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The cephalopod diet of the Gentoo penguin, Pygoscelis papua and the Antarctic fur seal, Arctocephalus gazella was comparatively analyzed at Laurie Island, South Orkney Islands. A total of 125 stomach samples were collected by the water off-loading method from Gentoo penguins during the autumns of 1993, 1995 and 1996, and 39 fur seal scats were collected from mid March to April 1988. Cephalopods preyed upon by Gentoo penguins were represented by 1974 beaks (1628 lower, 346 upper) which occurred in 50.4% of the samples. Lower beaks identified belonged exclusively to the squid Psychroteuthis glacialis. The mean lower rostral length (LRL) of these beaks was 1.1 mm (range 0.4 - 1.8 mm). From the Antarctic fur seal scats 103 beaks (41 lower, 62 upper) were removed from 60.6% of scats which contained prey remains. The cephalopod species identified were Slosarczykovia circumantarctica and P. glacialis which constituted 78.8% and 21.1% in terms of numbers, respectively. The mean lower rostral length for S. circumantarctica was 2.7 mm (range 2.0 - 3.5 mm), while that of P. glacialis was 1.6 mm (range 1.0 - 2.5 mm). The foraging behaviour of the two top predators was analyzed and discussed according to the composition and size of their cephalopod prey. | <urn:uuid:6aec72c7-86f0-4118-8853-481a23fdc8df> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.ccamlr.org/en/wg-emm-04/68 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400210616.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20200923081833-20200923111833-00590.warc.gz | en | 0.955125 | 337 | 2.796875 | 3 |
What is an ombudsman
An Ombudsman is a neutral authority that investigates and seeks solutions to issues. It is an old concept, originating in Sweden. Traditionally, the ombudsman is an employee of a public or private organization who investigates, reports on, and helps settle complaints. The goal of the City Ombudsman is to flip that concept by establishing an online platform to house the Ombudsman, which helps maintain impartiality and the ability to address issues citywide. Also, to train Cincinnatians with the tools to be their own ombudsmen (and women).
The City Ombudsman is not offering legal advice or advocacy. The City Ombudsman is a public employee, so issues must be reviewed for conflicts. The City Ombudsman is non-political and does not accept political issues, including support of political parties or candidates or disputes with elected officials or proposed legislation. | <urn:uuid:07431d52-0ecb-4f49-9336-1ebd46d43e98> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://cityombudsman.com/what-is-an-ombudsman | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027313436.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20190817164742-20190817190742-00257.warc.gz | en | 0.954342 | 177 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Very many meanings, metaphores, philosophical and sociological references and, what is most important for the Digital Libraries Federation readers – kinds of digital objects can be found in means of “the city”. Below, we present as well very important publiacations for science narration and city researches in 20th century, as some casual painting impressions connected the cities. The city in this case is not only the physical view of the architecture and street net, but also a whole complicated system of relations between groups of townspeople, space and their availability, urban politics supporting or neglecting some activities, and also traditions and dependency from the times we look at chosen urban tissue. We don not often present longer text objects, but in this subject, DLF contains so comely wealth of publications, that this choice will definitely be appreciated by sociologists, culture experts, historicians, researchers and also people involved in various forms of urban activism.
Firstly, a publication available on the Platform of Open Scientific Magazines UAM, which can be a right point to start with to get ready for the rest – it depicts the foundation of the “right to the city” idea by a famous philosopher and sociologist Henri Lefebvre. The article constitutes an important proposition in new way of thinking about the city, urbanism, urban strategies and social practics connected with existing only in draft, but designed by Lefebvre himself – analytic urban study. Presented text is also a passionate and utopian (in a positive way) manifesto about right to the city democratisation. On the other hand, in the Repository of Adam Mickiewicz University we can find quite interesting amplification of the idea above, among others in the article Right to the City by Kacper Pobłocki in Tygodnik Powszechny in 2010 – he modernizes Lefebvre’s theory by expressing the will of changing current urban spaces into more friendly, and suitable for marginalized social groups. The same repository shares a really appealing publication called Anty-bezradnik Przestrzenny from 2013: it is a set of intelectual and law tools, which enable citizens to admonish about ther “right to the city”. Written in a formula of an extensive magazine, by activists with 6-year experience, is a response for widely spread helplessness up against dominating “urban chaos” in Poland. It is a description of mechanics of “game of the city” and possibilities of including citizens into it. Another erticle comes from the conference called Metropolization: real problems – potential solutions, and we can find it in the Digital Library of the University of Wrocław. It depicts the development of the right to the city conception by David Harvey – it consists an urban tract between regaining and rebuilding of huge agglomerations. Other articles and researches are presented by the Repository of the Cracow University of Technology – first of tchem is an article from 2007, about Fragmentation of the city, which is a phenomenon caused by rapid changes occuring as well in social as in spatial structure. Second publication is an article by Jacek Guyrkovich referring to classic theory about public sphere – The Heart of the city, which tells that a particular feature of a shut space of urban characteristics is the performance of public spaces – spaces that let the public (social) interaction and usage of an attractive functional program, alluring users. The last from typically theoretical objects can be found in the National Digital Library POLONA – it is a treatise “Garden cities” by Ignacy Drexler from 1912, referring to the theory of Ebenezer Howard at the breakthrough of 19th and 20th century. In the same library we can find for example a Frenh teen story written by Jules Verne in 1876, whereas the modernistic tragedy “The City” can be found in Wolne Lektury portal. | <urn:uuid:917ec45e-b643-4c97-a4bf-e26fddd476f5> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://fbc.pionier.net.pl/pro/en/2017/05/the-city/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648226.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20180323122312-20180323142312-00703.warc.gz | en | 0.941748 | 819 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Old Habits Die Hard
We all have them. We probably don’t remember when they started. We all try to break them. Sometimes we succeed. Sometimes we don’t. Whether it is nail biting, pimple popping, peeling skin off apples, tapping your fingers to the beat, obsessively checking your phone... The list goes on and on.
We have good habits too. Drinking water, exercising, writing in a journal. While this list goes on and on too, often times it is a list of things we aspire to do. A list of behaviors we want more of in our life rather than a list of behaviors we are trying to curtail.
How do habits form?
Habits are a process and not an event. By definition, the only way to succeed in building a habit is to do it over and over. Consistency develops routines and builds momentum. Repetition builds familiarity and familiarity grows into automation—a habit. Obstacles to success must be removed along the way or else they turn into excuses which keep you from developing a habit.
According to Charles Duhigg, author of The Power of Habit, every habit starts with a psychological pattern called a “habit loop,” which is a three-part process. First, there’s a cue, or trigger, that tells your brain to go into automatic mode and let a behavior unfold. Then, there’s the routine, which is the behavior itself. It is the behavior which we typically think about when we think about habits. The third step, he says, is the reward: something that your brain likes that helps it remember the “habit loop” in the future.
How long does it take to form a habit?
On average, it takes more than 2 months before a new behavior becomes automatic — 66 days to be exact, according to health researcher Phillippa Lally’s study. In Lally’s study, it took anywhere from 18 days to 254 days for people to form a new habit. How long it takes a new habit to form can vary widely depending on the behavior, the person, and the circumstances.
Two months feels like a long time in today’s world of instant gratification. Frequently we are looking for a quick fix, when all we really need is time and practice.
Consistency is Key
At Book Trust, our kids are building habits and behaviors of great readers month in and month out of the school year. The “habit loop” we create for kids begins with book choice as the trigger. Kids receive the Scholastic Reading Club book selection flyer .
For children from low-income families, the opportunity to choose books each month of the school year sends a message that they are valued and they are readers. Then the routine begins. Kids choose the books, order the books, anxiously await the arrival of the books and then READ! They read at school, at recess, at home—whenever they can because they are excited and engaged in the books they chose. The most tangible reward is ownership. The more intangible but equally powerful reward is a sense of confidence and belonging that comes with being a successful reader. This results in a love of reading which helps kids succeed not just in school but ultimately in life.
Habit Challenge: 66 Days
Which habit are you trying to incorporate into your life? List your top three. Pick one. Define your “habit loop.” What is the trigger, the routine, and the reward? Keep a journal to hold yourself accountable over the next 66 days as you repeat the behavior you want to turn into a habit. Remove the obstacles and embrace the power of consistency in changing your personal behaviors.
In case you missed them: | <urn:uuid:c3bf32ae-4919-4d02-970f-a6004e5bdd96> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.booktrust.org/blog/book-trust-key-three-key-3-consistency/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647519.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320170119-20180320190119-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.947974 | 780 | 2.921875 | 3 |
It isn’t widely known among non-Brazilians what the capital of Brazil is, but as my personal interests lie in history, I’m going to go over the three Brazilian national capitals since its “discovery” by the Portuguese. This will happen over three posts, so I’ll start with Salvador.
- Salvador (1534-1763) – Capital of Brazil
Although not being accurately correct to consider that a colony has a capital (since the very idea of capital city is related to the concept of sovereignty), the city of Salvador is usually called the “first capital of Brazil” for being more than two centuries the seat for the Portuguese colonial administration in Brazil (general government and viceroyalty). Strictly, however, Brazil only had a de jure and de facto capital since its Independence in 1822.
All Saints Bay
The Portuguese Pedro Álvares Cabral landed at what is now Porto Seguro, on the southern coast of Bahia in 1500, and claimed the territory for Portugal. In 1549, Portugal established the city of Salvador, on a hill facing the Baía de Todos os Santos (the Bay of All Saints). The Dutch Republic captured and sacked the city in May of 1624, and held it along with other Northeast ports until it was re-taken by the Portuguese in April of the following year. The city and surrounding captaincy served as the administrative & religious capital of Portugal’s colonies in the Americas until 1763, when it was succeeded by Rio de Janeiro.
The state was a center of sugar cultivation from the 16th to the 18th centuries, and contains a number of historical towns, such as Cachoeira, dating from this era. Integral to the sugar economy was the importation of a vast number of African slaves; more than 37% of all slaves taken from Africa were sent to Brazil, mostly to be processed in Bahia before being sent to work in plantations elsewhere in the country.
The city of Salvador was divided into an upper and a lower city, the cidade alta (upper city) was the administrative and main religious area and it was where the majority of the population lived. The cidade baixa (lower city) was the financial center, with a port and market. In the late 19th Century, funiculars and an elevator, the Elevador Lacerda, were built to link the areas.
By 1583, there were 1,600 people residing in the city, and it quickly grew into one of the largest cities in the New World, surpassing any colonial American city at the time of the American Revolution in 1776. The state was also the last area of Brazil to join the independent confederation; Some members in the elite remained loyal to the Portuguese crown after the rest of the country was granted independence. After several battles, mostly in, the province was finally able to expel the Portuguese on July 2, 1823, known as Bahia Independence Day, a great popular celebration. In the state there is an ongoing discussion about the exact moment of Brazilian independence, because for almost all “baianos,” it really happened in Bahia with the battles, and not on September 7th, when the Emperor, Pedro I, declared independence. | <urn:uuid:047dee51-72ae-4278-ae3f-b3e05e3f83ce> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://eyesonbrazil.wordpress.com/2008/07/15/salvador-da-bahia-first-national-capital/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886133032.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20170824043524-20170824063524-00656.warc.gz | en | 0.971976 | 682 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with AUTOANTIBODIES and cause an immune response.Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (AUTOANTIGENS) of the organism that produced them.Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.Autoimmune Diseases: Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 8: A subclass of receptor-like protein tryosine phosphatases that contain an extracellular RDGS-adhesion recognition motif and a single cytosolic protein tyrosine phosphate domain.Glutamate Decarboxylase: A pyridoxal-phosphate protein that catalyzes the alpha-decarboxylation of L-glutamic acid to form gamma-aminobutyric acid and carbon dioxide. The enzyme is found in bacteria and in invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems. It is the rate-limiting enzyme in determining GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in normal nervous tissues. The brain enzyme also acts on L-cysteate, L-cysteine sulfinate, and L-aspartate. EC 188.8.131.52.Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic: A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.RNA, Small Cytoplasmic: Small RNAs found in the cytoplasm usually complexed with proteins in scRNPs (RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS, SMALL CYTOPLASMIC).Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1: A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.Antibodies, Antinuclear: Autoantibodies directed against various nuclear antigens including DNA, RNA, histones, acidic nuclear proteins, or complexes of these molecular elements. Antinuclear antibodies are found in systemic autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, scleroderma, polymyositis, and mixed connective tissue disease.Orchitis: Inflammation of a TESTIS. It has many features of EPIDIDYMITIS, such as swollen SCROTUM; PAIN; PYURIA; and FEVER. It is usually related to infections in the URINARY TRACT, which likely spread to the EPIDIDYMIS and then the TESTIS through either the VAS DEFERENS or the lymphatics of the SPERMATIC CORD.Ribonucleoproteins: Complexes of RNA-binding proteins with ribonucleic acids (RNA).CapZ Actin Capping Protein: An actin capping protein that binds to the barbed-ends of ACTIN filaments. It is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha and a beta subunit. It regulates actin assembly by stabilizing actin oligomers for elongation. In SKELETAL MUSCLE, CapZ is localized to the Z-disk.Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary: FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cirrhosis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and bile secretion. Secondary biliary cirrhosis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.Epitopes: Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.snRNP Core Proteins: The protein components that constitute the common core of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles. These proteins are commonly referred as Sm nuclear antigens due to their antigenic nature.CitrullineAlopecia Areata: Loss of scalp and body hair involving microscopically inflammatory patchy areas.Serology: The study of serum, especially of antigen-antibody reactions in vitro.Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1: A subtype of non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases that includes two distinctive targeting motifs; an N-terminal motif specific for the INSULIN RECEPTOR, and a C-terminal motif specific for the SH3 domain containing proteins. This subtype includes a hydrophobic domain which localizes it to the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM.Mice, Inbred NOD: A strain of non-obese diabetic mice developed in Japan that has been widely studied as a model for T-cell-dependent autoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in which insulitis is a major histopathologic feature, and in which genetic susceptibility is strongly MHC-linked.Cross Reactions: Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.T-Lymphocytes: Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.Immunoglobulin G: The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.Molecular Mimicry: The structure of one molecule that imitates or simulates the structure of a different molecule.Antibody Specificity: The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.Islets of Langerhans: Irregular microscopic structures consisting of cords of endocrine cells that are scattered throughout the PANCREAS among the exocrine acini. Each islet is surrounded by connective tissue fibers and penetrated by a network of capillaries. There are four major cell types. The most abundant beta cells (50-80%) secrete INSULIN. Alpha cells (5-20%) secrete GLUCAGON. PP cells (10-35%) secrete PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE. Delta cells (~5%) secrete SOMATOSTATIN.Proinsulin: A pancreatic polypeptide of about 110 amino acids, depending on the species, that is the precursor of insulin. Proinsulin, produced by the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS, is comprised sequentially of the N-terminal B-chain, the proteolytically removable connecting C-peptide, and the C-terminal A-chain. It also contains three disulfide bonds, two between A-chain and B-chain. After cleavage at two locations, insulin and C-peptide are the secreted products. Intact proinsulin with low bioactivity also is secreted in small amounts.Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.Protein Array Analysis: Ligand-binding assays that measure protein-protein, protein-small molecule, or protein-nucleic acid interactions using a very large set of capturing molecules, i.e., those attached separately on a solid support, to measure the presence or interaction of target molecules in the sample.B-Lymphocytes: Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.Immune Tolerance: The specific failure of a normally responsive individual to make an immune response to a known antigen. It results from previous contact with the antigen by an immunologically immature individual (fetus or neonate) or by an adult exposed to extreme high-dose or low-dose antigen, or by exposure to radiation, antimetabolites, antilymphocytic serum, etc.Uveitis: Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)Sjogren's Syndrome: Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.Self Tolerance: The normal lack of the ability to produce an immunological response to autologous (self) antigens. A breakdown of self tolerance leads to autoimmune diseases. The ability to recognize the difference between self and non-self is the prime function of the immune system.Lymphocyte Activation: Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Myositis: Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Arthritis, Rheumatoid: A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.Polyendocrinopathies, Autoimmune: Autoimmune diseases affecting multiple endocrine organs. Type I is characterized by childhood onset and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CANDIDIASIS, CHRONIC MUCOCUTANEOUS), while type II exhibits any combination of adrenal insufficiency (ADDISON'S DISEASE), lymphocytic thyroiditis (THYROIDITIS, AUTOIMMUNE;), HYPOPARATHYROIDISM; and gonadal failure. In both types organ-specific ANTIBODIES against a variety of ENDOCRINE GLANDS have been detected. The type II syndrome differs from type I in that it is associated with HLA-A1 and B8 haplotypes, onset is usually in adulthood, and candidiasis is not present.Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.Dihydrolipoyllysine-Residue Acetyltransferase: An enzyme that catalyzes the acetyltransferase reaction using ACETYL CoA as an acetyl donor and dihydrolipoamide as acceptor to produce COENZYME A (CoA) and S-acetyldihydrolipoamide. It forms the (E2) subunit of the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.Hepatitis, Autoimmune: A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.HLA-DQ Antigens: A group of the D-related HLA antigens found to differ from the DR antigens in genetic locus and therefore inheritance. These antigens are polymorphic glycoproteins comprising alpha and beta chains and are found on lymphoid and other cells, often associated with certain diseases.Antigens: Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.Scleroderma, Systemic: A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.Antigen Presentation: The process by which antigen is presented to lymphocytes in a form they can recognize. This is performed by antigen presenting cells (APCs). Some antigens require processing before they can be recognized. Antigen processing consists of ingestion and partial digestion of the antigen by the APC, followed by presentation of fragments on the cell surface. (From Rosen et al., Dictionary of Immunology, 1989)Insulin Antibodies: Antibodies specific to INSULIN.Mice, Inbred NZBHybridomas: Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent cell.Vasectomy: Surgical removal of the ductus deferens, or a portion of it. It is done in association with prostatectomy, or to induce infertility. (Dorland, 28th ed)Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional: Electrophoresis in which a second perpendicular electrophoretic transport is performed on the separate components resulting from the first electrophoresis. This technique is usually performed on polyacrylamide gels.Centromere Protein B: A DNA-binding protein that interacts with a 17-base pair sequence known as the CENP-B box motif. The protein is localized constitutively to the CENTROMERE and plays an important role in its maintenance.Vitiligo: A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.Paraneoplastic Syndromes: In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.Immunodominant Epitopes: Subunits of the antigenic determinant that are most easily recognized by the immune system and thus most influence the specificity of the induced antibody.Thyroiditis, Autoimmune: Inflammatory disease of the THYROID GLAND due to autoimmune responses leading to lymphocytic infiltration of the gland. It is characterized by the presence of circulating thyroid antigen-specific T-CELLS and thyroid AUTOANTIBODIES. The clinical signs can range from HYPOTHYROIDISM to THYROTOXICOSIS depending on the type of autoimmune thyroiditis.Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear: Highly conserved nuclear RNA-protein complexes that function in RNA processing in the nucleus, including pre-mRNA splicing and pre-mRNA 3'-end processing in the nucleoplasm, and pre-rRNA processing in the nucleolus (see RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS, SMALL NUCLEOLAR).Phosphopyruvate Hydratase: A hydro-lyase that catalyzes the dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate to form PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE. Several different isoforms of this enzyme exist, each with its own tissue specificity.Ribonucleoprotein, U1 Small Nuclear: A nuclear RNA-protein complex that plays a role in RNA processing. In the nucleoplasm, the U1 snRNP along with other small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (U2, U4-U6, and U5) assemble into SPLICEOSOMES that remove introns from pre-mRNA by splicing. The U1 snRNA forms base pairs with conserved sequence motifs at the 5'-splice site and recognizes both the 5'- and 3'-splice sites and may have a fundamental role in aligning the two sites for the splicing reaction.Epitope Mapping: Methods used for studying the interactions of antibodies with specific regions of protein antigens. Important applications of epitope mapping are found within the area of immunochemistry.Peptide Fragments: Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.Mice, Transgenic: Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte: Antigenic determinants recognized and bound by the T-cell receptor. Epitopes recognized by the T-cell receptor are often located in the inner, unexposed side of the antigen, and become accessible to the T-cell receptors after proteolytic processing of the antigen.Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune: Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.Mice, Inbred MRL lpr: A mouse substrain that is genetically predisposed to the development of systemic lupus erythematosus-like syndrome, which has been found to be clinically similar to the human disease. It has been determined that this mouse strain carries a mutation in the fas gene. Also, the MRL/lpr is a useful model to study behavioral and cognitive deficits found in autoimmune diseases and the efficacy of immunosuppressive agents.Gene Library: A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.Receptors, Thyrotropin: Cell surface proteins that bind pituitary THYROTROPIN (also named thyroid stimulating hormone or TSH) and trigger intracellular changes of the target cells. TSH receptors are present in the nervous system and on target cells in the thyroid gland. Autoantibodies to TSH receptors are implicated in thyroid diseases such as GRAVES DISEASE and Hashimoto disease (THYROIDITIS, AUTOIMMUNE).Mice, Inbred C57BLCD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes: A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.Rats, Inbred LewEpitopes, B-Lymphocyte: Antigenic determinants recognized and bound by the B-cell receptor. Epitopes recognized by the B-cell receptor are located on the surface of the antigen.HLA-DR Antigens: A subclass of HLA-D antigens that consist of alpha and beta chains. The inheritance of HLA-DR antigens differs from that of the HLA-DQ ANTIGENS and HLA-DP ANTIGENS.Connective Tissue Diseases: A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.Iodide Peroxidase: A hemeprotein that catalyzes the oxidation of the iodide radical to iodine with the subsequent iodination of many organic compounds, particularly proteins. EC 184.108.40.206.Mice, Inbred BALB CAntigen-Antibody Reactions: The processes triggered by interactions of ANTIBODIES with their ANTIGENS.Prediabetic State: The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).Myeloblastin: A polymorphonuclear leukocyte-derived serine protease that degrades proteins such as ELASTIN; FIBRONECTIN; LAMININ; VITRONECTIN; and COLLAGEN. It is named for its ability to control myeloid cell growth and differentiation.Arrestin: A 48-Kd protein of the outer segment of the retinal rods and a component of the phototransduction cascade. Arrestin quenches G-protein activation by binding to phosphorylated photolyzed rhodopsin. Arrestin causes experimental autoimmune uveitis when injected into laboratory animals.Antibodies, Monoclonal: Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect: A form of fluorescent antibody technique commonly used to detect serum antibodies and immune complexes in tissues and microorganisms in specimens from patients with infectious diseases. The technique involves formation of an antigen-antibody complex which is labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)Polymyositis: Diseases characterized by inflammation involving multiple muscles. This may occur as an acute or chronic condition associated with medication toxicity (DRUG TOXICITY); CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; infections; malignant NEOPLASMS; and other disorders. The term polymyositis is frequently used to refer to a specific clinical entity characterized by subacute or slowly progressing symmetrical weakness primarily affecting the proximal limb and trunk muscles. The illness may occur at any age, but is most frequent in the fourth to sixth decade of life. Weakness of pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles, interstitial lung disease, and inflammation of the myocardium may also occur. Muscle biopsy reveals widespread destruction of segments of muscle fibers and an inflammatory cellular response. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1404-9)Lupus Vulgaris: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the NASAL MUCOSA; BUCCAL MUCOSA; and conjunctival mucosa.Hippocalcin: A neuronal calcium-sensor protein that was initially found in the NEURONS of the HIPPOCAMPUS. It interacts with NEURONAL APOPTOSIS-INHIBITORY PROTEIN.Adoptive Transfer: Form of passive immunization where previously sensitized immunologic agents (cells or serum) are transferred to non-immune recipients. When transfer of cells is used as a therapy for the treatment of neoplasms, it is called adoptive immunotherapy (IMMUNOTHERAPY, ADOPTIVE).Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Immunoblotting: Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.Proteomics: The systematic study of the complete complement of proteins (PROTEOME) of organisms.Antigens, Nuclear: Immunologically detectable substances found in the CELL NUCLEUS.Apoptosis: One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.Lupus Nephritis: Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).Immunoglobulin M: A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.Immunomodulation: Alteration of the immune system or of an immune response by agents that activate or suppress its function. This can include IMMUNIZATION or administration of immunomodulatory drugs. Immunomodulation can also encompass non-therapeutic alteration of the immune system effected by endogenous or exogenous substances.Antibody Formation: The production of ANTIBODIES by proliferating and differentiated B-LYMPHOCYTES under stimulation by ANTIGENS.Granzymes: A family of serine endopeptidases found in the SECRETORY GRANULES of LEUKOCYTES such as CYTOTOXIC T-LYMPHOCYTES and NATURAL KILLER CELLS. When secreted into the intercellular space granzymes act to eliminate transformed and virus-infected host cells.Mixed Connective Tissue Disease: A syndrome with overlapping clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, polymyositis, and Raynaud's phenomenon. The disease is differentially characterized by high serum titers of antibodies to ribonuclease-sensitive extractable (saline soluble) nuclear antigen and a "speckled" epidermal nuclear staining pattern on direct immunofluorescence.Disease Models, Animal: Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.Multiple Sclerosis: An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein: A transmembrane protein present in the MYELIN SHEATH of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. It is one of the main autoantigens implicated in the pathogenesis of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.ThyroglobulinClone Cells: A group of genetically identical cells all descended from a single common ancestral cell by mitosis in eukaryotes or by binary fission in prokaryotes. Clone cells also include populations of recombinant DNA molecules all carrying the same inserted sequence. (From King & Stansfield, Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)Spleen: An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).Histocompatibility Antigens Class II: Large, transmembrane, non-covalently linked glycoproteins (alpha and beta). Both chains can be polymorphic although there is more structural variation in the beta chains. The class II antigens in humans are called HLA-D ANTIGENS and are coded by a gene on chromosome 6. In mice, two genes named IA and IE on chromosome 17 code for the H-2 antigens. The antigens are found on B-lymphocytes, macrophages, epidermal cells, and sperm and are thought to mediate the competence of and cellular cooperation in the immune response. The term IA antigens used to refer only to the proteins encoded by the IA genes in the mouse, but is now used as a generic term for any class II histocompatibility antigen.Immunoglobulin Variable Region: That region of the immunoglobulin molecule that varies in its amino acid sequence and composition, and comprises the binding site for a specific antigen. It is located at the N-terminus of the Fab fragment of the immunoglobulin. It includes hypervariable regions (COMPLEMENTARITY DETERMINING REGIONS) and framework regions.Rheumatic Diseases: Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.Dermatomyositis: A subacute or chronic inflammatory disease of muscle and skin, marked by proximal muscle weakness and a characteristic skin rash. The illness occurs with approximately equal frequency in children and adults. The skin lesions usually take the form of a purplish rash (or less often an exfoliative dermatitis) involving the nose, cheeks, forehead, upper trunk, and arms. The disease is associated with a complement mediated intramuscular microangiopathy, leading to loss of capillaries, muscle ischemia, muscle-fiber necrosis, and perifascicular atrophy. The childhood form of this disease tends to evolve into a systemic vasculitis. Dermatomyositis may occur in association with malignant neoplasms. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1405-6)Models, Immunological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of immune system, processes, or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electrical equipment.Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein: A myelin protein found in the periaxonal membrane of both the central and peripheral nervous systems myelin sheaths. It binds to cells surface receptors found on AXONS and may regulate cellular interactions between MYELIN and AXONS.Peptide Library: A collection of cloned peptides, or chemically synthesized peptides, frequently consisting of all possible combinations of amino acids making up an n-amino acid peptide.Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell: IMMUNOGLOBULINS on the surface of B-LYMPHOCYTES. Their MESSENGER RNA contains an EXON with a membrane spanning sequence, producing immunoglobulins in the form of type I transmembrane proteins as opposed to secreted immunoglobulins (ANTIBODIES) which do not contain the membrane spanning segment.Clonal Deletion: Removal, via CELL DEATH, of immature lymphocytes that interact with antigens during maturation. For T-lymphocytes this occurs in the thymus and ensures that mature T-lymphocytes are self tolerant. B-lymphocytes may also undergo clonal deletion.Myasthenia Gravis: A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles. Autoantibodies directed against acetylcholine receptors damage the motor endplate portion of the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION, impairing the transmission of impulses to skeletal muscles. Clinical manifestations may include diplopia, ptosis, and weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles. THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1459)Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental: An experimental animal model for central nervous system demyelinating disease. Inoculation with a white matter emulsion combined with FREUND'S ADJUVANT, myelin basic protein, or purified central myelin triggers a T cell-mediated immune response directed towards central myelin. The pathologic features are similar to MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, including perivascular and periventricular foci of inflammation and demyelination. Subpial demyelination underlying meningeal infiltrations also occurs, which is also a feature of ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, ACUTE DISSEMINATED. Passive immunization with T-cells from an afflicted animal to a normal animal also induces this condition. (From Immunol Res 1998;17(1-2):217-27; Raine CS, Textbook of Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p604-5)Antigen-Presenting Cells: A heterogeneous group of immunocompetent cells that mediate the cellular immune response by processing and presenting antigens to the T-cells. Traditional antigen-presenting cells include MACROPHAGES; DENDRITIC CELLS; LANGERHANS CELLS; and B-LYMPHOCYTES. FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS are not traditional antigen-presenting cells, but because they hold antigen on their cell surface in the form of IMMUNE COMPLEXES for B-cell recognition they are considered so by some authors.Myelin Proteins: MYELIN-specific proteins that play a structural or regulatory role in the genesis and maintenance of the lamellar MYELIN SHEATH structure.Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Group A-B: A class of closely related heterogeneous-nuclear ribonucleoproteins of approximately 34-40 kDa in size. Although they are generally found in the nucleoplasm, they also shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Members of this class have been found to have a role in mRNA transport, telomere biogenesis and RNA SPLICING.Binding Sites, Antibody: Local surface sites on antibodies which react with antigen determinant sites on antigens (EPITOPES.) They are formed from parts of the variable regions of FAB FRAGMENTS.Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex: A multienzyme complex responsible for the formation of ACETYL COENZYME A from pyruvate. The enzyme components are PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE (LIPOAMIDE); dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase; and LIPOAMIDE DEHYDROGENASE. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is subject to three types of control: inhibited by acetyl-CoA and NADH; influenced by the energy state of the cell; and inhibited when a specific serine residue in the pyruvate decarboxylase is phosphorylated by ATP. PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE (LIPOAMIDE)-PHOSPHATASE catalyzes reactivation of the complex. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed)Myelin Proteolipid Protein: A myelin protein that is the major component of the organic solvent extractable lipoprotein complexes of whole brain. It has been the subject of much study because of its unusual physical properties. It remains soluble in chloroform even after essentially all of its bound lipids have been removed. (From Siegel et al., Basic Neurochemistry, 4th ed, p122)Toll-Like Receptor 7: A pattern recognition receptor that binds several forms of imidazo-quinoline including the antiviral compound Imiquimod.Toll-Like Receptor 9: A pattern recognition receptor that binds unmethylated CPG CLUSTERS. It mediates cellular responses to bacterial pathogens by distinguishing between self and bacterial DNA.Dendritic Cells: Specialized cells of the hematopoietic system that have branch-like extensions. They are found throughout the lymphatic system, and in non-lymphoid tissues such as SKIN and the epithelia of the intestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tracts. They trap and process ANTIGENS, and present them to T-CELLS, thereby stimulating CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY. They are different from the non-hematopoietic FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS, which have a similar morphology and immune system function, but with respect to humoral immunity (ANTIBODY PRODUCTION).Thyroid Gland: A highly vascularized endocrine gland consisting of two lobes joined by a thin band of tissue with one lobe on each side of the TRACHEA. It secretes THYROID HORMONES from the follicular cells and CALCITONIN from the parafollicular cells thereby regulating METABOLISM and CALCIUM level in blood, respectively.Peptides: Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.T-Lymphocyte Subsets: A classification of T-lymphocytes, especially into helper/inducer, suppressor/effector, and cytotoxic subsets, based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells.Synovial Fluid: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE. It contains mucin, albumin, fat, and mineral salts and serves to lubricate joints.Jurkat Cells: A CELL LINE derived from human T-CELL LEUKEMIA and used to determine the mechanism of differential susceptibility to anti-cancer drugs and radiation.Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Insulin-Secreting Cells: A type of pancreatic cell representing about 50-80% of the islet cells. Beta cells secrete INSULIN.Retinol-Binding Proteins: Proteins which bind with RETINOL. The retinol-binding protein found in plasma has an alpha-1 mobility on electrophoresis and a molecular weight of about 21 kDa. The retinol-protein complex (MW=80-90 kDa) circulates in plasma in the form of a protein-protein complex with prealbumin. The retinol-binding protein found in tissue has a molecular weight of 14 kDa and carries retinol as a non-covalently-bound ligand.Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASES.HLA-D Antigens: Human immune-response or Class II antigens found mainly, but not exclusively, on B-lymphocytes and produced from genes of the HLA-D locus. They are extremely polymorphic families of glycopeptides, each consisting of two chains, alpha and beta. This group of antigens includes the -DR, -DQ and -DP designations, of which HLA-DR is most studied; some of these glycoproteins are associated with certain diseases, possibly of immune etiology.Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell: Molecules on the surface of T-lymphocytes that recognize and combine with antigens. The receptors are non-covalently associated with a complex of several polypeptides collectively called CD3 antigens (ANTIGENS, CD3). Recognition of foreign antigen and the major histocompatibility complex is accomplished by a single heterodimeric antigen-receptor structure, composed of either alpha-beta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, ALPHA-BETA) or gamma-delta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA) chains. | <urn:uuid:3fbc91a1-347a-4ad5-971a-2f8774ca3d5f> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://lookformedical.com/definitions.php?lang=1&q=Autoantigens | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578517745.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20190418161426-20190418183426-00090.warc.gz | en | 0.898214 | 9,572 | 2.75 | 3 |
Dear Parents and Students,
St. John Bosco, or commonly known as ‘Don Bosco’ developed a distinctive style of educating young people which is known as the Preventive System. The pedagogy that Don Bosco proposed was novel and revolutionary at that time, but we find that most educational institutions now follow this. It is centered on the young person for his/her well-being.
There are two systems which have been in use through all ages in the education of youth, the preventive and the repressive. In the repressive system the laws are made known to the subjects, and afterwards watching to discover the transgressors of these laws, and inflicting, when necessary, the punishment deserved. According to this system, the words and looks of the superior must always be severe and even threatening, and he must avoid all familiarity with his dependents.
While the preventive system consists in making the laws and regulations of an institution known, and then watching carefully so that the pupils may at all times be under the vigilant eye of the superior, who like loving father can converse with them, take the lead in every movement and in a kindly way give advice and correction; in other words, this system prevents the pupils from committing faults.
For Don Bosco system is based entirely on reason and religion, and above all on kindness; therefore it excludes all violent punishment, and tries to do without even the slightest chastisement.
But in terms of education, prevention means ‘taking away those negative experiences which could seriously harm the youth’s growth and to equip the young person with the means to independently encounter what life offers; ‘prevention’ in the sense of creating an ambient in which a young person grows making choices and imbibing values spontaneously because of the models that he sees in his educators and companions.
There is a second meaning attached to the word ‘prevention:
Rather than implying something negative – to stop or hinder something – it incorporates the intention of foreseeing and forestalling anything that would give rise to negative experiences.
The preventive system as practiced by Don Bosco was based on three principles: Reason, Religion and Loving kindness.
“Reason” emphasizes basic human values such as the freedom and dignity of the individual. Reason also involves giving attention to the common sense aspects of human relationships. It involves understanding the young people, entering into a relationship with them, in dialoguing and communicating with them. This mutual understanding and acceptance invites an atmosphere of confidence and communication, which the educator cultivates by being actively present among the students. Another aspect of reason is that it implies “reasonableness.” This applies to relationships with students and the ways of dealing with discipline. Don Bosco rejected physical punishments and anything that might be considered humiliating. He insisted that rules be reasonable and able to be easily understood.
For Don Bosco, punishments should only be the last resort, but even then they must enable students to understand the inappropriateness of their behaviour and leave open opportunities for correction. Don Bosco believed that inappropriate behaviour – and, hence, punishments – could often be avoided by the presence of the educator, a positive relationship with students, meaningful activity, and the use of ordinary human reasonableness.
While reason refers to human activity and human relationships, “Religion”, indicates that all our educational activity is God-centered. One should be convinced of the fact that God who is present in the world sees all our actions. Therefore the reverential fear of God helps us to do our duties sincerely and avoid anything that is evil.
“Loving-kindness” is the most unique element in Don Bosco’s system. Essentially it describes the love-filled relationship between educator and student.
“Loving-kindness” is more an attitude of love that has the good of the other at heart and which works so that the students realize their potential with growing independence. Educators are present in the midst of the young, prepared to offer guidance and correction where and when necessary. It calls for a real availability to the young, a deep empathy with them, the openness to enter into genuine relationship with them, the ability to dialogue with them and the willingness to share their lives. It is an environment of love, where human values are genuinely respected and promoted.
A further aspect of loving-kindness is that it requires a deep knowledge and understanding of young people individually and collectively. It implies being attentive to their ideals, hopes and aspirations, their fears and anxieties.
Dear Friends, this year we are celebrating the bi-centenary of the birth of Don Bosco. Don Bosco lived and died for the young. He left behind us a system of education that respects the dignity of the pupils. I wish that all of us understand the real spirit of the preventive system and put into practice as a tribute to this great educator.
