think heart attack that happens to your brain. This is usually some sort of clot or blockage that isn't allowing blood flow to that part of your brain. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
1mg748
|
why does one ball hang lower than the other?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1mg748/eli5_why_does_one_ball_hang_lower_than_the_other/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cc8x2yi",
"cc8ydcj"
],
"score": [
4,
3
],
"text": [
"So that if they get pressed together, they slide past each other rather than get squished.",
"So they don't smack together when you're walking like a [Newton's Cradle](_URL_0_)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rkHxuvKq3ao"
]
] |
||
6fm6xz
|
why do we sometimes get a rush out of being annoying?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6fm6xz/eli5_why_do_we_sometimes_get_a_rush_out_of_being/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dij791a"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"This is a complex question, but I'm going to make a guess that it's related to power. Humans are often gratified by expressing power over others. And it makes sense - those who have power over others are more successful in reproduction, resulting in a genetic tendency to produce more humans that like power.\n\nIn short, your ability to control someone else's feelings and mood are probably being felt as a successful expression of control over others . . . . of course, a person's feelings are highly personal and highly situational, so the truth of the matter will change from person to person, and from situation to situation."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
vzgmh
|
how are measurements decided? for example, why is a meter a meter long; why is a kilo a kilo; etc.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/vzgmh/eli5_how_are_measurements_decided_for_example_why/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c58xmw1",
"c58xn9y"
],
"score": [
5,
3
],
"text": [
"1 gram is the weight of 1 cubic centimeter of water.\n\n1 meter was originally 1/10,000,000 the distance from the equator to the north pole through paris.",
"Many measurements come from ancient history, from where they were usually derived from the human body itself. The 'foot' is the clearest example; it is believed to originally be the length of an adult human male foot. \n\nOther measurements were invented. For example, the 'meter' was originally defined to be one ten-millionth of the distance from the earth's equator to the North Pole (its definition is now different). "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
2yyr08
|
why is the republican party so opposed to "obama" compared to previous democratic presidents?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2yyr08/eli5_why_is_the_republican_party_so_opposed_to/
|
{
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3,
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2
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"text": [
"They can't accept the idea that a black man is president.",
"I think part of it is how the Republicans had quite a run following LBJ. Clinton was the first two term Democrat since FDR. For many of the GOP, the presidency deserves to be theirs. And since Clinton, they've been increasingly less willing to compromise. A lot of it too, has to do with a changing voter demographics nationwide and the GOP's slow movement to adapt.",
"I remember people at church telling me that Clinton was planning to launch a full-scale Roman-Empire-style persecution of Christians, and that he had already had dozens of opponents killed. \n\nBut it was the early nineties, and they didn't have internet access. So, although they were saying awful things, you didn't have to know about it. ",
"I would speculate that it is similar reasons to the Democratic party's opposition to Bush compared with other GOPs. Polarizing media, both sides are digging in and finding less common ground- in fact finding common ground is a sign of weakness. I don't think it is largely racially based- though every party has their bottom feeders- rather there is a genuine ideological opposition with Obama, and neither side will take a step toward the other.",
"I'm not sure opposition to Obama is deviating too much from the mean. President Clinton was impeached by the GOP (2nd president in US history), widely accused of murder, and subjected to an aggressive, multi-year investigation. That said a few issues may play a role; \n\n* President Obama campaigned and has governed as a transformative liberal candidate. He represents a greater departure from GOP beliefs. President Clinton tacked to the center and worked with the GOP to pass significant legislation \n* President Clinton was a strong retail politician and enjoyed legislating. He and his administration forged great working relationships in both parties. \n* Long term trends leading toward a more polarized electorate. Page 37 of the linked pdf shows a steady decline in opposition party support for the sitting president from 1953-2000. [research paper](_URL_0_)",
"It's been 15 years since Clinton. The political climate has changed and become more polarized."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://users.clas.ufl.edu/rconley/Clintonvetoespaper.pdf"
],
[]
] |
||
1ws07l
|
what happens to orphans when they turn 18?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ws07l/eli5_what_happens_to_orphans_when_they_turn_18/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cf4w6il",
"cf4wwam"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"I don't remember the thread but it said something about how college is insanely cheap for them, not to mention scholarships. So probably college, and then whereever they want, try searching fo the exact thread.",
"they turn black.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
f7dcxt
|
where do the couple of lbs of weight go overnight while sleeping?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/f7dcxt/eli5_where_do_the_couple_of_lbs_of_weight_go/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fiaimz6",
"fian67v",
"fiaq3l9"
],
"score": [
2,
6,
2
],
"text": [
"Do you urinate first thing in the morning? That's some of it. You probably sweat and water evaporates out of your mouth/nose as you breathe, as well. That's a little more. You also burn a few calories as you sleep, exhaling the extra weight (inhale O2, exhale CO2... the C is extra weight you are exhaling), but that's a relatively small portion of it. It's mostly water weight.",
"You breathe out more than you beath in. The oxygen you breath in comes out as carbon dioxide or water, gaining carbon and hydrogen from the sugars your body burns. You breathe out water from saliva, mucous, and other sources of moisture within your mouth, nose, throat, and lungs. You also sweat and drool. It only takes about 170 mg per breath to lose a kg over eight hours.",
"Breathing out CO2 and water which are the waste products of converting carbohydrates into energy."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
4esq08
|
if a self-driving car detects multiple courses of action (all of which will likely result in human injury) how will it determine which course to take?
