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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1revpg
|
why does my right eye tear up when going outside?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1revpg/eli5_why_does_my_right_eye_tear_up_when_going/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cdmjhzo"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"That is your political affiliation. Welcome to the Republican Party"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2rpi5o
|
sunrise and sunset
|
I have a window that is about 15ft wide and the sun rises on the left side then sets on the right side of the same window. I grew up in Texas but now live in Eastern Europe (Tbilisi, Georgia). I've never seen anything like this and it's confusing to me.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2rpi5o/eli5sunrise_and_sunset/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cni2gav"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"The closer you are to the equator, the more the sun passes directly overhead. The closer you are to the poles, the more the sun skirts along the horizon, and the more it varies throughout the year.\n\nIn Ecuador, the sun basically passes straight overhead every day, and the days are almost exactly 12 hours long all year.\n\nIn northern Alaska, the shortest day of the year is less than four hours and the sun just peaks over the southern horizon. The longest day is nearly 21 hours, and on that day the sun circles most of the sky, only missing the northern horizon. It's NEVER overhead.\n\nTexas's latitude ranges from about 26° to 36°. Tblisi (42°) is more comparable to Chicago in latitude, but will have even shorter days because of the surrounding mountains. And, right now, we're only a few weeks past the winter solstice, so you've just gone through the darkest month of the year.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
dh7355
|
how are petrol catalytic converters different to diesel catalytic converters?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dh7355/eli5_how_are_petrol_catalytic_converters/
|
{
"a_id": [
"f3joobk"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Petrol engine's catalysts rely on there being no oxygen in the exhaust. A petrol engine only allows enough air past the throttle to burn the fuel, so practically all the oxygen taken in by the engine gets burned. The catalyst relies on this so called reducing atmosphere to do its chemistry.\n\nBut diesel engines do not have a throttle. They always take in a full charge of air, and control the power by adjusting the amount of fuel provided. This means that diesel engine exhaust will usually have lots of oxygen remaining. This means that the chemistry in the catalyst converter must be completely different."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2piq1q
|
does homeowners insurance cover you if you lose your house in a hurricane or tornado? why are so many people left with nothing after severe storms?
|
I know many people are left with nothing and are completely broke following severe weather (e.g. hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.). As a disclaimer, I don't believe they're trying to scam anyone in any way and support relief efforts.
I'm confused as to why homeowners insurance doesn't compensate them for their losses (in the U.S. specifically). Mortgages require you to have homeowners insurance. So most people have it. But apparently it doesn't do anything? They just sort of turn their back on the people they've promised to insure?
*EDIT: Basic homeowners insurance covers wind damage (like from a tornado or hurricane) and rain damage. It does not cover damage from flooding, earthquakes, or sink holes.
Same question for businesses. I've heard of businesses being unable to reopen because they've lost too much following a storm. Why isn't their insurance covering their lost business, destroyed merchandise, and damaged storefront? Again, commercial insurance is often required, and it covers all the aforementioned losses to varying degrees.
Theories:
- Most people don't actually have homeowners or commercial insurance.
- Insurance takes a long time to receive, and most people don't have emergency funds or friends/family they can stay with in the event their home is destroyed.
- Insurance only reimburses homeowners for a tiny amount of what people actually lose.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2piq1q/eli5_does_homeowners_insurance_cover_you_if_you/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cmx21ut",
"cmx7xkc"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"This is a huge topic and you bring up many issues. Below I answer you primary question but I would be happy to answer any follow up questions you have. I work in the property insurance industry. \n\nHomeowners insurance and commercial insurance DOES cover people in the event of hurricanes or tornadoes (most companies). The building, the contents, merchandise, loss of business, all of these are covered by most insurance companies in most insurance policies. \n\nThe news stories you hear about are the exceptions and they are reported because it makes a better news report than \"Homeowner lost everything, getting an insurance check for $220,000.\"",
" > Mortgages require you to have homeowners insurance.\n\nMortgages require you to have enough insurance to cover the amount you own on the home. If your house is mostly paid off, and you haven't adjusted your insurance to reflect its current value, you could be in a world of financial hurt."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
xto95
|
dns
|
I've had a bit of a research and I kinda get the whole phone book analogy but I still can't quite wrap my head around it all.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/xto95/eli5_dns/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c5ph9rc",
"c5phgz5",
"c5pjx3n"
],
"score": [
2,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Think of it less of a yellow pages phone book, and more like the phone book on your mobile, sure you can just enter John's number, but it's tricky to remember everyone's number, it's much easier to phone John, and have your phone look through it's database and get John's number for you. \nNow imagine John has 5 phones, 1 for calls from America, 1 for Europe, another for Asia and a couple of spares in case those phones get too busy, now it's even harder to remember all those numbers, and John would need to go to the trouble of telling people in different places to use different numbers, and sometimes his numbers change which makes it even harder to get the word out. If he registers with a DNS, he just has to tell *them* his numbers (and when they change) and anyone in the world can just call the DNS \"phone book\" and ask for John (_URL_0_), and they'll get directed to the right phone (server) automatically.",
"Simplest version:\n\n* You enter a URL (e.g _URL_0_) into your browser\n* Your DNS server (usually your ISPs, if you haven't changed it) says \"Oh, that's at 1.1.1.100!\"\n* Your PC connects to 1.1.1.100, and gets the reddit content.",
"it's more like millions of phone books that reference each other. you have some main phone books (\"root servers\"), and they are in charge of the main/biggest names (\"top level domain names\") - com, net, org, etc. so the \"com\" phonebook has a \"google\" entry in it, which points you to the \"_URL_0_\" phonebook. then you go to the \"_URL_0_\" phonebook (which google actually manages), look up \"www\" - and you finally get a www._URL_0_ phone number (\"IP address\")."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"www.john.com"
],
[
"reddit.com"
],
[
"google.com",
"www.google.com"
]
] |
|
1vd5a4
|
how come the majority of oscar nominations are from films released very recently and many are missing from the reast of the last year?
|
*rest, sorry
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1vd5a4/eli5_how_come_the_majority_of_oscar_nominations/
|
{
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"cer1p2g",
"cer35ql"
],
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5,
2
],
"text": [
"There are at least 2 factors in play. One is the \"out of sight, out of mind\" rule, where earlier films are not at the forefront of the conversation. The other is that Oscar worthy films are often deliberately released late in the year during \"Oscar season.\"",
"There's a 'genre' of movies called \"Oscar Bait.\" These films are typically lower-budget, more-'artistic'/'higher-brow' (for lack of a better term) , and don't expect to appeal to a large audience on its own merits. These types of movies tend to not make money unless they get nominated for Oscars (which drives up casual interest in the film).\n\nMost of these types of films get 'limited engagement' releases towards the end of the year, which means they'll be in a few theaters in New York and LA to *qualify* for Oscar consideration. If these films get nominated, the studios will release them into theaters across the country. If not, they can skip doing that since their biggest potential selling point (an Oscar nomination) didn't happen.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
3smham
|
what allows a car engine to stay on after coming to a full stop while in drive and you are pushing the brake pedal.
|
Its something simple as just coming up to a stop sign. You are in drive, you apply the brakes to slow down, but what in the mechanism allows the engine to keep going when you have the brakes. I can't find this myself. I know how brakes themselves work as far as stopping the wheel, but does pressing the brake pedal also disengage the axle from the motor to keep the motor or something like that? I can imagine it does but, what part exactly is this?
edit: Thanks guys for answering so quickly this explains it perfectly! It makes so much sense for the brake to be connected with the clutch.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3smham/eli5_what_allows_a_car_engine_to_stay_on_after/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cwyk9c9",
"cwykhcf"
],
"score": [
3,
14
],
"text": [
"In a manual car you need to depress the clutch to disengage the motor from the drive train. In an automatic system the engine does this without your knowledge just like it automatically shifts gears as you drive.",
"In a car with an automatic transmission, there is a fluid couple between the engine and transmission called a torque converter. In top gear at freeway speeds, there is a lockup clutch that engages to make a solid link to the drivetrain. As you slow down, this clutch unlocks. When you come to a stop, the transmission fluid just recirculates in the converter and there is no mechanical link to the driveline. When you let the brake off, the spinning outer (front) part of the converter drives (through some vanes, similar to a turbine) the inner (rear) part that is connected to the transmission. When you get up to speed the lockup engages to minimize the power loss through the fluid couple. Here's a link: _URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5G2zQ_3xTc"
]
] |
|
4x5c7o
|
why does an accent come in randomly?
|
I was born in Southern California, Moved to Virginia for a while, then to Arizona and back and forth between the three. I normally talk with a typical "American" accent, whats called normal to most, but every now and then, I'd start talking with a Northerner on accident without thinking about it. Happens out of the blue, and especially after listening to the same accent for a while. Why?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4x5c7o/eli5_why_does_an_accent_come_in_randomly/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d6crtps",
"d6cu96p"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"One theory is its a linguistic empathy response. Or in other words you talk like the people around you to garner empathy. It can also make you easier to understand to those you are talking to.\nEx take the word aluminum. In America it's alu-min-um but in Briton it's more like alu-mini-yum. Say it wrong and you get funny looks. But not to be confused with dialect, eg Britons boot to Americas trunk. (Of a car)",
"You talk like the people around you. It's similar to how you may act like your friends and say the same things as them"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
afgx96
|
buying/selling a house
|
I don’t understand how one buys a house and how you get a loan to do so. And how do you sell the house if it’s not paid off?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/afgx96/eli5_buyingselling_a_house/
|
{
"a_id": [
"edyi07m",
"edyi2mj",
"edyiuus"
],
"score": [
3,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Usually you’ll contact the real estate agent to see the home you’re interested in and they’ll recommend a lender. The lender will get you a pre approval letter which basically shows the agent you’re possibly capable for a loan for the amount of the home. Once you pull the trigger and get in contract then the lender will send you through some hoops to get the loan finalized. Selling a house is easy, you get in contact with a realtor and they’ll list the house. Say you sell your house for $160,000 and the loan and $170,000 left on it then you’re left with a 10k loan with no house. If you have a $160,000 house sell and the loan has $70,000 left on it then you’ll gain roughly 90k once you sell it.. this isn’t really ELI5 but I tried op",
"Buying house,\n1. Apply for loan, get approved.\n2. Find house within preapproved budget\n3. Purchase house, which includes lots of legal crap and settlement periods and whatnot. But for this we are pretending you’re 5yo.\n\nSelling house,\n\n1. Put house on market.\n2. Wait for buyer.\n3. Sell to buyer and pay off any remaining mortgage with sale amount.",
"You’ll determine if you’re buying the house by yourself, with someone else, in a company or trust name, etc.\nGo to the bank and tell them you’re looking to buy. They will want to know a few things, namely how much you make, what you spend your money on, current debt, whether you want to buy an investment or owner occupier home, etc. You will hopefully then become conditionally approved for an amount. You can now go and find a house for that amount.\nGenerally, for the bank to give you $200,000, they will want you to pay $20k. Sometimes $40k, sometimes $10k, it differs. The point is, banks generally don’t want to lend more than 80% of the value of the house. \nOnce you buy a house, the bank will give the money to the current owner of the property, and your name will go on the title. As the bank paid for the house, they will place a mortgage on the title. This means before the house can change hands, and before any amendments can be made to the title/land details, the bank needs to give their approval.\nWhen selling a house, you place your house on the market, usually with the help of a real estate agent. People will be going through a similar process to you to determine if they can get a loan for enough money to buy your house. \nWhen someone buys it, you will both agree on a settlement date and time, which is when funds and the property changes hands, facilitated by agents, solicitors/conveyancers and the banks. \nIf someone is buying your house for $200,000, and you still owe the bank $150,000, the bank will take their $150,000 first. There is no way to get around this, because they placed a mortgage over the title when you bought the house. New owners can’t be placed on the title until the mortgage is removed. After this, you can take the difference, being $50,000 in this case. \n\nLet me know if any of that was unclear or you have any questions, happy to answer. I worked in lending for a bank at the moment. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
6enwd5
|
does snow have any benefits?
|
Does snow have any benefits for plants, animals, etc?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6enwd5/eli5does_snow_have_any_benefits/
|
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"text": [
"Here in California, snow is one of our major ways to store water for the dry summer. The snowpack in the Sierra's melts in the spring and summer providing water for the central valley. Not only is this important for agriculture, but it it keeps the rivers healthy for trout, and other animals. ",
"Many arctic animals use snow as a camouflage, as their pelts are white as well (fun fact, polar bear fur is actually clear, not white). So they have the benefit of stealth. ",
" > Does snow have any benefits for plants, animals, etc?\n\nWell, it's made of water. Plants and animals both tend to need that. It also provides camouflage for many species who may put on a winter coat, or live in permanently cold environments. It can produce clear tracks, which can be helpful for predators. It can (oddly enough) insulate the surface from the cold air, providing something of a buffer against heat loss to the environment. ",
"There are many benefits and a lot have already been mentioned but I will add an important one:\n\nSnow is a really good heat insulator for the ground. In a cold region the ground will freeze much more deeply if it is a no-snow year. This kills trillions of micro and macro organisms that are expecting to be warm and snug in the ground under a blanket of snow. It can really mess up an ecosystem."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
4c8fh7
|
why do companies/brands, when using a certain word for their name, alter the spelling?
|
For instance, instead of a company being called 'Crystal Clear', they're called 'Krystal Klear'. Or the omission of the 'c' in Camelbak, for another example. Is this simply to make the brand more eye-catching and memorable, or for some other reason?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4c8fh7/eli5_why_do_companiesbrands_when_using_a_certain/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d1fxc4q",
"d1fy534"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"That's exactly what it is. The uniqueness of a product and if something isn't right about how it should be spelled it will catch the consumers attention like if I spell clothes but with a K, people will notice it. ",
"It's branding, and it is so important in the Google age. Spelling things in a unique way helps it to be found by people, and not get lost in a sea of other things using the correct spelling."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
fpzrxf
|
how different press stations developed political leanings, msnbc, fox, etc.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fpzrxf/eli5_how_different_press_stations_developed/
|
{
"a_id": [
"flnuf0s"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"A lot of it comes down to the ideological and material interests of their owners/financiers, their advertisers, and their editors-in-chief: these three groups have the most direct material influence on the well-being of the news network, and the editor-in-chief will make sure that the content the network disseminates doesn't step on any toes holding the purse-strings"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
16lyjr
|
what is that feeling i get when i am standing in a very shallow receding wave and it feels like i am moving backwards when in reality it is the water that is moving?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/16lyjr/what_is_that_feeling_i_get_when_i_am_standing_in/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c7x89nb"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"A sensory illusion. Normally we're the ones that are moving, so our brain confuses the motion around us with our own motion."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
f881ny
|
why does water pressure only depend on the height of the water column?
|
And not on the amount/weight of the water in let's say a conical container?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/f881ny/eli5_why_does_water_pressure_only_depend_on_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fijnv0t"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Pressure is Force × Area.\n\nAssuming I keep the **area** over which I measure the Pressure as a **constant**, Pressure will only depend on the Force.\n\nNow, the question arises, what Force? The force we are talking about is the Force of Gravity. We know that Gravity only occurs in one direction, downwards. \n\nTherefore, only water molecules **directly above** the area we want to measure needs to be counted.\n\nTo count the **mass** of the water above the area, all we need to do is multiply the density of water with the volume of water. \n\nVolume is Height × Bottom Area\n\nAs the area of the measured surface is constant, volume only depends on the height.\n\nTL;DR ::: Assuming area being measured is constant, only the mass above that area exerts its weight and is counted for pressure."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
21o8lf
|
how do teams of developers work simultaneously on one project without messing each other up?
|
Games that require more than 10+ people to create but work together flawlessly.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/21o8lf/eli5_how_do_teams_of_developers_work/
|
{
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"cgexat2",
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5,
5,
2,
3
],
"text": [
"[SVN](_URL_0_) or [git](_URL_1_, wiki, and IM.",
"Cooperation and tools. A Code Management or Code Versioning system allows multiple developers to work on the same source code modules. Primitive ones allow a developer to \"lock\" a source code file, preventing others from making changes to it until they've finished. More sophisticated ones allow multiple developers to makes changes to modules and then analyze what changed and apply only the changes to the \"real\" copy. When conflicts arise (for example, developers made two different changes to the same line) the second coder to try to check in is warned about the conflict and needs to correct it before the build will work.",
"Basically, you use network software called a revision control or source control system. The developers are generally assigned relatively unrelated/independent tasks. When a change is made, the developer checks the files he was working on into the system or merges them other changes. If doing so causes a problem, any change can be undone at a later time. I work in other areas of software but I assume this is similar in the games industry. ",
"There are two main ideas over this.\nFirstly, the developers divide up their works in different smaller \"parts\" and each person would only work on his/her own assigned part. Parts are well-defined beforehand, so the developers will continue to work on the separate parts with the assumption that other parts would work as well. In programming, this covers the idea of APIs (Application Program Interface). \nSecondly, this is related to the use of a version control system/program. Basically, there will be a program to keep track of different versions of the codes, worked on by many people at the same time. Put it simply, you have a main code, and you and some other people will work on the codes at the same time and save them as different versions, and merge the codes together when you are done.",
"The answers provided here are all correct, but they're missing two vital points: \n\nThe first point is that teams that work on the same piece of software, be it games or something more mundane, are all managed at some level by at most a small team of directors. In a game's development it's the director's work to ensure that the work is divided across the teams and that they're working constructively towards the director's vision.\n\nThe second point is that a significant amount of quality control and testing goes into any good piece of software (and sometimes even bad software, but there's only so much you can do). Large studios will have multiple teams of quality control covering testing from hardware compliance to bug-hunting. Nothing fits together perfectly on the first try, and sometimes bug fixes in one area cause problems in others - QA is a huge part of making any piece of software polished."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Subversion",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Git_(software)"
],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
6rlp11
|
how do predators eat poisonous spiders and not die? i saw on the tv a big spider eating a poisonous black widow, isn't that suicide?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6rlp11/eli5_how_do_predators_eat_poisonous_spiders_and/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dl5xx6d",
"dl5y4vg"
],
"score": [
5,
22
],
"text": [
"\"poisonous\" and \"venomous\" are different things. There are a couple of other things, but the simple version is that \"poisonous\" things will kill you if you eat them, and \"venomous\" things will kill you if *they* bite *you* (it's not always \"kill\", sometimes it's \"harm\" or \"severely injure\" but for simplicity's sake I'm using \"kill\"); The big spider likely attacked in such a way that the black widow couldn't bite it before dying, so it was able to safely eat the black widow. Either that, or it has a natural immunity to the black widow's venom.",
"To be specific, these spiders are *venomous* which means the toxin is intended to be injected into the tissues of the unlucky victim. \n\nIn some cases, venom does not achieve the same impact if ingested. They may be diluted in the stomach, less able to penetrate to the tissues where they can do harm, and the hostile environment may even break down the critical substances that give the venom its potency. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
40otwm
|
why, when oil prices rose, airline ticket prices increased in correlation to cover increased costs, but now that oil has become much cheaper, airline ticket prices continue to remain high (and seemingly, continue rising)?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/40otwm/eli5_why_when_oil_prices_rose_airline_ticket/
|
{
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"cyvvzsu",
"cyvw0w9",
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2
],
"text": [
"Because the market will support it.\n\nYou could go in to more detail about how in the past, airlines didn't hedge their fuel costs and learned their lesson, which in turn stabilized their fuel costs over time, but the real answer is that there is no reason to lower prices when people are still buying your product.",
"Companies like profit. Keeping prices high means they make more profit. And seeing as that consumers have already proven they will pay these prices, there is very little incentive to lower them. Competition *could* be an incentive, but firstly, most of the airlines have fused into just a few big companies in the last decade or two which lessens competitive pressure, and secondly, many airlines don't compete on price/target price conscious customers but on offerings and service. ",
"Companies usually have long-term contracts with suppliers. It usually takes a while for prices to rise or drop. ",
"There has been consolidation in the industry, which means less airlines, which means less competition. Where there may have been 6 airlines flying a route, now only two do so. These airlines then compete for market share, but if they are still doing a good job filing seats, they don't need to drop prices. As the low oil prices continue, though, an airline will start to drop its price to gain a competitive advantage, which will cause a price war and lead to an overall drop in prices. But they try to avoid that for as long as possible. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
2vy5xu
|
why doesn't every male grow the same amount of body hair?
