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Below you will find five outstanding thesis statements for dracula by bram stoker that can be used as essay starters or paper topics procreative function of sex . Read dracula essays and research papers view and download complete sample dracula essays, instructions, works cited pages, and more. On the other hand, i argue that those critics interpreted those symbols from a narrow point of view, where sex is viewed only between heterosexual figures such as: dracula and lucy, dracula and mina and the three female vampires with jonathan in the castle.
A result of common victorian-era fears and stoker’s own personal views on sex and homosexuality, dracula is a marvel dracula: a reflection and rebuke of . Dracula and the distrust between the sexes unpleasant experiences with the opposite sex seem to be unavoidable (horney 342) this quote from karen horney's essay the distrust between the sexes seems to be discussing dracula. [in the following essay, weissman perceives dracula as a victorian novel, asserting that the novel “is an extreme version of the stereotypically victorian attitudes toward sexual roles”.
Analysis of vampire scene in chapter 3 dracula essay a+ on analysis of vampire scene in chapter 3 dracula such as sex and hunger and it is the ego’s job . Get homework help from novelguide literature notes and study guides, covering literature, study guides application, literature essays, and writing help for we provide a free source for literary analysis. Count dracula was released on dvd in 2007 by dark sky films special features include an interview with director jesús franco, a reading from bram stoker's dracula novel by christopher lee, and a text essay on the life of actress soledad miranda .
Homosexuality in dracula both critics through their papers argue that blood symbolizes sex or sexual relationships or rape and sexual violence on the other hand . Vampirism and sexuality, the story dracula, by bram stoker essay sample the role of the women in the story dracula, by bram stoker, is seen as one that defines the role of women in society during the nineteenth century. Check out our top free essays on dracula gender roles to help you write your own essay. Literature and language essay: dracula criticism on bram stoker’s dracula dracula (essay sample) instructions: sex, and other forms of consumption (42 . Dracula is a book written by bram stoker the dracula literature essays are academic essays for citation these papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of dracula.
Free dracula papers, essays, and research papers my account your search returned 351 considering the blatant imagery surrounding sex and vampirism, such as the . In bram stoker's dracula, stoker uses dracula as a capsule, to trap in all the hate and evil by using countless viewpoints from christian beliefs to show the signs of anti-christianity cite this essay. Thus, in order to maintain despotism over the female sex and protect victorian virtues, it was crucial for men to demoralize and reject women who defied these sexual restraints in bram stoker’s novel, dracula, lucy westenra, initially the victorian woman archetype, is bitten by the evil protagonist vampire, and thus.
View and download dracula essays examples also discover topics, titles, outlines, thesis statements, and conclusions for your dracula essay home sex with leila . Sexuality in bram stoker's dracula essay by papernerd contributor, high school, and marginal sex groups, dracula's sexuality continues as an issue of great . Research paper on gender roles dracula parts of a research paper benefits of single sex education essay conjuguer essayer au passe compose telling stories . Dracula was written in 1897 by an anglo-irish writer named bram stoker it was written in the gothic period at the end of the 19th century, this period effected the way the book was written and i will look at how it did this later in the essay. | <urn:uuid:6271716e-b5ca-4f58-a615-be49866253fa> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://zxcourseworkwyeu.landscaperben.us/dracula-sex-essay.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583509960.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016010149-20181016031649-00556.warc.gz | en | 0.9285 | 887 | 2.609375 | 3 |
“The world is burning more fossil fuels than ever. We need deep structural change,” REN21 Executive Director Rana Adib warned attendees at a panel discussion at last week’s Solar World Congress. “It is not enough anymore to look at the energy supply side – that is, the power sector – but we must tie the energy transition dialogue much more to the energy demand side and to infrastructure.” The other member of the panel, Paolo Frankl, Head of the IEA’s Renewable Energy Division, confirmed that industry is one of the “really hard-to-abate end-use sectors” because investing in energy infrastructure will not lead to immediate results. The panel session, which covered the major challenges on the path to a 100 % renewable future, was moderated by Dave Renné, formerly President of the International Solar Energy Society. ISES organised this year’s Solar World Congress and welcomed the IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programme as a key partner of the event, which took place online between 25 and 29 October.
Screenshot from the plenary session Status and Trends, Major Challenges and Pathways to 100 % Renewables
The following two charts, taken from the presentations given at the event, further corroborate the statements quoted in the introductory paragraph:
Adib went on to explain that the deployment of renewables has accelerated over the last 10 years, with the RES share in total final energy consumption growing from 8.7 % to 11.2 %. However, at the same time, overall energy demand has increased as well so that the world is now actually burning more fossil fuel than ever before. Figure: REN21
Frankl then brought up the huge challenge of reducing emissions worldwide. What the Paris Agreement did was to stabilise annual emissions. Now, as illustrated by the yellow section in the chart above, the very important pledges announced for the Climate Change Conference taking place in Glasgow in the coming weeks are expected to lead to a fundamentally important drop in global GHG emissions. But if the goal is net-zero emissions by 2050, a huge gap still remains. Hence, while clean electricity can do a lot of the heavy lifting, Frankl said, it will be harder to bend the emission curve in industry and transport. Figure: IEA 2021: Net Zero by 2050
Reduce carbon footprint of factories
The hard-to-decarbonise industrial sector was also a topic of conversation during the Q&A part of the session, when the panellists were asked which policies they would recommend in order to encourage or incentivise manufacturers around the world to start reducing the carbon footprint of their factories.
Adib: In the industrial sector, which mainly requires low- and medium- temperature heat, we need to raise awareness of the fact that technological solutions for clean heat generation already exist. The other important aspect is that governments must provide the right political and regulatory framework – similar to what has been accomplished in the power sector. One positive development we have seen unfold over the past years is that the private sector has taken steps to promote social and environmental governance. And interestingly enough, we have observed that by going down this path, companies have also had an impact on the development of supply chains.
Frankl: The industrial sector is a tricky one and among the most difficult to decarbonise given the long investment cycles for new energy infrastructure. Policies in this area need to satisfy one of three requirements:
- Create more demand for green energy, in advanced countries at least. This includes devising energy efficiency and emission labels to really push demand for eco-friendly products among those who can afford them.
- Develop a sensible carbon price framework but keep in mind that high carbon prices cannot be introduced too early in developing economies.
- Deploy clean technologies to meet high-temperature heat requirements, e.g., in the area of electrification or CCUS (Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage), and deploy these technologies where it makes sense and try to make them popular among industrial businesses by, for example, offering financial incentives.
Jointly expand the role of solar energy in different sectors
IEA SHC started organising International Solar Heating and Cooling (SHC) Conferences in 2012. In 2017, it entered into a partnership with ISES to organise SHC conferences and Solar World Congresses. Their first joint event took place in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, the second in 2019 in Santiago in Chile. In his opening speech, IEA SHC Chair Tomas Olejniczak said that the organisations’ partnership has been “highly successful.” The long-term appeal of the Solar World Congresses, which attract representatives from all across the renewable community and present the latest in renewable technology, and the IEA SHC’s vast network of solar thermal experts has proved to be a good combination for jointly expanding the role of solar energy in different sectors. The IEA SHC strongly supports ISES’ 100 % renewable energy goal and will continue the IEA SHC Solar Academy webinars regularly hosted by the solar energy association.
Organisations mentioned in this article: | <urn:uuid:149fc0a9-7c20-48d5-ac6b-ea86b5dd44f1> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://solarthermalworld.org/news/pathway-100-renewables-industry-really-hard-abate-sector/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337595.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20221005073953-20221005103953-00369.warc.gz | en | 0.946861 | 1,056 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Katherine and Margaret are Oxford’s King twins. They recorded their infamous escapades in 1950s Oxford in the first two books: Y’all Twins? (2012) and Which is Which? (2013). Their adventures have been well-known ever since they climbed on back of William Faulkner’s wooden buggy as little girls.
After reading The Help by Katherine Stockett and To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, the twins were inspired to seek out Miss Josephine, who they hadn’t seen since 1969.
“This book takes place pre-Civil Rights,” Katherine said. “Things were boiling over then. We were at the cusp of an explosive time.”
Margaret explains how she and her sister didn’t fully understand the way things were and how they were changing at the time.
“Josephine had to walk behind us on the sidewalks and we would look behind us constantly asking her to join us up front,” Margaret said. “We loved her so.”
The Twins vividly remember Josephine having to explain the state of race relations in the 1950s to the girls, even though Josephine was only 16 herself.
“I remember walking up to the colored fountain,” Margaret said. “I thought I might get colorful flavored water. It never occurred to me then that that was segregation.”
The girls remember asking Josephine numerous and relentless “why’s,” but Josephine taught them far more than they asked, the Twins said, including graciousness, patience and kindness. Her lessons have remained with them ever since their separation in 1969.
“We look back on our memories,” Katherine said. “We had to find her so we could tell her story too.”
The search for her took nearly three years, but the Twins finally located sweet Josephine in Vicksburg, Miss.
Josephine Sanders and her family will be in Oxford for the book signing on July 1 at Square Books.
“I am beyond surprised,” Josephine said. “I am grateful that they want to tell my story. I am so excited! Of course, I’m ready to come up to Oxford!”
Katherine said she doesn’t think Josephine fully realized the Twins were writing a book about her until it was published.
“She couldn’t believe somebody saw something in her or that her story was worthy of being told,” Katherine said.
“This [book] is about Josephine,” the Twins agreed. “It shows her graciousness, her love, and her legacy.”
About Oxford’s King Twins
“Katherine was the mastermind,” Margaret began, remembering her twin’s mathematical skills, as well as the instigator behind many of the duo’s quests.
Katherine finished Margaret’s sentence: “But I do believe that if you put us two together we make one great person. Margaret is my best friend for life.”
They remembered when their authorship began, back in 2000. It was to save them from repeating the stories over and over again to family. The twins come from a large family, which includes three brothers: Bill, Kirk and Allen King. The King crowd has continued to grow with children and grandchildren. The twins’ stories are always a hit at family reunions.
“It’s nice to go back,” Margaret said. “We went on so many adventures and tricked everyone, especially our teachers.”
“It all began when we were separated for the first time,” Katherine added. “They put us in different classes in first grade, so we met during recess and thought we should check out each other’s classes.”
The pair’s antics continued as they grew up. For example, one day the Twins spotted some rappers (musicians) as they were driving one day. Katherine insisted that Margaret back the car up. She said, “I want to rap because we don’t have to carry a tune!”
“We called ourselves, ‘Crappers,’ because well, we can’t sing but we could do a beat,” Margaret said. Today, the Twins have 19 music videos and their own YouTube channel: yallkingtwins.
“Folks should come out to see us rap at the book release! And we have cookies too,” Margaret added.
– Photo and story by Callie Daniels, staff writer for HottyToddy.com. She can be contacted by emailing [email protected] | <urn:uuid:81017c88-e6d9-4f02-93f8-2d60d27a7465> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://hottytoddy.com/2014/06/27/oxfords-king-twins-release-third-book-our-josephine-on-july-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256163.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20190520222102-20190521004102-00128.warc.gz | en | 0.9789 | 1,003 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Asbestos Exposure Still a Hazard in the Military
During the 1980s the government finally recognized what had been evident to the nation's doctors and hundreds of thousands of American citizens: exposure to asbestos is a serious health hazard with long-term consequences. Asbestos products were banned, for the most part; product liability claims and the ensuing court decisions drove more than sixty companies into bankruptcy.
Asbestos exposure can result in the onset of many respiratory problems, the worst of which is mesothelioma cancer. This lethal disease develops from the inhalation of asbestos fibers, which are contained in the dust or debris anytime asbestos is disturbed, moved or used. Malignant mesothelioma will remain dormant for years or decades, the symptoms emerging in the form of chest pain and shortness of breath. Those symptoms can affect a military veteran or anyone else twenty or more years after asbestos exposure has occurred.
No group has more asbestos victims than military veterans. Estimates are that roughly thirty percent of all current mesothelioma patients in this country are veterans. In a government statistical analysis the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) cited the four major job categories for asbestos exposure as mechanics, shipyard workers, construction workers and military personnel.
Navy veterans have the highest incidence of asbestos-related disease. Asbestos was used as insulation and as a fire retardant material in every ship commissioned prior to 1975. Asbestos coated pipes, provided fire protection in engine rooms and insulated various areas throughout the ships. Some of those that are still afloat are still potential asbestos hazards. The USS Enterprise, for example, has an on-board team specially trained to handle asbestos removal any time it is found on the ship. The Navy is still confronting asbestos disposal years after its use was banned.
While the use of asbestos was essentially banned by the mid 1980s, military vehicles, bases and housing weren't automatically replaced. Anyone working in a motor pool was a candidate for asbestos exposure because brake pads and clutch plates were all manufactured with asbestos as a principal product. In fact those that repaired all military vehicles, ships and aircraft were likely candidates for asbestos exposure years after the use of the material was discontinued.
Buildings on existing bases that are being upgraded typically involve asbestos removal as part of the job. Base closures always have asbestos cleanup as an issue; all of the bases constructed up to 1980 or so are going to have structures with asbestos in use as insulation and fire protection material.
Today's Navy along with the other branches have regulations about how to handle asbestos that turns up in work sites; personnel are essentially told to back away and report the old insulation, lagging or compartments that have asbestos in them and trained crews are brought in to remove it.
Today you can find military sites that are acknowledged to have been asbestos hazards listed on a state-by-state basis. They include every shipyard and almost every air base along with the Army's major domestic installations. Many of them have been cleaned up or closed, but the veterans that served there are still at risk. You can also find lists of ships that were ported or repaired in major shipyards and Naval Bases on both coasts.
Military veterans that served at anytime up through the end of the Vietnam War were using or traveling in equipment that contained asbestos. Much of that gear was in use following the Vietnam era for training purposes and for duty in the United States. You can learn more about asbestos and its complications at this link; there is also a long history of the battle over asbestos liability here at Wikipedia.
MilitaryConnection.com is a portal of all things military. We work hard to provide valuable information to our users. There is something for everyone on MiltaryConnection.com. We value all those who serve past and present. We work hard to provide important and relevant information. Health and mental health issues are important to those who serve. We are proud to be joining forces with AsbestosNews.com to bring information on asbestos exposure to our users and their family members. We are creating a special area called “Asbestos Exposure”. This area will be featured in both the Military Buzz and our Veteran Directory. We encourage our users to begin threads on these topics in our forums so that others can weigh in on these important issues. If you come across any special health related benefits for veterans and survivors, please contact us. If you have a question, do not hesitate to contact us and we will work hard to find an answer. Please email us at: [email protected]. When the next tour is back home, it's on MilitaryConnection.com. | <urn:uuid:633b9875-babe-4330-bdb3-2316928f78b1> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://www.militaryconnection.com/articles/asbestos/asbestos-exposure-military-hazard | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155792.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20180918225124-20180919005124-00163.warc.gz | en | 0.962962 | 936 | 2.921875 | 3 |
What is a Physical Therapist?
Physical therapists are licensed health care professionals who work with patients to reduce pain and improve or restore mobility. They specialize in musculoskeletal and neuromuscular injuries. The initial visit is designed to evaluate and identify the underlying cause of the injury. From there, a treatment plan is recommended that may include stretching and strengthening exercises to address pain, swelling and inflammation. At Therapy Solutions, extensive patient education is provided to encourage involvement and to promote injury prevention.
Physical Therapy Services Offered:
- Physical Therapy consultation
- Intervention and Rehabilitation
Prevention Services of the Following Conditions:
- Stroke and neurological rehabilitation
- Balance training and fall prevention
- Patients with generalized weakness following recent hospitalization/illness
- Amputation rehabilitation
- Arthritis pain management
- Postural education
- Lower back pain
- Neck pain
A Physical Therapist will develop a treatment program unique to each individual to help decrease deficits and restore function, education about the cause of the problem, and instruction in exercises to improve function.
- Range of motion
- Body mechanics
- General mobility (walking, stair climbing, getting in and out of bed or chairs)
- Adjusting the home environment for safety
Ensuring that patients are aware of new precautions that should be taken
Teaching patients a home exercise program | <urn:uuid:3c59fed0-8682-49f3-8a5a-6aa972d0c843> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.therapysolutionsot.com/physical-therapy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578602767.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20190423114901-20190423135803-00061.warc.gz | en | 0.905851 | 278 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Stiftung Deutsches Rundfunk (DRA)
The opening credits list the countries from which documents from the film have been obtained. The first scene shows a man running through the woods, followed by men in Nazi uniforms, who shoot and kill him. The Nazis remove the dead man's passport: close-up on the "J" which indicates he was a Jew. This "J" becomes the "J" in the title of the film. The first part of the film provides a biography of Globke. The filmmakers use footage of early Nazi leaders (including Goering and Goebbels) and documents signed by Globke to make the point that he was in league with the Nazis from early on. Globke was a devout Catholic and member of the Zentrumspartei, which was dissolved by the Nazis in 1933. A fellow member of the Zentrumspartei, Dr. Klausener, was shot by the Nazis in his office, while Globke was named to the Oberregierungsrat by Goering. A hidden hand pages through Globke's file to find the answers behind his success in the Nazi government. Documents show that in December 1932, before Hitler came to power, Globke signed a decree forbidding Jews to change their names in order to hide their Jewish origins.
An East German propaganda film showing original documents, photographs, and witness accounts which portray the career of Hans Globke, former state secretary in the Bundeskanzleramt under Konrad Adenauer's leadership. As commentator and co-writer of the Nuremberg laws, Globke played a significant role in propagating and disseminating the antisemitic decree. This film asserts his responsibility for the Holocaust and emphasizes his outstanding political role in West Germany.
Other credits: Music: Hanns Eisler; Narration: Wolfgang Heinz, Herwart Grosse; Distributor: Progress Film-Vertrieb VEB. First broadcast: April 19, 1961.
See Stories 3310 through 3323 on Film IDs 2506A and 2506B for entire film "Aktion J." Consult departmental files for a complete description of the individual reels (in German).
Biography / History:
2001.359.1 The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum purchased this from the Bundesarchiv in Berlin, Germany in January 2001 for possible use in the Museum's special exhibition "Deadly Medicine.".
Deutscher Fernsehfunk (DFF)
Bundesarchiv, NP 03966 R1
Betacam SP (PAL & NTSC); VHS
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In a classic pairing of IT and renewable energy, an IBM supercomputer will optimize placement of wind turbines to improve performance.
IBM and Danish wind turbine manufacturer Vestas yesterday announced that the Firestorm supercomputer will analyze petabytes of data to maximize energy output of Vestas turbines.
The supercomputer crunches through weather reports, moon and tidal phase, sensor data, satellite images, and deforestation maps to generate the best placement of turbines, IBM said. Once installed, Vestas engineers will use the software to predict future performance and figure out the best time to do maintenance.
Predicting energy output of turbines is vitally important to project developers who put up money for wind farms with an expectation of selling a certain amount of energy to the grid. Although wind power is growing in many places around the world, project developers are seeking better methods, including better, to better match expected and actual performance.
The turbines themselves are high-tech devices, equipped with processors to track wind direction and control the pitch of the blade.
IBM said the software took four years to develop and will run on the Apache Hadoop software for parallel processing of very large data sets. This sort of analysis used to take weeks, but can be done in under an hour, IBM said. | <urn:uuid:d739c86a-488f-4199-959a-005ce124d35d> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.cnet.com/news/ibms-big-data-helps-vestas-wind-turbines-crank/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042990217.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002310-00137-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.902552 | 259 | 3.296875 | 3 |
The rapid development of technologies introduces smartness to all the aspects of cities including creating a Smart Tourism Destinations that exploit synergies between ubiquitous sensing technology and their social components to support the enrichment of tourist experiences. By smearing smartness to address travellers’ needs before, during and after their trip, destinations could increase their competitiveness level.
There are various ways to apply smartness as a tourism destination, like by the implementation of tourism related applications using technologies like Artificial Intelligence, Cloud Computing and Internet of Things to offer the tourist personalized information and enhanced services. Smart Tourism Destinations should empower a creative environment within the city.
We will discuss various aspects of Smart Destinations like Smart & Sustainable Tourism, Quality of Life, Technology & Tourism, Contemporary Arts & Culture, Cultural Heritage, Architecture, Sustainable & Quality Tourism, Airports and travel infrastructures | <urn:uuid:ee77d71b-7b6d-493f-8c34-e3b6881019c2> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://smartcityexpoindia.com/smart-destinations/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998690.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20190618063322-20190618085322-00236.warc.gz | en | 0.896835 | 171 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The best explanation of stress we've ever heard comes from Stanford neurobiologist Robert Sapolsky, Ph.D., the author of Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers. "If you are a normal mammal," he says, "stress is the 3 minutes of screaming terror on the savanna after which either it's over with or you're over with."
If you're a human mammal, however, stress comes from something more insidious than a toothy predator: anxiety triggered by the passive-aggressive boss, the 30-year mortgage, and the job of caring for children as well as the ill parent who believes General MacArthur wants him to lead a division into Pyongyang Province.
No wildebeest would understand these fears, but the perceived threats spark the same physiological survival responses that crocodile attacks do. Here's where modern stress bites your body and how to fight back. (Control and conquer stress with these 19 Ways to Live a Stress-Free Life.)
Chronic secretion of the stress hormone cortisol can trigger memory loss, depression, and three-bourbon lunches.
The Fix: Don't be so damned conscientious at work. A Canadian study of 2,737 employees found that when people thought their poor job performance could seriously impact their coworkers, company, or environment, their job stress increased. Workers who didn't see their jobs as careers were less likely to report stress. The lesson: Take a day off. The company won't go under if you're AWOL for 9 hours. Try booking a last-minute getaway if you must.
(Note: This does not apply to air-traffic controllers.)
Researchers at the University of Western Ontario may have found a new way to measure chronic stress: Pluck a few hairs. They took follicle samples from more than 100 men, half of whom were hospitalized for heart attacks, and found that hair cortisol was higher in the heart patients. Since hair grows about 1 centimeter a month, researchers used 3-centimeter samples as a record of stress levels over the previous 3 months. Scientists say the findings bolster the theory that chronic stress contributes to heart attack just as acute stress does.
The Fix: Earn a promotion. With power comes control, suggests research from the Columbia University business school. Study participants were designated as either leaders or subordinates, with the leaders given duties that granted them a sense of power. Meanwhile, half the people in both groups were asked to steal $100 and lie about it. Subordinates who had to lie showed physical stress reactions and high cortisol levels. But lying bosses displayed no such markers of stress, suggesting that even in stressful situations (forced to lie), people feel little or no anxiety if they have power and control.
Your Nervous System
When you're stressed, hormones flood your body, helping you focus your attention, sharpening your vision, and preparing your muscles to take action.
The Fix: Tap the power. For short periods, facing adversity can energize you to handle challenges. Recently, University at Buffalo researchers monitoring 2,398 people found that those who'd experienced some adversity scored higher on measures of mental health and life satisfaction than those who'd seen either high levels of adversity or none at all. "In moderation, whatever doesn't kill us may indeed make us stronger," says study author Mark Seery, Ph.D. (Keep your mind in tip-top shape with these 27 Ways to Power Up Your Brain.)
Neck and back tension caused by mental stress, plus long days spent hunched over a computer keyboard, can trigger pain.
The Fix: Try the corner stretch. Stand facing the corner of a room. Raise your elbows to shoulder height, and place your forearms, elbows, and palms against each wall. Lean in to flex your chest and back muscles. Hold for 15 seconds, breathing deeply. Do this every 2 hours or whenever you feel tight. (Also, try these 7 easy work stretches for better flexibility.)
Increased stomach acid from stress can churn your gut and loosen your bowels. Stress can even alter the way your body processes fat, causing you to store more of it in your abdomen.
The Fix: Twist yourself into a pretzel and laugh, laugh, laugh. "Laughter yoga" practitioners swear that combining yogic breathing and stretching techniques with forced laughter helps them cope better with life's stresses. Studies have already demonstrated the ability of yoga to ease stress and lower blood pressure. And laughing appears to do the same. For example: Two reports presented at the 2009 American College of Sports Medicine's annual meeting showed that people who watched comedies had more-pliable blood vessels and improved bloodflow for up to 24 hours after the chuckling commenced. (What foods should you avoid? Start with these 25 New "Healthy" Foods That Aren't.)
Not only can stress make you flatulent, but it can screw with your DNA too. A 24-7 bath of stress hormones can cause telomeres to shorten. Telomeres are genetic structures that protect the ends of chromosomes; if they shorten too much, cells can no longer multiply.
The Fix: Meditate. A recent Harvard study found that the physiological response from meditation, tai chi, and breathing exercises can counteract cellular damage from stress. | <urn:uuid:98239c6a-bb6f-408d-bdbe-77ea7d2b5d04> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.today.com/health/stress-hides-all-over-your-brain-body-heres-how-get-6C10788642 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423812.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721222447-20170722002447-00505.warc.gz | en | 0.95378 | 1,072 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Quoting from Air and Space Forces Daily Report 1 Jun 2023:
The Air Force is conducting a detailed investigation of environmental hazards at ICBM bases as part of its broad study of cancer risks at the facilities. There is an improved understanding of the environment and factors that can affect the issue, as well as better technology and “access both to personnel and to the actual silos and launch facilities and launch control centers,” Col. Robert Peltzer, a senior medical official at Air Force Global Strike Command, said.
Quoting from Chris Gordon article -- bullet points were added for emphasis:
“Two separate efforts are planned in the future,” Col. Tory W. Woodard, the director of the U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine (USAFSAM), which designed the study, recently told Air & Space Forces Magazine.
“We’re not going to take that the stickers are inaccurate or accurate,” Peltzer said. “We’re going to make sure and validate one way or the other—are there PCBs down there?”
PCBs are not the only hazard. Another major concern for missileers is radon exposure and water contamination. Radon is a radioactive gas that comes from bedrock and soil, and missile facilities are buried underground with personnel living in cramped quarters on 24-48 hour shifts.
“There’ll be looking for air sampling, air intake, water—both above ground and below ground,” Peltzer said.
The U.S. government does not own the land around many missile facilities where some harmful materials may be present.
“We’re going to test the water and soil at different times for environmental changes,” Peltzer said, noting the schedule for doing agriculture work, as well as temperature changes, could affect the level of risk.
The team will also keep sampling equipment, which had to get special clearance to be used in ICBM facilities, on the bases to continue monitoring well into the future.
P.O. Box 1767
Monument, CO 80132
The Association of Air Force Missileers
is a 501(c)3 non-profit organization. | <urn:uuid:0e550b74-40ab-4929-98e8-a6334fe8e159> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://afmissileers.org/In-the-News/13209071?tpg=5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100942.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209170619-20231209200619-00313.warc.gz | en | 0.935282 | 460 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Teeth move as a response to light pressure from orthodontic hardware. The arch wire (the one that runs across the teeth) puts pressure on the teeth and brackets (the metal part on a single tooth), which creates pressure. Your dentist will occasionally change your child’s arch wires which continue to put pressure on their teeth.
Over time, this moves teeth into their proper position. What happens is that the braces help to stretch the Periodontal Membrane, which holds down the bottom part of the teeth. When this happens, it loosens the tooth and bone grows in to help support the tooth in its new home.
Depending on their needs and the stage of treatment they are on, your child may need to wear elastics, headgear, a positioner or retainer. All of these help to further place pressure to help the teeth move to its proper position. | <urn:uuid:82528dcf-26ee-44cb-9710-6d5104b1079e> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://dentistryforchildrennv.com/our-services/orthodontics/how-do-teeth-move/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578528058.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419201105-20190419223105-00521.warc.gz | en | 0.952181 | 182 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Anyone can get skin cancer, regardless of skin color. It is estimated that one in five Americans will develop skin cancer in their lifetime. When caught early, skin cancer is highly treatable. You can detect skin cancer early by following these tips for checking your skin.
Squamous cell carcinomas detected at an early stage and removed promptly are almost always curable and cause minimal damage. However, left untreated, they eventually penetrate the underlying tissues and can become disfiguring. A small percentage even metastasize to local lymph nodes, distant tissues, and organs and can become fatal. Therefore, any suspicious growth should be seen by a physician without delay. A tissue sample (biopsy) will be examined under a microscope to arrive at a diagnosis. If tumor cells are present, treatment is required.
Fortunately, there are several effective ways to eradicate squamous cell carcinoma. The choice of treatment is based on the tumor’s type, size, location, and depth of penetration, as well as the patient’s age and general health.