|
And ... what liability issues could arise from whatever decision the algorithm makes?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4esq08/eli5_if_a_selfdriving_car_detects_multiple/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d22ykec",
"d22ylgf",
"d2300tr",
"d230g82",
"d238slr",
"d23dsol",
"d23fd36"
],
"score": [
27,
15,
4,
3,
2,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"It will do whatever it is programed to do in that situation. Self driving cars are not true conscious A.I - they are just really, really complex \"if...then\" programs. If it gets into a situation where an accident is unavoidable, it will do what its programing tells it to do in that situation.\n\nAs far as liability, we don't know yet. It's possible that the programer would be liable for the accident but we'll need a court case to set precedent before we really know.",
"I think that currently, self-driving cars are not equipped to make moral or ethical decisions. They aren't concerned with hurting humans or not, because they don't know what humans are or that they even exist.\n\nIt simply sees obstacles, and does it's best to avoid running into them. Doesn't matter what that obstacle is. If there are multiple courses of action, it will pick the one least likely to cause it to hit something.",
"AI systems typically assign each outcome a score based on a variety of criteria, and pick the best score. \n\nFor example, one alternative my have a 90% chance of avoiding an accident (+10 points) but would injure 4 people (-4 points) if there was an accident. That outcome would have a score of 6 points, and be compared with other outcomes.\n\n > And ... what liability issues could arise from whatever decision the algorithm makes?\n\nThat is a legal matter that has yet to be resolved. It will likely require legislation that grants some degree of immunity to the people who design the software.",
"As said nelsewhere, it depends on what it is programmed to do. \n\nIt would make sense to do the less invasive action possible, which could in fact result in higher human injury in a few cases. \n\nFor example if it finds itself driving over petrol that then catches fire and thus detects a series of malfunctions, it would most likely stop, and this could well mean the occupants have a higher risk of injury and death than if the car accelerates out of there to a safer place. \nThis way the person liable for the burns is whomever started the fire, not the car. \n\nIt's a matter of ownership of the actions. If you decide to take an action that results in a loss of life you are liable, however if you decide to NOT take an action that results in the loss of life then whomever created the dangerous situation is to blame. \n\nThis is exactly why in the [\"trolley dilemma\" thought experiment](_URL_0_) on both examples I answer that I would not take action. ",
"It will be interesting to see what happens, because a car could actually compute the safest way to navigate while being involved in a crash.\n\nDoes it turn slightly so it hits the oncoming vehicle at a different angle to lessen the impact and reduce rollover/additional vehicle involvement?\n\nDoes it turn to spin the car harder to prevent it from drifting into another oncoming vehicle? etc\n\nAll of this stuff might go a long way to actually preventing serious injury in accidents that would normally be caused by a panicked driver.",
"In a perfect world, the decision would NOT be a lone decision. with in a group of self driving vehicles, all vehicles would come to a single decision based on the others in that immediate group. This would be similar to the aircraft collision avoidance systems. As 2 aircraft are on a collision course, they communicate and make a mutually beneficial decision......One aircraft will descend and the other will ascend.\n\nThere have been instances where the pilot ignored the computed path an it didn't end well.\n\nwhat it comes down to is less damage less injury.....the key in such a situation would be communications and more automation.",
"These thought experiments are so trite and contrived as to be useless except as an academic exercise. Real self-driving cars have driven millions of miles on roads and thus far have only been involved in collisions wherein they have been hit from behind by human-operated vehicles. In only one case can the self-driving car be blamed for the collision, and even that case is debatable, and was at a very low speed.\n\nThe question presumes a driver who is almost by definition behaving irresponsibly prior to the situation described. Human drivers do this routinely, but there's no good reason for computer drivers to do so. If the driver can't see around an obstacle close to the vehicle's path, it should obviously not go so fast that it would be impossible to stop before colliding with a pedestrian (or whatever) should one appear. Human drivers are generally incapable of exercising adequate caution, paying attention consistently, and judging their own capabilities accurately. For computers, these tasks are trivial.\n\nIn practice, in almost all situations, the answer to the question of \"what will the computer driver do?\" is simple: stop the car as quickly as possible without losing control. And the computer will also be much better at that task than its human counterparts, because it will more alert (detecting the problem sooner), quicker to act (no moving a foot from one pedal to another), and better able to control the vehicle's brakes near the limit (no need for inefficient anti-lock brakes if you know how hard you can brake without causing a wheel to slip.\n\nFurthermore, it's likely that when a self-driving car does get into a situation where a collision seems unavoidable, it will be because of major system failure (the computer doesn't have full control of the vehicle). And whether or not that's the case, it's probably going to be all about minimizing injuries, rather than deciding who lives and who dies. Reducing speed is the most important thing for that."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://youtu.be/kBdfcR-8hEY?t=27s"