|
Why doesn't every male grow the same chest hair, back hair or facial hair?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2vy5xu/eli5_why_doesnt_every_male_grow_the_same_amount/
|
{
"a_id": [
"colxlzb"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"Same reason males are not all the same height, or many other differences...variations in genetics"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
47x58o
|
does water taste different at different temperatures, or does it just feel like that because of the thermoreceptors?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/47x58o/eli5_does_water_taste_different_at_different/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d0g4x96",
"d0g7z91"
],
"score": [
39,
2
],
"text": [
"Our taste buds don't work as well in really cold things, that's why most American beer is served ice cold.",
"My guess is the amount of dissolved ions in the water varying at different temperatures. Warmer water dissolves things better so your mouth would react the same way, tasting more impurities in the water. Warm water might even help you taste the stuff already in your mouth too."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
58yxxe
|
what is happening when i'm feeling that sharp tender pain like my heart actually hurts after hearing something upsetting or experiencing something frightening.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/58yxxe/eli5_what_is_happening_when_im_feeling_that_sharp/
|
{
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"d94kmpa",
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"d94oyct"
],
"score": [
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"text": [
"It's called anxiety and until recently I didn't know what it was, I'd heard people talk about it, but I didn't experience it until I was 45 years old during my divorce.\n\nThe shitty thing is, it will feed on itself, so to speak. At my age heart disease is a real concern. When I felt that for the first time, I thought \"heart attack\". But, then it passed, and nothing for a couple of years. Then it happened again, and I was SURE that it was a heart attack so I went to the emergency room. They found nothing, but I got to pay them $1800.\n\nExcept the pain was still there and got worse over the three months it took to get in to see a regular doctor--not the ER. I literally thought I wouldn't make it to the appointment.\n\nAfter the appointment, wherein my doc assured me that nothing was wrong, the symptoms disappeared within a week. It was all just an anxiety loop feeding itself till I got the voice of authority telling me I was OK.\n\nNow, I still have occasional bouts of anxiety but I know it's just that and nothing more--but is it? That's the problem, I'm even older now and at still at risk of heart disease and it's hard not to think about that.",
"The part of the brain that controls physical pain also controls emotional pain. Hence why it feels physically painful in a breakup, loss of family member or derailment of what you wanted to be doing. \n\nNSAID pain relievers can help in these situations since it is the same part of the brain that activates the pain.",
"Edit: I'm being called out on my explanation being something unfounded and put together on my own whim, so I've added a few references, you can find them in my comment below: _URL_0_\n\n_________________________________________________________________________\n\nEdit: Improved formatting.\n\nNew edit: As /u/darwinsnightmare pointed out, ischemia is kinda hard to trigger.\n\nThe only explanation I can give you is that either circulation was already compromised; or, as per another mechanism, vasospasm causes release of pain mediators like substance P which trigger the pain.\n\nOnce again, just a student so please do read up for yourselves, from a good source (like Robbin's pathology).\n\n\nOkay, I've seen a few answers and they're not really explaining the phenomenon itself.\n\n_____________________________________________________________________\n\n**TL;DR:** Trigger\\ > Substances released\\ > Heart jacked up\\ > Gets winded up by all the sudden exercise\\ > Pain\n\n\n\n**Detailed explanation:**\n\n1. Stress/upsetting info > Release of catecholamines (adrenaline, noradrenaline).\n\n\n2. These chemicals up your heart rate. So your heart is pumping faster.\n\n\n3. This means your heart muscle needs more oxygen.\n\n\n4. The oxygen demand of the heart increases suddenly enough that there's a short span of time when it isn't getting enough of it from the blood supply. This triggers the pain in your chest. (Edit: Additionally, there's a vasospastic component to this: your coronary vessels can \"squeeze\" and the process involves certain substances like substance P which are also triggers of pain.)\n\n\n5. Your body quickly dilates (widens) cardiac vessels and fixes the supply-demand mismatch. \n\nThe physical pain goes away.\n\nThe emotional pain doesn't...\n\n\nAnyway, that's it in a nutshell.\n\n\n**Additional reading for fun:** Google Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (broken heart syndrome) (it's somewhat different from all this, the inciting cause is emotional distress mostly though).\n\nSource: Med student.\n\n_________________________________________________________________________\n\nEdit: The answer on anxiety is not really an answer. Anxiety is just something that triggers this series of events.\n\nThe answer on emotional and physical pain regions being the same is both right and wrong at the same time. Pain can come from intangible, mental triggers (psychosomatic pain, or pain in a phantom limb) and no, NSAIDs won't help because in this case the origin of the pain is neuronal/central (and not inflammation, which is what NSAIDs work against).\n",
"ELI5. Your brain sees inside hurts the same as outside hurts. So that's why when you are sad it hurts inside.",
"It's that fight or flight response. Your body reacts to alarming situations by triggering your nervous system (part of your body that comes from your brain that sends messages to your body) to react. When it reacts, a bunch of body chemicals (or \"hormones\") are dumped into your body by part of your brain called the adrenal medulla. These hormones prep your body to either fight or to run away. Your heart beat increases to pump more oxygen into your body and get you ready to run or fight, your pupils get bigger so you can see your enemy or surroundings better, there are little tubes in your lungs that expand so as to better obtain oxygen that you breathe in and to exhale air that your body already used, the tube that goes from your stomach to your butt will pause so you won't have to feel like pooping, and it will make your kidneys - the organ that makes pee - release a hormone that will increase your blood pressure (blood pressure is the force of your blood pumping in your body, like when you turn a garden hose on full blast) - the increased blood pressure will help pump blood more effectively to the parts of your body that need more oxygen to fight or run away. Basically, things are expanding in your body so as to quickly make physical activity easier - when you get that lump in your throat like you're about to cry, which is probably what you are feeling, that is part of the tissue of your airway expanding to help you get more oxygen into your lungs. \n\n(I think this would make sense to a five year old, sorry about my formatting, I'm on my cell phone.)",
"Normal anxiety response, I'd say. I've suffered a lot with anxiety disorders for most of my life. As far as I can tell, when you experience something upsetting it triggers the same kinda mechanisms as the \"fight or flight\" response, in that adrenaline and other chemicals get released into your blood stream. To prepare yourself for fighting and/or running away, the rest of your body takes the usual precautions, one of which is getting your blood flowing faster so that it can carry oxygen to your muscles quickly and efficiently. The sudden increase from a regular resting heartbeat to (what the primitive part of your brain believes is) a potentially life or death situation heartbeat causes that little twinge you feel as your heart doubles its workload. \n \nCompletely normal and part of our basic survival response. Just relax and it will go back to normal in a few minutes.",
"I've had similar symptoms lately too that I've been chalking up to anxiety, so I appreciate this post. Thanks. ",
"I had a teacher try to answer this a while ago and I'll try to give you the extremely oversimplified version he gave us. He began by tell us that our bodies have several sensory defaults that have to start somewhere. Basically, the first broken bone, first panic attack, first crush, first time dealing with death, etc. If our body doesn't know what to expect, it's makes due and it can hurt.\n\nA first in particular, in this case, is the sudden shock and anxiety you feel in these situations. For example let's use getting your heart broken for the first time. The feeling that has often been described as someone ripping your heart out of your chest is often the first real indicator that most people have of this phenomenon. Your body pushes an unexpected loss of breath due and what feels like skipping heart beats. Kind of like being sides wiped of all of your psyche just had its wind knocked out of it (small form of your body going into shock) so it needs to catch up. The emotional pain is also sudden and this is often the first time your mind will feel such strong emotions and is usually the sudden realization that you might actually lose something that your mind hadn't considered living without. so these onset emotions your mind driving harder into your body's shock is forcing you to feel this pain on 2 fronts and forcing a brand new coinciding feelings between the physical and emotional pain. Each time this happens the shock gets a little easier on the body (some people the time and physical feeling differs), but the emotional pain is always a toss up depending on the person and a large amount of factors. There are several other situations that also contribute to severity and constancy. When you start to take more personal attributes into consideration, all of the levels of this theory start to change. \n\nPlease understand that I am trying to pass on information given to me and I am unable to validate said information. I am not an expert and if I need to correct anything I will be happy to do so so I'm not giving out bad information in the future.",
"It's called [Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy](_URL_0_), also known as broken heart syndrome. \n\nI experienced it for months after my fiancée cheated on me, and even had an ekg done that mimicked a heart attack, but a cardiologist caught it and told me it was. \n\nScary shit. ",
"You felt a great disturbance in the force, as if millions of voices suddenly cried out in terror and were suddenly silenced. You fear something terrible has happened."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/58yxxe/eli5_what_is_happening_when_im_feeling_that_sharp/d94kth2/"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takotsubo_cardiomyopathy"
],
[]
] |
||
ayspjk
|
how are commuter trains able to operate backwards?
|
I see commuter trains where I live operate with the engine on the rear end of the train. How does that work in terms of not only the locomotive, but also how conductors and engineers operate it? Like, where do they go in the front?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ayspjk/eli5_how_are_commuter_trains_able_to_operate/
|
{
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],
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6,
5,
5,
2
],
"text": [
"These trains are designed to work equally well in forward or reverse. They push from the back or pull from the front. This makes it much easier to run the locomotive on a straight track without the need for huge turn around circles when they need to change direction.",
"Some trains are designed with a small operator's can in the side opposing the engine(s), and have engines designed to move the cars in either direction, eliminating the need to turn trains around.",
"The train \"engine\" doesnt actually have a transmission and gears to move the train. It's actually a diesel generator that generates a LOT of electrical power which is then used to power electric motors that power the wheels. It is very easy to reverse rotation on electric motors hence how they're able to go forward and \"backward\"\n\nEdit: to add to the second question. They can operate the engine remotely from the opposite end of the train.",
"The front/end of the train has a special passenger car that has a driver's cab in it, which allows the engineer to remotely control the locomotive from the other end of the train. Here's [an example](_URL_0_) of the ones we have in Toronto. You'll notice the little window on the right side of the car (left from the photo's perspective). That's where the engineer sits. You'll also notice that this passenger car has a bell and horn on it, while the others don't. The [newer models](_URL_1_) now have a full cab at the front, rather than the subway train style in the older ones. \n\nThis system allows them to easily operate the train with a single locomotive. Otherwise there'd be too much downtime trying to connect another locomotive with cab to the other end of the train when it needs to reverse direction.\n\nFor the locomotive itself, it doesn't really matter if it's pushing or pulling the train. Especially for light weight passenger trains. Diesel locomotives use electric motors for traction (powered by a diesel generator), so they can operate full speed in both directions. \n\n",
"If you look at the lead car you can see a little operater cabin or if you board that car the passenger area isn't at large. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/GO_Train_at_Exhibition_GO_Station_with_a_view_of_CN_Tower.jpg",
"http://trn.trains.com/~/media/images/railroad-news/news-wire/2016-and-prior/2015/10/gotransit.jpg"
],
[]
] |
|
6h6mm6
|
why do we sweat from the areas we do (forehead, armpits, back, foots) and not from the entire or most of our body?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6h6mm6/eli5_why_do_we_sweat_from_the_areas_we_do/
|
{
"a_id": [
"divx310"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"Sweat glands are located throughout our entire body. We have two different types of sweat gland, Eccrine sweat glands which cover most of our skin, and Apocrine sweat glands, which concentrate in the areas you mentioned. The two glands produce different kind of sweats, for different reasons. Eccrine produce sweat to cool the body. Apocrine produce a thicker sweat in response to stress or intense physical events."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
214jp8
|
whats the idea behind the pom pom beanie hat? (what are the pom poms for)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/214jp8/eli5_whats_the_idea_behind_the_pom_pom_beanie_hat/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cg9ju2p",
"cg9k3lm"
],
"score": [
2,
3
],
"text": [
"To be cute? \n\nNever understood the Pom Pom socks though. ",
"I always thought it was something easy to grab with gloves on since most winter gloves severely reduce dexterity. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
6ruyxn
|
how does a crime organisation 'come to be'?
|
Huge groups like the mafia and triads are very prevelant in the modern world but how did they get there? What keeps them intertwined/efficient? On a basic level how does one run a criminal organisation?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6ruyxn/eli5_how_does_a_crime_organisation_come_to_be/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dl82hxw"
],
"score": [
9
],
"text": [
"Basically it goes like this: \n\nBad guy wants to have a bigger slice of the pie. Money laundering, cons, dealing x/y/z isn't profitable enough for the risk associated with it. He turns to bad guy B, says, \"hey, imma start a new thing. I got a dealer I just need someone to run some dope. You'll get paid.\" \n\nBad guy B is like, \"oh, cool. All good. It's sketchy but I need money for my kid anyways.\" \n\nThen they negotiate terms, do their shit, and get paid. Bad guy A and bad guy B are like, \"fuck man, we're killin' it. Can you take a bit more heat?\"\n\n\"Nah man, can't. I got my girl. Get lil C to do it. He's no snitch.\" \n\nAnd they merrily go about their way, evading law enforcement, keeping a low profile, and solidifying their hold on whatever enterprise they started. After a while, there are lots of lil Cs for the A and B to look after so they're in charge of supervising the Cs instead of being in the line of Fire. Also, rival As and Bs come into play which could make or break their organization. If they lose, they're done. If they win, they claim A' and B''s market share, thereby expanding. \n\nEventually you get to a point where it becomes impossible to keep it from the public eye and this is where most organizations are caught by responsible law enforcement. However, A and B are smart. They buy out the cops and chiefs of police so they do their shit. If not that, they wait till the heat drops and keep going afterwards. \n\nThen they grew uninhibited since they don't have be too too scared of the cops now. They just do their thing but now they have different problems. Lil Cs are stealing shit. You either let them be, due to their previous services to you, or set an example to the other rival As and Bs to, once more, solidify your market share. It also keeps the other lil Cs in-line. At some point you get the point where shit is hitting the fan. \n\nPeople are leaving; people don't have enough, or just want more, whatever. Then you take advantage of what you have: power. Y'all got lots of little Cs and Ds and Fs looking to score brownie points or cash. So you say, \"beat the fuck outta lil C 2-342a, grab his kid, and make sure (s)he don't snitch. Ain't like we're gonna kill 'me - yet. Just collateral.\"\n\nAt this point Cs are effectively top dog to most people in the organization. It's spread out like a spiders web. Ds and Fs look up to them but can't even see the A and B who started it. They're busy doing other shit like buying tigers, Hennessy, or leading an assassination order on some start-up. Whatever. \n\nThe Chinese have more... brutal traditions. Since families/clans were so closely related, defined, and social structure set to such a degree, it wouldn't be uncommon for the 'grab the kid' action to be turned into 'kill his entire clan, including the generation above and below. Oh my face' if he decided to leave, act against the organization, or otherwise endanger people inside. \n\nThe more powerful criminal organizations are tied together with money, drugs, and threats to keep them cohesive. And it usually works. The people in charge of, well, people know how to manipulate others to do their bidding - more importantly, *want* to do their bidding - and basically be a good ol' drone. The higher ups wash their hands clean, step back, and hide their involvement as they are undoubtably the first to fall if it goes public - with enough evidence to convict. \n\nHowever, most of these organizations were started before the advent of proper forensics so they could hide and bride their way out in the beginning. Now it's more difficult. Plus, there is now a prestige associated with the gang/affiliation multiple generations pass through. It isn't all that different than civic pride, national support for your country, or an unhealthy obsession with the Ravens. \n\nSource: fuck if I know. I pulled it outta my ass. Basic business expansion though, with an admittedly morally ambiguous touch. \n\n "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1txw8u
|
why does the dutch name for the hague ('s-gravenhage) begin with an apostrophe?
|
Is it a common thing for Dutch cities to do this, or is it just a one-off thing?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1txw8u/eli5_why_does_the_dutch_name_for_the_hague/
|
{
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"cecj9w0",
"cecjght"
],
"score": [
2,
7
],
"text": [
"There is also 's-Hertogenbosch at least that I've heard of. The people there refer to it as Den Bosch, same as 's-Gravenhage is Den Haag, if that provides any clues. However I don't have an explanation as I'm not Dutch.",
"'s-Hertogenbosch = > des Hertogen bosch = > the Duke's forest\n's-Gravenhage = > des Graven hage = > the Count's wood\n's avonds = > des avonds = > in the evening\n\nIt's short for the archaic word *des*."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
9d6ab5
|
how do mirrors and cameras change the look of our face? how does this affect selfies taken in the mirror? which is more true to reality?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9d6ab5/eli5_how_do_mirrors_and_cameras_change_the_look/
|
{
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"e5fk1xg",
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],
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2,
4
],
"text": [
"I don’t know about mirrors but [this article ](_URL_0_) has some interesting info in relation to focal length in cameras ",
"A mirror reverses an image back to front. That is to say, you can face yourself *without* the perspective shift that would normally be required.\n\nSo in the mirror you are seeing the left side of your face on the left, and the right side on the right.\n\nA person talking to you in a normal circumstance would see the left side of your face on the right, and the right on the left. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.since1965.be/blog/pascal-vandecasteele-since1965/how-focal-length-affect-the-shape-of-the-face"
],
[]
] |
||
5qf93v
|
why it takes 49 day to reincarnate for buddhists
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5qf93v/eli5_why_it_takes_49_day_to_reincarnate_for/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dcysh8w"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Because 49 is seven times seven, and seven has been a symbolic number in a huge number of mythologies. It a prime number and cannot be multiplied or divided within the first 10 numbers so it seems more special."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
21pa6t
|
why do people think science disproves christianity? and how is the multiverse theory less of a superstition than god?
|
I am a Christian who agrees with pretty much all scientific theories (no I am not a creationist) and I don't see how people disprove Christianity with science.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/21pa6t/eli5_why_do_people_think_science_disproves/
|
{
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"Science does disprove some aspects of Christianity in a literal sense, such as creationism or witchcraft. However Christianity is a very broad term of a constantly shifting set of practices, beliefs and concepts. To disprove it as a whole is all but impossible.",
"It doesn't. You can't prove or disprove the existence of a higher power whose very purported nature is outside the realm of science.\n\nPeople who try to use science to disprove faith are just as confused as people who try to use faith to disprove science.",
"two versions of the argument:\n\n1.) Science disputes the Christian bible. This is actually somewhat new, and actually reflects atheists giving credence to the fundamentalist reading of the bible. \n\nTHis is how [Fred Clark](_URL_0_) characterizes the current conversation:\n\n > **Young Earth Creationist**: The Bible clearly says that God created the universe in six days, 6,000 years ago. \n > **ME**: No, actually, it doesn’t. [Insert everything I've ever written or said about the Bible for the past 25 years.] \n > **INTERNET ATHEIST**: Does too. \n > **ME**: Wait … what are you doing here? And why on earth are you siding with him? \n > **IA**: I’ve apparently decided he’s the most knowledgeable, reliable and trustworthy interpreter of Christian orthodoxy and biblical scholarship. \n > **ME**: Him? He’s really not. \n > **IA**: I’ve read Answers in Genesis. I know all I need to know about what you Christians believe. And Ken Ham warned me against your seminary trickery … \n\n2.) Science leaves no room for the supernatural qualities that Christianity attributes to God. There are certain claims about god that would seem to contravene physics. For instance, being able to affect things without being detectable or needing an apparent source of energy, or the existence of a soul that affects personality. Of course, there are apologetics that respond to these claims, and counter-apologetics to those, etc... ",
"I don't believe science and Christianity are mutually exclusive. \n\nI am a scientist, and no longer a Christian, so I know what principles I believe in. But I can't use those principles to disprove any religion. Faith, I think even by definition, can't be disproven. \n\nIf anything, I see room in science for religion, just as I see room in religion for science. I think the two lines of thought can actually work harmoniously together.\n\nUnfortunately, it's oftentimes the loudest people who spend the least time thinking, and their opinions are used as banners for entire movements, whether or not those opinions are actually held by the majority. \n\nDo I believe in Christianity? No. But because I CHOOSE not to. Not because I feel that it's been proven false, but because I simply don't believe it. Just as Christians CHOOSE to have faith, but can't prove that they are right.\n\nIt's faith. If it could be proven or disproven, it wouldn't be faith anymore.\n\n",
"I'm not going to get into the Christianity stuff, but a couple of things about the 'multiverse'.\n\nFirst, it's not a theory, not in the scientific sense. In science something doesn't attain the level of theory until there is a great deal of evidence and consensus around it. The concept of the multiverse is one of many possible *interpretations* of a very specific part of quantum physics called the wavefunction collapse. It stems from the famous double slit experiment and the dual wave-particle nature of light, and more specifically from the apparent observation that a wavefunction collapses from a superposition of eigenstates when consciousness or measuring apparatus intervenes. In trying to get around this oddity one of the interpretations was that wavefunction doesn't really collapse but instead the universe splits into multiples at each possible measured moment.\n\nA little later on we got string theory, which came very close mathematically to explaining all the known behaviors of fundamental particles, especially when it was extended into higher dimensions (known as M theory). Unfortunately M theory comes with a brand new set of oddities, one of which is the potential for multiple universes.\n\nScientific consensus ends at the standard model of particle physics. It's the closest thing we've got to a complete theory of everything and indeed it's the most successful set of ideas ever created by human beings. Without it, we wouldn't be sitting on computers or smartphones using Reddit right now. Anything beyond that - M Theory, String Theory, Quantum loop gravity, multiverses etc. - is all speculative physics - usually possible physical interpretations of what the math tells us. They're not beliefs, at least not to the majority of scientists, but rather are ideas to explore mathematically and experimentally to see if progress can be furthered. Very different from a concept of a God, which is an open, personal interpretation of nature not subject to any experimental or mathematical proof.",
"\"Science\" is really just a way of explaining how the universe works, based on experimentation, evidence, and testable hypotheses. Science can disprove some hypotheses if they are specifically testable, but the notion of a god (as it is traditionally defined, particularly in Western cultures) cannot really be tested, and thus the claim is unfalsifiable. In this was, science cannot disprove god. \n\nWith that said, science also functions under the general idea that if there is zero evidence for something, it's not a very worthy claim. Due to the lack of evidence for a deity, people who are scientifically minded tend to dismiss theistic claims as unworthy of logical/practical consideration. ",
"H.L. Mencken described three thought processes. Imagine an ancient ancestor walking in the wild. A branch falls and nearly brains him. There are three ways to view it:\n\n1) The branch falling on your head is a good thing. This leads to art, poetry, and philosophy.\n\n2) The world is controlled by unknown and unseen forces and that these forces are unknowable. However, certain individuals have an innate, bewildering talent talent that can sometimes placate and encourage those forces to do their bidding. This is the path to religion.\n\n3) Sometimes branches fall from trees. If we look at branches that have fallen and compare them to branches that haven't, we may be able to see which branches are ready to fall and which aren't. This is the thinking of science.\n\nIt's been a while since I got my degree in astrophysics, and cosmology wasn't my specialty anyway, but the argument goes like this: in order to have the universe as we see it today, with clumps called galaxies and matter and so on, there had to be a very, very brief period of hyperinflation where the universe was expanding faster than the speed of light. There is observation evidence for here (the fact that galaxies and matter exist, the characteristics of the background radiation from the Big Bang, the separation of gravity from other forces like electromagnetism, and so on). The predictions about the Higgs bison and what CERN found probably back this up. If the boson could not be found or had the wrong properties, it was back to the drawing board. \n\nOne prediction, based on the model we have, is that the universe may have popped into existence when a piece of space-time formed a bubble that expands less than the speed of light surrounded by space-time expanding more than the speed of light. It would explain hyperinflation, the model predicts it, and it makes sense. However, with science, who can you run an experiment to prove or disprove it? For now, we can't, but historically and theoretically it makes sense.\n\nNow, the history of our place in huge universe is this. W first thought everything went around the sun, which is the most sensible thing in the world to think. However, Copernicus and Brahe and Kepler and Newton showed the Earth goes around the Sun, which looks to be the center of what we can see. Then when globular clusters were mapped, among other things, the center of the universe seemed to be the middle of the Milky Way, about 30,000 light years away. When. Hubble realized that some of those light smudges were other Milky Ways and (practically) every one appeared to be rushing away from the center, us. By this point we said \"hold on, we've seems this before, the math says every place would see the same thing\" ie, galaxies flying away from each other. Our place in the universe has gotten less special as we know more, so why should the universe itself be all that special?\n\n\nTL;DR history and theory backed with some observable phenomena.\n"
]
}
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[] |
[] |
[
[],
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"http://www.patheos.com/blogs/slacktivist/2012/08/16/ken-hams-biblical-exegesis-is-just-as-sound-as-his-science/"
],
[],
[],
[],
[]
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|
5fztnm
|
how and why were computers able to be made smaller as time goes on?
|
When computers first came out, most of them took up an entire room with huge components. Now, almost everyone has a computer in their pocket. How are we able to make such powerful computers so small, and what was stopping them from being that small when they were invented?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5fztnm/eli5_how_and_why_were_computers_able_to_be_made/
|
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"At first it was up to what the basic electronic \"switch\" element was. These are needed in any digital computer to perform logical operations.\n\nAt first they were electromechanical, with no purely electric circuitry. They had electric motors and moving mechanical arms to actuate other components and perform tasks. This needed huge amounts of space to do simple mathematics.\n\nThey they started using vacuum tubes as the active elements. These were purely electric now, and much smaller in space requirements, meaning you could now build (room sized) computers like the ENIAC that were programmable and could execute a variety of tasks, not just built for one particular hardware-defined task like previously. Note that these vacuum tube computers were larger than previous electromechanical computers, but they were the first \"true\" (programmable) computers, as I said, because they weren't limited to a specific mathematical task; instead you could program them to perform a series of mathematical calculations in a particular order over a set of data.\n\nThen we discovered transistors and they gradually replaced vacuum tubes. Transistors are a lot smaller and easier to make than a vacuum tube, you just have to join three pieces of two different types of semiconductor material.\n\nThen we started making integrated circuits, a way to embed and connect many (much smaller scale) transistors onto a single piece of semiconductor (chip).\n\nThis is what we still use today, we just managed to reduce the size required for a single transistor on the chip, thus being able to fit more and more onto a chip and increase its computational capability (or just make it smaller).",
"Tiny transistors happened.\n\nA transistor is an electronic component that acts like a \"switch.\" It has 3 electrical connections. An in, an out, and a third connection. Power going in the in won't go out the out unless it also gets power on the switch. So this is a kind of basic logic, you need a signal on wire one AND two to get a signal going out. By combining lots and LOTS of these guys, plus some other devices, you can start to build a machine that uses input + logic to produce results! A computer!\n\nThe problem is that early computers used things called \"vaccuum tubes\" to act as transistors. Their *function* was basically the same as modern transistors, but they had a lot of issues. Vacuum tubes need to be hot to work, and (like the name suggests) they need to be an empty airless space, which required a thick outer casing that wouldn't break from the pressure. So heating these bulky things up is what kept original computers enormous and power-hungry.\n\nThen we figured out some stuff about silicon. Silicon is a \"semiconductor\" that sometimes conducts electricity, and sometimes doesn't, depending on other factors. The nice part? It doesn't need to be warm, and it doesn't need a vacuum. this led to the creation of transistors, which rapidly shunk the size of computers. "
]
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[],
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t1m7j
|
could someone tell me why the gov. can't lend students money at the same rate they lend to banks?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/t1m7j/eli5could_someone_tell_me_why_the_gov_cant_lend/
|
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"Simple answer: students are less likely to pay it back.\n\n",
"You dont want the goverment giving out loans like that.\n\nThe government giving out student loans is already causing a bubble in the education market, as the government gives out more money universities raise prices to get that money, then the government has to give out more and the cycle repeats. Its not sustainable whatsoever and is going to result in a massive crash sooner or later. \n\nAlso since the economy is poor the chances of you getting a good job out of school is low and as such it is going to be a while before you can pay that loan back, ",
"Higher risk = higher rate.",
"Well little buddy, I don't have all the answers but I can tell you the world isn't fair. I know, it sucks. \n\nWhen the government lets you play on the jungle gym for 3 pieces of gum and lets banks play on the jungle gym for 0-1 pieces, that's only because the government and the banks are like the best friends ever.\n\nPlus, the banks have a wicked sweet xbox and the government is at his house like every day blasting aliens and all kind of wicked stuff.\n\nIf you have gum you can go play with them, but if you don't you have to go play outside. ",
"I still don't get it though. In Australia, the government loans students money to pay for their university education, at no interest (except for a minor increase per year to adjust for inflation). \n\nI pay roughly $2000 per semester in loans, but other students pay as little as 1000 or as high as 6000, depending on the course and university. \n\nAnd how do they ensure you pay it back? Once you start earning an annual income over a certain amount (can't remember the exact number) its simply automatically taken out as a percentage of your pay, until you've paid it back in full. \n\nDoesn't seem that hard to me. \n\nEdit: sorry, was meant as a reply to a post, but yeah. Still stands. Why can't the US govt do the same?",
"For an actual answer: \n\nWhen the fed lends a bank money, the bank keeps some of the funds and loans out the rest. The leftover loaned out by bank 1 ends up with other banks, who retain a portion and lend out the rest. This contines for multiple itterations. The number of itterations is based on how much each bank keeps, which can only be as low as the federally mandated minimum. It's called the money multiplyer effect, if my haven't-thought-about-it-since-school memory serves. \n\nThe fed is not in the lending business to necessarily make money, but rather influence monetary policy (how money is moving through the markets, etc) \n\nThe reason they lend to banks at a lower rate than students, then, is because the fed is not trying to make more money off the student. Rather, they are looking to control how expensive it is for banks to move more money into the equation. \n\nSorry if that's a bit rusty, on my phone and a couple years removed from any monetary policy classes. ",
"There are a lot of good answers here. But I would like to add that the interest rates that the banks get have much greater implications on society than student loans do. A large portion of the economy has a lot to do on the interest rates, due to bank lending, investing, etc. Student loans are an extremely small percentage compared to the interest rate of the federal reserve bank. Additionally, the students who get the higher interest rates on student loans are generally the one's who claim dependence on their parents who have an income. However, a student with a lower income claiming as an independent wont pay near as much in loans, and will more likely be eligible for grants as well. ",
"It could. It doesn't because those are two different things done by two distinct entities.\n\nLoans to banks are done by the Federal Reserve.\n\n > The Congress established the statutory objectives for monetary policy--maximum employment, stable prices, and moderate long-term interest rates--in the Federal Reserve Act.\n\nBroadly speaking, that's what the Federal Reserve tries to accomplish. As part of that mission they adjust interest rates on loans to banks. Currently it's very low.\n\nThe interest rates on student loans have nothing to do with that. At least not directly, although the whole economy is intertwined. But it doesn't have any direct connection the rate that the Federal Reserve loans money to banks.\n\nFederal loans to students are done through the Department of Education. I wasn't able to find a clear mission statement like above, but presumably their mission is something like \"increase college enrollment\" or \"increase the ability of students to attend college\". The point is that it's a fundamentally different type of loan designed to achieve a fundamentally different objective.\n\nWhen understood that way - the difference between the Federal Reserve setting interest rates to achieve its objectives vs the Department of Education setting interest rates to achieve its objectives - I think you have your answer. There's no intrinsic reasons the interest rates have to be different. But they are different because they're different types of loans administered by different places designed to meet different objectives.",
"Arbitrage?\n\nSuddenly, I am in business, borrow from the govt, lend to someone else, accrue the difference.",
"They already give students low rate to interest free loans already. Staford loans and the like. "
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1952q9
|
why are storage units so expensive?
|
I just got a letter in the mail stating my 15x10 storage unit is going up to $94 a month from $90. It's still the cheapest 15x10 unit in a 25-mile radius (by far; the next closest is around $150/mo). It's not climate-controlled or powered or anything.