Before I conclude, I would like to express a word of appreciation to Fr Joshua, our principal, who has taken immense trouble to make our institution digital. By introducing, ‘smart school’, we are able to communicate with parents and the public faster and easier. By introducing ‘smart class’, the children are able to learn better.
May God bless you all! | <urn:uuid:a39740fe-1eae-40a0-a8c6-567623abeb5e> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://www.dbhssdimapur.org/rectors-desk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514575168.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20190922053242-20190922075242-00142.warc.gz | en | 0.958871 | 1,085 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Grid from Points
Creates grids from point data interpolating input points by values from selected attribute field.
The tool is provided for creating grids from point features, i.e. interpolating point by values from the selected attribute field.
Grid is a geographic representation of the world as an array of cells arranged in rows and columns. Each grid cell is referenced by its geographic X, Y location. Raster cell is a discretely uniform unit (square or rectangle) that represents a portion of the earth such as a square meter or square mile. Each pixel has a value that corresponds to the feature or characteristic at that site such as a soil type, census tract, or vegetation class.
With the “Grid from Points” tool you can create grids from point data interpolating input points by the specified field values.
Specifying output grid parameters
To specify grid, define the size of its cells in input layer units. Grid width and height are calculated (rounded values used) depending on the specified cell size.
Define output grid format and location. Supported for grid storing formats are Esri GRID, ERDAS IMAGINE and TIFF.
Specifying interpolation parameters
The input points are interpolated using inverse distance weighting (IDW) algorithms:
The simplest form of inverse distance weighting interpolation. Simple and fast, this algorithm may show lower performance on large datasets, gives too much weight for distant nodes and is too sensitive to distant outliers. f(x) is flat at the interpolation nodes, i.e. it has zero derivative at the nodes.
IDW scattered data interpolation
This modified algorithm is able to interpolate scattered data and provides good performance even for large datasets. Other advantages are - absence of "flat spots" near interpolation nodes, locality of interpolation algorithm, f(x) depends only on nearest neighbors of x which significantly improves quality of interpolation, ability to work with noisy data. At that, the following drawbacks can be mentioned - it is faster than original IDW algorithm only for large datasets (hundreds of points and more), in some rare cases f(x) may have discontinuities.
IDW scattered data fitting
This algorithm is modified to fit noisy data and should be applied only to noisy tasks. In absence of noise it has no benefits over interpolation algorithm.
This parameter defines the maximum number of neighboring points taken into account for interpolating a value in an unmeasured location. | <urn:uuid:f1f85ef8-b84c-4801-b7e7-1db1935a070a> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://xtools.pro/en/features/raster-tools/grid-from-points/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662522284.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220518151003-20220518181003-00245.warc.gz | en | 0.872001 | 514 | 3 | 3 |
Wilma den Hartigh
A rare collection of original fossils that evolved over a period of 120-million years, dating back even further than the discovery of early hominids, is on display at Maropeng in the Cradle of Humankind.
The new exhibition is a collaboration between Maropeng and the Bernard Price Institute (BPI) for Palaeontological Research at Wits University, to celebrate the university's 90th anniversary.
The fossils on display, which offer an extraordinary glimpse into what came before dinosaurs, are a small selection of pieces from the institute's prized original fossil collection.
At a glance the items on display might look like nothing more than pieces of rock, but a closer inspection reveals that they are palaeontological finds with great significance.
These fossils are helping scientists piece together the puzzle of human and mammal evolution.
Speaking at the opening of the exhibition, BPI director Prof Bruce Rubidge explained that the fossils on show reveal important information about the development of mammal-like reptiles, which over hundreds of millions of years gradually evolved into mammals.
"All fossils displayed here are our ancestors," says Rubidge.
What scientists saw in their study of these fossils is that over time our primitive reptilian ancestors gradually acquired more mammal-like features. "This means we can trace the entire evolutionary development of mammals," he explains.
Rubidge explains that about 300-million years ago, when terrestrial ecosystems started to develop, the only animals with backbones were fish and amphibians.
The Karoo region records a long period of geological ancestry of three groups of reptiles that gave rise to tortoises, dinosaurs, lizards, snakes and small mammals. "This whole evolution is encapsulated in these rocks in the Karoo," he says.
SA's rich fossil heritage
This collection of fossils is even more noteworthy because of its origins in rocks in the Karoo region, dating back 180- to 300-million years ago.
"What is amazing about South Africa's Karoo rock is that it is an almost continuous sedimentary record of palaeontological history for a period of 120-million years," explains Rubidge.
"It is the only place in the world with such an extensive and continuous record."
What's on show?
Visitors can see parts of Aardonyx, a vegetarian dinosaur from the early Jurassic period. This fossil, approximately 195-million years old and estimated to be seven metres long, has helped scientists to learn more about how early dinosaurs walked.
According to Dr Adam Yates, the primary investigator and a palaeontologist at the BPI, this particular species is important as it was close to the common ancestor of the gigantic sauropod dinosaurs.
Sauropods, also known as brontosaurs, were the largest backboned animals to walk on land with their long necks, tree-trunk legs and whip-like tails. Aardonyx probably walked on its hind legs, but could also drop onto all fours.
There is a large crocodile-like reptile skull, Erythrosuchus, believed to be one of the most distant ancestors of dinosaurs.
The large hand of a Gorgonopsian clearly illustrates the hunting capabilities of these flesh-eating mammal-like reptiles.
The showpiece of the collection is the 195-million-year-old clutch of dinosaur eggs – the oldest fossilised dinosaur eggs in the world, discovered in a cliff at the Golden Gate Highlands National Park in the Free State province.
This site previously yielded the oldest known embryos belonging to Massospondylus, a relative of sauropods.
The discovery of the clutch of eggs, which made international headlines, revealed important clues about the evolution of complex reproductive behaviour in early dinosaurs.
Speaking about this discovery in an earlier news report David Evans, curator of Vertebrate Palaeontology at the Royal Ontario Museum, said even though the fossil record of dinosaurs is extensive, there is very little information about their reproductive biology, particularly for early dinosaurs.
The newly-discovered dinosaur nesting ground is believed to be more than 100-million years older than previously known nesting sites.
At least ten nests have been discovered at several levels at the Golden Gate site, each with up to 34 round eggs in tightly clustered clutches.
The distribution of the nests in the rock indicates show that early dinosaurs returned repeatedly to this site, a process known as nesting site fidelity.
A palaeotourism route for SA
The fossils found in Karoo rock add to the country's already extraordinary fossil record. "South Africa has had an enormous impact on the field of palaeontology," Rubidge says.
He says there is great potential to develop a palaeotourism route in South Africa, and that there's no reason why such an initiative couldn't be as successful as the country's wine route. South Africa has one of the richest fossil records and collections in the world and the industry could create many jobs.
Sites to include on the route include the Cradle of Humankind, where the 2.3-million year-old fossil Australopithecus africanus, known as Mrs Ples, was found in 1947; Nieu-Bethesda's Kitching Fossil Exploration Centre, famous for its early dinosaur and reptile discoveries; Golden Gate, the site of the oldest fossilised dinosaur eggs in the world, and Langebaan on the West Coast, where fossilised human footprints dating back 117 000 years were found, the oldest known footprints of an anatomically-modern human.
Langebaan is home to the West Coast Fossil Park, about 150km northwest of Cape Town, where the oldest woodpecker in Africa was recently discovered and named after former president Nelson Mandela. It lived during the Pliocene era, which extended from about 5.3-million years to 2.6-million years ago.
The park contains many well-preserved examples of animals that roamed the land about five million years ago and is described as possibly the most diverse collection of fossils of that age.
• The fossil display will run until the end of October 2012. | <urn:uuid:34b82858-9e2e-4805-9f32-e0533a0cc302> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.mediaclubsouthafrica.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3014:fossils-at-maropeng&catid=43:culturenews&Itemid=112 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982982027.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200942-00221-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948225 | 1,266 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Let’s talk about rocks!
Minecraft is a popular gaming platform for exploring 3D worlds and as part of our commitment to engage with students, teachers and citizen scientists we are creating Minecraft models of selected regions of Alberta's geology.
Join us on a 3D adventure to explore the...
Video from the Peace River Self-guided Tour Model
Join a virtual reality (360 video) tour of the Peace River area geology Minecraft model narrated by an AGS geologist and learn about the interesting geological features buried deep beneath the surface.
Link to the Virtual Reality (360 video) guided tour page
Click on the regional geology models below for more info and to download the Minecraft files:
Peace River area: Solid Model
Peace River area: Transparent Model
Peace River area: Self-guided Tour Model
Dinosaur Provincial Park: Campground Model
Dinosaur Provincial Park: Regional Model
Why build geological models in Minecraft?
We are developing Minecraft models to engage with people of all ages as they explore Alberta’s subsurface geology in a whole new way. These models bring robust scientific information from our 3D Geological Framework to an interactive gaming platform, allowing users to mine through the subsurface while discovering and learning about Alberta’s geology.
What Minecraft models are available?
The AGS’s first Minecraft models were built for the Peace River area in northwestern Alberta. Using a selected set of geological surfaces from our 3D Peace River Geological Model the Minecraft models were created by translating the geological model into Minecraft-readable format. The models cover an area of 74 471 km2.
We have also built Minecraft models of Dinosaur Provincial Park (UNESCO World Heritage Site) to allow users to explore the geological setting of this important site. The models combine regional geological surfaces with a detailed elevation map of the ground surface to show where the bedrock units are exposed in the spectacular badlands of the Red Deer River Valley. Access to much of this area is restricted and off limits to Park visitors, but our Minecraft models allow you to explore and dig just like the early dinosaur fossil hunters.
The Dinosaur Provincial Park Regional Minecraft Model covers 341 km2, and is great for exploring the geology within and around the Dinosaur Provincial Park boundary.
The Dinosaur Provincial Park Campground Minecraft Model covers 9 km2, and is a more detailed model of the area immediately surrounding the Dinosaur Provincial Park Visitor Center and campground.
If you have any questions, comments, or suggestions on what you would like to see included within our Minecraft models, please send an email to [email protected]
These Minecraft worlds were built by the Alberta Geological Survey for educational and outreach purposes. This is not an official Minecraft product and is not associated with Mojang | <urn:uuid:e96e5ac6-0576-425e-9156-de880a2f904b> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://ags.aer.ca/geology-alberta-minecraft-edition | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886476.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20180116164812-20180116184812-00604.warc.gz | en | 0.910113 | 565 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Standard Deviants Accelerate has an online, supplementary group of Homeschool Courses which cover a multitude of subjects, including Biology, Algebra, Arithmetic, U.S. History, English Composition, Earth Science, Chemistry, Nutrition, and also a handful of AP courses such as AP Biology, AP Chemistry, AP U. S. Gov. & Politics, and AP Eng. Composition.
The courses are planned for students in grade 3 through grade 11 or over. what would be best for my children are the courses for they younger grades:
1. Arithmetic (Grades 3+)
2. Fundamental Math (Grades 4+)
3. Earth Science (Grades 6+)
4. Nutrition (Grades 6+)
When the students click on a subject such as Arithmetic, for example, he will see a good deal of headers. In this case, I found the following topics:
1. Whole numbers and the number line
2. Addition and subtraction
3. Multiplying whole numbers and word problems
4. Dividing whole numbers
5. Understanding decimals
6. Understanding Fractions
7. Line, shapes, and fractions
9. Patterns and graphs
10. Subject Review
Under each of these headers I found a number of sub-topics. Under the header Understanding Decimals, for example, are the following sub-topics:
1. Decimal Basics/Adding and Subtracting Decimals
2. Multiplying and Dividing Decimals/Rounding Decimals
3. Scientific Notation/Problem-Solving Using Decimals
When the student chooses one of the sub-topics, they will find a short video lesson accompanied by read along text, explaining whatever concept they are looking at.
The videos are fun and silly, and make us laugh. Another way to make learning fun!
There is a parent administration area as well. Here, you can view what your student has done, and grade their written assignments.
Once you assign your student to his or her class, the student the student may then log in and have access. They can actually, if they are good about self monitoring, continue on their own.
To see what other crew members thought, please click the banner below.
As always, I would love to have you join me on all of my “Journeys Through Life.” Just go to the “sign me up” button at the top of the blog and enter your email, then you will always know when there’s something new here. | <urn:uuid:0c3a2b50-586c-4553-8d9d-4b1c518cefd4> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://myjourneysthroughlife.com/2015/11/05/standard-deviants-accelerate-my-review/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864391.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622104200-20180622124200-00107.warc.gz | en | 0.912572 | 540 | 2.9375 | 3 |
About Diabetic Retinopathy
Anyone with diabetes is at risk for developing diabetic retinopathy. The longer a person has diabetes, the greater their chance of developing diabetic retinopathy. It is the leading cause of blindness in working-aged adults in the United States. Diabetes damages the retina in two ways. The first, known as non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, occurs when the blood vessels of the retina begin to bleed or leak fluid. This results in retinal swelling (macular edema), small hemorrhages, and the formation of deposits known as exudates. Download the Diabetes and your eyes brochure for more information.
The second way that diabetes damages the retina is known as proliferative diabetic retinopathy. This is a more severe type of retinal damage. It occurs when blood vessels in the retina or optic nerve become blocked, consequently starving the retina of necessary nutrients. In response, the retina grows new blood vessels (neovascularization). Unfortunately these new vessels are abnormal, causing bleeding or formation of scar tissue.
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy may lead to any one of the following:
- Vitreous hemorrhage – the new vessels bleed profusely into the eye, blocking vision.
- Retinal detachment – scar tissue pulls on the retina, causing it to tear or detach.
- Neovascular glaucoma – abnormal blood vessels block drainage of fluid out of the eye, causing high eye pressure.
Early diabetic retinopathy is asymptomatic. A dilated eye exam is the only way to detect changes inside the eye before loss of vision begins. People with diabetes should have an eye examination at least once a year. More frequent exams may be necessary after diabetic retinopathy is diagnosed.
Later stages of diabetic retinopathy may cause the following symptoms:
- Blurry or distorted vision
- Loss of peripheral vision
- Sudden visual loss
The best way to prevent diabetic retinopathy is through strict control of blood sugar and blood pressure. These measures significantly reduce the risk of long-term vision loss. With annual eye exams and prompt treatment of diabetic retinopathy, few people progress to serious vision loss. | <urn:uuid:2aaa7de9-ff86-40b9-944b-739ca4e92265> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://bascompalmer.org/specialties/diabetic-retinopathy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223206672.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032006-00540-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.898442 | 451 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Little Jane was born into a large family with seven brothers and sisters. She grew up reading and writing stories in the English countryside. As an adult, she wrote witty commentaries about landed gentry in a way that no one had ever done before, portraying young women who bravely made their own choices. These novels made Jane one of the most loved British writers of all time. This moving book features stylish and quirky illustrations and extra facts at the back, including a biographical timeline with historical images and a detailed profile of the author's life.
Little People, BIG DREAMS is a best-selling series of books and educational games that explore the lives of outstanding people, from designers and artists to scientists and activists. All of them achieved incredible things, yet each began life as a child with a dream.
Written by Maria Isabel Sanchez Vegara
Illustrated by Katie Wilson | <urn:uuid:b70762e6-c443-4af0-859b-650314e52493> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.thehappylark.com/products/jane-austen | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358774.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20211129134323-20211129164323-00010.warc.gz | en | 0.972607 | 187 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Macadamia Integrifolia is a tree that comes from the Proteaceae family, and is native to the Eastern Australia. This evergreen woody plant grows up to the height of 15-20 m. The bunch-like flower cluster ion their mature stage are 30 cm long with average of 250 blossoms. The blossoms of macadamia Integrifolia are yellow in color. It is known for its fruit and its kernel is called drupe. The drupe is globular in shape, with a diameter of 13 to 38 mm, and is surrounded by a very tough shell called Pericarps. It has a syrupy, creamy flavor and is eaten raw, roasted, or fried. | <urn:uuid:ea532806-fd40-4fb0-83fa-1602707c3603> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.shivaexportsindia.com/quickview/index/view/path/macadamia-nut-oil.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202326.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20190320105319-20190320131319-00324.warc.gz | en | 0.971907 | 146 | 2.859375 | 3 |
by Sally Colby
Most farmers in the northeast aren’t doing much baling in April, but because of the early winter and persistent snow cover in the winter of 2013/2014, it was impossible for Andy Bater to harvest his crop until just a month ago. Bater’s crop is switchgrass, a native, warm-season grass that is gaining recognition as a crop suitable for marginal ground. Switchgrass can be used as a ground cover for erodible soil, as cover for game or for mine reclamation, and is often harvested green for hay or after frost kill for livestock bedding. There is also considerable research into using switchgrass as a renewable energy source, or biofuel.
Bater refers his 20-acre field of switchgrass as ‘the poster child for marginal ground’ because the land is barely suitable for crop production. The slope is around 20 to 25 degrees, with some sections of the field close to 30 degrees. The field was originally cleared in the early 1900s, and over the years has been used for hay and small grains. “Then it was deemed unworkable, and when we bought it, it had been fallow for a while,” said Bater. “There were small trees starting to grow up in it.”
With the help of his wife Chris, Bater cleared the locust saplings, mulitflora rose, autumn olive and weedy grasses, then prepared the ground for planting. The sod was treated with glyphosate in early May 2008, followed by 2,4D and dicamba to finish the burn down, and some mowing to clean up the edges of the field. In early June of 2008, the field was seeded with a ‘wildflower’ no-till drill designed to handle the tiny switchgrass seeds.
“Switchgrass is hard to establish and requires good seed to soil contact,” said Bater, adding that most first-year switchgrass plantings look like total failures. “The first year it isn’t very vigorous.” However, once it’s established, switchgrass grows quite vigorously during the summer when cool-season grasses slow down. In late 2008, Bater found some thriving panicles, and was able to cut and bale the second year. As is the case in nearly any grass field, some weeds persist, but most weeds are shaded out by the switchgrass and persistent weeds are spot-treated as necessary.
Because of the extreme slope of the field, Bater has employed several safety measures to minimize the risk of working on a steep slope. The wheels on his tractor are set as wide as possible, and the rear wheels are loaded with beet juice for extra weight. Chains on the tires add stability, but Bater still has some issues with disrupting the sod with wheel spin on uphill runs. Inside the cab, a meter reads the slope so that the operator can determine when he’s in the danger zone. “Trying to operate on the hillside is challenging,” said Bater, who uses a track laying tractor around the farm for site and utility work. “I’ve explored using dual wheels, but they’d run over the windrows.”
When the switchgrass is ready to harvest, Bater uses a disk mower on a 3-point hitch that is offset similar to a sickle bar. “It’ll cut through saplings,” said Bater as he described the advantages of the disk mower. “I have to be careful with the orientation so I don’t end up with the mower hanging off the wrong side.” The crop is raked with a rotary hay rake, minus the shield, because Bater found that the inevitable rocks have sufficient energy to fly right past the windrow. Bater rakes two or three windrows together for harvest to minimize the number of times he has to go up and down the hill.
The grass is brown and dormant when it’s mowed, so it doesn’t require curing. Bater has used both a round baler and a small square baler, and prefers the latter. “I can’t drive fast enough to make the bale fast enough to prevent shattering in the round baler,” he said. “Round bales are also problem because they roll down the steep hills. What works best are 35 to 40 pound small square bales. It’s been a challenge because I can make heavier bales, and some customers would like to purchase larger bales. But organic gardeners and garden centers don’t want large bales because they’re difficult for some customers to handle.”
Bales exit the baler lengthwise and flip around before landing on the ground. This situates bales so they don’t roll downhill. “I bale up and down the hill in first low because that’s about all the tractor will do on the hill,” said Bater. “It’s easier to bale downhill — going uphill, I have to fight gravity.” After baling, Bater picks up the bales (by hand, because he hasn’t found a good, safe mechanized way to pick them up) and stacks them on pallets in the field prior to moving them to storage. Bater stores the baled switchgrass under tarps, and has been selling it both privately and at auction for livestock bedding and mulch.
Although Bater typically bales in November or December, this past winter’s early and persistent snow prevented harvest at that time. The ground was finally suitable for cutting and baling just this past April. “We didn’t have a killing frost until late in the season,” said Bater. “I don’t start cutting and baling until that occurs because we want to bale when it’s dry. The later it’s baled, the more likely the seed has come off the panicle — cutting, raking and baling knocks the seeds off.”
Portions of windrows that remain after baling will slow down spring growth, but the switchgrass will eventually catch up and mature on time. Although Bater has done several soil tests, no amendments have been made because custom applicators are reluctant to operate equipment on the extreme slope.
The April harvest yielded 2,000 bales from the 15-acre portion of the field that was mowed and baled. Now in year six of the planting, Bater is considering options for the future: more aggressive weed control, overseeding, or perhaps grazing livestock?
For more information on switchgrass, visit www.extension.psu.edu/natural-resources/energy/field-crops/resources/additional-info/switchgrass or www.carolinagrown.org.
The poster child for marginal ground
by Sally Colby | <urn:uuid:9a4e65dc-9525-4150-814e-5ca9c55c76f9> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://countryfolks.com/the-poster-child-for-marginal-ground/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100739.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208081124-20231208111124-00518.warc.gz | en | 0.963408 | 1,465 | 2.875 | 3 |
Greater awareness on the health benefits of milk and dairy products is needed to raise their consumption in Tanzania.
An article published online (10 Sept 2015) by IPPmedia says milk and milk products are seen as ‘functional’ drinks in the country, which contributes to their low consumption. The article reports on findings from a survey, commissioned by the East African Dairy Development (EADD) II project, that also showed that dairy products are missing out on ‘opportunities for emotional and social consumption’ in the country that are currently taken up by tea, carbonated soft drinks and porridge.
The EADD survey showed that the country could produce and consume more milk and dairy products. Currently, Tanzania produces about 2.06 billion litres of milk per year compared to Kenya, which produces 5.2 billion litres of milk annually with a national average per capita milk consumption of 47 litres per person per year.
Researchers in the EADD project are calling for more efforts, by stakeholders in the dairy sector, in pushing milk products into the space of carbonated soft drinks and juices by communicating better on their benefits to human health and nutrition. Other constraints to the availability of milk in the country such as quality, price and seasonal fluctuations also need to be addressed to boost consumption of dairy products.
The EADD II is a five-year project funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and led by Heifer International. Implementing partners include Technoserve (TNS), International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), African Breeders Services Ltd limited (ABS) and World Agro-forestry Research Centre (ICRAF) who work together to support the set up of dairy farmers’ business associations to develop dairy hubs and provide services required by small-scale dairy farmers to increase their dairy productivity and market access.
The project is targeting smallholder farm families in Kenya Uganda and Tanzania and hopes to double the dairy income of 136,000 farm families. Since the start of the second phase of the project in March 2014 it has so far reached about 17,000 dairy farmers in Tanzania.
Read the whole article Minimal back-up of dairy laws a challenge to the industry. | <urn:uuid:1fddc8e6-1dba-47ff-8f71-fe7b1eec7b66> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://clippings.ilri.org/2015/09/22/new-study-calls-for-more-awareness-and-promotional-campaigns-to-boost-milk-consumption-in-tanzania/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057366.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20210922132653-20210922162653-00607.warc.gz | en | 0.952082 | 447 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Developments to Watch
HOW TO SOUP UP SUPERCONDUCTORS
IT HAS BEEN NEARLY A decade since the world was shocked by the discovery of "warm" superconductors--materials that carry current without any resistance at relatively high temperatures. Unfortunately, that breakthrough hasn't yet led to major commercial products, in part because the materials can't carry enough current.
Now, researchers at Los Alamos National Laboratory have broken through a key barrier. At a scientific meeting on Apr. 19, they announced development of a flexible, ribbon-like superconductor that can carry more than 1 million amperes of current per square centimeter of "wire." That's 100 times more than the previous record.
There's nothing unusual about the basic idea: depositing a layer of superconducting ceramic onto an inexpensive nickel-alloy tape. The secret is in between. Before the ceramic is put down, the nickel surface is primed with a layer of cubic zirconia. The extra layer keeps the ceramic crystals aligned, and that ensures higher current
Now, predicts team member Xin Di Wu, superconducting wire will finally find widespread applications, ranging from smaller magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines to better motors that can be cooled with inexpensive liquid nitrogen.EDITED BY OTIS PORT | <urn:uuid:a1de00b1-e058-41a5-b957-d0f04c583de8> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/1995-04-30/how-to-soup-up-superconductors | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701165302.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193925-00092-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.902409 | 266 | 3.28125 | 3 |
DUE 2/8 9 P.M EST
Public Health Epidemiology 1 pg Discussion APA W/2 REFERENCES
TOPIC Assessing Causality and Implications for Public Health Policy
In 1965, Sir Austin Bradford Hill proposed guidelines for assessing causality from epidemiological studies. His intention was not for these guidelines to be used in a rigid manner but rather to be used generally to help in the assessment of disease causation. In recent years, other causal models have been developed, including the Rothman sufficient-component cause model and the web of causation.
To prepare for this Discussion, use the Walden library to find an epidemiological research article published in the last 3 months that uses one of the models of causation discussed in the Learning Resources. Make sure the epidemiological research article you choose clearly uses a model of causal inference that you can discuss. Not all articles do this, so choose carefully! The best options are review articles or articles that clearly address an epidemiological causal inference model in their title and/or abstract.
Respond to the following questions:
- What is the epidemiological causal inference model used by the authors? How did they apply the model to the association they studied?
- Do you agree with the author’s choice of causal model? Why or why not? Provide evidence to support your assessment.
- What are the implications for public health policy, given the evidence for causality presented in the article?
Make sure that your discussion focuses on evaluating your article using the entire causal model that the authors used (as opposed to using one or two criteria). Be sure to cite the article you reviewed using proper APA formatting, and include in-text citations and references as appropriate. | <urn:uuid:c8ff735e-6d2c-4168-b9f7-ac922d27d5b5> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://cleanessays.com/assessing-causality-and-implications-for-public-health-policy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178369553.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20210304235759-20210305025759-00335.warc.gz | en | 0.907024 | 351 | 2.578125 | 3 |
As an associate professor in the Department of Earth Sciences and Science Education at SUNY Buffalo State, Kevin K. Williams is a geologist who studies the evolution of planets. But he really is a Mars junkie who looks at the red planet as an art form, a way to pique the interest of others.
Williams, born in Rehoboth, Mass., moved to Buffalo seven years ago from Washington, D.C., where he worked as a researcher at the Smithsonian Institution. Three years ago he was named director of the Whitworth-Ferguson Planetarium, which is now closed and scheduled to undergo extensive renovation as part of Buffalo State’s expanded Science and Mathematics Complex.
Williams, 42, is committed to bridging the gap between the local arts and science communities. He has collaborated with the Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra in photo-illustrating a performance of “The Planets” by Gustav Holst. Williams also contributed to an exhibit running through Aug. 4 at the Burchfield Penney Art Center called “Oh My Heavens” in which he weighs in on the scientific accuracy of Charles Burchfield’s skyscapes.
People Talk: What have you discovered about the moon that surprised you?
Kevin Williams: There is water in the moon trapped between the rocks forming little bits of ice that together is the same amount of water we have in the Great Lakes. Think about people living on the moon one day. They will have a source of water.
PT: What makes you so sure people will be living on the moon?
KW: Why did people travel across the oceans to North America? It’s part of human nature. I don’t know that in 100 years there will be cities on the moon, but in 500 years there will be colonies.
PT: Are you a dreamer?
KW: Absolutely. I am an optimistic realist.
PT: Tell me about an Earth research project.
KW: Using ground-penetrating radar that bounces off of objects to tell you what is below the surface without digging. The bodies of ice below the surface are actually bigger than you think. That ties into the whole climate change issue of how fast the ice is melting. Using the same technology locally, I’ve worked with the college’s anthropology department to collect data on Old Fort Niagara which will eventually give us a three-dimensional view of what is below its surface.
PT: What makes you a good professor?
KW: I give students real-world experiences by tying them to my own, as in talking about my research in the Arctic and dealing with temperatures of negative 40. I also like getting students involved in research, working with me looking at Mars.
PT: What excites you about Mars?
KW: Sometime in the next 50 years there will be people walking on Mars, though the new rover on Mars that got there last August – Curiosity – is not looking for life. The two rovers before Curiosity were Spirit and Opportunity. They were supposed to last 90 days, and Opportunity is still working nine years later driving and taking pictures. The first rover was Pathfinder in the late ’90s. In the ’70s we had the two Viking orbiters.
PT: Can Earth be like Mars?
KW: Not exactly because the temperatures and pressures are different on Mars with very cold areas – like the dry valleys in Antarctica, probably one of the driest places on Earth. One of the places I have worked is on Devon Island in Antarctic. It’s part of Canada and it’s dry but it’s also very cold. There’s a big impact crater there from a meteorite.
PT: Why should I be concerned about Mars?
KW: Why be concerned about someplace that is 90 million miles away? Because it’s a target for imagination. Mars inspires people. You don’t have to be a scientist to appreciate it. You can like it for its artistic value. Even for a kid who is really into basketball. How high can he jump on Mars?
Mars is also an easy way to get connected because all of the data is available to the public. You go through NASA’s website and it’s all there. With some of the cameras you can look at images taken two days ago. You might be among the first 10 people to look at that picture in the world. It gives people an opportunity to be scientists on the side.
PT: Besides Mars, what’s your go-to planet?
KW: It would be one of the moons of Jupiter Europa because it’s all ice – not water or slush. It’s something I did research on as a graduate student figuring how thick the ice is. It’s only a couple of kilometers thick in most places, which is how thick the ice on Buffalo was when it was covered by glaciers.
PT: Tell me more about Buffalo’s Ice Age.
KW: It was 18,000 years ago, and almost all of New York State was covered. Only a little part of southwestern New York, the Allegany State Park area, wasn’t covered. Actually the ice went back and forth, carved out the Great Lakes, the Finger Lakes, and some of the valleys near Arcade and Holland. When the glaciers started melting, water filled in the Great Lakes and Finger Lakes and carved out the Mohawk Valley.
PT: What has been your golden moment in Buffalo?
KW: Within the last year getting tenure and getting promoted to associate professor.
PT: What gets people thinking about space?
KW: Something like the Apollo missions to the moon. With younger people it’s the rovers on Mars, built on Earth and sending people all this information from Mars, and we’re able to control it from here.
PT: How did you react to the final space shuttle?
KW: Disappointed because the justification used is they were old and prone to accidents. They had been rebuilt. They weren’t the original space shuttles. We were left without a way to launch our own rockets to get people into space.
PT: Where would you travel in space?
KW: Mars. The moon, too, but there’s so much that happened on Mars which makes it more interesting. When I was little, I wanted to be an astronaut, until maybe 10 years ago when it became realistic that I wasn’t going to be one.
PT: You are committed to space study.
KW: It makes you understand how small the Earth is – it’s a tiny speck – and we have to think about ways to protect the environment so we can enjoy the planet. That’s how I end classes, by showing a picture of Earth taken from beyond Pluto. There’s this great Native American proverb that says: “We don’t inherit the Earth from our ancestors. We borrow it from our children.” | <urn:uuid:cdc05357-2b04-4b02-bfde-62df5e4023cf> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.buffalonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20130602/CITYANDREGION/130609888/1133 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701157075.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193917-00239-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961026 | 1,472 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Interviewer bias refers to a systematic error in the data collected by means of an interview with a human interviewer. Answers given by panellists can be inaccurate for several reasons. For example, a panellist might give an answer that will lead to a positive evaluation of a product, which is referred to as acquiescence bias. A panellist might also give an answer they think is socially desirable, which is referred to as social desirability bias. A potential way to reduce these biases is to use Text-to-Speech and Speech-to-Text techniques. For more information on these biases, see our blog Are product evaluations with a human interviewer accurate?
We tested the effect of survey method on these two biases by comparing two survey methods: an interview with a human interviewer and a survey where Text-to-Speech and Speech-to-Text techniques were used. Our panellists participated in both survey methods and results were compared to see if the answers differed from each other.
To test the acquiescence bias panellists rated a sweet snack, Fruittella, on six different attributes: appearance, odor, taste, texture, aftertaste and general opinion. Then, a satisfaction score was calculated. The higher the score, the higher the satisfaction with the product. The panellists rated the same product twice, but they were told that one product was the regular Fruittella variant and that the other product was a new Fruittella variant, which was said to be a healthier version of the regular variant. This was done to test the effect of a health claim. To test the social desirability bias, panellists were asked which variant of the Fruittella they preferred. In addition, they answered questions about their food consumption behavior concerning the frequency of snack consumption and about the importance of health in food choices. From these questions, an unhealthiness score was calculated. The higher the score, the unhealthier the food consumption behavior of the panellists.
For the survey in which Text-to-Speech and Speech-to-Text techniques were used, a questionnaire with Text-to-Speech and Speech-to-Text functions was created in EyeQuestion Software. The questions were read out loud and the panellists answered these questions by using their voice, which would be automatically registered by the computer. For the interview with a human interviewer, the same questions were asked by a human interviewer via a videocall.
The results showed a significant difference in the satisfaction score between the survey methods. In the interview with a human interviewer, panellists rated the new variant significantly higher than in the survey where Text-to-Speech and Speech-to-Text techniques were used. This was not the case for the regular variant. Within the human interviewer session, panellists had a significant preference for the new variant. In the survey where Text-to-Speech and Speech-to-Text techniques were used, no preference was found. See figure 1.
These results provide evidence for acquiescence bias as well as for social desirability bias. However, the results failed to show a difference in how unhealthy the panellists rated their food consumption behavior between the two different interview methods. This can possibly be explained by the carry-over effect, where panellists tried to give the same answer in the second session as they did in the first session.
In conclusion, there does seem to be an interviewer bias when collecting data by means of an interview with a human interviewer. Using Text-to-Speech and Speech-to-Text techniques can limit the interviewer bias and will therefore lead to more accurate results. | <urn:uuid:4861b149-c55d-44a1-9e68-5848cc45c646> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://eyequestion.nl/2021/04/22/can-text-to-speech-and-speech-to-text-techniques-limit-interviewer-bias/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989766.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20210512162538-20210512192538-00110.warc.gz | en | 0.967388 | 751 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Using Observational Data to Inform HIV Policy Change for Children and Youth
Observational data characterizing the pediatric and adolescent HIV epidemics in real-world settings are critical to informing clinical guidelines, governmental HIV programs, and donor prioritization. Global expertise in curating and analyzing these data has been expanding, with increasingly robust collaborations and the identification of gaps in existing surveillance capacity. In this commentary, we describe existing sources of observational data for children and youth living with HIV, focusing on larger regional and global research cohorts, and targeted surveillance studies and programs. Observational data are valuable resources to cross-validate other research and to monitor the impact of changing HIV program policies. Observational studies were among the first to highlight the growing population of children surviving perinatal HIV and transitioning to adolescence and young adulthood, and have raised serious concerns about high rates of treatment failure, loss to follow-up, and death among older perinatally infected youth. The use of observational data to inform modeling of the current global epidemic, predict future patterns of the youth cascade, and facilitate antiretroviral forecasting are critical priorities and key end products of observational HIV research. Greater investments into data infrastructure are needed at the local level to improve data quality and at the global level to faciliate reliable interpretation of the evolving patterns of the pediatric and youth epidemics. Although this includes harmonized data forms, use of unique patient identifiers to allow for data linkages across routine data sets and electronic medical record systems, and competent data managers and analysts are essential to make optimal use of the data collected. | <urn:uuid:602beca1-6625-48b2-b3c9-56a26b27b0e8> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.msh.org/resources/using-observational-data-to-inform-hiv-policy-change-for-children-and-youth?page=44 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146643.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200227002351-20200227032351-00122.warc.gz | en | 0.902187 | 315 | 2.515625 | 3 |
verb (used with object)
- to cause to go through the process of natural evolution from a previous and lower stage.
- to cause to progress from an embryonic to an adult form.
- to render visible (the latent image on an exposed film or the like).
- to treat (an exposed film or the like) with chemicals so as to render the latent image visible.
verb (used without object)
- to progress from an embryonic to an adult form.
- to progress from earlier to later stages of ontogeny or phylogeny.
- to reach sexual maturity.
BEAT THE DOLDRUMS WITH THIS WORD OF THE DAY QUIZ!
Origin of develop
OTHER WORDS FROM develop
Example sentences from the Web for develop
Nam has developed a personal style that she considers key to her vast following.
The company, which participated in TechCrunch Disrupt’s 2020 Startup Battlefield competition, has developed a novel way to get diesel style engines to operate on renewable fuels like ethanol.ClearFlame Engine Technologies takes aim at cleaning up diesel engines|Kirsten Korosec|September 17, 2020|TechCrunch
He and Moore also remained friends, but began to develop romantic feelings for each other.WNBA Player Maya Moore Marries Jonathan Irons, The Man She Helped Free From Prison|Jasmine Grant|September 17, 2020|Essence.com
People around the globe need outreach to prepare them to understand and accept a vaccine, she says, and that needs to start now so when a vaccine is developed, people are willing to get it.A coronavirus vaccine will save more lives if we share it widely|Kat Eschner|September 17, 2020|Popular Science
In forested towns prone to fire and floods, it may be necessary for people to eventually move to more-developed areas.California wildfires may give way to massive mudslides|Ula Chrobak|September 17, 2020|Popular Science
Rates are thought to be similar in developed countries around the world.How Skinny Is Too Skinny? Israel Bans ‘Underweight’ Models|Carrie Arnold|January 8, 2015|DAILY BEAST
Four weeks after the injections, all 20 of the participants had developed the antibodies needed to stave off the infection.