],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
17817g
|
wolff's law, how can breaking your bones actually make your bones stronger?
|
Can you technically break your arm 5 times and have super strength in your arm when it recovers?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/17817g/eli5_wolffs_law_how_can_breaking_your_bones/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c83299r"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Just to clarify, Wolff's law refers to constant loading, not breaking the bones and having them re-heal. \n \nAfter a break, the mended area is more heavily calcified. But it doesn't make the rest of the bone any stronger, just that one little area. So you'd have to break a bone a bunch of times to get the whole thing stronger...remember, a bone is generally only as strong as its weakest spot. \n \nAnd having a strong bone doesn't increase your \"strength\". You won't turn into Superman after multiple fractures, since your muscles won't be stronger. You'll just have bones that aren't as likely to break again in the exact same spots."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
4de825
|
why the mandelbrot set can be used as an infinite zoom
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4de825/eli5_why_the_mandelbrot_set_can_be_used_as_an/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d1q5hbx"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Any formula can be used as an infinite zoom, most just aren't interesting to look at. You can zoom in on Y=X all day but it'll just look the same. The mandelbrot set is kindof like Pi - it goes on forever, and it's always different the farther you go. It's interesting to look at and continue \"zooming in\" because it contains many fractal patterns, which we consider interesting."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1k390t
|
pen names: what's the point?
|
Does anything change between publisher and author? Or is everything normal except for the name that goes on the cover?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1k390t/eli5_pen_names_whats_the_point/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cbkx1ej",
"cbkx41d"
],
"score": [
8,
3
],
"text": [
"3 reasons:\n\n1) To increase the appeal of the author's name. \"Mike Stone\" might be a more credible-sounding author of a detective novel than \"Priscilla Bensonhurst\". Silly, but true.\n\n2) To provide anonymity of the author. Keeps the media off their backs, for a while anyway. Also helps if there was more than one author involved.\n\n3) To separate an established author from previous/other work. If Stephen King wanted to write academic nonfiction, he might choose to do so under a pen name to avoid the appearance of using his popular fiction name recognition to bias the reception of his nonfiction.",
"It depends on if the author (or authors) is trying to hide his or her identity from anybody. When JK Rowling published under a pseudonym, the publisher knew who she was (I believe), but she was hiding her identity from the public, so it meant she didn't do the normal publicity stuff. Some authors go so far as to hide their identities from the publisher, which probably makes for a strange relationship. Most of the time, however, the name on the cover is simply one expected to sell better than the author's 'real' name."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
96wwhf
|
british line of succession.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/96wwhf/eli5_british_line_of_succession/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e43s8qa"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"The throne would go to the eldest legitimate child of the king. Doesn't matter of the king remarries and has more children with a different wife. Remarrying doesn't make previous children illegitimate."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2dtoog
|
what's stopping countries such as russia from ignoring treaties and invading/bombing countries?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2dtoog/eli5_whats_stopping_countries_such_as_russia_from/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cjsy0yy",
"cjsycg9"
],
"score": [
8,
3
],
"text": [
"Fear of being invaded and bombed",
"there's nothing preventing anyone from doing anything. the only reason we don't do it is because \n1) we don't want to\n2) we don't have the means to\n3) we don't want to deal with the potential consequences after we do those things\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
2urhr4
|