So where does all the money go?
Edit: :/ I was really hoping for a bit more of an explanation. What kinds of expenses, specifically, do places like these have? What kind of profit do they see? Do they have to pay for special licenses and fees other businesses don't?
So far the explanations feel more like "explain like I have an MBA."
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1952q9/eli5_why_are_storage_units_so_expensive/
|
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"The usual things businesses spend money on. Employees, utilities (I bet the lot and management offices have those), business expenses, property tax, etc. Eventually they might want some profit as well.\n\nHow many units do they have? Do some math and figure out how much they might have to work with.",
"If you think about it, you're essentially paying for property rental, albeit at a much lower cost than usual. If your apartment had an extra 150 square feet in it, you'd probably pay a bit more for it than you currently are. ",
"That's outrageous for where I live. Here a 15x15 rents for $40/month. Then again the average house is around $80k and median household income is around $30k.\n\nWhen I lived in Charlotte I paid more than that for a 6x6.",
"Land isn't free. Someone is buying all that property, probably on a mortgage, and paying it off over a very long period. If you're buying a couple of acres of commercial property in a busy area, the cost could go into the millions.\n\nSo now you need to pay those millions off. You're renting the land out 150 square feet at a time. You also need to pay off the construction loan you took out to build all of those sheds. You also need to pay property taxes on that land. And yeah, employees and etc.\n\nAdd all those costs up and divide it out, and that's where your $100/month is going to. There *might* be a profit margin added as well, but usually these kinds of storage facilities are used to park the land until it becomes much more valuable and the owner can sell it off for a big gain, or develop it into something even more profitable like a strip mall."
]
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5ice3i
|
why do gums bleed when brushing teeth for the first time in a few days, but do not bleed if you brush daily?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5ice3i/eli5_why_do_gums_bleed_when_brushing_teeth_for/
|
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"Bleeding gums with brushing is not normal and is a sign of gingivitis. You should see a dentist. \n\nBut the reason you may be bleeding is that if you go days without brushing or flossing you can form little blood \"blisters\" in between your teeth. Brushing can pop these causing bleeding. ",
"When you don't brush, you build up bacteria. That bacteria and retained food bits irritates the gums, making them inflamed. Once that tissue is inflamed, it becomes sort of fragile and so brushing it causes it to bleed. \n\nIf you brush daily, the idea is that you clean out that irritating material and your gums stay healthy. Healthy gums are sturdy so unless you are brushing too aggressively they shouldn't bleed. ",
"Dental student here.\n\nGingivitis, the inflammation of gums which causes them to bleed, takes approximately 4 days to start developing in presence of bacteria. If you brush your teeth every day, you remove the bacteria, but if you let the bacteria build up for 4 or more days, you will get gingivitis and thus get bleeding gums.",
"You're developing gingivitis if you're getting that bleeding from not brushing. When you brush every day, you're starting to beat the gingivitis. Just something to remind you of the importance of brushing every day! Losing teeth and gum is way too common in the modern day, and has effects on your overall health (like increasing your risk of heart disease)."
]
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[],
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|
9pgbwg
|
how do they reenact concerts through projections?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9pgbwg/eli5_how_do_they_reenact_concerts_through/
|
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"Never mind, really high. Just realized the video is from 1995"
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[]
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||
6gx4zt
|
why are all external body parts, like eyes or ears, symmetrical along the spine but some internal ones, like the heart, are asymmetrical?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6gx4zt/eli5_why_are_all_external_body_parts_like_eyes_or/
|
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"It's important for accurate sensory input that eyes/ears are symmetrical. It's important for speed and balance that limbs are symmetrical. The organs don't have this requirement, and are bunched in to be space-efficient.",
"It has to do with embryology (how the embryo develops into a human).\nAn embryo starts out as a flat disc with 3 layers of cells and then \"folds\" in on itself (imagine wrapping a burrito).\n\nThe innermost layer forms a tube, which will develop into the internal organs, and the outermost layer forms your skeleton, bones and connective tissues (pretty much everything that isn't your organs)\n\nThe outer layer develops symmetrically about the midline. 2 eyes, 2 ears, 2 arms, 2 legs. Interestingly, your brain is also symmetrical about the midline (although the right and left brain do have different functions)\n\nAs the inner layer of cells (the tube) it becomes squashed against the walls of the body cavity. This causes the tube to twist and bend as it develops. Eventually different parts of the tube differentiate into different organs. The lungs, liver kidneys and spleen branch off the midline. The gut does a whole bunch of Gymnastics. Interestingly the \"start\" and \"end\" of this tube (the mouth and anus) ARE symmetrical.\n\nThe heart is a good example of this. It starts out as a symmetrical tube, but bends and folds as it develops, ending up in the 4 chambered configuration of a mature heart.\n\nThe reason the outermost layers are bot symmetrical is partly because they are not space restricted like the internal organs.",
"'Parts' that are external are external for a reason, that reason is environmental interaction. Anything interacting with the environment has the issue of our body being in the way. Meaning, if you put an ear anywhere on yourself, it can't hear past you to the other side, requiring symmetry to serve its purpose. I.e.: External parts interact with the world and require symmetry to be effective. Arms can't reach past your own body, the body wouldn't move effectively on one leg, etc. Internal parts don't have the same issue. A single heart is effective at circulating blood, a single stomach is effective in processing foods. The only real exception is lungs, but that's a whole 'nother topic.",
"There is no \"why\" in evolutionary biology. Things just happen, some are selected for and some aren't. Symmetry was an improvement for eyes/ears and was selected for. Symmetry was irrelevant for many other organs and was therefore not selected for.",
"On top of everything else mentioned here, consider that reusing code is nature's most effective compression algorithm. Our entire DNA structure would nearly double in size and complexity if not for the mirroring.",
"You're going to get a lot of long winded answers about this and it's very complex.\n\nThe reason is that we initially develop as a worm like thing with a gut tube running mouth to butt. This worm grows things on both sides which become the pairs of stuff like arms and legs. \n\nThe gut tube gets too long and lumpy so it gets stuffed back inside your body as a coiled mess to become your intestines and stomach. The stuff that grew off the gut tube gets put on one side of the other to become other things in your belly but they all started out as something right off the gut. \n\nThe worm has other tubes like the \"heart\" tube that kind of flops back on itself which is why your heart looks weird. All of the heart and artery weirdness are later improvements to deal with breathing, moving, crawling, and walking. \n\n",
"The heart has to be asymmetrical in order to do its job.\n\nYour blood doesn't move in a circle, but a figure 8. The right side of your heart pumps blood to the lungs, where it can pick up oxygen. Then it goes back to the heart. The left side of the heart pumps the blood around the entire rest of your body, where it drops off oxygen, and then back to the heart.\n\nThe left side of your heart has to pump blood much farther than the right side. To do that, it has to have a lot more muscle, and that makes it bigger.",
"So you can be nyoom fast... just kidding. It's so that you receive sensory inputs correctly.",
"[Hox gene segmentation](_URL_0_)\n\nThe genes that determine your body arrangement are called hox genes. These genes have a habit of duplicating. The duplicate then has a chance to mutate and become something new without killing the organism since there is still a perfectly good copy elsewhere.\n\nFor things that have a lumen (hole in the middle) this duplication get's a bit tricky. If something needs to pass through that hole (food, blood, air, etc.), then either the same mutation has to happen twice or two mutations have to happen at the same time (structure change and shift away from middle) in order for the medium to still successfully pass through the lumen while maintaining symmetry. This is the case for kidneys in pretty much everything and the transition state in gas bladders of fish. Often the duplication will take place, but you really don't need two food tubes right? One then mutates to carry something else, like air. Now symmetry has been secondarily lost.\n\nStructures without that lumen can deviate from the middle without disrupting flow of a medium and then continue to mutate afterward without being lethal.\n\nBlood vessel development has a surprising amount of hormonal control even long after development of the animal and facilitates creation of new limbs.",
"Eyes, ears, et al. are almost never completely symmetrical. The difference is just small enough that your brain usually just \"glosses\" over it on a daily basis. \n\nSome psychologists posit that the people that many would consider \"drop-dead gorgeous/handsome\" have significantly more symmetrical features overall than average, and we just don't notice that's why.\n\nHave fun looking at yourself in the mirror for the next day or so!",
"You have a lot of good answers but I feel I should add this. Testicles and kidneys come in pairs and they're like twins. One works hard and does most of the work while the other smokes pot and sleeps on the couch until the first one dies, then the other one gets up is inspired, and hopefully starts working. In this case they aren't working in tandem so much as one of them is doing the most of the work until the other is needed.",
"Evolutionary. because all the early non-symmetrical body types had a weakness on one side versus the other. like a blind spot, inability to turn that way quickly or something like that. predators took advantage of that and killed all the non symmetrical ones so only symmetrical ones survived to reproduce.",
"Doesn't sexual selection play a big part in this question? ",
"Because appearance is everything. Outside- I got my shit together I am symmetrical, like a boss.\nInside- fuck everything! Organs strewn about and entrails like a rat nest.",
"There's a lot of selective sexual pressure on having symmetry but since the internal organs are inside hidden, that pressure doesn't apply",
"Probably been answered but our inner parts are very specialized to perform their function, everything starts out pretty symmetrical then branch out into specialized structures",
"It's complicated, speaking as a physician for the last 45 years and a field biologist for 55.\n\nEssentially body structure is that based upon our worm ancestors, which are ancestral to most all animals, but a few primitive ones. This structure is repeating segments of structures starting with the head and then spreading downwards. We have spinal bones and nerve roots coming off each, just like worms, fish, amphibs, reptiles etc. Repeating segments is a VERY efficient way of building up a body, and this least energy rule is deeply imbedded in our embryology as well. Even the gill slits our embryos have are repeating units. Cells are repeating units ultimately, but are greatly differentiated.\n\nThis dfferentiation is the basis of embryology and how our bodies develop. Even our ribs are segmented. The sensory nerves and blood vessels and muscles are all segmented, too, just stretched out.\n\nWhy and how? It's a least energy series of configurations, largely. so, we're highly efficient in the way we are organized. Evolution is least energy driven, largely, which is the basis of why animals look like they do. Efficiency creates stability and longevity as well.\n\nSo, that's largely why each creature and plant look like what they do, a series of least energy solutions to environmental stressors and conditions. Very complex, but with LE we can easily navigate thru the complexities of most all of it, tho there is STILL a very great deal to learn.\n\nLeast Energy Rules. SOA biology, very likely. Others are still trying to catch up.\n\n_URL_0_\n\nHierarchical systems are found also throughout our bodies, as THOSE are least energy, too. The arteries, veins and nerves are created in neurovascular bundles, starting out large, centrally and then branching out, Hierarchies, the further out they go. And our bodies are hierachically arranged as well.\n\nThe body of trunk, arms, and legs are hierarchies. The trachea, then divides into two main bronchi, then into the bronchioles, also are hierarchically arranged down to the alveoli, and there the large pulmonary veins come in split up branching, then absorb the O2, lose some H20 and CO2, and then become the pulmonary arteries to the left ventricle of the heart. All branching hierarchies you see? Even our understanding is an organization of our knowledge the hierarchies.\n\nThe key to this deep, universal structure can be seen as least energy as well (roads, electric power lines, gas lines, sewer and water systems, etc.) in the way water runs downhill, reaching lower and lower gravitation energies as it flows. least energy again. Springs become rivulets, those become creeks, then streams, the small rivers, and then the large river systems. All branching, all least energy forms, down to the meandering low land rivers, which meandering is least energy turbulent flow to the sea, where the deltas break up into the various channels (branches) as in the MS delta and the Nile Delta, once again, the roots are seen as the various deltoid branches of the great rivers.\n\nIt's all least energy driven, you see?\n\nThat's the Grand Design of our bodies, reflected in the natural hierarchies, and the vast hierarchies of our understandings, the dictionaries, telephone and city directories, the periodic table of elements, etc., etc., etc. All least energy forms, Just like our bodies!!\n\nThe Grand Designs of Least Energy rules.",
"Fun Fact: your exterior body part are NOT symmetrical. Your eyes and ears are offset by a small amount so that you get better stereoscopic vision and sound.",
"One of the explanations I can come up with is evolutionary. \n\n\nIt has been noted that several females in the animal Kingdom prefer highly symmetric looking males over the other. And hence, there could be a kind of bias towards the symmetric looking fad. \nAnd the positioning of the internal organs have virtually no effect on the external appearance and hence, hence there was no fad in regards to that. ",
"This doesn't explain why my Weiner is so tiny and why I can do nothing about it. Woman can turn into men and the other way around yet I can grow a couple extra inches on my ding dong? Our research is in the wrong place.",
"Specifically for the heart, it's asymmetrical because each side has a different load. The right side just pumps blood to the lungs, and the left pumps to the rest of the body. The left side needs stronger muscle and higher capacity because it's moving blood to a much larger area. ",
"If sexual selection plays a role in this, and I think it's reasonable to expect that it would, internal asymmetry is much more difficult to detect than external. Structures with internal asymmetry would be hidden from that sort of sexual selection.",
"Fun fact though: your heart develops from a \"heart tube\" in the embryo, and to begin with, you actually have two of them!\n\nYou also originally have two thoracic ducts, but I didn't know what a thoracic duct was before med school and I presume many of you might not either."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
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"http://www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/medical/humandev/2005/HD21/Hox6S.pdf"
],
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[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://jochesh00.wordpress.com/2015/09/01/evolution-growth-development-a-deeper-understanding/"
],
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[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
7xzf1n
|
how do blood transfusions work for diabetics? isn't there a certain blood sugar level in the donated blood? can it be too high to put into a diabetic person?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7xzf1n/eli5_how_do_blood_transfusions_work_for_diabetics/
|
{
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"ducgjrx",
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"text": [
"Diabetes is the inability to control the amount of glucose in the blood stream, the cause is either lack of insulin due damage to the pancreas or resistance to insulin due high levels of it. No insulin means body keeps releasing glucose to the blood stream and you end up with high glucose levels.\n\nA healthy person blood going into a diabetic should normalize the recipient glucose level for a while. The opposite will most likely increase the glucose level of the healthy person for a while.\n\nBlood glucose is by no means constant it changes thorough the day, specially after meals and it is one of the ways your body can know when it's hungry, the glucose is too low it is time to eat.",
"Actually a non-diabetic persons blood should have a perfectly healthy blood glucose level. It's the inability of the body to automatically maintain this that defines diabetes, but a non-diabetics blood glucose concentration shouldn't exceed 6 mmol/L (108 mg/dL), where a reading of under 10 mmol/L is acceptable for type 2 diabetics."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
8gxylv
|
it's 2:30 am in los angeles, why are the birds singing now?
|
I guess it doesn't matter the location, why do birds sing at night? Is it just a common misconception that birds only 'sing' during daylight?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8gxylv/eli5_its_230_am_in_los_angeles_why_are_the_birds/
|
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"I think it has to do with the light polution, their internal clocks must be all over the place as the lack of total darkness confuses them as to when sunrise is.\n\nAlso there could be the percieved threats they may experience, as a warning to other birds as it is about the time they are reproducing",
"Ah, good question! \nHere you can see real evolution in work. Birds shifted their singing hours, because at day it's too noisy in cities. \nDuring the day they can't hear each other, so to adapt they now sing in quiet nightly hours. \n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
4eb40l
|
what causes an atom bomb to suck back in after the shockwave?
|
As seen here in this [video](_URL_0_)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4eb40l/eli5_what_causes_an_atom_bomb_to_suck_back_in/
|
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"See that mushroom cloud? That's hot air rising extremely fast. When that air rises, it creates a region of low pressure beneath it and air near the ground rushes back in to equalize the pressure.",
"Try to imagine an explosion under water. You press on the water around the explosion, creating a sort of empty space in the middle. When the pressure decreases, the water wants back in again. The same goes for an atomic bomb. First you press everything to the side, then you fill the void.",
"The bomb creates a super strong vacuum.\n\nAll bombs or explosives do this, but when you look at how large an atom bombs explosion is, you realize how much volume has been displaced, and air must rush back in to fill this space.\n\nOnce the shock wave becomes spread out enough and weak enough air will rush back in to fill this space, almost as a reverse shock wave and this can still cause massive damage.",
"Waves are not Flow\n\n[Individual Particles within a wave don't move.](_URL_0_) They are only temporarily displaced as energy moves though them. They will return to their original position. \n\nThe Shock**WAVE** is exactly that. A Wave. The Air will return to where it was *before* the shock wave passed though it. So air *sucks* back to where it was before.\n\nThis is also why Tsunamis pull water away from the shore. The water gets sucked in, washes up with the wave, and retreats to where it was before (and takes what ever was with it before back out to sea). \n\nOr why Rip Tides pull people out to sea.\n\nOr why NASCAR racers can draft behind each other (put the car where air wants to return too, so the air pushes the car there).",
"The gases from the blast moves upwards so air rushes to take it's place, also the fires needs oxygen to burn, so that makes more air draw towards the fires"
]
}
|
[] |
[
"https://youtu.be/PBuzWW33ROQ?t=1m31s"
] |
[
[],
[],
[],
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"https://i.imgur.com/o4y3C6U.gif"
],
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] |
|
3ifw0u
|
what would happen if someone were to inject iodine into my veins?
|
I had a dream where this happened. It was just household strength iodine and I think about 15 ccs were injected. What specifically would this do to me?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ifw0u/eli5_what_would_happen_if_someone_were_to_inject/
|
{
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"Well you'd be partially protected from radiation damage to your thyroid. You'd probably be very thirsty, metallic taste in the mouth, seizures and a bunch of other nasty symptoms. Then probably your kidneys would crap out. Depends on the dose, chances are you'd be okay but it'd feel pretty shitty."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
b1gazh
|
how do you read a stock chart?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/b1gazh/eli5_how_do_you_read_a_stock_chart/
|
{
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"P/E is price earnings ratio... that's the company's stock price relative to its annual profits per share. For most companies, it's typically around 15 or so. For slow growth companies like a utility, it might only be 5 or so, and for fast growth companies it might be well over 100. Can even be infinite if the company is losing money, but rapidly growing (think Tesla). So changes in P/E can give an idea of how a company's stock is performing relative to it's profits.",
"At any given instant of time, a stock has a certain price. This is the amount of money that changed hands the very last time that someone sold one share of that stock to someone else. Because of the way the markets work, this represents the real value of the stock. If I met up with you in a bar and tricked you into buying one share of my JunkCorp stock for a thousand dollars, that doesn't mean that $1000 is the real stock price, for this discussion.\n\nMost of the numbers you read on a stock chart are just looking at this price at different points in time or in different ways. You commonly see the Open (what the price was first thing this morning), the High and Low (the extremes of the price for today), the 52-week High and Low (the extremes of the price over the last year), and the Previous Close (the price when the market closed last night). Prices can change overnight in what's known as after-hours trading, but for the most part prices move around only when the market is open. Different markets have different open and close times.\n\nA few numbers are not as straightforward. blipsman described the P/E ratio. The Market Cap is the total value of the company, equal to the current price of the stock times the number of shares of stock that exist. Note that without knowing the number of shares that exist, the stock price really doesn't tell you much about how \"big\" the company is. A hypothetical company with a stock price of $1000 but only 100 shares in existence is far smaller than one with a stock price of $50 but millions of shares in peoples' hands.\n\nThe last number you see if for example, you Google \"IBM stock quote\" is the \"Div yield\", or dividend yield. A dividend is money that is paid out to stockholders by the company. By holding onto the stock, you receive a share of the profits of the company, which can be sent to you annually, semi-annually, quarterly or monthly, usually. The dividend yield is the amount of this dividend (per share) divided by the price of the stock (per share). So if the dividend yield is 5%, the stock price happens to be $100, and you own one share of the stock, then you can look forward to a $5 check in the mail."