Treatment can almost always be performed on an outpatient basis in a physician’s office or at a clinic. A local anesthetic is used during most surgical procedures. Pain or discomfort is usually minimal, and there is rarely much pain afterwards.
Using a scalpel or curette (a sharp, ringshaped instrument), a physician trained in Mohs surgery removes the visible tumor with a very thin layer of tissue around it. While the patient waits, this layer is sectioned, frozen, stained and mapped in detail, then checked under a microscope thoroughly. If cancer is still present in the depths or peripheries of this excised surrounding tissue, the procedure is repeated on the corresponding area of the body still containing tumor cells until the last layer viewed under the microscope is cancerfree. Mohs surgery spares the greatest amount of healthy tissue, reduces the rate of local recurrence, and has the highest overall cure rate — about 9499 percent — of any treatment for SCC. It is often used on tumors that have recurred, are poorly demarcated, or are in hardtotreat, critical areas around the eyes, nose, lips, ears, neck, hands and feet. After tumor removal,, the wound may be allowed to heal naturally or may be reconstructed immediately; the cosmetic outcome is usually excellent.
he physician uses a scalpel to remove the entire growth, along with a surrounding border of apparently normal skin as a safety margin. The wound around the surgical site is then closed with sutures (stitches). The excised tissue specimen is then sent to the laboratory for microscopic examination to verify that all cancerous cells have been removed. A repeat excision may be necessary on a subsequent occasion if evidence of skin cancer is found in the specimen. The accepted cure rate for primary tumors with this technique is about 92 percent. This rate drops to 77 percent for recurrent squamous cell carcinomas.
This technique is usually reserved for small lesions. The growth is scraped off with a curette (an instrument with a sharp, ringshaped tip), and burning heat produced by an electrocautery needle destroys residual tumor and controls bleeding. This procedure is typically repeated a few times, a deeper layer of tissue being scraped and burned each time to help ensure that no tumor cells remain. It can produce cure rates approaching those of surgical excision for superficially invasive squamous cell carcinomas without highrisk characteristics. However, it is not recommended for any invasive or aggressive SCCs, those in highrisk or difficult sites, such as the eyelids, genitalia, lips and ears, or other sites that would be left with cosmetically undesirable results, since the procedure leaves a sizable, hypopigmented scar.
The physician destroys the tumor tissue by freezing it with liquid nitrogen, using a cottontipped applicator or spray device. There is no cutting or bleeding, and no anesthesia is required. The procedure may be repeated several times at the same session to help ensure destruction of all malignant cells. The growth becomes crusted and scabbed, and usually falls off within weeks. Redness, swelling, blistering and crusting can occur following treatment, and in darkskinned patients, some pigment may be lost. Inexpensive and easy to administer, cryosurgery may be the treatment of choice for patients with bleeding disorders or intolerance to anesthesia. However, it has a lower overall cure rate than the surgical methods. Depending on the physician’s expertise, the 5year cure rate can be quite high with selected, generally superficial squamous cell carcinoma; but cryosurgery is not often used today for invasive SCC because deeper portions of the tumor may be missed and because scar tissue at the cryotherapy site might obscure a recurrence.
Xray beams are directed at the tumor, with no need for cutting or anesthesia. Destruction of the tumor usually requires a series of treatments, administered several times a week for one to four weeks, or sometimes daily for one month. Cure rates range widely, from about 85 to 95 percent, since the technique does not provide precise control in identifying and removing residual cancer cells at the margins of the tumor. The technique can involve longterm cosmetic problems and radiation risks, as well as multiple visits. For these reasons, though this therapy limits damage to adjacent tissue, it is mainly used for tumors that are hard to treat surgically, as well as patients for whom surgery is not advised, such as the elderly or those in poor health.
PDT can be especially useful for growths on the face and scalp. A chemical agent that reacts to light, such as topical 5aminolevulinic acid (5ALA) or methyl aminolevulinate (MAL), is applied to the growths at the physician’s office; it is taken up by the abnormal cells. Hours later, those medicated areas are activated by a strong light. The treatment selectively destroys squamous cell carcinomas while causing minimal damage to surrounding normal tissue. However, the treatment is not yet FDAapproved for squamous cell carcinoma, and while it may be effective with early, noninvasive tumors (e.g., Bowen’s disease), overall recurrence rates vary considerably (from 0 to 52 percent), so the technique is not currently recommended for invasive SCC. Redness and swelling are common side effects. After treatment, patients become locally photosensitive for 48 hours where the lightsensitizing agent was applied, and must avoid both outdoor and indoor light and be careful to use sun protection.
This therapy is not yet FDAapproved for SCC, though it can be used for superficial lesions, with recurrence rates similar to those of PDT. The skin’s outer layer and variable amounts of deeper skin are removed using a carbon dioxide or erbium YAG laser. This method is bloodless, and gives the physician good control over the depth of tissue removed. It actually seals blood vessels as it cuts, making it useful for patients with bleeding disorders, and it is also sometimes used when other treatments have failed. But the risks of scarring and pigment loss are slightly greater than with other techniques.
5fluorouracil (5FU) and imiquimod, both FDAapproved for treatment of actinic keratoses and superficial basal cell carcinomas, are also being tested for the treatment of some superficial squamous cell carcinomas. Successful treatment of Bowen’s disease, a noninvasive SCC, has been reported. However, invasive SCC should not be treated with 5FU. Some trials have shown that imiquimod may be effective with certain invasive SCCs, but it is not yet FDAapproved for this purpose. Imiquimod stimulates the immune system to produce interferon, a chemical that attacks cancerous and precancerous cells, while 5FU is a topical form of chemotherapy that has a direct toxic effect on cancerous cells.
Because most treatment options involve cutting, some scarring from the tumor removal should be expected. This is most often cosmetically acceptable with small cancers, but removal of a larger tumor often requires reconstructive surgery, involving a skin graft or flap to cover the defect. Mohs surgeons are trained in reconstructive surgery, so visit to a plastic surgeon is usually unnecessary. | <urn:uuid:f60b95c7-ad46-4991-9d89-18ac6582ff1d> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.cyberknifeoc.com/conditions/skin-cancer/treatment-options/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046152000.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20210726031942-20210726061942-00039.warc.gz | en | 0.952474 | 1,706 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Section: System Administration (8)
Updated: July 2014Index
Return to Main Contents
blkdiscard - discard sectors on a device
is used to discard device sectors. This is useful for solid-state
drivers (SSDs) and thinly-provisioned storage. Unlike
this command is used directly on the block device.
will discard all blocks on the device. Options may be used to modify
this behavior based on range or size, as explained below.
argument is the pathname of the block device.
WARNING: All data in the discarded region on the device will be lost!
arguments may be followed by the multiplicative suffixes KiB (=1024),
MiB (=1024*1024), and so on for GiB, TiB, PiB, EiB, ZiB and YiB (the "iB" is
optional, e.g., "K" has the same meaning as "KiB") or the suffixes
KB (=1000), MB (=1000*1000), and so on for GB, TB, PB, EB, ZB and YB.
- -o, --offset offset
Byte offset into the device from which to start discarding. The provided value
will be aligned to the device sector size. The default value is zero.
- -l, --length length
The number of bytes to discard (counting from the starting point). The provided value
will be aligned to the device sector size. If the specified value extends past
the end of the device,
will stop at the device size boundary. The default value extends to the end
of the device.
- -s, --secure
Perform a secure discard. A secure discard is the same as a regular discard
except that all copies of the discarded blocks that were possibly created by
garbage collection must also be erased. This requires support from the device.
- -v, --verbose
Display the aligned values of
- -V, --version
Display version information and exit.
- -h, --help
Display help text and exit.
The blkdiscard command is part of the util-linux package and is available
Linux Kernel Archive
- SEE ALSO | <urn:uuid:c8bdc442-0dba-4e0a-840e-d722f38516a3> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.commandlinux.com/man-page/man8/blkdiscard.8.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250628549.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125011232-20200125040232-00546.warc.gz | en | 0.742215 | 464 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Amla from the Sanskrit word Amalaki is a tree of the family Phyllanthaceae. It has edible fruit. Its flowers are greenish-yellow and fruit color is light greenish-yellow in a spherical shape with six vertical stripes. The taste of Amla is bitter, sour, and astringent. In Buddhism, this plant is also known for achieving enlightenment.
An Amla is the richest source of water soluble Vitamin C, therefore it helps us to boost our immunity, metabolism and prevents infective agent and microorganism infections, together with cold and cough. Along with nutritional value, it also has wide phytonutrients range those are very helpful to prevent and cure cancer and many other lifestyles and chronic diseases.
The Amla fruit is used to prepare various dishes i.e. pickle, murabba, juice, powder, etc. According to Ayurveda, Amla is also used as a medicine for different types of ailments. Amla fruit contains lots of nutrients i.e. essential vitamins, minerals, and phytonutrients.
Features and Benefits of Amla:
- Has Fruits and Medicine Property: Amla has the characteristics of both fruit and medicine. In Ayurveda, Amla is described as a destroyer of Tridosha; it destroys gas, acid, and cough. Amla is alkaline by nature so it is helpful to maintain our body alkaline and acidic ratio i.e. 80 : 20.
- Boost Immunity: Amla has a lot of vitamin C and its characteristic is that it’s Vitamin C does not spoil when drying and heating. It improves blood circulation and reduces blood cholesterol. It is also good for the respiratory system and helps to cure many diseases asthma, bronchitis, etc.
- Rejuvenating Property: It gives youthfulness to young and rejuvenates old ones.
- Detoxifier: Amla has disease resistance power; it purifies blood, removes toxins from the body, and has all the ingredients that give strength to our body which are not found in any other fruit and medicine. It helps to improve and clear the digestion system.
- Good for Oral Health: Amla makes teeth and gums strong. It is also cured pyorrhea, gum bleeding, ulcer, and helps to reduce bad odor in the mouth.
- Work as a Tonic: If someone’s liver is weak and has jaundice, then taking Amla mixed with water and honey makes it a tonic. Amla juice is used with the blackberry (Indian Jamun) and karela juice; it is very good for diabetes patients also.
- Anti-Oxidant Property: Amla has antioxidant property that’s why it prevents body organs from oxidative damage. It works at cell fluid levels and cures and prevents so many diseases related to inflammation and infection. Due to vitamin C, it helps in iron and calcium absorption. It also contains iron, calcium, and other phytonutrients, etc.
- Help in Reduce Weight: Take two spoons Amla juice and the same quantity of honey and mix in the lukewarm water and drink in morning at an empty stomach. That is very effective in weight reduction and cures all problems related to the stomach such as gastric, ulcer, constipation, etc.
- Blackening Hair: Amla oil is good for blackening hair and hair growth. It also reduces hair fall.
- Reduced Pigmentation: Amla juice is very effective to reduce pigmentation and blemishes. It provides a rejuvenating effect on the screen. Skin starts glowing and improves the quality of the skin. It protects the skin from the sun ultraviolet rays due to antioxidant properties. It helps to hydrate the skin and open the pores of the skin which is helpful to breathe the skin. If anybody uses Amla juice on the face with the help of cotton then fine lines are reduced and skin glow increases.
- Good for Vision health: Daily consumption of Amla is good for eyes and improves eyesight. It also helps to prevent vision-related to problems i.e. cataract, intraocular tension, itching, watering, and redness, etc.
- Other benefits: Amla is very beneficial in curing many diseases such as nervous system, restlessness in heart, palpitation, obesity, blood pressure, ringworm, leucorrhoea, weakness of the uterus, impotency, skin disease, stomach ulcer, urinary problems, etc. Amla is very effective in arthritis pain and in joint swelling due to antioxidant property. It is a potent fruit for healthy living.
How to use Amla:
Amla should be taken empty stomach in the morning, 20 – 25 ml of Amla juice mix with the same amount of honey in a glass of water, use after fresh for best result. Otherwise, Amla can be used in any form i.e. Amla powder, dried Amla, murabba, pickle, chatani, etc. It can be taken with meals also. | <urn:uuid:bfcefcc5-32c6-4f5c-9193-6f3f554452cd> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://yuvannaturefoundation.com/amla/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710698.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129132340-20221129162340-00035.warc.gz | en | 0.930862 | 1,046 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a form of therapy that helps people gain awareness of how their thoughts influence their behaviors and emotions.
Some issues treated by CBT include:
- Panic attacks
- Obsessive compulsive disorders (OCD)
- Anger management issues
Most people with clearly defined behavioral and emotional concerns tend to reap the benefits of CBT. If any of the above issues resonate with you, I believe Cognitive Behavioral Therapy can help you.
With CBT, you’ll be able to adjust the thoughts that directly influence your emotions and behavior. This adjustment process is referred to as cognitive reconstructing, which happens through different CBT techniques.
Some CBT techniques are:
- Identifying unhelpful thoughts
- Challenging beliefs
- Reframing your perspective
CBT sessions are structured to ensure that the therapist and the person in treatment are focused on the different goals of each session, which in turn ensures that each and every session is productive.
If you could benefit from Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, please reach out to me to schedule your first session. | <urn:uuid:7bddb885-7b9b-454f-862f-0054026b2dec> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://elcounseling.com/cognitive-behavioral-therapy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655882051.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20200703122347-20200703152347-00131.warc.gz | en | 0.933249 | 225 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Mughal Architecture found its way into local Indian architecture, most conspicuously in the palaces built by Rajputs and Sikh rulers,Landscape gardening,New trade routes to Arab and Turkic lands,Centralised, imperialistic government which brought together many smaller kingdoms,The Urdu language developed from the Hindi language by borrowing heavily from Persian as well as Arabic and Chaghatai Turkic. Urdu developed as a result of the fusion of the Indian and Islamic cultures during the Mughal period. Modern Hindi which uses Sanskrit-based vocabulary along with loan words from Persian and Arabic, is mutually intelligible with Urdu.Mughal monuments give us so much place as we see these days in dailly routine life.
This footage is part of the professionally-shot stock footage archive of Wilderness Films India Ltd., the largest collection of imagery from South Asia. The Wilderness Films India collection comprises of thousands of hours of high quality broadcast imagery, mostly shot on HDCAM 1080i High Definition, HDV and Digital Betacam. Write to us for licensing this footage on a broadcast format, for use in your production! We pride ourselves in bringing the best of India and South Asia to the world... wfi @ vsnl.com and [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:6147ff5d-eac3-4412-947d-edb270ad8a4a> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xk4bja_mughal-architecture-mughal-tombs_travel | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637898477.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025818-00172-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922441 | 263 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Farm woods of the central hardwood region vary widely as to size and as to proportion of total farm area. On good Corn Belt land the woodland area within a county rarely averages more than 10 or 12 acres per 120-acre farm, but south of the glacial boundary the average rises in some counties to 30 or 40 acres per 80-acre farm. In many Corn Belt counties gross woodland area amounts to less than 5 percent; in many hill counties, it exceeds 50 percent. To focus this discussion, I have roughly estimated the average woods area on farms in different parts of the region as follows:
Hall, J. Alfred
"Objectives in Farm Woods Management in the Central Hardwood Region,"
Ames Forester: Vol. 29
, Article 4.
Available at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/amesforester/vol29/iss1/4 | <urn:uuid:f0e11a24-6c75-4551-9760-d549f81fba2d> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/amesforester/vol29/iss1/4/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247481249.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20190216230700-20190217012700-00375.warc.gz | en | 0.903825 | 182 | 2.625 | 3 |
Contacts: Professor Derek Fray, Department of Materials Science
Mentor: Marc Bax
Carbon nanotubes have long attracted the attention of the media due to their unique physical and chemical properties. However, they are generally expensive and slow to manufacture, due to the low yield and complexity of current manufacturing methods. Although carbon nanotubes are used in increasing numbers of applications in a wide range of sectors, they are still mostly used for specific high-value niche areas, and world production of carbon nanotubes is only a few hundred tonnes a year.
Professor Fray and his team have developed an entirely new approach to the manufacture of carbon nanotubes. Using graphite electrodes immersed in a molten salt and electrolysis, they have created a manufacturing process which is 80% efficient. The method is straightforward and significantly faster than conventional approaches and, assuming it can be scaled-up, allows substantial quantities to be produced at a fraction of current costs.
With some simple modifications, the method can also be used to produce carbon nanotubes filled with metals such as tin. These have been shown to significantly increase the capacity of lithium-ion batteries, and are not easily manufacturable using any other process.
The challenge for the i-Team is to identify the applications which would benefit from using carbon nanotubes but are currently restricted due to cost or difficulty of manufacture, as well as recommending the next commercial steps for the researchers to enable their manufacturing process to revolutionise the carbon nanotube marketplace. | <urn:uuid:8636109b-c90e-46f6-852c-39904e446fc8> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://iteamsonline.org/manufacturing-carbon-nanotubes-at-low-cost-and-at-high-volume/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511744.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20181018063902-20181018085402-00055.warc.gz | en | 0.9561 | 306 | 3.125 | 3 |
Difference Between Prairie Dog and Groundhog
Prairie Dog vs Groundhog
The American landscape is full of variously sized mammals that scamper, burrow, and otherwise run about. These animals are more likely than not member of the Sciuridae family, a classification that includes chipmunks, squirrels, prairie dogs, groundhogs, and marmots, among others. Sciuridae have many of the same characteristics across the family, including diet and behavior, but two commonly confused animals, the prairie dog and the groundhog actually have many differences.
Prairie Dog ‘“ grow to sixteen inches in length and can weigh up to three pounds. They have a stick body and a comparatively short and thin tail that is less than one quarter of the length of his body. The coat of the prairie dog is mottled brown in order to blend in with his surroundings. You will often see prairie dogs sitting up on their haunches.
Groundhog ‘“ is the largest member of its family. It will be as long as twenty-six inches and weigh up to nine pounds. Groundhogs are built for digging. They have heavy-duty claws and thickly muscled forearms. They differ from other Sciuridaes because their spine is slightly rounded. Their coat is grayish brown and has two layers for extra insulation during the winter months.
Prairie Dog ‘“ is found in the western half of North America, stretching from the plains of Canada down to Mexico. As their name implies, they prefer flat land.
Groundhog ‘“ are found over almost all of North America as they do not require the same amount of flat prairie that their cousins do.
Prairie Dog ‘“ live in colonies. These colonies or towns are very large and can sometimes cover over one hundred acres. They live in polygamous families that shelter their pups for the first three years of their life. They graze down the area around their burrows, always staying close to home base for protection. They are communal animals, and while some are grazing other prairie dogs will keep watch for predators and sound an alarm that sends all the animals into their burrow for safety.
Groundhog ‘“ also live in burrows, but not in huge colonies. At the most, three or four groundhogs will occupy the same burrow. The burrow is used for hibernation during the winter, as well as for general sleeping and the raising of young during the spring and summer months. In addition to going into their burrows for their protection, groundhogs have also been seen climbing trees or swimming to escape predators.
1.Groundhogs and prairie dogs are both members of the same family.
2.They are similar in coloration and body shape, though the groundhog is much bigger.
3.Prairie dogs and groundhogs both live in burrows, but prairie dogs will connect their burrows to huge colonies while groundhogs prefer to live on their own.
4.Groundhogs are found all over North America and combat the cold by hibernating whereas prairie dogs prefer more temperate flatlands.
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Leave a Response | <urn:uuid:ef4d918d-e2a6-4b12-a50e-a381e400d7a3> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.differencebetween.net/science/nature/difference-between-prairie-dog-and-groundhog/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375096301.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031816-00115-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971466 | 704 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Apple's Swift programming language is simple – at least at first
What is it about being a rich corporation? After the private jets and the gleaming headquarters comes the new programming language. Now Apple has followed in the path of Microsoft (C#), Sun (Java), and Google (Dart, Go) to offer us Swift, a language with a C-like syntax and inferred typing designed to make it easier for the average coder to start building new software for the Mac and new apps for the iPhone.
While it's never possible to overestimate the amount of hubris at Apple, Swift is more than a vanity project to dictate how the world speaks a computer version of the King's English, if you will. Apple's software stack has been stuck with Objective-C since NeXT invaded the company, and many neophytes find it a pain to untangle the pointers, the files (both .m and .h), and the punctuation-rich syntax.
Apple tried to update the language with a "modern syntax" in 1997, but the masses refused to budge from the so-called classic syntax. Other projects – like adding Java bindings for the Cocoa libraries – never really stuck. Today, learning Objective-C is one of the biggest hurdles to getting people to code for the Apple platforms.
The basic structure for a Swift program looks much like Java. The code is broken into classes filled with fields and methods. The most jarring difference is that the methods start with a keyword (func) and the return value comes after the method name, not before it. The classes can be aligned in a hierarchy with plenty of inheritance for object-oriented code, and the properties can be read with a dot syntax.
That high-level road map and a few details about the syntax of declaring variables is all you need to get going. Within a few days of Apple's announcement, open source software written in Swift started appearing on GitHub. One of the most impressive, a clone of Flappy Birds by Nate Murray, required just two major Swift files and a bit of glue code. If you know your way around OS X or iOS programming, you can get moving very quickly. Murray says he spent only a day on his clone.
Swift fixes a few of the biggest complaints about Java syntax. You won't need to waste keystrokes spelling out the type of each variable; the compiler will infer it from initialisation. You get all of the advantages of letting the compiler check the types without many of the keystrokes. If you want to glue together variables and strings, a simple templating hack uses a mere three keystrokes to insert a variable into a string. It's a masterstroke.
For all of the advances and improvements, I found the size of Swift to be a bit daunting. While it's easy to see how Nate Murray knocked off Flappy Birds in a day, many other details of the language can't be mastered in a few minutes. I spent some time puzzling about the difference between data that's passed around by value (struct) and data that's passed around by pointers (class). Juggling these differences is one of the big challenges to C programming, and it will remain an issue for Swift programmers who want to squeeze the best performance out of their code.
Optimization will probably be a real headache for some kinds of code. Strings, for instance, are always passed by value, which means Swift will be making copies of strings left and right with every function call. This may not be much of an issue for graphics-based programs like games, but programs like Web servers and content management systems are essentially concatenation machines. Anyone who starts juggling strings will need to pay attention to this when writing Swift code. They may end up wrapping the string values in classes to avoid the copying.
There are a number of other areas that I earmarked for deeper study. Downcasting, for instance, lets you shift the focus from a class to a subclass with the typecasting operator (as). This may fail, so there's another typecasting operator with a question mark (as?), which returns the value of nil if the downcast doesn't succeed. There are a number of these optional features where the presence or absence of the question mark changes the behavior of keywords. Another feature, subscripts, lets you dig into a class quickly to pull out a particular value. It's neat shorthand, but it has the potential to confuse.
A major commitment
The simplicity of the Swift language is deceptive. While it's easy to write a "hello world" app in one line and build a quick app with a few lines of code, numerous details and nuances will take plenty of study to master. The adept programmers will love the power and the ability to use the clever tricks in their software, but many neophytes will find it hard to read their code. This will not be an easy language to master, no matter how easy it might be to pick up.
The most important thing to recognize about Swift is the scope. While some of new languages have a toylike feel because they're relatively small projects, Swift is a major commitment. The first book on Swift alone is excellent, in part because it's more than 850 pages long. The Xcode download now pushes 2.5GB. The language isn't a little playpen for easy coding, but a full software package designed to offer all of the support a team of programmers needs to take on major projects.
The language also includes copious hooks and tools for working with the existing Cocoa libraries. Apple doesn't want to rewrite the iOS and OS X stacks, so Swift makes linking to them simple. This entire project was built to maintain the interest in these stacks and to make it easier for anyone to walk in and start coding up apps. At the same time, you can use as much or as little Swift code in your iOS or OS X project as you like.
Apple isn't forcing a march to Swift. No doubt many of the old guard will stick with Objective-C. But Swift will make it much easier for programmers steeped in other languages and traditions to pick up Xcode and quickly become productive. That alone is a big step forward for Apple and one that will probably lead to even more native iOS and OS X code than ever. Swift doesn't need to take over the world to be a gift to it. | <urn:uuid:8a048153-035c-4a19-8eb2-2dcb8fc5fb00> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.digitalartsonline.co.uk/features/interactive-design/apples-swift-programming-language-is-simple-at-least-at-first/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375100481.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031820-00048-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940169 | 1,305 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Definition of Anubis
: a jackal-headed god in Egyptian mythology who leads the dead to judgment
Origin of anubis
Latin, from Greek Anoubis, from Egyptian inpw
First Known Use: 1708
Learn More about anubis
Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about "Anubis"
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up Anubis? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible). | <urn:uuid:97d03a13-f322-477e-81c6-5ed70f77e235> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Anubis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049274191.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002114-00232-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.858028 | 100 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Net-zero domestic flights and electric lorries by 2040 are among the proposals in the UK’s long-awaited transport decarbonisation strategy.
Initially expected last year, the document is meant to flesh out government plans for achieving “net-zero” emissions across a sector that contributes more than any other to UK emissions.
The nation’s car, train, plane and ship emissions have hardly changed for three decades, despite fuel efficiency improvements and the recent rise of electric vehicles.
While the new strategy lacks new funds to address key challenges areas such as walking, cycling and public transport, it does provide more clarity on plans to entirely decarbonise the UK’s road transport within two decades.
However, experts say the government is relying too heavily on electric vehicles and avoiding difficult decisions, such as curbing flight numbers and traffic.
In this article, Carbon Brief analyses the key points from the 220-page strategy and accompanying documents, plus examines how much closer they will bring the UK to its target of net-zero emissions by 2050.
- Why does the UK need a transport decarbonisation strategy?
- How will the government encourage a switch to electric cars and vans?
- What are the new plans for trucks, buses and motorbikes?
- What does the strategy say about cutting traffic and road building?
- What are the plans to support public transport, walking and cycling?
- What are the plans for aviation and shipping?
Why does the UK need a transport decarbonisation strategy?
The transport decarbonisation plan is one of a number of government documents that are expected to pave the way for an overarching net-zero strategy ahead of the COP26 climate summit in November.
When asked about the delayed strategy in June, transport minister Rachel Maclean told MPs she had seen a final draft, but was “not satisfied” with it as it did not meet the scale of ambition required to achieve net-zero.
The plan finally emerged on 14 July. The government continued its habit of releasing a brief press release the night before, meaning none of the initial news coverage was based on an appraisal of the full report.
Transport is the UK’s largest source of emissions, responsible for 27% of greenhouse gases in 2019. Of this, 55% comes from cars and most of the remainder is from vans and lorries.
These emissions have remained roughly the same for a decade, as greater fuel efficiency has been offset by an increase in miles driven.
(While the UK’s greenhouse gas figures only include road transport, railways and domestic aviation and shipping, the government has confirmed that, starting with its sixth carbon budget, the nation’s share of international aviation and shipping emissions will be included in future climate targets.)
The government had already made some significant announcements about decarbonising transport, notably bringing forward the ban on new petrol and diesel car and van sales first to 2035 and then to 2030.
However, there have been concerns about a lack of clarity and incentives for consumers, manufacturers and transport operators on how the proposed clean transition will work.
The government said “based on the policies and ambitions laid out in this plan” the transport sector – excluding international aviation and shipping – could achieve net-zero by 2050.
This pathway for the sector can be seen in the green curve below, compared to the blue one which represents existing government policies.
When international aviation and shipping are included, the sector does not reach net-zero by 2050. The remaining emissions would have to be offset elsewhere.
The width of the lines above indicate the uncertainty around this pathway, arising from potential changes in how people work and travel, technology change and Covid-19. The range of possibilities declines considerably as the green trajectory approaches 2050 due to the mass rollout of electric vehicles.
Responding to the new strategy, CCC chief economist Mike Thompson said that “the overall ambition…looks in line with our recommendations”.
Other important documents have been published alongside the main strategy, including consultations on ending the sale of “non-zero emissions” heavy goods vehicles (HGVs), regulating the phaseout of petrol and diesel cars and vans, and net-zero aviation by 2050.
How will the government encourage a switch to electric cars and vans?
The new strategy goes some way to explaining how the government will encourage the switch from combustion engines to battery vehicles in the UK, beyond the headline-grabbing targets.
Its overall vision, including previously announced policies, funding streams and targets, is set out in a “delivery plan” released alongside the main document.
Electric cars and vans deliver substantial emissions savings compared to their fossil-fuelled counterparts. What is more, CCC modelling suggests switching to more efficient electric vehicles will be essential for saving overall costs on the transition to a net-zero economy.
UK electric vehicle sales have increased rapidly in recent years. So far in 2021, pure electric vehicles have made up 8.1% of sales, up from 4.7% in 2020, according to figures from the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT).
When hybrid vehicles are also included this figure goes up to 22.5% of car sales, compared to 13.7% last year.