Family members say he developed also liver cancer after his capture.
Similar reinforced plinths were developed by the Getty museums in Los Angeles to absorb the seismic movements there.
At this point, the developed world takes the internet for granted.
A rancid fat is one in which have been developed compounds of an odoriferous nature.Soap-Making Manual|E. G. Thomssen
The modern law in countries which take their law from Rome has developed this decisive limitation.An Introduction to the Philosophy of Law|Roscoe Pound
It was in her later life that Jane Clemens had developed this particular passion.Mark Twain, A Biography, 1835-1910, Complete|Albert Bigelow Paine
In my own work, the plan I had outlined for myself I developed day by day.One Way Out|William Carleton
Primarily he developed his dancing as something which should make people laugh.Pieces of Hate|Heywood Broun
British Dictionary definitions for develop
- to treat (film, plate, or paper previously exposed to light, or the latent image in such material) with chemical solutions in order to produce a visible image
- to process (photographic material) in order to produce negatives and prints | <urn:uuid:b9598f45-054d-46cf-a576-b2214dbf615f> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.dictionary.com/browse/developed | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107874637.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20201021010156-20201021040156-00694.warc.gz | en | 0.930607 | 738 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Concentrating photovoltaic (CPV) is a solution that is gaining attention worldwide as a potential global player in the future energy market. Despite the impressive development in terms of CPV cell efficiency recorded in the last few years, a lack of information on the module's manufacturing is still registered among the documents available in literature. This work describes the challenges faced to fabricate a densely packed cell assembly for 500× CPV applications. The reasons behind the choice of components, materials, and processes are highlighted, and all the solutions applied to overtake the problems experienced after the prototype's production are reported. This article explains all the stages required to achieve a successful fabrication, proven by the results of quality tests and experimental investigations conducted on the prototype. The reliability of the components and the interconnectors is successfully assessed through standard mechanical destructive tests, and an indoor characterization is conducted to investigate the electrical performance. The fabricated cell assembly shows a fill factor as high as 84%, which proves the low series resistance and the lack of mismatches. The outputs are compared with those of commercial assemblies. A cost breakdown is reported and commented: a cost of $0.79/Wp has been required to fabricate each of the cell assembly described in this paper. This value has been found to be positively affected by the economy of scale: a larger number of assemblies produced would have reduced it by 17%. | <urn:uuid:b08151be-3e91-4da4-bf1b-7502c5ab06ce> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://solarenergyengineering.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/article.aspx?articleID=2499445 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280723.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00118-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950675 | 278 | 2.546875 | 3 |
There are certainly enough variables in an apple to help come to a reasonably positive conclusion, but unfortunately the biggest variable is often where, and how the fruit has been grown. Size of fruit can vary enormously depending on soil, climate, age of tree, and perhaps most importantly, whether the tree is carrying a heavy or light crop. The colouring of the fruit is determined as much by weather conditions and the position of the fruit on the tree with regard to the sun. In addition, an apple may only achieve it's true varietal colouring when truly ripe, a condition which can sometimes be hard to judge.
There are one or two good books available to help with apple identification. We use Liz Copas 'A Somerset Pomona - The Cider Apples of Somerset', which lists most of the more common cider apple varieties. Of course it's of little use when trying to identify an apple not native to Somerset, and even this excellent publication features photographs which don't quite tally with known specimens we've pressed. It's those variables again!
Perhaps the best chance of getting a positive identification of an unknown variety of apple is at a local Apple Day event. They frequently feature one of these 'apple experts', indeed there will be Apple Identification at the Brocks Hill event we are attending this Sunday (11th Oct).
The fruit we've been pressing this year comes from an old orchard in Worcestershire. The orchards owner John can name many of the varieties, but even he doesn't know the identity of all the trees. Some were planted by his Grandfather over 100 years ago, indeed some of the perry pear trees are probably nearer 200 years old, so it's no surprise that some of the knowledge has become a little hazy. It doesn't help when a certain tree is known only by a unique 'local' name, though for me this does add colour to the whole story. One perry pear tree for example, is known by the name Bell Pear due to it's distinctively shaped fruit, but I can't find a reference to this variety anywhere. Luckily for us, we don't really need to know the identity of every apple which goes into our cider, so long as the taste is right, and in this we're guided by our tongues!
So here's a picture of the cider apples we've pressed so far this year. The fruits are quite distinctive, and we know for sure what most are, but there are one or two mystery apples. If you know what they might be, do let us know.
From top left to bottom right:
- Unknown early bittersweet - These apples had all fallen by early October, and our best guess on these waxy skinned, scabby green/yellow fruits is Bulmers Norman, which we've pressed before.
- Kingston Black - From a windswept smallish tree which rarely produces much. The skin is very dark red at the nose, and the flesh is hard, chewy and classically bittersharp. Wish we had a few more of these!
- Dabinett - Homegrown on our very young trees. Large apples for Dabinett
- Dabinett - Believe it or not, these are the same variety as above, but from a heavily cropping mature tree in the Worcestershire orchard.
- Unknown Sweet - Conical, scabby but attractive apple. This is a pure sweet, that is it has low acidity distinguishing it from a dessert apple.
- Harry Masters' Jersey - Homegrown, from a heavily cropping young tree. Harry Masters' is distinguished by a pinky/orange colouring.
- Yarlington Mill - Homegrown, and again very large for the variety due to a young tree carrying a small crop. These yarly's are deep red, with a pointed nose and distinctive ribbing.
- Unknown Bittersweet - Small, round and dullish green. These are mid season apples from a single tree in Johns orchard. Full bittersweet, Michelin? Who knows!
- Unknown Sharp - These had mostly all fallen at Johns orchard in Worcs. The skin is striped orangey red, and the apple is heavily ribbed. A very attractive fruit with a wonderful aromatic flavour which reminded me of the sharp cider variety Brown's Apple. | <urn:uuid:59faf453-bc1e-4217-907b-4c2f2eef5477> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://rockinghamforestcider.blogspot.com/2009/10/all-shapes-and-sizes-and-colours.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084893300.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20180124030651-20180124050651-00432.warc.gz | en | 0.9617 | 884 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Tufted or brown capuchin monkey (Cebus apella)
Capuchins have a reputation for being the most intelligent monkeys, since they are very easily taught tricks. This is why they have been trained as movie stars, pickpockets, organ grinders and even to nurse quadriplegic humans. However, such hand-reared monkeys usually become difficult to manage after sexual maturity and end up in sanctuaries as confused "problem" monkeys due to biting someone.
Physical description: Tufted capuchins get their name from the distinctive tuft of dark hair on the tops of their heads. When they are young, they have no such tuft. As juveniles, they grow 2 little tufts that look a bit like devil's horns. When they are fully mature, these may turn into large ridges or they may end up with hairstyles like Elvis Presley, Bob Marley or Gary Glitter! The overall body colour varies from light to dark brown, with the shoulders usually being somewhat lighter. They have a semi-prehensile tail (i.e. they can use it to grip things, but not as well as spider monkeys), the tip of which is usually black, like their hands and feet. Capuchins are approximately 70cm-1m long, half of which is made up of their tail. Their weight varies around 3kg, with males being heavier than females.
Habitat: Brown capuchins live in primary and secondary rainforests as well as in dry lowland areas with savannah or thorn brush in Brazil, Venezuela, Suriname, Guyana and French Guiana. However, other subspecies of capuchin are found all over northern South America and into Central America as far as Honduras.
Diet: Wild capuchins eat mainly fruit, but also like seeds, pith, nectar and animal prey including insects, birds, eggs, reptiles, bats and even newborn coati-mundis (racoon-like animals). Capuchins are very clever at finding food, both in the trees and whilst foraging on the ground or on clearings. They have been observed to break nuts open using rocks, with a hard surface as an anvil. This means they know how to use (and choose) tools, which is a very important factor in human evolution and used to be regarded as a purely human skill.
Life history: After a gestation period of 5-6 months, capuchin monkeys give birth to a single offspring. At six months, young capuchins get around on their own and often catch a ride on a juvenile friend's back. They are weaned by the age of about one year and females normally have their first offspring at about four years of age. They usually give birth in October-January and have an oestrus cycle of 18 days. The average life expectancy of captive capuchins is 40-45 years, which means they often spend a lot of time in caged isolation if they misbehave in a household environment after they reach sexual maturity.
Associations: Tufted capuchins associate with white-fronted capuchins, white-nosed bearded sakis, buffy sakis, black-headed uacaris and often travel with common squirrel monkeys. The latter is advantageous to the capuchins in terms of the multitude of warning signals made by squirrel monkeys, which capuchins seem to understand. This association is advantageous for the squirrel monkeys as well, since capuchin monkeys are particularly good at remembering the location and fruiting season of various food trees. Squirrel and capuchin monkeys spend a lot of time together at Monkeyland too, although the advantages are not the same as in the wild. Capuchins at Monkeyland have also been found to play with vervet monkeys, spider monkeys and gibbons.
Social structure: Capuchins live in groups of between 8-14 individuals with equal numbers of males and females. Young males often form subgroups whilst the ladies look after their offspring. Younger males or females like to follow mothers around and insist on babysitting, which is normally allowed by the age of three months. This is beneficial since juveniles learn to rear offspring. In tufted capuchin groups, there is always a dominant male who tends to be solitary. Alpha males in other capuchin species, on the other hand, form friendships with lower ranking males. Large cohesive groups are safer, since they include more eyes and ears to detect birds of prey, which are the main capuchin predators. Brown capuchin groups occupy a home range of 25-40ha in the wild, whereas at Monkeyland two groups live in harmony within a 12ha forest. The lack of aggression between and within these groups is presumably due to the abundance of food available on our feeding platforms.
Territorial marking: A strange behaviour officially called "urine-washing" can be observed in capuchins, which means they urinate on their hands and feet and then proceed to rub it all over themselves and their territory (capuchin pet owners are particularly appreciative of this instinct where sofas and kitchen surfaces are concerned). Females sniff at males to figure out whether they are sexually mature.
Vocalisations: Capuchins have a wide repertoire of sounds, which are quite familiar monkey sounds to most people since capuchins are the number one Hollywood performers. Their vocalisations include the cute "ooh-ooh-ooh" used by youngsters to express despair and the satisfied "uhm" sound often heard during feeding sessions involving their favourite treats. The low, quiet "Um-Um" means "please groom me" in English, whilst the loud, high-pitched "Eh-Eh" means "I'm going to bite you if you don't leave me alone!" Capuchins emphasise their vocalisations with accompanying grimaces including repeated eyebrow-raising, nervous grinning and endearing lip puckering. They also have alarm calls for large raptors, which are their biggest enemy in the wild.
Mating: Tufted capuchin females work quite hard to attract the attention of their choice mate, sometimes they run after the male with their tail curled coyly between their legs whilst grinning and whining hilariously. The male plays hard to get and only copulates once a day. During copulation males mount females from behind. After a pairing, the male will guard the female from other males for several days.
Other behaviour: For short distances, capuchins can walk on two legs whilst carrying food or tools. They can even hold another item with their prehensile tail! Wild tufted capuchins like to sleep in palm trees, whereas at Monkeyland we have found that many favour the 128m suspension bridge, which results in lots of bridge cleaning duties for us humans!
Conservation: Although tufted capuchins are hunted and their territory is being destroyed at a staggering rate, the IUCN have classified them as "lower risk/least concern" since they are adaptable. The subspecies Cebus apella margaritae, however, is restricted to the Island of Margarita in Venezuela and is assessed as "critically endangered" (IUCN). Capuchins are the monkeys used in most movies and are also the traditional organ grinder monkeys. Many have lived in appalling conditions to entertain humans. Although they are extremely social animals, performing capuchins are usually separated from members of their own species and forced to live amongst humans in the most unnatural of circumstances. They are also exploited more than any other primates for the pet trade, and most capuchins at Monkeyland were previously kept as pets. People bring them to sanctuaries worldwide since they only realise too late that capuchins make terrible pets, especially after reaching sexual maturity.
Did you know? Capuchins like to rub millipedes on themselves, which presumably acts as an insect repellent. This was observed both in the wild and at Monkeyland.
Di Fiore, A. and Campbell, C.J. (2007) The Atelines: Variations in Ecology, Behaviour and Social Organisation. In: Campbell et al. (eds.), Primates in Perspective. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ottoni, O.B. and Mannu, M. (2001) Semi-free ranging tufted capuchins (Cebus apella) spontaneously use tools to crack open nuts. International Journal of Primatology, 22(3), 347-358.
Rylands, A.B., Bampi, M.I., Chiarello, A.G., da Fonseca, G.A.B., Mendes, S.L. & Marcelino, M. 2003. Cebus apella. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 16 July 2006.
Information supplied by:
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Author & Date
Hosea prophesied during the latter half of the eighth century B.C. (c. 753–722 B.C.). God called Hosea to predict the destruction and exile of Israel at a time when Israel was at the height of its material prosperity. The prosperity unfortunately was accompanied by widespread idolatry (4:17; 8:4-6) and social injustice (4:2; 12:7) as well as general disobedience to God’s covenant law (4:1-2; 6:7; 8:1). The book’s message is not limited to events in Hosea’s time: it looks backward to the days of the patriarchs (12:3-4, 12), Moses (9:10; 11), the judges (9:9; 10:9), and the monarchy (4:15; 5:1-2; 9:15); and it looks forward to the destruction of Israel and Judah and their respective exiles (1:4-5; 2:3-13; 3:4; 4:3,19; 5:5, 10, 14-15; 7:16; 8:10, 13; 9:6; 10:10; 13:15-16). Wonderfully, it looks beyond these tragedies to the great blessings of the new covenant age to come (1:10-11; 2:14-23; 3:5; 6:1-3; 11:8-11; 13:14; 14:1-9).
The overall genre of the book is prophecy, and most of the book consists of oracles of judgment, with only a few interspersed oracles of salvation. Its main literary form is satire (in this case, sharp and bitter). Virtually the entire book is embodied in poetry. The overall format is that of a legal or judicial indictment, as God presents a detailed case against his covenant people.
One particularly poignant way in which Hosea depicts the relationship between God and his people is a marriage in which his people has committed spiritual adultery. One unique prophetic technique that Hosea uses (easy for his original audience to understand, but not obvious to a modern reader) is the enactment prophecy (prophetic action report) where Hosea marries a promiscuous woman, Gomer. Even though the failed and restored marriage of Hosea and Gomer is present only in the first three chapters, the controlling metaphor of covenant Israel as an unfaithful wife exerts an implied presence throughout the book.
Hosea depicts Israel’s unfaithfulness with a number of images from family and nature. Israel is like: a promiscuous wife, an indifferent mother, an illegitimate child, an ungrateful son, a stubborn heifer, a silly dove, a luxuriant vine, and grapes in the wilderness. Yet Israel’s unfaithfulness and obstinacy are not enough to exhaust God’s redeeming love that outstrips the human capacity to comprehend. Hosea prophesies of the sinful nation of Israel being struck down by Yahweh, who comes at them like a lion (Hos. 5:14). But, with striking echoes of future salvation events, the prophet says that this death of the nation will happen when the people are driven into exile. Then, after the exile, Yahweh will raise his people from the dead “on the third day” (6:2–3).
The redemptive and restorative theme in Hosea’s prophecy are supremely fulfilled in Jesus Christ. Jesus came as Israel’s representative, and in his death he became the one who bore the curse of the covenant (Gal. 3:13). He was struck down under the wrath of God, and “he was raised on the third day in accordance with the Scriptures” (1 Cor. 15:4; cf. Hos. 5:14–6:3). Jesus laid down his life for his bride, the church (Eph. 5:25), buying her back from slavery to sin (cf. Hos. 3:1–5). He ransomed her as God had ransomed Israel at the exodus, and in his resurrection he justifies her (Rom. 4:25), accomplishing the prophesied new exodus and setting the return from exile in motion. The great consummation will be celebrated at the marriage feast of the Lamb, in fulfillment of all the prophets, not least Hosea.
This prophetic book sobers us and fills us with renewed hope. As ugly as our adulterous faithlessness has been, it cannot extinguish God’s resilient redemptive love for his bride, the church. May we come to experience God’s love that demands full commitment as He himself gave it all to us in Jesus Christ.
* Adapted from ESV Study Bible & ESV Gospel Transformation Bible.
This week’s Bible reading schedule:
|Monday: Hosea 5||☐||Thursday: Hosea 8||☐|
|Tuesday: Hosea 6||☐||Friday: Hosea 9||☐|
|Wednesday: Hosea 7||☐||Saturday: Hosea 10||☐| | <urn:uuid:1206faf6-41b4-4e06-8730-523ec966834c> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://newhopefellowship.ca/mississauga/all-posts/jan-6-2019-hosea-overview/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203991.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20190325133117-20190325155117-00036.warc.gz | en | 0.952338 | 1,106 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Overall national park visitation has dropped by nearly 10 million people since 1998 to 278 million visitors, reports the University of Georgia. This is the first study to link national park’s downturn in visitation numbers to the slow economy.
According to the report, “The study suggests consumers cut out non-essential goods and services and visit local city or neighborhood parks rather than drive to national parks when faced with tighter budgets. In addition to gasoline prices, several indicators of recession-including a high unemployment rate, a decline in personal saving and a decrease in consumer confidence in the state of the economy-were all negatively related with national park visitation.”
Not all national parks have experienced decreased visitation. Yosemite and Yellowstone are well known with international tourists and have actually had increased visitations since 2000. Other parks such as the Great Smoky Mountain National Park had visitation numbers drop 7 percent over the past decade. Other influences such as raising gas prices may also have an influence on the decreased visitation.
The study also found that American tourists are still willing to spend money to visit amusement parks, which are more expensive than national parks. Parks offer greater value due to discounted entrance fees, but only internationally recognized parks are reaping the benefits. | <urn:uuid:f219be70-68a9-4b80-aa40-64119459505c> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://skift.com/2012/10/24/americans-are-on-a-budget-are-willing-to-cut-out-trips-to-national-parks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816351.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225090753-20180225110753-00339.warc.gz | en | 0.960491 | 246 | 2.828125 | 3 |
PARIS, Sept. 9 (UPI) — Scientists getting ready for planned multi-satellite missions are getting in some “practice” thanks to sophisticated simulators, European space officials said.
Several space agencies are preparing formation-flying missions involving numbers of satellites, the European Space Agency said Thursday.
The relative positions of the satellites must be maintained precisely. Lose control of one part of the formation, even momentarily, and the satellites risk destruction.
This will take some difficult formation flying, and a new computing resource should help achieve that.
The Formation Flying Test Bed is a suite of software running across linked computers to simulate all aspects of a formation-flying mission, the ESA said.
At the agency’s space research and technology center in the Netherlands, this new facility can emulate the running of more than a single satellite at once.
“It is a generic simulator for formation-flying missions, whether they include two spacecraft or as many as five or six,” ESA’s Raffaella Franco said.
The test bed simulates crucial operational factors for formation flying including mission and vehicle management, guidance navigation, dealing with faults and communicating between satellites.
In ESA’s first formation flying mission, due for launch in 2014-15, Proba-3′s two satellites will form the first “external coronagraph” in orbit, with one satellite maintaining an artificial eclipse of the sun as seen from the other so that hidden details of the solar corona can be seen.
Copyright 2010 United Press International, Inc. (UPI). Any reproduction, republication, redistribution and/or modification of any UPI content is expressly prohibited without UPI’s prior written consent. | <urn:uuid:2eb9f16f-70c6-4d68-9969-60750c6524a3> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.ecoworld.com/other/satellite-formation-flying-simulated.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701162035.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193922-00170-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.889629 | 354 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Dec 3, 2015 – MBARI’s new Deep-Sea Guide makes it easy for anyone to search MBARI’s treasure trove of images and scientific observations of deep-sea animals, seafloor habitats, geological features, and research tools. Previously only available for internal use, the Deep-Sea Guide is now available to scientists and the general public.
Jul 31, 2015 – On July 27, Kakani Katija and collaborators Alana Sherman, Dale Graves, Chad Kecy, and Bruce Robison tested DeepPIV (particle image velocimetry) using MBARI’s MiniROV. The DeepPIV instrument consists of a laser and optics that can illuminate “slices” through transparent animals (such as larvaceans) using a single plane of light.
Oct 15, 2015 – Submarine canyons are notoriously difficult to study because underwater avalanches periodically surge down the bottoms of many canyons, often burying or destroying scientific instruments. After more than a decade of placing (and sometimes losing) equipment in Monterey Canyon, MBARI researchers have created a unique new tool to study canyon processes.
Jul 13, 2015 – Last Thursday, MBARI Postdoctoral Fellow Stephanie Bush and her team from the Monterey Bay Aquarium went to sea aboard the R/V Rachel Carson in Monterey Bay. They were on a mission to collect octopuses in the genus Opisthoteuthis to be used for species description and display at the aquarium.
Jun 3, 2015 – On May 28, MBARI Postdoctoral Fellow Kakani Katija presented a talk at the TEDWomen conference in Monterey about her research studying how marine organisms interact with the fluid world. As a bioengineer, she is interested in the underwater “footprints”, or wakes that organisms leave behind as they move through the water.
May 26, 2015 – If you’ve visited beaches in the Monterey Bay area earlier this year, you may have seen young California sea lions stranded on the beaches, weak and emaciated from lack of food. Recently, the Marine Mammal Center has reported that juvenile and sub-adult sea lions have also been stranding on beaches as a result of domoic acid poisoning.
May 19, 2015 – Scientist Steve Haddock, Electrical Engineer Chad Kecy, and Mechanical Engineer François Cazenave introduced the SeeStar camera system at the Bay Area Maker Faire, a large festival held May 16th and 17th to celebrate invention and creativity by showcasing creations that relate to science, engineering, or art. | <urn:uuid:fa189e96-d613-4099-bff4-8c2d4c17a044> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.mbari.org/news-categories/news-article-2015/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583515539.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20181022201445-20181022222945-00210.warc.gz | en | 0.918342 | 534 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Styles & Forms: 1860 - 1990
- Late Victorian: 1860–1900
- Late 19th & Early 20th Century American Movement: 1900–1940
- Late 19th & 20th Century Period Revivals: 1920–1960
- Modern Movement: 1930–1970
- Architectural Forms
Sometimes called “Neo Palladianism”, New Formalism emerged in the 1960s as a rejection to the rigid form of Modernism. The style represents yet another 20th century effort to wed the building forms of the past with new forms enabled by advances in building technology. New Formalist buildings embraced many Classical precedents such as building proportion and scale, classical columns, highly stylized entablatures, and colonades. However, they also used the newly discovered plastic-like qualities of concrete to create new forms such as umbrella shells, waffle slabs and folded plates.
Here in the Pacific Northwest, New Formalism was applied mainly to banking institutions and public buildings. Some of the best examples are found on college campuses in the form of auditoriums, libraries, and museums. Examples of small scale commercial buildings using the style can also be found, but are uncommon.
Buildings designed in the New Formalism style have a carefully organized hierarchy of space, and an emphasis is placed on the structural grid of the building. A single volume structure is preferred, and the buildings are often separated from nature by being set on a raised podium or base. Many have an exotic flavor and exterior wall surfaces of cast stone, brick and marble. New Formalist civic buildings are designed on a larger urban scale and achieve a monumental presence by emphasizing symmetry and the axis or orientation of the building. Later versions of the New Formalism style used exaggerated attic spaces to anchor the building to the ground.
Wenatchee, C. 1965
|Bon Marche - Tacoma Mall|
Tacoma, c. 1968
|Aberdeen Federal Savings & Loan|
Aberdeen, c. 1972
Highlands, c. 1967
|Pacific Science Center|
|National Bank of Commerce|
|National Bank of Washington| | <urn:uuid:151d525e-cd27-4bd9-bac4-6d5161097643> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.dahp.wa.gov/styles/new-formalism | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698544679.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170904-00286-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923444 | 440 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Tomorrow marks the 60th anniversary of one of the pivotal early moments of America’s Civil Rights Movement. Yet few are aware that the court decision that laid the groundwork for Brown vs. Board of Education happened right here in Orange County. On April 14, 1947 a court ruled in Mendez vs. Westminster that it was discriminatory and unconstitutional to send children of Mexican descent to separate (often inferior) schools.
Post-war Orange County was a much different place than the OC of today. Groves of oranges, lemons, walnuts, olives, and lima beans stretched for miles between small farm towns. Each of these towns had a barrio or two where the people who worked in these fields usually lived, often in small unpainted shacks that lacked electricity, heat, or running water. The children of these barrios were not permitted to attend the same schools as their non-Mexican peers. Instead, they were sent to run-down schools with outdated books and second-hand playground equipment. A few parents recognized the inherent inequality in their children’s education and tried to do something about it.
Many of these parents had just returned from fighting the armies of Hitler, Mussolini, and Hirohito overseas. They had left their families behind to risk their lives for our country. Yet they returned to an America where they were prohibited from moving outside of the barrio or sending their children to a well-maintained neighborhood school. So when Gonzalo Mendez, Thomas Estrada, William Guzman, Frank Palomino, and Lorenzo Ramirez (and their wives, who remain strangely anonymous) tried to enroll their children in school and were refused, they filed suit against the school districts of Westminster, Garden Grove, Santa Ana, and El Modena. They were labeled troublemakers by many. But that would not stop them from putting their livelihoods, longtime friendships and personal safety on the line to ensure equality of opportunity for their own children and all the children of California.
60 years ago this week, the parents won when the 9th Circuit Court ruled to uphold the decision of Judge Paul McCormick, despite an appeal filed by the school districts. Segregation in public educational facilities became illegal. California was the first in the nation to integrate it’s schools. Seven years later, the case was cited as precedent in the Brown decision that ended segregation in schools nationwide.
Today, the remaining plaintiffs are octogenarians. The schoolkids are now senior citizens with grandchildren. And their significant contribution to equality and civil rights remains a footnote in most history books. Revolutions, I think, are often incremental in nature.
On Saturday morning, the US Postal Service will unveil a postage stamp honoring the 60th Anniversary of the Mendez decision. This is a small but well-deserved symbol. These plaintiffs are Orange County’s own Rosa Parks figures. Their simple act of defiance changed the course of history for the entire nation. They took tremendous risks for the children and grandchildren of their neighbors. They challenged the flaws in the system by refusing to sit back and accept inequality. They are my heroes and my inspiration.
I am excited to meet some of them on Saturday morning at the unveiling of the postage stamp at Chapman University, 9 am to 12 noon at Beckman Hall (see details at www.chapman.edu/mendez). I owe them a great deal. It really is the very least I can do to pay them back.
Philosopher George Santayana wrote “Those who do not remember the past are condemned to repeat it.” Let’s take a few hours Saturday to remember our history in Orange County, flaws and all. And spend a moment to reflect upon how far we’ve come, while recognizing that there is further yet to go. | <urn:uuid:78864773-02c0-4e84-a134-3541a5bb4c6d> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.theliberaloc.com/2007/04/13/mendez-v-westminster-60th-anniversary/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802769550.123/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075249-00041-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974761 | 815 | 3.140625 | 3 |
What do affirmative action, socialism, and special education have in common? They all subscribe to the idea that "equal" means "the same in result" rather than "a consistent application of standards."
When I was first hired as a special educator, my soon-to-be supervisor mentioned her view that "'the same' and 'equal' are two different things." In context, what she meant is that applying the same rules and standards to all children does not lead to equal education, because some students have different needs than others. Being a new hire, I did not want to risk stirring waters by disagreeing with her, but the idea has become more and more worrisome and wrong-headed to me.
Now, "equal" can mean very different things to different people: (a) "equal" can mean a consistent application of rules; or (b) parity or result. Thus, equality can apply to (a) equality of rules and standards or (b) equality of results gotten.
Applied to the special education situation, one can argue that education can achieve "equality" in two ways: (a) education is equal when all students are held to the same standard, or (b) education is equal when all students are equally achieving. When my supervisor says that "the same" education is not "equal" education, her and I are disagreeing on what definition "equal" should have in education.
As a special educator, I certainly understand that different students come to education with very different abilities, predilections, and situations. But as an educator (without the 'special') I am also sensitive to the fact that American education operates on the premise that students are presented with standards they are to meet in order to advance to the next level. (The very idea of grade levels implies that different grade levels connote different levels of mastery of standards. If it were not this way, grade level would cease to mean anything.)
Unfortunately, special education is caught in a very tenuous middle position. On the one hand, American special education operates on the idea of "inclusion" or "mainstreaming," which says that disabled students and non-disabled ("abled") students should be in the same classes and be taught the same curricula. On the other hand, special education very much operates on a contradictory notion: that students should have work "individualized" to meet their unique needs. Thus, on the one hand, we have 'standards based' education, and on the other, 'child centered' education.
The problem is that these two ideas are in tension because they operate on two different notions of equality. "Standards based education" (the model of "inclusive" education) operates on "procedural, rather than outcome, equality") while "child centered" education operates on "outcome, rather than procedural, equality."
In my experience, special educators tend to be more sympathetic to the latter definition while general educators tend to be more sympathetic to the former definition. That makes me a rarity as I am a special educator who stands firmly with "equality of procedure" rather than "equality of results."
Why? Because it seems to me that there is little point in having a standardized curriculum and grade levels if each student is to have standards adjusted to fit their individual needs. How, in other words, are we to say that a student has passed ninth grade science that utilizes a standard curriculum if we add, as a caveat, that passing ninth grade science does not mean that all students had equal expectations put on them? "James had to do all the homework, while John only had to do 2/3rds" obliterates the idea that they both passed THE SAME class and mastered THE SAME material.
My supervisor might argue, though, that John has a processing delay or that, for some other reason, it takes him longer to do work than it does James. By this view, she is arguing that holding the same standard to two people of differing abilities is unequal.
I cannot say that this definition is wrong (words are defined by usage). I can, though, point out that such a view undermines the whole idea of American publication, with its desire to see all students come out with similar standards having been met. It undermines the idea inherent in grade levels - that passing x grade level means that the student has mastered the type of material expected of students in that grade.
So, in my personal opinion, special education is caught in a contradictory position. They are operating on a definition of "equal" that is in tension with the "procedural equality" that is the very cornerstone of what schools are designed to achieve. Quite simply, if education is to be individualized so that "equality of outcomes" becomes more important than "procedural equality," we might as well do away with grade level standards and any pretense of standards-based education. Quite simply, this would mean that the ideal of "common schools" and "common education" becomes lost.
Sadly, this seems to be where we are headed. | <urn:uuid:a13c42af-a094-4308-bf81-7d3467a8cdce> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://spedphilosopher.blogspot.com/2009/01/it-depends-on-what-your-definition-of.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424090.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20170722182647-20170722202647-00023.warc.gz | en | 0.975759 | 1,036 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Marbles are off different
types. Marbles are named after their location
from quarries. It includes Paros from
Greece, Penteli from Greece, Carrara from
Italy, Proconnesus from Turkey, Macael
from Spain, Makrana from India, Danby
from Vermont, and Yule from Colorado.
During the classical times, white marbles
like Carrara have prized for their sculpture.
Marbles are mainly used
for construction purpose. In construction
the term marble is used for massive, crystalline,
calcitic rock. Marble is used building
stone in construction industry.
Colorless marbles are used
by the industry in a wide variety and
it is pure source of calcium carbonate.
Ground marble powder is used as a component
in paints, toothpaste, plastics, and many
When marble become the
desired source for Greek and roman sculptors
and architect, marble become the cultural
symbol for tradition and refined taste.
It extremely varies and colorful pattern
makes it a favorite decorative material,
and are often imitated. | <urn:uuid:2c7b4d29-42c3-4833-8f0f-f1ec45b5fd15> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://graniterocktops.com/kinds_of_marble.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195524290.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20190715235156-20190716021156-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.912512 | 233 | 2.75 | 3 |
COCI 2008/2009, Contest #6
Little Ivica recently got a job delivering pizzas for the most popular pizzeria in town.
At the start of his work day, he receives a list with the locations to which he needs to deliver pizzas, in order in which the locations are given.
The city is divided into R×C cells. The rows are numbered 1 through R, columns 1 through C. From every cell, it is possible to move to neighbouring cells to the left and right. Moving up or down is only allowed in the first and last columns (columns 1 and C).
The pizzeria is in the top left corner (1, 1) and this is the location Ivica starts from. Ivica takes with him all the pizzas he will deliver that day so he does not have to return to the pizzeria between deliveries or after the last delivery.
For each location in the city, Ivica knows how much time he will spend every time he is in it (trying to get through the intersection, for example).
Write a program that calculates the smallest amount of time for Ivica to deliver all the pizzas.
The first line contains the integers R and C (1 ≤ R ≤ 2000, 1 ≤ C ≤ 200), the dimensions of the city. Each of the following R lines contains C integers. These are the times Ivica spends every time he enters a location. The times will be integers between 0 and 5000, inclusive.
The next line contains an integer D (1 ≤ D ≤ 200 000), the number of pizza deliveries that day. (No, it's not unrealistically large at all.)
Each of the following D lines contains two integers A and B (1 ≤ A ≤ R, 1 ≤ B ≤ C), the location to which a pizza must be delivered. The pizzas are given in the order in which they must be delivered. No location will be given twice in a row.
OutputOutput the smallest amount of time for Ivica to deliver all the pizzas.
ScoringIn test cases worth 70% of points, R will be at most 250.
3 3 1 8 2 2 3 2 1 0 1 3 1 3 3 3 2 2
2 5 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 2 3 2 4 1 5 2 2 2 5 2 1
In the first example, the shortest path goes through the following locations:
(1, 1), (2, 1), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (2, 3), (1, 3), (2, 3), (3, 3), (2, 3) and (2, 2).
The locations in bold show where Mirko made deliveries.
The total time for the deliveries is 1+2+1+0+1+2+2+2+1+2+3=17.
Point Value: 30 (partial)
Time Limit: 4.00s
Memory Limit: 128M
Added: Mar 10, 2009
C++03, PAS, C, HASK, ASM, RUBY, PYTH2, JAVA, PHP, SCM, CAML, PERL, C#, C++11, PYTH3 | <urn:uuid:c82fabbd-3bde-43b9-b144-55e1ba6f7f2b> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://wcipeg.com/problem/coci086p5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171176.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00583-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.911937 | 676 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The literal definition of the term macromolecule implies any large molecule, typically understood to be 1000 Daltons or greater. In the context of science and engineering, the term may be applied to conventional polymers and biopolymers (such as DNA or proteins) as well as non-polymeric molecules with large molecular mass such as lipids or macrocycles. Other large atomic networks, such as metallic covalent networks or fullerenes, are not generally described as macromolecules. The term macromolecule was coined by Nobel laureate Hermann Staudinger in the 1920s.
The use of the term macromolecule varies subtly from discipline to discipline. From the strict perspective of chemistry, a "molecule" is comprised of a number of atoms linked by covalent bonds. In biology and biochemistry, however, the term macromolecule may also refer to aggregates of two or more macromolecules held together by intermolecular forces rather than covalent bonds but which do not readily dissociate.
According to the recommended IUPAC definition the term macromolecule as used in polymer science refers only to a single molecule. For example, a single polymeric molecule is appropriately described as a "macromolecule" or "polymer molecule" rather than a "polymer", which suggests a substance composed of macromolecules. .
- van Holde, K.E. Principles of Physical Biochemistry Prentice Hall: New Jersey, 1998
- Glossary of Basic Terms in Polymer Science PDF, IUPAC recommendations 1996, prepared by a working group consisting of: A.D. Jenkins, P. Kratochvil, R.F.T. Stepto and U.W. Suter | <urn:uuid:b72d5ac5-b508-49c8-9cfd-3d80db41555a> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Macromolecule | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103360935.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220628081102-20220628111102-00188.warc.gz | en | 0.927321 | 381 | 3.609375 | 4 |
You are here: The Oldskool PC/The Classic Demoscenes/PC Demos Explained/htmlsounds/dd/PC Demos Explained/PC Demos Explained/htmlsounds/dd
By popular demand, the archive of PC Demos Explained is still available. Keep in mind it was last updated in 1994.
Some general info
A demo is a non-interactive multimedia presentation made within the computer subculture known as the demoscene. Demogroups create demos to demonstrate their abilities in programming, music, drawing, and 3D modeling. The key difference between a classical animation and a demo is that the display of a demo is computed in real time, making computing power considerations the biggest challenge. Demos are mostly composed of 3D animations mixed with 2D effects and full screen effects.
The boot block demos of the 1980s, demos that were created to fit within the small (generally 512 to 4096 bytes) first block of the floppy disk that was to be loaded into RAM, were typically created so that software crackers could boast of their accomplishment prior to the loading of the game. What began as a type of electronic graffiti on cracked software became an art form unto itself. The demoscene both produced and inspired many techniques used by video games and 3D rendering applications today - for instance, light bloom, among others.
There are demos available for a great variety of computing platforms. Currently, most new demos are native-code programs designed to run on PCs under the Microsoft Windows operating system, but demos are still actively being made for many other machines including old and new computers, consoles and mobile devices such as PDAs, mobile phones and pocket calculators.