]
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|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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|
b6cw54
|
how did ancient indians/ greeks build sky high temples without use of a crane to lift heavy stone?
|
Hindu temples in India and ancient Greek temples are/were significantly high. How did ancient people lift heavy slabs of carved stones? I don't understand how a pulley system would lift such a load.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/b6cw54/eli5_how_did_ancient_indians_greeks_build_sky/
|
{
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"text": [
"They used cranes\n\nThe Ancient Greeks were using cranes no later than 515 BC.\n\nBefore that it would have been ramp systems and rollers which they removed after they were done with construction, but for most of the buildings you're likely thinking of they would have used winch and pulley crane systems. The Parthenon was built with much smaller stones than the temples a few hundred years before it because these smaller stones were much easier to move with a crane and the crane was a lot easier than the ramp system.",
"There are some mysteries to this as most of these structures do not have any marks from the transport and were finished in place. We also do not have much record of their construction techniques. But the first evidence we have of the use of big cranes for construction are from the Ancient Greeks. These cranes are very similar to how a lot of modern cranes works with ropes being pulled using a winch operated by several workers or animals and redirected at a higher point using big pillars with counterweights or anchors. They even had compound pulleys allowing them to lift weights much heavier then the workers operating the winch. The way this works is that the rope is going back and forth between pulleys so that each length of rope only carries a small load. Then when you pull on one of these the weight will be much easier to move.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nHowever even without cranes there are examples where enough people are able to lift or pull tens of tons of weight in one go if only they can get a grip on it. A recent example made its way to the reddit front page of a village moving an entire house by picking it up and carrying it. It is not unreasonable that they would be able to do this before the invention of the pulley by dragging stones with ropes and lifting them up earth ramps. The pulleys and cranes only makes them able to do this with less people or animals."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
1a34em
|
what heroin withdrawals feel like
|
Because I just watched Gene Hackman writhing all over the floor of a Marsielles jail cell and it looks awful. But what does it feel like exactly? Is it pain? Is it an itch?
edit: wow this blew up! Thanks for all the insightful answers, it sounds absolutely fucking awful. With that knowledge, I think Gene Hackman really did a killer job!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1a34em/eli5_what_heroin_withdrawals_feel_like/
|
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"The most prominent sensation is a combination of being completely exhausted and being incredibly overstimulated at the same time. Imagine you just got done running a marathon, your whole body is sore, you can barely move; now imagine this on 5 cans of red bull. Basically, you desperately wan't to sleep, but every two minutes, the energy buildup in your body makes you jerk around and wakes you up.\n\nAdd to that painful hypersensitivity all over your body, a fever dream brain-state, an unquenchable hunger (for junk, but it's comparable to bring food starved or being unbearably horny), and a handful of other things (for me, everything tasted horrible, including cigarettes) and you have the general idea.",
"While I can't speak from personal experience (thank God) Artie Lange (former user) described it as basically going through hell. He said that you are never able to be comfortable and are always in pain. [You can watch him explain it here. ](_URL_0_)",
"Constant alterations in temperature, one moment you're overheating and sweating, 10 seconds later you're freezing cold plus the sweat. No appetite, pain, sneezing and general increase in fluid production like tears and nose drip. Diarrhea. Nausea. Insomnia. Irritability. \n\nsource: currently living it!\n\n**edit:** these \"supportive comments\" are all annoying and stupid.",
"Imagine the worst cold and flu combination that you could every have. Now multiply that by 1000. You are sweating profusely, but at the same time you are freezing. No matter how many layers you put on you can't keep warm. Every single muscle in your body aches. Muscles that you didn't even know that you had. Hell, muscles that you don't even have ache. You are constantly throwing up, and eventually dry heaving, because there is nothing left to get rid of. You can't eat, and if you try, it comes back up. You are get dehydrated from the vomiting and diarrhea. \n\nAny hope of this ending is completely gone. You are in pain and you want to die so it can all stop. And the absolute worst thing in the world is that you know you can make it stop.\n\nJust 1 hit. That is all it will take to make it all go away. You know deep down that it will only delay this process, and make it even worse when it comes back. But that doesn't matter. You push that fact away, because for the immediate future, you won't be sick. You won't be in pain. Just. One. Hit.\n\nSo not only are you in constant physical agony, but you wrestle with yourself mentally with the decision to endure, or cave in.\n\nEdit: I forgot about restless leg syndrome. This is horrible. As you are laying in the fetal position gently rocking waiting for it all to end, you start to feel this odd sensation. I can best describe it as static built up in your network of nerves. It starts to get so uncomfortable that you just have to move your legs. You need to shake it out. And that is the only thing that makes it better. If you try to stay still it just builds up again. Its maddening.",
"While the general symptoms are the same, everyone experiences it slightly differently. The first day off would be alright, but by the second day I'd get a runny nose / cold symptoms, diarrhea, insomnia, sweats, and horrible leg aches / cramps, and it would last another3-4 days. Plus the psychological frustration of knowing how easy it would be to cure but desperately trying to stick it out. However, I have a friend who just sleeps for a solid day or so and feels alright after that. Everyone's body reacts in a different way.",
"[This](_URL_0_) video was made by reddit users to portray the more mental experience of addiction and withdrawal",
"What everyone describes on here as far as the physical symptoms is pretty much dead on. Fever, chills, body ache, insatiable hunger for junk, etc. But what I feel like some people leave out is the mental anguish the person is going through. Being in so much intense pain and discomfort (especially from a prolonged using habit) paired with the mental symptoms can be terrible. I personally was not the person going through this, my boyfriend when I was 19 detoxed in our apartment several times. For me it was like witnessing a nightmare, being so young and wanting to help and not being able to do anything. The most terrifying thing was after he would spend an hour in the bathroom, sobbing and shitting his brains out, he would lie in bed and moan and cry for hours. When he would finally fall asleep (drenched in sweat), I would try to lay beside him to comfort him, but he would twist and writhe in his sleep and wake up violently from terrible nightmares, disoriented and suddenly back to the reality of his situation. The shock of waking up to it would send him back into tears again. This cycle would continue for between 4-7 days, gradually get a little better. He would then turn into a zombie for a few weeks before one day I would come home and he would seem \"cured\", like the worst was over. But in reality he had only relapsed and was hiding it from me. After a year of this, he died in our apartment.",
"I don't think I should explain heroin withdrawals to a five year old.",
"imagine having a constant dialogue with yourself all day about how and when you will be using again. and up until you use again your body has a hyper feeling of panic and fear. The fear that this is how you will feel forever. That you will be in torture for the foreseeable future there will be no relief for a couple of days. Which is funny because every second goes by painful and uncomfortably. The twisted part about it is you know if you use just a little bit of dope not only will all these pains and aches go away but you will also catch a slight buzz of relief. The only thing that can help give you instant relief for this immediate infection is the same thing that got you into this cycle. Don't even bother thinking about being able to sleep or get some rest. Every time you lay down you can never find a comfortable position to stay in. Your body is too busy screaming at you to feed it dope to sleep it NEEDS IT NOW GOD DAMN YOU. Yawning and watery eyes consistently. That is about 35% of what I can explain the remaining 65% is inexpiable unless you felt it there is no words or illness I ever have that can compare. I would honestly not wish it on my worst enemy and i would not mind water boarding some of them. i blame a lot of my past struggles on opiate withdrawal but it was my responsibility up until I became chemically dependent and had no choice when to stop I had to be mandated to detox and I was able to make logical decisions to stay away. It's the worst when your tolerance becomes needed daily. Once you need to take an opiate every day to feel normal you end up in a bad place because shit gets too unmanageable to guarantee your a daily dose.",
"What people seem to be neglecting here is the fact that you are in a deep, black, bottomless depression throughout all the physical symptoms...\nthe world is a cruel place, you recount your life experiences and conclude that you're a horrible friend/son/brother...even if thats not actually true...\n\njust a blacker-then-black depression...that you simply cant escape\n\nYou can't concentrate on anything, not reading, reddit or even shows or movies.... so you are left with nothing but your overly pessimistic dark thoughts and perception of the world... as a result, time goes by very slowly, all the while the physical symptoms continue to rape you ",
"A bunch of these are ELI35andknowneuroscience.\n\nLI5: It was like having the worst flu ever but that awesome grape-flavored children's Tylenol that mom gives you didn't help at all. :-( You know how you feel cold and then hot and then cold again when you have fever? I felt like that for what seemed like forever. Also, it felt like my tummy was always empty but eating didn't help at all. I sweated a lot. I wanted to cry all the time because I felt so sad. Sleeping with my favorite teddy would help me feel better, but only for a little bit, and I felt like there would never be enough teddies to fix how sad I was. Using heroin will makes you feel really good at first, but later it will make you really sick, so when you grow up please be a smart boy and don't try it.",
"This sounds like fun, where can I get some.",
"You're tired. You can't sleep. Your eyes water. You yawn every ten seconds. Your legs start to ache. Your back starts to hurt. It starts to burn from the inside out, but it is cold and clammy to the touch. Your pupils dilate. You suddenly feel like vomiting, but you have no energy to move. The stomach cramps get so bad, the sharp pains have you curled up in agony. Your leg has a Charlie horse. You whimper in pain and try to stretch it out. While your up you will yourself to the bathroom. You hate yourself. Every step feels heavy, miserable, unending, you want to die. You get to the bathroom and shit your brains out. You know these feelings will only become more intense. You want to die, but you don't have the energy. You crawl back to bed and vomit in the trash can. With every heave of your stomach the burning under your skin grows with fire. You cry. You beg yourself to find some dope. You call everyone, anyone associated with dope. Anyone who knows anyone. Then, you know you have to find money. Do you have money? Fuck, no. You never do anymore. You find something to pawn. You beg someone to drive you- you'll introduce them to your dealer. Oh, that's not good enough? I guess I'll get you high, too. *Just fucking bring me, dude.* \n\nIt gets worse while you're waiting to get high. You shit your pants, you puke out the window, you scream in your head. *Where the fuck is this guy?? It's taking* **fucking** *forever!* You're pissed at the world. It finally comes and you can't get it in you fast enough. Slowly, quickly, all at once the dope sick is gone. You feel the sweat leave your body and the cramps let up. You cry still, because you will never feel normal again. Not without methadone, or suboxone, or death. Maybe you will feel better when you're dead. But right now, right this second.. *you feel better*. And that's all that matters.. Is what you feel *right now*.",
"I've never done heroin, but I was on a heavy does of fentanyl that I kicked cold turkey about two years ago, so I feel like I can chime in a bit here (fentanyl is about 500x stronger than heroin). \n\nAt first you don't feel anything. The drugs are still in your system and it takes days for a drug that potent to get fully out. But on day two you begin to feel the change. It's subtle at first, but then it is a train wreck. \n\nYou start with a strange feeling in your stomach, akin to a flu. At first you don't think anything about it, maybe you lost your appetite. Maybe the food was improperly cooked. Maybe. But then you take a bite and you feel it in your stomach, that nothing will stop you from throwing up, that you can't keep it down. \n\nThe next day you have you no appetite and you are beginning to feel cold everywhere you go. The morphine (or heroin, or fentanyl) opens your blood vessels and as it leaves your body your vessels all close. Your temperature drops. You get the chills. You vomit. Your skin is somewhat itchy, but its not so bad, you are already wearing thermal underwear in the dead of summer because you feel like its freezing ... until the cycle starts up again.\n\nThe first two weeks are like this: freezing, goosebumps, then stomach ache (one of the effects of the drug leaving your system is gastroparesis), but you're hungry, you haven't eaten in days, you try to eat only to puke it all up seconds after the food enters your inert stomach. And then you're flush, you have the cold sweats, you're burning up, almost feverish. You are jittery. You want to move. Agitated in your own skin. Restless. You try to open up your thermal clothing to bring down your temperature ... and then you start to feel cold again. And you want to get up and move, you have restless legs, jitters, you want to be about, but you are trapped by your withdrawals. That happens in a twenty minute cycle. For two to four weeks. \n\nYour mood is also uncontrollable. The drug never caused mood swings, being without the drugs caused mood swings. Now in withdrawal you have no ability to control your emotions. One moment your trying to relax, the next you are nauseous, then you are in a blind rage at whatever disrupted your few moments free from the relentlessness of the withdrawals. Then you realize its not their fault, not their fault but yours and you are trying not bawl because you HURT like you've never hurt before. Your mind hurts, your body hurts, touching hurts, all textiles are abrasive and irritate you. Especially when someone touches you. You hate that their touch makes you recoil, but you can't stand to be touched. It's still too nauseating. It's still too much for your newly awakened senses to handle. And then you get that under control and you are relaxing again, until something sets you off again.\n\nWhen you shit its all liquid, almost diarrhea. You feel like you can't catch a break. Your body aches. You want the drug, not because you want to get high, but because you want the symptoms to stop. And you have headaches. Your head is always thumping and pounding. During the day you want to lie down and sleep. At night you toss and turn, but at least it stops the pain and the constant roller coaster of temperature change.\n\nThe symptoms never stop. They only begin to take longer and longer. After a month the cycle is almost an hour. You begin to think this particular Hell will never end. At the end of month two you realize you've lost nearly 20% of your body weight. You no longer vomit, but also no longer eat. You're not hungry again. But you're weak. \n\nAt the end of month three the cycle is almost passed and you begin to feel like you can do this. You can overcome the addiction. Month four and five pass and you feel like you've done it. You are drug free.\n\nA year passes and nothing, and then you score some hydros. What the Hell, right? I mean you got this shit down, no problem. One pill won't hurt, right? But it does. You instantly vomit. Your stomach starts the gastroparesis again. Your skin flushes. You feel worse, like shit and you remember why you kicked it ... and you also wonder if maybe you had a stronger dose, then maybe you would feel high. Maybe.\n\nEdit: Typed \"heroine\" and not \"heroin\" ",
"Jimmy, as you get older you'll notice some kids doing these crazy fun things, but remember, that's only the beginning. \n\nIt's like cleaning up your room, but you only had a little mess. Once you're done cleaning, you can stay up past your bedtime, have your friends over, we can even all the sweets we want and play video games all night. Doesn't that sound fun? The mess isn't so bad, you're too excited to play video games and eat sweets!\n\n But, after a few times Jimmy, it's like having all your friends over and everytime you try and clean up, it's a mess again. You want to play more and more, but no matter how hard you try you can never clean up fast enough and get to play and have fun.\n\nI'd be pretty upset by then, and really really cranky. I just want to play already! But Jimmy, this is only the beginning. Remember when you had the flu? You were hot, but shivering and needed a blanket. Your whole body hurt, but there was nothing mommy or daddy could do to kiss the booboos away. Everytime you stop cleaning your room, you get really really sick, even worse than the flu!\n\nThis is called addiction Jimmy. You had fun, and you know it's there somewhere, but you never really find it. You are working very very hard, but mommy and daddy are still mad at you for not cleaning your room, and you're always very sick. There's no way out, and everytime your friends try to help you, they just make everything worse!\n\nBut, don't worry Jimmy, there is a way out. You probably just don't want to hear it now and wish mommy and daddy would save you when your eyes ran out of tears to cry. I love you Jimmy. We're here for you. We don't need to rush, we can lie here in pain for awhile, and we'll slowly, one by one, put everything back together again. We're going to be OK Jimmy. I promise you this.",
"It's both hellish and self-imposed. Aside from the flu-like symptoms that are in themselves horrendous and uncomfortable to an extreme, there are a whole mess of other things that you wouldn't think of which make your mental state extremely fragile.\n\nTo start with, you know what you're in for. Because more than likely, you've gone through a milder version of it while your habit was building up momentum. And now it's going to parmacokinetically kick your ass all over the place. \n\nYou've used the last time a few hours ago. Your last ten bucks that you begged/stole/earned went towards that. You want to be comfortable one last time. Even though you know this is total crap because you're only fooling yourself that this comfort will somehow make the ensuing month more bearable.\n\nIt begins at night. You're already anxious because you know what's in store. Your sleep is as fragile as the surface-tension of a soap bubble in a cactus farm. Anything. Anything at all will rouse you from sleep. Your legs kick. You're hot, you're cold. You're fucking horny but a blow job feels like a cold wet steak on your dick. Now you're not horny but you have an instinct that the seminal release will provide some relief. It does. But it's ephemeral.\n\nBack to your sleep. You will not sleep without the aid of strong medicine like first-generation antihistamines, benzodiazepines or z-drugs. You will be in a hellish state of half-sleep. You are neither awake nor sleeping. You are in the moment and keenly aware of your lack of sleep.\n\nYou dream of drugs.\n\nAny drug- Your mind will find something. Except in your dreams you will never be able to use. You will rouse from your shitty half-sleep before you ever have the chance to. Sleep will bring you no solace.\n\nYou try SO HARD to sleep but it never comes. You achieve five minutes here, ten there. But you only wake more tired than you were before you lay down.\n\nNow it's dawn. And you know your dealer doesn't begin his workday until ten. Somehow you have more cash and you know that one fix- just ONE FIX will bring instant relief to all of your miserable and pathetic suffering. You know this because you've done it before. Many times. When you push that breakfast of hot, semi-synthetic opiate into your blood stream, it's like Mario eating a mushroom.\n\nIt's virtually instant. You're normal again. Hell if you're lucky, maybe you caught a buzz off the tenth of a gram you bought.\n\nBut you didn't do that because you're sticking it out. You don't want this life anymore. You're 6th grade self would take one look at you and kick you in the balls for being a dipshit.\n\nSo you don't make the call. You spend your cold morning drinking coffee with industrial-quantities of sugar because for some fucking reason, you just can't get enough sweets. The coffee helps and also makes it worse. You're not tired but your aroused brain is more aware of your own suffering.\n\nYou watch TV. You sneeze. You take hot showers. You blow your nose and you're as tired as a rug on Valium. People form work call and ask if you're okay.\n\n\"Yeah, it's just a bad flu. I haven't been this sick since I was a kid.\" You're only half-lying.\n\nThe muscle and bone pain recede within four days and you're starting to feel a little better. Except now, the real pain begins.\n\nYou're sitting down for breakfast eating your cereal, and it dawns on you that you're eating your fucking Cheerio's with the same item you'd cook with. Fuck Cheerio's. What a shitty name for my cereal right now.\n\nYou get depressed. Your brain is desperately playing catch-up with its neurotransmitters because it stopped making them while you were supplying it with an external supply.\n\nYou're anhedonic.\n\nYou go through the motions. You do your shit. But every little fucking thing reminds you of using. \n\nWhen you drive to work, you see ashes on your carpet from when you freebased on Tuesday. There's a needle cap next to the bed. A song comes on that you really liked listening to while you were driving across the US60/I10 freeway merging bridge while steering with your knees and freebasing some black tar on your lunch break.\n\nYou can't do it. So you move. The old Location Cure.\n\nYou move in with your dad in another city. It's ironic that he's on oxycodone and fentanyl. More ironic that you get a job at FedEx and realize that your belt delivers to a pharmaceutical returns company and you have access to all the most highly sought-after drugs known to mankind. Even so, that's not enough. When you're at work and there's no delivery for that company that day, you decide to manipulate your father. You see an add on TV about leaking fentanyl patches. They have serial numbers on the commercial.\n\nLight bulb.\n\n\"Hey dad, did you hear that?\" \"Yeah\" \"Lemme check your patch.\" You have a sewing needle palmed and you poke into the patch and sqeeze out the gel to run back upstairs with and freebase with some tinfoil you inexplicably grabbed.\nYou keep using. You can't help it. You buy into the \"disease\" and play the victim. You're just helpless and don't know any better, right?\n\nNah, you're just an asshole.\n\nSo the DEA comes in to investigate the absurd amount of opiates going missing. Your manager tips you off because he's a nice guy and has sympathy for you and you tender your resignation.\n\nYou still have a few shoe boxes full of powerful, full-agonists, and you'll be okay.\n\nYou finish your math final and you decide to celebrate. So you pick up a six pack and watch the season 5 finale of LOST. You decide to smoke a little fentanyl while you're at it. \n\nNext thing you know you wake up on the floor with your parents and some paramedics standing over you. You're incredibly confused. But you're a smart kid so you piece it together.\n\nThey say you have to go to rehab. Fine.\n\nBefore you go, you dislocate your shoulder and when you're in the ER they pump you full of hydromorphone and send you home with a script for twenty Percocets. Whoopie! \n\nYou go to rehab. You dislocate your shoulder playing volleyball one day. The fire department comes and they're going to give you something to help with the tremendous pain. They ask you what you're there for and you say fentanyl. \n\nThe firefighters exchange looks with each other while they're drawing fentanyl citrate into a syringe to inject you with.\n\n\"Uhhhh....\" They look at the rehab employees.\n\n\"Do it. There's no choice.\" They say.\n\nYour shoulder dislocates continuously and you get enough meds to make you think of FedEx. Three surgeries. Three rounds of manipulating doctors into writing more and more scripts.\n\nThird surgery finally works.\n\nNo more meds.\n\nYou're good. You feel awesome. You meet new people, have a good job and shit is damn good!\n\nSomeone offers you an 8mg Dilaudid. You gladly accept. Shit starts all over again.\n\nI'm going to stop here because it's more of this before you finally quit. It's fucking hard. I still struggle with it and don't do all that well a lot of the time to be honest. That's a small insight into what it's like.\n\n\nTL:DNR- Withdrawals are shitty.",
"Why the hell would you explain that to a five year old?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://youtu.be/hHndmfhyk48?t=18m42s"
],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-9huWlXFA1s"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
3fcc1i
|
how does planned parenthood ensure that federal money isn't spent on abortions?
|
In the wake of the Planned Parenthood scandal that alleges the organization has been selling fetal tissue, many members of the GOP are trying to remove federal funding from the non-profit. One of the counterpoints that many on the left have made is that federal funds that PP receives doesn't go towards abortions, so cutting federal funding wouldn't do anything to reduce the number of abortions that planned parenthood performs.
My question is, how does PP ensure that the two sources of money (private donations, etc. and federal funds) are not intermingled? I'm not an accountant, so this is an interesting question that I cannot answer. Does a doctor who performs both abortions and other medical services at a PP clinic have to receive two separate paychecks?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3fcc1i/eli5_how_does_planned_parenthood_ensure_that/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ctnb5g9"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"WIthout working there, I would expect they maintain 2 accounts, and just ensure that they never deposit federal funds into the account that funds \"abortion\" related expenses. \n\nIts a shell game anyway. put federal funds over here, put all of the other funds over there. So long as the \"other\" account never fails to offset abortion expenses, your good. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
7ehdo9
|
could someone explain network encapsulation and how data is split up into frames and packets?
|
I've recently been set an assignment where one of the questions goes along the lines of "how is data encapsulated and split into packets and frames?". The teacher hasn't really given a answer to this so can someone give a simple explanation for me to base my answer off?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7ehdo9/eli5_could_someone_explain_network_encapsulation/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dq50kig"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"So in general when people talk about the network stack they use the [OSI model](_URL_0_). \n\nYou can think about it this way, at one point you have a piece of data on your computer and you want to send it to another computer. In order to do so, your data has to traverse this so-called network stack. Each layer of this stack has different responsibilities and so requires its own header or metadata to be added to the original message. Adding this extra information at each level is called encapsulation, removing it when it arrives at the destination is then de-encapsulation. \n\nSo we've started at the application layer. Then you walk through the steps of sending the message. First you add any application layer metadata you want to add (like a REST header). Then you add whatever information you need for the presentation and session layers, but at this point it's still all part of the data layer. \n\nNext you move to the transport layer. This is where the message gets broken up into packets (technically datagrams packets). Each packet has a TCP or UDP header added that contains information about where the packets need to go and how to reassemble them at the destination. The data is broken up into packets at this layer so you can \"fit\" the data into the network. \n\nNow we move to the network layer. At this layer you're working with routers and IP addresses. Basically this layer moves the packets around between networks. \n\nNext is the data link layer. This layer is what handles communication between two nodes on a network, say between two routers or a computer and a router. It's purpose is to guarantee the message gets across a single wire without errors or data corruption. Messages are broken apart into frames and each frame contains an ordering number, so the layer can tell if the message got across successfully. \n\nLastly is the physical layer, which is just the electrical signal carrying the data. Here you add error correction bits to the data. \n\n_Now_ that you finally have each lower layer's data encapsulating the upper, your message is ready to be sent across the wire as electricity. When it arrives at the destination or intermediate hops, the headers are successively stripped as you work your way back up the layers, until your message arrives at its destination application (layer). "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_model"
]
] |
|
75pv7t
|
what does it mean to be non-sentient?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/75pv7t/eli5what_does_it_mean_to_be_nonsentient/
|
{
"a_id": [
"do7zoi7",
"do82cic"
],
"score": [
7,
2
],
"text": [
"Sentience is loosely defined, with a vast number of people disagreeing on both what it is and what is included.\n\nThe most common definition is the ability to perceive and be influenced by outside stimuli. Basically, the ability to feel (have emotions).\n\nThis definition would include many animals.\n\nIntelligence, self-awareness, sapience, consciousness, and similar words are all variations on a theme. They suffer the same curse of being understood broadly but everyone disagreeing on specific definitions.",
"The way I understand it, sentience is pretty broad actually. Sentience being the capacity for emotion and abstract thought in some capacity, most mammals are sentient, in addition to some varieties of birds (parrots especially). \n\nOf course, most of these don't *think* in the same way we do, since they have no language. However, they feel emotions in much the same way we do, and have needs and desires that they focus on in different ways like we do. The cutoff point is hazy. Some reptiles *could* be considered sentient, but go much farther down the evolutionary tree than that and animals just don't have the brain power to have sentience.\n\nThe term you may be thinking of is sapience, which *is* exclusive to us Homo *sapiens.* This term generally refers to our higher cognitive ability - the abilities that the human brain possesses that no other animals possess. However, this term is kind of anthropocentric. If we discover other life with the same level of cognition as us, calling it sapient would imply it's somehow related to our species. \n\nHope that helped."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
1conyy
|
why are politicians allowed to accept money from lobbyists, when other state employees cannot?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1conyy/eli5_why_are_politicians_allowed_to_accept_money/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c9ij3ck",
"c9ij4el"
],
"score": [
8,
4
],
"text": [
"They aren't allowed to do that.",
"They aren't; lobbyists give campaign contributions. State employees are not up for reelection, thus making it straight up corruption, instead of \"influence\", which is what lobbyists and interest groups do. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
58p6l7
|
where the phrase 'say uncle' comes from, why it correlates with enemy submission, and how it spread?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/58p6l7/eli5_where_the_phrase_say_uncle_comes_from_why_it/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d927b85"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Blatantly lifted from [wikipedia](_URL_0_):\n\n\"Say 'uncle'!\" is a North American expression demanding that the opponent in a contest submits. The response \"Uncle!\" is equivalent to \"I give up\" and indicates submission. There are two theories as to the origin of the term; one relates to the Roman Empire when a bullied child would be forced to say \"Patrue, mi Patruissimo,\" or, \"Uncle, my best Uncle,\" in order to surrender; alternatively the expression may have originated in a 19th-century English joke about a bullied parrot."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Say_Uncle"
]
] |
||
23lgi1
|
what are those thin strips of fingernail/skin that grow out of finger and toe nails (often on the sides parallel with the nail) - and why do they hurt so much?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/23lgi1/eli5_what_are_those_thin_strips_of_fingernailskin/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cgy5tn9"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"They're called hangnails, and they're painful because that last joint of our fingers has the greatest density of nerve receptors of anywhere in our body (yes, even above the lips, tongue, frenulum and clitoris), but the back of the finger doesn't enjoy the protection of a protective pad like the front does, so it's more easily injured. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
7zatb5
|
why are sports dominated by different races?