This trend has gone hand-in-hand with car manufacturers lining up to make ambitious announcements about investing in electric vehicles and phasing out combustion engines.
Stellantis CEO Carlos Tavares announces major electric investments:— Peter Campbell (@Petercampbell1) July 8, 2021
⚡️€30bn by 2025 into electric & software
⚡️4 platforms, range of 300-500miles
⚡️40% US sales low-emission by 2030
⚡️70% EU sales low-emission by 2030
More to follow… (yes, this is going to be a thread) pic.twitter.com/WoSXj4U8O4
Nevertheless, there have been numerous warnings that more will be needed from the government to prepare the nation for 100% electric car sales.
In March, the government cut its plug-in car grant for electric vehicles from £3,000 to £2,500 and excluded models that cost more than £35,000, in a move that was criticised for sending inconsistent signals.
A report from the Public Accounts Committee emphasised the importance of “convincing consumers of the affordability and practicality of zero-emission cars, with up-front prices still too high for many in comparison to petrol or diesel equivalents”.
A key component of the new strategy is a consultation on a zero-emission vehicle mandate for carmakers, something that the CCC has previously recommended.
Widely referred to as a “California-style” mandate due to its use in the US state, such a system would give manufacturers percentage targets for electric vehicle sales. They would earn credits for these sales and could meet their targets by purchasing excess credits from others who had overperformed.
Consultation on this announced today by DfT is a good step towards increasing supply of ZEVs to the UK. Waiting lists are ~6 months for many models, so we need to be addressing that and making it as easy to get a ZEV as it is to get an ICE vehicle. https://t.co/sjWKNySjUq— Charles Wood (@EnergyCharles) July 14, 2021
It is also the “preferred option” in a consultation released with the main strategy, alongside regulations on vehicle CO2 emissions based on the framework that already exists.
The same consultation will also “seek to define” the “significant zero-emission capability” that all new cars and vans between 2030 to 2035 will have to deliver.
Currently, this loophole from the prime minister’s “10-point plan” will allow some hybrid vehicles to be sold during this period. The CCC has noted that this is “well after the 2032 date by which we recommend all such vehicles should be fully zero-emission”, and the definition “will be crucial” for keeping costs and emissions low.
The CCC has also said that a “coordinated national strategy” for electric vehicle charging infrastructure is needed to ensure facilities are widely available and evenly distributed.
It has recommended that 150,000 public charge points should be operating by 2025 and 280,000 by 2030. There are currently 20,800 public charge points across the UK.
The government already has some measures in place to improve this situation and says that later this year, it will publish a new strategy “setting out our vision for infrastructure rollout, and roles for the public and private sectors in achieving it”.
Other new commitments in the plan include a pledge to make the whole government fleet fully zero-emission by 2027, three years earlier than previously announced, and regulations coming later this year to ensure car-charging infrastructure is smart, “reducing costs for all bill payers”.
One omission from the strategy is clarity on how the government intends to make up the £37bn shortfall in lost fuel duty and other taxes when the UK car fleet switches entirely to electric models. The significance of this loss was emphasised in a report by the Office for Budget Responsibility last week.
Major new @OBR_UK report today on "fiscal risks" to UK has a big chapter on net-zero— Simon Evans (@DrSimEvans) July 6, 2021
OBR estimates net cost of net-zero by 2050 at £321bn
Crucially: "Unmitigated climate change would ultimately have catastrophic economic & fiscal consequences"
There have been calls for the government to replace the system with a pay-per-mile “road pricing” system, an idea that, when previously proposed by a Labour government, faced a backlash from motorists.
Instead of addressing this issue, the strategy repeats verbatim vague language from the 10-point plan about:
“[Ensuring} that the tax system encourages the uptake of electric vehicles and that revenue from motoring taxes keeps pace with this change.”
“I think they’re running scared of road-pricing to be honest,” transport policy advisor Stephen Joseph tells Carbon Brief. However, given the issue is “not going to go away”, he says it will most likely be dealt with in the much-anticipated Treasury net-zero review later this year.
In early July, the Times reported that the government was considering expanding the UK’s newly created emissions trading scheme (ETS) to include all transport, but that the prime minister was unwilling to increase the price of petrol for motorists. The new strategy does not reference this expansion, only mentioning the ETS in the context of aviation.
Finally, the strategy acknowledges that while their “lower bound” estimates for road-transport emissions reach zero by 2050, getting there may require more than is laid out in this plan.
People may hang onto their petrol and diesel cars for decades to come. This will be particularly damaging if they are high-polluting models, as researchers at the Centre for Research into Energy Demand Solutions (CREDS) explained ahead of the strategy’s launch:
“If more and more of the highest-polluting petrol and diesel powered SUVs and high-end cars enter the market until they are banned from sale in 2030, they will lock-in an enormous amount of fossil fuel into the transport system way into the 2040s.”
The significant rise in UK SUV sales in recent years has cancelled out any emissions gains from switching to electric vehicles. Despite this, these vehicles are only mentioned once in the 220-page strategy.
However, it does note that in the future “additional targeted action” – such as “steps to reduce use of the most polluting cars and tackle urban congestion” – may be required to meet climate targets. Another transport decarbonisation plan in five years’ time will assess progress.
What are the new plans for decarbonising trucks, buses and motorbikes?
A key pledge from the new strategy, which was the focus of several news outlets, is the government’s intention to phase out petrol and diesel heavy goods vehicle (HGV) sales by 2040, pending a consultation.
The plan would see smaller trucks banned by 2035 and larger vehicles weighing more than 26 tonnes going the same way by 2040. However, the government says this could be earlier, “if a faster transition seems feasible”.
This is in line with CCC advice, which suggests a net-zero compatible pathway will see zero-emission HGVs reaching “nearly 100% of sales by 2040”.
In the consultation on zero-emission HGVs released alongside the strategy, the government says that there are plans and legislation in place to address this.
It adds that they are investing £20m this year in planning zero-emission road freight trials, which will cover hydrogen-powered trucks, batteries and “electric road” systems in which vehicles are powered by overhead lines.
The CCC has emphasised the importance of “large-scale” trials in the early 2020s to establish the best-fit technology, with decisions being made in the second half of the decade.
Besides this, the government also lays out plans that could result in the remaining petrol and diesel road transport fleet also being phased out. It has begun consulting on a phaseout for buses and plans to do the same for coaches.
Subject to another consultation, there is also a plan to ensure all new motorbikes sold from 2035 are zero-emission models.
The accompanying press release describes the overall pledge to “phase out all polluting road vehicles within the next two decades” as “world leading”, a favourite phrase of the government when describing its climate policies.
What does the strategy say about cutting traffic and road building?
Prof Jillian Anable, a transport researcher at the University of Leeds, told an Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit (ECIU) event in June that there were issues with government’s singular focus on electric vehicles:
“It’s been the only egg in the transport decarbonisation basket for some time…but the focus is delusional.”
Even if all combustion engine car sales end, various modelling exercises have demonstrated that car traffic will need to drop 2-4% each year over the next decade to align with net-zero.
This is because many of the cars still being sold in the coming years will likely be hybrids that largely still run on fossil fuels, and even after the ban petrol and diesel cars will remain on UK roads for years to come. The average scrappage age for cars has been increasing steadily for years.
Also, with lorries, trains and planes decarbonising later, cars will need to overcompensate for emissions cuts in the short term, according to Anable. She tells Carbon Brief:
“You simply cannot achieve any emissions reductions from the transport sector by 2030 if traffic growth is allowed to continue, and [you] need significant absolute reductions from today’s levels in order to make any real cuts in carbon.”
As the chart below shows, the Department for Transport anticipates a steady increase in traffic in the coming years, and one that will only accelerate as the switch to electric vehicles makes driving significantly cheaper than public transport.
Indeed, the government scenario where 100% of cars and vans are electrified by 2050 also results in the highest level of traffic growth out of all seven scenarios.
Cutting traffic is not a centrepiece of the strategy. A statement released by transport secretary Grant Shapps explains that the new plan “is not about stopping people doing things: it’s about doing the same things differently…We will still drive on improved roads, but increasingly in zero-emission cars”.
Nevertheless, there are hints in the plan that the government intends to take some action to address traffic, particularly through its measures to improve walking and cycling infrastructure (see: Are there any plans to support public transport, walking and cycling?).
The plan explicitly states that “we want less motor traffic in urban areas” and says the aim is for 50% of all trips in towns and cities to be on foot or by bike by 2030.
Prof Phil Goodwin, an emeritus professor of transport policy at University College London, tells Carbon Brief that the combined effect of the ambitions set out in the government’s plan would be to “reduce traffic below previous forecasts, or absolutely, or both”.
However, he adds that there are no specific policy measures – such as traffic and parking restrictions in cities – that would help achieve this.
Meanwhile, the government is still pursuing its £27bn road-building plans, which are currently the subject of a court case by campaigners who say the scheme does not align with the government’s climate goals.
Transport decarbonisation will need different infrastructure plans, starting with reappraisal of all the schemes in the current road programme. None of them have been assessed using methods which consider the impacts of climate change or of policies to deal with it.— Phil Goodwin (@Phil_Goodwin99) July 13, 2021
“After this plan, [the road building programme] is even odder, even more out of kilter,” Joseph tells Carbon Brief. Research suggests that new roads lead to more, rather than less, traffic.
While the strategy defends the government’s road-building plans, it also pledges to review its National Networks National Policy Statement (NNPS), which sets the policy for roads and was written in 2014, long before the net-zero target was set.
“It is right that we review it in the light of these developments, and update forecasts on which it is based to reflect more recent, post-pandemic conditions,” the plan states.
However, Goodwin says that it is “entirely illogical and inconsistent” that the government would review the statement, but not individual road plans that come under it. “For most of the schemes the reasons for reviewing them are exactly the same as the reasons for reviewing the NNPS,” he tells Carbon Brief.
Joseph adds that with Highways England – which maintains and operates major roads – mentioned just once in the document, he feels they have “been given a complete free pass”, with no obligation to participate in the net-zero transition.
Are there any plans to support public transport, walking and cycling?
In a decarbonising transport consultation released in March 2020, Shapps said that public transport and active travel should become the “natural first choice for our daily activities”, based on a “convenient, cost-effective and coherent public transport network”.
This rhetoric is repeated throughout the new strategy document, and “accelerating [a] modal shift to public and active transport” is the first of six “priorities” it identifies.
Yet there are few in the way of new commitments on this topic, with a rehash of a pledge from last year to spend £2bn on walking and cycling routes and other measures to boost uptake. Government priorities have previously been set out in a document titled “gear change”.
The strategy also repeats a plan to spend £3bn on buses in England outside London and deliver 4,000 zero-emission buses. It recognises the need to encourage bus use following a pronounced drop in demand that began during the Covid-19 lockdown.
Critics have been quick to compare this £5bn in spending to the £27bn set aside for road building.
However, there is a suggestion that more is on the way, with the plan emphasising that active travel offers “high value for money” and a note that “further announcements on cycling and walking will be made later this summer”.
The chart below shows the potential range of future cycling and walking growth, depending on “future investment and scale of behaviour change”, according to government estimates. It says that these activities could cut car emissions between 1-6m tonnes of CO2 equivalent (MtCO2e) by 2050.
One area of public transport that receives more attention in the strategy is the UK’s rail network. There is a pledge to deliver a net-zero network by 2050, “with sustained carbon reductions in rail along the way”.
It notes that while electrification of the railways is “likely to be the main way of decarbonising”, the government will also consider battery and hydrogen trains, which may be more cost-effective on lines that are used less.
There is also an ambition to remove all diesel-only trains from the freight and passenger network by 2040 and a “rail environment policy statement” alongside the main document.
However, amidst the discussions of making rail travel greener, there is very little on convincing people to use the train instead of other, dirtier forms of transport. On the day of the strategy’s launch, consumer group Which? published analysis showing that popular UK train routes are 50% more expensive than the equivalent airline fares.
What are the plans for aviation and shipping?
There are a handful of announcements in the strategy concerning some of the highest-emitting forms of transport, aviation and shipping.
While domestically these sectors only contribute 7.5% of emissions, the UK’s portion of international emissions, when included, increases the total from around 120MtCO2e to around 170MtCO2e as of 2019.
Beyond an overarching goal to make all UK aviation net-zero by 2050, the plan brings forward the date for net-zero domestic flights to 2040.
However, despite these big targets, the overall message of the plan was that people could “carry on flying”, as a BBC News headline put it.
“There’s no demand management there,” Joseph tells Carbon Brief, noting that this was in spite of frequent-flyer levies being available as potential fair solutions to growing demand.
In its recent progress report, the CCC highlighted aviation demand as a key area in which government policies diverged from the committee’s recommendations.
“Government must recognise the need for demand management as part of a wider strategy to decarbonise aviation,” it notes.
Airline passenger numbers rose 36% between 2009 and 2019, and emissions rose 7% as fuel efficiency improvements were not enough to offset demand. While Covid-19 may suppress flights for the time being, they are ultimately expected to recover.
The CCC has also highlighted as a key “gap that must be addressed” the “overdue” net-zero aviation strategy, which it says should also include an assessment of the UK’s airport
capacity strategy. This comes after lengthy legal challenges on climate grounds over the decision to expand Heathrow airport.
Alongside the new strategy, the government has released a consultation on “jet-zero”, its draft net-zero aviation plan.
The plan contains no indication that the government intends to curb demand or reassess its airport capacity. “We want to preserve the ability for people to fly whilst supporting consumers to make sustainable travel choices,” it states.
Instead there is a focus on technological solutions including zero-emission aircraft, sustainable fuels and carbon-offsetting markets.
Progress on shipping is slower, with only a promise to “plot a course to net-zero for the UK domestic maritime sector, with indicative targets from 2030 and net-zero as early as is feasible”. There will be a consultation on this in 2022.
And very little on shipping. Perhaps we need an equivalent to the “Jet Zero” aviation council – DfT like a pun, so “Wet Zero” has to be a contender.— Tim Lord (@timbolord) July 14, 2021
There are also plans for a potential phaseout date for the sale of fossil fuel-powered domestic vessels, to mirror the ones being introduced for road vehicles.
In-depth Q&A: What is the UK’s ‘net-zero’ plan for transport?
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A leap year occurs when a year has 366 days, instead of the usual 365.
In ancient Rome, the Romans used to follow a calendar that had 355 days in a year. This calendar eventually became out of sync with the seasonal changes and it made it difficult to celebrate festivals at the same time each year. They tried adding a 22 day month to every second year so as to keep festivals occurring around the same time period each year, but their Roman ruler, Julius Caesar, decided to make things simpler by adding days to different months of the year to create what we now know as the 365 days calendar.
To be specific, the actual length of a year is 365.242 days, not 365 days. Because of this, every 4 years (or years that can be divided by 4) will result in an extra day. This extra day will be added to the calendar as February 29th, and the year will become known as a leap year.
Ever wondered why February is shorter than every other month?
This is because of Augustus, the Roman ruler to come after Julius Caesar. The Roman government named the month of August after Augustus to honour him, but the month was only 30 days long. Julius Caesar's month of July had 31 days, and it wouldn't look good on Augustus to have a shorter month than Caesar!
To make August as long as July, they borrowed a day from February. This permanently reduced February to only 29 days during a leap year, and for every other year - only 28 days.
The "extra day" problem
Having an extra day in February can be somewhat problematic. For example, if you are an employee being paid a monthly salary, you essentially are working an extra day for free during a leap year. But if you are being paid per hour, you literally have an extra payday.
There has also been cases of criminals convicted to prisons suing the government for "miscalculating" the length of their prison sentences because they had failed to consider the additional days they had to serve on account of the leap years. Good thing most, if not all, of the cases were thrown out of court as it is worth noting that the prison sentences go by number of years, regardless of how long or short each year may be.
Similarly, I bet it sucks to be born on February 29. You only celebrate your birthday once every four years! Or you can use it as an excuse to throw the most lavish celebration ever since it occurs so rarely.
The leap year mother and daughter
On February 29, 2008, Michelle Birnbaum from New Jersey gave birth to her daughter, Rose. The coolest part about this story? Michelle herself was also born on February 29, making both mummy and baby both leap year babies!
The odds of someone being born on February 29 are 1 in 1,641. However, the odds of both a mother and daughter sharing that same birthday of February 29 are 2 million to 1!
That definitely makes it a birthday worth celebrating! | <urn:uuid:72ab95ae-7e55-4015-8490-ac28ff0e7774> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.basecamp.sg/blog/cool-things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-leap-years | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590069.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718060927-20180718080927-00282.warc.gz | en | 0.983572 | 610 | 3.75 | 4 |
How to stay safe on the web
There are all kinds of scams, viruses and other dangers out there. Here are simple steps you can take to protect your computer and personal information.
Table of Contents
Keep your software and operating system up-to-date
Software updates contain vulnerability patches that protect your computer and personal information.
- Update Firefox: To check for Firefox updates, go to the top of the Firefox window, click the menu and select .To check for Firefox updates, go to the top of the Firefox window and click the button, go over to the menu and select .To check for Firefox updates, go to the menu bar, click the See menu and select .Update Firefox to the latest version for details.
- Update your plugins: Go to our Plugin Check page and follow the links to update any plugins that are out of date.
- Update WindowsUpdate OS XUpdate your system: Make sure you have all of the latest security and stability fixes. Go to the menu, select and then .Go to the menu and select .Go to the menu, down to and select .
Check your Firefox settings
Firefox has many ways to help you stay safe on the Web.
- How do I tell if my connection to a website is secure?
- Disable third-party cookies in Firefox to stop some types of tracking by advertisers
- Create secure passwords to keep your identity safe
- Where are my logins stored?
- There are also a lot of Firefox extensions that may be helpful.
Follow best practices to protect your information
Here are some handy tips to protect yourself.
- Remember that YOU decide what information about yourself to reveal, when, why, and to whom: don't give out personally-identifiable information too easily; set your privacy settings in your social networking account; beware of sites that offer some sort of reward or prize in exchange for your contact information or other personal details.
- Be conscious of Web security: never submit a credit card number or other highly sensitive personal information without first making sure your connection is secure; be on the lookout for "spyware"; use secure passwords and protect them with a master password.
- Keep a "clean" e-mail address: use some pseudonymous or simply alternate address, and keep your main or preferred address only on small, members-only lists and with known, trusted individuals.
- Do not reply to spammers, for any reason.
- Realize you may be monitored at work: avoid sending highly personal e-mail to mailing lists, and keep sensitive files on your home computer.
- Be conscious of home computer security: Turn off your computer when you are not using your Internet connexion; secure your Wi-Fi network with a strong encryption (WPA or WPA2) ; use a firewall.
- EFF's Top 12 Ways to Protect Your Online Privacy
- How you can stay safe and secure online
- Get Cyber Safe
- How to Stay Safe on Public Wi-Fi Networks
- How to Stay Safe With Wifi
- How to Stay Safe on Ecommerce Sites
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Once you are sitting correctly in the saddle, you’re ready to start walking. So you need to know how to tell the pony to move off and how to adjust your position to the pony’s movement.
Check your position
From the beginning, develop the habit of being able to check your own position. Hold the pommel with both hands and pull yourself down into the saddle. This helps you to sit really deeply. Then ask yourself a few questions.
Do you feel balanced, sitting evenly on both your seat bones and are your stirrups of equal and comfortable length? Is your upper body upright, but relaxed? If you sit up straight your shoulders will fall into the correct position.
Are you looking straight ahead between the pony’s ears or slightly above them? Never look down. Your head is surprisingly heavy. If it droops, or you move it in the wrong direction, your balance can be badly affected. Gazing at the ground is a common mistake, seen at all levels of riding, but if you never start you won’t have to learn to stop!
Are your calves still back and underneath you, with your knees slightly bent? If you glance down you should only just be able to see the tips of your toes peeping out from underneath your knees.
Think about lowering the heel and raising the toe, without straining your ankle. It takes a lot of practice before your muscles learn to work in this way.
Having a lesson on the lunge rein means you can concentrate on sitting correctly while someone else controls the pony using lunging whip. Long enough to reach the horse and so guide him round in a circle, it measures at least 165cm (66inches).
Leading rein and lunge rein
Depending on your riding school, your early lessons will probably take place either on the lunge rein, or on the leading rein.
On the lunge, the instructor controls the pony by a lunge line (a long rein) which is attached to a special noseband called the lunge cavesson. The pony moves in a large circle.
On the leading rein, an assistant leads the pony (either from the ground or from another horse) by holding a rope attached to the bridle.
Whichever method your riding school uses, the pony is under the control of the instructor or helper for these early lessons. You don’t have to think about controlling the pony, so you can concentrate on your position and your balance, and get used to the feel of the pony.
Forward to walk
As you prepare to move forward to walk put your hands on the pommel (the front of the saddle) or hold on to a neck strap (usually a stirrup leather buckled around the pony’s neck). Until you are more familiar with the technique for walking, don’t do more than gather the reins loosely.
Stay relaxed and keep breathing! It sounds silly, but it is amazing how everyone holds their breath when concentrating hard on something. Make sure that no part of your body is tense, or you will pass your anxiety on to the pony.
Try to keep your position and think of the straight line: Ear – Shoulder – Hip – Heel. It’s all too easy to tip forward or to be left behind. Do this before going from the halt to walk.
Any change of pace like this is called a transition, and whether it’s faster or slower, the rider should always think ‘forward’.
To walk on, squeeze the pony’s sides with your lower leg, pressing and releasing until he responds by stepping forward. Once the pony is walking, keep a slight pressure with the legs. Don’t clamp them to the pony’s sides or take them away completely.
Concentrate on maintaining a safe seat and stay relaxed. Enjoy yourself! | <urn:uuid:a76d15d9-f414-4d28-aa41-719aff34cf57> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.horseriding.org.uk/first-lessons/starting-walking/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347394756.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20200527141855-20200527171855-00390.warc.gz | en | 0.934006 | 800 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The Second Great Awakening was an Evangelical Protestant revivals that swept over America in the early 19th century. The movement began around 1790 and gained momentum by 1800 and after 1820 membership rose rapidly among the Baptist and Methodist congregation whose preacher led the movement
The years from 1776-1852 was period of growth and change for the newly established United States and one thing that seemed determine to change was slavery. The establishment of slavery had existed in America for longer than the country itself and up to this point in history the question of slavery had been avoided but the economy shifting towards industrialization and a political climate that was becoming increasingly stratified primed society for a confrontation of the issue. Though eventually abolished through the civil war, slavery would leave marks on the country that still influence modern society. The opposition to slavery that would lead to this revolution of sorts began to grow because of increasing religious fervor, ethical awareness promoted by those advocating human rights, as well as political motivation.
During the American Civil War, which took place between 1860-1865, the President of the United States of America, Abraham Lincoln, introduced the Emancipation Proclamation on the 1st of January 1863 which was designed to free all slaves in the rebellion states in the Confederate South. Slavery had played a significant role in the development of the Southern economy and therefore by introducing the Proclamation, Lincoln would hope for two main events to happen, one being the increase of black soldiers in the Union Army in order to defeat the South and the decrease of black slave labour which would hinder the development of the Southern Economy. However, although slaves had contributed to the development of the economy, in the long run slavery
James Monroe, James Madison, and John Quincy Adams not only share the fact that they are among the first few Presidents’ of the United States, but they share a common viewpoint on slavery. The three Presidents put together have served from 1809 to 1829 in the Presidential office, which means that Washington was under control of this common viewpoint for 20 years. The three men were divided on the issue, James Monroe and James Madison owned slaves, while John Quincy Adams did not however, all three men were all opposed to slavery yet they were nowhere near abolitionists. James Madison was among the few men who, “finagled locating the national capital, Washington, DC, in slave territory” (“Slaveholding Presidents”). Madison was able to hold slaves in office, which
What I will remember about this documents are that fact that to be able to stop slavery a lot of people need to risk their lives. It took persistent and courage for Abraham Lincoln to pursue this law. Slavery is never a good thing to discuss, but we have too. We need to educate ourselves from our past to help us not to make the same mistakes again. Tom’s life was about his faith and how he conquered obstacles in his life because of his will power. His belief saved him, and if only more slaves are like him. They could have made it and eventually tasted freedom. Slavery should not have happened, if only whites accepted the fact that people are all equal regardless of their skin color. The Civil War took more lives than WWI and Vietnam War combined.
Johnson wrote that America was the ideal place to live, agriculture and marketing were great; it was an overall a good place to live. What changed was that the society became more anti-slavery, in my opinion. Some people wanted to abolish slavery, but others fought against this because simply this was the way they earned their living and they started to defend slavery. This conflict between pro-slavery and antislavery individuals lead to the Civil war.
The Second Great Awakening created societal reforms that was favored by many Americans. However, some Americans viewed the societal changes of the time as a threat from the revivalist way of living. The revivalist emotions created a strong abolitionist movement that conflicted with the large white supremacy of plantation owners and slave owners. As a result, the South insisted on maintaining the slave society that made the region an economic powerhouse.
The Second Great Awakening was a religious revival that began in the late 18th century and continued until the middle of the 19th century. It occurred mostly in the United States but spread to other countries as well. It was best known for its large camp meetings that led a remarkable number of people to convert to Christianity. This was done through an enthusiastic style of preaching and audience participation. The Second Great Awakening included roles for white women and African Americans in the Christian religion. It also greatly influenced American society by inspiring other reform movements.
The growing causes of opposition to slavery and growing support for abolition from 1776-1852 were far and many. Many factors, such as the influence of the rich on the legislation, a religious reawakening among the Black and White peoples of America, the formation of African-American rights association, the adoption of the issue by the media, and the arrival of women to the issue, among others, contributed to the common people’s rejection of slavery.
Throughout 1790 and 1860 America was inviting in a new era of ideas that brought about a sense of white superiority in America. Westward expansion is one of these ideas and was the belief that it was white america's destiny to conquer and civilize the entire continent. Americans moving westward became a triggering movement for Slavery Debates. At the same time, Reform movements, some of which were religious such as the Second Great Awakening and the foundings of many new Protestant denominations became popular among Americans. Pro- Slavery Ideology was in opposition to the ideals of the Reform Movements. However, Anti- Slavery principles were coinciding with Reform Movements ideals of liberty and equality. Therefore, reform movements and slavery
During the early nineteenth century, religion, moral differences and confusion divided communities and institutions. Abolitionism became an influential movement, many white reformers and free blacks were active in ending slavery. This challenged southern society, caused political unrest and led to the civil war. Protestants used revivals to grow their following especially because the amount of Catholics and Mormons grew. Though southern churches didn’t really participate in social reform, the Second Great Awakening gave people structure in the communities. The Second Great Awakening also allowed Baptists and Methodists to grow in membership, they also began to influence the south during the beginnings of the 1800’s. While the south continued
Slavery was a terrible experience for both men and women, as people had to work hard not being paid for this job, they were considered somebody’s property being unable to own something having nor money neither opportunity to buy something or act on their own. Slaves wanted to gain freedom, and this was the only true dream uniting all people working in the South, and freedom was mostly associated with the North forcing slaves to escape slavery and move there. In her book the author touched many serious and important problems, such as sexual exploitation and oppression of women, racial issues while showing the life of slaves in the South and sharing her personal experiences with the readers. The role of the family was also fully presented in
The article titled, “Anti-Slavery Connection,” is about the connection between the anti-slavery movement and the women’s rights movement. According to the article there is an exhibit displayed at the Women’s Rights National Historical Park Visitor Center that was created in 2002. This article contains information on how the women’s rights movement was created and accomplishments that these women did throughout history to help end slavery. These females wanted to manifest the injustice of slavery and help African-Americans in any possible way. These movements and Societies showed that African-Americans could succeed in life and move on with their lives without any problems.
Throughout American history, there have been many times where reform movements have sought to expand democracy and end slavery. The period from 1820 to 1850 was a time where some of the most important and diversified events in American history occurred. The main goal of this era was to make society a better place for everyone. During this time, citizens began to fight and influence the abolition of slavery and the idea of democracy began to expand.