The main historical platforms include Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum, Atari ST and Commodore Amiga, and demo competitions for these platforms are still relatively common on today's demo parties. There are even demos running on such diverse platforms as VIC-20, Commodore Plus/4, Atari 8-bit, Atari 2600, Amstrad CPC, Macintosh, Game Boy, GP32 and PlayStation.
Portions of this page are from Wikipedia and shares their CC-BY-SA license. | <urn:uuid:e4d81ffe-dc55-4d70-a76b-5fe4511be9f9> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://www.oldskool.org/demos/explained/htmlsounds/dd/explained/explained/htmlsounds/dd/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511761.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20181018084742-20181018110242-00028.warc.gz | en | 0.950059 | 447 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Child's Exposure to Radiation from Medical Imaging and the Risk of Childhood Leukemia: Pooled Analyses from the Childhood Leukemia International Consortium (CLIC)
Ionizing radiation is a known cause of leukemia in children. However, the effects of ionizing radiation at lower doses are unknown. Medical imaging technology has undoubtedly advanced the field of medicine. However, there is concern of radiation exposure from medical imaging and its impact on the development of cancer in children, especially with the continuing increased use of CT scans in the past 30 years. CT scans not only represent the largest medical source of radiation, but also deliver higher doses than conventional x-rays. Children are vulnerable because they are known to be particularly sensitive to radiation exposures and will have a longer life expectancy where they may be subject to additional carcinogens.
We plan to examine whether exposures to low-dose ionizing radiation delivered from medical imaging (like x-rays and computerized tomography [CT] scans) increase the risk of childhood leukemia, pooling data from 15 childhood leukemia studies worldwide participating in the Childhood Leukemia International Consortium (CLIC). The CLIC studies participating in this project include approximately 12,660 children (age 0-14 years) diagnosed with leukemia and 18,960 controls, representing the largest study to date with comprehensive epidemiologic and radiation exposure data. This study will contribute important information on childhood leukemia risk associated with early-life exposures to medical imaging and findings will provide useful resources to weigh the risks and benefits of medical imaging and improve prevention of childhood leukemia.
"Researchers from the Childhood Leukemia International Consortium and the University of California, Berkeley will conduct the largest collaborative study to date to quantify the risk of childhood leukemia associated with medical radiation, e.g., x-rays and CT scans. This project will provide important information to the research, clinical, and patient communities in an effort to balance the benefits and risks of medical imaging." - UC Berkeley | <urn:uuid:ec64caa0-9ec8-4f44-9564-82f23be294fa> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.alexslemonade.org/grantee/catherine-metayer-mdphd-steve-selvin-phd | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474744.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228175828-20240228205828-00705.warc.gz | en | 0.918564 | 388 | 2.75 | 3 |
Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Biological: Behavioural genetics · Evolutionary psychology · Neuroanatomy · Neurochemistry · Neuroendocrinology · Neuroscience · Psychoneuroimmunology · Physiological Psychology · Psychopharmacology (Index, Outline)
An autosomal dominant gene is one that occurs on an autosomal (non-sex determining) chromosome. As it is dominant, the phenotype it gives will be expressed even if the gene is heterozygous. This contrasts with recessive genes, which need to be homozygous to be expressed.
The chances of an autosomal dominant disorder being inherited are 50% if one parent is heterozygous for the mutant gene and the other is homozygous for the normal, or 'wild-type', gene. This is because the offspring will always inherit a normal gene from the parent carrying the wild-type genes, and will have a 50% chance of inheriting the mutant gene from the other parent. If the mutant gene is inherited, the offspring will be heterozygous for the mutant gene, and will suffer from the disorder. If the parent with the disorder is homozygous for the gene, the offspring produced from mating with an unaffected parent will always have the disorder. See Mendelian inheritance.
Some diseases inherit in this fashion but still affect less than 50% of the offspring; in this case the disease is termed of having incomplete penetrance.
Examples of dominant genes include the tumor supressor genes BRCA1 and BRCA2. Mutations in these genes lead to the development of breast cancer, as the tumour-suppressing functions of the proteins encoded by the genes have been disabled.
Another example of an autosomal dominant disorder is Huntington's disease, which is a neurological disorder resulting in impaired motor function. The mutant gene results in an abnormal protein, containing large repeats of amino acid glutamine. This defective protein is toxic to neural tissue, resulting in the characteristic symptoms of the disease.
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).| | <urn:uuid:5a31389b-7571-457d-bb82-da50143ec1f1> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Autosomal_dominant | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375095557.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031815-00244-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.844906 | 436 | 3.328125 | 3 |
A team of scientists has unearthed the fossil remnants of a tropical forest on the arctic island of Svalbard, and it could help explain one of the most dramatic climate shifts in Earth’s history.
The fossil forest—stumps of lycopod trees that reached heights of about 13 feet—dates back to the late Devonian period some 380 million years ago. (Svalbard, now a frozen wasteland, was a lush chunk of equatorial real estate at that time.) It’s among the oldest forests ever discovered, eclipsed only by a mid-Devonian forest in Gilboa, New York.
The end of the Devonian was marked by a dramatic global cooling event caused by a drop in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. One explanation for the atmospheric shift is the rise of CO2-hungry forests, but to date, very few Devonian trees have actually been found. Firm evidence for tropical forests at the end Devonian supports the theory that trees had a big role to play in the climactic shift that would usher in an era of complex terrestrial ecosystems.
A reconstructed drawing of a Svalbard fossil forest. Image Credit: Chris Berry/ Cardiff University
“During the Devonian Period, it is widely believed that there was a huge drop in the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, from 15 times the present amount to something approaching current levels,” said Cardiff University’s Chris Berry, lead author on a study appearing this week in Geology.
“The evolution of tree-sized vegetation is the most likely cause of this dramatic drop in carbon dioxide because the plants were absorbing carbon dioxide through photosynthesis to build their tissues, and also through the process of forming soils,” he continued.
Ultimately, Devonian trees probably set the stage of land-based life as we know it. It’s a nice reminder that plants were engineering the Earth long before humans came on the scene—and that we owe our very existence to their efforts.
Want more updates from Gizmodo UK? Make sure to check out our @GizmodoUK Twitter feed, and our Facebook page. | <urn:uuid:5c3d7111-a143-4228-a1e7-1162a7009ae0> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.gizmodo.co.uk/2015/11/a-fossilised-tropical-forest-is-helping-solve-an-ancient-climate-mystery/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187826840.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023221059-20171024001059-00181.warc.gz | en | 0.953905 | 438 | 4.15625 | 4 |
That the Civil War was an exceptionally dangerous period in U.S./British relations is a popular belief among scholars and enthusiasts alike. However, Phillip Myers seeks to dispel such notions in his book Caution and Cooperation. Through a meticulous examination of the evidence, Myers constructs a persuasive case for the idea that British intervention in the Civil War was never really close, and the relations between the two powers are instead best characterized as a continuation of a long standing and assiduously maintained rapprochement. War served the national interest of neither nation, a truth that was recognized early on by both President Lincoln and U.K. Prime Minister Palmerston (regardless of the latter's personal antipathy toward the U.S.).
Of course, a number of well documented political crises emerged during the Civil War years that would strain American foreign relations. Along with its complaints about active blockade running by British citizens, the U.S. government deplored the U.K. proclamation of neutrality, it's construction of commerce raiders, and its recognition of Confederate belligerency status. On the other side, the British protested the Union naval blockade (and initially had very reasonable doubts as to its legality), its frequent extension to neutral ports, and the seizures of neutral shipping. Each policy decision, crisis point, and resolution is painstakingly presented and analyzed by Myers; all persuasively (and repeatedly) linked to his main thesis -- that long term, mutual 'caution and cooperation' defined relations between the two countries. If Myers's characterization of the process is accurate overall -- and there is no significant indication that it isn't -- the brand of diplomacy crafted by the Lincoln/Seward and Palmerston/Russell teams was a model one, a means to effectively reinforce shared national aims while at the same time smoothly resolve both longstanding differences and unexpected crises. Negotiations were conducted through private channels and differences that were found to be unresolvable in the short term were simply shelved for later.
Internal divisions within the American and British cabinets might also have led to war. The author devotes a great deal of space detailing the efforts of Secretary Seward and President Lincoln to suppress both anti-British feeling within the cabinet and Radical Republican saber rattling in the legislature (especially Sen. Charles Sumner) and the press. Palmerston made a similar effort to quash interventionist proposals from his colleagues (most prominently William Gladstone). Myers contrasts these skillful political maneuvers with the Davis administration's disorganized and abrasive Confederate diplomacy toward Europe, from the failed cotton embargo to the poorly chosen overseas representatives.
Caution and Cooperation also deals at length with the more long-standing issues of mistrust between the U.S. and Britain. The border situation in Puget Sound is briefly touched upon, but most attention is paid to the larger issue of a potential American invasion and annexation of the Canadian provinces. Though misplaced, fears of losing Canada to U.S. imperial designs were entertained by the Palmerston government throughout the war. A lengthy chapter is also devoted to slave trade interdiction efforts off the coast of Africa. Prior to the Civil War period, Britain had serious doubts as to the sincerity of American cooperation, an issue that was addressed largely to their satisfaction by the Lincoln administration.
Complaints about this impressive book are niggling in nature. While frequent reinforcement of the author's findings as they related to his main thesis were a frequently effective argumentation tool, the degree of repetition in the text was a bit too much at times. Also, some of the temporal arrangements in the narrative were mildly confusing.
Caution and Cooperation is an original and important book. It's case against the view that Antietam and the Emancipation Proclamation were decisive in preventing foreign recognition of the Confederacy is very compelling. In terms of diplomatic impact, it seems that the most that can be said for them was that they extinguished already dying embers of Confederate hopes. These were important events to be sure, but British cabinet and public support for intervention never had significant momentum. Myers also effectively demonstrates that the Civil War, far from being an exceptionally divisive event in American-British relations, fits squarely within a decades long tradition of diplomatic cooperation. Instead of damaging relations for an extended post-war period [a widely accepted interpretation], the mutually beneficial resolution process to issues raised by the Civil War actually increased the bond between the two countries. This book is highly recommended, and sure to spark debate.
[ed. 7/23: Brett at TOCWOC has a review up as well. Check it out here] | <urn:uuid:445291fb-c343-425f-a2a0-f5d45ca80ba3> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://cwba.blogspot.com/2008/07/myers-caution-and-cooperation-american.html?showComment=1216787340000 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375095632.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031815-00226-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972185 | 927 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Essay about missouri compromise
Free essay: the north and the south were far from settling the slave issue another reason that caused the south to go to war was the difference in economic. Free essay on the missouri compromise available totally free at echeatcom, the largest free essay community. Free essay: also, some politicians, such as henry clay thought that a civil war would occur if the compromise did not take any effect the compromise tariff. Missouri compromise, which set a limit on how far north slavery could spread, but did not outlaw slavery all together this would bring an end to what is termed. You have not saved any essays in 1819, the united states of america suffered one of history's most severe clashes between the northern states and the southern states. Thematic essay, dbq essay) on this exam after each question has been rated the required eg, the missouri compromise and the compromise of 1850 8.
The missouri compromise essays by 1819, a heated controversy over whether or not missouri was to be admitted to the union as a slave state or as a free state was. Author: matthew mason title: the missouri compromise of 1820 the missouri compromise settled the question of slavery in that state but was a harbinger of issues. Reasons for the missouri compromise sign up to view the whole essay and download the pdf for anytime access on your computer, tablet or smartphone. View essay - missouri compromise long essay from history 72836 at dexter high, dexter joy hook mrs washington ap us history 11 december 2015 back when states were. Read this american history essay and over 88,000 other research documents the missouri compromise the missouri compromise essay written by unknown a compromise is. The missouri compromise the missouri compromise, written by henry clay, attempted to limit the slavery boundaries it was later declared unconstitutional.
The missouri compromise essay soon after, the missouri compromise of 1820 was the agreement that politicians made to evenly balance slave states and free states. Missouri compromise: primary documents of american history (virtual services and programs, digital reference section, library of congress. Compromise essay the missouri compromise was eventually repealed by the kansas- nebraska act and even though the opposition was of the majority. The missouri compromise - missouri essay example the missouri compromise is one of the agreements that would eventually lead.
Free missouri compromise papers, essays, and research papers. Missouri compromise this essay missouri compromise and other 63,000+ term papers, college essay examples and free essays are available now on reviewessayscom. Research essay sample on united states senate missouri compromise custom essay writing missouri state slave free. The missouri compromise is one of the agreements that would eventually lead to the shaping of the united states as it is today the controversy that has arisen prior.
Essay about missouri compromise
Unlike most editing & proofreading services, we edit for everything: grammar, spelling, punctuation, idea flow, sentence structure, & more get started now. Essay writing guide learn missouri compromise and it was only extremely anti-slavery groups in the northeast that led moral attacks to try and restrict.
- Read this essay on missouri compromise come browse our large digital warehouse of free sample essays get the knowledge you need in order to pass your classes and more.
- Missouri compromise within american history, the events leading up to the civil war tell an interesting story of the mindset of northerners and southerners at the time.
- Best answer: for your essay, i would first tell the background of the missouri compromise, who backed it, what it did, and why it was necessary.
- Essay about history: american revolution and missouri compromise essay # 10 examine political crisis of 1850 the kansa nebraska act created the territories of kansas.
The missouri compromise introduction the name ‘missouri’ was first used by jacques marquette who was a missionary from france the missouri treaty was formed. Compromise essay compromise essay the missouri compromise was eventually repealed by the kansas- nebraska act and even though the opposition was of the majority. According to the textbook american passages, around 1818-1819 there were many debates about if the states in the louisiana territory would be admitted the union as. The missouri compromise brought missouri, a slave state, and maine, a free state, into the union. The missouri compromise the missouri compromise, written by henry clay, attempted to limit the slavery boundaries it was later declared unconstitutional and is also. | <urn:uuid:f1f9ab7a-f2ac-40dc-b9bc-7606a68cb9ac> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://efcourseworksluc.1hourloans.us/essay-about-missouri-compromise.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221211316.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20180816230727-20180817010727-00149.warc.gz | en | 0.942078 | 949 | 3.625 | 4 |
Campers, take comfort: Scientists have found a way to genetically alter mosquitoes so they lose their preference for the scent of humans.
The pesky insects hunt down their hosts using odor cues, body heat and exhaled carbon dioxide. The mosquito species Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti strongly prefer human odors, and by targeting humans, they spread nasty diseases like malaria and dengue fever.
In the study, researchers created mosquitoes with a mutant olfactory gene that disrupted the insects' sense of smell. The mutant mosquitoes failed to respond to human scent except in the presence of carbon dioxide, and even then, they were no more attracted to humans than to other animals. The modified bloodsuckers also lost their aversion to the smell of the insect repellent DEET, but could still detect the potent chemical on the surface of human skin. [Gallery: Drop-Dodging Mosquitoes]
Knowing the factors that attract mosquitoes to humans opens the door to finding new ways of repelling them. "By disrupting a single gene, we can fundamentally confuse the mosquito from its task of seeking humans," senior study author Leslie Vosshall, a neurogeneticist at The Rockefeller University in New York, said in a statement from Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
Vosshall had been studying a gene called "orco" in flies, which played an important role in the flies' ability to detect odors. There were hints that mosquitoes utilized smells in their environment, so Vosshall suspected the orco gene might be important for mosquitoes as well as flies.
Using genetic engineering techniques, Vosshall and her colleagues mutated the orco gene in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The team exposed normal and mutant mosquitoes to nylon sleeves smelling of humans, in the presence or absence of carbon dioxide. The scientists also tested the mosquitoes' ability to distinguish between air that passed over a human arm or a live guinea pig.
The mutant mosquitoes couldn't detect human scent in the absence of carbon dioxide. Even with carbon dioxide, the mutants showed no preference for human scent, and were equally attracted to the human and guinea pig scents.
In another experiment, Vosshall's team measured how the insect mutants responded to DEET, the active ingredient in many insect repellants. The mosquitoes were offered a choice of a human arm slathered in DEET or a clean arm.
Mosquitoes with the mutant scent gene flew toward both arms indiscriminately. Upon landing, however, the bugs found the DEET arm strongly repulsive. The findings suggest mosquitoes use two distinct mechanisms to detect DEET — one that acts at a distance and one used in close proximity to the skin.
Further research will explore how the orco gene affects the odor receptors that mosquitoes use to sniff out human flesh. Once scientists understand how current insect repellants work, they can develop better ones, Vosshall said.
The findings were reported online today (May 29) in the journal Nature.
More on LiveScience and MNN: | <urn:uuid:5c468b91-3817-447d-8ce9-93547a096ff4> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.mnn.com/green-tech/research-innovations/stories/genetically-altered-mosquitoes-lose-their-taste-for-humans | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982292659.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195812-00072-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943922 | 622 | 3.625 | 4 |
The collared coat is possibly a sherwani – a garment that displaced the jama, angarkha kind of tunics of the Mughal and Rajput courts by the late 19th/early 20th century. As in this pic you could wear a shirt under the sherwani. Collars were less common than the bandhgala or mandarin collar version. While there is a lot of variation in turbans in India in the 19th century by the 1930s this kind of safa pagri was common in North India (South India favoured the Mysore peta). Ear piercings for men was common in India but it’s use declined over the 20th century.
Rajasthan princes, 1920s. Possibly grooms since both wear sehras. Rather different from the Punjabi sehra you normally see, also looks a little uncomfortable. The sherwani of pic 1 is probably silk with gold embroidery, pic 2 looks like a brocade/silk jama. Pic 1 also reminds me of Sushant Singh Rajput🙂
Sahibzada Abdul Aziz Khan* and Sa’adat Ali Khan of Tonk in 1925, the latter became the Nawab in 1930. The sherwanis are possibly velvet with gold/silver embroidery. Even though this style is seen in many historical, it is more late 19th/early 20th cent. – it is seen in a number of portraits in this period. Caps (topi) as seen on the Sahibzada were also often of velvet with gold/silver thread embroidery.
Sometimes the edging of the sherwani is not embroidered but more in the manner of trims as on the senior Nawab of Tonk.
*per my notes poisoned two years after this photograph was taken.
More often than not vintage photographs of Indian royalty display a good deal of finery and jewellery so that the two seem synonymous. But dressing styles in fact varied a lot and were sometimes austere as in this portrait of Pratap Singh (see also the Gwalior Maharaja).
The jama with the side open flap and turban is seen in other 19th century portraits like this one of Raja Deen Dayal. | <urn:uuid:39898efd-e715-4b06-8a02-dcdc7e5d50fb> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://vintageindianclothing.com/2015/09/04/indian-royals-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303779.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220122073422-20220122103422-00132.warc.gz | en | 0.963891 | 479 | 2.75 | 3 |
Tasmania health officials are advising people who live on the East Coast, or plan on traveling there, to ensure they protect themselves against mosquitoes following a number of cases of Barmah Forest virus.
To date, five confirmed cases of the mosquito-borne disease have been reported, with a two additional cases being investigated.
Officials note that these cases represent the first time they have been able to confirm the virus has been contracted in Tasmania.
Public Health Services has partnered with University of Tasmania to conduct mosquito trapping in an attempt to learn more about this outbreak.
PHS and UTAS staff will volunteer their time this weekend to set a number of traps on the East Coast.
The trapping will attempt to confirm the presence of mosquito species known to carry the virus, and also to hopefully trap a mosquito carrying the virus for further research.
Barmah Forest virus is spread by the bite of an infected mosquito. It is related to Ross River virus.
Barmah Forest virus is relatively common in mainland states but has not been thought to be present in Tasmania until recently.
Many people may be asymptomatic. If symptoms are present, they can manifest as fever, headache, aches and pains in muscles and joints, tiredness, rash and swollen or stiff joints.
Symptoms usually develop three to 21 days after being bitten by an infected mosquito. Most people recover completely in a few weeks.
Preventing insect bites will also protect against other mosquito-borne diseases, such as Ross River virus, and tick-borne diseases, such as Flinders Island spotted fever.
To protect against mosquitoes and ticks:
•Avoid mosquito-infested areas, where possible.
•Cover-up with a loose-fitting long sleeved shirt and long pants when outside.
•Put mosquito repellent on exposed skin.
•Take special care during peak mosquito biting hours, especially around dawn and dusk, and when outdoors or camping.
•Remove potential mosquito breeding sites from around the home and screen windows and doors.
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- Honduras: Sharp increase in cases of dengue fever, mostly children | <urn:uuid:5fed4107-9f9b-4ab3-9678-289c004c91e2> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://outbreaknewstoday.com/tasmania-five-confirmed-cases-of-barmah-forest-virus-infection-reported-63997/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232255943.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20190520101929-20190520123929-00493.warc.gz | en | 0.944651 | 541 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Diabetic Food List
Using your diabetic food list to follow a diabetic menu appears complicated when you start. Sometimes we feel that it takes too much time and effort and give up on it. However, as we gather more and more knowledge and understanding of the effects of diabetes on our bodies we try harder and after a while it becomes easier.
When we eat food, the pancreas is supposed to automatically produce the proper amount of insulin to move the glucose from the blood into our cells. In diabetics though, the pancreas either produces little or no insulin, or the cells do not properly respond to the insulin that is produced.
Glucose builds up in the blood, overflows into the urine and eventually passes out of the body. This means the body loses its main source of fuel even though the blood contains large amounts of glucose.
If you have diabetes, healthy eating should be an essential part of managing your disease. A good, healthy diet with items from a diabetic food list can help you to control your weight and blood sugar level. Many medical professionals recommend the following diabetic food list.
Complex high-fiber carbohydrates:
Scientific evidence show that diets high in dietary fiber helps to stabilize diabetes. Fiber slows the digestion and absorption of carbohydrate and helps to prevent increases in blood sugar. It is advisable to restrict the intake of refined carbohydrates and avoid high fat foods.
Some foods with high fiber are Oats, cereals, legumes, wholegrain products, dried beans, peas, lentils, fruits, and vegetables.
A vitamin-like antioxidant that enhances the glucose absorption and reduces nerve damage in diabetes patient.
Protects against the hardening of arteries. For example: Cold water fish like salmon, tuna, mackerel, and herring.
Omega 6 fatty acid:
Protect against the development of diabetes neuropathy. For example: Blackcurrant oil, primrose oil, borage oil.
Such as aspartame and saccharin. This would have to be a personal decision as there are many negative rumors about these kinds of products.
Bran, oats, wheat, brown rice, and rye.
Beans and Legumes:
Chickpeas, kidney beans, lentils, soy beans, black-eyed peas, lima beans, and pinto beans.
Broccoli, cauliflower, string beans, asparagus, brussel sprouts, avocado, collard greens, peppers, radishes, tomatoes, turnips, squash, dill pickles.
Apples, bananas, pears, strawberries, blueberries, peaches, plums, oranges, tangerines.
Reduced-fat milk, cottage cheese, reduced-fat yogurt, reduced-fat cheeses, reduced-fat sour cream, sugar-free ice-cream, eggs.
Chicken breast, turkey breast, lean cut beef, bacon, sausage.
Fish and Shellfish:
Cod, flounder, salmon, tuna, shrimp, lobster, clams.
Sugar-free gelatin, sugar-free hard candies, sugar-free chocolate, sugar-free gum.
Sugar-free jams and jellies, mustard, vinegar, salsa.
Mineral water, club sodas, sugar-free sodas, ice-tea, lemonade, and fruit juices, coffee and tea.
Seasonings and Herbs:
Any amount of fresh or dried herbs.
like garlic, hot sauce, horseradish, and Worcestershire sauce are suitable seasonings to use as well.
The following methods for preparing meals from your diabetic food list should also be taken into consideration:
- Use vegetable spray instead of oil, shortening or butter.
- Steam your vegetables using a low-fat broth or water.
- Season your foods with herbs, spices, vinegar, or lemon juice.
- Use low sugar or sugar free jams instead of butter or margarine.
- Eat low fat or fat free cottage cheese, or non-fat yogurt.
- Eat your chicken or turkey without the skin.
- Buy only lean meats and broil, roast, stir-fry or grill them.
- Use canola or olive oil instead of vegetable oils.
- Eat whole grain breads and cereals.
- Eat sugar free foods as much as possible.
As a diabetic, if you are not sure about what foods you should be eating, make sure you consult your with doctor and ask your dietitian to compile a diabetic food list for you. If you do not consider yourself to be too creative in the kitchen, there are many cookbooks available that have numerous recipes for diabetic food..
If artificial sweeteners can be avoided, do so. I try to eat my foods in a natural state as much as possible for fear of using foods with harmful substances that will cause more problems for me.
All varieties of fruits and vegetables are suitable for a diabetic food list. To slow digestion, adequate amounts of fiber should be consumed. Eating the skin of the apples and some other fruits and a portion of protein or other acceptable fat, will help.
Click here to find more information on diabetic food lists.
Return from Diabetic Food List to the Simple Diabetes Notes Home Page. | <urn:uuid:c99afd44-5481-4361-b71f-0a0e429db88c> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.simple-diabetes-notes.com/diabetic-food-list.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936460576.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074100-00008-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.881274 | 1,086 | 2.765625 | 3 |
FACT SHEET: Working Together to Build a Sustainable Water Future
Water challenges are facing communities and regions across the United States, impacting millions of lives and costing billions of dollars in damages. These challenges are particularly problematic in predominantly poor, minority, or rural communities, where water inequality can go hand-in-hand with socioeconomic inequality. Recent events, including record-breaking drought in the West, severe flooding in the Southeast, and the water-quality crisis in Flint, MI, have elevated a national dialogue on the state of our Nation’s water resources and infrastructure. This dialogue is increasingly important as a growing population and changing climate continue to exacerbate water challenges. Accordingly, we must work together to build a sustainable water future—one in which everyone has access to the safe, clean, and affordable water they need, when and where they need it.
That’s why today, as part of World Water Day, the White House is hosting a Water Summit to shine a spotlight on the importance of cross-cutting, creative solutions to solving the water problems of today, as well as to highlight the innovative strategies that will catalyze change in how we use, conserve, protect, and think about water in the years to come.
In addition, following the White House’s call to action issued in December, more than 150 external institutions are joining the Federal government in announcing new efforts and commitments to enhance the sustainability of water in the United States by managing our water resources and infrastructure for the long term. These efforts and commitments include needed steps to accelerate development, demonstration, and deployment of innovative technologies; support critical research; enhance data collection, access, and usability; conserve water and water basins; raise public awareness; and deliver tools and technologies so that we can ensure that future generations have access to safe and reliable water resources.
Click here to learn more about all of the commitments and announcements being made today. They include:
- Nearly $4 billion in private capital committed to investment in a broad range of water-infrastructure projects nationwide. This includes $1.5 billion from Ultra Capital to finance decentralized and scalable water-management solutions, and $500 million from Sustainable Water to develop water reclamation and reuse systems.
- More than $1 billion from the private sector over the next decade to conduct research and development into new technologies. This includes $500 million from GE to fuel innovation, expertise, and global capabilities in advanced water, wastewater, and reuse technologies.
- A Presidential Memorandum and supporting Action Plan on building national capabilities for long-term drought resilience in the United States, including by setting drought resilience policy goals, directing specific drought resilience activities to be completed by the end of the year, and permanently establishing the National Drought Resilience Partnership as an interagency task force responsible for coordinating drought-resilience, response, and recovery efforts.
- Nearly $35 million this year in Federal grants from the Environmental Protection Agency, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the National Science Foundation, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture to support cutting-edge water science;
- The release of a new National Water Model that will dramatically enhance the Nation’s river-forecasting capabilities by delivering forecasts for approximately 2.7 million locations, up from 4,000 locations today (a 700-fold increase in forecast density).
We encourage you to tune into the livestream of the White House Water Summit from 9:00 AM – 12:30 PM EDT, and to participate virtually using the hashtags #WHWaterSummit and #WorldWaterDay.
Moving forward, the Administration will continue to carefully examine and take action in areas where further effort is needed to protect our Nation’s water resources and build a sustainable water future. | <urn:uuid:1c3aa4e5-1150-4236-9ca7-a26183d25311> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/03/22/fact-sheet-working-together-build-sustainable-water-future | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267164925.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20180926121205-20180926141605-00155.warc.gz | en | 0.932913 | 761 | 3.015625 | 3 |
23/24 Equality & Diversity: Meeting the OFSTED requirements of teaching of protected characteristicsBook Now
EAL Equality and Diversity
|Start Date and Time
|Tuesday 19 March 1:15 pm
|End Date and Time
|Tuesday 19 March 4:00 pm
|Subscriber Credit Cost
|PAYG Credit Cost
|This course will: a)provide an understanding of the protected characteristics and their links to the key OFSTED and National legislation. B) consider why issues around equality and diversity need to be central to the ethos of a school and explore the guidelines relating to equality and diversity in schools. c) Promote understanding of teachers'roles and responsibilities in relation to teaching of protected characteristics and the expectation to teach and promote British Values within the whole school curriculum. d) Support senior leaders to effectively asses and audit provision to meet OFSTED expectations.
• how inspectors will gather evidence on the promotion of equality and pupils’ understanding of the protected characteristics.
• the protected characteristics
• practical ways to meet all schools' duties eliminate discrimination, promote equality of opportunity and foster good relation between pupils as outlined in key legislations
• how embedding equalities and diversity in the school can support all children's social, moral, spiritual and cultural development and prepare them for life in modern Britain
• how assessment tools and links to curriculum provision for year groups can form part of wider approach to equality and diversity
• embedding British Values within individual schools | <urn:uuid:dbafbf5b-723b-4ac1-958b-fc85c9e10136> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://cpd.ucshrewsbury.ac.uk/catalogue/2660 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474686.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227184934-20240227214934-00300.warc.gz | en | 0.884634 | 303 | 3.046875 | 3 |
The following sections explore the types of games that young people are immersed in online and the issues that may be encountered, and provide guidelines for parents to help them manage gaming in the home.
Different Types of Games
Virtual worlds are online worlds that are inhabited by users who take the shape of avatars (cartoon characters that represent you, which you can choose characteristics for). Internet users who are online simultaneously meet in the virtual world and communicate through their avatar by chat – sometimes with audio or video options.
Virtual worlds are a relatively recent phenomenon and are very popular with youth, with three times as many young people than adults populating them.
There are two main types of virtual worlds:
- environments that provide a setting for socializing, playing and shopping; and
- massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs) that provide a storyline or quest.
Virtual worlds are particularly interesting to adolescents as they are real-time places in which they can experiment with all kinds of situations and identities. As their personalities develop, teens are attracted to the opportunity to test behaviours and identity anonymously in a relatively protected environment. For example, through their avatars, kids can:
- experiment with different ages and genders; and
- test behaviour that would be considered risky offline (such as aggressiveness or double-crossing) and observe the immediate impact of this behaviour on others.
Some psychologists believe that virtual worlds can help teenagers deal positively with changes that occur at puberty by letting them explore different personas and social situations. However, if their involvement becomes compulsive and dominates a teenager’s life at the expense of face-to-face socializing with peers, it can have the opposite effect.
Socializing environments (i.e. Club Penguin and Teen Second Life)
When using these sites, children are learning valuable social skills for interacting in online communities. For example, Webkinz represents a simplified version of a social network where children interact through their Webkinz avatar. Two friends, each owning a Webkinz toy, can have their avatars play together on the Webkinz site. With this in mind, children need to learn proper social skills for virtual worlds and understand that there are people behind the avatars, so should be treated with respect.
As virtual worlds usually include some type of chat, children can learn communication skills. In Club Penguin, for instance, children can communicate with each other through two levels of chat: a secure mode where children use pre-programmed phrases to communicate and a second mode where children are free to type whatever they like. For children who are just learning to write, the free chat mode helps familiarize them with the keyboard and how to use writing for fun in real life communications.
Online multiplayer games
The main difference between virtual world games and “traditional” video games that are not played online is that the former allows players to create and play within real online communities, with both their offline friends and players from all around the world. Popular examples are RuneScape and World of Warcraft.
The community aspect of these games provides players with valuable opportunities to learn and practise important social skills such as helping or guiding a newcomer and organizing groups or guilds, and learning how to make moral or ethical decisions about how a community, city or nation should be run.
When confronted with extreme situations that they are unlikely to encounter in the “real world”, youth can also learn the skills to manage the unexpected and deal with crisis situations.
According to a 2008 study, teens who have these civic gaming experiences report much higher levels of civic and political engagement than teens that have not had this kind of experience.
Massively multiplayer online role-playing games are intrinsically time-consuming. They are sometimes referred to as persistent worlds because they continue to evolve, whether or not the player is online. This can be very addictive for players, who feel the need to constantly check back into the game to see what’s happening. In some games, the avatar disappears if the player hasn’t clocked a certain number of hours per week.
Because the storyline is developed by interactions between players, it is difficult to estimate how much time a session or game will take. Knowing this, parents can better understand why their child may not be able to “disconnect” from the game come mealtime.
Issues Relating to Gaming
Adults have some concerns about kids and online gaming which are mainly related to multi-player games. These include the amount of time kids spend playing these games, problematic content such as violence and sexual stereotyping, and exposure to nasty behaviour from other players.
Over the past decade there has been considerable debate on violence in video games. Notwithstanding, during this period, video game popularity and real-world youth violence have been moving in opposite directions. Research shows that not all children are affected and for those who are, not necessarily in the same way.
When multi-player games contain violence, the most important aspect is how violence occurs within the game-playing scenario. Even though there is debate about the effects of video game violence generally, research is pretty conclusive that gratuitous and inexplicable violence is more psychologically damaging than violence that occurs as a response to a situation.
Some parents have found creative ways to help their kids think this through: for example, one father agreed to let his 13-year-old son purchase the war game Call of Duty, but only on the express condition that his son fight according to the rules of the Geneva Convention when he played.
Multi-player online games also present concerns in terms of violence and sexual content because players who do not necessarily know one another communicate through chat mode and represent their characters as they please. Unlike regular games, which have ratings to guide parents, players drive the storylines in multi-player online games, making it very difficult to gauge the amount of sexual content and violence a game will have.
Sexual stereotypes are another aspect of video games that can be worrying. The bad news is that physical appearance is often stereotyped for both male and female characters but the good news is that female characters are getting much more diverse. Presumably, this is the result of a demographic evolution in gamers. In Japan and the United States, the percentages of male and female players are virtually the same when it comes to multi-player online games (like World of Warcraft).
Online multi-player games such as World of Warcraft can become habit-forming, and excessive playing is an issue even with very young kids. The social aspect of these games is attractive to introverted children or teens because they can assume roles that are different from their offline personalities and interact with others in ways they can’t offline. However, when playing becomes excessive, kids run the risk of becoming further isolated from friends and peers. These games can also have a serious impact on kids’ health by depriving them of sleep and replacing more active, physical play. For more information see the Excessive Internet Use section.
Consumerism and spending
It’s important that parents understand that virtual worlds are as much about commerce as socialization. From buying more Webkinz toys to purchasing land on Second Life, most virtual worlds are commercial environments where kids are encouraged to buy products for their avatars, or real world products for themselves. Habbo Hotel, for example, describes itself as an online environment that provides companies and brands “with a completely new and exciting way of building their brand value among teenagers.” For information on the product-branded games kids play on commercial websites (also known as advergames), see the Online Marketing section.
Tips for Parents
There are a number of steps parents can take to offset potential problems with gaming.
- Where violence is a logical part of the storyline, players need to consider whether or not the game provides opportunities to avoid or limit the use of force. Parents should discuss this with their kids and talk to them about how media sometimes trivializes violence.
- Because many online role playing games are designed to encourage gamers to continue to play more (in some games, the avatar disappears if the player hasn’t clocked a certain number of hours per week) it’s a good idea for parents to check whether there are a minimum weekly number of hours of play required before their child registers with an online game.
- Parents should also talk to their kids about time management and plan game playing for times when gaming won’t conflict with other priorities.
- If parents are gamers themselves, provide a role model by monitoring their own playing habits.
- To prevent overspending, look for virtual worlds that don’t encourage consumerism – ones that promote charitable giving or civic engagement. For example, Global Kids aims to develop global citizenship and community leadership skills in young people.
Tips for choosing the right game for your child
While some online games such as EverQuest have an Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) rating, the ESRB notes that since game content is provided by users, it is difficult to evaluate. However, some publishers have agreed to moderate or filter shocking or illicit content that could be shared by the players. In Europe, this code of behaviour is symbolized by the PEGI Online Safety Code (POSC) distinction.
- Parents should read the “Terms and Conditions” and “Game Policies” and “Parents” sections on their kids’ game sites to see whether or not chat is moderated, how to report inappropriate conduct, how to block harassing players, if personal information is collected and how it is used.
- When children start playing online games parents should join them (even if it’s just sitting and watching them play) to understand the rules and evaluate the risks involved.
- Parents should check out the video games review section of the Common Sense Media site for the content and age appropriateness of specific games.
- Parents should also look for games that have the appropriate ESRB rating for their child’s age. Keep in mind that the ratings are guidelines and every child is different. Even games with the “Everyone” rating may contain content that some children find frightening.
- For free online games not rated by the ESRB, check the “Terms and Conditions” (usually the link is found at the bottom of the page) to see what the recommended age is for using the site.