|
I’ve noticed that the Winter Olympics tend to have mostly white athletes while the Summer Olympics tend to be more diverse. Is this more of a biological thing or a cultural thing? For example, Jamaica usually has very good sprinters. Is this because sprinting is a very popular sport there? Or is it because Jamaicans are naturally better sprinters? I’ve always wondered why the NBA is 75% blacks when the United State’s population is only 13% black. I would guess this is because certain counties/ethnicities are more passionate about some sports than others, but I still wonder if there is any biological differences that would account for the different racial makeup of professional sports. It was hard to ask this question without coming across as racist but that is not the intent of my question. Could someone with a background in anthropology or human biology please explain this phenomenon.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7zatb5/eli5_why_are_sports_dominated_by_different_races/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dummaz8",
"dummiix",
"dummkql",
"duneloo"
],
"score": [
7,
2,
2,
3
],
"text": [
"how can people in a very hot climate practice snow sports?",
"It's popularity basically. Track and field sports are very popular around Africa (which has a long history of competitive running) and the Caribbean. Part of the reason why is that those sports are very inexpensive to practice, and so accessible to athletes from poorer areas.\n\nScandinavians, Swiss, and Canadians dominate skiing sports, because they're from cold snowy places with lots of mountains.",
"To be successful in the Winter Olympics, a country needs to have... winter weather and a cultural tradition of playing winter sports. It also needs to be a rich country that can support a leisure class of athletes. This is very important because ice skates, skis and bobsleds aren’t cheap.\n\nIt just so happens that pretty much every country that’s rich, cold, and likes winter sports is a white-majority country.",
"Culture mostly.\n\nTake the Netherlands in ice skating; they absolutely crush it on the winter Olympics. But this is not because we have some skate gene that the Belgians or Germans next door don't have. The crushing is because they (we) have had a long culture of considering it normal for all ages to skate outside when possible. This means that people here consider it fun and meaningful, which means that on the professional level it gets funding.\n\n > Or is it because Jamaicans are naturally better sprinters? I’ve always wondered why the NBA is 75% blacks when the United State’s population is only 13% black.\n\nIn the US, until pretty recently (and in many areas this is still the case), your options for getting rich are quite limited if you are black. If you are _not_ black, it is much more likely that you will be pushed (can be subconscious, not everything is a conspiracy) into a more colleg-y office type job. In this case, sports becomes much more of a hobby than a realistic thing to get you a life outside of poverty. This is probably a little controversial though.\n\nThere _are_ biological differences of course, between individuals and groups of people. For individuals there is definitely genetic anomalies that make people better at certain sports (Phelps' fysique for swimming comes to mind) or people better at certain sports (living at high altitudes results in higher red blood cell count, but that has nothing to do with genetics.\n\nBut no, in short; there is nothing magically genetic that makes black people (or any other skin colour) better at something than other people."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
1xun6g
|
why is age so important with stringed instruments like the bass and violin?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1xun6g/eli5_why_is_age_so_important_with_stringed/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cfev8w4",
"cfexqg2"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"It is the reputation/quality of the luthiers (people that make fine stringed instruments) at the time as well as the wood and other materials.",
"With the more expensive instruments, they let the wood rest for up to 30 years before even making the instrument. Because the wood keeps on stretching and bulging(changing shape) after it is de-rooted. If you would make an instrument from \"fresh\" wood, it would lose the quality of the sound overtime. But yes I agree It's also the reputation of the makers. or a unique sound a certain instrument can have that is never found again later on."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
3ocr3t
|
why is there a simplified version of the chinese language?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ocr3t/eli5_why_is_there_a_simplified_version_of_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cvw0eq2",
"cvw24dt"
],
"score": [
12,
3
],
"text": [
"It's not really the language itself that's simplified: when spoken, there's absolutely no difference. It's the character system, which has been simplified to make it easier to write and read. ",
"From another perspective:\nThe communist party wanted to reduce/remove \"anything\" from the past. By creating the simplified characters it made it harder for people to access and understand the old teaching/history. Common people will just read whatever the communist party \"translated and want you to believe\" from the past."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
5l8wef
|
why is it that i feel calm when addressing a room of 20+ people in casual conversation, yet as soon as i am asked to present something in front of 2 people i breakdown with nerves?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5l8wef/eli5_why_is_it_that_i_feel_calm_when_addressing_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dbu1p86"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"This is different for every person, a lot of the fear for presenting is the fear of being judged. If you're in a casual setting of 20 people and having a casual conversation you don't feel as judged because it is a casual setting and there is a lot of leeway on mannerisms and professionalism. Once you are presenting something you have the notion that people are judging your presentation and delivery skills. Which is true.\n\nThe best way to get over it is to do it more often. You'll gain more confidence in your ability to present and the nerves will subside some. I used to be one of the worst presenters in high school and college. Face turned beat red which was embarrassing and caused even more nerves. I had trouble getting the words out of my mouth. Now I present for a living, while I still have nerves I get through it. It took a while, but now I get positive feedback and people on my team asking me for advice on presenting..."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
24bcwa
|
how strong of legal ground is the nba standing on re: sterling?
|
Disclaimer: the guy is a racist and a bigot and I'm not defending him.
However, ELI5 - How strong of legal ground is the NBA standing on re: Sterling?
On the fine - if he *is* forced to sell the team, can't he just tell the organization he's no longer a part of that he isn't paying their fine?
On the bans - How can the NBA ban him from a private building (the Staples Center) and all practice facilities and functions, which he presumably pays for and/or owns? Do they actually have the authority to do this?
On the sale of the team - if the owners vote 3/4 to force a sale, will that actually hold up in court? The Clippers are an asset of a private citizen. Sure, a racist, bigoted citizen, but a private citizen nonetheless. Is there any way that holds up?
I can see a monetary fine if he stays in the league, assuming there is some language in a contract somewhere talking about owners doing things detrimental to the reputation of the Association. However, I can't see how most of the rest the sanctions are legal.
Thanks
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/24bcwa/eli5how_strong_of_legal_ground_is_the_nba/
|
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"1) Not sure how strongly they can enforce the fine, but I suspect that its written into the agreement you sign when you become a owner. He is being forced to sell, but he's still a owner. They'll probably say \"You can't sell until you pay the fine\" but they won't let him earn or control the team in the meantime.\n\n2) They own the buildings, they can ban anybody from it for virtually any reason.\n\n3) Its been done before, they can force him either through legal means or peer pressure. As an example, the Clippers will not be scheduled for any TV time or games until he's gone. They'll break him if he doesn't go quietly.\n\nThis is the risk of joining a private organization and signing a contract. You give up some rights to gain others. He's screwed royally and he's going to do what they want because they have a contract that they can shove down his throat if he doesn't.\n\nLawyers can be nasty like that.",
"The agreement all the owners sign when they get a team has a clause dealing with misconduct. The max fine the owners can impose on each other is $2.5 million, just what they did. They also have the right to exclude him entirely from activity with the team. That leaves forcing him to sell. They probably can't *force* him but they will cut him out of everything & he stands to make a shit-ton of money (he bought the clippers for $7.5 million) So he will go with a big fat payday",
"The NBA is a private organization with its own by-laws. These are rules that Donald Sterling agreed to operate under when he purchased the Clippers. The NBA is fully within their right to fine him the maximum allowed amount ($2.5 Mil) and give him a lifetime ban. There is no \"right\" to own a NBA team and if 3/4th of the other NBA owners choose to force a sale that is fully within their right to do so.\n\n",
"I was reading that the NBA's Constitution is actually confidential, so it will be interesting to see what happens. Obviously they can fine him the maximum 2.5 mil by league rules. It seems a little sketchy about making him sell his team, but it seems that is what Silver is pushing. Dude is definitely racist, but getting his whole team taken from his seems pretty extreme. It seems a little fishy too how he was a known racist before, but is only now getting busted after the recording from his girlfriend was released. And I thought secretly recording someone was illegal, but I was reading that Sterling used tapes to remember things and that's what gave his girlfriend consent to record him. It just seems a slippery slope that could make it so any ignorant view is grounds for bans for life. \n \n \nsources: _URL_0_\n_URL_1_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://abcnews.go.com/Business/lifetime-ban-donald-sterling/story?id=23518874",
"http://hotair.com/archives/2014/04/29/kareem-abdul-jabbar-why-arent-we-also-outraged-that-donald-sterling-was-secretly-recorded/"
]
] |
|
14hqhu
|
why is chess considered a sport?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/14hqhu/why_is_chess_considered_a_sport/
|
{
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"score": [
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"text": [
"Based on the [definition](_URL_0_) of a sport:\n\nSportAccord uses the following criteria, determining that a sport should:\n\n* have an element of competition\n* be in no way harmful to any living creature\n* not rely on equipment provided by a single supplier (excluding proprietary games such as arena football)\n* not rely on any 'luck' element specifically designed in to the sport\n\nThey also recognise that sport can be primarily physical (such as rugby or athletics), primarily mind (such as chess or go), predominantly motorised (such as Formula 1 or powerboating), primarily co-ordination (such as billiard sports) or primarily animal supported (such as equestrian sport).\n\nThere has been an increase in the application of the term 'sport' to a wider set of non-physical challenges such as electronic sports, especially due to the large scale of participation and organised competition, but these are not widely recognised by mainstream sports organisations.\n\nIn other words, Chess is a sport because it fulfills all of the criteria of a sport. It involves hours of training and practice and is a very highly skilled activity.",
"Traditionally \"sport\" means something requiring physical exertion.\n\nI think the definition is evolving though (as is the way with many English words), and a sport is any game where there are more people interested in the outcome than just the participants.\n\nA \"game\", in turn, is any activity which is competitive, has a framework of rules/allowable and non-allowable actions, and a way of keeping score.\n\nNot convinced? Here's an example that might win you over...\n\nLet's suppose you and I are stood underneath a basketball hoop with a basketball. We do what comes naturally, and we start to play a little one-on-one.\n\nAt that point, we're just fooling around and mucking around and throwing some hoops. It becomes a little violent because we don't have any rules, so decide to agree some things that aren't allowed to make it more competitive rather than me just beating you over the head with a basketball.\n\nYou then start to notice you're doing better than me so start pointing out the \"score\". We then start trying to outperform each other, and we both keep score. \n\nWe now have some arbitrary rules and a method of scoring, and we're keeping score. We have a \"game\".\n\nAll it takes in the modern sense of the word for it to become a sport is for other people who aren't us or our direct friends and family to be interested in who wins.\n\nAs such moving bits of wood around a board randomly is silly. Doing so according to some rules and keeping track of who wins is a game. Getting to a level where people who you have never heard of are interested in how you perform against another player of the game is when you're now playing a sport.\n\nThat is why throwing a stick is just you throwing a stick, doing so with a prescribed set of equipment towards a painted board with a scoring system is the \"game\" of archery, and when it's at the Olympics and your countrymen are rooting for you it's a sport.\n\nIt's why you messing about on the river is just you having a little row. When you're doing it in a race with a friend it's a game. And when you're on the Oxford or Cambridge crews going down the Thames in early April it's a sport.\n\nAnd yes, that does mean that in theory playing computer games can be a sport, so can watching TV. It's just those are sports of perhaps a rather limited appeal..."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport#Definition"
],
[]
] |
||
2l1fa4
|
having a generic internet speed, why do videos buffer extremely quickly some days and other days they take hours?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2l1fa4/eli5_having_a_generic_internet_speed_why_do/
|
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"text": [
"It depends on the network traffic of the area you are in. For example 7 pm once everyone is home from work will be the busiest time. ",
"Depends on how many other people are using the line at the same time. There might be 100 houses between you and a substation, if they are all downloading things at once, the speeds you get will be slower than if no one is using the line.",
"It depends not only on the traffic load at the time, but also how close you are to a co-located server, and wether or not that server contains the video you are trying to watch. Co-location allows large companies such as Netflix and Youtube to have multiple copies of streamable popular media in multiple locations to allow for more high quality concurrent conections, easing bandwidth congestion at major nodes. If you are not connected to a major node or data center which features this co-located media, you may experience slower buffering. Or you might be on a shitty, outdated cable network that oversells their bandwidth."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
5yyv9u
|
why do we see objects as faces/figures when waking up in the middle of the night?
|
This always happens to me, when i wake up and look at something in the middle of the night e.g. coats on the back of my door it always looks exactly like a person standing with a face, even though i know it is just my coats...
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5yyv9u/eli5_why_do_we_see_objects_as_facesfigures_when/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dety77e",
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],
"score": [
5,
7
],
"text": [
"Evolutional thing, it proved better for our brain to produce more false alarms telling us there is a potentional danger in the darkness, than to leave the real danger unnoticed and get killed. That's why we're good at spotting patterns similar to living organisms everywhere, in the clouds, wall plugs. etc.",
"It is pareidolia. Which is when we perceive patterns in random data. Our brains are very good at picking out patterns, but it can still be incorrect. At night shadows are elongated and other factors makes it more difficult for our to interrupt the environment correctly. It is better to assume a face is there that isn't there than to miss a face that is there."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
71eygw
|
stress is implicated in a great number of health problems today, things must of been pretty stressful for our early ancestors, why are our bodies still not able to deal with stress?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/71eygw/eli5_stress_is_implicated_in_a_great_number_of/
|
{
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"dna8drn",
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"text": [
"Until recently stress was an advantage. You're always on the lookout, maybe you over eat, your heart is always pumping blood. Being in fight or flight was a good thing when a hyena was around.\n\nOur bodies haven't adapted to the way we live now.",
"There's a big difference between acute stress and chronic stress. Life was not as stressful as you have been led to believe. Most anthropologists estimate that hunter-gatherers worked a lot less and had more leisure time than modern humans. The stress response is adaptive for dealing with short term threats in the moment, like a fight or a predator. It's not very helpful for \"threats\" that never go away, like debt.",
"Stress our ancestors faced was much more frequently acute stress: a predator might chase you up a tree or you'll have a brief struggle with your next meal. There were still SOME longer-term stresses, such as long periods of fasting between meals and hunts that required many miles of chasing prey, but those sorts of stresses don't trigger the \"fight or flight\" response so commonly associated with \"stress.\" Our ancestors had to worry about not being eaten, finding something to eat, and finding a place to avoid the elements...and that's about it.\n\nToday, human's haven't entirely adapted to the modern world and the complexity of all the stressors we experience. Life isn't as simple as chasing down a deer and clubbing it to death to have dinner then going to bed. You have to worry about all your bills. You have to worry about all the tasks you have to do at work to get paid. You have to worry about errands you have to run to keep your complex household furnished. You have to deal with your angry boss, drivers honking at you or driving aggressively around you. There are more ways to die today than our ancestors ever could have imagined.\n\nThis causes stress that is chronic, rather than the acute stress our ancestors faced. Acute stress is productive because it pushes your body past its normal limits for a short period of time, but then returns your body to homeostasis so it can recover. With chronic stress, there is no recovery period...stressors are encountered in rapid succession for long periods of time. This leads to health problems."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
dqzcdw
|
what’s the ‘need’ for the stock prices to change every minute?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dqzcdw/eli5_whats_the_need_for_the_stock_prices_to/
|
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"text": [
"It reflects ever-changing supply and demand. As more people want the stock, only by offering a bit higher price can they get more sellers to sell. Or as more sellers want to get rid of the stock, only by offering a bit lower price can they find more buyers.",
"The price change reflect actual trades taking place at the time if there are more buyers than sellers the price goes up, because so many of the major stocks are traded every minute the shares also change.",
"The stock market is a haggle market. Buyers want to pay some low price. Sellers want some high price. Each individual is willing to pay a different price. One buyer wants to buy for $5.00. another one wants it more for $5.10. another wants it less for $4.80. etc. Each buyer has a different tolerance for the price of the stock. Same for seller side. If a buyer price meets a seller's price, then a sale is made. The price at which that sale occurred is now the new price of the stock.",
"What typically happens in a market for a particular share is that there is an \"open order\" list. There is a list of buyers offering to purchase certain quantities of the stock at various prices. There is also a corresponding list of sellers willing to sell some quantity of this stock at various prices. When there is a \"match\" between a buyer and seller, the trade \"clears\" ie a buy-sell transaction occurs. (Note: a lot of this happens electronically nowadays although there are actually floors where this happens by human traders calling out) \n\nSince this list is dynamic and trades happen all the time (ie every few milliseconds - electronically) the latest \"cleared\" trade is reflected as the current price. So the price is updated every trade. This price reflects most recent \"past\" trade so it is no guarantee that any buyer or seller can immediately achieve the same price in the future (even if that future is a fraction of a second later).",
"It's not a need, just a consequence of how many trades are being made every minute. \n\nUnlike a store, there is no such thing as a \"fixed price\" in a stock market. The stock price you see on the board is the last price anyone sold or bought that stock for. If you want to buy or sell a price you can sell or buy it for whatever you want, as long as you get someone who is willing to sell you or buy that stock from you at that price. If you sell a share for $1 per share that's going to be the new price, until someone trades for a different price."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
282rae
|
how does the goal line technology at the world cup work?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/282rae/eli5how_does_the_goal_line_technology_at_the/
|
{
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"ci6tls0"
],
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"text": [
"They use a system very similar to that used by tennis. Pointed at each goal are 7 cameras, all of which are located in different areas. The feeds from these cameras are then fed into a computer which continuously tracks the location of the ball relative to the goal line. When the computer determines that the ball has fully crossed the goal line within the net mouth, the referees are alerted by a signal on their wristwatch.\n\nAs to how exactly the computer tracks the ball, I don't know for sure, but it is most likely based on the fact that the cameras don't move and the ball is of a known size. Therefor you can use the size of the ball in the image to determine its distance from the camera and as long as 3 cameras can see the ball you can accurately locate the ball in a 3d grid. Since the goal is stationary, you can determine when the ball crosses the goal line this way."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2836aw
|
why was /r/ni**ers band, but /r/greatapes still allowed?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2836aw/eli5why_was_rniers_band_but_rgreatapes_still/
|
{
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"ci6xwme",
"ci6yvwq"
],
"score": [
2,
3
],
"text": [
"When mods ban subs, it's usually because the existence of the sub threatens the integrity of Reddit. Not moral integrity per se, but the social balances and public persona. /r/niggers was banned for vote brigading, and it was growing rapidly. I suspect /r/greatapes has yet to be banned because either (a) they aren't large enough for the admins to care, or (b) they haven't been as aggressively brigading as /r/niggers did.\n\nI'd personally like to see them banned, but I also am in favor of strict admins/mods in general, so I'm biased.",
"I don't know, but that is a horrible band name."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
1qefea
|
are us crime statistics skewed?
|
I am talking with a few people and honestly hadn't thought about this much but everyone always says the US is one of the most dangerous countries in the world but I can't honestly think of many areas that are that dangerous outside of your typical suspects (South Central LA, South Chicago, Baltimore, DC, etc.). Do these places skew US crime statistics? How does the US, on the whole, compare with other countries?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1qefea/eli5_are_us_crime_statistics_skewed/
|
{
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"text": [
" > but everyone always says the US is one of the most dangerous countries in the world\n\nThis is absolutely not true.\n\nIt's hard to say exactly where the US stands, because \"how dangerous it is\" isn't something that can be measured, but the US is definitely not in the bottom half, for example.\n",
"If you're talking about overall crime stats in the entire nation, then yes. What is almost universally true, across the world, is that large population centers (ie cities) have FAR higher rates of crime, rape, and murder. America has more large population centers than many Western countries, and far higher percentage of our total population living in cities. So that's one way our stats are skewed. We have more of the thing that universally increases violence.\n\nWhat is not universal across the world are some cultural magnifiers of violence. Namely poverty, drug trade, and the presence of gangs. America unfortunately has a large mix of these that varies from city to city.\n\nOn top of this, countries measure violence in different ways. For instance, many USA stats include the use of justified violence by cops or people who find themselves in a self-defense situation. Things you wouldn't consider \"criminal violence\". \n\nSo when people try to say things like: \"America is so much more violent than Britain.\" It's really a false comparison, because Britain has very few population centers compared to the USA. Britain also lacks our gang-violence problem, and our drug-trade problem that is aggravated by Mexican Drug Cartels. \n\nThere are also other things involved that can skew the stats away from perceived reality. Lets take gun violence for instance. The USA is constantly compared with other western countries with more stringent Gun control.\n\n\"Gun violence\" is indeed highest in America among the developed world, but if you remove Chicago, New Orleans, LA, and Washington D.C. (top four gun-control cities), then we drop to like, 19th. Please note that I'm not saying gun control leads to more gun violence. It can but it's more complicated than that. Point is though, if you're outside of a city in a suburb or rural area, gun violence is virtually non-existent. Even in, or actually especially in nearby places like Valley Forge, where they probably have the highest gun density on the planet, and virtually non-existent crime of all forms.\n\nOn top of that, an overwhelming majority of violence does not actually impact public safety because it's criminal on criminal. I think it was Baltimore back in 2007 or something, the Mayor made a statement to the effect of \"we need more innocent people getting shot, or no one will pay attention to the problem\". Of the 200 gun deaths that occurred in Baltimore that year,something like 90% of the victims had criminal records. Now that doesn't necessarily mean they were committing a crime at the time, or deserved to get killed, but it's an indication that they were participating in activities more likely to get them killed, like performing drug deals, or they were part of a gang. But more to the point, if you are a non-criminal, non-gang member walking around in Baltimore in 2007, less than 20 of you got killed. Doesn't sound so scary now.\n\n\nSo by \"Skewed\" you mean the data is incorrectly calculated or compiled, that may not be true. But we do have different cultural forces that influence it, so comparisons of policy between us and other world populations tend to be irrelevant. If you mean \"doesn't seem to match reality\" then you're correct, and that is because victims of violence and crime tends to be hyper-concentrated in population centers, certain demographics, and certain behaviors/associations. To put it another way, Gary the Gang member, and Joseph the Average Joe may both live in America, and even in the same city, but they live it very different worlds. Gary's world may be among the most dangerous in the West, but Joseph's ain't by a long shot.\n\n\nIf you're interested in statistics, here's a fun snippet. America's healthcare system is also derided for its efficacy based on longevity (average lifespan), where we have people not living as long as other western nations. But if you remove violent injuries (things that only come down to emergency care, and have little or nothing to do with actual health care) from the longevity calculations, America jumps to the top.\n\n\"Lies, Damn Lies, and Statistics.\" holds true wherever you look. You can always try to get a better picture of the world, but you can't always be certain you have the full picture, or the best picture."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
2fkv2h
|
why aren't prices on anything we buy, the exact amount you would pay while checking out?
|
I understand every city/county will have different tax rates but why wouldn't they calculate it and have the exact price of where each shipment of product is going. I'm sure they have records of that.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2fkv2h/eli5_why_arent_prices_on_anything_we_buy_the/
|
{
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"text": [
"This is standard in some places. It's just local custom.",
"Because the US is the weirdest country in the world. Most other places don't do this.",
"It's to make things appear cheaper than they're, thus to get people to buy more than they want.\n\nIn countries with decent customer protection, things like this don't happen.",
"Here in the UK pretty much all prices are the final price. Except for services and some products. Like car parts sold to the trade are prices + vat (value added tax) and tradesmen charge tax on services. \nWhen buying food its just the price and thats it. ",
"When sales taxes were implemented, they were a tax on the seller. Sellers quickly figured out that they could appear to have lower prices by separating the tax from the price on the sticker, and they get to complain that things are more expensive because of the government.",
"If you're talking about the factory printing the *exact* final price on a product package before it leaves the factory, that just isn't practical, and even if it was, it would be horrendously expensive, and would interfere with things like sales (or jacking up the price).\n\nThis wouldn't work because--if for NO other reason--big retailers like WalMart order huge amounts of goods at once, all to be shipped to some central distribution warehouse. Then, much later, individual units are selected to ship to a particular store...and if there's suddenly more demand in one place, more units will be shipped there. If they specified to the manufacturer \"1000 units for Buncome County,\" \"2000 units for Hogsnot County,\"... things would fall apart quickly. As it is, the reason you see labels like \"CA recycle value\" on soft drinks sold in New York is specifically so factories DON'T have to custom-print packages for each location, it allows them to be sold anywhere.\n\nIf you just want to see the price on the *store shelf* the same as the price at the register, move to Alaska or any other state without state and local sales taxes."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
2ca9w8
|
why do companies like gazelle buy old and broken cell phones?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ca9w8/eli5_why_do_companies_like_gazelle_buy_old_and/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cjdgvl3",
"cjdhtv4"
],
"score": [
5,
2
],
"text": [
"Used electronics contain (trace) amounts of valuable metals and minerals.",
"Parts and valuable metals. Copper wire can be valuable if you buy 3 pounds of it for 4 dollars in used phones."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
76cdr8
|
what's all the sovereign citizen crap about?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/76cdr8/eli5_whats_all_the_sovereign_citizen_crap_about/
|
{
"a_id": [
"docviz4"
],
"score": [
2
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"text": [
"What are they trying to accomplish? Depends. The people who *peddle* it are usually trying to make money by charging other people for their advice. The people who buy into it are usually trying to avoid paying taxes, though they may occasionally be trying to evade other laws. There is some overlap between the two groups."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1v8fsk
|
how did the majority of the german nation come to have the same extreme mindset as hitler?
|
Ok, bear with me. I've watched a few movies, TV shows and documentaries that explain this. (The White Ribbon, Generation War - both sparked this question in my mind).