The Great Famine, or the Great Hunger was a period of time in Ireland between 1845-1852 when there was a disease, emigration, and a mass starvation. (Daly 1) In September 1845, a fog carrying a fungus called phytophthora infestans drifted over the fields of Ireland. (The History Place 1) Soon after, the fungal spores settled on potato plant leaves, which fermented, giving the fungus what it needed to live. (The History Place 1) The fungus soon spread to all the potatoes in Ireland, causing them to become black and rotted. (The History Place 1) As the potato blight in Ireland continued through the years, the Irish began the long journey to America in hopes to begin a new life away from the horrible conditions that had struck Ireland. Unfortunately, | <urn:uuid:56d251fa-ca20-47cd-9db7-f1424513fa05> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.ipl.org/essay/Growing-Opposition-To-Slavery-Dbq-PJTDJWK6U | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510214.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926143354-20230926173354-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.981397 | 1,849 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Python is an amazing language and (by now, given well-crafted code) is also performing really well in terms of speed. If we, however, need some serious speed boost, Python allows us to use good old C in our programs and scripts. Put very simply, if you can do something in C you will be able to do it in Python.
Traditionally, we would probably write a C extension for CPython. While this approach still is widely used and has its benefits, since 2006
ctypes is available in Pythonland.
Python’s ctype library provides C compatible data types and allows us to call functions in DLLs (Dynamic Link Library; Windows) or shared libraries with ease. Compared to C exentions, ctypes often is easier to implement and (often) does require less C programming since we can easily use existing C functions. That being said, a ctype wrapper is usally still much slower than pure C / C extensions.
Before looking at two simple examples we should think about x86 calling conventions for a second. Without going into any detail, we should know that there are (at least) cdecl (WINAPIV) and stdcall (WINAPI) available. While the first one (the default option for C/C++) does not support variable lists of arguments, the second one does. Also, stdcall is the de facto standard for Microsoft Win32.
Example 1: Creating a Little GUI Window (Windows)
While there are many very good libraries for GUI programming (PyQt, wxPython, etc.), it’s fun to do it fully manually.
In Windows, the go to API for this kind of task is the almighty
User32.dll. Looking at MSDN reveals that there is a
MessageBox function within the API that seems very promising. The function takes four arguments: hWnd, lpText, lpCaption, and uType. Since ownership (hWnd) is not of our concern right now, the first argument is irrelevant - the others are rather self-explanatory. Let’s go!
As we can see, the API returns a return value with which we can work now. In case of this simple ‘OK dialogue’, pressing OK will just result in 1. With the more complex dialogues, there are more, finely nuanced, return values.
Example 2: Using a C Function in Python
Let’s move on to a more interesting Linux (Unix) example. In the beginning I said we would use this to speed up a Python script - that’s what we’re going to do.
Using the same concept as above, we will replace a Python function with a faster alternative of said function written in C. If there are no premade C functions available, we have to write our own shared library containing the new (replacement) function first. Afterwards we can call this new function from within Python.
Does this really work and increase speed? In order to test this, I implemented the same (stupid) functionality in both pure Python and in C. The function counts down from 1000000 to 0 and prints the current number. In other words: It’s simply a loop and some standard output.
I measured the runtime of both variants in order to figure out wheter the C variant runs faster. Based on eight runs (using
time), the C implementation clearly won. In terms of just user mode, it ran three times faster. Based on sys time, it ran 20% faster. Such an increase in execution (CPU) time could, given specific circumstances, really make a difference. Also, we can expect even larger gains if it comes to computationally more complex problems. | <urn:uuid:62fc5b86-016c-4dea-ab40-13b2a152456a> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://kleiber.me/blog/2017/10/06/quick-tip-using-ctypes-in-python/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710192.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20221127041342-20221127071342-00621.warc.gz | en | 0.913526 | 796 | 3.125 | 3 |
2 October 1952: The Boeing XB-52 Stratofortress prototype, 49-230, made its first flight at Boeing Field, Seattle, Washington, with test pilot Alvin M. “Tex” Johnston in command. Lieutenant Colonel Guy M. Townsend, U.S. Air Force, acted as co-pilot.
The first of two prototype long-range, high-altitude, heavy bombers, the XB-52 had been damaged during ground testing and extensive repairs were required, which delayed its initial flight. The second prototype, YB-52 49-231, made the type’s first flight nearly six months earlier, on 15 April 1952.
The prototype Stratofortress the largest jet aircraft built up to that time. It was 152.7 feet (46.543 meters) long with a wingspan of 185.0 feet, (56.388 meters) and 48.25 feet (14.707 meters) to the top of the vertical fin. The leading edges of the wings were swept back 36° 54′. The XB-52 had an empty weight of 155,200 pounds (70,398 kilograms) and its maximum takeoff weight was 390,000 pounds (176,901 kilograms). Fuel capacity was 27,417 gallons (103,785 liters).
The XB-52 was powered by eight Pratt & Whitney YJ57-P-3 turbojet engines, with a normal power rating of 8,700 pounds static thrust at Sea Level (38.700 kilonewtons). The prototype bomber had a cruising speed of 519 miles per hour (835 kilometers per hour), and a maximum speed of 611 miles per hour (983 kilometers per hour) at 20,000 feet (6,048 meters). The planned bombing altitude was 46,500 feet (14,173 meters) and it had a service ceiling of 52,300 feet (15,941 meters). The XB-52 had an initial rate of climb of 4,550 feet per minute (23.11 meters per second) at Sea Level. Its maximum unrefueled range was 7,015 miles (11,290 kilometers).
In its original configuration, the XB-52 was armed with two .50-caliber machine guns in a turret in the tail, with 600 rounds of ammunition per gun, though these guns were not installed on 49-230. The XB-52 was designed to carry a single 25,200 pound (11,431 kilogram) T-28E2 Samson bomb, or other conventional or nuclear weapons.
XB-52 49-230 was used in flight testing for its entire service life. The airplane was scrapped in the mid-1960s.
744 B-52 bombers were built by Boeing at Seattle, Washington and Wichita, Kansas, with the final one, B-52H-175-BW 61-0040, rolled out 22 June 1962.
75 B-52H Stratofortresses are still in service with the United States Air Force.
11 March 1957: The Boeing jet airliner prototype, the Model 367-80, N70700, made a transcontinental demonstration flight from Seattle’s Boeing Field (BFI) to Friendship National Airport (BWI), Baltimore, Maryland. The aircraft commander was Boeing’s Chief of Flight Test, Alvin Melvin (“Tex”) Johnston. Test pilots James Russell (“Jim”) Gannett and Samuel Lewis (“Lew”) Wallick, Jr., completed the flight crew. The flight covered 2,350 miles (3,782 kilometers) and took 3 hours, 48 minutes.
Jet Airliner Crosses U.S. At Record Clip
Seattle-To-Baltimore Flight Made In 3 Hours, 48 Minutes
WASHINGTON, March 12 (AP) A Boeing 707 jet passenger plane set a new transcontinental speed record for commercial aircraft yesterday, flying the 2,325 miles from Seattle to Baltimore in 3 hours and 48 minutes.
At one point it attained a speed of 698 miles an hour.
A.M. (Tex) Johnston, Boeing chief of flight tests, said he would fly back to Seattle tomorrow with stops at Chicago’s O’Hare Airport and at Denver. He planned a series of local flights for congressmen, Pentagon officials and experts.
The big plane averaged 612 miles an hour for its Puget Sound-to-Chesapeake Bay flight, and sliced 10 minutes off the unofficial transport plane record it set between Seattle and Washington, D.C., in 1955.
There were 52 persons aboard, all but 20 of them newsmen.
‘Jet Stream’ Helps
The 707 left Boeing Field at 10:06 a.m., EST. East of Spokane at 31,000 feet, it hit the “jet stream,” a vast windstream with speeds of up to 125 miles an hour.
These winds enabled the plane to attain supersonic speeds in relation to the ground over northwestern Montana and northern Idaho. However, the plane was actually in subsonic flight and did not break the “sound barrier.”
While in the jet stream, the plane’s peak air speed was 596 miles an hour, but at one point the stream boosted this by 102 miles an hour, for a top speed of 698 in relation to the ground.
Fighter Holds Record
The official transcontinental speed record was set by a one-place F-84F jet fighter two years ago—652½ mph for the 2,446 miles from Los Angeles to New York City. [LCOL Robert R. Scott, USAF, 9 March 1955—TDiA]
The fastest unofficial transcontinental crossing listed by the Defense Department: 715 mph for the 2,700 miles from Riverside, Calif., to Boston last Jan. 25, by a Boeing B-47 bomber.
The 707 is to be delivered to its first airline buyers—Pan American and American—late next year and early in 1959.
The plane’s cost varies from 4½ to 5½ million dollars, depending on size and range, Various models will carry from 120 to 162 passengers.
—Toledo Blade, Tuesday, 12 March 1957, Page 2 at Columns 2–4
Boeing had risked $16,000,000 in a private venture to build the Dash 80 in order to demonstrate its capabilities to potential civilian and military customers, while rivals Douglas and Lockheed were marketing their own un-built jet airliners. Put into production as the U.S. Air Force KC-135A Stratotanker air refueling tanker and C-135 Stratolifter transport, a civil variant was also produced as the Boeing 707 Stratoliner, the first successful jet airliner. Though they look very similar, the 707 is structurally different than the KC-135 and has a wider fuselage.
The prototype Boeing Model 367-80 was operated by a pilot, co-pilot and flight engineer. The airplane’s wing was mounted low on the fuselage and the engine nacelles were mounted on pylons under the wing, as they were on Boeing’s B-47 Stratojet and B-52 Stratofortress. The wings and tail surfaces were swept to 35° at 25% chord, and had 7° dihedral. The Dash 80 was 127 feet 10 inches (38.964 meters) long with a wingspan of 129 feet, 8 inches (39.522 meters) and overall height of 38 feet (11.582 meters). The tail span is 39 feet, 8 inches (12.090 meters). The empty weight of the 367-80 was 75,630 pounds (34,505 kilograms) and the gross weight, 190,000 pounds (86,183 kilograms).
N70700 was powered by four Pratt & Whitney Turbo Wasp JT3C engines. This engine is a civil variant of the military J57 series. It is a two-spool, axial-flow turbojet engine with a 16-stage compressor and 2-stage turbine. The JT3C-6 (used in the first production 707s) was rated at 11,200 pounds of thrust (49.82 kilonewtons), and 13,500 pounds (60.05 kilonewtons) with water/methanol injection). The JT3C is 11 feet, 6.6 inches (3.520 meters) long, 3 feet, 2.9 inches (0.988 meters) in diameter, and weighs 4,235 pounds (1,921 kilograms).
These gave the 367-80 a cruise speed of 550 miles per hour (885 kilometers per hour) and a maximum speed of 0.84 Mach (582 miles per hour, 937 kilometers per hour) at 25,000 feet (7,620 meters). The service ceiling was 43,000 feet (13,106 meters). Its range was 3,530 miles (5,681 kilometers).
Boeing continued to use the 367–80 for testing, finally retiring it 22 January 1970. At that time, its logbook showed 2,346 hours, 46 minutes of flight time (TTAF). It was flown to Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Tucson, Arizona, and placed in storage. In 1990, Boeing returned it to flyable condition and flew it back it to Renton where a total restoration was completed. Many of those who had worked on the Dash 80, including Tex Johnston, were aboard.
The pioneering airplane was presented to the Smithsonian Institution and is on display at the National Air and Space Museum, Steven V. Udvar-Hazy Center. The Boeing 367-80 was designated an International Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
Highly recommended: Tex Johnston, Jet-Age Test Pilot, by A.M. “Tex” Johnston with Charles Barton, Smithsonian Books, Washington, D.C., 1991 | <urn:uuid:a5023a96-cd5b-48a8-8669-eb473086b8de> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.thisdayinaviation.com/tag/bfi/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500028.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20230202133541-20230202163541-00334.warc.gz | en | 0.944386 | 2,065 | 3.265625 | 3 |
It can be quite irksome to watch television today. News and media revolve around civil wars or natural disasters. Movies depict terrible scenarios to keep the viewers engaged. Children are living with or witnessing violent environments, which is an endless emotional and psychological harassment. In the disputed lands of Kashmir, children are profoundly affected by situations of crisis they do not understand. The Culture of Violence prevails in their daily lives with damaging consequences.
Children’s well-being should be the concern of the entire society but why is it always the children who have no part to play in the politics of power, suffer the most?
The wounds of every war are deep and intimate and trying to be comfortable can spark the hidden gashes and the trapped doors in the consciousness. Unlike physical wounds, the countless effects of war on the mind are unaddressed.
An armed revolt has been going on against Indian rule in the region of Kashmir for decades, claiming tens of thousands of lives. Even before India and Pakistan won their independence from Britain the area was bitterly contested. The accord to align Kashmir with India resultedin decades of rivalry in the debated region, including two wars and a longstanding insurgency.
The underlying reasons of conflict among two states remain the moving force of international relations,that have led to a great deal of diplomatic activity. They are disputed with the suspicion of an escalation, that might lead to a nuclear strike between two nuclear powers. After years of debates and resolutions, none of these efforts have shown any significant results, and the cost of war is heavy on the Kashmiri children both mentally and physically. Lack of food, malnutrition, and illness are part of their daily lives. Mistreatment is their daily routine, that is a violation of basic human rights and a violation of family rights.
“Children in Jammu and Kashmir are living in the most militarized zone of the world, with the presence of 700,000 troops, which exposes them to the risk of all six grave violations against children as laid out in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child,” according to a report.
The children in Kashmir are experiencingviolence both directly and indirectly as their lives are shaped by a sense of injustice, and the susceptibility to accept violence increases with time. All these things have a negative impact on their mental health.
The future of any society is its youth; they are supposed to be protected by hesociety and not used by it. The Convention on the Rights of the Child asserts that: “The child, by reason of his physical and mental immaturity, needs special safeguards and care, including appropriate legal protection, before as well as after birth.” Even though many resolutions have been aproved at the United Nations to protect children in a situation of crisis, these laws prove difficult to be applied and the physical and emotional suffering experienced by these children has lasting repercussions for them.
The Kashmir problem is a mixture of state terrorism, revolutionand general horror that has continued for decadesin history. Indians and Pakistanis have lived with the ramifications for years, but currently blame each other, rather than an impaired partition process. Consequentially, Kashmir came to play a huge role in the respective politics of both states as the Kashmir issue has outlived a cold war status and the old feud that Kashmir is not self-sufficient unless it accedes to a major state, has lost value. The leadership in both countries aggravated the original problem when they turned Kashmir into a medallion of their separate national identities.
If we are unable to solve the issues that has a direct impact on the psychology of our children, then how can we cope with bigger emerging issues that define our truth. We do not want to be a part of the faction that does not want to negotiate Kashmir and seems to be content with the bleeding souls of a suffering land. We cannot be cautious in a massive war by calculating and concluding its uncertain outcomes, while the psychological damage that is done everyday rips our children of their rightful childhood.
History cannot be undone, and Kashmir may have ceased to be the only cause of bad relations between two states, but it remains a cause. It is also a symbol of their failure to compose their differences and live-in peace. Over the years, several proposals have suggested the possibility of putting an end to this majordispute, but it is important to recognize the crucial role of timein resolving the Kashmir problem. History has been a testament to the fact that time is not on our side as the Kashmir problem has been mismanaged by two generations for decades.
People take distinct views about the inevitability of war, but everyone is affected by the ways in which the war comes. They say everything will change and a new world is bound to evolve yet even after generations of wars, children still suffer at the hands of the empowered. After the confrontations have closed, after the speeches have been given, the sermons concluded, the smoke dies down and the danger moves from outside to inside. The war continues to ring in the hearts of the little souls who experience it. In the higher play of game of Thrones, it is always the faultless and the children who suffer the most. The ongoing Wars between the authorities have proven that it is the fight to be in power, and power it always is; power to destroy the societies and psyches of children more swiftly than has ever been done by any human activity before.
It is not our intelligence or our knowledge of the past that defines us, but instead our lessons that we have derived from them. So basically, our identity is not what we have come to know, but what we stand for. The responsibility for standing up for the future generation of Kashmir lies on all of us, when we think, write or speak, we do it to raise awareness for the suffering souls. In the hopes that those higher authorities who have the power to make amends may take the right actions. A nation’s integrity is based on the realization that it needs to raise a voice against corrupted powers not on reminiscing the past. It’s the only way to acknowledge that the power to healing the young wounds lies within each one of us.
(Wajeeha is author of “The Conscious Ego” and The Beautiful Present and runs a blog “A Purposeful Life”) | <urn:uuid:f069904c-5ec7-4316-be9a-65fbe720ab1c> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://islamabadpost.com.pk/kashmir-and-the-higher-game-of-thrones/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506421.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922170343-20230922200343-00342.warc.gz | en | 0.967509 | 1,295 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Careers in Computer Technology
The technology industry has evolved faster than anyone could’ve ever imagined. Gone are the days of flip phones and dial up internet. Technological innovations are now taking place at lightning speed. Because of all this innovation, the demand for qualified workers in the tech industry is higher than ever. Jobs in the tech industry provide security, perks, and a high income. It’s no surprise that so many people are flocking to jobs within the new industry. The demand for workers partnered with more accessible tech educational options, such as coding bootcamps, has made the tech industry one of the highest paying and highest demand workforces. So, what careers await those who take the plunge into the tech industry? BootcampRankings has the breakdown of tech’s most prominent careers plus tips on how to obtain these positions!
What Jobs Qualify as “Computer Technology”?
What qualifies as a tech job? This is a loaded question and one that is highly interpretive depending on who you ask. For the purposes of this article, we’ll define tech jobs as anything that remotely concerns technology or data. This could include coding jobs, tech design jobs, and data driven positions. “Computer technology” jobs is blanket term which refers to any platform including mobile, gaming consoles/VR, PC, and more.
Most Prominent Careers in Computer Technology
Now that we’ve discerned what qualifies as a computer technology career, let’s explore some of the most prominent tech careers as you break down the skills and prerequisites for these jobs.
This one should come as no surprise to anyone familiar with the tech industry. Software developers develop software and programs for both mobile and computer-based applications. Software developers play a major role in both front end and back end development as they work on the server and user side of applications. Software development is one of the most prominent and fastest growing jobs in the tech industry. The job market for software developers is expected to expand drastically by 24% within the next decade. Additionally, software developers enjoy a great median salary of $103,000 per year.
Information Security Analyst
The unfortunate reality is that as long as we have the internet, there will always be crime and potential danger lurking online. So, how do we combat this issue and ensure the safety of online users? That’s where the important work of information security analysts comes in. As an information security analyst, you would monitor company systems, implement security and preventative measures, and also battle any cyber attacks. Information security analysts are in high demand both in the private and public sector. The projected growth rate for information security analyst positions is expected to increase by 28% within the next decade. Those who choose the noble route of protecting internet users can expect a generous median salary of $95,000 per year.
Web Developer (Front End, Back End, and Full Stack)
Web development is probably one of the most versatile technology jobs around. You’ll most likely never be bored as you develop and implement real applications that people will use daily. While each web developer focuses on a different aspect of development, each one has many chances for advancement! Front end development works primarily with the user side of programming. As a front end developer, you’ll be working on the aspects of the application that users will see and interact with. As a back end developer, you’ll be focused on the server side of programming. For this position, back end developers focus on all of the code and development that takes place behind the scenes to make an application run. As a full stack developer, you’ll have a wide range of jobs that include skills from both front end and back end developers. Full stack developers are usually more involved hands on with the project from conception to publication. All web developers have great chances for advancement and may start out as junior developers before later transitioning to senior developers. As one might imagine, obtaining the “senior” title allows for more freedom and a higher pay rate. The average pay rate for a web developer is $68,000 per year. This number can greatly fluctuate depending on the kind of web development you choose to specialize in. Traditionally, full stack web development pays more than other kinds of web development. As all parts of the internet are touched by web development, it makes sense that demand for this job will only grow. By 2026, the number of web development jobs (including front end, backend, and full stack) across the globe will see an overall 15% increase in availability!
Data scientists are responsible for collecting and cleaning mass amounts of data. Then they take this data and format it to make the results readable for their company or client. Data scientists help companies know how to advertise and test products based on the data they collect. Companies are also able to fix performance issues and continue to do their best on based on the data collected by data scientists. Data scientists usually have strong skills in several coding languages and machine learning. Data science is a job that will only continue to be in demand as technology usage continues to grow. Job availability for data scientists is continuing to grow as the 10 year projected growth rate is 19%. Data scientists are also expected to cash in with the highest median annual salary on our list at $128,000.
Which Job is Right For Me?
It’s important to keep in mind that the above careers are just a hand full of jobs available within the tech industry. With so many options available, it may be difficult to decide which one is right for you. You may even feel overwhelmed with all of the possibilities! Have no fear, BootcampRankings is here to help you figure out which one is the best job to suit your needs and wants! Finding the perfect job for you all comes down to a few questions.
1. What do you want to accomplish?
2. Where do you want to work/live?
3. How much do you want to make?
Answering these three major questions will help you narrow down your interests and priorities as you determine which job in the tech industry is the best for you. Regardless of your decision, it’s important to remember that the tech industry is a living breathing entity that evolves overtime. It’s natural to shift through careers within the tech industry before settling on the one that is perfect for you!
Am I Qualified for a Career in Computer Tech?
Now that you have a sense of the biggest jobs in computer technology, you may be wondering “Am I even qualified for such an amazing career?” The short answer is…YES! Anyone can become qualified for a career in computer technology and the best news is that it’s not that hard to get started. As we continue to explore the best tech career options for you, we’ll also cover ways that you can get started with your tech education.
Benefits of Computer Tech
The benefits of working in the computer technology industry are endless. As mentioned previously, the tech industry is one of the most in demand job markets in the world. There are simply not enough skilled workers to supply the endless demand of the technological world. As an effect of this shortage, many companies must compete for workers. Many ways that companies attract potential employees is through the strategic implementation of “perks”. You may already know that major tech companies are notorious for offering outstanding perks. These can range from private chefs and gyms to free childcare, housing, or even transportation. Prominent tech companies are continuing to evolve in order to attract as many potential employees as possible. As an effect of this progression, tech companies will continue to fall into the cycle of “perk competition” which is only a plus for potential tech employees. In addition to the perks of the job, there are many additional plusses to working in the tech industry. The tech industry houses one of the fastest growing job markets in the world. With the skills you learn throughout your technological journey, you’ll continue to have access to new opportunities as you grow through the ranks of the tech world.
Ready to Get Started?
Now that we’ve reviewed a few of the different career options in the tech industry, are you ready to begin your own technology journey? Starting a career in computer technology may seem daunting. Especially when you count all of the competition and employment opportunities to sort through. How do you get started in the tech industry? Have no fear, BootcampRankings is here to break down which tech education options may be the best fit for you. Whether you’re just beginning your tech journey or you’re looking to learn a specific skill, these educational resources are invaluable options that can help you be the best tech minded individual that you can be.
Tech Education Options
There are many different tech education options to choose from. Each educational avenue is designed to coincide with your schedule to make learning accessible. One of the best education options that will also help you jumpstart your career in tech is a coding bootcamp. Coding bootcamps offer a fast-tracked tech education that will immerse you in an intensive coding training. Throughout the coding bootcamp you’ll work closely with other peers and mentors as you work to become career ready. Many coding bootcamps boast high hire rates as many graduates go on to gain employment at tech companies across the globe. In addition to coding bootcamps, one of the best ways to supplement your coding education is through online coding courses. Many online courses such as Codecademy and Udemy, offer both supplemental education and also full-time education. Through these many different courses, you can choose to learn either one specific coding concept or build your entire education from the ground up. Whichever technological education method you choose, prioritizing your coding education will help you land the tech job of your dreams. | <urn:uuid:2a7c5d4a-2190-4b35-8cdd-b985b304043f> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://bootcamprankings.com/careers-in-computer-technology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473360.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221002544-20240221032544-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.951787 | 2,030 | 2.515625 | 3 |
- 240 pages
- An Introduction to Agricultural Geography
- David Grigg
- 11 April 2017 David Grigg
Employing Nearly Half Of The World S Workforce, Agriculture Is Clearly Of Great Economic And Social Importance An Incredible Variety Of Methods Are Used Globally The Western World Has The Latest Scientific And Industrial Advancements At Its Disposal, Yet In The Thrid World A Living Is Made Using Tools That Have Hardly Changed In Two Thousand Years An Introduction To Agricultural Geography Provides An Extensive Guide Through This Diverse And Increaslingly Important Geographical Subject, Aiming To Show That A Wide Range Of Factors Explain How Agricultural Practices Differ From Place To Place Dealing With The Physical Environment, Economic Behaviour And Demands, Institutional And Social Influences And The Impact Of Farming Upon The Environment, The Author Has Produced An Important Introductory Text That Is Topical, Incisive And Ultimately Essential To Reach An Understanding Of The Remarkable Diversity Of The World S Major Industry.
Librarian Note use David 2spaces Grigg to separate with other David Grigg.David Grigg David B Grigg is among the world s leading historians of agriculture in both social and economic contexts. | <urn:uuid:d63a6685-5f32-4c2c-ae67-e6cff557dc05> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://sigilo.us/7ec0aegdrx46539577ec0ae-an-introduction-to-agricultural-geography/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573052.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20190917040727-20190917062727-00150.warc.gz | en | 0.688746 | 244 | 3.15625 | 3 |
AED - (Automated External Defibrillator)
UW-Green Bay is dedicated to the safety and security of our students, staff, faculty and visitors. In order to aid those who may experience sudden cardiac arrest, automated external defibrillators ( AEDs) are strategically placed throughout campus.
Sudden cardiac arrest is a leading cause of death in the United States. Most sudden cardiac arrests are due to abnormal heart rhythms called arrhythmias. A common arrhythmia is ventricular fibrillation, in which the heart's electrical impulses suddenly become chaotic and ineffective. AEDs are small, portable computerized medical devices that can deliver an electrical shock to the heart and stop ventricular fibrillation. The AED can check a person's heart rhythm and recognize a heart rhythm that requires a shock. The unit will then advise the rescuer when a shock is needed.
The AED units are designed to be easy to use. The unit guides a rescuer through every step with clear voice commands. Click here to watch a video on how to use the AED.
UW - Green Bay has over 32 AEDs located in several buildings around campus, including the concourse system, Weidner Center for the Performing Arts and the Kress Events Center. AEDs are also available in Public Safety vehicles.
Maps - (AED Locations):
About the AED:
Contact the Office of Public Safety at [email protected] for further questions about UW - Green Bay's AEDs. | <urn:uuid:e178b05e-6a21-433b-9d4d-497dfe0bbd36> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.uwgb.edu/publicsafety/aed/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123491.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00157-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91806 | 320 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The latest news about environmental and green
technologies – renewables, energy savings, fuel cells
Posted: Sep 10, 2013
Most powerful blade in wind industry finished
(Nanowerk News) Vestas has produced the first prototype 80 meter blade for the V164-8.0 MW - the world’s most powerful offshore wind turbine - at the R&D centre on the Isle of Wight, UK. The blade will now undergo an extensive testing regime to ensure total reliability.
The 80 meter blade is the longest ever produced by Vestas and uses the structural shell design, a proven concept in which the loads of the blade are carried in the shell, rather than using a spar at the centre of the blade.
The length of the blade is the equivalent of nine double decker London buses and the swept area of the rotor will be 21,124m2, larger than the London Eye.
Reliability critical offshore
In order to validate the strength and reliability of the blade it will be tested to its limits for six months, reproducing the challenging wind conditions of the North Sea over a simulated 25 year lifetime.
Chief Technology Officer Anders Vedel explains the tests will provide certainty to customers looking to make large investments in offshore wind.
“Test and verification of the blade is a critical stage of the development of the V164-8.0 MW,” he says. “Moving as much of the verification process as possible into our state of the art test centre ensures the blade, the bearing and other components perform to the high standards our customers expect.”
The V164-8.0 MW prototype will be installed in the first quarter of 2014 at the Danish national testing centre in Østerild.
If you liked this article, please give it a quick review on reddit or StumbleUpon. Thanks!
Check out these other trending stories on Nanowerk: | <urn:uuid:6e764894-a6ab-423c-ac3b-bd496adaaf5f> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.nanowerk.com/news2/green/newsid=32200.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427132827069.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323174707-00215-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.881243 | 390 | 2.640625 | 3 |
In many states, ELLs take an assessment at the start of the year.
But that assessment data won’t be much help in March when you need to know how many of those students are on-track to meet year-end requirements, or what to do to move stalled students ahead.
Without current student data, it’s all but impossible to assess each student’s progress, know how to adjust instruction so it’s most effective — or determine if a student has the proficiency to transition successfully out of the ELL program.
Pearson is transforming ELL programs across the country by giving educators the current, relevant data they need to be effective in moving their students steadily towards English language proficiency.
Aprenda 3 helps you measure the academic achievement of K–12 Spanish-speaking students in their native language. Modeled after Stanford 10 and developed with Latino educators, Aprenda 3 offers you the highest quality, most culturally inclusive Spanish-language test of academic standards.