This video from the Entertainment Software Association of Canada offers a step-by-step guide for using parental controls features for online games. | <urn:uuid:e6c2e885-6f2b-47c0-8695-d08bdffc310a> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://mediasmarts.ca/digital-media-literacy/general-information/internet-mobile/online-gaming | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824733.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021095939-20171021115939-00438.warc.gz | en | 0.953835 | 2,158 | 3.53125 | 4 |
FLOOD RECOVERY PROGRAMME
The 2022 floods were Pakistan worst disaster in decades
in Loss and Damage
people pushed into poverty
The Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) estimates total damages to exceed USD 14.9 billion, and total economic losses to reach about USD 15.2 billion. Estimated needs for rehabilitation and reconstruction are at least USD 16.3 billion.
Flood Recovery Programme
UNDP’s approach to resilient recovery in Pakistan spans the humanitarian-development nexus, and will bridge short, medium- and long-term dimensions of the response, with underlying principles of gender equality and environmental sustainability integrated into all activities.
Based on the needs and comparative advantage of UNDP, the Flood Recovery Programme would be implemented through the following four major pillars.
Aligned with Pakistan's Resilient Recovery, Rehabilitation, and Reconstruction Framework (4RF), UNDP programme builds on four major pillars designed to restore housing and community infrastructure, livelihoods, and government services, while also building disaster resilience and ensuring environmental protection.
In line with UNDP's Crisis Offer, the Programme would be implemented in close cooperation with the relevant government stakeholders at the federal, provincial and district levels. Building on the initial support provided during the early phase of the floods, a “Whole of UNDP” approach would be adopted to ensure that all Programme units work together in synergy to achieve maximum value for resources optimizing impact and avoiding duplication of resources.
Gender Inclusive Recovery
The UNDP Flood Recovery Programme recognizes the critical role of women in the recovery process. Recovery and stabilization solutions offer significant scope to jump-start structural changes, reset negative social norms and open opportunities for women's full and equal participation in economic life.
By providing housing and thereby reducing women's exposure to gender-based violence, and by advancing equal access to knowledge, skill-building and credit through employment and livelihood initiatives, the Programme will help ensure that the physical and economic security and empowerment of women are central to sustainable recovery plans.
UNDP aims to mobilize $US 90 Million in support to the people of Pakistan on the four main pillars. See the breakdown below: | <urn:uuid:49ab9e47-9e71-48bf-8326-892f9a7910bb> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.undp.org/pakistan/frp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945372.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325191930-20230325221930-00415.warc.gz | en | 0.907007 | 467 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Nous apportons une aide vitale d’urgence aux populations touchées par des catastrophes ou des conflits. À plus long terme, nous les aidons à cultiver ou acheter de quoi se nourrir et assurer leur survie et celle de leur famille. A tout moment, nos équipes interviennent sur près de 30 opérations d'urgences à travers le monde.
The situation for Aboriginal people and land rights in the Kimberley is a case study on the contradictory nature of Indigenous policy in Australia. The most vulnerable Australians have to fight – sometimes for decades – to be formally recognized under law as traditional landowners; only to come up against a wall of red tape, or in some cases outright discrimination, preventing the full utilization of their land rights. Today Aboriginal people in the Kimberley region are calling for a full and fair realization of their Native Title rights, to enable them to care for their country, to practice their culture and secure their future.
This paper highlights four examples of how the Western Australian government is actively undermining the rights of Aboriginal landowners in the Kimberley. From threatening to force communities off hard-won homelands, to denying Aboriginal people the right to make decisions about their sacred sites and cultural heritage; from conservation projects that go against human rights principles and demand landowners surrender their Native Title rights, to actively campaigning against proven and popular traditional land management programmes that create jobs and help tackle climate change.
Visit Stand for Land and take action
This briefing note is part of the initiative Land Rights Now: The Global Call to Action on Indigenous and Community Land Rights. | <urn:uuid:f0e140e9-1b5d-423f-a25f-653771ebd59d> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.oxfam.org/fr/node/7988 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202530.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20190321172751-20190321194751-00243.warc.gz | en | 0.799895 | 346 | 2.859375 | 3 |
What Does the Main Body of an APA Format Look Like?
The American Psychological Association, which promotes research in the field of psychology, crafted its APA style in the 1930s. The style is intended to inform clear and concise writing in the field of social sciences. While the sixth edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association provides detailed instructions on how to format a paper and cite myriad references, the main body of an APA-formatted document is quite simple.
The Main Body
The main body of a document that follows APA style will be printed in a clear font on standard 8.5-inch by 11-inch paper with 1-inch margins on all sides. As for the font, APA suggests using 12-point Times New Roman. The document should be double-spaced and will include a page header. The header should include a page number at the far right and a shortened version of the paper's title, in all capital letters, at the far left. The shortened title should not exceed 50 total characters.
In addition to the body, an APA paper will also include three other distinct sections. The first page of the document, the title page, should include the author's name, as well as the title of the document and the institution the author is associated with. The next page is reserved for the abstract, which offers up a brief summary of the research. Finally, at the conclusion of the paper, you should include a references page. Throughout the body of the paper, you will use in-text citations to refer readers to the references page, which is a blueprint of the research you did.
- Digital Vision./Digital Vision/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:12cebd7a-360f-462d-a069-0702f49184e6> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://penandthepad.com/main-body-apa-format-look-like-1302.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178375529.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20210306223236-20210307013236-00053.warc.gz | en | 0.91476 | 344 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Latinized form of the Greek name Φωκας (Phokas), which meant “a seal” from Greek φωκη (phoke).
This was the name of an early saint and martyr from Asia Minor. Sentenced to death for being a Christian, he is said to have given his killers lodging and then dug his own grave before he was executed.
This saint was known for the many miracles he worked and for his apostolic zeal in shepherding the flock of Sinope. He contested for the Faith during the reign of the Emperor Trajan, in the year 102, when he was burned to death in a bath-house.
A homily in his honour was composed by Saint John Chrysostom. The translation of his holy relics is celebrated on July 23.
Sinop, Turkey, a city on the Black Sea, historically known as Sinope. | <urn:uuid:20d8f844-9ce9-48bc-a366-5d8eff008b11> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://mareliascathedral.org/2017/09/22/phocas-the-martyr-bishop-of-sinope/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645550.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20180318071715-20180318091715-00649.warc.gz | en | 0.993164 | 187 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Rich and diverse natural vegetation resources promise fine fare for botanists, naturalists and flower enthusiasts. Over 3350 species of flowering plants, 23% endemic, among them over 500 species of medicinal herbs and 170 species of orchids have been catalogued in Sri Lanka. The best sites for botanical pursuits are the Sinharaja Forest Reserve of 11,800 hectares, Sri Lanka’s last viable virgin rainforest and a UNESCO World Heritage site, Knuckles Nature Reserve, Horton Plains National Park (both montane cloudforests), Udawattekele Sanctuary and the Muturajawela tropical wetlands. In addition excellent collections of tropical and sub-tropical flora, including orchids, spices and medicinal herbs, can be seen in untamed profusion at the many idyllic botanical gardens, bordered by smooth green lawns and hillocks. The peak flowering season is March through May but many species bloom colourfully all through the year. | <urn:uuid:597874ad-caa6-4c2d-8775-8cc271cc3b46> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://explorelanka.com/special/eco-tourism/flower-watching.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710870.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201221914-20221202011914-00226.warc.gz | en | 0.899911 | 197 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Christopher Fuhrmann and Charles E. Konrad, II
Department of Geography
The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
events are defined by the occurrence of a precipitation type transition indicative of a thickening wedge of cold air near
the surface. Examples of these precipitation transitions include rain to snow, rain to freezing rain, sleet to snow, etc. Deepening events are most common
along the windward slopes of the Appalachian Mountains and the adjacent plateau (greater than 36% of all events) and least common across central portions
of the region (less than 20%). Deepening events along the windward slopes may be tied to adiabatic cooling due to orographic lift that occurs during the
latter portions of storms as winds shift to the northwest and advect cold air into the area. Roughly 90% of these events involve a rain to snow transition
with minimal freezing rain and sleet accumulations. Their infrequent occurrence immediately east of the mountains may be related to the downslope warming
of this cold air or the slow movement of the dense, colder air across the mountains.
events, defined by the occurrence of a precipitation type transition indicative of an eroding cold air wedge, are less
frequent across the region (ranging from 10 to 20%) and most often involve a transition from snow to rain. They occur with the greatest frequency along
the coastal plain where an onshore flow of relatively warmer air often develops later in the event, eroding the existing cold wedge. The shallowing event
maximum in central Virginia is tied to a relatively large number of events that begin as snow and then transition to freezing rain. Frozen precipitation
is more likely in this area because the cold wedge is typically the thickest. It is unclear what is responsible for the relative maximum across South
Carolina, although a thicker cold wedge may be responsible near the mountains.
Each map below shows the most common precipitation sequences and their percentage out of all possible sequences observed at six sampled stations across the Southeast. | <urn:uuid:2173174c-4dc6-4b4b-866d-8a9ee00eba06> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://nc-climate.ncsu.edu/climate/winter/frequency_phasetrans.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163051516/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131731-00077-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930037 | 414 | 3.46875 | 3 |
While programming in Python, there will likely be times where you have some data that needs to be utilized or manipulated in the form of a file but hasn’t yet been written to one. Naturally, the first solution that comes to mind is to open a new or existing file, write the data and finally save it (if you’re unfamiliar with how to do this take a look at the article Reading and Writing Files in Python). However, it might also be the case that once your script(s) are finished running, you don’t need or want the file(s) anymore, and therefore, don’t want it hanging around in your or anyone else’s file system.
This is where the tempfile module comes in handy, providing functions that create temporary files which you don’t have to go and manually delete when your script exits. Let’s look at a couple simple examples to illustrate the basic way to use tempfile.
Creating a temporary file with tempfile is just like creating a regular one with the built-in open() method, except that no name need be given for a temporary file. We’ll open one, write some data to it, and then read back what we wrote.
# Importing only what we'll use from tempfile import TemporaryFile t = TemporaryFile() data = 'A simple string of text.'
Now we have our temporary file t and our data string to write to it—we didn’t specify the mode for the file so it defaulted to ‘w+b’, meaning we can read and write to it with any kind of data. With the next three lines we’ll write our data to the file and then read back what we wrote.
>>> t.write(bytes(data, 'UTF-8')) >>> # Makes sure the marker is at the start of the file >>> t.seek(0) >>> print(t.read().decode()) A simple string of text.
>>> t.write(data) >>> # Makes sure the marker is at the start of the file >>> t.seek(0) >>> print(t.read()) A simple string of text.
Just as with any other file object we can write data to and read data from our temporary one. Again, the difference and the advantage is that once a TemporaryFile object is closed there isn’t a trace of it. This is especially advantageous when utilizing the with statement, which automatically does the simple cleanup of closing the file for you when the statement is complete:
with TemporaryFile() as tempf: data = (data + '\n') * 3 # Write the string thrice tempf.write(bytes(data, 'UTF-8')) tempf.seek(0) print(tempf.read().decode())
with TemporaryFile() as tempf: # Write the string thrice tempf.write((data + '\n') * 3) tempf.seek(0) print(tempf.read())
We get the following output:
A simple string of text. A simple string of text. A simple string of text.
And to check if the file handle has been closed:
>>> # Test to see if the file has been closed >>> print(tempf.closed) True
That is pretty much the gist of the temporary file. It’s as simple and easy to use as any other file object.
The tempfile module also provides a NamedTemporaryFile() method that provides a temporary file that will always have a definite and visible name in the file system (up until the time it’s closed of course). The name of the file can be accessed through its name attribute (if our file t were a NamedTemporaryFile we’d use t.name to access that info). Additionally, this type of temporary file gives the option of actually saving the file when it’s closed instead of deleting it.
If you need to create a temporary directory, this module also provides the mkdtemp() method to do so; however, unlike with TemporaryFile and NamedTemporaryFile objects, temporary directories are not deleted without you manually deleting them—the only thing temporary about them is that they are by default stored in the temporary folder defined by the value of tempfile.tempdir. Still, the tools to create temporary files and directories provided by tempfile can be very useful, so don’t hesitate to give them a try. | <urn:uuid:2afdd24b-7670-4645-8a4c-127377a208b4> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://pythonarray.com/using-the-python-tempfile-module/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585696.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20211023130922-20211023160922-00259.warc.gz | en | 0.903453 | 934 | 4.21875 | 4 |
Seems like Robert Dunn and his colleagues are finding some use for navel gazing. Their study has discovered that the bacterial pattern in human belly buttons are quite unique to each person, giving them snowflake or rainforest-like qualities.
This story begins about two years ago. One undergraduate wanted to sample the bacteria in a colleague's belly button to send it in a holiday card. The idea inspired the team at the North Carolina State University, which was attempting to expand the public's focus in science. They thought that belly buttons would be ridiculous enough to appeal to the general public. Not only that, but since the belly button is very rarely thoroughly scrubbed, it offers perhaps the last frontier to assess the microbial landscape on the human body.
The first study, published in PLoS One, is the result of the swabbing of 60 intrigued, maybe disgusted, volunteers' belly buttons. Inside these belly buttons, the scientists found 2,368 bacterial species. As many as 1,458 of them may be newly discovered to science.
Some belly buttons had as few as 29 species and others had as many as 107, though the average belly button had about 67. Interestingly, only eight species appeared in 70 percent of subjects - and when they did, they were prevalent. The researchers compared that finding to rainforests which may contain different flora but largely have the same tree types. However, 92 percent of bacteria types also appeared in fewer than 10 percent of subjects. As a matter of fact, the majority of bacteria appeared in only one subject.
The findings were bizarre and surprising. One subject's belly button revealed bacteria that had previously only been found in Japanese soil - although he had never been to Japan. Another subject, who had not washed in two years, had two species of bacteria that are found in thermal vents and ice caps.
Researchers still want to discover why these bacteria are there, so Dunn and his team are expanding their study to at least 600 navels. They are also expanding their research to armpits. Their studies - and others - can help shed light on the relationship between microbes and their human hosts.
For more information, visit the team's website. | <urn:uuid:24d0e474-0573-4c5a-a09f-66b9f93e9a25> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.medicaldaily.com/professional-navel-gazers-may-have-found-1458-bacterial-species-previously-unknown-science-our-belly | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398450559.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205410-00016-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.984802 | 441 | 3.25 | 3 |
If you're thinking about replacing your petrol or diesel car, have you thought about going electric? With the ban on the sale of petrol and diesel cars brought forward to 2035, it is worth considering an electric vehicle (EV for short). If like many you are unsure, here are a few facts:
- EVs use batteries to store energy that powers a motor.
- Full EVs don’t create any CO² exhaust emissions and are therefore good for the environment and air quality, particularly in town or city centres. Although electricity to power the car still needs to be generated, all EVs are greener than a regular car.
- Not only is the cost of charging EVs very low it also costs less to run. EVs have ten times fewer moving parts than petrol powered cars and thus require less maintenance
- They’re smoother to drive than regular cars
- Fueling is flexible. You will no longer have to drive to a petrol station; all you need is a charging point at home or at work. Websites like Zap Map, Carwow and National Charge Point Registry provide maps of all the EV charging points available in the United Kingdom. Charging points can often be found in car parks, motorway services and retail outlets
- On cold days you can preheat some EVs using an app on your mobile
- Your chances of running out of charge when stuck in traffic are about the same in an electric car. But if this is a worry you may want to consider a hybrid EV which is powered both by electric and a conventional diesel/petrol engine. The diesel/petrol engine provides power when the battery is depleted
- A fast-growing national network of public charging points exists to allow you to recharge your EV’s battery on the move
- Charging an EV is easy! Most can be plugged into a standard home socket and will be fully recharged if you leave it overnight. If you need a faster charge, this can also be done in 30 minutes if you have access to a rapid charger.
- The Office for Low Emissions Vehicles offer grants for help to cover the upfront cost of a charge point in homes where there is dedicated off street parking. The Electric Vehicle Homecharge Scheme offers householders up to 75% of the eligible costs of chargepoint installation.
For areas without off street parking, there another grant which is provided through the On‐street Residential Chargepoint Scheme. This grant can offer 75% of the costs associated with the chargepoint set up (up to a maximum of £7,500 per charge point). If you and your parish can identify an area click we could apply on your behalf. Just email us with your query.
Other ways to sustainably travel
Lift sharing for routine journeys (for example, commuting to work) it is usually cheaper and greener to car share with somebody taking the same route as you. CamShare is free to join and caters for individuals and organisations.
Cyclescheme is an employee benefit that saves you money on a bike and accessories. You pay nothing upfront and the payments are taken tax efficiently from your salary by your employer.
Was this web page helpful? | <urn:uuid:1f6f1199-d7e9-4eeb-9ecf-22c416fcca3c> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.scambs.gov.uk/nature-and-climate-change/sustainable-living/sustainable-travel/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178357935.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20210226175238-20210226205238-00585.warc.gz | en | 0.947857 | 644 | 2.5625 | 3 |
It's no secret that exercise offers a plethora of health benefits; tons of research has established that. But I was still heartened to read about a new study showing that physically active middle-aged women had lower risks of heart disease, stroke and blood clots than did their inactive counterparts. (I read about the work on my phone as I walked home from a barre class last night, which made me feel especially happy about having had just worked out.)
Researchers from University of Oxford looked at data from 1.1 million women in the United Kingdom, who were followed for an average of nine years. From an American Heart Association release:
In the study:
- Women who performed strenuous physical activity— enough to cause sweating or a faster heart beat — two to three times per week were about 20 percent less likely to develop heart disease, strokes or blood clots compared to participants who reported little or no activity.
- Among active women, there was little evidence of further risk reductions with more frequent activity.
Physical activities associated with reduced risk included walking, gardening, and cycling.
Lead author Miranda Armstrong, MPhil, PhD, commented that "inactive middle-aged women should try to do some activity regularly," but then noted that the results suggest that "to prevent heart disease, stroke and blood clots, our results suggest that women don't need to do very frequent activity." That's good news, ladies!
The study appears in the journal Circulation.
Previously: Lack of exercise shown to have largest impact on heart disease risk for women over 30, Exercise is valuable in preventing sedentary death, Study shows regular physical activity, even modest amounts, can add years to your life, CDC report shows exercise becoming a popular prescription among doctors and Brisk walking reduces stroke risk among women
Image by Thomas Hawk | <urn:uuid:bc7faba1-6181-4db2-99d8-c37a0c70e533> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2015/02/17/even-moderate-exercise-appears-to-provide-heart-health-benefits-to-middle-aged-women/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735812.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200803140840-20200803170840-00008.warc.gz | en | 0.976318 | 369 | 2.75 | 3 |
An interdisciplinary team of Cornell researchers in engineering, physics and chemistry recently created the first self-assembling superconductor. The news of this development came when Science Advances published the group’s research, describing their creation of the three-dimensional gyroidal superconducting structure.
The group, led by Spencer T. Olin Professor of Engineering, Ulrich Wiesner, engaged the expertise of several Cornell faculty and researchers — including Prof. Sol Gruner and Prof. James Sethna, physics, Prof. Francis DiSalvo, chemistry and chemical biology, Bruce van Dover, chair of the materials science and engineering department and graduate students Spencer Robbins and Peter Beaucage. All are co-authors to the study.
“We had the perfect storm of collaborators,” Beaucage said.
The integrative approach to the research was particularly important in the study of this electronic material because it implements the self-assembling nature of organic block copolymers in the traditionally inorganic realm of superconductor nanostructures.
Speaking about the interdisciplinary essential collaborative nature of this development, Wiesner said that “it stimulates the imagination because it brings two areas together that typically don’t overlap.”
“For me it’s so fulfilling because I’ve been thinking about it for such a long time, almost 20 years,” Wiesner said. “The feedback’s been really, really good because it’s a little out of the box.”
Superconductors regularly attract great interest and research due to their vast potential as near self-sufficient non-dissipative conduction media. These materials allow for the conduction of electrons with very little to no resistance and thus no dissipation of energy lost to heat. Superconducting wires in a magnetic field can dismiss the need for a constant current supply and their technology is used in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanners and fusion reactors.
The main drawback to superconductor technology is the necessity of operating at very low temperatures and until recently, superconducting was impossible at temperatures much higher than absolute zero. Thus, a large portion of superconductor research focuses on varying the nanostructuring and materials involved to explore the potential for improved macroscale conducting properties.
“We want to understand the materials and their properties better as we give them different structures … What happens when you start to nanostructure these materials on periodic lattices?” Wiesner said.
Wiesner first considered this idea of organic materials in three-dimensional gyroidal structures almost two decades ago, before he began working at Cornell in 1999. The porous gyroidal structure is understood as a complex cubic formation of spirals of superconducting material with 10nm sized pores dispersed throughout. Gruner advanced the concept to the use of gyroidal structures in superconductors but the team encountered a challenge in figuring out how to synthesize the structure.
After unsuccessful experimentation with other superconducting materials, Wiesner consulted Sethna as to what material could exhibit superconducting properties in this structure. Sethna, who was writing a paper on superconductors at the time, recommended Niobium Nitride, an inorganic compound that Wiesner’s group was coincidentally working with.
The process involved the use of a three-monomer chain in a triblock copolymer to form the alternating gyroidal network from direct sol-gel Niobium Oxide. While ammonia flowed over the oxide to convert it to Niobium Nitride, the sample was heated in air at 450 degrees Celsius. This heating step removed one of the two solvent-induced self-assembled gyroidal networks by evaporation.
“You can think of it like oil and water: you take chemistries that don’t mix,” Beaucage said. “[This] allows additives like nanoparticles to mix with only one of the block polymers.”
The subsequent heat treatment required more experimentation to find a balance between preserving structure by reducing processing temperatures and improving material properties by raising processing temperatures. When Robbins first heated the sample to 700 degrees then cooled to room temperature it did not exhibit superconducting properties. He then heated the same sample to 850 degrees in a second wash. Upon cooling, this sample showed superconducting properties. When heating the sample directly to 850 degrees in a single nitriding step proved unsuccessful, the group concluded that the sample must be heated twice, an unexpected requirement that the group cannot explain.
The use of organic materials and polymer self-assembly in synthesis is a revolutionary advancement in superconductor structure. Block copolymer self-assembly in superconductor formation allows for precise tunability of morphology, dimensionality and feature size at the mesoscale. Professor Wiesner calls this the “bottom-up” approach to superconductor formation.
“[The] information about final structure is encoded into primary sequence of polymers,” he explained.
The research related to the creation of this superconducting structure is momentous in light of the lack of studies into the effects of mesostructure on superconductivity. The experiment’s innovative implementation of organic materials is some of the first research into the area of organic material use in superconducting and composite structures.
This advancement opens many pathways for future research and collaboration between the inorganic superconductor and organic polymer fields and their scientific communities. The group plans to investigate the superconducting properties of this structure to determine the potential for elevated superconducting temperatures, conduction under different applied magnetic field conditions, or improved superconductivity. This specific structure prompts further lines of research such as inquiry into the double-heating requirement and the potential to increase conduction at large interfacial areas by filling the pores with a second material to make a composite superconductor.
The exciting potential of this development has been well-received by scientific communities and public audiences alike.
“We’ve been working on this for such a long time and think it’s so cool, and it’s really interesting to hear everyone else say [that] it’s such a neat idea,” Beaucage said.
The researchers are excited by the public’s enthusiastic response and are receiving increasing attention from the media, other scientists and researchers looking to collaborate, and even young kids sending in questions about the discovery. | <urn:uuid:92f6bfba-6fe6-42d6-8adc-79b9f599d0e2> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://cornellsun.com/2016/02/09/cornell-researchers-explain-creation-of-first-self-assembling-superconductor/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243992440.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20210517180757-20210517210757-00561.warc.gz | en | 0.924536 | 1,337 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Database Administration: Proactive or Reactive?
Being proactive can prevent many application related issues. When it comes to database performance, enterprises these days are looking for tools that can find potential vulnerabilities and threats. We will discuss the possibility of taking precautions concerning database administration.
However, first, we need to understand that a significant part of the database performance relies on the tuning. Tuning is the process of optimizing database throughput, and it can be either as a Reactive Approach and or a Proactive approach.
Proactive Database Tuning
Proactive tuning is a strategy wherein different combinations are created using multiple selections of hardware, capacity, and settings. As the name suggests, this type requires the DBMS administrator to devise processes for optimal results proactively. On the other hand, reactive tuning follows a bottom-up approach relying heavily on a defined architecture. The main aim of reactive tuning is troubleshooting in a bid to make the system run faster, clearing out any hurdles on the way.
However, with the database performance tuning relying on many new features releasing at a faster pace, the modern day DBMS administrators while sticking to the basics need to innovate on the go proactively. Being reactive is essential but being proactive is a necessity.
It is easier said than done as many challenges stand in the way of even the best administrators. A significant problem which occurs on a daily basis for database administrators is the critical importance of a process relying solely on a database. This implies much downtime is a big no, and hence, the DBAs have to be ready with an answer even before the question is asked. A reactive approach will not only need more resources but more time whereas the being proactive is the only way to minimize the downtime and increase the throughput.
As the organizations continue to release new databases, it is essential to develop tools which enhance performance and give a clear insight into the metrics. This understanding of the database helps simplify the effects of increased data volume rather than adding up to the work of the DBA responsible.
With increased databases, comes more responsibility which in turn might affect productivity. However, to prevent that, productivity tools have been developed and are updated continuously to automate the routines tasks and collection of data. These productivity tools are essential for any proactive DBA.
Cornerstones of Database Management
The Criticality of the execution, Complexity of the data involved and enhanced productivity are the three significant challenges which are faced by any DBA. While these might seem routine, any organization aiming to expand their databases with optimum output need to understand the importance of a proactive approach for database performance tuning.
Gone are the days when a DBA had the comfort of looking for bottlenecks, devising a plan and getting the system back on track. With the modern-day enhancements and the increasing importance of DBMS systems on the entire functioning of the organizations, proactiveness is the key to successful Database performance. Moreover, through the proactive approach, one can not only prevent problems and accelerate their resolution but also maximize the output from their hardware resources while reducing the risk of damage or loss during the change.
Leaping a reactive to proactive database performance approach is a wise choice leading to an efficient throughput in the long run.
At OptimizDBA, we have the expertise to proactively solve database challenges so that organizations are ready for scaling to the next level without any impact on the application performance. Contact us to know more on how we can help you. We have 17 years of database optimization. | <urn:uuid:3ed447ad-a110-4ecd-aa69-07ab17b71a7f> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://optimizdba.com/database-administration-proactive-or-reactive/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500664.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207233330-20230208023330-00084.warc.gz | en | 0.93487 | 712 | 2.53125 | 3 |
California leads the nation in policies that promote reductions of carbon emissions from road vehicles.
It is unique in having a federal waiver that allows it to set its own, stricter emissions standards, along with a zero-emission vehicle mandate that requires automakers reaching certain sales volumes to sell a certain number of cars without tailpipes.
And where California leads, other states have followed.
DON'T MISS: Will California lead the green-car resistance? (Dec 2016)
Thirteen states—mostly in the Northeast and Northwest—and the District of Columbia have adopted California's stricter emissions standards, many of which also participate in the zero-emission vehicle mandate.
Known as "Section 177" states, those 13 are: Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Washington.
Arizona adopted California's standards in 2008, but the state repealed them as soon as Governor Jan Brewer took office in January 2012.
Nine of those states also participate in the mandate to increase sales of zero-emission vehicles: Connecticut, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, and Vermont.
Together, the nine "ZEV states" and California represented 28 percent of new-car registrations in the U.S. in 2015, according to Automotive News (subscription required).
But while the nine states are nominally included in the ZEV mandate, automakers do not generally treat them differently than ones that are not.
That's because of a "travel provision" in the ZEV rules through 2018 that essentially allows carmakers to earn ZEV credits in every state for a zero-emission vehicle that's sold in any ZEV-Program state.
ALSO SEE: Why Electric Cars Are Rare Outside CA: Arcane 'Travel Provision' Rule (Jun 2015)
That means sales are still largely concentrated in California, which has the most generous incentives and the most expansive charging infrastructure of any state.
California buyers can choose from a much larger selection of plug-in cars than those in other states—even those states with their own ZEV mandates.
Sales of hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles are also limited to California at this time, as it is the only state with any substantial fueling infrastructure.
2013 Honda Fit EV drive event, Pasadena, CA, June 2012
But the ZEV mandate has had some impact on electric-car sales outside California.
The discontinued Honda Fit EV and Chevrolet Spark EV—both "compliance cars" built solely to satisfy the mandate—were eventually made available in at least one or two other states.
Markets for certain limited-volume electric cars—such as the Mercedes-Benz B250e and the Volkswagen e-Golf—also roughly correspond to the ZEV contingent.
CHECK OUT: California bought more electric cars than rest of U.S. combined in June (Jul 2016)
Because the California standards are the only alternative to federal standards that states may adopt, carmakers have a relatively large, stable bloc to plan emissions compliance around.
The continued existence of separate emissions standards for California and its followers relies on waivers granted by the EPA.
To date, requests for approval or renewal of those waivers have never been denied by the agency.
U.S. Capitol Building
However, the current administration is expected to take environmental policy in a radically different direction than its predecessor.
The current EPA administrator, Scott Pruitt, denies accepted climate science and sued the EPA more than a dozen times in his previous position as Oklahoma attorney general.
Thus far, the EPA has not taken any public position on the continuation or revocation of California's emissions waiver.
Unattributed recent media reports, however, have indicated that the EPA plans to attack the waiver, to eliminate California's ability to set its own emission standards. | <urn:uuid:6535b5ce-e190-43a7-8543-b4774f52461e> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.greencarreports.com/news/1109217_which-states-follow-californias-emission-and-zero-emission-vehicle-rules | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655883961.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20200704011041-20200704041041-00435.warc.gz | en | 0.94026 | 788 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Scientists may have found a strategy to achieve the science-fictional greeting “Live long and prosper.”
In his lab at Baylor College of Medicine, Dr. Ergun Sahin and his colleagues investigate how to slow down the body’s decline and treat age-related disease by studying the role the ends of the chromosomes or telomeres play in these processes.
“Our genetic material is tightly packed into thread-like structures called chromosomes and at the ends of the chromosomes are particular pieces of DNA called telomeres. Telomeres work like the plastic tips at the end of shoelaces; they prevent chromosomes from unraveling or sticking to each other,” said Sahin, assistant professor in the Huffington Center on Aging and the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics at Baylor.
Telomeres also are involved in aging and disease; as an organism gets older, telomeres shorten and cells progressively deteriorate, stop dividing and die. Telomere shortening during human aging is believed to be a major underlying cause of age-related decline of stem cells – cells with the potential to develop into many different types of cells and help in the healing process in the body.
Telomere shortening also affects the susceptibility of tissues to disease; however, how telomere shortening impairs regeneration and increases risk of disease is not well understood. Evidence suggests that stabilizing telomeres could prevent or slow down aging and disease. In this study, Sahin and his colleagues investigated the effect of restoring telomere length in a mouse model of liver tissue fibrosis.
Manipulating telomere length may help treat age-related disease
Telomere shortening has been associated with increased risk of organ failure and tissue fibrosis, usually in liver and lung, as cells with compromised telomeres fail to divide to replace dying cells.
Previous studies have shown that both telomeres and sirtuins contribute to aging and tissue fibrosis and seem to interact with each other. In this study, Sahin and his colleagues investigated the molecular mechanisms that connected telomeres and sirtuins. For this, they developed a mouse model of liver disease in which the animals were genetically engineered to develop shorter, dysfunctional telomeres and age prematurely. When exposed to certain liver toxins, these animals quickly develop liver fibrosis – scarring of the liver that over time can lead to cirrhosis.
“In these mice, we discovered that shorter telomeres triggered a reduction in the production of sirtuins in liver and other tissues as well,” Sahin said. “This, together with other observations, indicates that telomeres regulate sirtuins.”
Interestingly, the researchers also found that in turn, sirtuins can affect telomeres. When Sahin and his colleagues increased the activity of sirtuins by feeding mice a small molecule – nicotinamide mononucleotide, or NMN, an NAD+ precursor – telomeres were stabilized.
“Furthermore, feeding NAD+ precursor to the mice not only maintained telomere length but also improved liver condition in these mice,” Sahin said.
More research is needed before these findings can be translated into treatments for human conditions.
“It’s important to keep in mind that telomere length can also affect cancer growth. Having shorter telomeres would set cancer cells on a path to self-destruction, but keeping their telomeres long would likely allow them to continue proliferating,” Sahin said. “We plan to continue our investigation on the molecular mechanisms involved in the telomere-sirtuin interactions in order to better understand the benefits as well as the potential risks of telomere length manipulation in health and disease.”
Interested in reading all the details of this work? Find them in the journal Cell Metabolism.
Other contributors to this study include Hisayuki Amano, Arindam Chaudhury, Cristian Rodríguez-Aguayo, Lan Lu, Viktor Akhanov, Andre Catic, Yury V. Popov, Eric Verdin, Hannah Johnson, Fabio Stossi, David A. Sinclair, Eiko Nakamaru-Ogiso, Gabriel López-Berestein, Jeffrey T. Chang, Joel R. Neilson, Alan Meeker, Milton Finegold and Joseph A. Baur. For the list of author affiliations and financial support for this work, visit this link.
Receive From the Labs via email | <urn:uuid:d756583b-789e-41ed-b91e-1a5915edb2b2> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://blogs.bcm.edu/2019/04/04/from-the-labs-extending-the-bodys-expiration-date-may-involve-the-ends-of-the-chromosomes/?shared=email&msg=fail | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662515501.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220517031843-20220517061843-00041.warc.gz | en | 0.940216 | 948 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Last Updated May 15th, 2019
What Are Comedones?
Take a close look at your bare face under bright light. Unless you are exceptionally blessed or have been particularly diligent about skin care, chances are you have at least a few bumps, large and small, scattered across your facial skin. Some of them may be the same color as the rest of your skin while others may be darker, or black in color. These bumps or lesions on your skin are called comedones. You may know them by the more commonly used terms ‘blackheads’ and ‘whiteheads’.
Typical locations for comedones are the forehead, nose, and chin. Those that are extremely tiny are known as micro-comedones. Comedones appear when your hair follicles become blocked with dead skin cells and sebum. They tend to give rise to acne if left unattended. Sometimes, they are accompanied by inflammation too. The good news is that it is possible to avoid them and to treat existing ones.
What Are The Different Types Of Comedones?
There are two main types of comedones, namely, open and closed comedones. Blackheads are open comedones. Although these appear as though they are black because of trapped dirt, this is not so. In fact, the sebum that is clogging the opening of the hair follicle is mixed with a debris of dead cells. When the accumulation of sebum is exposed to air, it becomes oxidized. This oxidation is responsible for the black coloration of an open comedo. When this is trapped beneath a layer of skin cells, what you get is a whitehead or a closed comedo.
What Causes Them To Appear? Is There Something Wrong With My Skin?
Sebum is an oily substance that your skin naturally produces in order to lock in moisture and protect the surface of your skin from harmful microbes. This substance is produced by sebaceous glands that drain into hair follicles. Now, any condition that leads to over-secretion of sebum or the trapping of sebum within the follicle can potentially give rise to comedones. For instance, the opening of the hair follicle may be blocked due to excessively greasy makeup products. Also, during puberty, the skin tends to produce more sebum than otherwise. This is why adolescents are more prone to comedones and acne.
Can They Give Rise To Worse Problems?
Blackheads and whiteheads tend not to go away on their own. In fact, if they are left as they are, you could end up with pimples, pustules or cysts, all different forms of acne. This happens when bacteria get mixed into the accretion in your comedones. Bacteria are naturally present on the surface of your skin and this is normal. However, when they come into contact with the comedone, they tend to thrive on the trapped oil and what you eventually get is a localized infection. In order to avoid acne scarring, one must be careful not to pick at the bump or squeeze it or pop it. This can end up releasing the pus and bacteria only to spread further along your skin and cause a bigger acne eruption.
What Should One Do About Them?
If you have blackheads and whiteheads on your skin, do not attempt to pick at them yourself. You could end up with permanent scarring. Instead, visit an aesthetician to extract them for you. He or she will use an instrument known as a comedone extractor to clear away the accumulation in an effective manner without leaving behind scars. The process may hurt just a little but it is very quick and safe.
In order to prevent further comedone formation on your skin, you must take care to follow a regular skincare regimen. Cleanse your face regularly to remove makeup or sunscreen at the end of the day. Cleansing in the morning is a good practice, too, because sebum can build up overnight as you sleep. Take care to use a cleanser that is not too alkaline (higher pH) as this can end up drying out your skin at which point it will go into overdrive and produce a great deal more sebum which will only worsen your problem. If you continue to face problems, visit your dermatologist for a prescription topical application to help increase cell-turnover.
Since comedones are caused by an excess of sebaceous gland secretion, it is always wise to keep your oil intake in check. Avoid deep fried and oily foods. Similarly, refrain from consuming sugar. It is not advisable to wash your face frequently with soaps and face wash as it tends to irritate your skin that can worsen the situation.
Blackheads and whiteheads are early stages of acne formation on your skin. You may notice that you tend to have more of them during puberty or when you fail to cleanse your skin properly and on a regular basis. If you use makeup, ensure that you remove it thoroughly at the end of the day. Otherwise, you could end up with blocked follicles that develop into comedones or acne.
- Comedone is a term used to describe both blackheads and whiteheads.
- Whiteheads are known as closed comedones and consist of oil, dead skin, and bacteria. Blackheads are open comedones which look dark because of exposure to air.