I wasn't explained to me in school how Hitler so successfully manipulated the German people into his extreme ways of thought. Even though it was 1930s/40s, I couldn't see the same thing happening in a lot of first world countries at that time. A thought that came to mind is Apartheid in South Africa: but that was something that just was accepted over generations (where I thought the Nazi extreme views only came to prominence in the 30s). Here are my questions:
* Did Hitler create the anti-semetic mindset in Germany or was he touching on a nerve that already existed at that point? There will always be racism, but for a country to be so uniformly against a race or religion amazes me.
* How were Germany the 'villains' in both World Wars? Why did they not learn from the mistakes of WW1? As I'm typing this a question spring to mind - did the mass anti-semetism originate from something that happened in WW1 that the Germans blamed on the Jews?
* How were there so few people that just thought 'hey, hating these people, who are a religious subsection of the population, not a race, is completely wrong. Mr Hitler, your idea of a master race, an aryan master race could theorethically consist of Jews as everybody is free to choose a religion?' Imagine a country now, a first world country, that not only voted in an extreme right wing, racist, leader, and then rather than realize the mistake they made, they accept his views and adopt them. I can't fathom how that happened? Propaganda is one thing, but can it really mind-wash a nation?
* What made Hitler think 'ok, lets go invade other countries and basically try to take over the continent of Europe and eradicate all the races/religious groups we do not approve of'?
* Were there ever economic factors into the mindset of the German nation at the time? Was the German economy bad, and they felt the only way they could rise again would be to become an empire of sorts? Or was the economy so good that people accepted Hitler's extremes because of the financial benefits they saw.
* final point: *The German tv show generation war is fantastic and I highly recommend it. Watched them all in a day today. However what really sparked this question was the fact that the main characters had a jewish friend who they were fond of, but both of them proudly enrolled in the army, where one of the main tasks is killing jews. It made no sense to me.*
**TL;dr - Explain how Hitler successfully made a whole nation of people agree with his extreme views**
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1v8fsk/eli5_how_did_the_majority_of_the_german_nation/
|
{
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"cepq4c7",
"cepqrw2",
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"score": [
3,
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"text": [
"Interested to hear from those who know more about this than I do, but I think the assumption that the majority of the nation genuinely shared his mindset could be an overstep. Perhaps aspects of it - like wanting their country to be powerful, but not necessarily all of it for the majority of people. The nature of events also means we can't rely on people's accounts from the time as being entirely representative of their personal views - there would have been danger in having the wrong opinion! I am also thinking that the average person probably didn't have all the information that we have in hindsight, so we can't be sure on what basis people formed their views. ",
"Before Hitler Germany was actually one of the least antisemetic nations in Europe. One of the things that Nazis said was the hardest thing to do was convince Germans that the Jews that they knew were also bad. A lot of people tried to help Jews that they knew. They could accept that the Jews they didn't personally know were bad, but the Jews who lived in the same neighbourhood for decades were good. \n\nWhat helped was that by 1939 there were only about 250k Jews in Germany out of a population of 80 million. They were a tiny minority. Since they were a tiny minority many people didn't know any Jews. \n\nSince Hitler joined politics after the First World War he'd had a dream of invading the lands to the East and resettling Germans on large tracts of land to farm. It was his dream. The problem was the people who already lived there many of whom were Jewish. They would have to be eradicated to make way for the Germans. ",
"So I see that Hitler heavily relied on the harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles to fuel the 'us against the world' attitude for the Germans, and it became about reclaiming a lot of land that they felt they had lost due to it. ",
"There was a huge financial crisis in Germany prior to Hitler taking power. People were desperate and Hitler used this position to take power himself. He blamed the Jews and Jewish bankers for the financial collapse.\n\nHow people came to accept this mindset is very interesting in and of itself. It ties into the Stanford Prison Experiment - type mentality. Also it should be mentioned that the majority of the civilian population in Germany had no idea of the atrocities occurring in the concentration camps. They were content in their lifestyle since economic conditions improved drastically after Hitler took power. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
rdhiv
|
what are digital codecs and containers?
|
Like .avi, .mkv, and H.264.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/rdhiv/eli5_what_are_digital_codecs_and_containers/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c44xpcn"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"A codec stands for compressor-decompressor and is a program that lets the computer change the data into something you can watch as a video or change a video into a computer format.\n\nA container holds the actual data along with information on what format it is in. The codec then can change this data into the video you can watch. \n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
3ak3z4
|
what exactly happens to trees when you take their bark off?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ak3z4/eli5_what_exactly_happens_to_trees_when_you_take/
|
{
"a_id": [
"csdcgof"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"A tree's bark acts as a barrier to protect the sap wood from the elements, insects and bacteria. Removing it, creates an opportunity for insects get in and damage the tree."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
5fqlnf
|
why bluetooth is not exceptional in delivering quality music to wireless headphones?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5fqlnf/eli5_why_bluetooth_is_not_exceptional_in/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dam8r9l",
"dam8s8j",
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"damckm6",
"damekbz",
"dameomc",
"damf3sj"
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"score": [
10,
2,
7,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Because bluetooth headphones are not exceptional at playing back quality music.\n\nHeadphone is really a speaker put close to your ear.\n\nSo… you got a normal headphone which is just speaker, casing, and a wire connecting it to the external amplifier. The very classic setup.\n\nNow you want to build an amplifier into the casing+speaker, so you’re taking away some space from both amp and speaker, that generally means shittier parts and clutter in/around the resonator box.\n\nThen, you want to build in a power source for that. Power sources also notorious for creating interference, so you might want to throw in some shielding. Again you are cluttering space, taking away space from your main parts, which means shittier parts for everything and more clutter.\n\nNow go ahead and throw in a wireless receiver which, in the best case scenario, grabs a stream over radio waves, and feeds it to the specially designed stream player, which then translates it to an analog signal, puts it through the amplifier, which feeds the speaker. All crammed in that tiny speaker casing and supported by the interference-generating power supply.\n\nIn short: you took space which used to have just one object, doing one job, and crammed five objects into it serving an entire pipeline.\n\nSo… your wired studio-grade headphones will always beat the bluetooth headphones in quality of sound reproduction because they do one and only one thing: sound reproduction, while a bluetooth headphone is a mini-computer with battery, power conversion and a whole slew of other stuff you need to divert your resources to. Resources are going to be space, matter, R & D.",
"What version of Bluetooth are you referring to? As version 4 does the job exceptionally well. Previous versions did not have the bandwidth to cope with high quality music and so compressed it into oblivion.",
"Bluetooth is perfectly capable of delivering audio to some receiver, and maybe it'll even sound good depending on the quality of the receiving device, though that doesn't mean BT particularly suited for the job.\n\nBluetooth was invented by HP because the engineers were fed up with all the printer cables making a spaghetti mess of their workbenches. Never ever was it meant to be a general purpose device interchange, and it certainly wasn't designed with streaming in mind.\n\nBT is a low bandwidth packet oriented protocol, similar to TCP over WiFi but much, much shittier. So similar to WiFi, in fact, that they use the same radio frequencies! So these devices are competing for airwaves when used in proximity, meaning they will both transmit at the same time, fuck up each other's messages, and then have to try again. Lot's of packet loss. For WiFi, it's going to kill your latency and bandwidth, for BT, audio is going to come in choppy.\n\nBut the same 2.4 GHz frequency used by BT and WiFi are also used by microwave ovens! Heat a burrito, and both will drop in the meantime.",
"They can be, I have a $20 pair that uses v4.1 and aptX (uses lossless compresession on higher bitrate songs to stream them over Bluetooth), and they sound decent. \n \nThe main thing to take into account is that adding Bluetooth costs money and it is also a desired feature, both drive the price up. \n \nOne improvement on v4.1 over v4.0 is co-existence with LTE, v4.0 and LTE cause interference with each other, which degrades the quality of both. \n \nLook for Bluetooth earbuds that are either v4.1 or higher and also look for ones that also have aptX if you have any songs higher than 320Kbps MP3 / 256Kbps AAC.",
"It's bit rate is too low in Bluetooth to stream audio without encoding and compressing it first. \n\nThe compression takes time so audio will not be in real-time, which can cause sync issue with video if the video player can't account for this time properly.\n\nAdditionally it takes a fair amount of processing power to decompress the audio so the receiver has more work to do, in the interest of extending battery life of headphones the type and level of compression is limited meaning a lower quality of audio ends up being transmitted.\n\nAs power usage of Bluetooth decreases, efficiency of micro-processors increases, and the maximum bitrate of Bluetooth increases we will see increasingly higher quality of Bluetooth audio. Bluetooth LE 5.0 looks to be the final step towards hi-fidelity Bluetooth audio.",
"audio over bluetooth is just a digital transfer\n\nunlike analog p2 audio, bluetooth audio is first encoded and compressed , then transmitted and decompressed on the receiving end\n\nthere are at least 3 encoding types..\n\nthe most common is called SBC. it is as good as a good mp3 file, if it is badly implemented, it will sound bad\n\naptX is a newer codec, but not everyone supports it. it is considered as good as lossless\n\nAAC is the same aac codec from mp4 files. even less receivers support it. Apple uses. it is indistinguishable from lossless by most people. \n\nso a cheap bt audio headset will sound bad because it's cheap. not because of bluetooth\n\nwindows bluetooth audio is usually SBC only, unless you installed something different.\n\niOS/macOS bluetooth audio supports SBC/aptX and AAC and sounds really good if you have a good receiver or headset\n\ndon't know much about android bt audio support",
"Bluetooth has a bandwidth of 800kbps+\n\nThe lowest bandwidth lossless codecs can encode sound at 400kbps so Bluetooth has sufficient bandwidth for high quality audio. The problem isn't the bandwidth it's the audio chips. The chip in your phone that decodes audio and turns it into an analog signal (the DAC) is highly sensitive and very sophisticated to deliver a high quality clean signal, that chip can cost $50+ when purchased in smaller than millions of quantities for audiophile grade chips which would typically add $100+ to the cost of each audio device you buy, I would know I helped design a portable car audio decoder, you can bet your life that no headphone manufacturer would like to add $100 to the price of their headphones outside of the very high end so this will lead to most Bluetooth manufacturers using the cheapest and worst audio chips on the market, a chip that's much worse on average than the one you already paid for residing in your phone.\n\nSo it's not that Bluetooth isn't capable of giving good sound, it's that the economics of production guarantee you'll get much worse sound than before unless you're prepared to spend *$100+* more per audio device for the wireless benefit.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
4ahr14
|
are most combustions of hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon derivatives in the real world complete or incomplete combustions?
|
In particular ethanol.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4ahr14/eli5_are_most_combustions_of_hydrocarbons_and/
|
{
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"d10hx7s",
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],
"score": [
15,
10
],
"text": [
"MOST is complete, but any amount of incomplete combustion in, for example, an engine, will produce undesirable byproducts. Generally this will happen when there is insufficient oxygen.\n\nIncomplete combustion (or metabolism by the liver) of Ethanol can produce Ethan*al*, acetaldehyde _URL_0_",
"your question could mean 2 things, so I'm going to answer both. \n\nall combustion in air and even high oxygen will have some amount of incomplete combustion. every candle, furnace, engine, industrial machine, and campfire is going to spit out carbon monoxide and other weird gasses that incomplete combustion produces. *but* the vast majority of the fuel consumed will undergo complete combustion. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetaldehyde"
],
[]
] |
|
3794wg
|
why does my penis have different sizes?
|
Sometimes it is noticeably smaller or bigger then other times. Even though temperatures are the same.
I am talking about not erected states.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3794wg/eli5_why_does_my_penis_have_different_sizes/
|
{
"a_id": [
"crks0os",
"crktjt2",
"crkvz7y"
],
"score": [
10,
16,
8
],
"text": [
"For me, substances have effects. Caffeine/adderall tend to cause shrinkage. I thought alcohol did too, but i think i was mistaken.",
"Do women know about shrinkage?",
"It boils down to temperature. Even if you feel like it's always room temperature that doesn't mean your genitals are feeling the same way they are covered by underwear and jeans and they change temperature depending on your physical activity your body metabolism and a whole other range of things. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
p9c63
|
why satellite orbits appear to be in a wave pattern when looking at a map of earth
|
I feel like my somewhat educated self should be able to visualize this, but alas, I cannot.
[Example Image](_URL_0_)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/p9c63/eli5_why_satellite_orbits_appear_to_be_in_a_wave/
|
{
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"c3nj9aw",
"c3njnxw",
"c3nlv2m"
],
"score": [
6,
13,
6
],
"text": [
"A flat map of the globe does not, and cannot, portray the curvature of the earth, so the wave pattern compensates for the two-dimensional representation regarding the satellite's location relative to the earth.",
"Because that rectangle is actually the texture of a sphere.\n\nWhen you go up above Norway you don't land at the bottom of the picture but instead go down on the backside and that's somewhere above Asia. What most computergames do that have an endless map (right leads to left and when you leave at the top you enter at the bottom) is actually a donut.\n\nHere's a little picture I threw together, I hope it clearifies it.\n\n_URL_0_\n\nSo the bottom picture the satellite flies a straight orbit from norway to japan above russia.\nI marked the path in your picture, too.\n\na nice read on that matter\n_URL_1_",
"[This might help the visualization.](_URL_0_)"
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://www.rap.ucar.edu/~djohnson/satellite/figures/geo_orbit1.gif"
] |
[
[],
[
"http://i.imgur.com/3W8VO.png",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_projection"
],
[
"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Sin_drawing_process.gif"
]
] |
|
1hdkte
|
dns, ip addresses, networks, sub networks, hosts
|
I have seen and used them my entire life, but trying to explain what they do or how they do it just loses me.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1hdkte/eli5_dns_ip_addresses_networks_sub_networks_hosts/
|
{
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"catbjjb",
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7,
2,
2
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"text": [
"Networks are groups of computers (servers, clients, etc.) that are together in a single plane. Using this network, a person can access various other networks, servers, and other clients if they allow access. A network can be thought of as a city, while the servers can be thought of as store or other service offering place (servers serve), clients are just other users, and the other networks you access are subnets.\n\nA subnet is a network within a network (get the inception jokes out of your system, and read on). This can be thought of like a street in your city or town.\n\nDNS stands for domain name service. DNS servers are essentially phone books for the internet in that they translate domain names (_URL_0_) into IP addresses (more on that later), then connect you to that server for access. For example, you know a local store and how to get to it by its domain name (ma and pas local hole in the wall). Even though you find it by remembering its name, it still has a specific (IP) address that is used to find it otherwise.\n\nIP (internet protocol) addresses can be thought of much like your home address. They distinguish specific users on a network/subnet.\n\n**Tl;dr**\n\nThe breakdown overall is city (network), street (subnet), and address (IP address). Domain names are simply the human way of remembering locations, and DNS is the computer way of transcribing that into a format for the computer to understand.\n\nI'm not sure what you mean by *host* as there are many things that could mean. If you could be a little more specific, I might be able to help you out.",
"Ok, I'm bored, and I have some time, so here goes:\n1) IP addresses: this is the analog of actual physical addresses on houses. Information in the Internet is broken down into packages and \"mailed\" to the receiving IP address. Every computer connected to the Internet has an ip (sort of, we'll get there)...\n2) hosts: I assume you are talking about servers, or web hosts. These are single machines or a cluster of machines configured to respond as if they were a single machine. Take _URL_3_ servers, for example. There are hundreds of computers all responding to requests at a single IP address for millions of users.... \n3) dns. Ok, so, IP addresses are a string of numbers, say 127.0.0.1 (the default IP address for a computer to talk to itself) . Well, that's just a string of numbers, and hard to remember. Soon, some folks at icann decided to start a protocol where you can register an approved name type (say _URL_0_) with them, and anyone who uses dns can ask their cantral server what IP address(es) are associated with that name. Now imagine a billion computer trying to do this all the time. Ddos, right? So, all across the Internet, servers (name servers) hold a copy of that database that they refresh about once every 24 hours. It means that if you move _URL_0_ to new machines somewhere else, people going to your dns address might not get to the right place for a day or two. \n4) networks and subnet works.... So, IP addresses are a strings of numbers, but there are some associations between the numbers and their locations. For example _URL_1_ addresses might all be found at a single university, and all packets between these sites would travel faster inside that space than outside, because they don't have to go between routers (another discussion). Subnet works are similar, but usually refer to blocks of _URL_2_ or 192.168. _URL_4_ because these are special networks that can't be accesses by the Internet at large. This is analogous to the old story about Los alamos, New Mexico, that was so secret that children born there listed their place of birth as a post office box in nearby samta fe. In the case of Los alamos, all mail comes to that po box, and was sorted by a person to go to the right house, and all knowledge anyone outside had was that they sent letters to the po box. Same thing with subnetworks with nonroutable addresses. \n\n\nGet it?",
"Website is like a house. You need the DNS to give you the street address (IP). You need ground to build on, which is your host (server space). The website itself is the html files, or the house itself.\n\nDNS tells you where the server is for that particular website.\n\nIP is the street address of the server.\n\nHost is the server where files are stored. \n\nSo think of DNS as google maps that gives you the address. The IP address is the address. The host is the yard, and the website is the house built on the yard. \n\nNetwork is just a series of connected computers. I have 3 computers at home all connected via a router, thus making a network. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"www.domainname.com"
],
[
"redditisawesome.co.uk",
"128.95.112.xxx",
"10.xxx.xxx.xxx",
"eBay.com",
"Xxx.xxx"
],
[]
] |
|
8toek7
|
why the land mass doesn't collapse when millions of barrels of oil is extracted?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8toek7/eli5_why_the_land_mass_doesnt_collapse_when/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e190s3n"
],
"score": [
12
],
"text": [
"The oil isn't sat in caverns; it is in the microscopic pore space between mineral grains. Imagine a sand pit or beach; water can either full the pore space or not but the volume of space taken up by the sand doesn't change because the grains are already in contact with each other. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
4ai6cg
|
what is meant by "make america great again"?
|
How is greatness measured? And based on this, when was America great?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4ai6cg/eli5what_is_meant_by_make_america_great_again/
|
{
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40,
2,
23,
2,
4
],
"text": [
"At many points in history America has been seen as a \"superpower\". I would say most strongly after WWII. Aside from this we have always had American exceptionalism in my purview. My parents were raised in the 50's and often hearken back to the \"good ol' days.\" Without, of course, thinking that they were pretty bad for most other people. Even in the 60's my mom was statutorily raped and had to go to another school in order to carry the baby and give it up for adoption. That's one anecdote but it's a sure fact that gender dynamics were stronger back then and women were not allowed to choose much. There's a lot of nostalgia there but not a lot of fact. ",
"Nothing in particular. It's just asserting that, at some point in the past, things were better and we need to get back to that point. What exactly is wrong & when things were \"great\" is largely left up to the reader.\n\nIt's not uncommon for political slogans to be highly subjective and devoid of concrete meaning. If you go back to Obama's \"Change\" campaign, it was largely the same - save the nostalgic call for returning to the past.",
"This is rhetoric. A combination of fallacies are at work. Argument from ignorance, argument from repetition, shifting the burden of proof, circular reasoning, false authority, I think the main one he is using is the red-herring. He uses terms like make America great to distract from the fact that he has no plan. There is no time when America was \"great\" without it's accompanying other flaws being present. Were we great after the revolution? What about slavery. Were we great after WWI? What about women's rights and civil rights in general? America is as great as we think it is so if you think it's great then it is. Value judgements are always this way.",
"It's deliberately vague, to allow the reader to insert his or her own opinion on what is meant by \"great\". For some it's the Enlightenment values of the Founding Fathers, for others it's the theocracy of the Puritans before them. For some it's the near-anarchy of the Wild West, for others it's the socialism of the New Deal or the Cold War Military-Industrial Complex. ",
"I believe if you watch this video you will understand what is meant by \"Make America Great Again\" _URL_0_",
"It means whatever voters want it to mean, but Republican voters who agree with Trump's slogan are probably thinking of the era following the second World War or the 1980s, when Trump was a yuppie icon. Both pretty good times for middle class whites.\n\nPost WW2, industry boomed and unemployment fell (except for women who lost their jobs when the GIs came back from the front, but hey, the cost of living was lower and families could afford to buy a house on one income. And that was also partially due to the huge number of returned WW2 vets taking advantage of government home loans and the GI Bill for education.)\n\nManufacturing boomed in America because Europe and Asia were recovering from battles actually being fought on their soil and we were the main game in town. We'd stepped up war production and had factory space ready to start building other things. When rationing ended, people were eager to buy and consume new products.\n\nOur enemies were country-shaped. The Allies had beaten the Axis powers and the new villain was Russia. The nuclear arms race might have been scary, but in a different way than random terrorist plots are scary. \n\nThis time wasn't particularly awesome for women or minorities who wanted an equal shot at employment, but culturally, the US had *different* social problems that didn't involve as much illegal drug use, homelessness, or teen pregnancy. \n\nIronically, unions were stronger then and the richest Americans were taxed in the 70% bracket. \n\nSo some people think of that, BUT Donald Trump has said that the last time America was \"great\" was during the early 80s: the Reagan administration. The economy improved during this period for many, especially people like Donald Trump, when taxes dropped. It was a great time to be/become rich or to start a business. \n\n*\"...we do know from official economic statistics that the seven year period from 1982 to 1989 was the greatest, consistent burst of economic activity ever seen in the U.S. In fact, it was the greatest economic expansion the world has ever seen - in any country, at any time.\"*\n\n_URL_0_\n\nBuuuuut on the other hand, what caused that? \n\n_URL_1_\n\nThere was also a lot of homelessness during the Reagan era, and drug abuse, etc. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://youtu.be/ZPHSXUS0_1c"
],
[
"http://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/17/opinion/the-reagan-boom-greatest-ever.html",
"http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2015/02/sorry-rand-paul-reagan-didnt-cause-90s-boom.html"
]
] |
|
59o507
|
how is there competition and price variation within the bottled water industry?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/59o507/eli5_how_is_there_competition_and_price_variation/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d99yxg5",
"d99zvxa"
],
"score": [
8,
2
],
"text": [
"All comes down to marketing - making a real or apparent difference in the mind of the consumer between your product and your competitors.\n\nThe most obvious examples are your premium ones - Perrier, Evian, Fiji, that stupid Voss crap in the glass bottle. They sell it at a premium because it's \"exclusive\" by way of being imported from such-and-such spring.\n\nAside from that, some brands market themselves for specific targets - e.g. sports / gym / cycling, where you've got bottled water like Pump with a squeezy-nozzle instead of a cap.\n\nFinally, you've got distribution licensing. If you're a restaurant and you have a contract with Coca Cola as your supplier, you're only allowed to sell Coca Cola's brand(s) of bottled water (and they'll sue you if they catch you selling someone else's).",
"Different sources of water and the supposed benefits of such water is one difference -- the first bottles waters were from mountain springs in the French Alps or even now Fiji literally comes from a tropical island in the middle of the Pacific. But some of is literally just municipal tap water, run through an industrial-sized Brita filter and bottled in Pittsburgh.\n\nUltimately, a lot of it is just branding... can they tell some story, make the bottle look fashionable, etc. that will compel people to pay a premium or get places that charge premiums to serve it."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
3omzit
|
integration by parts
|
Got a Calc midterm coming up and my professor holds a "If you don't understand it you shouldn't be in my class" attitude when it comes to office hours
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3omzit/eli5_integration_by_parts/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cvyn7h9"
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"Let's take the equation \n \n **∫e^x dx** \n \nThis one is really easy as the integral of e^x is just e^x , because ∫e^x dx = x' e^x , or 1*e^x , so, \n \n **∫e^x dx = e^x + c** \n \n--- \nNow, let's say we have the equation \n \n **∫xe^x^2 dx** \n \nThis is a little tougher, so we use u-sub, \n \n let **u=x^2** and du=2xdx, so **0.5du=xdx** \n \nPlugging those in we get \n \n**∫xe^x^2 dx = 0.5∫e^u du = 0.5e^u + c = 0.5e^x^2 + c** \n \n--- \nNow if have a tougher problem \n \n **∫xe^6x dx** \n \nWe will need to use IBP, the formula is ∫udv=uv-∫vdu \n \n let **u=x, du=dx** \n **dv=e^6x dx, v=∫dv=∫e^6x dx=(e^6x )/6** \n \nso \n \n u v - ∫ v dv \n **∫xe^6x dx = (x)((e^6x )/6)-∫((e^6x )/6)(dx)** \n **=(xe^6x )/6 - (e^6x /36) + c** \n \nFeel free to ask if you don't fully understand."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
3qiicq
|
why do elementary schools make children perform monthly fluoride rinses in class?