Research based and widely field tested, the Evaluación del desarrollo de la lectura®, Segunda Edición K-6 (EDL2), helps students become independent successful readers by giving educators the right mix of tools needed to assess accuracy, fluency, and comprehension.
Test of English Language Learning (TELL), is a touch-screen delivered language proficiency assessment that can be used to screen, diagnose, and progress monitor English language learners in grades K-12. TELL automatically scores student responses, providing quick turnaround on results to help drive instruction in a timely and accurate way. | <urn:uuid:e1e18626-ea0a-414f-b0e6-ceef92ee5ba3> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.pearsonassessments.com/services/solr/search/.api?segmentName=learningassessments&categoryId=40811&requestFrom=categoryLanding&siteContext=ped.ani.us.la | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812880.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220050606-20180220070606-00426.warc.gz | en | 0.921772 | 329 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Some professionals and power users require extreme cooling to keep their computer systems at a safe temperature. If you fall under those categories, here are seven strange methods to keep everything cool, though we don't recommend new modders actually trying these. Continue reading to see more.
Spinning at 3500rpm, this T25 turbine from a 1990 Mitsubishi Eclipse is used to cool this spiffy-looking PC. The case is not sealed to prevent pressure from building up, as the goal is to just blow air through the case. According to the modder, its speed is "enough to move some air without having to worry about the bearings, which are designed to be water-cooled."
6. Mineral Oil
If your daily computing needs requires maximum cooling, then look no further than this mineral oil aquarium PC. Apparently, the liquid is great for absorbing heat without needing to vent to the surrounding air. The modder states that "after about 2 hours, the temperature settled at a new maximum of 84ºC on the CPU under load."
5. Industrial Fan
If your case's fans fail, then there's always the stand-up electric fan. Pointing it properly and safely seems to be the biggest issue in this example of PC cooling gone wrong. One thing you shouldn't do when using this method is use / drink any liquids anywhere near your computer, otherwise you may end up with a short circuit, or fried brain, literally.
4. Ice Cube
We've heard of CPU overclocking, but definitely not hard drive. Unless this person somehow modified this drive to spin at 50,000rpm, encasing it in a block of ice seems like overkill, not to mention that your computer may become one-time-use once it melts. However, if you decide to use this computer in a freezer, things should be fine.
3. A/C Unit
Called the Water Chiller, this PC by Mike Vanelst should definitely be used in only the most extreme situations, such as playing ten 1080p YouTube videos simultaneously. In all seriousness, this A/C-powered PC runs at a chilly -5ºC, but can be turned all the way down to -20ºC; if Arctic Silver is used on the CPU block.
2. PVC Fan
When is a tabletop fan, not just something you use on a hot summer day? When you dissect it, reassemble it as a computer case, and lastly, use lots of PVC piping in hopes of making it less ghetto. We can imagine it gets quite noisy once everything is running simultaneously.
1. World of Fans
Instead of buying a traditional case and installing a few fans inside, this geek decided to use 66 PC fans to create a somewhat functional case. Let's just say that adding up the hardware costs for just the fans alone, will run you much more than a really high-end PC tower. | <urn:uuid:2bc101a0-b185-4fdd-9ddd-581428d8f7c0> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.techeblog.com/index.php/tech-gadget/7-strange-ways-of-cooling-your-pc | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320532.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625134002-20170625154002-00579.warc.gz | en | 0.946676 | 598 | 2.59375 | 3 |
People are using their computers daily for recreation, work, and communication on a daily basis and that means the doors for computer crime are opening further quicker than ever. There is one form of computer crime that could potentially cause a considerable amount of damage and distress to a person and it is referred to as cyber stalking, or computer stalking. This type of stalking is defined as using electronics or the Internet to harass, intimidate, monitor, or threaten, or conduct unwanted advancements toward another individual. Under some circumstances, this is accomplished through direct communications via bulletin board postings, chat rooms, email messages, or social media interactions.
Why Does Computer Stalking Occur?
As opposed to cases of offline stalking, computer stalking is typically used in order to harass a victim and this type of harassment on the Internet is growing exponentially. In many cases, the harasser is anonymous and the victim does not know if they are next-door or living across the globe from them, causing the victim to experience severe feelings of embarrassment and fear. Unfortunately, this fear is warranted because under some circumstances the harassment occurring during computer stalking crosses into offline physical stalking cases.
- The harasser wants to be involved romantically.
- They are seeking reconciliation following rejection from their partner.
- They are seeking revenge following a break-up from their partner.
- They are imagining an attachment or other delusions about the victim, be it a romantic attachment or something else entirely.
- They believe injustices have occurred against them by the victim and they are seeking revenge against them.
- They are experiencing hatred, or another form or intolerance toward a specific group.
- This was random computer attack and the victim just happened to be in the wrong place at the wrong time.
Types of Harassment on the Computer:
- Unwanted emails.
- Spam or other types of bulk messages from the harasser.
- Being the victim of “flaming,” which is how online verbal abuse is defined.
- Being the victim of a computer virus placed by the harasser.
- Being the victim of identity fraud or theft.
- The harasser spreads malicious rumors about you, posts intimate pictures of you, or reveals personal information about you on social media or other public areas online.
- The harasser posts abusive messages that will cause an attack against the victim’s personal reputation or their professional reputation.
- The harasser threatens to harm someone the victim knows, or the victim themselves, either physically, by their reputation, or by some other means.
How to Prevent Computer Stalking
Unfortunately, people tend to leave themselves open to harassment online. There are many ways to prevent this from occurring. For example, it is a good idea to ensure you have the most up-to-date firewall and anti-virus protection installed. You should also never share any personal information within any public spaces or online profiles. Be cautious of anyone you do not know who is pushing for you to reveal any details regarding your private life.
Additional ways to prevent stalking on the computer include keeping your passwords for all of your accounts and devices protected. Be sure you are using nonsensical passwords that have combinations of numbers, letters, and symbols so they are not easily infiltrated. It is also a good idea to change these passwords regularly.
For those who are just getting out of an abusive relationship, make sure all of your passwords are changed immediately. Then, choose screen names for your accounts that are gender neutral so you are not easily found online.
Even though we would love to trust everyone we meet online, it is important to remember that everyone we “meet” is not always who they say they are. The Internet is a resourceful place filled with a plethora of great information and useful tools, but it is also a scary place where crime occurs daily. There is a fine line that must be drawn regularly in order to keep your information safe, as well as your sanity. This is especially true for those who frequent chat rooms, bulletin boards, forums, and social media sites. They say the Internet is forever, so be sure you are careful about what you are posting and who you are meeting. | <urn:uuid:bef75eec-c957-4186-85ca-7c00b314ea48> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://nobullying.com/what-is-computer-stalking/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218193284.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212953-00321-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952372 | 851 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Warts are one of several soft tissue conditions of the foot that can be quite painful. Plantar Warts are caused by a virus and can appear on the sole of the foot. Children, especially teenagers, tend to be more susceptible to warts than adults.
What Are the Causes
The virus that causes warts generally invade the skin through small or invisible cuts and abrasions. The plantar wart is often contracted by walking barefoot on dirty surfaces or littered ground where the virus is lurking. The causative virus thrives in warm, moist environments, making infection a common occurrence in communal bathing facilities.
Self- Treatment is generally not advisable. Over-the-counter preparations contain acids or chemicals that destroy skin cells, and it takes an expert to destroy abnormal skin cells (warts) without also destroying surrounding healthy tissue. Self-treatment with such medications especially should be avoided by people with diabetes those with cardiovascular or circulatory disorders. Never use these medications in the presence of an active infection
When to Visit a Podiatrist
It is wise to consult a podiatric physician when any suspicious growth or eruption is detected to on the skin of the foot in order to ensure a correct diagnosis. It is possible for a variety of more serious lesions to appear on the foot, including malignant lesions such as carcinomas and melanomas. Although rare, these conditions can sometimes be misidentified as a wart.
If you think you may have a wart call Cornerstone Foot & Ankle to schedule your appointment or request your appointment online TODAY! | <urn:uuid:0ed3041e-0139-47f1-b922-87d061071621> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.cornerstonefootandankle.com/library/plantar-warts-new-jersey-podiatrist.cfm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574710.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20190921231814-20190922013814-00123.warc.gz | en | 0.931951 | 310 | 2.953125 | 3 |
UK Lock Hospitals
Lock Hospitals had to wage a battle with popular prejudice which was quite unlike that which the other specialist hospitals had to fight. Not only was the malady they dealt with looked upon as practically incapable of cure, but bigots considered it unworthy of cure; it was sin's just punishment of outraged nature, when it was not looked upon as a special act of the divine wrath.
For this reason, syphilitic patients were regularly refused admission to general hospitals on religious grounds, being considered as much social outcasts as the lepers of old, from whom, their name is supposed to be derived.
The connection is both historical and etymological, according to Mr. Godfrey Hamilton (Secretary of the National Hospital for Paralysed and Epileptic) who, some years ago, published an interesting series of articles in the Hospital Gazette on the subject. "In a large number of cases", he writes, "the abolition of the Lazar House was delayed by the advent of venereal disease, which took place in this Country coincidentally with the decline of leprosy, so the houses being no longer required for lepers were utilised for patients suffering from these other loathsome diseases. Notable examples of this are the Lazar houses which were founded outside the City of London - at Southwark, Mile End, Kingsland, Knightsbridge, etc. As these buildings were converted to their new use, they seem to have become known as lock-houses or lock hospitals, and at the present day practically all hospitals, it might be said throughout the whole world, which are devoted to the treatment of social diseases are designated by that term .... but almost all writers claim that the first hospital so designated was the Lock Lazar House outside St George's Gate".
Page updated March 12, 2008
Copyright © Rossbret 1999-2005. All rights reserved.
If you have any information or photographs that you can add to this site, please email [email protected] | <urn:uuid:281a9a11-e629-436e-a3af-0110fd696c66> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://workhouses.co.uk/hospitals/info/lock_hospitals.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257646189.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319003616-20180319023616-00019.warc.gz | en | 0.984913 | 413 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Many of the times Dogs are Good for us because,
Most of us who have had a dog in our life understand the indisputable fact that having a dog brings so much to one's life. Their unconditional love and loyalty are attributes many of us aspire to and wish we could find in people!
For many, their dog is an integral member of their family or even treated like a child. I know for me, my pets have been my kids and the bond I have with them is very strong.
Having a dog brings many benefits giving you a happy & healthy life:
- Reducing stress & anxiety - the touch, feel and attention of a dog can help to reduce stress and anxiety. How can you be stressed when you're greeted with the slobbery kisses of a dog? Their intuition to comfort you when you're upset and stay by your side
"I have found that when you are deeply troubled, there are things you get from the silent devoted companionship of a dog that you can get from no other source"
- Doris Day
- Companionship - with a dog you'll have a companion for life (well at least for as long as they live -which in my opinion is not long enough) thus helping to reduce feelings of loneliness. Most dogs like to be a part of whatever you're doing
- Increased exercise - dogs need exercise on a regular basis, in general, a daily walk. Owning a dog means making sure they are getting the exercise they need even if you do feel like being a couch potato
- Responsibility - for both kids and adults a dog requires responsibility for their care and well being. From a young age, kids can be taught the importance of the responsibility of owning a dog. They can take responsibility with feeding the dog, taking them for a walk, or cleaning up after them
- Compassion and empathy - there will be times your dog may be unwell or perhaps you've adopted a dog who came from unfortunate circumstances. Caring for your dog brings out compassion and empathy, qualities all people should have
- Socialising - having a dog gives you an opportunity to socialize whether at the dog park or even around town. Who doesn't like to come and pet a dog when you're out?
- Studies by the CDC have also shown that having a pet can decrease blood pressure, cholesterol & triglycerides
"If you don't have a dog, at least one, there is not nessarily anything wrong with you. But there may be something wrong with your life."
- Vincent Van Gogh
So love your dog, cherish the time you have with them and truly understand the joy they bring to your life. | <urn:uuid:f81e95db-3dba-4812-972a-b1c62ca578e5> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.maxandcocoa.com/blogs/news/why-dogs-are-good-for-you | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304835.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220125130117-20220125160117-00612.warc.gz | en | 0.973923 | 550 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Apology for Vietnam
What to do in Vietnam? Someone believes that America destroyed Vietnam in order to save it; however, during 1968, more and more Americans began questioning Vietnam War. RFK had said in 1967 that he hated the war. " We're killing South Vietnamese, we're killing women, we're killing innocent people because they're 12,000 miles away and they might get 11,000 miles away." For many, "Born on the Fourth of July" is an apology for Vietnam; it shows the Vietnam War was a disastrous foreign policy mistake. Ron Kovic, as a veteran, spoke to the whole America that it was wrong to fight in Vietnam.
The movie is an adaptation of the same name autobiography. It begins with Ron's childhood, then as he growing up, one day he and his family watches JFK's inaugural address. Ron's mother has a conversation to him at that time. She dreams that one day, Ron will stand on the stage like JFK, talking about great things, which foreshadow Ron's future speech that against Vietnam War during Nixon's acceptance speech.
After Ron and his classmates hear an impassioned lecture about the Marine Corps, Ron decides to enlist. The movie then shows two major scenes, which reveals the brutality during Vietnam War to audiences by Ron, a solider who actually involves in the war.
In October 1967, there was a village massacre showed in the movie. Believing enemy combatants are in there, Ron's unit bombs the village, and it results hundreds of Vietnamese citizens were killed, mostly innocent kids and women. Overwhelmed by a sense of guilty, Ron becomes disoriented, and he accidentally shoots one of Marine from his side. Although his executive officer merely tells him just to forget the incident, that mistake tortures him for years afterward. There were many massacres... | <urn:uuid:57ed1eca-c003-4bec-8709-4e23e1b0cff7> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.writework.com/essay/apology-vietnam | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607726.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20170524001106-20170524021106-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.983303 | 371 | 2.65625 | 3 |
from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
- adj. Candid in expression; outspoken.
from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English
- adj. Accustomed to speak without reserve; willing to speak out without subtlety.
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- Given to freedom of speech; accustomed to speak without hesitancy or reserve.
from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
- adj. characterized by directness in manner or speech; without subtlety or evasion
Sorry, no etymologies found.
On one occasion, my right honourable mother, who was a free-spoken lady, found the language of her own rank quite inadequate to express the strength of her generous feelings, and borrowing from the vulgar two emphatic words, applied them to Marie de Martigny, and her son Francis Tyrrel.
Many were spunky and free-spoken delegates to the 1996 founding convention who co-mingled with representatives of the more electoral-leaning founding unions ILWU (west coast) and United Electrical Workers.
Dana has the most established religion, more sentiment, more reverence, more of England; whilst Mr. Percival is an upright, soldierly, free-spoken man, very much of a patriot, hates cant, and does his best.
There are classical comedies in verse, too, wherein the knavish valets, rakish heroes, stolid old guardians, and smart, free-spoken serving-women, discourse in Alexandrines, as loud as the Horaces or the Cid.
When Huxter commenced his attack, that free-spoken young gentleman had not seen who was his opponent; and directly he was aware that it was Arthur whom he had insulted, he began to make apologies.
He was a very free-spoken man (the gentry of those days were much prouder than at present), and used to say to me in his haughty easy way,
He was always free-spoken in his cups; and, to say the truth, he was in his cups many more times in a week than his doctors allowed.
It had as yet been an only present, and in thanking him for it, which she had done with full, free-spoken words of love, she had begged him to send her no other, so that that might ever be to her, — to her dying day, — the one precious thing that had been given to her by her lover while she was yet a girl.
The Opposition is very free-spoken, as are most of us in this country, on the conduct of the German Nazi Government.
Rohmer evidently also recognised the core of a tragic love story in the vexed, tender, courteous but free-spoken relationship between Elliott and the ill-fated duke; and perhaps also Elliott's familial resemblance to his talkative, insistent but often touchingly inconsistent heroines. | <urn:uuid:e2345d52-4c39-4c53-beb8-884a30398f2d> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.wordnik.com/words/free-spoken | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583519859.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20181024042701-20181024064201-00368.warc.gz | en | 0.979746 | 623 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Flower bulbs can’t be beat for bringing bursts of color to the garden. And they do it in such delightful fashion – their shoots thrusting up almost magically from seemingly unoccupied ground in sudden crescendos of bloom. Then, just as suddenly, they pass from the scene, returning to the ground to wait out the months until their next brief fling.
Most garden bulbs (which botanically speaking comprise plants that grow from tubers, rhizomes, corms, true bulbs, or other underground storage organs) owe their fast and furious above-ground lifestyle to the short growing seasons that prevail in their native haunts. Many hardy “bulb” species, for example, hail from regions that receive most of their annual precipitation from late fall to early spring. The steppes and uplands of Central Asia – ancestral home of many garden bulbs – are a place of long dry summers, cold bitter winters, and brief springs. Long, arid summers also characterize the climates of the bulb-rich Mediterranean and South African Cape regions.
Other bulb species are native to localized plant habitats that experience seasonal shortages of moisture or sunshine. Deciduous woodlands are the spawning ground of many of the most familiar shade-loving bulbs, which complete their above-ground growth in early spring before the canopy chokes out rain and sunlight.
Whatever their land of origin, most hardy bulbs need relatively moist, cool to cold winters and relatively dry summers, developing their roots in late autumn and winter and putting in an above-ground appearance for only a few weeks in spring or fall. Frost-tender bulbs, on the other hand, often come from regions in which rainfall and growth are concentrated in summer.
This is something to keep in mind when placing bulbs in the garden. Or course, a massed annual bedding display of hybrid tulips or hyacinths can be great fun and will work in just about any reasonably good soil. But a perennialized planting of less highly bred bulbs, artfully deployed in the appropriate garden habitat, can be equally compelling. Any garden niche that roughly mimics the conditions of a Central Asia steppe or a
Mediterranean chaparral or a temperate forest understory is fair game for a scattering of naturalized bulbs, which mingle beautifully with herbaceous and woody perennials that derive from the same natural habitat. Reticulated irises (Iris reticulata and its hybrids) and “species tulips” (such as Tulipa humilis) make natural companions for penstemons, dwarf campanulas, plumbago (Ceratostigma plumbaginoides), low sedums, and other perennials that occur naturally in rocky steppe habitats. Likewise, crocuses, colchicums, cyclamens, and tuberous anemones look right at home with lavender, perennial candytuft (Iberis sempervirens), shrubby sages, and other small shrubs from the Mediterranean. And just about any partly shaded garden niche could benefit from a colony of woodland bulbs such as corydalis (including Corydalis solida) and trout lilies (Erythronium spp.).
A sunny garden site that dries out somewhat in summer is likely to be favorable for most sun-loving bulbs. In areas that are subject to summer rain and humidity, a well-drained soil works best. Rock gardens and troughs; embankments; wall plantings; sandy berms – all are ideal locations for grape hyacinths (Muscari spp.), ornamental onions (Allium spp.), and other steppe and Mediterranean natives. Quite a few sun-lovers (including many fritillaries and irises) absolutely require a dry summer rest, rotting away in warm moist conditions. Conversely, most woodland bulbs are relatively unfussy, thriving in just about any partly shaded site.
Whatever their favored exposure, bulbs tend to do best in relatively rich soil, and will usually benefit from a sprinkling of high-potassium fertilizer in early fall or spring. For excessively dry or heavy soil, incorporate a good amendment for fertility such as Fafard® Sphagnum Peat Moss and/or Compost. A general rule of thumb is to plant bulbs at a depth of 2 to 3 times their diameter (from the soil surface to their tips). Bulbs (such as crocuses and tulips) that are favorite morsels for chipmunks and squirrels may need protection such as a hardware cloth barrier (or interplant them with bulbs that rodents tend to avoid, such as narcissus and alliums).
The right bulbs in the right place will add a seasonal spark to any garden. Plant some this fall to reap your reward next spring, and beyond!
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Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882) was an English Natural scientist who laid down a framework for the theory of evolution – showing how Man evolved from lower life forms. At the time, his research and publication led to bitter controversy, but his theory of evolution and natural selection later became accepted within the scientific community.
Charles Darwin was born on 12 February 1809 in Shrewsbury, Shropshire. He was born into a wealthy and influential family. His grandfathers included – China manufacturer Josiah Wedgwood, and Erasmus Darwin, one of the leading intellectuals of 18th century England.
Darwin planned to study medicine at Edinburgh University, but later, at the instigation of his father, changed to studying Divinity at Christ’s College, Cambridge University. Darwin was not a great student, preferring to spend time in outdoor pursuits; he spent a lot of time examining natural science and beetle collecting. After gaining a passionate interest in natural science, Darwin was offered a place on the HMS Beagle to act as a natural scientist on a voyage to the coast of South America.
At the time, religion was a powerful force in society, and most people took the Bible as the infallible, literal word of God. This included the belief that God created the world in seven days, and the world was only a few thousand years old. However, on the voyage, Darwin increasingly began to see evidence of life being much older. In particular Lyell’s ‘Principles of Geology’ suggested that fossils were evidence of animals living hundreds of thousands of years ago.
On the voyage, Darwin made copious notes about specimens he found on his voyages. In particular, at the Galapagos Islands 500 miles west of South America, Darwin was struck by how the Finch was different on each individual island. He noticed that the Finch had somehow adapted to the various aspects of the particular island.
Over the next 20 years, Darwin worked on the dilemma of how species evolve and can end up being quite different on different islands. Influenced by the work of Thomas Malthus, Darwin came up with a theory of natural selection and gradual evolution over time.
“In the struggle for survival, the fittest win out at the expense of their rivals because they succeed in adapting themselves best to their environment.”
– Charles Darwin
Darwin continued to refine his theory, and would intensively breed plants to work on his theories. However, realising how controversial his ideas were, Darwin delayed publishing them. It was not until learning that another naturalist, Alfred Russel Wallace had developed similar ideas, that Darwin was galvanised into publishing his own book.
In 1859, the ground-breaking ‘On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection‘ was published. It immediately gained widespread interest and attention, leading to intense debate about the contention that man – by implication was descended from animals like the ape.
“Owing to this struggle for life, any variation, however slight and from whatever cause proceeding, if it be in any degree profitable to an individual of any species, in its infinitely complex relationship to other organic beings and to external nature, will tend to the preservation of that individual, and will generally be inherited by its offspring.”
– Charles Darwin, Origin of Species (1859)
However, by the time he died on 19 April 1882, his ideas had increasingly become accepted – at least by the scientific and non-religious society. He was given a state burial at Westminster Abbey.
Darwin’s Religious Beliefs
Darwin was brought up in the Church of England, and at one point was being trained to be an Anglican priest. Like many of his generation, he took the Bible as the literal word of God and often quoted it as a source of moral authority. However, after his epic voyage to South America, he became doubtful of the Bible as a source of history; he also felt no reason why all religions couldn’t be true.
From 1849, he stopped going to church, though he never considered himself to be an atheist. He felt that ‘agnostic’ suited his beliefs more closely. He wrote in his autobiography that he eventually gave up Christianity as he disagreed with the conclusion that all non-believers spend eternity in hell.
“I can indeed hardly see how anyone ought to wish Christianity to be true; for if so the plain language of the text seems to show that the men who do not believe, and this would include my Father, Brother and almost all my best friends, will be everlastingly punished.”
He was politically liberal, being an opponent of slavery. He experienced the brutality of how people treated their slaves in a Spanish colony.
“I have watched how steadily the general feeling, as shown at elections, has been rising against Slavery. What a proud thing for England if she is the first European nation which utterly abolishes it!”
Letter to J. S. Henslow (March 1834)
Citation: Pettinger, Tejvan. “Biography of Charles Darwin”, Oxford, UK. www.biographyonline.net – 4th Sept. 2012. Updated 21st February 2018.
The Origin of Species: Charles Darwin
The Origin of Species: Charles Darwin at Amazon
About Charles Darwin
Who was Charles Darwin? at Amazon
Facts about Charles Darwin
- He was the grandson of Josiah Wedgwood the famous furniture manufacturer.
- He studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh but found lectures dull.
- He learned taxidermy from John Edmonstone, a freed black slave.
- Darwin became an enthusiastic Beetle collector – which was a craze at the time.
- His father sent him to Christ’s College, Cambridge with the intention of training him as an Anglican parson. He later gave up Christianity.
- His five-year voyage on HMS Beagle established him as an eminent geologist and popular writer. His observations would be used to develop his theory of evolution.
- He sometimes questioned his own scientific discoveries. ‘I feel most deeply that this whole question of creation is too profound for human intellect.’
- In modified form, Darwin’s theory of evolution is now seen as the unifying theory of the life sciences.
- On the new Galápagos Islands Darwin saw many samples of animals which showed relations to animals in other parts of the world, e.g. Mockingbirds in Chile.
- During the Beagle expedition, Darwin shipped home a total of 1,529 species preserved in spirit and 3,907 labelled dried specimens.
- Darwin and Wallace’s theories on evolution were both presented on the same day in 1858 to the Linnean Society of London.
- Darwin took 22 years from the end of the voyage to publish his findings – he was worried about the reaction of people. It is said the thought of Wallace publishing first, galvanised him into action
- The full title of Origin of Species is On the Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life.
- Darwin did not coin the phrase ‘survival of the fittest’. It was added to the fifth edition of Origin of Species. The phrase came from economist Herbert Spencer.
- Darwin has appeared on more UK stamps than anyone outside the Royal Family.
- Seven months after the publication of ‘Origin of Species’ the famous 1860 Oxford evolution debate occurred between Thomas Henry Huxley and Bishop Samuel Wilberforce. The debate is considered to be a great moment in natural history – and a key moment in the acceptance of evolution.
Famous English people – Famous English men and women. From Anne Boleyn and Queen Elizabeth I to Henry VIII and Winston Churchill. Includes the great poets – William Shakespeare, William Blake and William Wordsworth.
Great Briton list – Top 100 famous Britons as voted by a BBC poll. Including Winston Churchill, William Shakespeare, Thomas Cromwell and Queen Elizabeth I.
Scientists – Famous scientists from Aristotle and Archimedes to Albert Einstein and Charles Darwin. Including mathematicians, biologists, physicists and chemists. | <urn:uuid:ec4dfd90-ab99-48a8-815e-48a75fa61f8d> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.biographyonline.net/scientists/charles-darwin.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335365.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20220929194230-20220929224230-00118.warc.gz | en | 0.973646 | 1,704 | 4.0625 | 4 |
by E. Hope Allen Yankey, appearing in The Shepherd, October 1997
Each year I get another crop of wool from my sheep and more gray hairs appear on my head. So, when I get the urge to dye, I just want to dye it all—the wool and the hair. Actually, wool and hair dye similarly, because they are both ANIMAL PROTEIN fibers (they contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur) unlike cotton, flax, and rayon which are PLANT CELLULOSIC fibers (they contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen). Not all dyestuffs will dye all fibers. Some will dye both animal and plant fibers, but must be treated very differently during the dyeing process. All dyestuffs are "chemical" dyestuffs—all the things that make up the earth and our bodies are chemicals, for that matter. It's just that some "chemical" dyestuffs occur naturally (i.e., for example, walnut hulls, onion skins, dandelion flowers, cochineal bugs, etc.), and can be used for dyeing wool in their natural state, but may require additions of acid, soda ash or lye, and "metallic" formatting agents which attach the dyestuffs to the wool fibers, Different mordants (or metallic compounds) produce different colors. They also provide better wash and light-fastness than would be attainable otherwise. Some natural dyestuffs may require an intermediary “chemical” reaction to make use of the “raw'' coloring matter that is obtained either from plant or animal sources. Indigo, for example, one of the oldest recognized natural dyestuffs, is of this type. It cap be synthesized from coal tar derivatives and used commercially for dyeing both wool (and cotton), but must be, whether obtained from the Indigo plant or synthesized commercially, ''reduced'' or made soluble (able to dissolve) in water with the addition of caustic soda (Sodium Hydroxide) and Sodium Hydrosulphite. Synthetic Indigo has been one of the more significant dyestuffs to be utilized industrially, because it is equally easy and cheap to manufacture, easy to apply, imparts good color, and provides excellent light and wash fastness.