- Cortisol, produced by the adrenal glands in stressful situations, can cause excess production of oils and result in more comedones.
- Acne affects more than 80% of teenagers and young adults and is more common in men because of more androgens.
- Contrary to widespread myth, comedones are not caused by dirt but by excess production of oil by sebaceous glands.
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Dos and Don'ts
- Use apple cider vinegar to treat blackheads and whiteheads since it has anti-microbial properties.
- Cleansers which contain salicylic acid are good for comedone removal since they have exfoliating and antiseptic properties.
- Cut down on dairy- product consumption.
- Don’t use strong cleansers, especially the ones containing alcohol, to get rid of comedones. These cleansers increase the production of oil through the sebaceous glands and lead to even more comedones.
- Don’t pick on the comedones with your nails. It leads to scarring and may even transfer bacteria on your facial skin. Use a comedone extractor to safely remove them.
Help Others Be Fit | <urn:uuid:9de24de2-aead-4b60-aff6-dbcc2da589c7> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://factdr.com/health-conditions/comedones/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998238.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20190616122738-20190616144738-00490.warc.gz | en | 0.946609 | 1,413 | 2.625 | 3 |
In the spirit of the NCAA college basketball tournament, ESPN aired a documentary on the bittersweet careers of University of Michigan's "Fab Five." During the documentary, former Michigan star, and current Huffington Post contributor, Jalen Rose expressed his feelings about his team's rivalry with Duke when he said, "For me Duke was personal. I hated Duke and I hated everything I felt Duke stood for. Schools like Duke didn't recruit players like me. I felt like they only recruited black players that were Uncle Toms." Rose's comments became fodder for those looking to emphasize the growing income and education gap amongst African-Americans. But what many have seen as a time to highlight interracial divisions may distract from further debate on the impact being called "Uncle Tom" has on over half America's child population. In a country aiming to compete with the world for the future, what impact does being called an "Uncle Tom" or "white boy/girl" has on academic achievement in America?
For those minorities who have reached some level of academic achievement, there is a chance they have been ridiculed by someone at least once. For many of us, the key to persevering through the gambit of name calling in the name of academic achievement was a strong self-image instilled way before we entered school. Unfortunately, the stigma associated of high achievement is intergenerational. I can remember sharing my acceptance letter to the U.S. Peace Corps with an older family friend. I was surprised when he commented, "Oh, so you going to do that white stuff." Like Rose, this family friend's first reaction to something he had little personal experience with was to label it foreign.
In 2008, Vanderbilt University's Peabody College undertook research into the growing academic achievement gap between Black and white students. The research also examined why Black students were under-represented in gifted programs. The report posits that "part of the achievement gap, particularly for gifted Black students, is due to the poor image these students have of themselves as learners." In a survey of 166 Black 5th- through 12th-graders identified as gifted, students described "acting white" as speaking properly, being smart or too smart, doing well in school and taking advanced courses. Of the respondents, 60 percent reported knowing someone who had been teased or ridiculed for doing well in school, while 42 percent reported being teased for this reason themselves. Sociologist John Ogbu made a related claim in his book, Black American Students in an Affluent Suburb: a Study of Academic Disengagement, concluding that Black students' own cultural attitudes hindered academic achievement and that these attitudes are too often neglected. The study of social acceptance and academic achievement has left many with more questions than answers. Is this a phenomenon specific to the African-American community? How much impact does the stigma of "acting white" actually have on children?
In their study, An Empirical Analysis of "Acting White," Roland G. Fryer, Jr. of Harvard University and Paul Torelli suggested that the affect of being labeled an "Uncle Tom" or "acting white" had the greatest impact on both Black and Hispanic students at high achievement levels, as compared to their white classmates. In his study of more than 90,000 junior high and high school students from 175 schools, Fryer said "Among whites, higher grades yield higher popularity." Fryer reported that for Blacks and Hispanics, higher achievement was associated with modestly higher popularity until a grade point average of 3.5 and 2.5. In other words, a Hispanic student with a 4.0 GPA is the least popular of all Hispanic students, and has 3 fewer friends than a typical white student with at 4.0 GPA. For Black Americans, the number of friends they have increases as their GPA increases until it exceeds 3.5 when he/she begins to lose friends. There are many theories that may explain away the drop off, but the idea that the number of friends continues to increase for whites until they reach 4.0 can not be overlooked.
Opponents of social acceptance's impact have a viable argument when emphasizing the need to distinguish between students resenting achievement and resenting behaviors that are associated with achievement. For example there may be students who are called "Uncle Tom" or "acting white" because of their dress or choice of music, and not because of their grades. On the other hand, many of the other characteristics students associated with "acting white" (e.g. raising one's hand in class, taking advance placement courses) are also characteristics associated with high academic achievement.
In his speech to the 2004 Democratic Party Convention, then-State Senator Barack Obama challenged America to break down artificial divisions that limit America's potential. And nowhere was that sentiment more expressed than when he said, "children can't achieve unless we raise their expectations and turn off the television sets and eradicate the slander that says a black youth with a book is acting white." Obama could have very well been speaking of his own childhood struggle, a struggle he would experience again in 2008 when his Ivy League education and international childhood caused some to call him "out of touch." Can a country that derides high achievers as "Uncle Toms", "acting white," or "out of touch" truly compete in a global economy?
In the wake of Obama's speech there was little reference to the aforementioned section, but to some the limits placed on children and the limits they place on one another is the single greatest hurdle to American excellence. As America debates school reform, collective bargaining, and school budgets it can be agree that the debate would be moot as long as high academic achievement is viewed as foreign to over half the student population. What a society rewards reflects what they hold dear and what they value. America and its future leaders would be in a better position to compete with the world for the jobs of tomorrow if parents and peers rewarded academic achievement with the same passion they rewarded the winner of the NCAA Tournament. | <urn:uuid:da044cc7-67dc-44ce-bba6-f1cb22daf637> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.huffingtonpost.com/curtis-valentine/american-excellence-does-_b_841195.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701152987.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193912-00134-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977478 | 1,217 | 2.625 | 3 |
Do you use webpages or online articles frequently in your lessons? Are you concerned that one day you will discover that it has disappeared or changed dramatically?
Perhaps the content is useful, but you are concerned about the appropriateness of the advertising in the sidebars of the website.
Have you ever started a lesson only to find out that the internet just went down and the online content you had planned to use is now upended?
Apple provides a very useful tool on an iPad which allows you to skirt all these issues. No more plan B.
What you will learn in this article
- Using screen capture on an iPad
- Capturing a webpage and saving as a PDF (for future offline use)
- Using Apple’s ‘Reader’ view to ‘clean up’ view of article and make it accommodating for special populations
- Marking up documents for your lesson
What you will need to have
- Internet connectivity
- Access to your OneDrive (OneDrive sign in is the same as your @k12 email address)
Most of us are familiar with screen-capturing an image on an iPad. If you aren’t, simply click both the lock-out button at the top and the home button at the same time to save an image to your photos app.
Screen capturing images on an iPad is a great way to quickly capture and store information. With this feature, you can easily capture high resolution images of websites, documents, and presentations for later reference or sharing. It’s also useful for creating quick visual notes or tutorials. Additionally, it can be used to create digital portfolios of projects that you’ve worked on or for quickly archiving important screenshots without having to take the time to save them as individual files.
If we were preparing a lesson about art history and choose to exemplify the accomplishments of Frida Kahlo, we might choose a website for students to read background information about the artist.
When pressing the home button and lock out buttons simultaneously, a small thumbnail image of the webpage will appear on the screen in the lower-left.
Tap the thumbnail image to bring up more options. The thumbnail disappears after seven seconds if you don’t tap it. If you miss it, just do another screen capture. You will see the following screen. Note that you have options to edit and markup the screen capture using the built-in markup tool indicated below by the pink arrow.
Capturing the content as a PDF
Here comes the real magic when screen capturing a webpage. If you want to capture the whole page and not just the visible image on the screen, you can choose “Full Page” from the top of the screen. This will allow you the option to save the entire webpage as a PDF file (Portable Document Format — think Adobe) that you can save in OneDrive to use with this lesson year after year. No more worries about the content changing, the article disappearing, or internet availability.
Notice the visual image of the entire webpage (highlighted in pink) on the rightmost part of the webpage in the image above. Rather than just capturing the image on the screen, you are capturing the full webpage.
In the video below, let’s learn how to save this as a PDF.
That’s it! That’s all you need to do to save a webpage as a PDF and keep it forever.
Taking it a step further
Apple Safari web browser has a feature called Reader that allows for different formatting options when viewing a webpage. Utilizing this feature in conjunction with what we learned above gives you even more options.
Take a look at the images below. Slide the arrows back and forth to see the regular view versus the Reader view.
Changing the view to Reader view allows your students to focus on the content that is most important. It also allows for better focus for students with special needs. Also, as it basically narrows down webpages to the core content located in the body of the webpage (leaving off any sidebars), it will usually exclude any advertising content that may be inappropriate for your students. Keep in mind, Reader view is not available for every webpage. More complicated webpage formatting usually precludes Reader view.
Reader view also gives you options for changing both the font type and size. It also allows you to change the background color as you see in the set of images below.
To use Reader view, simply touch the “aA” in the browser address bar as shown below:
Marking up the PDF documents
It is easy to markup these documents. As an educator, you may wish to highlight certain content for students. Or, perhaps, you want your students to highlight content or comment on it.
Apple markup tools make it easy to do this.
If you would like to markup the document prior to saving it as a PDF and storing it in OneDrive, select the markup tool in the toolbar (indicated by a pen tip) as highlighted by a pink arrow in the image below.
When you are finished marking up the document, simply choose “Done” in the top-left of the screen to save.
If you use Apple Classroom to enhance your instruction and manage the student use of iPads, you can now easily AirDrop this document to all of your students. You can also add it to your Schoology course, which could be brought back each year from your Schoology class archive.
If you would like additional assistance with anything that we learned today or you would like assistance with AirDropping and Apple Classroom, please do not hesitate to reach out to Jimmy Stewart or Eric Murphy. We are happy help. | <urn:uuid:53d2ce38-24ce-4adb-9078-a3ae1e9d1c76> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://wcsinnovate.com/category/apple/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205105136-20231205135136-00211.warc.gz | en | 0.923737 | 1,174 | 2.9375 | 3 |
While there are a few aspects of this activity missing, it can absolutely be useful and suit your African religions study. A activity is split into 3 parts: "before you read," "while you read," and "after you read." There is a chart referenced in the first section that is not included. Consider having students mark the text during the reading section. The last section reflects on the provided reading with recall questions, but Question D references materials not included. | <urn:uuid:ceefbe38-adb2-4e6a-91aa-0bd3722d368b> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.lessonplanet.com/teachers/beliefs-in-traditional-african-religions | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864387.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622084714-20180622104714-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.972145 | 92 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Don't overlook your eyes when you're thinking about ultraviolet (UV) protection while spending time outdoors, experts say.
Overexposure to the sun's UV rays has been linked to a number of eye problems, such as macular degeneration, age-related cataracts, pterygium (a benign growth of the tissue over the white part of the eye), photokeratitis (a burn of the cornea) and corneal degenerative changes, according to the American Optometric Association (AOA).
These conditions can cause blurred vision, irritation, redness, tearing, temporary vision loss and, in some cases, blindness.
"Just as skin is 'burned' by UV radiation, the eye can also suffer damage. The lesson-especially for young people—is that eyes need protection, too. Protection can be achieved by simple, safe and inexpensive methods such as wearing a brimmed hat and using eyewear that properly absorbs UV radiation," said Gregory Good, a member of AOA's commission on ophthalmic standards.
Children and teens are particularly susceptible to sun-related eye damage, because they typically spend more time outdoors than adults, and the lenses of their eyes are more transparent than those of adults, which means that more harmful light can reach the retina.
But it appears many people still don't fully understand the danger UV rays pose to eyes.
A recent AOA survey found that 40% of Americans don't think UV protection is an important factor to consider when buying sunglasses. The survey also found that 61% of Americans buy sunglasses for their children, but 23% don't check if the lenses provide protection against UV rays.
Important Advice For Protecting Eyes
- Wear protective eyewear any time your eyes are exposed to UV radiation, even on cloudy days and during the winter.
- Purchase quality sunglasses that block out 99% of UVA and UVB radiation and screen out 75% to 90% of visible light.
- Make sure sunglass lenses are perfectly matched in color and free of distortions or imperfections.
- Make sure children and teens wear sunglasses. They typically spend more time in the sun than adults.
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Already have an account? Sign in | <urn:uuid:b49e73c2-1f99-43de-a644-584aed49bba7> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.healthconfidential.com/just-like-skin-eyes-can-burn-in-strong-sun/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103940327.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701095156-20220701125156-00145.warc.gz | en | 0.943083 | 477 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Is there a more iconic American roadway than Route 66? Decades after its retirement as a federal highway, this cross-country corridor still draws road trippers from around the world, though it’s not possible everywhere to hit the original pavement.
It’s an exercise in time travel—a taste of pre-Interstate travel—and in all-around Americana, given the abundance of vintage tourist landmarks and kitschy roadside attractions still to be found along its blacktop. U.S. Route 66–nicknamed the “Mother Road” and the “Main Street of America”—opened in 1926, connecting Chicago with Santa Monica. It cut across eight states to do so: Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California. The Mother Road served as an important westward funnel for Americans displaced by the Dust Bowl, then one of the country’s quintessential tourist routes.
The development of the Interstate Highway System spelled the end of Route 66’s golden era, but the Mother Road lives on in the form of state highways, frontage roads, business loops, and other remnants, many marked with the irresistible 66 label. Combining those with the various Interstates that replaced Route 66, you can cobble together all kinds of different sightseeing adventures along the Main Street of America. | <urn:uuid:31446c77-a0c6-41ed-8101-6f0df6c37bd9> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.ace.aaa.com/travel/advocacy/top-9-things-to-do-on-texas-new-mexico-route-66-road-trip.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103034930.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20220625095705-20220625125705-00114.warc.gz | en | 0.90932 | 278 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Carbons to Computers - 1
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This essay has been submitted by a law student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers.
Published: Fri, 02 Feb 2018
Bill of Rights for the United Kingdom
Over the years, there has been an ongoing debate over whether there should be a Bill of Rights for the United Kingdom (UK). The Government is committed to considering the need for a Bill of Rights and other political parties have expressed interest in developing one. Parliament’s Joint Committee on Human Rights (JCHR) has demonstrated in its report that there are many groups in society, such as older people and adults with learning disabilities, whose human rights are insufficiently protected. They argue that UK Bill of Rights and Freedoms (BRF) is desirable in order to provide necessary protection to all, particularly to the marginalized and vulnerable people. This essay will discuss on the two main issues considered by the Committee, namely the judicial review (JR) and entrenchment, in reference to some legal and political theories outlines as structured below.
Arguments in favour of JR/ entrenchment
As mentioned in the report of JCHR, the adopting of the BRF sets out a shared vision of a desirable future society: it is aspirational in nature as well as protecting those human rights which already exist. JCHR suggests that a BRF should give lasting effect to values shared by the people of the UK by including liberty, democracy, fairness, civic duty, and the rule of law. In considering JCHR’s proposal, it is pivotal to gain a simplistic appreciation of Ronald Dworkin’s democracy theory to illustrate the arguments in favour of JR and entrenchment.
Dworkin has been a firm defender of JR of constitutional rights in the United States. Dworkin believes that government should be bound to certain rights by the very authority that structures and empowers governmental procedures, and this commitment should be enforced by the courts. He says that a constitution principle enforced by independent judges is not undemocratic and there is no trade-off between rights and democracy. Democracy does not insist on judges having the last word, but democracy also does not insist that the judges must not have the last word. He suggests that in order to provide a democratic justification for the judges’ prevailing, one has to show not only that they have democratic credentials but that they have better democratic claim than that asserted in the legislative action in question.
Further, Dworkin alleges that democratic constitutional theory ought to be oriented primarily to results. In every society there will be questions whether enacted legislation conflicts with the fundamental principles of democracy. These questions should be assigned to whatever institution which is likely to answer them correctly. In some countries, such as UK, this may be the legislature but often there is reason to think that the legislature is not the safest vehicle for protecting the rights associated with democracy. In that case, we should assign the issue to the courts, if we think they are a safer bet. Dworkin says we should not be deterred by the fact that courts are not constituted in a way that makes them democratically accountable. Accountability does not matter, all a partisan of democracy should be concerned is that courts are reliable in making good decisions about democracy. Dworkin seems to be suggesting that if a political decision is about democracy or the rights associated with democracy; then all that matters is that the decision must be right, from a democratic point of view.
Dworkin maintains political equality as a distinct sphere of equality, by adopting a dependent conception of democracy that focuses on substantively just outcomes. If a question comes up for political decision in a community, a member of the community might reasonably ask to participate in the decision on equal terms with his fellow citizens. It would surely be absurd to deny his participation on the ground that the question is one about democracy, because failing to address his concern that a question about democracy, as much as any political question, should be settled by democratic means.
Hence, if the acceptance of the JCHR’s proposal is in fact a wrong decision about what democracy requires, although there is a loss to democracy in the substance of the decision, it could be a great consolation for citizens that at least they have made their own mistake about democracy rather than having someone else’s mistake foisted upon them. Process may not be completely relevant to democratic decision-making; nonetheless, since the decision is about democracy, process is therefore irrelevant.
Arguments against JR/ entrenchment
In responding to Dworkin, Waldron seeks to narrow the scope of his wide-ranging critique of JR to one issue: the claim that JR is justified because judges are good at morality. More precisely, he argues against the claim that judges are better at morality than legislatures, which, in his view, is an important strand in any justification of the place of judges as the final authority when it comes to the great questions of constitutional law – the interpretation of the moral standards entrenched in bills of rights.
It is submitted that people’s commitment to democracy and self-government runs deep, and only with great regret would we admit that the people are incapable of deliberating and deciding about the questions that matter most. Lawyers and political theorists too often defend constitutional limits and JR on the basis that there are moral limits upon what a democratic people may do. The question as to who should decide the content of those limits may arise in the context that they are durably contested and there is no algorithm for producing a right answer. Accordingly, Waldron has highlighted the case in favour of allowing the people to decide these fundamental questions themselves.
Waldron’s principle is that the people ought to govern themselves on the basis of their own judgments about justice and other things. He recommends majoritarian legislatures as the institution best suited to implement this principle, and he recommends them on the ground that legislatures (even though not simply equivalent to the people) will be sensitive to the people’s moral judgment, since the people can boot wayward legislators out of office. But that is not precisely right. It is not “the people” but rather “the voters” or “the electorate” who can remove legislators from office. That is why Aristotle, said that electing officials was an aristocratic form of government; he recognized that only elites would win elections. According to Aristotle, true democracies choose public officials through lotteries that give everybody an equal chance to serve in the government.
Waldron’s pre-commitment is simply a system of “constitutional constraints and mechanisms of JR and other mechanisms that responsible rights bearers take against their own imperfections”. Waldron feels that the system possesses a number of flaws, such as the pre-meditation involved in “deciding to decide”. Waldron argues that individuals will not be bound to certain actions, because “they can always undo their ties should they want to”. Furthermore, opinions and viewpoints change over time. Eventually, it becomes unclear of or controversial over what the people have actually committed themselves to, and this inconsistency renders reliance on pre-commitment obsolete.
Additionally, Waldron proposes that the judiciary cannot prevent individuals from judging their own case. Similarly, the judiciary can only clarify the nature of pre-commitment by asking the people. In this sense, the people become the authority of their own circumstance, which staunchly opposes the designated roles specified in the rule of law. Moreover, Waldron ascertains that in upholding pre-commitment, majorities may disagree in deciding the solution to a particular problem. He expects the problematic disagreements to persist, develop and change in unpredictable ways. As a result of these complications, the judiciary is not qualified to uphold the pre-commitment of the people any more than individuals are. “In these circumstances, the logic of pre-commitment must simply be put aside, and we must leave the members of the society to work out their differences and to change their minds in collective decision making over time”, as Waldron suggested.
Should judiciary review legislation?
Having noted that one of the main arguments for the new BRF is that it would be an opportunity to strengthen the capacity of the courts to actually block or strike down government laws and policies that violate basic rights and liberties, it may be beneficial to resort this argument to the contribution of Dworkin and Waldron in this aspect. Dworkin, a proponent of judicial activism, believes in “leaving issues to the court’s judgment” and investing our faith in their decisions. Staunch opposition to support for JR is apparent in arguments from Waldron. Affirming that external authority is unreliable and consistently fluctuating, Waldron alleges that JR is a façade used by the masses to fool themselves into believing that culture is legally self-binding.
Defending judicial activism, Dworkin maintains that the constitution leaves controversial issues to the judgment of the court. “Designed to protect individual citizens and groups against certain decisions that a majority of citizens might want to make,” the court functions as an authoritarian, interpreting the language of the constitution in legal issues. Essentially, Dworkin links the authority of the court to their opportunity to construct social policy while interpreting the Constitution. While maintaining fidelity to the historic text and recognizing outdated conceptions, the judiciary have the power to change what the Constitution enacts, forging an innovative conception of an established law. In comparing and contrasting judicial activism and restraint, Dworkin communicates the importance of consistent functionality and activity on behalf of the courts. While accepting the directions of the so-called vague constitutional provisions, the courts should work out principles of legality, equality, and revise these principles from time to time. Although the judicial activists who simply create social policy may not necessarily consider the future, the activists successfully interprets and applies the interests that the founders have expressed in the constitution, and ultimately frames and answers questions of political morality. This activist view passionately supports the use of JR in ascertaining the constitutionality of a particular situation.
On the other hand, Waldron espouses a theory of legislative supremacy, that is, a theory which claims that courts ought not to have the power to review decisions made by democratically elected legislatures and occasionally substitute their judgment of what ought to be done. Waldron argues against the claim that judges are better at morality than legislatures, which, in his view, is an important strand in any justification of the place of judges as the final authority when it comes to the great questions of constitutional law – the interpretation of the moral standards entrenched in bills of rights. He suggests that legislatures should have final authority in moral matters, since legislatures are better at moral reasoning than judges
At several points, Waldron poses the issues in an either/or form. Either judges or the legislature are better at moral reasoning, from which it follows that the legislature should have a monopoly on constitutional interpretation. At other times, he indicates that all is well so long as legislatures have the final say, which means that judges may have a legitimate though subordinate role. It seems Waldron is prepared to countenance the legitimacy of ‘weak judicial review’ where judges may not invalidate a statute which they think fails to comply with that country’s statutory commitment to human rights; instead they can issue a declaration of incompatibility in the government’s and the legislature’s court.
In reality, nevertheless, there are legal orders where weak JR usually puts judges under an interpretative obligation to try to render statutes compliant with rights even when the statutes seem not to comply, for instance section 3 of the UK’s Human Rights Act (HRA) 1998. Indeed, it would be very odd to have in place an independent judiciary, with a general authority to interpret the law, and a statutory bill of rights that commits all the institutions of state to governing in accordance with such rights, and for judges to suppose that they were not under such an obligation, even if it were not formally stated. When judges attribute a meaning to a statute in accordance with this obligation, the legislature has the option of responding with a statute that makes explicit the intention of the judges who declined to attribute to the statute. If the legislature does not do so, because of the political culture of the society, again it is in fact a strong JR, if not in form.
Waldron objects to the system of JR of legislation because presumably it displays an attitude of disrespect toward citizens in the sense that it holds them ineligible to decide for themselves, via the ordinary legislative route, matters of utmost importance as the scope of fundamental rights. The system of JR of legislation does that by according to the views of a handful of judges ‘superior voting weight’ to the extent that it enables them to override or set aside settlements reached among the citizens and their representatives on the grounds that the judges believe the settlement is wrong. Waldron emphasizes that people ought to govern themselves with regard to contested questions of justice.
In Waldron’s notion, a system of JR of legislation ‘where the court has the final say on a certain political issue and may overturn a contrary legislative decision on the grounds that it has made a mistake’ is a loss to democracy. It is a loss to democracy because it removes certain matters from the ordinary political process, where the view of each citizen presumably counts the same as everybody else’s, and assigns them to a small group of judges, whose decision may override a decision supported by millions. Therefore, Waldron concluded that the move of limiting the powers of parliament and enhancing the powers of judiciary will make UK less democracy.
It could be argued that, although the inclusion of social and economic rights in the new BRF fulfils the demand of the British public in relation to their rights to healthcare, in fact it is not matched by the legal reality. Such inclusion will increase the court’s power and strengthen the JR and entrenchment in a way which is not square with the tradition of parliamentary democracy in the UK. Further, this will raise the questions of democratic legitimacy and institutional competence which may evoke another interesting debate between the supporters of Dworkin and Waldron.
In conclusion, I would agree that the Commission is right in refusing the JR and entrenchment because they are not in accordance with British tradition. As abovementioned, the arguments against the proposal seem more convincing than the arguments in favour of the proposal in relation to theories propounded by Dworkin and Waldron, in particular. It is believed that drawing up a BRF would be a complex exercise which has an unknown impact on the country; but inevitably, the time-honoured parliament supremacy will be challenged. Considering that the HRA 1998 has only been enacted for less than a decade, perhaps it would be a better notion to modify the HRA 1998 if necessary instead of challenging the British tradition whose consequences are still unknown.
Cite This Essay
To export a reference to this article please select a referencing style below: | <urn:uuid:e3f3ef05-125e-4572-b6e9-f7eb36527782> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/constitutional-law/bill-of-rights-for-the-united-kingdom-constitutional-law-essay.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247482478.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20190217192932-20190217214932-00329.warc.gz | en | 0.963421 | 3,056 | 3.3125 | 3 |
In addition, they are able to see how responsibilities are taken care of and shared between a husband and wife. This modeling witnessed during their youth is not only beneficial to their development now, but will also serve them as a reference for when they want to form their own families in the future.
The Family Model
The Family Model is the key to Casa Hogar’s success. As noted above, the family-style living gives our children an environment completely different from the more traditional orphanage. In addition to the family-style living, the Family Model provides the children with a structured path to learning social skills and tracking their advancements.
For over ninety years, Boys Town has been a refuge of hope for wayward and orphaned children. Its family-based teaching model has been hugely successful in modifying and forming child behavior using scientific methods coupled with human compassion. The success of the Boys Town model is largely due to the perspective that modification needs to happen by helping troubled youth to learn and replace bad behavior with good behavior.
In mid-2009, Casa Hogar was given the rights for the use of the Boys Town Program under their own name outside the United States. Adapted to meet cultural needs, the program is immediately available for use in Spanish. All training material and resources have been translated, and a training program established. The model is comprised of five components, providing the well-needed balance for child development. They include:
- Teaching social, academic and independent-living skills
- Helping build healthy relationships
- Empowering youth through the development of self-government
- Fostering values and spirituality
- Living in a family life-style
Building Healthy Relationships
In addition, helping the kids build healthy relationships is key to their success. Because of their past, so many of the kids have not experienced what a real family is like; what friendship is; what a relationship with the opposite gender should entail, etc. Abuse, poor role-modeling, TV content, and lack of morals leads little to the imagination.
Unfortunately, from years of living or witnessing the aforementioned, the kids are doomed to repeat these destructive cycles. Using the Family Program, the kids are taught the differences between healthy and unhealthy relationships as well as how to detect if a relationship is heading in the wrong direction. The children learn proper boundaries in terms of their bodies, possessions and opinions, and are taught to respect these boundaries. This gives each child not only a sense of pride of who they are, but it also provides them with a sense of security and self-respect. | <urn:uuid:45a2e711-81fb-4cfa-a0e1-e7e35b30d997> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.homeajpm.org/program/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314641.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20190819032136-20190819054136-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.967075 | 525 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Agricultural Literacy Curriculum Matrix
Submit a Lesson Plan or Companion Resource
Lesson plans included in the National Agricultural Literacy Curriculum Matrix must address the National Agricultural Literacy Outcomes (NALOs) and K-12 education content standards. Companion resources need to support lesson plan activities. If you have an idea for a lesson plan that would fill a gap in the Matrix or would like to suggest a companion resource for a lesson plan, please complete this form. | <urn:uuid:daa0918b-084b-4baa-ac60-f9b445432eb9> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://agclassroom.org/matrix/suggest/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150308.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20210724191957-20210724221957-00637.warc.gz | en | 0.899269 | 99 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Click here to read the original Cautious Optimism Facebook post with comments
6 MIN READ - For some time the Cautious Optimism Correspondent for Economic Affairs and Other Egghead Stuff has posted on the contrasting regulatory frameworks of the historically unstable banking systems of England (16 bank panics in 194 years) and the United States (17 panics in 216 years) against the nearly laissez-faire deregulated system of Scotland (zero panics in 129 years).
Now the Economics Correspondent begins the last chapter of the series with a final handful of articles on the exceptional performance and stability of Canada’s 118-year free banking era.
So far the Economics Correspondent has devoted a great deal of writing to explain the many destructive, perverse, and downright bad American bank regulations that contributed to its roughly seventeen bank panics going back to 1792.
By contrast Canada, which had the most deregulated banking system in the industrialized world from 1845 to 1935 (and second-most deregulated from 1817 to 1845) experienced no panics at all during its “free banking” period.
Much less penmanship is required to explain Canada’s success, for describing what Canada didn’t do (tie its banks’ hands in destructive ways) doesn’t take as long as dissecting the United States’ long chain of pernicious and destabilizing regulations or the chronologies of its multiple financial crises.
Because Canada had very little of the first and none of the second.
Nevertheless, a very simplified overview of Canada’s banking industry and history does provide some insights.
THE BANK OF MONTREAL
During Canada’s early years of French colonization (1534-1763), money was a vague and undefined commodity. Aside from barter, attempts at a common medium of exchange included wheat, wampum (shell beads), beaver pelts, and moose skins.
These attempts at functioning monies were generally unsatisfactory since wheat and shell beads are not uniform, homogenous, or durable, and beaver pelts and moose skins are not divisible or uniform. French traders even famously tried using playing cards as money with equally unsatisfactory results.
As was the case in other western societies, coins minted from rarer metals eventually found their way into Canada, mostly higher denomination French coins from the West Indies, Spanish silver dollars minted in Mexico, and copper coins for low denomination transactions.
The French crown briefly authorized the colonial government to issue currency “cards” that could be traded for bills of exchange which in turn were redeemed for silver in France.
The new card money was initially successful, but the colonial government soon began printing “Treasury notes” alongside the cards, and upon entering the French-Indian War with Great Britain (1754-1763) quickly ended convertibility and overissued the notes leading to inflation.
At the war’s conclusion Quebec changed hands to become the British Province of Quebec, later “British North America,” and by the early 19th century commerce in cities and towns was being conducted with a hodgepodge of gold, silver, and copper coins of varying weights from different countries.
It was at this point that a group of nine merchants met in Montreal to discuss the idea of a bank of deposit and issue that could supply uniform paper currency to the local region.
The idea was not novel. By then a few hundred banks in the independent United States were already accepting gold and silver coin deposits, issuing paper banknotes, and even crediting deposit accounts to make commercial exchange less cumbersome—all instruments we take for granted today (less gold convertibility).
And commercial banking with private note issuance had already been conducted in Great Britain for well over a century.
Hence the merchants petitioned the Parliament of Lower Canada for a charter. The charter was slow in coming so the merchants decided to open without one in 1817, signing the Articles of Association founding the Bank of Montreal in a rented house.
Of the nine founding directors, a majority (five) were Scottish or of Scottish descent including John Richardson, known as the “Father of Canadian Banking.” A majority of Scots was no coincidence—something we will revisit in a later column. The other four included one Frenchman, two Americans, and one Englishman.
Hence the Bank of Montreal, Canada’s first commercial bank and still in operation today, issued the country’s first private banknotes in 1817.
A charter for incorporation followed in 1822. The bank accepted deposits in gold and silver coin, issued banknotes and deposit accounts in exchange, extended interest-bearing loans in the form of notes and deposits, and discounted securities.
The arrival of uniform cash made conducting commerce in Montreal and surrounding areas much easier, and large commercial transactions could now be conducted at the bank instead of through schlep: the cumbersome process of hauling heavy bags of coins across town to make a large payment.
OTHER EARLY BANKS
Word of the Bank of Montreal’s success quickly spread, spurring a small wave of new bank startups. In a few short years several new banks were chartered, many of whose names have been forgotten—either by failure or more commonly by acquisition—including:
-The Bank of Quebec (Quebec City, 1818)
-The Bank of Canada (Montreal, 1818, not to be confused with Canada’s central bank established in 1935)
-The Bank of Upper Canada (Kingston, 1819)
-The Bank of New Brunswick (St. John, 1820)
-The Second Bank of Upper Canada (York – later Toronto, 1822)
But of particular note was the creation of a new bank in Halifax, Nova Scotia.
The privately owned Halifax Banking Company was founded in 1825, but with only a handful of private partners to fund its startup capital its regional benefit was limited.
The Legislative Assembly of Nova Scotia felt a larger public bank, funded by shares sold to the public, would better serve the colony and was amenable to providing a charter, but the Halifax Banking Company’s directors insisted on a government-granted provincial monopoly.
In a key difference between the early days of American and Canadian banking, the Nova Scotia Assembly refused to grant a monopoly and the Bank of Halifax went on operating as a limited private partnership.
This stands in stark contrast to the American states of the 1800’s which were granting literally hundreds of local bank monopolies in exchange for bank favors, or of the U.S. federal government that bestowed an interstate branching monopoly upon its two antebellum central banks—the Bank of the United States and Second Bank of the United States—to carry out Washington, DC’s monetary policy.
Nova Scotia still lacked a large regional bank, but a few years later a group of merchants founded the Bank of Nova Scotia which opened as a publicly-owned bank, issuing shares of stock via the 1832 equivalent of an IPO. The Bank of Nova Scotia’s directors didn’t ask for a government monopoly, the bank received its charter, and a new, more heavily-capitalized competitor emerged in the Canadian market.
The Bank of Montreal and Bank of Nova Scotia remain two of Canada’s largest banks today, known to Canadians as BMO (“bee-mo”) and Scotiabank.
The story of Scotiabank’s founding is informative as it establishes an example of a pattern that was to follow for decades to come: All through the early period of Canada’s bank startups, no special government privileges were granted to Canadian banks nor were their business activities handtied by onerous regulations—although a few regulations policing fraud and insider conflicts of interest were applied.
Of particular note was branching. While in the United States state governments universally prohibited the branching of any bank into any state other than its home state, and frequently restricted branching to only two or three counties or no branches at all, Canadian banks were free to open branches wherever they wanted. It wasn’t long before most Canadian townships were served by competing bank branches operating from headquarters in Halifax, Montreal, or Toronto.
Around the time of Canadian confederation (1867), when Canada was granted self-government by Great Britain as an independent Commonwealth nation, a few other notable banks were founded.
In 1867 the Canadian Bank of Commerce was chartered and the Imperial Bank of Canada in 1875. After a series of acquisitions the two large banks merged in 1961 to create the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, or CIBC.
In 1864 the Royal Bank of Canada was chartered which, through organic growth and acquisitions, grew into what has until recently been Canada’s largest bank.
Two more banks, the Bank of Toronto and the Dominion Bank, were founded in 1855 and 1869 respectively and merged in 1955 to form the Toronto-Dominion Bank which has recently overtaken Royal Bank as Canada’s largest.
Today Canada’s five largest banks by assets (with market nicknames) are:
1. Toronto-Dominion Bank (TD)
2. Royal Bank of Canada (RBC)
3. Bank of Nova Scotia (Scotiabank)
4. Bank of Montreal (BMO)
5. Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC)
(note: RBC and TD have been leapfrogging over one another for the #1 position for the last few years, depending on whether one measures rank by assets, deposits, market capitalization, etc…)
East coast and midwestern Americans may have noticed the presence of Canadian banking expansion into the U.S. market in recent years, as RBC and TD branch offices have cropped up along the Atlantic coast states and southeast while BMO Harris has a large Midwest presence.
BMO has also recently acquired Bank of the West from French supernational BNP Paribas, so BMO’s U.S. presence will soon expand significantly into the western United States.
Scotiabank has a tradition of expansion into Latin America while CIBC has remained a predominantly domestic operation.
Lastly, Canada’s “Big Five” combined assets are estimated at 42% the combined value of the USA’s “Big Four”:
1. J.P. Morgan
2. Bank of America
4. Wells Fargo
...and “number five” US Bancorp
However, considering Canada only has 11.3% the population of the United States and 7.9% the gross domestic product, the relative size of its banks but absence of any banking crises are yet more testament to the stability and success of the industry.
In Part 2 we will look closely at more regulations Canadian banks were never subjected to (and American banks were) which helped them completely avoid banking panics throughout the industry’s 205-year history. | <urn:uuid:3738aaf7-12aa-4e8b-88d7-13192cfe2edc> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | http://www.cautiouseconomics.com/2022/11/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510924.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001173415-20231001203415-00081.warc.gz | en | 0.960914 | 2,279 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Edison’s Concrete Piano highlights the careers of famous inventors — revealing the lesser-known and most fascinating facts about their careers, their wackier hobbies, and especially their big flops and great successes. Take Thomas Edison for example, who revolutionized our world with the light bulb, the phonograph, and the forerunner to the movie camera. He also created a concrete piano, a non-operational helicopter made from box kites and piano wire, and a machine to speak to the dead. Edison was not the only one to engineer a complete flop now and again; in fact, failure amid greatness is the norm — not the exception.