|
I remember it so vividly, the 'off' taste of that warm root beer flavored rinse after the math test.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3qiicq/eli5_why_do_elementary_schools_make_children/
|
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"Where did you go to school I don't remember doing that and my nephews dont have to do that now ",
"If they don't have community water flouridation and they don't get it from their dentist they get it from their school. ",
"Most likely because the health department in that town has passed an ordinance that allows free fluoride rinses for children. Doing it in school is just a more effective way to reach more children at once. Not everyone has access to dental care and fluoride treatments are important for protecting tooth enamel. I have had to do this in schools in the northeast US growing up",
"I recall doing that.\n\nIn any case, fluoride in the water, fluoride in your toothpaste, and fluoride rinses all do the same thing. The fluoride ion binds into gaps left in your teeth as the enamel gets eroded at the atomic level. Not only does this make your teeth healthier by reversing wear and tear, but the new bonds between the fluoride atoms and your enamel are *stronger*, making your teeth that much stronger.\n\nEDIT: Teachers probably didn't explain because they probably couldn't. They may not have known any more than \"it makes your teeth better\" and anyways, try explaining ions bonding into gaps etc. etc. to elementary school kids and you'll probably get blank looks until you simplify it to \"it makes your teeth better.\""
]
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|
[] |
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[
[],
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|
63sy4s
|
why are natural sugars such as fruits not unhealthy to eat, but sugars from juice, soda, or candy are?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/63sy4s/eli5_why_are_natural_sugars_such_as_fruits_not/
|
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"Why do you believe that's the case? If you have some article that made that claim, I'd love to see it.",
"The sugars in fruit have calories too and they can also contribute to weight gain.\n\nThey're \"better\" for you in the sense that the friut likely has some useful nutrients. Soda and candy are basically devoid of any nutritional value beyond calories.\n\nSome fruits and fruit juices have a ton of sugar and little else and aren't really very healthy at all, so you shouldn't assume they're always good for you.",
"Whole fruits have fiber, so it takes longer to digest, which is a good thing. Sugary drinks or juices are digested quickly - not so good.",
"Well look at it this way: sugar, and foods that turn into sugar like carbs, all break down to the same thing, glucose, or food for your cells.\n\nThe problem isn't what they become, it's how long it takes them to get there. Take a fruit for example. You're not eating just straight sugar, you're eating a lot of other components with it, like the fibrous material an orange is made out of. Your body digests it all at once, but the sugar in the fruit is tempered by the rest of the material in the fruit, causing the distribution of sugar in your blood to rise gradually instead of all at once with, say, soda or candy. The gradual increase allows the body to use the sugar as fuel without the blood sugar level rising too high too quickly, something that would trigger the release of insulin into the blood to lower the sugar level of the blood. Insulin is the body turning sugars into fats, storing them for use later instead of right now. So, if you make a habit of eating food filled with sugars, especially processed sugars which are much more potent than natural sugars (hard candy vs apple, which is sweeter?), your body releases insulin much more often, turning more sugars in your blood to fats to compensate and keep your body in balance. Foods higher in sugar are more easily and more quickly converted into fat when they don't have something else (like fiber) to balance out how quickly they're absorbed.",
"The sugars from fruit are not considered healthy. These days, it is becoming more recognised that sugar is sugar, whatever the source, and beyond a certain quantity it isn't good for you. But if you eat, say, an orange, you are getting some fibre from the pulp and some vitamins, which make that orange healthier than, say, some candy, or a glass of coke, which has none of those things.",
"it's less about what and more about how much.\n\n1 can of soda contains 39grams of sugar.\n\n1 medium orange contains 12 grams of sugar. \n1 medium apple contains 19 grams sugar. \n\nso for a single can of soda, you're eating about 3 apples or oranges. ",
"Look at it this way, sugars all have the same problem; they're not good for you in excess. Doesn't matter if they come from fruit or sugar cane, basically a problem in large amounts. You can pick up a apple, and feel satiated, because you're ingesting the sugar from it with a bunch of dietary Fibre. Most adults would eat one or two apples and feel good. As soon as you process it, it's a different story. You grab a glass of juice, which has been extracted, and all of the Fibre removed. It takes, say, 5-7 whole apples to produce that glass of juice. So in effect you're ingesting 500-700% the quantity of sugar because that food choice is processed. \n\n",
"Because fruit is wrapped in fibre which slows absolution and limits the total dose of fructose while juice, soda and candy have zero fibre. You can eat and drink far more of the latter.\n\nHow do you make alcohol? You ferment ~~fructose~~ *glucose* apparently. Large quantities of fructose over time shares a lot of symptoms with alcoholism(not all, since ethanol is much purer).",
"It's simply because of fiber, and all that other vitamins and minerals that are present in the fruit. Fiber stops you from getting all that sugar at once and releases the sugar slowly, like taking a damp cloth and slowly squeezing out the water rather than dumping the bucket of water.\n\n\nWhile fruits are healthier than your soft drinks, it is by no means a healthy food when in excess. All the years of selective breed made them a lot sweeter than their ancient counterparts.",
"Good answers here already. In short: sugar is sugar. But fruit has fiber, which slows the progress of sugar through your digestive system, so that more of it is absorbed slowly in your gut versus all hitting your bloodstream quickly and then taxing your liver.",
"Fruit: \n\n* 1 apple -- 95 calories, 19g sugar, 4.4g fiber, 14% DV vit C \n* 1 orange -- 45 calories, 9g sugar, 2.3g fiber, 85% DV vit C \n* 1 cup grapes -- 62 calories, 15g sugar, 0.8g fiber \n* 1 banana -- 105 calories, 14g sugar, 3.1g fiber, 17% vit C and 20% vit B6 \n* 1 pear -- 102 calories, 17g sugar, 6g fiber \n* 1 peach -- 59 calories, 13g sugar, 2.3g fiber \n* 1 ~~cup~~ wedge watermelon -- 85 calories, 17g sugar, 1.1g fiber, 31% vit A, 37% vit C \n* 1 cup cranberries -- 46 calories, 4g sugar, 4.6g fiber, 22% vit C\n\nAll fruits have trace amounts of other vitamins not listed.\n\nEDIT: Someone complained that I was being unfair because I went by standard serving size instead of the same amount of everything. Purely for argument's sake, here are the values for 1.5 cups of fruit, which roughly equivalent to 12 fluid oz (1.5 standard US cups) of liquid. Note that this is generally more than a person will eat in one sitting, while a can of soda or 1.5 cups of juice is about what someone would reasonably drink in one sitting.\n\n* 1.5 cups apple -- 86 calories, 16g sugar, 3.9g fiber, 12% DV vit C \n* 1.5 cups orange -- 128 calories, 26g sugar, 6.4g fiber, 239% DV vit C \n* 1.5 cups grapes -- 93 calories, 22g sugar, 1.2g fiber \n* 1.5 cups banana, sliced -- 200 calories, 27g sugar, 5.8g fiber, 32% vit C, 45% vit B6 \n* 1.5 cups pear, cubed -- 138 calories, 24g sugar, 7.5g fiber, 17% vitamin C \n* 1.5 cups peach -- 92 calories, 20g sugar, 3.4g fiber \n* 1.5 cups watermelon, diced -- 69 calories, 14g sugar, 0.9g fiber, 25% vit A, 30% vit C \n* 1.5 cups cranberries -- 69 calories, 6g sugar, 6.9g fiber, 33% vit C\n\nSoda (all 12 fl oz): \n\n* Can of Coke -- 140 calories, 39g sugar, no fiber, no vitamins \n* Can of Sprite -- 140 calories, 38g sugar, no fiber, no vitamins \n* Can of Dr Pepper -- 150 calories, 40g sugar, no fiber, no vitamins \n* Can of Mtn Dew -- 170 calories, 46g sugar, no fiber, no vitamins\n\nJuice (all 12 fl oz): \n\n* apple juice -- 155 calories, 33g sugar, 0.7g fiber, small amount of vitamins \n* grape juice -- 229 calories, 55g sugar, 3g fiber, 22% vit C and 20% b6 \n* orange juice -- 154 calories, 28g sugar, 0.8g fiber, 13% vit A and 283% vit C \n* cranberry juice -- 157 calories, 42g sugar, 0.4g fiber, 52% vit C\n\nCandy: \n\n* Snickers bar -- 215 calories, 20g sugar, 11g fat, trace vitamins \n* Single 3g piece hard candy -- 12 calories, 1.9g sugar, no fiber, no vitamins \n* 3 piece (16g) hard butterscotch candy -- 63 calories, 13g sugar, no fiber, no vitamins (EDIT: found a better source) \n* Twix bar -- 286 calories, 28g sugar, 14g fat, 0.6g fiber, trace vitamins\n\nFor argument's sake, here's 50g of candy across the board. Note that volume-wise, this is much less than the equivalent in juice, soda, or fruit, which are all mostly water.\n\nCandy (per 50g): \n\n* Snickers bar -- 244 calories, 24g sugar, 12g fat, no fiber, trace vitamins \n* Hard Candy -- 197 calories, 32g sugar, no fiber, no vitamins (note: more carbs but less \"sugar\" than butterscotch) \n* Butterscotch Candy -- 195 calories, 40g sugar, 1.65g fat, no fiber, no vitamins \n* Twix bar -- 251 calories, 24g sugar, 12g fat, 0.6g fiber, trace vitamins\n\nAs you can see, the calories and sugar content in fruit is a lot lower than what's in soda, juice, and candy, and all fruits have both fiber and vitamins. Soda has no vitamins, and while juice is better in that it has some vitamins and fiber, it's worse in that they usually dump a bunch of extra sugar into it. Chocolate candy has a lot of fat, no fiber, and very few vitamins, while hard candy or fruit candy is basically pure sugar.",
"I read a description that breaks it down pretty simple when looking at the South Beach Diet.\n\nThere are two kinds of sugars: simple sugars and fiber sugars. Simple sugars can be digested and absorbed by your blood very quickly. Fiber sugars have to be broken down before they can be digested, so they take longer to absorb. So if you eat a lot of simple sugar, you get a very big spike in your blood sugar. But if you eat a lot of fiber sugars, the sugar is absorbed slower and you get a smaller spike with a long plateau.\n\nSoda and other snacks use simple sugar. This is part of the argument against high fructose corn syrup: it's a simpler sugar than table sugar and can be absorbed even faster. Fruits generally have a higher amount of fiber, which means you get a slower breakdown.\n\nAlso, since fruit has more physical bulk, you tend to eat it slower which means you get full faster. One glass of orange juice might be the equivalent of five or six oranges. You probably won't eat that many oranges in one sitting, because you'd get full/tired after one or two.",
"Natural sugars are just as bad for you. That's why juicing fruit to solely get the juice from them isn't considered very healthy. However when you process the fruit into a smoothie instead you retain the fiber. It's that fiber that helps fruit remain healthy. Also, vitamins. ",
"TIL that Americans use the spelling 'fiber' whilst us Brits use 'fibre'... \n\nI thought it was just a typo when I first read it, but it is everywhere in these comments!",
"The sugar in fruit isn't considered healthy. Fruits are considered healthy in spite of the sugar because they are nutrient rich.",
"IIFYM. A calorie is a calorie. A gram of sugar is a gram of sugar. Your body can't tell the difference between the sugar in an apple or the sugar in a candy bar.\n\n- Soda contains sugar, high fructose corn syrup, and chemicals. \n**Perfectly healthy to consume in moderation** but *don't overdo it*. \n\n- An apple contains sugar, fiber, vitamins, and minerals. \n**Perfectly healthy to consume in moderation** but *don't overdo it*.\n\nSoda contains mostly bad things for your body and not enough good/neutral nutrients, so it's labeled \"bad\". Fruit contains a lot of essential micronutrients so is considered \"clean\".",
"Sugar is sugar. \"Healthy\" sugar is a subjective statement and a marketing tactic. You benefit from the fiber and vitamins in fruits, but the intake of sugar is what the real factor is. Too much sugar intake in any food is unhealthy. Soda is deemed unhealthier because it has concentrated sugar and lots of it. Ketchup has a huge concentration of sugar, yet people squirt loads of it all over their fries and eggs. Fruit roll ups and dried fruits still have sugar. The bottom line is monitor your sugar intake by looking at labels and finding out which fruits have more sugar content vs others. Fruit juice and Fruit drinks are just as loaded with sugar compared to some energy drinks. Honey and agave nectar are still broken down into sugars. There is no healthy sugar. Your daily intake is what matters and the higher concentrations that you put into your body at one specific time can cause your insulin level to react at a different rate therefore putting you at risk for diabetes. Feel free to correct any inaccuracies. \n Also the factor of rate at which we metabolize sugars is a big part of the formula. An unhealthy sedentary lifestyle of constant consumption of processed foods including concentrated sugars in soda, fast foods, and candy puts a person at a higher risk for diabetes and heart disease vs an active lifestyle of a runner consuming simple sugars from fruits and energy drinks who will metabolize those sugars faster and thererfore be at less risk for diabetes and heart disease. \nThats my take on it. imo",
"There is a GREAT detailing of this exact question in the film \"Fed Up\" on Netflix. I learned a lot from watching that movie, and if you want to know more about sugar and it's effects on the body I would highly suggest watching it",
"Sugars from fruits can be quite unhealthy, especially as they've been significantly modified from their natural selves to produce more sure and less fibre. Many science based diets (medditerranean, some renditions of paleo) tell you to limit your intake of high sugar fruits.",
"Here is the straight scoop- after processing in the liver, all digest carbohydrates (from fruits, soda, candy, etc) enter the bloodstream as 95% glucose, with the rest being fructose and galactose. All of these are simple six-carbon sugars.\n\nIn that respect there is NO difference between carbohydrates. The calorie load per gram is the problem.",
"Sugar itself is just as unhealthy, but in the case of fruit it comes bundled together with goodies + it is not as present in such quantities. Also, it takes longer to absorb thanks to fiber which doesn't make your insulin skyrocket and you getting sugar spikes and lows",
"Wait wait wait....so if I eat a bunch of food that has fiber, and then eat candy bars/soda right after, would those sugars also be absorbed slower? ",
"A lot of great comments so this one will definitely be buried.\n\nAnother important thing to recognize is the act of chewing and what signals are produced as a result. The time it takes to eat an apple is significantly longer than the time it takes to eat a mars bar. You have to bite off chunks of apple, and then chew and chew. All this chewing takes time which will leave you with a stronger feeling of fullness afterwards. \n\nOne reason why people overeat is because there is a significant delay between food in the stomach and a feeling of fullness. About 20minutes or so. So anything you can do to make the process of eating take longer will help your body register that you have in fact ingested food. That's why an apple which has less calories and less sugar than a mars bar will leave you feeling fuller for longer. ",
"Short version: they are all unhealthy. Sugar is sugar is sugar. Saying that one kind is better than other is nothing but corporate shilling.\n\nBUT, you can easily down 6-7 glasses of apple juice or soda during short period of time, while eating 2-3 apples makes you feel very full and you physically wouldn't want anymore.\nThat means that you can abuse sugar usage with some foods much easier than others. And why sugar-packed low-volume things, like candy and soda are much harder to consume responsibly. \n\nSo it's all about the volume of food you consume per gram of sugar. If for that 19 grams of sugar you also have to tire your jaws and do a lot of digestion while eating apple, you just won't abuse sugar so much. ",
"A rare ELI5 post that doesn't make me want to slap the OP, with some excellent informative comments aswell."
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e3bd16
|
is it actually possible for our brain to think about "nothing"?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/e3bd16/eli5_is_it_actually_possible_for_our_brain_to/
|
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"It is possible for your brain not to ‘think’ in the intellectual way (by which I mean: reflecting on things), but it is impossible for your brain not to experience things: it will either process input from the external world, or process information from its ‘internal world’/dreams.\n\nAs far as I’m aware this process never ends until your death. Even people in a coma that aren’t brain-dead apparently still exhibit significant levels of brain activity which would imply that their brain is still ‘thinking’ in some way or another.",
"Isn't \"thinking about nothing\" and \"not thinking about anything\" different?",
"It is certainly possible to not think in the way we conventionally think of thinking to be like (meaning intellectually). Have you tried meditation and focus on breath? There are long periods of time where you just follow the breath and not think about anything in particular.",
"If you had thought about nothing you probably wouldn’t notice or remember it. So quite possibly it happens regularly for short periods. I suspect it happens near constantly at micro intervals between thoughts.",
"I guess it is? If I'm tired or overstimulated I can be able to sortof \"zoom out\" and just stare at a wall for 10 minutes until I snap out of it. In that time I don't think of anything.. It's just.. nothing..",
"It is possible and it is hard. Some people attribute religious-like meaning to that state and thus spend years practicing it. \n\n_URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushin_(mental_state)"
]
] |
||
3qnd6h
|
why isn't the spoon used as a utensil for foods like rice? is it considered unrefined to use spoons?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3qnd6h/eli5_why_isnt_the_spoon_used_as_a_utensil_for/
|
{
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2
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"text": [
"i use a spoon to eat rice. i find it simpler and perfectly fine to do so. if you dont like it, go fly a kite"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2olyv4
|
why does the greek language still use greek script?
|
Most languages that, at one point, existed inside of the Roman Empire have given up their native scripts, and used Latin script instead.
For example, Germanic areas inside the Empire that had once used runic scripts, like Elder Futhork, gave them up after the Romans invaded.
So, why did Greek, a language who's people were under Roman control for over 1000 years, never abandon its writing system?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2olyv4/eli5_why_does_the_greek_language_still_use_greek/
|
{
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"text": [
"Greece predated Rome as a center of learning by many centuries. The Romans looked up to Greece as a place of culture.\n\nEducated Romans including Julius Caesar learned Greek and spoke it with their educated friends, and young Romans went on tours in the Greek east the same that wealthy young Americans would later take the \"Grand Tour\" in Europe.\n\nEven after the Romans took over, Latin was never very widespread in the Greek heartlands. The [Jireček Line](_URL_0_) roughly divides the areas of Latin and Greek speech in antiquity. South and east of there, you could get by as a Latin-speaker, but it would have been a foreign language to most common people.\n\nThe Roman empire was partitioned after 285 AD, with co-emperors in the East and West (sometimes as many as four senior and junior partners). The Western (predominantly Latin-speaking) empire grew weaker as Germanic tribes and other people invaded. 476 AD is usually given as the date that the Western empire \"fell\", because the warlord Odoacer deposed the last emperor (a young boy) and declined to take the title of emperor for himself.\n\nThe eastern empire, based at Constantinople, was administered in Latin for a few hundred years, but as the Latin-speaking areas began to be whittled away, the empire became predominantly Greek. That is why it's usually known as the Byzantine Empire (Byzantium was an older name for Constantinople) rather than the Eastern Roman Empire after about 600 A.D.\n\nSo to summarize, the Romans thought of Greece as a cultural forefather and preferred to learn Greek rather than force the Greeks to adopt Latin, and the Greek component of the empire lasted almost 1000 years longer than the Latin component did."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jire%C4%8Dek_Line"
]
] |
|
2ube1p
|
how many pixels are really in a 1080p television?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ube1p/eli5how_many_pixels_are_really_in_a_1080p/
|
{
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"co6uaun"
],
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9
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"text": [
"All your guesses are right. This is the easiest eli5 ever :D"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2w8rjg
|
why computers lock the numerical keys at the right, like whats the point of a numlock key? seems as useless as a shovel in florida!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2w8rjg/eli5_why_computers_lock_the_numerical_keys_at_the/
|
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"text": [
"The numlock key is for data entry people who need to enter numbers on the keypad all day long.",
"The numerical keys can be used to manage the screen and cursor. Notice that the 7 has home, 1 has end, and arrows on 2,4,6,8? Those can be used to manipulate a cursor if you wish. \n\nThey are not used very often nowadays, but they can be. ",
"You know how most full sized keyboards have a separate keypad and cursor control keys (the arrows and the Ins-Del-Home-End-PgUp-PgDn cluster)?\n\nEarly keyboards didn't, and used the numeric keypad for both. Numlock let you choose between them. Some people are used to using the keypad in this way, so they kept numlock around. A lot of laptops also only have one set of keys for this.",
"So that you can play roguelikes without needing to memorize vim-keys.",
" > Seems as useless as a shovel in Florida! \n\nAhem, those graves aren't going to dig themselves! "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
8xyh4d
|
why do high screeching sounds, like a fork scratching on a plate, make people uncomfortable, while some are unfazed?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8xyh4d/eli5_why_do_high_screeching_sounds_like_a_fork/
|
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"It's thought to be an evolutionary hangover - those sounds remind us of screeches of warning from others when we were still swinging about in trees. They're also similar in frequency to human screams and babies crying. ",
"It's called misophonia. Literally hatred of sound. Silverware on teeth is the worst sound imaginable to me. ",
"Speaking from personal experience there may be a psychological factor. I used to physically cringe at high pitched noises and loud noises would make me jump.\n\nAfter some traumatic experiences in my life I never had the same reactions again.",
"I wonder if that's related to pink noise - which some mercedes cars blast right before you crash in order to protect your hearing. Makes your ear muscles tense up",
"I don't mind nails on wall, screeching chalk on blackboard, or fork on the plate, but what gets me is a rather quiet sound of cotton sweater sliding over teeth. Like you bite a sleeve (gently, not to destroy the teeth) and slowly pull it out.\n\nShit, my head hurts.",
"Rubbing dry styrofoam together.\n\nThat is the one that gets me. Chalk had never bothered me."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
d8qmpi
|
why does moving a pencil in a certain way make it look like it’s bending?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/d8qmpi/eli5_why_does_moving_a_pencil_in_a_certain_way/
|
{
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"text": [
"Persistence of vision, basically your mind can't process the images moving so fast so the quicker parts basically have a slower refresh rate.",
"It has to do with how your brain processes the visual information gathered by your eyes. Basically your brain is stitching together a set of static (non-moving) images and then filling in what it \"feels\" is appropriate based on previous experiences. The bending (usually) comes from seeing other things in nature (like tree branches) bending in the wind. You can retrain your brain to not see it, but it takes time. This is the same reason that zoetropes work. Your brain \"fills in\" the in between steps of the static images to produce a movie like experience of the animation."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
qxz5p
|
el5: imputed income.