The majority of synthetic dyestuffs designed for dyeing tool are Classified as ACID dyes—because the teethed used to get them to bond to wool requires the addition of acid to the dyebath, sulfuric or acetic, commonly. These are marketed by a variety of companies (Ciba, Rite Chemical, ProChemical, for example) under different trademarks, but are often listed as “Acid Green No. __,” “Acid Black __,” etc. The Jacquard Cushings, and ''GayWool' dyes are ACID dyestuffs. However, Rit and Dritz dyestuffs that are marketed in grocery stores for home use, are DIRECT dyes designed for “direct” application (i.e., dissolve dyestuff in water, add fiber, a little table salt, and heat) to cellulosic fibers, cotton, rayon, etc. They were not developed for wool, and, although they will impart color to wool, the effect is more often like that of staining rather than true “dyeing”—it is difficult to obtain any great ''depth'' of color or, more importantly, fastness properties. The Kool-Aid, Jello, and food-coloring dyestuffs fall into this class as well—they are safe for kids, safe for adults, yes, but not “substantive” for dyeing wool fibers, yarns, etc. where durability and fastness are needed. There are two major types of the ACID dyestuffs synthesized for wool use. (You may already have figured this out on your own.) One type will dye a given “lock” of wool fibers more evenly lengthwise, from the fiber root to the tip, or a mixture of blended wool fibers—whether gathered from the rump-to-the-belly-to-the-shoulder-head-and-neck wool from one fleece, or from both lamb's and mature sheep's fleeces, or blended from fleeces of different wool types (fine, medium, and coarse). These are the Levelling Acid dyes which come with the recommendation that Sulfuric Acid be used in place of the weaker Acetic Acid we are most familiar with using to dye wool (vinegar is a 5% or less solution in water of Acetic Acid). The Levelling Acid dyes exhibit poor fastness properties. The other type, which you may have stumbled across, provides the “heather'' like effect or “variegated'' look—individual fibers take up these dyes more strongly at their weathered, more porous tips, while blended fibers from the various parts of a given fleece or fleeces bind these dyes very differently depending on their “type,'' diameter, crimp, and the amount of degradation due to dirt, grease, and sunlight exposure. These Acid dyes and are applied from a weakly acid bath, utilizing Acetic Acid. The Milling Acid dyes provide excellent substantivity or fastness properties on wool. They are great fun for the spinner, weaver, tentmaker, etc. who chooses to dye their own wool, and can provide a variety of color effects. There are many ACID dyestuffs which fall betwixt and between the Milling and the Levelling Acid types with equally betwixt and between properties and affinities to dye wool evenly, “level.”
Not significant to industry at this point for dyeing wool (the exception: carpet blends with nylon and polypropylene) are the newer synthetic dyestuffs classed as REACTIVE dyes, which you may recognize as those marketed under the following trademarks, for example: both Procion M (cold dyeing) and Procion H (hot dyeing), Cibacron, Reaciofix, Remazol|, Levafix, Lanasol, Kayacion, and others. REACTIVE dyestuffs are chemically MORE reactive (makes sense)—they dissolve more readily in water, they bond more readily to whatever fiber they are used to dye (actually, they bond equally well to the water molecules themselves), and are, consequently, more substantive, less likely to bleed or fade with repeated washings and exposure to light. These dyes are very popular now with crafters. They impart a greater degree of brilliance at surprisingly deeper and deeper shades of yellow, red, blue, green, brown, black, etc. whether used as individual dyes or as mixtures to obtain all hues (all colors) than all other natural or synthetic dyestuffs. Their use has been primarily on cottons. Little has been done to research or examine commercially the use of REACTIVES for dyeing wool. The method used in trial experiments and university research projects suggest the best technique for dyeing wool with REACTIVE dyes (as many of you have discovered on your own) utilize the same basic principles used for dyeing wool with conventional Milling Acid dyestuffs—from a weakly acidic bath at or near boiling. Acetic or Hydroxyacetic (Glycolic) or Formic Acid work better than vinegar because they are stronger. Sulfuric Acid is much stronger and more hazardous to use around the house and is not needed for REACTIVES on wool. REACTIVES vary greatly in their ability to evenly dye your wool fibers—you can use this to your advantage to create color variations along with individual fibers or in blends of different types of fibers. As pointed out earlier, the same is true with the use of the ACID dyestuffs on wool. It will take some experimenting with different dyes and with different dye mixtures to get a feel for what is possible beyond just the “accidental.'' (Personally, I prefer the use of REACTIVES because they can give greater depth of shade and brilliance than is attainable otherwise—it is the nature of the chemistry of these dyes that will do this. Their ability to react with wool fibers gives excellent fastness properties as a result.)
All wool is typically dyed—whether “loose,” spun, woven, felted, or knitted—in a heated water bath or “liquor” at temperatures near or at boiling. (Little dyeing occurs below 160 degrees Fahrenheit.) That's whether you're dyeing in a pot or kettle in your kitchen, outside on a backyard barbecue grill or 'specially designed dye-pit, or in a wool-dyeing facility in industry. Still, dyeing can only, really, take place if the dyestuff, whether natural or synthetic, is made soluble in water and is then forced to enter and bond with the wool fiber molecules. For all us home bodies fascinated with dyeing our own wool fibers, yarns, fabrics, and garments, there are some practical considerations to be made to get not only the color we desire, but also, insure wash and light fastness, and, in turn, retain residence, softness, and wool quality. Below are some tidbits of information I've gathered along the way (30 years) which may aid you in dyeing wool for both fun and profit!
*Wool is scaly, not smooth like hair, and comes in a variety of scaliness, crimp, diameter, whiteness, and length. This affects dyeing. Finer, crimpier wools may take up the same amount of dye as stronger, less crimpy wools, but will appear duller because their physical make-up reflects less overall light to our eyes than the more coarser, lustrous type wools. The whiter and brighter the wool you start with, the more brilliant and intense the color you'll obtain when the wool is dyed, no matter the dyestuff or method used in dyeing. No wool can me made whiter than it is—i.e., wool cannot be "bleached" before dyeing (like cotton). And, naturally colored wools can really only ever be tinted or stained, not dyed.
*Weak Acids (Acetic, Hydroxyacetic, and Formic) do not generally affect wool quality—strength, softness. that illusive thing we call “feel”/“handle”—and so dyeing in a typically, weaker acid environment (pH 4-6) produces no detrimental effects. On the other hand, the use of strong soaps and alkaline detergents, like Ivory cake soap and Ivory powdered detergent, will affect wool quality, and should be avoided during the scouring or washing of wool prior to dyeing. (The cold water, alkali technique used to tie dye cottons with Procion M type dyes can damage wool strength and wool softness of “feel”/“handle,” making the wool brittle and harsh. It is recommended that you use the more conventional acid bath technique even when dyeing wool with the Procion M type dyes.)
*Dyeing at or near the boiling point is generally not harmful for reasonable periods of time—30 to 60 minutes or even two or three hours. However, the less the time that is required to obtain the “color'' desired, the less chance of the dyes migrating (moving towards the more porous tips) along individual fibers or among competing blends of fibers (affecting levelness). I prefer dyeing at temperatures of 185- 195 degrees Fahrenheit near but not boiling. This lessens the chance that wool will become harshened, shrink, and felt due to the increased heat and activity at the boil.
*Also , along these same lines, “SHOCK'' is damaging to wool. Always GRADUALLY increase and decrease the temperature subjected to the wool fibers prior to and after dyeing. Avoid extremes in going from hot to cold and vice versa. GRADUALLY rinse, starting with hot water and decreasing the temperature to that of room temperature in your final rinse. (You can “cheat” by using a mild conditioner that you would use on your hair to impart softness, but be sure and rinse well afterwards. Vinegar makes an excellent final rinse, also.)
*The use of Sodium Sulphate or Glauber's Salt during dyeing will assist leveling or even distribution of the dye throughout the fibers, but keep in mind, once reacted with the fibers, as the REACTIVE dyes are prone to do, you're done, so to speak. Slight additions halfway through the dyeing process, especially with Milling Acid type dyes, may aid in the leveling process.
*Dry wool is more difficult (just takes longer) to dye than wet wool. This leaves you two choices: one is to wash, rinse, and dye in sequence, the other being to wash, rinse, dry, and store wool which, when preparing to dye, you “wet our” first in water containing a very small amount of mild shampoo or detergent for approximately one (1) hour. This lessens your overall time and exposure in the dyebath to high temperatures, etc.
*Also, the grease in wool has to be removed before dying can take place. Otherwise, you may simply be dyeing the grease and exhausting dye where you don't want it. I wash wool in cheap shampoo or Orvis (industrial strength shampoo to which a small amount of Sodium Sulphate has been added) in gradually, increasingly warm water, and rinse in a vinegar bath prior to dyeing. There will still remain a small amount of grease on the fiber unless you work really hard to remove it via repeated washings at high temperatures. I find a small amount desirable (see below).
*Hard water can affect dyeing results. If your water is known to contain much calcium or other minerals, add a small amount of Borax to your dyebath liquor (approximately one teaspoon per gallon water). If you get your water from a chlorinated, fluorinated source ''in town,” l suggest you let it stand in an open pot or kettle several days prior to use. Otherwise, use rainwater, if possible. Chlorine and Fluorine will affect dyeing, where as acid rain might, but, wool, being dyed from an acidic bath will, perhaps, be less affected by acid rain than by other water impurities.
*After dyeing, it is important that you wash your now dyed wool to remove excess dye that did not attach itself to the wool fibers. Again, some dye may have exhausted itself onto the grease, or have, as is the case with REACTIVES, remained attached to the water molecules. This needs to be removed, especially if you’re selling dyed wools. Often, intense shades will appear to “bleed” more during this final wash, but it is only the excess dye that is being washed out. Rinse in GRADUALLY decreasingly cool water until the water is clear. Any remaining grease or lanolin will precipitate back onto the wool fibers and create a nice handler.
*The use of any dye can be hazardous, but need not be sufficient cause for great alarm.Never just “throw'' powdered dye into the dyebath. Not only do you risk breathing the dust, but the powdered clumps are often slow to dissolve and can get trapped as such among the wool fibers. I know you might think the use of powdered dyes could produce interesting effects, but consider the risk and the waste. (Some people feel the need to wear protective masks, etc. I just don 't like to wear them—but I do wear gloves, most of the time. The use of “natural” dyestuffs obtained from plant and animal resources does not remove all hazards. Some mordants are known carcinogens—Chromium being the more commonly encountered of today's mordants in use. Mercury, Copper, and Lead were extensively used as mordants in the 1800's, but, obviously, are not being recommended for use now. Some plants are known irritants, some are poisonous, and many can cause severe allergic realigns in some people—goldenrod, ragweed, sumac, poison ivy, pokeweed, choke cherry, dogbane, etc. The biggest threat from synthetic dyestuffs (and, in some instances, natural ones as well) occurs as a result of the nature of the dyestuff as prepared—in POWDERED form—and not the chemical structure itself. Some REACTIVE dyes carry a warning label indicating that they may irritate respiratory passages. I have had asthma my entire life, so I do know what respiratory irritants can do—but, again, the vapors that escape from the dyebath are a far more serious threat than repeated exposure lo the dyestuffs themselves, unless you're working day after day in a factory where large, open vats are used for dyeing and poor ventilation is the rule, not the exception. Remember this: Breathing the vapors from a near boiling solution of Acetic Acid or vinegar can be harmful with or without the addition of dyestuffs! The best way to avoid problems is simply follow these rules: First, dye either outside or in a place with excellent ventilation (Under a hood is goodl). Second, always dissolve powdered dyestuffs and chemical additives in water prior to adding them to the dyebath liquor (add a little cold water to the amount of dyestuff or additive you intend to use and make a paste, then continue to add slightly warmer water to the paste until you have the dye (or additive) completely dissolved in a reasonable amount of water [1 to 2 cups]). REACTIVES DYE SKIN READILY AS WELL AS WOOL . . .) And third: If you experience a problem, call someone you know who has had more experience with dyes and dyeing than you or OTHERWISE, GO BACK AND READ THE DIRECTIONS AND THE WARNING LABELS!
*Additions of small amounts of acid may be needed during the dyeing process to achieve the compete exhaustion of some dyestuffs. this may be accomplished by trial and error (observation) or my monitoring the pH or acidity of the dyebath liquor. You can always reuse the dyebath to dye other wools, but completing the exhaustion of any one dye from its original dyebath solution will tend to impart greater fastness properties, less bleed problems, and more consistent colors. You can utilize all of these factors to produce any great number of color effects and color combinations with a little ingenuity and design. It helps to keep a notebook of all the dyestuffs you've used and all the dyebaths you've created—who knows, someday, MAYBE, even I'll try it!
*Eight Years of College in Textile, Fiber, and Color Chemistry at both North Carolina State University and Lehigh University, Ten Years of Industrial Experience, and an Overlapping Thirty Years as Shepherd, Shearer, Dyer, and Feltmaker, Twenty-five devoted to the Coopworth Breed and use of Coopworth wool.
*Laboratory Course in Dyeing, C.H. Giles, The Society of Dyers and Colourists, Great Britain, 1966.
*Wool Science: The Chemical Reactivity of the Wool Fibre, John A. Maclaren and Brian Milligan, Science Press, Australia, 1981.
*Wool and Mohair, Thomas Hamsworth and Graham Day, Inkata Press, Australia, 1990.
*Color Index Reference Manual, Fourth and Fifth Volumes, Latest Edition, Available from the NCSU School of Textiles Library, 1992.
*NCSU School of Textile Staff Members: Dr. James Rucker, Dr. Leon Moser, Jeff Krause, and Lynell Williamson.
*The Dye Pot, Mary Frances Davidson, published by author, Tennessee, United States, 1974.*North American Dye Plants, Anne Bliss, Scribner's Sons, New York, United States, 1980. | <urn:uuid:7db03929-14b6-4a4e-8e2f-b912f29bacdd> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://www.wildnwoolly.com/dyeforfunandprofit.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590169.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718115544-20180718135544-00454.warc.gz | en | 0.941756 | 4,241 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Education and Social Media Essay Example
Media is abundant in today's society, from newspapers that have been tossed onto lawns, to a cell phone which can fit in a pant pocket, and the use of technology has greatly changed society's ways of learning. As a college student, the value of technology such as a laptop has changed the style in which work will be completed. Media used to mostly be on paper, however, in recent years, it is almost fully digitized for the convenience. Social media is changing how we learn in the classroom to become more beneficial by constantly evolving, communicate, and converting to learning management systems, however, this comes at the cost of students losing their ability to socialize.
Social media, specifically for education over the years has the spotlight when it comes to evolving technology. Take, for instance, classrooms. Classrooms have gone from lectures that were face-to-face to being through a computer screen. When I was in elementary school, standard whiteboards, markers, and taking notes, with paper and pencil were the norm for me. Being raised by my mom she never was accustomed to the idea of putting me in front of a computer screen to learn. She was more prevalent in teaching me my letters and how to count the traditional way. Now being eighteen, I am almost always in front of a screen. Schools have now have resorted to using computers and submitting papers online to go green and save paper. Even in college, I find myself creating PowerPoint presentations, working on assignments and having to submit them online, versus receiving papers and handing them in manually. With our current technology, it seems like we can receive any type of information just from our phone alone. Technology will always continue to evolve and make our lives easier as well as having a great impact on our everyday life.
Benefits of Educational Media
Since educational 'media' is something we can all see and share with our friends, it has become significantly easier to work in groups as well as work on projects from home versus having to meet up with the whole group. For instance, while working on a group project and a classmate happens to get sick or is unable to attend class, it is still possible to communicate to said person and work on the project. This has happened to me in several cases. One of those being in seventh grade in Geography class, while my group and I were making a project on creating a game to help remember the countries in England. We had received our groups and prompt as well as a due date. Everyone was thrilled at the opportunity to work on something more interesting than memorizing the countries in England the more traditional way of studying. It was our third day working on the project and one of our group members was unable to attend the class that day, it turned out he was sick with the flu. However, the rest of the group and I were able to contact him to understand what was going on. By having the ability to connect and communicate with the group with the help of social media, it made it significantly easier to get our work done, as well as not have as much confusion to what was happening.
Social media in education appeals to all different types of people, whether they are young or old or of any race since there is a never-ending supply of educational sources online every day. When I started high school it felt like all I was using was computers, I could access all my school homework by the click of a button. All of my teachers are able to upload their work online to a learning management system website called Schoology. This is the equivalent to Blackboard to keep all of my given assignments in order. This is a huge educational bonus for all students, especially those who tend to get sick or just miss school a lot. It can keep those students from missing too many assignments and help hand in all their work. While on the other hand, newspapers and the news can appeal to older generations that are not keen on the use of technology. Many older generations do not understand technology very well, but once they get accustomed to it, they too can use media to connect with long lost friends, read the news online and learn about current events.
New Opportunities of Social Media
With education being converted more to online, being able to study has been made easier for students of all ages. Being able to create and study flashcards on websites such as Quizlet have aided me greatly in high school. Another plus to having education more digitized it that it is harder to misplace assignments. A huge majority of schools will select a learning management system. The high school that I attended used Schoology. Schoology has a similar format to Facebook. Teachers post updates on what assignments had to be completed as well as due dates for those assignments. As much as I missed being able to write my assignments with pencil and paper, the convenience of being able to write my assignments on my laptop was all worth the trade. While In middle school, I repeatedly forget my assignments at home a lot ultimately resulting in a poor grade, but once my assignments were switched to being online, that helped me keep track of them all and in turn them in on time.
The downfall of having new technology in our learning environment is the fact that students lose the ability to socialize. More or less in social situations such as the classroom, or even in public. I have realized in my personal experience that before phones and computers were so heavily depended on, it was easier to not only keep a conversation but also easier to give presentations in front of a classroom. On the first day of college-level English as soon as I walked in everyone was on their phones. Nobody said a single word until the professor walked in and had everyone introduce themselves. Even when asked to do so it seemed like it would have been easier to pull teeth. Everyone seems more invested in posting their thoughts to twitter rather than sharing them with the student sitting next to them. After I graduate college, I plan on being a lawyer and I need to know how to talk to people face to face and not hide behind a screen. Being social and verbal will be an important part of my life and job, while other students seem to forget their whole life does not revolve around their phones, and that once they graduate they will need to break away from the dependence they have on technology.
The Impact of Social Media
Educational Media has deeply impacted everybody's life, including mine. Since it is so abundant in today's society, it is a hard thing to miss. While there is greatness in social media helping people reconnect and presenting the news. There is also a curse that tags along with it, being that everyone can see what is posted as well as it never completely being deleted. Media is something that has always been available to us and something that always will. Whether we as a society enjoy media or not, we all need to learn to use media to our advantage because it is growing every day, which means it is here to stay.
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- Why I Want to Study National Security Essay | <urn:uuid:75964389-ebe7-40d7-b43e-99085723865e> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://samples.essaytopicsmasters.com/cause-and-effect/education-and-social-media-essay-example | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400206329.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200922161302-20200922191302-00313.warc.gz | en | 0.98387 | 1,511 | 2.640625 | 3 |
This week we have a great book by Shad Helmstetter called “What to Say when you Talk to Yourself”. This is an interesting book on the power of your self-talk, what you say and how to talk to yourself. It´s about the power of your mental programming.
You can reach Shad at https://selftalkplus.com/.
REPETITION IS THE FASTEST WAY TO WIRE NEW INFORMATION INTO Our brains NEURAL NETWORKS.
The MORE YOU think about yourself in a certain way, the MORE YOU WILL THINK ABOUT YOURSELF IN THAT SAME CERTAIN WAY. The longer you have bought a specific thought or belief, the more powerful it is, and the “truer” is to you.
The MORE YOU USE IT, THE MORE YOU WILL USE IT IN THE FUTURE. This is the law of habit. The more you do something the more you TEND to repeat that action.
“The human brain will do anything possible you tell it to do if you TELL IT OFTEN ENOUGH AND STRONG ENOUGH” As Shed says.
The more you repeat something the more ingrained becomes into your brain. Repetition is very powerful because it works both on a conscious and subconscious levels. It, also works on a positive or a negative way. Whatever you put into your mind, in one way or another, you get it back.
Very few self-improvement programs create lasting change because they take too much time or too much work. For something to work best, it has to be incorporated into your daily routine without having to spend too much time on it, as Shed says.
You WILL BECOME WHAT YOU THINK ABOUT MOST, your success or failures depends on your mental programming and this programming was first ingrained in you when you were very young.
The GREAT NEWS is you can CHANGE and reinstall a new mental programming and this is what the self-talk technique is all about, about installing a positive mental programming to help you achieve and become whatever you want.
Self-talk or positive affirmations is one of the easiest way to change, to override our past negative programming and install a NEW SET of thoughts and identities. And LISTENING to positive self-talk is the MOST EFFECTIVE way to change negative programming.
You still have to work, and dedicate yourself, but with the self-talk it can accelerate any result you want. You will have your mind working WITH AND FOR YOU. It affects the deepest part of your mind and your identity.
It doesn’t matter if you believe or not your new and empowering self-talk, your brain cannot tell the difference between something vividly imagine or an experience actually lived. (yes but those negative thoughts can stop the new positive programming from taking effect, only when you are relaxed or asleep, the subconscious mind doesn’t interfere).
Shed technique involves writing or listening to a new self-talk to create a new thinking and new you. The beauty is you don’t necessarily need to pay conscious attention to the messages.
This program is basically an empowering affirmation program. The best option here is to listen to your new self-talk. You won’t need to spend extra time, just play it.
The MOST IMPORTANT PART IS REPETITION. You will not be able to change a lifetime worth of negative programming in one session. You will need to repeat over and over and make it part of your daily life. This works on a subconscious level.
So, create empowering affirmations about yourself, your future, your identity, create a recording and invest about 60 minutes per day and you will see an important improvement. Make the COMMITMENT TO DO IT EVERY SINGLE DAY FOR A SPECIFIC TIME.
The self-talk should be in present tense and in affirmative way, something like
“I travel around the world with my soulmate”, not “I will not be in one place or I won´t be alone anymore”.
The subconscious mind understands direct messages, when you tell it NOT to think about a pink elephant, this is exactly what does.
ONE DAY each of us will die. Let´s make our lives worth living, by living a positive optimistic life, and this will only happen by neutralizing your negative (as well as environmental) programming with POSITIVE, CONSTRUCTIVE, CONSCIOUS thoughts and actions.
MY FAVORITE BOOKS ON MENTAL TRAINING AND MENTAL TOUGHNESS:
If you are looking for other exceptional books on mental training as well as mental toughness here are my favorites, the ones I have personally read:
- How Champions think by Dr Bob Rotella
- The Champion´s Mind, by Jim Afremov
- With winning in Mind, by Lanny Bassham
- Chasing Excellence, by Ben Bergeron
- Mind Gym, by Gary Mack
- Tom Coughlin, by him
- No Limits, by Michael Phelps
- Relentless by Tim Grover
- Unbeatable Mind, by Mark Divine
- Get the Life You Want, by Richard Bandler.
- Can´t Hurt Me, by David Goggins
- Make Your Bed, by Admiral William H- McRaven
- Be Obssesed or Be Average by Grant Cardone
- The 10X Rule, by Grant Cardone
- Discipline equals Freedom.
I keep updating this list regularly….
here are some additional interesting ideas from the book……
- Your brain is the most powerful personal biochemical computer, is capable of doing for you anything reasonable you want it to do. It will respond to any programming you give it either positive or negative. You can rewire it.———————————–
- ADDICTED TO NEGATIVITY AND DRAMA:The average person has received over 148,000 Nos during the first 18 years of their lives.“You can´t do that, don´t do it. You will never amount to much. You have no future. You are NO good”. If you were on a more positive environment probably you received only 100.000 Nos, still a lot of negative programming.Most people RECEIVE VERY FEW “YES YOU CAN DO IT”, OR “YOU ARE DOING A FANTASTIC JOB” or “you are going to do something amazing in your life”. We tend to receive very few “yeses”.What about, “You can do it, yes, you can do whatever you commit to. You ALWAYS find a way to win and win big. You have a bright and amazing future. You are extraordinary, special, unique, amazing. There is NOTHING you can´t Achieve or make happen with really hard work and unwavering faith”.What about repeating this to yourself constantly, every day, several times a day for the next year?It´s very rare to receive POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT. Negativity is ingrained in negativity.How many times has someone tell you are going to achieve something amazing in your life, that you can achieve your biggest goals and dreams? It’s very rare right.IMAGINE if since you were a child you were given massive positive statement and programming, imagine receiving 150.000 positive affirmations and supporting messages, how different your thinking would be.Well the GREAT NEWS is you can give yourself 150.000 positive affirmations and self-talk messages in the next year and it will transform how you think and what you achieve.—————————-
- 000 THOUGHTS PER DAY:Research shows that about 80% of your regular thinkinghas a negative connotation, most of your thoughts tend to be negative, from the past, the future of the present.If you think about 40.000 thoughts per day, that means about 32,000 tend to be negative, UNLESS you consciously interrupt them or do something about it.If you live in a negative environment or tend to listen regularly to the news, this number probably will be even higher.REPETITION WORKS BOTH WAYS, ON POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE WAY.
Your brain doesn’t make a difference. It believes whatever you tell it.
- BEING AWARE OF YOUR THOUGHTS, IMAGES AND FEELINGS
Much of our self-talk we are not even aware of it, this is an extra challenge, you don’t even realize you are thinking in a negative or corrosive way because SOME OF THESE THOUGHTS are like “mini summaries”, the whole thought doesn’t appear It only appears like an image or color or feeling that represent these thoughts.This is tricky to change; you must pay attention to them. Be aware of them, write them down. Only by observing them you can affect and change them.Belief doesn’t require that something be the way you see it to be. It ONLY REQUIRES YOU TO BELIEVE IT´S TRUE.
- Make a Commitment to STOP NEGATIVE MESSAGES …as soon as they appear. Even make a commitment to give yourself constant positive, constructive self-talk to you and others. EDIT NEGATIVITY EVERY TIME IT APPEARS.
Every message influences your mind and yourself.
Every thought when repeated becomes stronger, more real, more powerful and eventually it becomes your reality. In other words, it becomes HOW YOU ARE LIKE, WHO YOU ARE.Thoughts like:
-I can’t remember names
-it´s no use
-I will always be fat and overweight.
-I am shyInterrupt these thoughts with a positive, constructive affirmation or self-talk. Do not let these thoughts run any longer or be part of you. Start now interrupting and adding new empowering ones like….-I have awesome memory, its improving every day
-Yes it´s possible, every effort counts.
-I am healthy, energized and I will always be that way.
-I love people, I love speaking in public. I am a social machine.
Usually about 12 phrases organized together are enough to change a specific area of mental programming.
I recommend you read this great book, it has some effective self-talk script you can use.
But in my opinion there is nothing like creating your own self-talk audio and commit to listen to it every day for an hour. It´s so easy, you can record it on your smartphone and listen as you go.
The beauty of this process is YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY CONSCIOUS ATTENTION TO THE MESSAGES, so you can listen while you are doing something else, while you are taking a nap, sleeping or even reading something.
THE ACCUMULATIVE EFFECT OF THIS MESSAGES WILL BE POWERFUL AND WILL HELP NEUTRALIZE THE NEGATIVE MENTAL CONDITIONING.
YOU WILL BE CREATING A NEW MIND AND A NEW YOU.
The more you repeat them, the more you will repeat them again.
Download Now my TotalSuccess App, Your Daily Medicine against being “average”… to help you stay away from an average life, with average habits, average results and an average experience. 15-Minutes per day will help you become the absolutely best you can become. You have a responsibility to honor pour potential. The biggest pain in life comes from not maximizing your Potential and doing what you know you were capable of doing, for you and others. You have been given the Most Extraordinary Gift; Your Life. Use it.
Tylor Jones, Master Coach at turbomind.com.
Contact me Through WhatsApp or Telegram for a 45-Minute Free Coaching Session. I love helping people and Businesses become Exceptional. +507-6426-9450. keep updating this list regularly…. | <urn:uuid:cc6bb53a-5c95-4f0d-806e-396417bc7a90> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.turbomind.com/what-to-say-when-you-talk-to-yourself-by-shad-helmstetter/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057416.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20210923013955-20210923043955-00517.warc.gz | en | 0.926836 | 2,492 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Information Communication technology
Purpose of study
- The core of computing is computer science, in which pupils are taught the principles of information and computation, how digital systems work, and how to put this knowledge to use through programming.
- Buildings on this knowledge and understanding, pupils are equipped to use information technology to create programs, systems and a range of content. Computing also ensures that pupils become digitally literate – able to use, and express themselves and develop their ideas through, information and communication technology – at a level suitable for the future workplace and as active participants in a digital world.