Did you know that Henry Ford followed his Model T success with a tractor that was famous for killing its customers? Ever heard of a flying tank? Can you imagine why physics genius Albert Einstein created a refrigerator that howled like a banshee? Or what Nikola Tesla was thinking when he tested his earthquake machine — in crowded Manhattan? And how did Alexander Graham Bell, after inventing the phone, pass the time on his sheep farm in Nova Scotia?
From whole scale improvements, like the assembly line, to robots made from paint cans, Edison’s Concrete Piano covers it all. Written snapshots of inventors through the ages to the current day are accompanied by photographs and illustrations of their lives and their inventions. Read about Edison, Tesla, DaVinci, Fuller, and Alexander Graham Bell, alongside the inventors you’ve never considered — the people who are dreaming up many of the products you’ll use every day.
From Alexander Graham Bell’s six-nippled sheep to Leonardo da Vinci’s walk-on-water shoes, these ludicrous ideas and faulty designs will leave you with a smile on your face, and a new perspective on the meaning of success.
Judy Wearing is an award-winning educator and author with a PhD in biology from Oxford University. She works as a science education consultant and develops activities and books for children. This is her first popular science book. She lives in Newburgh, Ontario.
Published: October 2009
Dimensions: 5.5 x 8.5 in.
"This book sparkles with heaps of ideas, some plain bonkers, others, like the car, more pedestrian. . . . this book is fun and full of quirks . . . a fine yarn."— The Waikato Times
"The popular science is fun and easily accessible, and there's more to the inventors experiments than the title can contain."— Los Angeles Times | <urn:uuid:99cf4cff-97bb-4bd0-b758-6341d92ef2d4> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://ecwpress.com/products/edisons-concrete-piano | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542687.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00141-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946604 | 532 | 2.828125 | 3 |
CORNELL (US)—Chemists have devised a way to break the tough nitrogen-nitrogen bond in the lab and simultaneously create carbon-nitrogen bonds. They fast-tracked the process by skipping the usual energy-intensive, fossil fuel-burning step of creating ammonia.
A noxious compound of nitrogen and hydrogen, ammonia is produced in a high-temperature, high-pressure process in large industrial plants all over the world. The breakthrough by Cornell University chemist Paul Chirik and colleagues is reported online in the journal Nature Chemistry.
The research team made a complex of nitrogen and the metal hafnium. With the hafnium adding electrons to the nitrogen and loosening the strong triple bond, they then added carbon by dousing the complex in the gas carbon monoxide—a key breakthrough—and electrons from the carbon finished breaking up the nitrogen bonds in a process called cleavage. The carbon then bonded with the nitrogen without any special temperature or pressure requirements.
The scientists’ next challenge is to turn this into a catalytic process—in other words, to find an easy way to recycle the hafnium by removing it from the nitrogen after the desired chemical reaction is complete.
They did it this time by adding a drop of hydrochloric acid, which also left them with a small amount of the common fertilizer oxamide. That method, however, is tedious and not reproducible for industrial purposes, Chirik notes.
The work showed that nitrogen—which makes up nearly 80 percent of Earth’s atmosphere—and carbon can be bonded without the hassle and expense of making ammonia.
“We are living in this sea of nitrogen, but we can’t do much with it except to make ammonia out of it,” Chirik says. “And I think we as a society, in order to move forward, can’t be lazy and just use oil. We’re going to have to figure out ways to develop new chemistry to use what’s around us better.”
The research was funded by the Chemical Sciences Division of the U.S. Department of Energy and the Frasch Foundation, administered by the American Chemical Society.
Cornell University news: www.news.cornell.edu/ | <urn:uuid:bac91ab8-c2f1-4801-9610-de4c3fd44200> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.futurity.org/ammonia-snubbed-in-nitrogens-clean-break/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267861456.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618222556-20180619002556-00513.warc.gz | en | 0.923415 | 468 | 3.9375 | 4 |
1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data Assume that force the force required to walk from home to school is on a 70 degree angle to the horizontal surface. This force is equal to your weight. mass is 120lb or 48 kg a) calculate weight. 3. The attempt at a solution a) w=mg w=48kg*9.8N/kg w=470.4N IS THAT RIGHT????????? | <urn:uuid:f94d0a90-89cd-4d88-8b85-fba58d139ca1> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/force-and-energy.172538/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887024.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20180117232418-20180118012418-00227.warc.gz | en | 0.865465 | 91 | 3.21875 | 3 |
In 1974 preparations started for construction of the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant (INPP). At that time the most powerful in the world INPP was build to satisfy not only Lithuanian but also the former Soviet Union’s single North-West power system needs.
Next year a memorial stone was placed to mark the site of the would-be Sniechkus (currently Visaginas) town. In March 1978 the earth-moving work was started for the construction of energy Unit 1 of INPP. The work was completed by September. At the end of 1978, there were 5067 employees working at the construction.
On 17 April 1979, USSR Council of Ministers adopted a resolution that gave the green light for the construction of INPP. At the same time the construction of the 7-meter-deep foundation for the Unit 1 was completed. On 12 December, by the order of the Minister of Medium-Machine Building Ministry of the USSR, 10 ministries and 45 factories had to ensure that Unit 1 at the INPP was put into operation in 1982.
Simultaneously, the construction of Unit 2 was underway – in December 1980 the earth-moving works were completed. The pace of construction was brisk; the number of employees was continuously growing. In 1982, 11,286 employees were working at the INPP. On 31 December 1983, Unit 1 was commissioned.
The construction of Unit 3 began. 13,573 persons were employed in the operation of Unit 1 and construction of other units. In 1986 the erection works of Unit 2 were completed. Originally, Unit 2 was to be launched in 1986 but commissioning postponed because of the accident on Chernobyl NPP where RBMK-type reactors were used. Unit 2 was put into operation on 31 August 1987. By that time, approximately 60 percent of Unit 3 was completed but after the Chernobyl accident the government of the LSSR requested USSR authorities to stop the construction of Unit 3. The construction of Unit 3 was preserved and totally suspended in 1989.
Ignalina NPP became even more important for the national energy system after the restitution of Lithuania’s independence. Due to surge in fossil prices which is imported mainly from Russia, electricity generation costs at nuclear power plant are almost twice lower than in other plants. INPP produced 60 percent of Lithuanian electricity in 1991. In 1993 INPP produced record amount of electricity – 12, 26 billion kWh or 88, 1 percent of electricity necessary for the state.
After Lithuania took over its jurisdiction INPP in 1991, it became the 31st state in the world using nuclear energy for electricity generation.
Due to the Chernobyl accident, INPP has undergone a number of international studies and extensive safety analysis. It can be argued that the probability of the accident at Ignalina NPP and the overall level of safety were similar to the Western nuclear safety standards. However, unlike other types of modern NPP, RBMK-type reactors have no such a protective shield that might detain radioactive material during an accident. For this reason Western policy makers and organizations agree that RBMK-type reactors operating risks cannot be reduced to the extent that they are safe to operate permanently.
International community’s opinion was significant for Lithuania during the process of preparation for its accession to the EU and NATO. Therefore, Lithuania respecting the international community’s opinion and having regard to the Nuclear Safety Account Grant Agreement in the approved in Parliament National Energy Strategy in 1999 scheduled the shutdown of Unit 1 of Ignalina NPP by 2005 according to the EU’s, the G-7 counties’, other countries’ and international financial institutions’ long-term substantial financial assistance. In 2000 according to the National Energy Strategy the Parliament of Lithuania adopted the Law on the Decommissioning of Unit 1 of the State Enterprise Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant.
Decommissioning Service was founded in 2000 which is the newest division of INPP. Decommissioning Service is subordinate to the General Director of the INPP and its activity is financed by the Ignalina NPP Decommissioning Fund.
On 19 February 2001, Lithuanian Government approved a Program for Decommissioning INPP's Unit 1.
As it is said in the National Energy Strategy approved on 10 October 2002, EU countries have admitted that decommissioning of the INPP will take longer than the present financial prospects allow, and that it is an excessive financial burden to Lithuania incommensurable with its size and economic power. For this reason Unit 2 of INPP is to be shut down by 2009, provided financial sources and necessary funding based on agreements with EU institutions and other donors.
Following the resolutions taken by the Government INPP Unit 1 was shut down at the end of December of 2004 and Unit 2 was closed on 31 December 2009. During the suspension of Unit 1 there were 3,517 employees at INPP and during the closure of Unit 2 – 2,354 employees.
During the 26 years of operation Ignalina NPP has produced 307, 9 billion kWh of electricity: Unit 1 – 136, 9 billion kWh and Unit 2 – 170, 2 billion kWh. The total amount of electricity sold is 279, 8 billion kWh.
The construction of INPP necessitated constructing 142 km of roads, 50 km of railway, 390 km of communication lines, 334 km of electricity lines, 133 km of sewerage lines, and 164 km of thermal lines. 3 544,000 m3 of concrete and reinforced concrete and 76,480 tones of reinforcement was used for the construction. | <urn:uuid:8c7767d3-ccde-4ede-93fb-f6e77e46575e> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.iae.lt/en/about-us/history/137 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439740423.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20200815005453-20200815035453-00392.warc.gz | en | 0.970698 | 1,133 | 2.65625 | 3 |
A basic premise of cladist systematics is that evolutionary novelties (derived character states, characteristics of a taxon that differ from the ancestral form) reveal phylogenetic relationships. Such novelties are called apomorphies; synapomorphies are when two or more taxa share such a derived state. On the other hand, shared primitive character states, called plesiomorphies, reveal nothing about the relationships of taxa at the level they are being studied since the symplesiomorphies (primitive character states that are shared) have been inherited from the ancestors of all the taxa. Look at the monophyletic part of the figure below, and assume fur is a plesiomorphic character that has been evolutionarily lost in B and E. The fact that A, C, and D have fur cannot be used to infer a closer relationship among them than with B or E.
A foundation of cladistics is the premise that new character states arise at the time of speciation (for practical purposes, most schools of cladistic thought also require that the parent species ends at the time of speciation, leaving two or more daughter species). [However, keep in mind that cladistics is not a monolithic discipline, and a number of varieties exist.]
Necessary concepts here (and elsewhere in systematics) are monophyly, paraphyly, and polyphyly.
Diagrams showing example of mono-, para-, and polyphyly. The bold line encircles members considered to belong to the taxon under consideration. In monophyly, all members (A-E) of the taxon share the most recent common ancestor. In cladistics, strict monophyly is required in that all members descended from the common ancestor must be included in the taxon; in evolutionary classification, some descendents may be segregated out as separate taxa (e.g., class Aves and class Mammalia from class Reptilia). In the paraphyly example, taxon E is omitted from the higher-level taxon, making that higher lever taxon paraphyletic. In the polyphyly example, taxon F, which does not share the most recent common ancestor with the others, is included in the higher-level taxon. Under cladistics, only strict monophyletic taxa are allowed and, in fact, the whole methodology is aimed at discovering monophyletic taxa.
The basis for analysis is the cladogram. A cladogram is a dendrogram where the branch points are defined by synapomorphies. If absence of a particular tooth cusp is a plesiomorphic character state and others have the cusp (cusp 1) present, the branch point would separate the two groups. If some in the second group also have an additional cusp 2, then an additional separation would be shown. In the adjacent cladogram, the plesiomorphic state (no cusp) is represented by the ventral stem; "A" retains this state. Cusp 1 is present in those forms beyond the node (branch point) and thus is a synapomorphy for "B" and "C". Cusp 2 represents the evolution of a second new cusp beyond the node of "B" and "C" and thus taxon "C" has both cusps 1 and 2, but taxon "B" has only cusp 1. Since taxon C has a unique character state evolved since its last common ancestor (its ancestor shared with "B", Cusp 2 is an autapomorphy.
A cladogram is not necessarily a phylogenetic dendrogram; it merely shows the relationships in terms of monophyly ("B" and "C" are believed to form a monophyletic group because they share an apomorphy and that is evidence that they have inherited it from a common ancestor). It is quite possible to interpret a phylogenetic tree from the cladogram in which "B" is the ancestor of "C" (this still is monophyly since "B" and "C" would still share a common ancestor shared by no other taxon—namely, the immediate ancestor of "B" in this case).
To do an analysis, characters are chosen and character states determined for the taxa involved. Also, polarity must be established (that is, what is plesiomorphic and what is apomorphic in any series of character states). For the latter, often an outgroup is chosen—a higher-level, related taxon. Character states shared with the outgroup are presumed to be plesiomorphic. For example, if you were working with the family Felidae and used the Canidae as the outgroup, you would take the presence of the carnassial pair of teeth as being plesiomorphic since it's present in both taxa, indicating that it had arisen in a common ancestor of cats and dogs. As such, it would be of no value in trying to determine the relationships within the family Felidae.
Despite neat theory, there are (as in most scientific endeavors) problems in practice. A general problem is that posed by parallelisms, convergences, and reversals. These show up in inconsistencies (in our example, as if "A" and "C" shared some synapomorphies while "B" and "C" shared others). Generally, the principle of parsimony is called upon; those relationships that require the fewest ad hoc explanations are chosen as the best supported.
Other problems, particularly in paleontology, have to do with inadequate suites of characters and determining character-state polarity with long-extinct taxa.
From the point of view of traditional taxonomy, cladistics results in extreme vertical classification and, if used as a formal taxonomy, results in situations uncomfortable to many. A favorite example is that lobe-finned fishes are placed in a high-level taxon (with their descendents, the tetrapods) separate from the ray-finned fishes. Also, such paraphyletic groups as reptiles (Class Aves and Class Mammalia are not included within the Class Reptilia in traditional taxonomy) undergo major changes. Under one scenario, for example, the reptiles would originate at the branch point where birds originate, and of course would not include "reptilian" taxa that split off earlier than the Jurassic. Alternatively, the Reptilia could originate at the branch point where the mammals originate, and birds then would be a subdivision of the class Reptilia. Although various groups are working on taxonomic treatments, the situation is considered a continuing problem by many. This is one reason we are sticking mostly with the classical taxonomy in this class.
Last Update: 10 Jan 2008
Centennial Museum and Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso | <urn:uuid:63c827cf-7145-458b-93fa-d6f9a426a842> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://museum2.utep.edu/mammalogy/cladistics.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375097473.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031817-00077-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956732 | 1,404 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Description or summary of the book: It's AD 84 when Bran, a prince of the Carvetii tribe, is captured by the Romans. A legion of soldiers is marching east, to build a military road. It's hostile country, and Bran is to go with them as a hostage to ensure the legion's safety ...but no one is safe in newly conquered Britain.
Estimated reading time (average reader): 7H14M24S
Other categories, genre or collection: Nonfiction History Books for Kids
Available formats: JPEG, PDF, TXT, DOC, EPUB, TCR, WORD, OEB. Compressed in TAR.GZ, AZW3, ZIP, RAR, IMG | <urn:uuid:88921efd-0ecb-469f-a3c9-a86c343c22da> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://bestbooksforteens.com/sw0/post/2008/2/roman-invasion-download-free-pdf-and-ebook-by-jim-eldridge-year-2008.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145657.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20200222085018-20200222115018-00322.warc.gz | en | 0.875955 | 150 | 3.0625 | 3 |
My college students are about to start a literary analysis unit using short stories so I thought I'd review how to examine a piece of literature for literary devices with them. I chose to do so by using my Ozymandias and Ode on a Grecian Urn sheets.
Here are some examples:
Students made annotations on their own, as we talked about the poem, and again as they worked through the line by line questions. The students told me they liked this technique of going through the poetry. My thought is, in a high school classroom, I'd go through several poems like this and then set them on their own with other poems. By completing these sheets students will learn what questions to ask themselves the next time they read a poem or story.
If you want these sheets specifically you can find them HERE. | <urn:uuid:a3d86d04-329c-42e5-926f-9c62cc598b7c> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.msfsteachingadventures.com/2014/02/look-little-closer-teaching-students-do.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218194601.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212954-00613-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983917 | 168 | 3.09375 | 3 |
What is Angeln Saddleback?
Angeln Saddleback. The Angeln Saddleback is a breed of very rare domestic pigs that originated in Germany. These large size swines were once much popular for their meat, until the demand fell. At present, they are farmed in a very limited area in Germany, especially in the Angeln region, from which it got its name. Angeln Saddleback.
Where is the Angeln Saddleback pig from?
At present, they are farmed in a very limited area in Germany, especially in the Angeln region, from which it got its name. The Angeln Saddleback pig was developed by crossing the Wessex Saddleback pig with the black and white Landrace pig in Angeln, Germany.
Are Angeln Saddleback pigs good for You?
Angeln Saddleback pigs are very hardy animals. They are well adapted to outdoor management or extensive pig farming system. The sows are highly fertile and are good mothers. They produce enough milk for their piglets. However, review full breed profile of this breed in the following chart.
Why did the Angeln Saddleback horse go extinct?
In modern times, the production of these animals has significantly diminished after market sentiment turned away from it finding it to be too fat for the consumer, thus making the breed nearly extinct. An individual Angeln Saddleback can drink up to 14 gallons of water in a single day.
What happened to the Angeln Saddleback pig strain?
The strain became established as a distinct and separate breed. And a significant market share was controlled by the 1950s. The Angeln Saddleback pig strain has come to be extinct as market sentiment has turned against the fatty meat of it. Read information regarding the strain.
What is the name of the pig breed that has Saddleback?
Angeln Saddleback Pig Breed Information Breed Name Angeln Saddleback Other Name Angler Sattelschwein and Danish: Angler Special Notes Very hardy animals, well adapted to outd Breed Size Large Weight Boars 350 kg | <urn:uuid:85ca1a28-5582-4fe6-a3e5-0afa0c0a1f23> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.toccochicago.com/2022/09/16/what-is-angeln-saddleback/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224645810.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530131531-20230530161531-00433.warc.gz | en | 0.966869 | 437 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Some researchers have proposed plans in recent years to reimagine what the Internet would look like if you started with a clean slate. Others, like those within the systems and networking group at Princeton University's Computer Science Department, are inventing ways to make the Internet more flexible for data center operators and more useful to mobile users by slipping technology in between layers of the current architecture.
Princeton's open source Serval system is what Assistant Professor of Computer Science Michael Freedman calls a Service Access Layer that sits between the IP Network Layer (Layer 3) and Transport Layer (Layer 4), where it can work with unmodified network devices. Serval's purpose is to make Web services such as Gmail and Facebook more easily accessible, regardless of where an end user is, via a services naming scheme that augments what the researchers call an IP address set-up "designed for communication between fixed hosts with topology-dependent addresses." Data center operators could benefit by running Web servers in virtual machines across the cloud and rely less on traditional load balancers.
Freedman, who heads the Serval team and is a recent recipient of a Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers, says Serval initially is in the form of a loadable Linux kernel module for Linux and Android systems, though can also work with Mac and Unix-based systems, and translators have been implemented that could keep Windows machines in the loop, too. Hardware blades could be fashioned from the technology down the road as well, he says.
"One can think of this as an overlay, but really, it means there is some software running on machines that act as service routers (much like DNS resolvers/nameservers or DHCP servers," Freedman says. "These are only 'on-path' for the first packet of each flow, unlike today's load balancers, which must be on-path for each packet."
Serval, which Freedman describes as a "replacement" technology, will likely have its first production applications in service-provider networks. "Its largest benefits come from more dynamic settings, so its features most clearly benefit the cloud and mobile spaces," he says. "That said, it certainly could be used in enterprise settings - one obvious way is that zero-conf service discovery (say as an alternative to DNS-SD and Apple Bonjour) is very natural in its model, even across Layer 3 domains."
If any of this sounds similar to software-defined networking (SDN), there are in fact connections.
Freedman worked on an SDN/OpenFlow project at Stanford University called Ethane that was spun out into a startup called Nicira that VMware just plunked down $1.26 billion to acquire. Freedman recently found himself congratulating his former Ethane partner Martin Casado, Nicira's CTO. "Rather than help start Nicira in 2007, I decided to join the faculty at Princeton," Freedman says.
And it's at Princeton where Freedman and colleagues are working to go beyond basic SDN with what he says is a more scalable approach in Serval. "We believe that Serval can extend today's network-centric view of SDN to a broader vision of software-defined service-centric networking," he says.
"The relationship between Serval and SDN is harder to explain [than Freedman's connection to SDN] since SDN can mean many different things depending on the scope of the programmability and the nature of the applications," Freedman says.
"A key distinction is that today's SDN focuses inside the network (i.e., on Layer 2 and 3 issues), whereas Serval focuses further up the stack on the relationship of high-level services to the underlying network. For example, Serval handles VM migration and user mobility by allowing a process to change its IP address or addresses as it moves, whereas an SDN solution would install new forwarding table entries in the switches to reach a VM or device at its new location using the old address."
Early Serval case studies at Princeton have focused on load-balanced Web servers, live virtual machine migration between Layer 3 networks, partitioned storage such as memcached, and mobile clients, with seamless mobility between cellular and WiFi networks (an example involves an Android phone user accessing and staying connected to a Google music service while strolling across campus). The Serval website itself uses Serval technology to get Web browser users to their destination swiftly.
The Princeton team has been thinking about Serval -- formerly dubbed SCAFFOLD -- since 2008, and prototypes got off the ground in 2010 (the name Serval comes from a shortening of Service Access Layer, but also refers to a wild African cat whose speed and agility fits with the project's goals). The Serval team is now seeking partners to put the technology into action, such as for managing virtualized environments.
The Princeton team's paper on Serval was presented in April at the Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (authors included Freedman, plus Erik Nordstrom, David Shue, Prem Copaian, Robert Kiefer, Matvey Arye, Steven Ko and Jennifer Rexford). The project has been funded in part by the National Science Foundation, DARPA, the Office of Naval Research and Cisco Systems (which is exploring whether to do some in-house testing of Serval).
Bob Brown tracks network research in his Alpha Doggs blog and Facebook page, as well on Twitter http://twitter.com/#!/alphadoggs and Google +.
Read more about lan and wan in Network World's LAN & WAN section. | <urn:uuid:1282f9fc-acc6-43f0-a886-0168a2ea1fe8> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/432545/serval_princeton_researchers_tout_layer_3_5_internet_upgrade/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931014049.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155654-00011-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949873 | 1,149 | 2.75 | 3 |
There are a number of preposition words that change the meaning of a phrase when used with a particular word. For example, you can use Fight with different prepositions, and you will get a different meaning every time. You can see the examples below:
1. Grieve for
Fight for (defending)
Example: Our army is ready to fight for the country.
2. Fight with
Fight with (together)
Example: We must not fight with our relatives.
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3. Fight against
Fight against (thing)
Example: We must fight against the evil of illiteracy. | <urn:uuid:236c48e2-5c1e-41ec-9870-c2fa12963422> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://englishperiod.com/preposition-words-with-fight/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500384.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207035749-20230207065749-00806.warc.gz | en | 0.882194 | 168 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Be Informed: What to do before, during, and after an emergency.
Make a Plan: Prepare and plan — stay informed!
Build a Kit: Be ready with the items you need.
Get Involved: Find opportunities to help and support community preparedness.
To learn more about what you can do to be prepared for a natural or man-made disaster, visit the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness & Response website. | <urn:uuid:2c1ef96a-6889-4b13-887c-5dee4f34fbc2> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.winnebagocountyiowa.gov/public_health/emergency_preparedness/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100531.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204151108-20231204181108-00542.warc.gz | en | 0.899929 | 92 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Humanity is very close to achieving a nearly endless and clean energy source. It is called nuclear fusion. It is different than the nuclear fission reaction that is used in today’s nuclear reactors. Nuclear fission is based on splitting large atoms such as uranium or plutonium, and even though it releases a great amount of energy, it also generates radioactive waste.
But nuclear fusion is the way stars generate their energies, and it is based on fusing light atoms such as hydrogen to generate larger ones such as helium. This generates a huge amount of energy, and no radioactive waste.
The energy generated by this process is a lot more than the fission energy, but the problem is that you need to basically generate a small star in your reactor. This reaction requires extremely large amounts of pressure, which is also equivalent to extremely high temperatures. You need to generate millions of degrees celsius, and there is no known material in the universe that can contain such a reactor. It would melt its own container long before you even approach these temperatures.
Nuclear fusion reaction is achieved in the hydrogen bomb, which releases a lot more energy than the typical atomic bombs. But the reason it was possible there was because we didn’t need to contain this reaction in a controllable manner to harness its energy and put it to good use. The purpose was to generate an extremely large destructive power, and the hydrogen bomb was able to achieve that.
Luckily, there are ways to achieve these large temperatures in the lab environment without having to use any material. The trick is to use magnetic fields to hold ionized hydrogen plasma together, without having to touch any container walls. Many experimental reactors have been built by nations with advanced scientific capabilities in many locations over the years, and the work to achieve controllable fusion has been going on for a long time.
But there was significant progress in this area in the last few decades, and especially in the last decade. We have been hearing good news after good news from fusion researchers lately.
The latest one was actually released today from Germany, which prompted me to write this article.
The experimental fusion reactor in Germany finally achieved the desired temperatures in a controlled environment long enough for fusion to occur. This is a breakthrough, and even though the actual fusion reaction hasn’t been achieved yet, this is a great accomplishment that promises a successful fusion reaction in a controlled environment in the near future.
The beauty of this type of nuclear reactor is that its fuel is hydrogen, which can be obtained from water. And it generates enormous amounts of energy with no radioactive waste. And the other good news is that, thanks to the amount of water we have in the oceans, this technology promises to fulfill the energy needs of humanity for thousands of years.
It sounds too good to be true, but that is the beauty of it. Building and maintaining these experimental fusion reactors cost billions of dollars every year, but in the end, it is worth it.
We may be looking at a future with no fossil fuels, no radioactive waste, and clean and unlimited energy.
But initially, these reactors will be so large and expensive that they will only be used to provide electricity for cities and towns. The next challenge at that point will be trying to create smaller versions of these reactors that can power your cars, etc. Whether this is possible or not, this is still a very exciting development. | <urn:uuid:e27fc0cf-e213-43e4-ac58-87073884eeb0> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.thinkandsay.net/nuclear-fusion/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371799447.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200407121105-20200407151605-00227.warc.gz | en | 0.963216 | 690 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Stainless steel coil is widely used in chemical industry， food， medicine， papermaking， petroleum， atomic energy and other industries，Stainless steel square tube as well as various parts of buildings kitchenware，316L stainless steel square pipeProfessional standards for Industry Segmentation vehicles and household appliances. stainless steel coil is divided into austenitic stainless steel cold rolled coil and stainless steel hot rolled coil. stainless steel (coil) plate features: beautiful surface and diversified use possibilities; Good corrosion resistance; Longer and more durable than ordinary steel; Good corrosion resistance; High temperature oxidation resistance and high strength， so it can resist fire; Good plasticity and welding performance. It has excellent rust and corrosion resistance good intergranular corrosion resistance and good processing performance.
6: stainless steel strip (stainless steel coil): or coil， coil， coil， plate coil. There are many names， and the hardness of the strip also varies from dozens to hundreds. Customers need to determine which hardness to use before purchasing. (K mirror luminosity)
mAustenitic stainless steel has good resistance to uniform corrosion， but there are still the following problems in local corrosion resistance: intergranular corrosion of austenitic stainless steel. Austenitic stainless steel will have intergranular corrosion when it is kept warm at ~ ℃ or cooled slowly. The higher the carbon content， the greater the tendency of intergranular corrosion. In addition， intergranular corrosion also occurs in the heat affected zone of the weldment. This is due to the precipitation of Cr rich CrC on the grain boundary. The chromium poor area is formed in the surrounding matrix，Stainless steel square tube which is caused by corrosion of the primary cell. This intergranular corrosion phenomenon also exists in the ferritic stainless steel mentioned above.
The stainless steel strip is supplied in coils， also known as strip steel. It is divided into hot rolling and cold rolling， stainless steel belt， stainless steel belt， stainless steel belt， stainless steel belt， stainless steel belt， J stainless steel belt， S stainless steel belt L stainless steel belt， L stainless steel belt，Stainless steel square tube S stainless steel belt， stainless steel iron belt，316L stainless steel square pipeProfessional standards for Industry Segmentation etc! Thickness: .mm-mm， width: mm-mm， can be customized without standard!
PSalkanIf you want to choose a high-quality stainless steel pipe water supply pipe you should first see whether its material is superior. Stainless steel is a material with strong corrosion resistance and high sanitation and cleanliness. Not only the outer wall is very beautiful， but also very smooth and smooth， and the incision is smooth. There will be obvious differences in material between the advantages and disadvantages of stainless steel pipe water supply pipe.
Lr SPHDSPHD—& mdash; Hot rolled steel plate and strip for stamping.
Theoretical weight of stainless steel pipe: w = outer diameter - wall thickness x wall thickness x..
Remarks: to ensure the nickel content of stainless steel strip and the mechanical properties of stainless steel strip， material certificate (Baogang material)， Japan Nippon Steel Material Certificate (Nippon Steel material)， SGS report，tisco stainless steel sheet,taigang stainless steel sheet,stainless steel sheet,stainless steel coil,stainless steel strip,stainless steel tube-TISCO Stainless Steel Co.,Ltd etc. can be provided.
aModel & mdash; It is easier to cut by adding a small amount of sulfur and phosphorus.
KMold cost: specifications are commonly used but not commonly used. Common specifications are rapid turnover and low mold sharing cost. Because of low utilization rate and high cost sharing， it is a special product manufacturing enterprise integrating R & D， sales and service. It has long been specialized in selling L stainless steel pipe， s stainless steel pipe and L stainless steel pipe. Therefore， the specification of a group of slightly larger formed pipes used in the production of pipe molds is about -.
RMeticulous workmanshipThe inner and outer surfaces of precision stainless steel pipe and thick wall pipe shall be free of cracks， folds， crazing， cracks， rolling folds， delamination， scabs and other defects， which need to be completely removed (unless they are specially used for machining) And after removing the stainless steel pipe wall， the wall thickness and outer diameter shall not exceed the negative deviation. As long as some minor surface defects that do not exceed the allowable negative deviation do not need to be removed.
mZChinas numbering rules adopt the use of element symbols and Chinese pinyin. Open hearth steel: P， boiling steel: killed steel: class a steel: T: Special: ball joint steel and spring steel， such as crm
There are kinds of hot rolled (hot extruded) steel pipes with a diameter of ~ mm， kinds of wall thickness of ~ mm， kinds of cold drawn (rolled) steel pipes with a diameter of ~ mm and kinds of wall thickness of . ~ mm.
According to rolling， it can be divided into hot rolled， hot extruded and cold drawn (rolled) stainless steel pipes.
Direct labornThe Chinese brand of stainless steel plate is crnimoti (CrNiMoTi with paper should also be this brand). The new brand is crnimoti stainless steel plate. The stainless steel plate is added with Ti in SUS steel to improve the intergranular corrosion resistance. It is applied to the equipment of， phosphoric acid， acetic acid and acetic acid.
XFor business people， of course， it is better to spend less under feasible conditions. For goods such as stainless steel pipes， we can often see that there will be packaging film bags on them. Although they are not heavy， if there are a large number of single purchases， they will also produce certain economic expenses， but why do many people clearly dislike this thing on stainless steel pipes， xincoral Xiaobian will tell you why stainless steel pipes need packaging bags.
HL polishing with appropriate particle size abrasive material to make the surface show continuous grinding lines.
oCorrosion test: the industrial corrosion-resistant steel pipes provided shall be tested for corrosion resistance according to the standard provisions or the corrosion agreed by both parties， and there shall be no tendency of intergranular corrosion.
yDProduction process of hot rolled stainless steel strip / coil: . Pickling → . High temperature rolling → . Process lubrication → . Annealing → . Leveling → ⒍ fine cutting → ⒎ packaging → . Reach customers.
It is generally suitable for the welding of thin plates below mm， with the characteristics of beautiful weld formation and small welding deformation. | <urn:uuid:620dd416-2f70-49ac-9fd0-bef9d2577b90> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | http://www.lamateraargentina.com/sus304-stainless-steel-pipe-performance-and-application_851.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662527626.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20220519105247-20220519135247-00212.warc.gz | en | 0.886763 | 1,530 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The social model: do we disable people through our tech?
Do our society’s design and tech choices actually cause disabilities? In this article, we honor Mike Oliver, discover the origins of the social model and dive deep into the role that we in tech play in perpetuating ableism.
Claudio Luis Vera
Feb 01, 2022
Content warning: this article includes topics that may be difficult for some readers like eugenics and poster children.
This February, Stark will be spotlighting the social model of disability, which was a groundbreaking idea when it was first introduced in 1976. In the social model, people are disabled by the barriers society creates, not by their physical impairments or differences.
The term “social model” is widely credited to Mike Oliver, a prominent figure in the British disability movement who brought it into mainstream thinking.
Mike Oliver (1945-2019) became a lifelong wheelchair user after a teenage swimming accident in 1962. After a year of rehabilitation, he taught adult education at a juvenile prison, then pursued a degree in sociology, which led him to a doctorate in 1978. Oliver published Social Work with Disabled People in 1983, which introduced the concept of the social model to the general public. Over the next few decades, his books became the foundation for the field of disability studies at the University of Kent in the UK and elsewhere.
Stark honors Mike Oliver on his birthday February 3 with a series of articles and events on society and disability. His legacy lives on in the content and teaching materials we produce, where we treat the social model as a core principle.
Perhaps the best biography for Mike Oliver is his obituary in the Guardian published after his death in March 2019. To get a better appreciation for Mike Oliver, you can also watch an Interview with him from Kent University.
The effect of our society's design and tech choices
Until recently, designers, developers, and company leaders would never consider the needs of anyone who weren’t as abled as themselves.
I know. I was one of those inconsiderate people.
My own career in digital began in the early 1990s when digital platforms like the World Wide Web first came about. In those days, we built content and apps quite literally for people like us, for like-minded and similarly-abled members of the tech elite, the digerati. When AOL and others expanded use of the Internet to include a border population, many of us early adopters acted like hipsters, feeling contempt for the new, the less tech-literate, and the less-abled.
In the 30-odd years since our society’s values have become so much more inclusive. It’s become an accepted fact that design and technology must meet the needs of 100% of the population, not just people like us. Still, that attitude of exclusion from the 90s persists to this day as cultural baggage.
But the roots of ableism — the devaluing of disabled people — go much further back than the early Internet.
Origins of the social model
For most of history, our society has favored the fit and able in its choices for tools and construction. Stairs and platforms are a common feature in traditional architecture, and some entire settlements, like the Puebloan cliff dwellings at Mesa Verde required ladders to get around. If someone was incapable of navigating the built environment, it was always seen as being the individual’s problem — and never as an issue with the choices in construction.
In the 1970s, disability activists in the UK began to move away from the traditional view of the individual being deficient. It was a huge shift, comparable to Copernicus’ realizing that the Earth revolved around the Sun. This new worldview was first put into writing by the Union of the Physically Impaired Against Segregation (UPIAS):
"In our view, it is society which disables physically impaired people. Disability is something imposed on top of our impairments, by the way we are unnecessarily isolated and excluded from full participation in society. Disabled people are therefore an oppressed group in society." Fundamental Principles of Disability, UPIAS pamphlet (1976)
A few years later, this thinking was named “the social model of disability” by the renowned activist and sociologist Mike Oliver in his book Social Work with Disabled People (1983). In that book, Oliver sought to explain the source of disability, as to whether it came from the individual’s physical abilities (the “individual model”) or from society (the “social model”).
The social model has profound implications for those of us who build products, even more so in the digital world. Our everyday design and technology choices carry a deep impact on those who use our products. They can be small everyday choices, like remembering to add captions when posting video content, or alternative text when posting images. Quite often, these smaller decisions can increasingly be checked through automated tools.
But other choices are more strategic and can’t be checked by bots, like whether a new social audio app should have captions to include deaf or hard-of-hearing users. Should the makers of a gaming console require two hands to use it? …or should it be played with one or no hands, for example?
Both examples speak to the huge responsibility carried by those of us who work in professions that design, create, and build the objects and environment around us. Perhaps the real question is:
“How many people does the design of our product or service disable?” —Gareth Ford Williams, 2022
How did we get here?
Ableism is actually the flip side of many of the values that our culture holds dear. We place enormous value on productivity and efficiency, and we’ve built an entire business culture around it. We cherish independence and self-sufficiency, even though it’s not a sustainable goal for much of a person's lifetime. And society shows its dark side for those who don’t meet the standards of productivity and self-sufficiency.
Productivity is central to our society—whether in the economic sense or the fulfillment that comes with the fruitful use of your time. It’s hard-coded into most industrialized cultures as a virtue, and your ability to be productive is a powerful indicator of your social worth.
In the industrial-age family, the adults (typically male) are the breadwinners — those who exchange work for wages that provide the household’s sustenance. A breadwinner’s value can be seen in a court case involving death or disability. Typically, a legal settlement is based on the number of years of wages that the plaintiff will have lost.
Our view of productivity is also patriarchal: it gives little or no value to the mostly female population involved in care work: childcare, or tending for the aged and disabled. In fact, it can be the source of additional bias: a mother of young children is often seen as less productive in the workplace, even when the children are in full-time daycare. Most economic data, such as gross domestic product, don’t even figure the billions of person-years of labor that go into the care economy every year. Even though all of us are dependent on others at some point in our lives — in childhood, extreme old age, or recovery — we expect ourselves to be fully self-sufficient, both physically and economically.