|
I'm getting 4 cents as imputed income. I'm in management.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/qxz5p/el5_imputed_income/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c41ceqb"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Imputed income is not income of money, but rather income of valuable services for which you are not charged, usually because you do the service yourself, or because you receive benefit from some property you already possess, or because of a non-business relationship. \n\nThe difference between imputed and regular income is that imputed income typically does not include a transaction at all, which makes the concept not all that intuitive. One reason that imputed income is interesting is that imputed income is not taxed while normal income is taxed. Another reason is that stay-at-home spouses are typically not viewed as 'earners' because they only provide services for the house--this is imputed income. Of course, if the spouse didn't work in the house, the family would need to pay for those services. The stay-at-home spouse is providing to the family unit in ways that aren't obvious, and this can have seriously unequal consequences in the event of a divorce, especially if a judge thinks that the wife/husband wasn't contributing economically to the marriage.\n\nExamples:\n\nIf I do not own a house but rent an apartment, I must work in order to gain wages, and then pay those wages to a landlord. The rented housing is \"worth\" its rent. On the other hand, if I own a house, I receive housing for free (not taking into account the purchase price of the house), and so I \"receive\" valuable housing but do not need to pay for it. This receipt of housing is imputed income because I don't explicitly pay for it. (Alternatively, you could think of imputed income as a way of saving the money you would have spent, and conceptualizing the foregone spending as a receipt.)\n\nIf my car needs to be washed, I could either take it to a car wash or I could wash it myself. If I choose to wash it myself, I gain the benefit of a washed car without any payment. This is also imputed income.\n\nLastly, a husband and wife could pay for a cook, a cleaner, and a babysitter, and the wife could go earn a salary to pay for those things. Or the wife could just do the jobs herself. Because the wife is just bypassing the step of earning money to pay for the services, you can conceptualize the performance of at-home services as imputed income.\n\n*Edit:*\n**TL;DR** Imputed income is when you get something beneficial, but didn't need to buy it, because you did it yourself.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1qk48l
|
if touching something is actually subatomic particles repelling each other, why do items have different textures?
|
I have been told that when you touch, hold, sit on, or impact something, you don't actually touch it, but rather the electrons in your atoms and the electrons in the object are both like charged, and thus repel each other. If that is the case why do items all have different textures?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1qk48l/eli5if_touching_something_is_actually_subatomic/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cddliap"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"The \"not really touching\" happens on a pretty small scale, smaller than one nanometer. What you feel as texture happens on a much bigger scale. You feel roughness usually in the micrometer range, so factor 1000 or so bigger. You can't really feel single atoms, just clusters of them.\nAlso you can consider the repelling force between the electrons really as touching. Caling it otherwise is just nitpicking. Properties like elasticity and heat conductivity are transmitted through the electrons to your finger, resulting in a special \"feel\" for different materials like metal, rubber etc."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
712coa
|
when someone has brain surgery, why can't a form of artificial brain be put in place to void the empty space that is known to cause massive amounts of migraines after having brain surgery?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/712coa/eli5_when_someone_has_brain_surgery_why_cant_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dn7luxm",
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],
"score": [
2,
4,
2
],
"text": [
"You mean like just putting something that takes the space? or something that replicates the functions of the brain?",
"The Human brain is *extremely* squishy and fragile. The only reason it doesn't squish itself is that it's basically floating in liquid. If a human brain were somehow removed intact and placed in your hand, it's own weight would damage it beyond repair within seconds. And if you weren't wearing gloves, your hands would get pretty gross, too. \n\nPutting something in there would be extremely dangerous. It'd have to never, ever be able to move and be light enough not to affect the rest of your brain, let alone be 100% non-reactive. \n\nThat said, I'd maybe ask for a second opinion about those migraines. \n\n",
"Vascularised brain tissue can't be artificially grown enough to fill a \"space\" in the brain (I am assuming in this question the empty space is where tissue has been removed from the brain?). Brain tissue from other people can't be used because segmentation brain transplant is not yet viable in humans. That rules out organic space filler.\nAs far as non-organic options, most materials would be unsuitable for the job. The material would need to be fairly light and compressible to mimic the texture of the brain (anything rigid or heavy would compromise the safety of the brain in any mild head injury and increase the likelihood of rupturing intracranial vessels), yet still be firm enough to not break under tension. Attempting to mimic the texture and structure of the human brain brings us back to organic material, and so on."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
7d7da4
|
how do scam organizations work? who decides to work in a contact centre for phone/email scammers?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7d7da4/eli5_how_do_scam_organizations_work_who_decides/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpvm2x0"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
" > Who decides to work in a contact centre for phone/email scammers?\n\nPeople who are at the point where any work is better than no work. They are probably promised some sort of incentive to pull in people."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
5zfo9q
|
how do wireless headsets/earbuds know only to listen to a certain device even if multiple units are in the same space?
|
Example: 100+ people in a room all using the same type of wireless earbuds but all connected to different devices and all listening to different things. How are these not sharing frequencies or getting signals crossed?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5zfo9q/eli5_how_do_wireless_headsetsearbuds_know_only_to/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dexq067"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"If you're talking about bluetooth, then it's because a headset and device both have unique device IDs that get exchanged during peering/pairing. The headset can safely ignore all other signals except ones with its unique ID in the signal.\n\nnow, back before digital wireless, you'd have to make sure that all of your devices were on different frequencies otherwise you would get cross-talk or interference. You'd also sometimes have to negotiate with your neighbor to make sure that he wasn't using the same channels you were for your wireless mic, just depending on how close you were to him.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
ex9ino
|
why are downloads from some places faster than others?
|
For example, when you download a 5 gigabyte game on steam, it’s usually faster than a 5 gigabyte file from chrome. Why is this?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ex9ino/eli5_why_are_downloads_from_some_places_faster/
|
{
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"text": [
"There are two considerations: \n1) where you are downloading from \n2) how you are downloading \n \n \nFor example there are free file sharing sites that limit your download speed, so this is on them. They are limiting you. \nIf steam servers aren't overloaded, they will give you as much as speed they can. \n \nThe second one is a bit more technical, it's comes down to download accelerators. Like what IDM does. \nThey kinda take your bandwidth hostage and squeeze as much speed they can. \nChrome however doesn't do this (?) And so they don't squeeze your network shut.",
"The main reason:\n\nThe service supporting the download has a far better distribution setup. So for a company like Steam (whose main service is providing downloadable content), they need to have their infrastructure primed for delivering that content.\n\n- That means way more servers dedicated to downloads.\n- Wider server distribution globally so users don't have to access a server across the country.\n- Streamlined algorithms and server setups to account for peak download times, user load, game popularity etc.",
"Steam uses a world wide Content Distribution Network (CDN). When you start Steam it automatically determines which region provides the fastest speed for you, although you can manually change this. The region setting is a bit misleading though. When you pick the region (for me it goes to Atlanta, Georgia last I checked) this doesn't mean there's a single server in a single data center. They have many servers, and possibly many data centers, within a region to provide the bandwidth to users when they download. Valve doesn't really give out information on how their CDN is setup, so we don't know the specifics.\n\nValve likely doesn't own any data centers, they likely buy space in them. Today they might also virtualize everything so they might not own any hardware in the data centers. Amazon AWS is an example of a CDN (that's not all it does though) where you don't own any hardware, you buy virtualized computers and storage space.",
"Same reason that ordering a thousand parcels from a corner shop will have them be packaged, sent and arrive slower than if you do it from Amazon. Especially if they only deliver by bicycle, you live in another country, and the roads are shut for snow.\n\nInternet connections vary for services, the lines they decide to buy, the providers of those lines, the number of servers they have available (no good having a 20 giga-squiggle line if all you have is some ageing PC on the other end that can't keep up), how many other customers they have requesting things, the total capacity of their system, the interconnect between them and the dozens of transits providers between them and you, the transit providers used, the transits that are up and working that day, how many people are using that transit that day, what your local ISP is connected to, how they handle traffic, how they route it to you, how well cabled the path to your street is, etc. etc. etc.\n\nThat's before you even get into whether you're using HTTP, or HTTPS, or Bittorrent (the maker of that worked for Steam on their download system, I believe), whether they have a mirror server near you or you're downloading from the US, etc. etc. The Steam website can be down while the Steam game-download service is actually zooming (because one is dynamic and requires the servers to generate the content, the other is static and cached and the servers already know exactly what they are going to send and pass it off to geographically-nearby servers for you).\n\nDozens, hundreds, maybe thousands of factors. But pretty much think of the delivery analogy. You can download from my website at a constant 1Gbps because I bought a server in a datacentre with a 1Gbps line... but if two of you download at the same time, you'll only get 512Mbps. And if you're far away from the server location, that speed will be affected by all the transit providers in between and whatever throttling they do. And your home line and ISP probably don't give you 1Gbps, which will affect things too. I know my own ISP doesn't. I couldn't even download from my own server at full-speed, even if I wanted to.\n\nBut there are websites out there run like mom'n'pop shops with nothing on the back end and won't ever download as fast as you could take, while there are probably dozens, if not hundreds, of servers, processes, network connections and boxes involved in even the simplest page from Amazon and they could swamp a million people's connections if they wanted to.\n\nThe core protocol they use (HTTP vs FTP vs SMTP vs BitTorrent vs Whatever) is pretty much a tiny part of the actual download speed available. Some are better than others, for certain tasks, but they all have a purpose. All of them could flood your connection if they had the right equipment.\n\nBut the primary limiting factor is how many devices are involved, how busy are those devices and what settings those devices have. Pretty much, Internet stuff is built to be very busy, cope with millions of people, and share their resources fairly evenly among all the users. Sometimes that's enough, sometimes there are bottlenecks, sometimes one of them is just terribly cheap and slow, and sometimes they are literally instructed to slow you down because they have to keep the line clear for more important customers."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
19rdn4
|
why fastfood places don't do all-day breakfast. i want a god-damn breakfast sandwich
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/19rdn4/eli5_why_fastfood_places_dont_do_allday_breakfast/
|
{
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"c8qmuv8",
"c8qmvyh",
"c8qpant"
],
"score": [
9,
3,
4,
2
],
"text": [
"Because the equipment used to cook breakfast food is the same equipment used to cook lunch food, and it can't be set to do both at once without spending extra money. They don't think that money's worth it.",
"Some fast food places do. Most don't because they have limited resources and space and need to ensure they can keep their pace. Locally (to me) the fast food places that have a large, multipurpose grill (Jack in the Box) do breakfast because a big honking grill doesn't discriminate. Places like Burger King and McDonalds have more specialized equipment. ",
"I know specifically McDonalds uses the same grill for both burgers and breakfast meats, and it has to be set hotter for the former.",
"Here in Hong Kong, they have the McMuffin available all day, even as a combo.\n\nFreaks."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
716qbq
|
why do some fruits have pits or seeds with cyanide in them?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/716qbq/eli5_why_do_some_fruits_have_pits_or_seeds_with/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dn8idbc"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"To discourage animals able to digest the seed (rather than just pooping it out) from eating the seed.\n\nIn this way it is more likely to have the offspring survive, and thus reproduce themselves."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
cxouef
|
how does bulking and cutting work when trying to gain muscle mass and losing fat?
|
I was reading up on it and it mentioned stuff about myonuclei. I am doing biochemistry so I do understand some of the stuff but not really how it works. Also I like going to the gym and want to gain muscle mass but am trying to understand how to not get fat at the same time
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cxouef/eli5_how_does_bulking_and_cutting_work_when/
|
{
"a_id": [
"eymqs4w"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"For starters, lots of proteins help build muscle. You can take supplements for rapid results but they’re not as healthy in a long term as natural sources like proteins from lean meat, eggs (egg whites), beans, or avocados. You need energy to burn so you don’t pass out, do eat plenty but avoid carbohydrates. Carbs build up fat really fast. \n\nCut makes your muscles defined, but not huge. Heavier weight makes your muscles big. \n\nCut: You want to lift moderate weight with lots of reps so that your muscles get used to the constant work, but not too much weight to avoid putting a lot of pressure on them. \n\nBulk: Bulk is built with heavy weight due to your muscles adjusting to the effort that is used to lift that weight. You don’t need as many reps but do lift as heavy as you can to get a solid routine in."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1pf4gq
|
why an argument from authority is fallacious.
|
Surely, if someone is well versed or a prominent figure in a particular field, they should be given the benefit of the doubt on their claims (pertaining to that field) before a layman?
I've been told that "most scientists believe natural selection to be the best explananation for life's diversity" is a fallacy before now.
Am I just misunderstanding it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1pf4gq/eli5_why_an_argument_from_authority_is_fallacious/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cd1ngms",
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],
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5,
2
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"text": [
"It's perfectly valid to give more weight to an expert opinion. However, what you can't do is declare that \"X is an expert and says Y, thus Y is true\". That's fallacious. ",
"I think the underlying problem is that people use precise things imprecisely.\n\nInductive arguments and deductive reasoning aren't the same thing. Inductive arguments mean \"probably not false\"; deductive reasoning means \"cannot be false\". The appeal to an authority *is* fallacious for deductive reasoning but *is not* fallacious for inductive arguments.\n\n----------------------\n\nThere are [inductive arguments and deductive reasoning](_URL_2_). (That's an atheism about site but that doesn't seem to be an issue.) Also the Wikipedia page for [inductive arguments](_URL_0_) and [deductive reasoning](_URL_1_). I'm blatantly stealing from all 3 links:\n\nAn **inductive** argument is one in which the premises are supposed to support the conclusion in such a way that if the premises are true, it is **improbable** that the conclusion would be false. This is just your common \"use common sense, bro\" style argument. The conclusion follows **probably** from the premises. Here is an example:\n\n1. Socrates was Greek. (premise)\n2. Most Greeks eat fish. (premise)\n3. Therefore, Socrates ate fish. (conclusion)\n\nIn this example, even if both premises are true, it is still **possible** for the conclusion to be **false** (maybe Socrates was allergic to fish?). Words which tend to mark an argument as inductive - and hence **probabilistic rather than necessary** - include **probably, likely, possibly and reasonably**.\n\nLet's talk about \"most scientists believe natural selection to be the best explanation for life's diversity\". Let's make an **inductive** argument about why it's **probably** true:\n\n1. It's possible that natural selection is the best explanation for life's diversity. (premise)\n2. Most scientists believe natural selection to be the best explanation for life's diversity. (premise)\n3. Therefore, natural selection is the best explanation for life's diversity.\n\nThat is a perfectly good inductive argument. I think it's persuasive; I think we should agree that the conclusion is probably true.\n\n*In fact, it's actually a fallacy to say that our argument is fallacious!* Our argument is not fallacious because you can't correctly claim \"appeal to authority is a fallacy\" in an inductive argument.\n\nLet's look at **deductive** reasoning.\n\n**Deductive reasoning** is one in which it is **impossible for the premises to be true but the conclusion false**. Thus, the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises and inferences. In this way, it is supposed to be a **definitive** proof of the truth of the claim (conclusion). Here is a classic example:\n\n1. All men are mortal. (premise)\n2. Socrates was a man. (premise)\n3. Socrates was mortal. (conclusion)\n\nAs you can see, if the premises are true (and they are), then it simply **isn't possible for the conclusion to be false**. If you have correct deductive reasoning and you accept the truth of the premises, then you must also accept the truth of the conclusion; if you reject it, then you are rejecting logic itself.\n\nLet's talk about \"most scientists believe natural selection to be the best explanation for life's diversity\". Let's try to use **deductive** reasoning to show why the conclusion **cannot** be false:\n\n1. It's possible that natural selection is the best explanation for life's diversity. (premise)\n2. Most scientists believe natural selection to be the best explanation for life's diversity. (premise)\n3. Therefore, natural selection is the best explanation for life's diversity.\n\nThat is not correct deductive reasoning. It's possible that most scientists are wrong. Because it's possible that all the premises are true and the conclusion false, it's fallacious deductive reasoning.\n\nSo yeah, we probably should believe in all that about natural selection. But we can't use deductive reasoning to prove that it cannot be false. Trying to do that is incorrect.\n\nedit: I tried to make sure I only used \"not false\" language instead of \"is true\" language. We never covered why that difference is important in my intro to logic class -- or we did and I forgot -- but the professor did stress how important the difference was. So 1) yes, is intentional and significant, 2) I can't explain why it's significant."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_arguments",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deductive_reasoning",
"http://atheism.about.com/od/criticalthinking/a/deductivearg.htm"
]
] |
|
1zn45c
|
how does bullying affect someone's mental health, outlook etc.?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1zn45c/eli5_how_does_bullying_affect_someones_mental/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cfv3zlo"
],
"score": [
2
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"text": [
"depends on the level and persistance. we've seen it drive people to suicide, or it may just ruin a couple of hours and have no long effects.\n\nalso, just as a note, the world isn't cut into bullies and bullied. There's a lot of overlap."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
6iisz3
|
why does your breath smell bad when you don't eat for a long time?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6iisz3/eli5_why_does_your_breath_smell_bad_when_you_dont/
|
{
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"dj6njzu",
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88,
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"text": [
"What you are smelling is acetone. Your brain is the one organ in your body that cannot use fat as an energy source. When you are eating regularly, your body can maintain the sugar glucose at a high enough level in your blood to provide plenty of energy for your brain. During short times of fasting, such as when you are sleeping, your body breaks down stored sugar in the form of glycogen to provide glucose for the brain.\n\nWhen you undergo prolonged fasting, however, your body runs out of glycogen, and your blood sugar drops. In order to continue providing energy for the brain, your liver converts fat into molecules known as ketone bodies, which your brain can then use as an alternative energy source. Acetone is produced by the breakdown of ketone bodies for energy, and that's where the bad smell comes from.",
"2 reasons. \n\nEating cleans your teeth. I bet that seems weird to think about it but it's true. Eating raw vegetables works best, but even chewing mashed potatoes grinds against the teeth and dislodges plaque and other food. We tend to eat pretty regularly so unless you've gone a long period without food, you can't really appreciate how much eating keeps your mouth clean. \n\nIf you restrict your calorie intake or don't eat for a long time your body may switch to a ketogenic metabolism which burns your fat stores but also creates ketone bodies in your blood. The blood circulates through your lungs and takes on oxygen, and dumps carbon dioxide, and also dumps ketones which are aromatic and smell a little like acetone or paint thinner. This is the slightly sick, slightly sweet smell of carnivore breath. \n\nsource - I've gone 2 weeks without eating before and I had to brush my teeth 5 times a day or I'd get a carpet of crud on my teeth. ",
"As well as the reasons that /u/ChuffChuffs and /u/kodack10 mentioned, the stages before eating food, thinking about it, smelling it, seeing it, cooking it etc all trigger your parasympathetic nervous system to produce and secrete more saliva into your mouth. This is further increased while actually eating. This means that your mouth will have much more saliva in it right after eating, and saliva has microbial properties that will kill some of the odor producing bacteria, particularly on the back of your tongue. This is why brushing the back of your tongue is recommended to help with bad breath.\n\nIf you haven't eaten for a long time, or have spent a long time breathing through your mouth (exercise, after sleeping especially in people who snore, chronic mouth-breathers), the air dries out the saliva in your mouth, so more bacteria, so more bad smells. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
7fi486
|
if wages have remained stagnant relative to inflation for over 40 years in america, then why do employers take extreme measures such as replacing workers with robots whenever there is a wage increase?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7fi486/eli5_if_wages_have_remained_stagnant_relative_to/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dqbzyt1"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"robots don’t take sick days, don’t have personal commitments and don’t make “mistakes”, faulty programming and design can cause issues but the robot will do what it’s programmed to do until Skynet launches."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2q93zi
|
-american redditors, why is your president only allowed to run the country for 8 years?
|
Canadian here. I don't understand the purpose of only allowing an elected leader to serve two 4 year terms. If the citizens want to vote the same person into power over and over again every 4 years for the next 50 years, isn't that what the country should get?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2q93zi/eli5american_redditors_why_is_your_president_only/
|
{
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"text": [
"The rules changed after President Roosevelt, who ran the country for the better part of a decade, changed the makeup of the supreme court, and overruled Congress a lot with executive actions. It was thought that one person shouldn't have so much power for so much time. This was after WW2 when people were antsy about dictators too.",
"As Anon said, the rules changed after Roosevelt, but since our first President, George Washington, stepped down after two 4 year terms, it's been kind of a tradition for other presidents to do the same. \n\nKind of like the Roman Dictatorship. The first Dictator, Cincinnatus, stepped down and gave up his ultimate power once the threat he was appointed for was gone. In his memory, all of the other dictators since abdicated, until Julius Caesar. Franklin Roosevelt was our Julius Caesar, in his own, democratic, non-hostile way. ",
"There didn't used to be a term limit on the president. George Washington, the first President of the United States, set the precedent by not seeking a third term. The only presidents who ran (and were nominated) for third terms were Teddy Roosevelt who didn't win, and Franklin Roosevelt, who actually won a fourth term before he died in 1945. The constitution was amended to limit the president to two terms in 1951.\n\nTerm limits exist to prevent too much power from being concentrated in the hands of one person, which is seen as antagonistic to the principles of democracy. Congress was always intended to have more power than the president; if the president can serve for life it severely limits the legislature's ability to challenge them. Transition to dictatorship is a serious possibility, as can be seen in many former democracies in the Third World.\n\nKeep in mind that the U.S. is a presidential system, not a parliamentary system where the head of government needs to maintain a coalition in the legislature to stay in power. The president serves their full term regardless of what changes in Congress.",
"So that we don't get a Kim Jong-Un like character.",
" & #$#, Don't change that rule. We had a real crappy president recently and happily term limits kept him out. Some people in our country would vote for him again because of party loyalty regardless of the outcome."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
6oppxs
|
why is it normal for rent to go up 3% per year to account for inflation, yet wages remain the same?
|
It seems outlandish that rent goes up so much yet things like minimum wage and salaries don't.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6oppxs/eli5_why_is_it_normal_for_rent_to_go_up_3_per/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dkjbz2z",
"dkjdvx8"
],
"score": [
4,
2
],
"text": [
"Clearly there are a lot of things at play here, but I think the best way to explain it is by looking at the Sticky Wage Theory. Essentially, it says that wages are slow to respond to changes in in the performance of a company or the economy at large. One good example of why wages might be \"sticky\" is due to contracts. If you're employed under contract, and let's say you still have 2 years left on the contract, your wages will not be able to change for 2 years (barring a contract renegotiation). Something like rent, however, can often be adjusted annually (or even monthly), making it much less \"sticky\" than wages. \n\n[Here](_URL_0_) is an Investopedia article that goes into Sticky Wage Theory a bit more, and shouldn't be too complicated even with only a rudimentary understanding of macroeconomics. The applications of this theory, and ones like it, can get quite complex however.\n \n \nEdit: Apostrophes\n \n \nEdit 2: Other reasons for sticky wages besides contracts include things such as: minimum wages (if the the economy declines), unions and collective bargaining, and even underemployment causing the cost of labor to be relatively cheap and allowing jobs to remain filled at sub-optimal wages.",
"Salaries usually do go up over time. Most companies give an annual cost of living raise to their salaried employees; typically 2.5 - 3.5% each year.\n\nMinimum wage is a different beast. Minimum wage is tied to inflation in a way. Raising minimum wage drives inflation. If suddenly minimum wage is raised $1, then the cost of business for employers goes up. In response, the employer raises prices on their goods and services to cover that increased cost. When that happens across the board, it lessens the buying power of a dollar since all goods and service increased in price. So, in the end, the minimum wage worker may make more money on paper, but their buying power did not change and they are still in the same economic situation."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/sticky-wage-theory.asp"
],
[]
] |
|
7fi6fy
|
what's happening to your taste buds when you eat a really hot pepper?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7fi6fy/eli5_whats_happening_to_your_taste_buds_when_you/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dqc7qlz"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"The main ingredient that makes chili hot is capsaicin. It activates a receptor called TRPV1 which also gets activated by heat and physical damage to the cells. This means that your brain interprets it as if your mouth is being scalded.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
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