why are drivers licenses that get replaced every 4-5 years laminated or plastic while ss cards that are supposed to last a lifetime paper and not permitted to be laminated?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2urhr4/eli5_why_are_drivers_licenses_that_get_replaced/
|
{
"a_id": [
"coayv51",
"coayxjf",
"coaz14u"
],
"score": [
2,
8,
5
],
"text": [
"Because they know you'll lose it before it wears out.",
"Because a drivers license is designed to be carried with you at all times. A social security card doesn't need to be on your person. It's best left in a lockbox at home, where it's fragility doesn't matter.\n\nIn the last five years, my social security card has been out of that lockbox a total of three times. The card itself is 20 years old and looks just fine.",
"To add to the question.. why are we not supposed to laminate it?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
247uub
|
why do apples have that waxy/shiny coating?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/247uub/eli5_why_do_apples_have_that_waxyshiny_coating/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ch4fv6b",
"ch4fw2s"
],
"score": [
3,
3
],
"text": [
"Apples naturally produce their own wax. It protects their skin. It's just like how your skin makes oil to protect itself. It also helps keep moisture inside the fruit.\n\nThe apples you buy in a store have the original wax washed off, and the manufacturer puts new wax on so that they're shiny and stay fresh for longer.",
"producers/distributors spray wax on fruit/vegetables to make them last longer during storage and transportation. additionally, it makes them more appealing to consumers. \n\n\"oooo shiny\""
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
70bc24
|
why light doesn't stay in a completely sealed room.
|
It might be a dumb question, but why is it that in a totally windowless, doorless, seamless room, if someone were to turn on a light and turn it off, the the room wouldn't stay lit?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/70bc24/eli5_why_light_doesnt_stay_in_a_completely_sealed/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dn1uc64",
"dn1udrc",
"dn1unep",
"dn2a5gx"
],
"score": [
9,
21,
4,
5
],
"text": [
"Rather than bouncing around infinitely, the light would get absorbed by the surfaces of the room. When it does, it turns into a tiny bit of heat.",
"When light hits a surface, it is partially reflected and partially absorbed. The partial absorption by various surfaces in the room eventually add up to absorb all the light (mostly converted to heat energy).",
"The trick is that when you say light you are really talking about visible light. \n\nAs light bounces around a room, it loses energy, imparting that energy to the stuff it hits. This increases the wavelength of the light, which eventually becomes light that we can't see.\n\nIf you could ",
"It would be \"trapped\" if the walls would consist of perfect mirrors which don't absorb any of the energy but reflect all of it."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
44lm0x
|
i know asteroids/comets brought water to earth, but why didn't it all vaporize from the heat of the impact?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/44lm0x/eli5_i_know_asteroidscomets_brought_water_to/
|
{
"a_id": [
"czr0nis",
"czr0q1q",
"czr2eve"
],
"score": [
17,
20,
11
],
"text": [
"It did, but gravity kept the vaporized water on earth and eventually it coalesced into our oceans. ",
"It did vaporize. It turned into water vapor. Its the same thing as when a puddle outside evaporates. Except much louder.",
"Vaporize does not mean destroy. It means turned into vapor which happens every single day. It's a part of the water cycle. Boil some water and it vaporizes, the steam will collect on a cold surface and condense back into water drops."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
coa9fs
|
why does a 4 litre jug of milk expire in two weeks but a small bottle of preservative free milk2go expire in two and a half months?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/coa9fs/eli5_why_does_a_4_litre_jug_of_milk_expire_in_two/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ewgzutt",
"ewgzx0p"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"I think most of the milk packaged on the same day will have the same expiration date. I think what you are seeing is it SEEMS like the bigger jugs expire sooner. It is probably related to the amount of sales of the different sizes. That and certain brands will package more in advance and store it themselves before sending it out as needed. Some will save very little and send it out right away. I used to work at a store and the milk company would send us the gallons with only a week left before expiration because we always sold out in a few days and they would send us the little personal sized bottles with the later dates because we sold less.",
"From the Milk2go website:\n\n\"First, we flash heat the milk at very high temperatures, up to 144ºC and eliminating in the process all bacteria without altering the nutritional qualities of the milk. Then, in a sealed environment, the milk is put into a protective, aseptic bottle that shields it from light, air and any contaminants. Throughout this entire process, nothing is added to our milk!\""
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
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