Aims of the new Computing curriculum
The curriculum for computing aims to ensure that all pupils:
- can understand and apply the fundamental principles and concepts of computer science, including abstraction, logic, algorithms and data representation
- can analyse problems in computational terms, and have repeated practical experience of writing computer programs in order to solve such problems
- can evaluate and apply information technology, including new or unfamiliar technologies, analytically to solve problems
- are responsible, competent, confident and creative users of information and communication technology.
Key Stage 3
Key Stage 4
OCR GCSE COMPUTING
This carefully planned course gives students a real, indepth understanding of how computer technology works.
It offers an insight into what goes on ‘behind the scenes’, including computer programming, which many students find absorbing.
Unit title and description Assessment and duration Weighting
Unit A451: Computer systems and programming
1 hour 30 minutes Written paper 80 marks 40%
Unit A452: Practical investigation
45 marks 30%
Unit A453: Programming Project
Students will need to:
Develop suitable algorithms
Design suitable input and output formats
Identify suitable variables and structures
Identify test procedures
To show functionality
To show how it matches the design criteria
.45 marks 30%
Cambridge Nationals Certificate ICT Level 2
This is a vocationally-related qualification that takes an engaging, practical and inspiring approach to learning and assessment. The everyday use of ICT, from PCs to smartphones, now impacts all of our lives. This new Cambridge Nationals in ICT reflects this and provides students with a solid understanding of the subject which they can use in their working lives. Three themes are covered: business information systems, creative and technical.
This qualification involves three pieces of course work and a written exam.
Written paper 1 Hour (25%)
This unit will provide learners with the underpinning knowledge and understanding required to use computer systems effectively. Learners will develop their knowledge and understanding of the systems they use both at home and at school and will explore how these same technologies are used by business organisations.
Using ICT to create business solutions (25%)
This unit will enable learners to develop ICT skills that would equip them to operate effectively in a business environment. This unit complements unit R001. In unit R001 learners will study the computer system on which applications software sits and consider the implications of working with data to create content, while in this unit they will work with ‘office applications software to edit and format/create content to meet specified business purposes.
Creating an interactive product using multimedia components (25%)
This unit will enable learners to demonstrate their creative flair by combining multimedia components to create a vibrant, energetic or stimulating www, webpage, or interactive product. Interactive products are used widely in everyday life; from visiting a website, ordering online products, using mobile phone applications, viewing a presentation, e-learning products or playing computer games.
On completion of this unit learners will be able to show how the interactive product meets both the user needs and extends their capability within the use of applications software such as website development.
Creating digital images (25%)
We live, learn, work and play in a very visual world. Whether we like it or not digital images influence our actions and thoughts – persuading us to buy one product instead of another, instructing us to go this way rather than that, explaining a complicated scientific concept and portraying an emotion or expressing a feeling using powerful digital art. With or without words successful digital images will convey their message effectively so that the viewer receives and understands it – and can then act upon it. The most famous type of digital image is a logo or brand concept. Large companies will spend hundreds of thousands of pounds on their brand image (such as the London 2012 logo; BBC One re-branding) and may re-brand products many times over their life. Pepsi has had 11 re-brandings: The graphic design industry is big business.
On completion of this unit learners will be able to create a digital image that communicates the intended message effectively, meeting the client’s needs, and they will have extended their capability within the use of digital editing software packages.
If you take a GCSE in Computing and then go on to study the subject at A Level or university, you’ll have an advantage over fellow students who are picking up the subject at these higher levels. The increasing importance of information technologies means there’ll be a growing demand for professionals who are qualified in this field.
The course is also an excellent preparation if you want to study or work in areas that rely on the skills you’ll develop, especially where they’re applied to technical problems. These areas include engineering, financial and resource management, science and medicine.
If you study Cambridge Nationals Certificate ICT Level 2 routes into further education are:
Levels 2 & 3
Level 2 & 3
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Social Skills and Outings
The objective for social skills and outings is for your child to be able to be a part of social events and to be able to go on everyday outings with the family.
Children with autism have a very hard time figuring out social cues and how to behave in social settings. Typical functioning children usually just to what their peers do, children with autism often do not have the ability to do that. Therefore it is important to teach your child how to behave in different social settings, what the expectations are and to give them many opportunities to practice their skills. A great way of doing so is to take your child on outings. Take them to the grocery store, the post office, the mall to restaurants, the movies, Target/Wal-Mart/K-Mart, the park and do what other kids your child’s age do. Another great way of teaching is to sign your child up for dance class, karate, gym class, soccer, t-ball, boy/girl scouts, or any other group activity.
The more you expose your child to social settings and or group activities the more chances your child has to learn.
Before you take your child on an outing, tell your child where you are going and what you are going to do. A picture schedule/outline or written schedule/outline, that you can take with you, can help your child easy his/her anxiety of the new situation.
Bring your child’s favorite reinforcer, a lovey or something that can calm your child down. Reinforce often and praise your child for doing a good job. Continue to tell your child what you’re doing and use the schedule/outline for your child to follow along. | <urn:uuid:a208afa1-c19c-489d-905a-ef4f39aabaa6> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://autismsupportnow.com/social-skills/social-skills-and-outings | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370509103.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402235814-20200403025814-00512.warc.gz | en | 0.95711 | 355 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Traditional vs. simplified characters – Ash Henson
As if learning to write Chinese characters isn’t enough of a headache already, there are two character systems in common use in the Sinosphere. “Traditional” characters, also known as “complex” characters, have been in continuous use for 1,500 years, and are the standard in Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan and many diaspora communities. “Simplified” characters are the result of script reforms made in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) primarily in the 1950s and 1960s, and are also used in Singapore. It's an emotional topic for a lot of native speakers, not to mention a source of great strife for students of Mandarin. There’s something offensive for everyone. | <urn:uuid:a42b0b84-781a-4907-a8ad-c65536452a58> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://chinachannel.lareviewofbooks.org/author/ash-henson/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337663.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20221005172112-20221005202112-00408.warc.gz | en | 0.959069 | 165 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Confederate Sub Upright For First Time Since 1864, Bruce Smith, Associated Press, June 24, 2011.
The first submarine in history to sink an enemy warship is upright for the first time in almost 150 years, revealing a side of its hull not seen since it sank off the South Carolina coast during the Civil War. Workers at a conservation lab finished the painstaking, two-day job of rotating the hand-cranked H.L. Hunley upright late Thursday.
The Hunley was resting on its side at a 45-degree angle on the bottom of the Atlantic when it was raised in August 2000 and scientists had kept it in slings in that position in the lab for the past 11 years. But they needed to turn it upright to continue with the job of conservation. Scientists hope the hidden side of the sub will provide clues as to why the Hunley sank with its eight-member crew in February, 1864, after sending the Union blockade ship Houstonic to the bottom. While there was no immediate clue from a first look at the hidden hull but "we are seeing some tantalizing clues on that side," Hunley archaeologist Maria Jacobsen said Friday.
Scientists knew there were large hull breaches on the starboard side that remained out of view all these years. Jacobsen said the area around the holes is smooth, as the sediment that has hardened on the hull was blasted away. It's not clear whether the breaches are manmade — caused by an explosion or the like — or simply caused by nature. She said it likely could have been scoured away by water and tides. "We may be dealing with nature here. How can these massive hull breaches occur?" she asked.
"Nothing jumps out at me" from seeing the starboard side, said state Sen. Glenn McConnell, the chairman of the South Carolina Hunley Commission. "But we will be examining it for any clue that might be there to help us solve the mystery." There are various theories why the sub sank. It could have been damaged by fire from the Housatonic or the sub's crew was knocked out by the concussion from the blast that sank that ship. Or it could have been damaged by another Union vessel rescuing the Housatonic. Studies show the crew died of a lack of oxygen and didn't drown. The remains of the crew, who were buried in 2004, were found at their stations and there seemed no rush to the escape hatch. McConnell said seeing the submarine upright brings it alive. "Instead of looking like an artifact, it now looks like a stealth weapon," he said.
"It's as if you are looking at the submarine for the first time," agreed conservator Paul Mardikian. "Before it was more like a mass of inert metal. Now it looks like something that had a life." The next step in conserving the Hunley comes next week when it will be lowered onto keel blocks to hold it upright. It will probably be a month before a truss and the slings that suspended the sub from it will be removed, providing an even better view of the submarine.
The delicate process of righting the sub involved rotating it between 800 and 1,000 millimeters. A team of workers adjusted the slings by 2 millimeter increments during the two days the job took. "It went better than it had any right to do," said Mike Drews, the director of the conservation center. "Knowing there were unknowns, we always erred on the side of caution."
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Cranial cruciate ligament tear a common pet injury
Limping or lameness is one of the more common medical problems encountered by dog owners and veterinarians.
Often, determining the origin of lameness poses a difficult and frustrating challenge. There are many types of orthopedic problems that affect dogs and many of these incidents can resolve on their own with rest and time. Minor sprains, twists or muscle bruises account for a large percentage of these common problems. Persistent lameness that last more than a few days, lameness associated with trauma, and severe or worsening lameness problems should always receive the attention of a veterinarian.
Determining the underlying cause of lameness begins with a thorough history and physical exam. Many common conditions are congenital (inherited) and the age and breed of dog often gives the first clues as to the cause of lameness.
Puppies are often affected by genetic cartilage defects, panosteitis (growing pain), dysplasia or growth abnormalities of the hips, shoulders or elbows, or luxation of the patella (knee cap).
Middle-aged dogs are commonly affected by hip dysplasia, tendon injuries to the shoulder, cranial cruciate ligament tears in the knee, Iliopsoas strain in the pelvis and intervertebral disc disease, or conditions because of instability in the spine.
Geriatric dogs have many of the same conditions as their middle-aged counterparts with the addition of degenerative joint disease/osteoarthritis and cancer.
One of the most common orthopedic injuries seen in dogs is a partial or full rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) of the stifle or knee joint. The term “ACL tear” is often used synonymously to compare this injury to rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament in people.
This is a common traumatic injury typically seen in athletic, large breed dogs, but also occurs in small breeds as well as less active or overweight pets. Often this injury occurs while chasing a squirrel in the backyard or playing fetch. A ruptured CCL results in limping in the hind limb with little or no willingness to bear weight on the leg. As with injuries in ourselves, the initial discomfort, pain and swelling may subside after five to seven days and your dog may begin to walk better. However, because the ligament has been damaged or torn, the knee is unstable and after several weeks, this instability will cause tearing of the meniscus which again leads to pain and swelling within the joint.
Inflammatory changes that lead to arthritis and degeneration of the joint begin within two weeks post-injury, which makes early diagnosis and treatment critical for improving the long term prognosis.
Diagnostic tests to confirm a ruptured ligament include palpation of the knee to assess laxity, which often requires that your dog be sedated, and X-rays to determine if there is swelling within the joint. In most cases, CCL rupture requires a surgical repair in order to restore function, reduce pain and slow the development of arthritis.
Unlike their human counterparts, dogs with even partial CCL tears generally will benefit from surgery. This is largely due to the unique forces that the dog’s stifle undergoes that differs from the vertical position of our knees.
Without surgery, chronic instability leads to arthritis and meniscus tears, and puts the opposite knee at risk of injury because of overcompensation. In fact, even with surgery, a majority of dogs that rupture their CCL will rupture the ligament in the opposite knee within a year or two.
There are several surgical options available, each differ in outcome, recovery time, and cost. Your veterinarian will work with you to determine the best surgical approach for your pet, based on activity level, age, weight and financial considerations.
The prognosis for dogs after CCL repair is excellent, and, depending on the type of surgery performed, most dogs return to normal function. Physical therapy including cold laser therapy can greatly reduce healing time and discomfort postoperatively.
While there is no way to prevent CCL injuries in your dog, there are steps that can be taken that may reduce the chances of injury. Keeping pets in ideal body condition, exercising regularly, and avoiding play that encourages high jumping will help to reduce the risk of CCL damage. | <urn:uuid:7449ca4a-5333-422f-b993-fd0fa5943b90> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.gjsentinel.com/lifestyle/articles/cranial-cruciate-ligament-tear-a-common-pet-injury | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246652114.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045732-00045-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945703 | 908 | 2.875 | 3 |
Cenotes of the Yucatán
The underground river systems of the Yucatan flow beneath the entire peninsula. During the ice ages when the ocean levels were much lower than they are today, what was once a giant coral reef became exposed to the atmosphere and eventually became the Yucatan Peninsula. Massive cave systems were formed by gradual dissolving of the highly porous coral limestone. These caves are called "solution caves" because they were formed by the slightly acidic rainfall dissolving the alkaline limestone. Inside the caves the geological formations such as stalactites and stalagmites are a spectacular sight to see. Many of the caverns eventually collapsed and the sea levels rose partially or completely flooding the cave systems. The water table of the entire peninsula is filled with consists of seawater at sea level and freshwater 'floating' on top at varying depth depending on the distance from the sea. For instance, Cenote Zaci in Valladolid in the central Yucatan area is about 35 metres from ground level to the surface of the freshwater and probably another 30 metres below that would be the top of the saltwater layer.
It has been estimated that there are approximately 30,000 cenotes or exposed access points to these cavern and cave systems and thousands of miles of underwater cave passageways have already been explored and exploration continues in too many systems to count. Two of these cave systems have over 140 km of explored passages.
Cenotes are complexes of sinkholes and caves in the Karst geological landscape of the Yucatán. Some cenotes contain spectacular cave formations, while others are important archaeological sites, and several were considered sacred by the Mayans. A few are open to the public for swimming and diving. Of the estimated 30,000 cenotes, many of them unexplored, many are considered to be Mayan cultural and archaeological sites. Ancient fossilized remains of Camels, giant Jaguars and Mammoths are among the interesting archaeological finds in recent years. Most of these have been found by cave divers exploring underwater cave systems and some sites are now protected by INAH, the Mexican government archaeological and historical protection organisation.
Tour operators emphasize the sensitive nature of cenotes, and La Ruta de los Cenotes was first promoted as an ecotourism attraction that would offer sustainable development for the region. To promoters in Quintana Roo, it was a way to bring tourist revenue to a relatively forgotten and marginalized part of the Mayan Riviera. However, some Mexican environmentalists have criticized the construction of the eastern segment of the highway, both for the destruction of pristine forest lands and for the use of heavy equipment in sensitive areas.
Recently, experienced divers have discovered Maya artifacts upsteam of some of the sinkholes they explored dating back over 1,000 years. This has led them to conclude that the water table in this area was significantly lower at one time and the Maya inhabited the caverns which are now full of water. They also concluded that some of the sacrifices made, were to ask the spirits to lower the water table so that they could resume life in the caverns. They also believed that the Maya remained in the area for some time living above ground, while waiting on the waters to recede, before moving on.
Formed during the Ice Ages, the cenotes were held sacred by the Mayan Civilization and many contain remains of offerings to their gods.
Holes in the rock from the size of small crevices to giant openings over 100 M across. In most areas of the peninsula, the cenotes are the only open fresh water to be found.
Flora and fauna
Many animals rely on the cenotes for their fresh drinking water. Many others make their homes in and around them including many endemic species including blind cave fish and blind crayfish which live in areas where light never penetrates.
Tropical semi-dry jungle and forest.
Some cenotes are privately owned while others are run by local Mayan communities such is the case of Yokdzonot Cenote nearby Chichen Itza; if you go, note that there is a fee to enter the cenote and life jackets are a must (provided) unless you are willing to sign a waiver. Rappel is also available for an additional fee. Yokdzonot Cenote and Ecological Garden should not be missed, the water is pristine blue, the place clean and well kept by a group of Mayan local women that built their own open restaurant and palapas on site, with clean public bathrooms and an eco-friendly water waste system that contribute to the care of the environment and the pride of the town.
By land from Belize, Guatemala and all points south and by road from there. By plane into Cancun or Merida airport.
Many are located on private land and accessible only with permission. Most are basically inaccessible by normal means but dozens are open to the public. Entrance fees vary from $10 pesos to $100 pesos (roughly US$1-10) for cenotes managed by locals. Commercial operations will charge more, US 10-25, usually with more to do or see.
Parts of the route are unpaved. It is listed in Spanish touring guides as a corredor turístico, and is marked in a number of places. At the eastern terminus on Highway 307, there is an archway constructed of concrete. Most of the route was laid out over existing secondary roads. The name is used locally in Quintana Roo for a newly constructed road segment that connects Puerto Morelos with the interior. As of early 2008, 16 k are paved, in from Puerto Morelos. From there the road is not for fast travel.
Note that there are numerous cenotes along Hwy 307 south of Playa del Carmen, as well as those on the road out of Tulum towards Cobá.
Lock your doors and be careful of cenotes where there is no supervision or where the parking areas are remote. People have had their cars broken into and all their clothes, money etc. taken. | <urn:uuid:688c712d-a13a-4f56-9057-77e8ffa7a5b3> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://wikitravel.org/en/Cenotes_of_the_Yucat%C3%A1n | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507444312.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005724-00214-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965959 | 1,256 | 3.9375 | 4 |
Transgender and Gender Diverse Youth
No. 122; May 2017
As children grow up, they develop a sense of who they are. This sense is sometimes called their identity. Gender is an important part of identity. Gender identity refers to an internal sense of being male, female, a combination of both, or neither. Gender identity is different from sex anatomy, also called someone's sexual body parts, and is different from sexual orientation, which refers to sexual or romantic attraction. Gender expression refers to how a person displays their gender, for example through play, dress pronoun use, and the name they use. Assigned gender is the gender that was originally on a child's birth certificate. Affirmed gender is the gender by which one wishes to be known.
Starting around age 2, children begin to think about and express their gender. Some of a child's behavior and interests may match traditional gender roles and some may not. For example, a boy may be more interested in traditionally female activities like playing with princess dolls, or a girl may be more interested in traditionally male activities like playing with trucks. These examples do not mean the child has a gender identity different from their assigned gender. Exploration of different gender expressions is a common part of development.
Having a child whose affirmed gender identity differs from the gender on their birth certificate can be confusing for families. Parents may not understand why their child's behavior and interests differ from their siblings or peers. Parents may worry about their child's future or what friends or relatives will think or say. Children and adolescents may also have trouble asking questions or expressing their feelings. When a child's gender identity consistently differs from their assigned gender, it may cause them a great deal of sadness and distress. This is referred to as gender dysphoria.
It can be very helpful to try to understand how your child describes their gender identity. Some terms that describe gender variations include:
- Gender diversity, expansiveness, creativity, or nonconformity, referring to behaviors and appearances that do not match a society's traditional ideas about gender
- Transgender, meaning that a person consistently identifies with a different gender than their gender assigned at birth
- Gender neutral, genderqueer, gender fluid, and agender, describing other gender variations
Research suggests that accepting a child's affirmed gender identity and expression can decrease the risk of future psychiatric problems such as depression, anxiety, and suicidal behavior. There are many ways a parent can do this:
- Talk about gender with your child in an open and understanding way
- Use the name and gender pronouns (e.g. “he/she/they”) your child prefers
- Allow your child to play with toys and dress in clothes they choose
- Stand up for your child if you notice other people acting disrespectfully
- Help your child prepare for teasing or bullying, including identifying trusted adults
- Learn about school policies and laws that address gender issues. Advocate for changing them if they negatively impact your child
- Help your child make decisions about telling others about their gender identity
- Connect with other parents raising gender diverse or transgender children
- Seek out guidance early on from medical and mental health professionals who have experience with these issues
Sometimes children take steps to transition from their assigned gender to their affirmed gender. This is called transitioning. Social transitioning refers to a change of gender roles, expressions, name, and pronouns. Medical transitioning refers to the use of medication to help their body better match their gender identity. Medications can pause some of the physical changes that happen with puberty. Surgical transitioning refers to the use of surgery to match one's body and gender identity. Surgery is not an option until late adolescence and adulthood. If transitioning is something your child is wondering about, you can explore options with a medical professional who is knowledgeable in this area. These treatments are different from conversion therapy which attempts to force gender identity to match assigned gender. Conversion therapy is not based on evidence and is harmful to the child and their relationship with their parents.
Raising a gender diverse or transgender child can lead to many questions and concerns. Consult with your primary doctor who may recommend speaking to a qualified mental health professional or another expert in the field. With patience and support, both children and parents can adjust, improve understanding of each other's concerns, and lead a happy and productive life. Most importantly, reassure your child they will always have your love and support. | <urn:uuid:fe44e44b-eddf-40c4-ad7b-d9ff76ed931c> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.aacap.org/aacap/Families_and_Youth/Facts_for_Families/FFF-Guide/transgender-and-gender-diverse-youth-122.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812841.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219211247-20180219231247-00285.warc.gz | en | 0.952976 | 893 | 3.96875 | 4 |
How should culture be studied?
This post is by Jessica Reynolds. She is a graduate anthropologist, but now works as a freelance writer with special interests in science, anthropology and archeology. She writes for http://www.postersession.com.
As globalization becomes increasingly prominent in our everyday lives, cultural research becomes the cornerstone of social advancement. Many problems between countries and even individuals stem from a misunderstanding of culture and cultural differences. Cultural research aims to create an understanding of the mechanics and implications of various cultures across the globe to help remedy misunderstandings and intolerance.
The biggest obstacle cultural research faces is the question of how it should be observed, recorded, and interpreted. How do we study culture? First, we must define what culture is. Culture has many definitions, but they all synonymously denote culture as the accumulation of systems of knowledge shared by a group of people. Although the definition of culture is easy enough to understand, how to study culture has created debates among the social sciences.
Emic and Etic views
Culture must not only be observed but be understood to be studied. There are two approaches to understand culture: 1. An inside view from the point of the ethnographer in which they attempt to explain a culture in its own terms and 2. An outside view from the point of the ethnographer in which they attempt to explain a culture in terms of general standards. These views are often referred to as emic and etic. Emic views are employed to understand a culture from a native’s point of view while etic views are employed to identify universal truths.
Relativism is the study of a culture from the culture itself which arguably relies on solely emic viewpoints. Cultural Relativism can be broken down into many different categories but there are three major categories that are consistently used in the social sciences: descriptive relativism, normative relativism, and epistemological relativism.
Descriptive relativism is based on the theory of cultural determinism (the theory that human social and psychological characteristic are determined by culture). It thereby assumes that different cultures have different thoughts and ways of understanding the world than other cultures do.
Normative relativism is the idea that there is no way to judge a culture on a scale of merit or worth in terms of good vs. bad because all standards are culturally constituted.
Epistemological relativism is similar to descriptive relativism except for the idea that culture not only dictates what we think about our lives but how we feel about our lives, providing a limitless view of cultural diversity (Spiro 1986).
The three categories of cultural relativism have not been supported by all social scientists, with some supporting one and others supporting the other or a combination of the three. It was with American anthropologists Franz Boas and the rise of the American Historical School that they all began to be used in conjunction with one another. Boas and his followers rejected the idea of cultural progress and cultural evolution because that suggests that one culture is superior over another and is a result of ethnocentric views.
A long term debate has been going on in the field of anthropology over cultural relativism and psychic unity. Are cultures incommensurable and is it impossible to make generalizations about cultures because every person perceives the world differently depending on the culture they are a part of? If this is so, then how can ethnographers even begin to describe a different culture’s kinship systems, rituals, and other cultural aspects?
The cultural materialist perspective was a response to cultural relativism and is really thought to have originated with Karl Marx. Karl Marx explains that societies and culture are systemic and his major interest was how those systems both maintain and destroy themselves. To Marx, this sort of change does not happen because of the ideology and social organization of a culture. It instead happens due to a chance in the surrounding environment (Marx 1970). In this way, ideology and social organization are considered to be adaptations to environmental change making cultures not only predictable but comparable to one another.
Cultural Research as a science
Viewpoints other than relativism and materialism are used when conducting research but they all beg the question of whether or not cultural research can be done scientifically. Science is arguably quantifiable so if cultural research cannot be quantified, it is likely that it cannot be considered a science. What is quantifiable can be replicated and the very scientific method is focused on replication. Franz Boas and his followers reject the idea of culture being quantifiable because quantification suggests cultural progress and the idea of progress between cultures is a result of ethnocentrism. Thus there are those who have determined that cultural research can in no way, shape, or form be considered a science nor should it be.
Many cultural relativists argue that cultural studies cannot be a science because generalizations cannot be made cross culturally. Therefore researchers should focus their studies on Western Cultures and try to compare them to non-Western cultures. Studying non-Western cultures would not produce results that Westerners would be able to accurately perceive nor discuss.
The idea that relativism doesn’t seem to have a place in the field of anthropology or any other cultural studies is perpetuated by the fact that ethnographers have been able to achieve such understandings of other cultures. In order for cultural research to be quantifiable, comparisons must be able to be made cross-culturally as a materialist perspective would inevitably allow. This does not mean that all qualitative work or relativist perspectives in the social sciences are meaningless, but that when used in conjunction with a quantifiable materialist perspective, they would be able to produce invaluable information concerning our own culture as well as cross cultural studies. Cultural relativism needs to be seen as a methodological position that explains the practices and ideas of other cultures within the terms of their own cosmologies as opposed to the only way to study and observe culture. When conducted from both a relativist and materialist perspective, cultural research provides the framework by which to understand variation among and across cultures.
Marx, K., Engels, F., In Arthur, C. J., Marx, K., & Marx, K. (1970). The German ideology. London: Lawrence & Wishart.
Spiro, M. (1986) ‘Cultural Relativism and the Future of Anthropology’ American Anthropological Association No. 3 pp. 259-286culture | <urn:uuid:531ead6e-2a11-477f-9f5d-ad3ec25c4497> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | https://universitydiary.wordpress.com/2013/04/05/how-should-culture-be-studied/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661779.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00167-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954991 | 1,301 | 3.109375 | 3 |
By Dr. Gail Gross
in five teenagers has clinical depression, and less than 30% of
those teenagers receive therapy. Teenage depression is sometimes
difficult to distinguish from other psychological problems such
as anxiety or attention deficit. Therefore, it is important to know
the signs. With early detection, depression is one of the easiest
disorders to remediate. Because teenage depression has several causes,
it is important to get a diagnosis from a healthcare professional
in the field of psychiatry. It is also important to know your child.
Stress, a characteristic of adolescence, grieving, academic problems
and social conflicts, if not addressed, can lead to depression.
The teenage years are filled with what Freud called "strum
und angst", meaning the emotional highs and lows that accompany
both hormonal changes and, in some cases, hereditary. It is noted
that teenagers are at a very high risk of suicide from depression.
teens are depressed and suicidal, it is as if they are looking down
a tunnel and, as they move down the tunnel, they run out of options
to solve their problems. Ultimately they may see suicide as the
only solution. Depression has many characteristics: biological,
environmental and psychological and it can take many forms such
as bipolar disorder. There is, in some cases, a hereditary link
and new studies implicate subtleties such as rainy seasons, light
and dark. Teenagers that are depressed act differently than their
adult counterparts. Teenagers tend to disconnect from their feelings
and therefore, though down, may not appear depressed. However, what
is characteristic is a change in behavior.
TO LOOK FOR:
" It is important to look for changes in eating habits, sleeping
habits, sexual behavior, school performance, social relationships,
withdrawal, any food or substance abuse, sensitivity to correction,
overreaction, tears or aggression, anger, agitation, distrust of
authority, and lack of self esteem. An overall malaise can often
be observed where children feel exhausted and have problems with
simple everyday tasks.
In a sense, life has lost its joie de vive; children have lost their
joy of living. This can be seen even in their physical appearance
as well as the reflection of who they are: their room, their car,
and other environmental surroundings. They may complain of physical
aches and pains, headaches and stomach aches, or they may talk about
dying and even start giving away some of their favorite possessions.
CAN PARENTS HELP?
" Remember adolescence is a time of intense feeling and beside
the obvious biological cause, there is also the need to individuate
and separate from adult authority. This process moves the adolescent
towards their peers for support in this separation process. As a
result, everything is exaggerated in its severity; fights with boyfriends,
a bad grade, an argument with sibs or mom and dad. Knowing this,
parents can create a safe space for their children where empathy
becomes part of the way we communicate with our teens.
Listen to your children - they will tell you everything. Be authentic.
Adolescents look at parents with a critical eye and are very reactive
to hypocrisy. Don't set unrealistic goals for your children.
Don't pressure your children to fulfill your unfulfilled hopes and
dreams - either athletically, academically or socially. Unrealistic
expectations can make children feel undervalued and this loss of
self esteem can lead to feelings of worthlessness; that there must
be something wrong with them. Without adult coping skills teens
become oversensitive as one problem builds on another. Ultimately,
there is a tipping point when children feel over-stressed. This
leads to confusion and many times bad choices. Parents must parent
and they must model and teach the rules of life to their children,
taking into account the emotional and physical transitions that
their children are experiencing.