In libertarian thought, the phrase “makers and takers” frames an extreme form of this philosophy. Makers are those who generate economic income; takers are everyone else, including those who may need some sort of assistance.
By definition, the cult of productivity favors the quick over the slow, the abled over the disabled. As we age and acquire impairments, most of us do slow down physically. For people with severe impairments, common tasks take even longer, often referred to as “being on crip time” by disabled people. Being “slow” comes with its own set of social stigmas, not the least of which is a slur for cognitive disability.
The cult of normality
Starting in the Enlightenment, a pseudoscience developed around determining what makes up normal. People were measured exhaustively with calipers, scales, and every other imaginable device in an effort to find the proportions of the ideal human. The word “normal” came to describe whatever was close to the average in proportions and abilities. In Ohio, a statue was commissioned for the Cleveland Health Museum of Norma, an idealized woman whose proportions were derived from the size data of 15,000 young adult women.
No single human ever matched all of those proportions exactly. Another study was conducted on 4,000 airmen at the Wright Air Force Base, where they were measured on 140 size dimensions to determine measurements for the ideal cockpit. As with Norma, even the most ideal subjects never matched more than a small handful of the dimensions.
At its peak in the 1920s and 1930s, the cult of normality went hand-in-hand with nationalism and a quest for genetic purity. Eugenics, as it came to be known, was the quest to improve future generations by weeding out undesirable traits. For people with disabilities or other conditions that didn’t meet the “norm”, eugenics could mean forced sterilization or getting put into an institution.
The medical model and the medicalization of disability
In this wave of pseudoscience, whatever deviated from the idealized norm would be given the scientific-sounding labels of “abnormal”, “deviant”, or “aberrant”. Those who deviated enough were seen to be suffering from a variety of disorders, deficiencies, or defects. These were considered to be medical conditions that often required the intervention to correct those deviations through drugs, surgery, or institutionalization.
To Mike Oliver and the early disability activists, the very language of medicine towards disability was “divorced from the direct experience of people with impairments”. In his writing, he referred to the “medicalization of disability” in which entire lifestyles were reduced to jargony medical conditions. This was the basis of what he called the individual model, and what most of us today refer to as the medical model.
The medical model has a few built-in flaws. First, it looks at disability exclusively as a medical condition to be treated through a procedure or drugs. It offers little in the way of long-term adaptation or help with a person’s lifestyle, let alone acceptance into society. In the medical model, having a disability is based on a binary have-it / don’t-have-it diagnosis by a physician, which implies affordability and access to healthcare. A medical diagnosis is almost always a requirement for receiving disability benefits, insurance coverage, and assistive technology.
Poster children and the charity model
Mike Oliver and other disability activists battled another worldview that persists to this day: the charity model — in which people with impairments are helpless and to be pitied. This view became especially popular with corporatized philanthropy for specific disabilities, and one longstanding example was the Jerry Lewis Telethon.
For 40 years in the US, the Muscular Dystrophy Association would broadcast a 24 hour marathon fundraiser on Labor Day weekend. This telethon would be a maudlin affair, with the host Jerry Lewis alternately mugging for the camera and shedding tears while holding cute young disabled children, popularly known as Jerry's Kids. At one moment in the 1973 broadcast, Lewis explained the telethon’s mission as “God goofed, and it's up to us to correct His mistakes.” Still, viewers would be moved to open up the pocketbooks and mail checks in to the charity, ostensibly to fund research toward a cure for muscular dystrophy.
Activists and members of the disability community loathed the show and its host. It perpetuated the stereotypes of people rendered helpless by a medical condition, and never worked toward improving mobility, independence, or autonomy for the disabled. In the words of one Jerry’s-Kid-turned-activist Mike Ervin, what’s needed is, “accessible public transportation and housing, employment opportunities and other civil rights that a democratic society should ensure for all its citizens.”
Going beyond the medical model in design
In design, the medical model has had a far larger impact than most would imagine. Most designers imagine assistive technology and prosthetic devices as forms of medical equipment and design them merely to provide a solution to a medical problem. A typical hospital wheelchair or an elder’s walker at a nursing home are examples of the soullessness of this type of design.
On the other hand, mainstream consumer products are designed to have a number of what we could call Marie Kondo attributes to them: they should be beautiful, they should spark joy, and they should have some sort of significance that makes a statement about the owner.
For the past few years, there has been a trend in prosthetics away from the fake flesh-toned simulacrums of yesterday toward plastic 3-D printed limbs. The aesthetic of the limbs is more that of a cyborg or a Transformer, and they’ve become especially popular with children. The wearers are seen as cool by their peers, as opposed to being bullied or pitied for having a medical condition.
The tipping point
In my own career, I’ve seen a progression from the snotty digital elitism of the 90s to a more inclusive worldview in the 2020s. While a few of the issues that Mike Oliver pointed out have been resolved, there has been some progress. New assistive technologies have sprung up, while new forms of exclusion appear in tech.
To read a magazine in the 1990s, a blind person would need to wait for the Braille edition of a magazine to be delivered to the local library or they’d have to recruit a sighted friend or neighbor to read it for them. While the internet and screen readers brought availability of content and some autonomy, sighted site builders typically neglect to make sites compatible with assistive technology. Or entrepreneurs launch new platforms that categorically exclude an entire class of disabled people. As issues are resolved, new issues spring up. And as awareness of accessibility grows, we’re at or near that tipping point where issues begin to be resolved faster than they’re created.
For example, in The New Politics of Disablement (1990), Mike Oliver expressed his doubts about the viability of the disability movement within capitalism. After enduring the social callousness of the Thatcher years in the UK, Oliver felt that the disability movement had been co-opted by corporate interests and become ‘disabling corporatism’. Corporatized charities for disability still endure, but they’ve become less focused on a medical cure.
As for capitalism? As a venture-funded startup, we at Stark hope to prove him wrong, that disability inclusion is entirely possible within the business environment of the 2020s.
In our next post, we’ll look at how digital innovators can tip the balance and bring about a more accessible society. We’ll dive into ways to re-calibrate the design and development process at a critical point to introduce accessibility.
A recovering designer, Claudio is an accomplished creative director and studio principal with a background in digital that goes back to the early 90s. Claudio’s worked with a variety of clients ranging from Harvard University and the MIT Media Lab to Intelsat and many tech startups.
Want to join a community of other designers, developers, and product managers to share, learn, and talk shop around all things accessibility? Join our Slack community, and follow us on Twitter and Instagram. | <urn:uuid:d3c9987a-76bb-4e96-a0da-c8512d1cb50c> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.getstark.co/blog/the-social-model-do-we-disable-people-through-our-tech/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652161.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20230605185809-20230605215809-00366.warc.gz | en | 0.964546 | 3,291 | 2.71875 | 3 |
For the moral philosopher in Ramsay, the humble fable with its aura of the schoolroom was a perfect mask. It empowered him to preserve his appearance of social and political equanimity while scolding his betters, just as it had enabled La Fontaine to mock Louis XIV’s grand siècle while contriving to survive in it.
His twenty-nine fables were published between 1722 and 1730, but most, if not all, were written in a single creative outburst in late 1721 and early 1722, around the time he left off wig-making and set up business as a bookseller in a fine shop near the Cross-well in Edinburgh's High Street.
His fables were naturally intended for school consumption, but also for a much broader readership. This short comic form issued in penny sheets and sixpenny pamphlets was perfectly suited to his stance as a poet-philosopher aiming at uplifting his readers while entertaining them in their native tongue. Along with his other self-published works in Scots and English, it helped to earn him the esteem of his fellow citizens during his lifetime (and a statue on Princes Street a century after his death).
Sir Walter Scott tells how, in the wake of the Porteous riots in 1736, Alexander Wilson, Lord Provost of Edinburgh, was summoned to the bar of the House of Lords. The Duke of Newcastle having demanded to know what kind of shot had been issued to the Town Guard, Wilson answered "Ow, just sic as ane shoots dukes and fools wi". Fortunately, the Duke of Argyll was able to explain to the Noble House that the Lord Provost had meant, properly rendered into English, "ducks and waterfowl".
The old language "broke down" (in David Murison's words) in the generation after Ramsay's because the members of the so-called Scottish Enlightenment, whose peculiarities made them a laughing stock in Dr Johnson's London, became ashamed of their heritage. Hume and Boswell, for instance, did their utmost to erase their Scots vocabulary and pronunciation. By 1750, the last generation of educated native Scots speakers was in or on the verge of the grave and Ramsay's attempt to champion both the survival of Scots as such and the emergence of a new British language combining Scots and English had failed. After him, though Fergusson still wrote in a distinctively Scottish idiom, Burns knew he was using what was generally held to be a dialect of English.
In any case, speaking the language was only one side of the issue. When the first free presses were set up in Scotland after 1695, writers of Scots were or felt obliged to adopt the anglicized orthography devised by the compositors brought in from England and the Low Countries to work them. Ramsay himself, schooled in English and raised by an English grandfather, anglicized his spelling to some degree in his manuscripts and to a greater degree in his prints. Nonetheless, it is clear from his rhymes and from his uncorrected manuscripts that his pronunciation, even in his "English" poems, remained broadly faithful to the Scots words that the anglicized spelling stood for; and his grammar, even when his printers "corrected" his manuscripts, rarely strayed far from that of Dunbar. This explains Ramsay's enigmatic statement referring to his "English" poems: "Tho' the words be pure English, the idiom or phraseology is still Scots."
To illustrate this point, transcriptions of the fables into modern Scots orthography are included here and form the basis of our readings (which are performed aptly enough by a young Edinburgh political moralist with family roots in England). | <urn:uuid:d0a61562-b019-4585-939a-809c3f6a0b47> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://scotslit.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867417.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20180526112331-20180526132331-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.987301 | 761 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The presence of a specific type of oral bacteria may show an increased risk for patients suffering from pancreatic cancer McKinney and enable earlier and more comprehensive treatment. This finding was the primary take away from a study conducted by researchers at NYU Langone Medical Center that will be presented at the annual meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research.
Patients suffering from pancreatic cancer are known to have a high susceptibility to cavities, gum disease and poor overall over health, states the authors of the study. That vulnerability encouraged researchers to search for a direct connection between the composition of bacteria driving oral disease and subsequent development of pancreatic cancer, a disease that annually leads to 40,000 deaths in the U.S. largely due to a lack of early detection.
This study provides the first direct evidence that specific alterations to the microbial mix in oral cavity represents a likely risk factor for the development of pancreatic cancer in addition to family history of the disease, ethnicity, smoking, gender and age, according to researchers.
Specifically, researchers discovered that women and men whose oral microbiome included the bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis had a great than 59 percent chance of developing pancreatic cancer when compared to patients without the bacteria present in their biomes. Additionally, patients whose biomes contained Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans were at least 50 percent more likely to develop pancreatic cancer. Previous studies have linked the presence of both types of bacteria to such diseases as periodontitis, a severe form of gum disease.
Researchers believe the bacterial changes in the mouth could potentially indicate to doctors patients most at risk of developing pancreatic cancer.
A study published earlier this year by the same research team linked cigarette smoking to a dramatic change in the mix and amount of bacteria in the oral biome. However, researchers caution that further research is needed to determine whether a cause-and-effect relationship exists, or how or whether changes to the biome caused by smoking alter the immune system or in any way trigger cancer-causing activities in the pancreas.
As part of the latest study, researchers examined bacterial components in mouthwash samples from 371 female and 361 male patients of similar ethnic, gender and age who developed pancreatic cancer. All of the study participants were initially healthy and participating in a bigger ongoing examination of risks related to cancer led by the American Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute. Researchers collected samples of mouthwash at the beginning of the study and continued to monitor participants for nearly 10 years to determine who developed cancer. | <urn:uuid:c0c220bb-5f62-4681-9638-747fb87ddd56> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://mckinneysmiles.com/oral-bacteria-linked-pancreatic-cancer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320305006.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220126222652-20220127012652-00170.warc.gz | en | 0.945473 | 512 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Are unicorns real? Yes. Does the Bible talk about unicorns?
This is a lesson in how to understand scripture from
WRETCHED TV. Todd Friel, the host of WRETCHED TV uses
the example of unicorns in the Bible to give 14 questions
we should ask our Bible when we are working to understand
a passage of scripture.
So, what do unicorns have to do with studying scripture?
They show how our present day presuppositions can cause
us to misunderstand scripture.
WRETCHED TV is a daily 30 minute TV show hosted by Todd
Friel. It covers a wide range of Biblical subjects, but
most oftens focuses on evangelism and apologetics.
A note on the history of unicorns. They
are first mentioned by the Greek writer Ctesias (5th century
BC) who described them as living in India, and being "wild
asses, fleet of foot, having a horn a cubit and a half (27
inches) in length, and colored white, red and black."
This seems to be the origin of the "horse-type"
legend, with others copying from Ctesias' report. It is
thought this legend may have originated when statues of
bulls in profile, showing just one horn, were seen by Greeks
(this is common in India). This is a myth that faded away
until it was revived recently. Later ancient writers, such
as Pliny the Elder (1st century AD), mention the rhinoceros,
calling them a monoceros, or unicorn. | <urn:uuid:7e2ca641-7da1-4591-9ffb-55838fe2561c> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://cbbc.us/bible-study/unicorns-studying-scripture.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426639.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726222036-20170727002036-00322.warc.gz | en | 0.958401 | 336 | 2.5625 | 3 |
North America includes Mexico, the United States, Canada, and Gotham City.
The region temporarily existed as a Protectorate of His Imperial Majesty Emperor Norton I, with its capital being the city of San Francisco. Sadly, this term of benevolent ebullience lasted a brief two decades and ended c. 1880.
The United States is now the dominant country of North America. It arose as a nation only 225 years ago after a successful rebellion against the British government under King George III.
From a distance, it appears that the eastern coastlines of North and South America fit exactly into the west coast of Africa. In fact, about 250 million years ago these continents really were all connected in one land mass that we have named Pangaea.
With such a foundation in tectonic unity, there is no doubt that someday soon the people on every continent of earth will realize their fundamental similarities. Expect massive leaps in creative output in your area!
Text by Steve Smith. | <urn:uuid:f3e4a05e-5464-4eb4-a1ad-2fc3a8e92424> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://www.360cities.net/fr/area/north-america | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805265.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119023719-20171119043719-00630.warc.gz | en | 0.943503 | 196 | 2.828125 | 3 |
- The disposal and recycling of electronics has increased exposure to lead and created "an emerging health concern," according to Dr. Nick Newman, a pediatrician who directs the Environmental Health and Lead Clinic at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center.
- In a recent report published by the Centers for Disease Control, Newman reported on two young children whose father worked at an e-scrap recycling company crushing cathode ray tubes (CRTs) made from leaded glass. The children had blood lead levels about three times higher than the reference level of 5 micrograms per deciliter used to identify children who need action to reduce their lead exposure.
- "Pediatricians should ask about parents' occupations and hobbies," said Newman. "Not only is this a conversation starter with the family, but it also is an opportunity to perform primary prevention activities to avoid take-home exposures of lead, other metals, and toxicants that may be present at work."
The dangers of lead contamination, especially in children, are already well known. Lead affects the developing nervous systems of children, and elevated levels in the blood are associated with hyperactivity, attention problems, conduct problems and impairments in thinking, understanding and learning.
The U.S. banned the use of lead paint in 1978 after it was identified as a common source of lead exposure in children. Additionally, CRTs — which were commonly used in TVs and computer monitors — have been largely replaced by newer technologies.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reported that discarded TVs, computers, printers, scanners, fax machines, keyboards, cellphones and other electronics totaled 1.87 million tons in 2013. Approximately 40% of that was collected for recycling.
With so many electronics being recycled, the general public — especially facility workers who risk take-home exposure to their families — must be made aware of the dangers and take steps to reduce exposure. | <urn:uuid:6859dc53-5054-4b95-b45f-8533c664f9e3> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.wastedive.com/news/lead-exposure-from-electronic-recycling-is-an-emerging-health-concern/403048/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039563095.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20210422221531-20210423011531-00555.warc.gz | en | 0.969851 | 382 | 3.34375 | 3 |
At the end of this lesson, students will be able to:
- Identify and understand what is meant by an inconsistent linear system.
- Identify and understand what is meant by a consistent linear system.
- Identify and understand what is meant by a dependent linear system.
Terms introduced in this lesson:
infinite number of solutions
determining the system type (graphically, algebraically)
Teaching Strategies and Tips
Use this lesson to classify systems of equations according to the number of solutions they have.
- Encourage students to use the graphical interpretation and rewrite equations in slope-intercept form first to compare slopes. See Examples 1-4.
Use Examples 5 and 6 to show how to classify a system using the substitution or elimination methods.
Solving inconsistent or dependent systems by substitution or elimination leads to variables dropping-out.
- A false statement, such as 3=4, indicates an inconsistent system (parallel lines).
- A true statement, such as −12=−12, indicates dependent system (coinciding lines).
Use Example 6 to point out that the equations in a dependent system are multiples of each other.
Solve the system by multiplication.
Solution: Align the variables column-wise.
In Examples 7-9, emphasize the geometric interpretation in context:
- In Example 7, the lines intersect because the rental fees are different for the two membership options.
- In Example 8, the lines are parallel because the memberships have different flat fees (y−intercepts), but the same rental fee (slope).
- In Example 9, the lines coincide because the equations use the same information. It is not possible to determine the price of each fruit since the second equation does not give any new information.
General Tip: In dependent systems, students sometimes misinterpret “an infinite number of solutions” to mean that any ordered pair will satisfy the given system of equations. Of course, only the infinite number of points on the line that the equations represent are solutions. | <urn:uuid:414767ce-ef48-4d85-a240-870d6b854e78> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.ck12.org/tebook/Algebra-I-Teacher%2527s-Edition/r1/section/7.5/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917119080.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031159-00554-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.84309 | 423 | 4.0625 | 4 |
Many laxatives cause bloating, cramping, diarrhea and abdominal irritation, reports Mayo Clinic. Stool softeners can cause electrolyte imbalance, which can cause weakness, confusion, seizures and other serious conditions if not corrected. If not taken with enough water, bulking laxatives can actually cause constipation instead of relieve it.Continue Reading
One of the chief dangers of laxatives is a potential interference with the body's ability to absorb nutrients and minerals, according to Mayo Clinic. This can lead to malnutrition and prevent patients from receiving the full effect of their medications.
Prolonged laxative usage can cause the body to become dependent on them to have a bowel movement, warns Mayo Clinic. This effect is often seen in people with eating disorders, but it can appear if someone uses laxatives to treat constipation for longer than seven days. Laxative abuse can also lead to severe dehydration, which can result in death in some extreme cases, according to the National Eating Disorders Association. It can also permanently damage the colon.
Laxative use can be dangerous in some scenarios, states Mayo Clinic. If constipation is caused by a bowel obstruction, appendicitis or some other serious condition, laxatives can worsen the situation. Because of the complications around laxative use, Mayo Clinic suggests eating a fiber-rich diet before using laxatives.Learn more about Side Effects | <urn:uuid:76d10ac3-dc34-4dfb-8e7f-95e530819c55> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | https://www.reference.com/health/potential-side-effects-common-laxatives-f21a8fa6b9f763d5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738663308.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173743-00084-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932311 | 277 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Women Nobel Laureates
Eddiego65 on 10/25/2006
|The prestigious Nobel Prizes are awards given out annually to worthy individuals since 1901 in all categories except for economics, which began only in 1969. And throughout more than a century ot its history, only 36 awards were awarded to women. The breakdown is as follows: 2 for physics, 3 for chemistry, 7 for physiology and medicine, 12 for peace, 10 for literature and none for economics. |
Letís look at some of these extraordinary Nobel women laureates and see if you can identify them.
|Player:||Level:||% Correct:||Time to Complete:| | <urn:uuid:dad16839-ed81-4c77-94ef-9cfdb4f37f7f> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.sploofus.com/triviaquiz/women_nobel_laureates.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541896.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00021-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.714355 | 135 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Common car accident injuries include whiplash, soft tissue injuries, and headaches. Since these common car accident injuries result from many everyday auto accidents, it is important to know what they are, how they present (as in what symptoms are associated with them), and what sorts of medical treatment is needed after a car accident to deal with them.
What is Whiplash?
Whiplash is probably the most well-known and common car accident injury. While not a formal medical term, it is a lay term for soft tissue injuries (that is injuries to muscles, ligaments and tendons) of the neck (including neck vertebrae and neck disks), as well as the nerve roots that branch out of the neck into the spinal cord.
Whiplash is caused by a sudden deceleration or acceleration of a car in an accident. When this happens, a person’s neck snaps back and then forward, damaging the soft tissues. Symptoms of whiplash can develop right after an accident or they can take a day or two to present. And, while some people may heal from whiplash in just a few weeks, for other people whiplash can take months to heal.
Symptoms of whiplash include neck pain, back pain, stiffness, shoulder pain or stiffness, dizziness, headache or even an itching or burning sensation around the neck, shoulders or arms. In severe cases, whiplash can cause memory loss, sleep problems, fatigue, difficulty concentrating or depression.
Headaches Caused by Car Accident Injuries
It is common to have a headache after an auto accident. If, however, you have a car accident headache that does not go away after a day or two, it is important to seek medical attention. An auto accident headache that does not go away can be a sign of an internal injury that needs observation.
Soft Tissue Injuries Like Sprains and Strains
Soft tissue injuries to the muscles, tendons and ligaments of the neck, arms, legs and torso are very common car accident injuries. A soft tissue injury can range from a light bruise to a deep tear of the soft tissue, and how it is described in medical terms differs depending on the part of the body that is injured.
Symptoms of tendon, muscle and ligament injuries include muscle pain, muscle aches, joint pain, limited flexibility and limited range of motion following a car accident. Like whiplash, symptoms can manifest immediately or a day or two following an auto accident. Likewise, soft tissue car accident injuries can heal quickly if they are primarily bruises, or they can take months to heal if they involve severe sprains, strains or broken limbs.
Get a Free Consultation with Milwaukee Car Accident Attorney
If you or someone you know is suffering from any of these common car accident injuries, seek the advice of a qualified legal expert. Milwaukee auto accident lawyer Karl Gebhard offers free legal consultations. And, because Karl works on a contingency basis, he will not accept any fees for his legal services until he successfully wins a case.
For your free consultation, call today at 414-873-6550. | <urn:uuid:647c4896-5e8d-4dd1-810b-f730368ede7c> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.gebhardlaw.com/common-car-accident-injuries/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027321160.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20190824152236-20190824174236-00165.warc.gz | en | 0.949075 | 645 | 2.515625 | 3 |
1920's vs. 1930's Boom to bust
Home Life Narrative: In the different aspects of society, like home life, economy, and entertainment, there were many differences and things that stayed the same from the 1920’s-1930’s. For home life, the 1920’s was a happy time and people enjoyed their lives. Unemployment decreased a little and most people lived in urban areas and people in rural areas thrived in farming, mostly. The 1920’s did not have have much poverty and most people lived in nice homes with food, clothing, etc. Everyone, especially mothers, enjoyed cleaning and doing things around the house. During the 1920’s the economy increased and people were very wealthy. On the other hand, in the 1930’s, it was a time of depression and getting over problems. Unemployment increased more, there was lots of poverty, and people had to sell their houses, cars, and belongings to get money. For food, they had to go to soup kitchens to get free meals. A lot of people lived in Hoovervilles, including African Americans. The “houses” were made from cardboard, scrap wood, metal, and were dirty. Everyone was not as happy as they used to be in the 20’s and were very poor. The middle and working class had to “make do” with everything that happened during the 30’s and had to adjust to their new living standard. Families did not live in nice houses anymore, kids suffered from health issues, there were divorces, people called off weddings, etc. During the 1920’s and 1930’s nothing really changed for African Americans because they were always unemployed, didn’t have money, and weren’t treated equally. Women were always trying to work hard for their families at home even in the worst situations.
Leisure Time Narrative: Mostly everything stayed the same in terms of entertainment in the 20’s and 30’s. Since the 1920’s was full of energy, there were all sorts of entertainment including, flappers, jazz, the radio, beaches, sports, dancing, speakeasies, art, trends, and movies. For women, a big thing was being a flapper, it was something to help express themselves by dancing a lot. Additionally, African Americans were able to face their problems while “living” during the Harlem Renaissance because they were able to show a cultural side and listen/play jazz. The music and world of jazz changed their lives entirely. Also, sports and dancing helped get their minds off everything. Further, in the 1930’s people mostly spent their time listening to the fire chats on the radio. These chats helped them forgot about all their problems and escape from despair because of the depression. People also enjoyed the same things as they did in the 1920’s, like dancing, clubs, movies, sports, etc. They experienced many new trends. Except, when the stock market crashed, people weren’t able to do as many things as they could before because they were now poor. Women and African Americans tried to fight back to get jobs. Jazz still changed African Americans lives in the 30’s too and alcohol/Prohibition helped everyone overcome some problems. | <urn:uuid:c7940737-55a5-466c-8629-1e3d176567c5> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://spark.adobe.com/page/WzzRDEe5SutmF/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823168.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20171018233539-20171019013539-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.990114 | 678 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Today, we fool ourselves with would-be science. The
University of Houston's College of Engineering
presents this series about the machines that make
our civilization run, and the people whose
ingenuity created them.
By 1840 scientists had
learned to measure things -- as if numbers alone
could lead to understanding. Stephen Jay Gould
takes us on a terrifying trip through 19th-century
attempts to reduce the human mind to numbers. He
begins with two ideas rampant in the mid-1800s. One
was the absolute conviction of white supremacy. The
other was a mania for ordering and ranking.
The 1850s found Louis
Agassiz, a Harvard professor of zoology,
creating a new American field of anthropology. He
set out to classify humans by their moral and
physical traits. He created an appalling set of
stereotypes: proud, courageous Indians, obsequious,
imitative Negroes, and tricky, cunning Mongolians.
Then Agassiz met a physician named Samuel Morton.
Morton had collected a huge set of skulls -- Black,
White, Red, and Yellow. He'd poured lead shot into
them to measure their volume. He worked with great
care, and he left full records of his work.
Morton's data fit Agassiz's theories perfectly.
They also fit 19th-century prejudice. Whites had by
far the largest brains. Malays and American Indians
were next, followed by the Chinese. Last of all,
and far behind, were African and Australian
Agassiz's and Morton's work fed the pro-slavery
forces. European scientists were fascinated.
Indeed, these ideas were still feeding Nazi
thinking 80 years later. So Gould went back to read
Morton's data more closely. Here's what he found:
Morton threw out some of the skulls that didn't
seem normal, but he kept others. Sometimes he even
worked backward and used skull size to determine
the race of the skull. Since shorter people usually
have smaller heads, Orientals, pygmies, and women
did far worse than white men. Morton made selective
errors in his arithmetic as well as in his
sampling. He didn't try to hide any of this. He
wasn't trying to fool anyone. He simply let his
subconscious mind lead him where he wanted to be
Today we know that minor variations in skull size
have nothing whatever to do with how well our
brains work. Even if Morton's rankings had been
accurate, his data were worthless. Yet this kind of
stuff fairly poured out of the 19th century.
Gould begins his story with a remarkable quotation
from Darwin, who seems to have seen the mischief
coming. Darwin says:
If the misery of our poor be caused not by the
laws of nature, but by our institutions, great is
Today, we're still overzealous about rating people
with numbers. The mischief goes on. We force our
young to worry about SATs and GREs and ACTs. Too
often we let our children forget the magnitude of
the great birthright of creative ability, which we
all hold in common.
I'm John Lienhard, at the University of Houston,
where we're interested in the way inventive minds | <urn:uuid:e505083e-187d-40a8-8762-33af79418d3c> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://uh.edu/engines/epi429.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860127983.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161527-00173-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963875 | 707 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Greg’s Guide to Chivalry
Chivalry refers to the medieval institution of knightly virtues, of honour, and of courtly love. A noble man followed an unwritten code of chivalry toward noble ladies above all, the knight was to be gracious and gentle. The idealized relationship between knight and lady was that of honourable and virtuous courtly love.
Chivalry – Sir Frank Dicksee
Greg’s Code of Chivalry
Chivalry was disciplined by a code of conduct that was clearly understood although it was never clearly formulated. Examination now, in retrospect, allows it to be reduced to this series of commandments.
- Live to serve your values.
- Live to challenge your values.
- Live one’s life so that it is worthy of respect and honour.
- Live for freedom, justice, and all that is good.
- Never attack an unarmed foe.
- Never use a weapon on an opponent not equal to the attack.
- Never attack from behind.
- Avoid lying to your fellow sentient beings.
- Avoid cheating.
- Avoid torture.
- Obey only just laws.
- Administer justice.
- Protect the innocent.
- Exhibit self control.
- Show respect to authority.
- Respect creatures.
- Exhibit Courage in word and deed.
- Defend the weak and innocent.
- Destroy evil in all of its monstrous forms.
- Crush the monsters that steal our land and rob our people.
- Fight with honour.
- Avenge the wronged.
- Never abandon a friend, ally, or noble cause.
- Fight for the ideals of chivalry.
- Die with valour.
- Always keep one’s word of honour.
- Always maintain one’s principles.
- Never betray a confidence or comrade.
- Avoid deception.
- Respect life and freedom.
- Die with honour.
- Exhibit manners.
- Be polite and attentive.
- Be respectful of host, sentient being, and honour.
- Loyalty to values and the code of chivalry.
- Loyalty to one’s friends and those who lay their trust in thee.
- Offer and never refuse hospitality. | <urn:uuid:922c50dd-74d4-4814-b9df-4847db8ff827> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://gregology.net/reference/guide-to-chivalry/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202711.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20190323020538-20190323042538-00279.warc.gz | en | 0.845668 | 467 | 3.15625 | 3 |
3D printing is perhaps the most important technology of the 21st century (even though it was created in the 80’s).
While it’s still a young technology that still needs a lot more improvement, the benefits that it poses and the implications that it will have on the world are vast.
Therefore, in order to help you realize the potential of 3D printing, I’ve put together 12 things that you should know about 3D printing.
*Note: I will continuously add to this list until it reaches 101 things you should know about 3D printing. So, if you want to contribute to this list, please post what you think everyone should know about 3D printing in the comment section.
1. 3D Printing IS the Next Industrial Revolution
There’s so many reasons why 3D printing is going to change the way the world works… From completely reworking how manufacturers produce goods, to enabling individuals to jump into production on their own, to incredible use in health and medicine, 3D printing will usher in a new era.
2. If You Missed Out on the Computer Boom of the 80’s and 90’s, 3D Printing is Your Next Chance to Strike it Rich
If you’re a business-minded person, you need to start looking into 3D printing and carve yourself out a little piece of the pie. With such far-reaching potential, there will be tons of money to be made in the 3D printing industry. And, I’m not just talking about product creation… There’s huge potential in investing, solution providing, affiliate sales, maintenance of machines, repair work, etc.
3. If You Can Imagine it, You Can Print It
There’s really nothing you can’t create with a 3D printer. The only limitation is the physical limitations of the particular machine you’re using. As 3D printing technology advances even the most complex products will be a breeze for a 3D printer.
4. 3D Printing is Better for the Environment
According to tests ran by Joshua Pearce of Michigan Technological University, making items on a 3D printer used 41%-64% less energy than if those same items were made in a factory (outside of the US) and shipped to the US.
Not only are shipping costs cut down, but by using 3D printing, manufacturers and individuals can significantly cut down on the amount of raw material they use to create their products. And, obviously, by cutting down on the material we use to manufacturer goods, we can significantly cut down on CO2 emissions.
5. 3D Printing is the Ultimate Tool to Usher in An Era of Customization
In this day and age if you want something tailored to your own specific needs you have to pay a premium. It makes sense, too.
In order to be successful, manufacturers must attempt to find the most efficient and cost-effective way to produce their products.
Unfortunately, this leads manufacturers to design a few different products and then mass produce them. If every product they produced was different in some way, they would waste a lot of money, because they would need more equipment, they would have to hire more labor, and they would have to use more and different material.
3D printing solves this problem, because instead of mass-producing the same product with minor variations, a 3D printer can create products on demand without having to change the entire manufacturing process.
6. Tired of Trying to Make Your Small Business Competitive Against the Big Dogs? No Worries… 3D Printing Will Level the Playing Field
I grew up in a small town. There was no Walmart or Target and there was no Lowes or Home Depot. Basically, we lacked any kind of store that carried huge inventories of products. And, if we needed any kind of specialty item we either had to order it from a local supplier and wait to get it, or drive to one of the bigger nearby cities to get it.
Obviously this kind of thing is a huge inconvenience for consumers… but it’s also detrimental to local businesses.
3D printing can solve this problem as well.
Imagine that you lived in a small town 30 minutes to an hour away from a bigger city. And, then imagine that a specialty part on your car or truck broke or malfunctioned and you needed to replace it.
Now imagine that the local hardware/automotive store had a 3D printer, could download the blueprint for the part you needed, and have your part printed out within a few hours. Think of the wide impact a scenario like that could have…
First, it would save you, the consumer, a lot of time because you wouldn’t have to drive out of town to get it, or you wouldn’t have to wait for it to be delivered to your local automotive store. It would also save you money, because you wouldn’t have to fill up your gas tank to drive out of town, and you wouldn’t have to pay a premium to get the specialty part shipped in.
Secondly, the local business benefits because they don’t lose your business and it allows them to compete with the big-named stores who can carry large inventories.
These two factors will help smaller communities grow, will rebalance the populations of bigger cities (because less people will leave small towns to move to bigger cities in order to find more opportunities), and will even the playing field between big corporations and small businesses. And, obviously, the more lucrative it is for people to start small businesses, the more solutions and options there will be, and the better the economy we will have.
7. Don’t Wait! 3D Printing is Taking Off!
As pointed to numerous times in these 101 things you should know about 3D printing, there are a number of areas of manufacturing where 3D printing is already implemented and heavily used.
And, with the widespread intrigue and the general interest in the technology, 3D printing is quickly becoming the most-watched upcoming technology. Also-and as mentioned a little later in this post-key patents are expiring in 2014 that will make 3D printing more affordable and that will significantly improve upon the quality of finished printed products.
8. Educators Arm Yourselves… 3D Printing Will Significantly Improve the Learning Experience
3D printing will be a real force for educators and it will have a significant impact on the way students learn. For starters, 3D printing will give teachers and educators the opportunity to print out models relevant to their course material on demand. That, in itself, will be a great tool for teachers to use.
Imagine that you’re an elementary school teacher doing a segment on dinosaurs. How cool would it be to be able to print life-size claws, teeth, and eyeballs of a Tyrannosaurus rex? Watching videos and seeing pictures is a great way for children to wrap their head around things. Touching, feeling, and inspecting a 3D model of something takes the learning experience to a whole new level.
And, while 3D models have always been available in the classroom, 3D printing will make them a lot easier to come by and will allow for more diverse models to be created.
Even this example is just a scratch on the surface of what 3D printing can bring to the education realm. With 3D printers at our educators fingertips, imagine the kind of creativity they’ll be able to pull out of their students. Imagine what our youth will be able to do with the ability to recreate any item imaginable…
No classroom lesson will ever be the same…
9. 3D Printing is Being Used to Produce Human Body Parts
“Umm… Excuse me… I lost my kidney… Can you point me to the nearest 3D print shop?”
Kidneys, hands, legs, lungs, noses… 3D printing is already being used to replace animal and human body parts. Can you imagine the possibilities when the technology advances? Everything will be easily replaceable… Even your body parts.
10. Prototyping is Quicker, More Efficient, and Much More Cost Effective Thanks to 3D Printing
Currently, 3D printing is most used for prototyping. For instance, Chevrolet recently used 3D printing in order to help them improve their Malibu model.
Ford also uses 3D printing to help them design and create prototypes for various parts in their vehicles, including cylinder heads, brake rotors, shift knobs, etc.
The Aerospace industry is another big player in 3D printing and NASA uses the technology to create test parts as well.
11. 3D Printing Keeps Getting More and More Affordable
According to a Gartner report on the state and future of 3D printing, the technology and advisory company predicted that enterprise-class 3D printers will costs less than $2,000 in 2016.
As the technology continues to advance and more and more improvements are made to 3D printing, you can expect that price to continue dropping. And, if the producers of 3D printing can make easy-to-use interfaces that the average person can work with, then it’s not crazy to expect a 3D printer in every home within the next ten years.
12. Key 3D Printing Patents are Expiring in 2014… And That Means the Industry Will Explode
According to a post on Quartz.com, there are some key patents that cover 3D laser sintering that are set to expire in 2014.
Why is laser sintering important? Well, there’s two reasons…
First, laser sintering is the lowest-cost 3D printing technology. And, secondly, laser sintering can produce products with higher resolutions and, therefore, can print finished products.
So, while there is definitely capable 3D printing technology out there, the best and most affordable technology is coming in 2014. And, that, predicts Quartz.com, will lead to an explosion in the 3D printing market. | <urn:uuid:0b52429b-f403-4110-922d-8fde7e89b734> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://www.3dforged.com/12-things-know-3d-printing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574159.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20190921001810-20190921023810-00542.warc.gz | en | 0.944026 | 2,075 | 2.578125 | 3 |
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