Using the empathic process, parents can teach their children coping
skills to help them be aware of their feelings and actively deal
with them. To be proactive rather than reactive will lower their
stress and help protect them against depression.
All teenagers want to feel loved and accepted. Help your children
with social skills - teach them how to be a friend so that they
can make a friend. Give them direction with hobbies including sports.
Teach responsible outcomes for positive effort such an after school
job. Find out their passions, their interests, and help them participate
in school clubs and other types of programs - and know your child's
If they have experienced familial divorce or the loss of a parent
or a sibling, even a meaningful pet, then if necessary, seek professional
help for your child.
AND TREATMENT SHOULD BE MADE BY A MEDICAL PROFESSIONAL IN THE FIELD
depression is most successfully treated in a multi-disciplined way,
2. Medication (when needed) - anti-depressants are very effective
when called for and can change a child's mental stasis in just a
3. Behavior modification - which gives your child skills to become
self actualized as they learn to manage their own stress.
- depression is a very treatable condition and requires each family
member to know one another so that they can recognize a cry for
Gail Gross is a nationally recognized expert, author and lecturer
on juvenile education, behavior and development issues. Dr. Gross
and her husband, Jenard, founded The Cuney Home School in partnership
with Texas Southern University. Dr. Gross received a B.S. in education
and psychology and an Ed.D. from the University of Houston. She
earned her master's degree in secondary education with a focus in
psychology from the University of St. Thomas in Houston. She is
a former teacher in the Houston Independent School District. Visit
Dr. Gross at www.drgailgross.com.
information presented on this site is intended solely as a general
educational aid, and is neither medical nor healthcare advice for
any individual problem, nor a substitute for medical or other professional
advice and services from a qualified healthcare provider familiar
with your unique circumstances. Always seek the advice of your physician
or other qualified healthcare professional regarding any medical
condition and before starting any new treatment. | <urn:uuid:93a397b7-ab98-4753-935f-e0198bbcd06d> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://newsforparents.org/expert_teenage_depression.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202450.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20190320170159-20190320192159-00409.warc.gz | en | 0.94614 | 1,333 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Transcript from the "Angular Services" Lesson
>> Let's talk about Angular services. So everything we've done up to this point has been within the context of a component. And the challenge is what happens when you have data or functionality that needs to be available for more than one component? So for the longest time the most popular question on Stack Overflow for AngularJS was how can two controllers share data?
[00:00:34] And so the answer here is that if you have functionality or data that needs to be shared across multiple components, well, you do that with a service. Now at this point, I am hoping that you've started to notice a bit of a trend in that when we define a model, when we define a component.
[00:01:00] That there is something very similar about those particular mechanisms that we're going to see even more so in Angular services and that is, everything is just a class. And so when I realized this, I had kind of a wat moment, and I started looking at all of the things that I was using in Angular.
[00:01:31] And I realised that when I'm using a module, it's a class with some metadata. If I'm building the pipe, class metadata, components, obviously we've seen it. Class metadata, services, directives everything that we do in Angular is a class with some metadata. So in the case of a service, we create a class, we define our methods and then we make this available using injectable and typically provide in root.
[00:02:07] And you can expose it directly to entry module in the providers, but again, typically I forego this unless I have a good reason by using provide in root. And then when we want to consume it, well, we do this via dependency injection in the constructor so, With that said, we're done with this module.
[00:02:36] Just kidding, we got a code demo, but then we're done with this module. I'm taking this really seriously. All right, so let's hop into the code. Let me just make sure I am on an appropriate branch. Zoom is being not cool. There we go, all right. So we are going to, Take what we have this far, and we are going to build out some services.
[00:03:11] So in our courses component, we have this data structure here courses. And we're going to extract that into a courses service. So if we hop into our command line, we're going to go ng g s will go common/services/courses. Let's go d just to make sure that everything is in the right place.
[00:03:46] So common/services/courses, there we go and, Let me go ahead and I'll take off the dry run flag here and let's go ahead and hop back into our code. And if we look inside of our common folder, we now have services with our courses service. So now what I'm going to do is I'm going to extract this data structure and I'm going to move it over into our courses service.
[00:04:29] So we'll go courses and I'm going to type this as an array of course objects and I'm going to paste this in. Now this is throwing up just a bit or it's angry because you notice here these are numbers and they should be strings so, With that said, I can also get rid of, The constructor, I'm not using it and providedIn root, and so all I've done is I've just picked this up, I've moved it into a service, nothing else has changed.
[00:05:14] And then from here, I can go into my constructor and I can inject this. So I'll go here, private coursesService. There we go and let's save this and then on ngOnInit, we're going to go this.courses = this.coursesService. Courses. All right, and what I wanna do real quick just, To illustrate that we are pulling this from somewhere else.
[00:06:26] We'll go Rapid Application Development Patterns and, I need to make a pretty important note here. THIS MUST BE DONE BY 3.30 OR ELSE! Don't forget! All right, so, Let's hop in here and let's check this out, so now, Here we are. I've just picked up a structure, put it into a service, and then I was able to pull this in.
[00:07:12] So hopefully that was incredible, you're stunned right now with how simple that is. That there are times where something is so easy and so underwhelming that I'm absolutely overwhelmed at how underwhelming it is. In this case, when we're talking about services in Angular, that in most cases it is simply a matter of, Promotion through refactoring, so what I'm going to do is in lieu of a challenge, if you notice here that we have in our home component rather, we have some lessons.
[00:08:01] So I'm going to go ahead and I'm going to create a lessons service, so common/services/lessons. I just do the dry flag, it's kinda muscle memory at this point, we'll go here, like so, we'll generate this and, I'm gonna call this lessons and I'm going to pick this up.
[00:08:30] Now the one thing that actually does not like lessons, which is fix this, save this. We'll go to our home component. I'm going to save this. Let's go into our lessons service. There we go. All right, so lesson service, lessons providedIn root. Let's go into our home component and we're going to make this available, lessonsService.
[00:09:11] LessonsService and then from here, this.lessons = this.lessonsService.lessons. All right, now, Let's see if this is rendering. All right, good, it is. Now since we're here, and since I am freestyling just a bit even though I told myself I would not, I can't help it, it is a sickness.
[00:09:49] But please, if you know the cure don't tell me, I am going to. All right, so now what I've done is just using the from operator, from xjs, I've just taken this lessons array, and I have now converted this into an observable stream. Let's go back to here and, Rather I'm going to, Just set this and so Angular does not like it when I do this, but whatever or it may not.
[00:11:13] All I'm doing here is from the lesson service, I'm just pulling in the lessons string. So what this is a, you can see here it's an observable of this object with the title on it. So we're talking about the async pipe here. If I go back into my home component here and if I change this to the dollar sign, what should happen is it should throw an error.
[00:11:51] Yay, that's the point. So now if I go back, what I can do is I can add in the async pipe, save this and did this, Get upset? Let me check. Let lessons of lessons. This is, well, all right, I'm gonna press pause on this for a sec because I will pick this up in a moment in terms of.
[00:12:45] I'm gonna pull this back off, but we are going to pick this up in component driven architecture. Once we get into component driven architecture, this will make a lot more sense, but setting the stage. So with that said, let's pause for some quick Q and A. And if anybody has any questions about this, I would love to hear it.
>> What's the difference between using the providers metadata, else instantiating the class with new?
>> Instantiating the class with new? So Riley, so the question is what's there in using the providers metadata versus instantiating a class with new? Well, so I typically do not new up a class because that is handled within the injector.
[00:13:49] So the injector is responsible for essentially keeping a reference. So you essentially have a key that says, when I'm looking for this thing, here's the reference and then they instantiate it and they keep that on record for you. So I'm trying to think of an instance where I've ever actually instantiated a class manually and typically I don't because I let the injector handle that. | <urn:uuid:3893be82-7523-4b16-bef8-7fd67eddc06f> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://frontendmasters.com/courses/angular-13/angular-services/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711114.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20221206192947-20221206222947-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.959351 | 1,854 | 2.6875 | 3 |
WATCH a timeline of the 11-day riot in the video player above.
Twenty-five years ago, Ohio prison inmates killed nine of their own and one corrections officer during an 11-day riot at the Southern Ohio Correctional Facility in Lucasville, Ohio.
About 450 prisoners took part in the riot that started on Easter Sunday, April 13, 1993. Lucasville was the state’s only maximum-security prison and housed the most dangerous offenders, many of whom had psychological disorders. The riot ringleaders were identified as members of various gangs, including Black Muslims and Aryan Brotherhood.
WATCH autopsy reports reveal horrible details of inmates' deaths:
On the first day, rioters took over Cellblock L and brutally beat and stabbed five inmates to death and tossed their bodies in the exercise yard. The victims were considered snitches. Four others were killed over the next few days. One was strangled with cords after paper and plastic were shoved in his mouth.
Rioters also took eight prison guards hostage. When they didn’t think prison officials were taking their demands seriously, they strangled guard Robert Vallandingham on the fifth day.
On the same day, a police helicopter crashed outside the prison. Three officers were injured.
WATCH Muslim rioters declare their demands to prison officials:
Ringleaders insisted on talking to TV and newspaper reporters to make their complaints and demands known. Chief among them: Abusive treatment and overcrowding. In addition, Black Muslims wanted mandatory tuberculosis testing stopped, saying it violated Islam, along with other concessions to their faith. Rioters also demanded the warden be fired and amnesty for all who participated.
Two of the Muslim leaders were allowed in the recreation yard to negotiate with two prison officials. They sat across each other at a table with a microphone that broadcast their conversation live to TV and radio stations across the state.
Gov. George Voinovich, whose father had designed the prison, called in the Ohio National Guard to support police and sheriff units from around the state. There was no place for them to sleep, so they took up with hogs, cows and sheep in the prison barns.
Officials shut off electricity and water to Cellblock L when the riot began. A breakthrough occurred on the sixth day when food and water was sent in.
Over time, two guards were released and most of the inmates in the cellblock walked out and surrendered. About 60 remained when the standoff entered its second week. When officials eventually agreed to review their demands, the rest of the rioters released the remaining guards and gave up on April 21, 1993.
SEE the damage in Cellblock L after the riot:
Once reporters were allowed inside, they found Cellblock L trashed and in ruin. Lt. Gov. Mike DeWine described it as “devastation.” Rioters caused more than $40 million damage, smashing sinks, toilets, water pipes and anything breakable, and setting fires to mattresses and whatever they could burn.
Five inmates were sentenced to death for their roles in the riots but remain on death row. Out of 50 inmates who faced charges, 47 were convicted.
WATCH Special Prosecutor Mark Piepmeier say the Lucasville riot led to changes that protect guards and inmates.
SEE other video and stories about Tri-State history in our "From The Vault" series.
Enjoy more of Cincinnati history and archive video by liking the WCPO Vault on Facebook ! | <urn:uuid:6533bcd8-34b3-4903-9d97-9ad0e17dad79> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.wcpo.com/news/our-community/from-the-vault/from-the-vault-nine-inmates-one-guard-killed-in-1993-lucasville-prison-riot | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376832559.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20181219151124-20181219173124-00627.warc.gz | en | 0.981503 | 705 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Making alcohol (ethanol) is easy. As a matter of fact, ethanol production can and does happen spontaneously. I remember when I was a kid there was a gallon of apple cider that had been kept too long. I took a sip and it was not the apple cider that I was expecting. It had naturally started to ferment in the refrigerator. The magic ingredients that caused this change was sugar and yeast.
Fermentation, or alcohol production, occurs when yeast metabolizes sugars. The waste product from the yeast is ethanol and CO2. The yeast does not need oxygen to perform this conversion and is commonly referred to anaerobic (without oxygen) metabolism.
Yeast is everywhere. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the most common species of yeast used to make beer, wine and distilled spirits. It has been used since ancient times in brewing and baking. We believe that yeast was originally isolated from the skin of grapes. Sometimes on the skin of grapes you can see a white film which is partially composed of yeast. Today brewers, wine makers and distillers often use specific strains of yeast to achieve desired flavor components as well as selecting for the environment that the yeast will be added to. For example, some yeasts do better in high or lower pH solution (mash). As the yeast metabolizes the sugars the concentration of alcohol rises which inevitable kills the yeast. This is the reason it is difficult to ferment a mash to an alcohol content greater than 18%. To get a higher alcohol content you must distill the fermented mash.
Now to answer the question “How to Make Alcohol”? Here is a simple example you can use to make alcohol from store-bought grape or apple juice.
- 5+ gallon carboy or other large food grade container (fermentation container).
- Large pot
- rubber band or string
- cheese cloth or cloth
I know…this sounds like some sort of MacGyver setup.
- 9-10 cans of frozen concentrated grape or apple juice
- 6-7 lbs white sugar
- wine or distiller yeast (approximately 1 packet or 5-6 grams). You can use bakers yeast also.
- Approximately 5 gallons of water
- Heat 1.5 gallons of water and add the sugar. Make sure all the sugar has completely dissolved. It is not necessary to boil the water. The main goal here is to dissolve all of the sugar.
- Remove from heat. Add frozen juice concentrate. Stir until completely dissolved.
- Pour into fermentation container and add additional water to make 5 gallons total. Make sure that the solution is not too hot when pouring into the fermentation container.
- Let the mixture cool to 86º F\30º C and then add (pitch) the yeast.
- Cover the top with your cheese cloth and secure with a rubber band or string. The purpose is to keep bugs and other critters from getting into the fermenting mixture.
Fermentation will take approximately 4-5 days depending on the yeast strain, temperature, etc. You can use a hydrometer to check if fermentation has completed. | <urn:uuid:4f06209f-f786-495a-acec-c1bb9191e7c3> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | http://howtomakewhiskeyhq.com/how-to-make-alcohol-ethanol/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510676.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930113949-20230930143949-00248.warc.gz | en | 0.946499 | 653 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Pullan family from India is about to enter the Guinness Book of Records for being the largest albino family in the world. As long as albinism affects around one in 17,000 people, it is the unique occasion that there’s a family of seven persons who all share this condition.
The Pullans live in a one-bedroom flat in Delhi and due to their unusually fair complexion are often called "angrez" (which means "English") by their neighbors.
Apart from the lack of melanin pigment, albinism often brings the shortsightedness, so all the members of Pullan family can’t see properly and are extremely vulnerable to the direct sunlight. Nevertheless, the Pullans enjoy their lives and are looking forward to global recognition as the unique family. | <urn:uuid:a5bcf607-a42a-44e9-b7bf-c00d15040ba4> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://izismile.com/2012/03/15/the_largest_albino_family_in_the_world_17_pics.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049276567.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002116-00169-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972318 | 162 | 2.5625 | 3 |
I'm writing a book on the WW II Fokker D.21 fighter, and since I'm not a pilot, I'm coming here to ask your help regarding the aircraft's flying characteristics.
Photo © Peter de Jong
The D.21 had a fairly nasty tendency to stall into a spin, both at high speeds, whenever the stick was pulled too hard, and at slow speeds, for example when landing a little slow.
Dutch pilots say the unintended spins were always towards the left. I'm fairly certain this is related to engine torque. The Bristol Mercury engine was right-hand drive (turning clockwise when seen from the pilot, I suppose). Does this make sense?
The Finns produced a Pratt & Whitney Twin Wasp Junior-engined version, which was left-hand drive. So can I safely assume this version had a habit of spinning towards the right, the aircraft being very much unchanged apart from the engine installation?
The famous aerobatics pilot Michel Détroyat flew the D.21 prototype, and insisted that lateral stability was unaccepable and that wing dihedral should be increased from 1.5 deg to 7-10 deg. A redesigned wing was built and tested, but the great Finnish fighter leader Eka Magnusson rejected it and evidently thought the flying characteristics with the original wing were quite acceptable, and that the D.21 was reasonable bang for Finland's buck (having good climb rates and pretty good diving characteristics).
So my conclusion is that the high anhedral version was excessively stable, preventing the fighter from snapping into a roll quickly. And that Magnusson's view was the warrior's view, while Détroyat's view was the aerobatic pilot's view, demanding perfect flying characteristics for things like sustained turns and loopings. When Détroyat recommended the P-36 to France, this was apparently largely based on that aicraft's perfect flying characteristics.
Again, does this make sense?
Thanks a lot in advance, | <urn:uuid:717f3f86-422d-4d1d-a851-8305462dd432> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.airliners.net/forum/viewtopic.php?f=5&t=768051 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257823963.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071023-00156-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968892 | 411 | 2.75 | 3 |
This report presents porewater and selected water column data collected from Coeur d'Alene Lake in September of 1992. Despite probable oxidation of the porewater samples during collection and handling, these data are used to calculate molecular diffusive fluxes of dissolved metals (that is, Zn, Pb, Cu, and Mn) across the sediment-water interface. While these data and calculations provide preliminary information on benthic metal fluxes in Coeur d'Alene Lake, further work is needed to verify their direction and magnitude.
The benthic flux calculations indicate that the sediment is generally a source of dissolved Zn, Cu, Mn, and, possibly, Pb to the overlying water column. These benthic fluxes are compared with two other major sources of metals to Coeur d'Alene Lake-the Coeur d'Alene and St. Joe Rivers. Comparisons indicate that benthic fluxes of Zn, Pb, and Cu are generally less than half of the fluxes of these metals into the lake from the Coeur d'Alene River. However, in a few cases, the calculated benthic metal fluxes exceed the Coeur d'Alene River fluxes. Benthic fluxes of Zn and, possibly, Pb may be greater than the corresponding metal fluxes from the St. Joe River. These results have implications for changes in the relative importance of metal sources to the lake as remediation activities in the Coeur d'Alene River basin proceed.
Additional publication details
USGS Numbered Series
Preliminary estimates of benthic fluxes of dissolved metals in Coeur d'Alene Lake, Idaho
U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,
Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center | <urn:uuid:b068849f-6b28-4ae3-8899-ee7ffabb471c> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr98793 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701157472.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193917-00216-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.876282 | 376 | 2.78125 | 3 |
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One of the most famous female pirates convicted of piracy during the early 18th century, Mary Read spent most of her life pretending to be a man. Born in England to the widow of a sea captain, her exact birthdate unknown, Mary's female identity was hidden by her mother from the very beginning.
Mary had a brother who died around the same time she was born and her mother, in order to secure a greater inheritance from her mother-in-law (in those days boys were worth more money than girls), presented her new baby as a boy. This lie provided Mary's mother with a crown a week with which to support her family. Without this assistance, they would have been unable to survive. Thus, Mary was disguised as a boy for the duration of her childhood.
When she was a bit older, Mary became a footboy to a French lady and then later enlisted in the military to become a soldier in the horse regiment. During her military service, she fell in love with a fellow soldier, and she decided to uncover her true identity to her newfound love. The soldier shared the same feelings for Mary, and the two left the regiment and were married. For the first time in Mary Read's recorded history, she walked through life as a woman.
The two newlyweds opened an inn they called The Three Horseshoes, but their life together ended abruptly when Mary's husband died shortly after the inn's opening. Mary then decided to resume life disguised as a man. Donning masculine attire once again, she re-enlisted in the military in Holland during a time of peace. She boarded a ship en route to the West Indies that was overtaken by pirates. She was pardoned by the king and went on to privateer. Her privateering days ended when she joined the crew of Captain John 'Calico Jack' Rackham in mutiny. On board, the entire crew believed Mary to be a man. It was to fellow pirate Anne Bonny that she revealed her true identity, for Anne, too, was living and working on the ship disguised as a man.
On board Rackham's ship, Mary fell in love again. As legend has it, her lover was to have a duel with another pirate on the ship, and Mary, in order to save her lover's life, challenged the same pirate to a separate duel earlier in the day. Mary won the duel and killed the rival pirate only two hours before his scheduled duel with her lover.
Eventually, Rackham's ship was overtaken and Mary was arrested and sentenced to be hanged. In order to postpone her execution date, she declared she was pregnant and was sent to prison, where she died of fever in 1721.
It has been said that Mary Read was never fond of being a pirate, but she fought better and more bravely than any man on the ship.
Mary Fox was last involved with the Science Museum of Minnesota as a presenter for The Dead Sea Scrolls exhibition and is thrilled to be back playing Mary Read in Real Pirates. Some recent acting credits around the Twin Cities include: The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee (Loggaine SchwatrzandGrubinerre) with Theater Latte Da, Street Scene (Olga Olsen) with Girl Friday Productions and Our Town (Emily) with Yellowtree Theatre. She has a BFA in Theater from the University of Minnesota - Duluth.
Leigha Horton's theater credits include Ms. Ina Shaw in Tale of a West Texas Marsupial Girl (Children's Theatre Company), Nurse Evelyn Marsden in Titanic: The Artifact Exhibition (Science Museum of Minnesota), Sarah in See You Next Tuesday (Walking Shadow), Ralphie's mom in A Christmas Story (St. Croix Festival Theatre), Feste in Twelfth Night (TRP), and nearly everything in the Ministry of Cultural Warfare's producing history. Leigha can be heard regularly on national TV and radio for Target, Cadillac, Nexxus, Caribou Coffee, Yoplait Yogurt, Progresso Soup, Marketplace Events, and Kona Grill, among others. For musings on Leigha's performance shenanigans, visit The Greenroom at www.leighahorton.com.
Melanie Wehrmacher's Twin Cities credits include Hennepin Theatre Trust (Girls Only: The Secret Comedy of Women), Red Eye Theatre (Iris, Maria/Stuart), Actors Theater of Minnesota (Fezziwig's Feast), Theatre Pro Rata (Marisol), Twenty Percent Theatre Company (The Birth of Venus), History Theatre, Playwrights Center, Open Eye Figure Theatre, and Teatro del Pueblo. New York credits include Animal Farm: The Puppet Musical (National Tour), Over the Moon (Eugene O'Neill Theater Center), Manfest Cabaret (New Georges), Twentyone (Spring Theatreworks), and her original solo play Trip (Provincetown Playhouse, winner of the Jig Cook Playwriting Award). | <urn:uuid:b94aa98a-e06c-4a24-90ac-fc39f663729d> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.smm.org/pirates/maryread | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705407338/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115647-00080-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973404 | 1,030 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Photo Credit: Frederic Osada and Teddy Seguin/DRASSM
Stanford created "Robotic Mermaid" to help with Deep Sea Exploration Missions.
Remotely Operated Vehicles and Artificial intelligent walk side by side these days. Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) are used to conduct undersea tasks, which are considered unsafe for humans, for many years. While, these machines are very useful to tackle projects like oil rigging repairs, vehicles that lack the refinement and agility required to handle delicate missions like monitoring the coral reefs. The traditional boxy shape also created difficulties for the robots to penetrate the tiny areas without damaging the surrounding flora. Now it’s time for the Stanford universities to grab the appreciations for the latest creature which is the high-end version mermaid robot, named as OceanOne.
The idea behind creating this humanoid robot was conceptualized three years ago by the King Abdullah University of science and Technology (KAUST) researchers in Saudi Arabia. They believe that such robots would help monitor coral reefs and under ocean activities in the Red Sea. To elaborate and bring the vision to life the Associate professor Khaled Salama turned to his colleagues at California’s Stanford University for further help.
Professor Oussama Khatib, and the Director of Stanford’s Robotics Lab along with his team of graduate and undergraduate students were fascinated by the idea of creating an underwater robot and instantly agreed. While it took a few years to get the first prototype of OceanOne, and it was released in April 2016, is everything Salama and his team had hoped for, and more.
OceanOne was about five feet from head to tail, and it has stereoscopic eyes, which helps to allow the pilot to view deep down views into the ocean without entering the ocean. It has the fins which provide ample storage space to fit computers, batteries, and even 8 multi-directional thrusters to help and keep the robot stable in confused waters.
Unlike other traditional ROV’s; the OceanOne’s electronics are waterproofed with oil rather than covering the inside parts with a rigid case. The OceanOne is designed simply to prevent the electronics from buckling under the water pressure and enable the robot mermaid to reach depths of up to 2,000 meters without collapsing.
Smart algorithms enable the humanoid robot to avoid collisions under the water and help from the pilot, even it can use its hands to swim when it is stuck in a tight spot; when it cannot avoid a crash then the robot can alleviate the impact by stretching out its arm. Since it can also communicate with human pilots through hand-gestures, it can also be a useful diving companion when needed.
However, when the waters are very uneven, the robot can turn on the thrusters which are stored in its fin to stabilize itself. Sensors are affixed to the robot’s arms and wrists which will help enable the pilot to touch the undersea objects and determine them clearly on the weight and texture. It was very crucial to decide on the amount of force that is required to lift the object without damaging it. There were additional sensors fixed around the robotic mermaid’s body to keep track on the currents and ocean’s turbulence.
Although, the OceanOne is originally created to monitor the coral reefs, but the first mission was a tad more exciting. In April, the robotic mermaid was first sent to investigate the wreckage of King Louis XIV’s flagship, La Lune, which sank off the coast of France in 1664; but the robotic mermaid did not dissatisfy. Later with the help of Professor Khatib guidance, OceanOne made its way 100-meters beneath the surface of the Mediterranean, and it carefully picked up a preserved grapefruit-sized vase and placed it in the recovery basket.
The OceanOne, however, stood up to all the expectations and high-fived all the archaeologists and engineers who had accompanied it on this significant journey. With the achievement of the first under sea’s mission, it will be all exciting to see what coming in the future. | <urn:uuid:162dc9f2-2df2-4cb0-8bc3-2f0e812cf0eb> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.bestbrains.com/blogDetail?url=stanford-s-robotic-mermaid | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578605510.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20190423134850-20190423160841-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.96126 | 841 | 3.578125 | 4 |
There are multiple joints and bones in the shoulder that connect with tendons and muscles to provide a wide range of motion in the arm. The tendons that keep the arm bone in the shoulder socket are called the rotator cuff, and this is where the range of motion comes from. However, problems may arise from such mobility. These problems may be temporary or continue and eventually require medical diagnosis and treatment. Professor Mohamad Imam, an exceptionally skilled orthopaedic surgeon specialising in upper limbs, talks about shoulder pain and ‘The Big Four’.
How is the cause of shoulder pain diagnosed?
Typically, the diagnosis of a certain shoulder condition is best made from a patient’s history, a clinical examination, and special imaging tests. All of these are used by doctors in conjunction with each other rather than individually to find the diagnosis.
What are the treatment options for shoulder pain?
The cause and the severity of the shoulder pain will determine the treatment. Physiotherapy, exercises, steroid injections, and/or surgery are some of the options to treat shoulder pain.
What are the Big Four?
Majority of shoulder issues fall into four major categories:
- fracture (broken bone)
- tendon inflammation (bursitis or tendinitis) or tendon tear
Other causes of shoulder pain include tumours, infection, nerve-related problem, injury from manual labour, playing sports, or simply from repetitive movement. Particular diseases involving the cervical spine (neck), liver, heart, or also the gall bladder can also cause pain that travels to the shoulder.
Common shoulder fractures concern the clavicle (collarbone), humerus (upper arm bone), and scapula (shoulder blade) and present with swelling, deformity, bruising, loss of function, and severe pain. Elderly patients tend to fall from standing height and it is often the cause of a fractured shoulder. Alternatively, younger patients tend to get shoulder fractures from high energy injury, such as road traffic accidents or contact sports injuries.
Shoulder tendon pathologies
- Bursitis: inflammation and swelling of the bursae, which are small, fluid-filled sacs acting as cushions between bones and soft tissue located in joints throughout the body.
Occasionally, excessive use of the shoulder causes bursitis between the rotator cuff and the acromion, a part of the shoulder blade. This condition is known as subacromial bursitis and is two-thirds of patients in outpatient clinics with shoulder pain.
Rotator cuff tendinitis often accompanies bursitis. With many tissues inflamed and painful, daily activities such as combing your hair or getting dressed may become difficult.
- Impingement: when the acromion (top of the shoulder blade) puts pressure on soft tissue as the arm is lifted away from the body. When the arm raises, the acromion impinges on (rubs) the rotator cuff tendons and bursa. As a result, bursitis and tendinitis may occur, causing pain and limiting movement.
- Tendinitis: A tendon is a what connects muscle to bone. Inflammation in the tendon is what usually causes one of two types tendinitis:
- acute—caused by exercises such as ball throwing or other overhead activities during work or sport
- chronic—caused by repetitive use due to age or degenerative diseases like arthritis
The four rotator cuff tendons and a biceps tendon are the ones most commonly affected in the shoulder. Your upper arm is kept in the shoulder socket by four small muscles and their tendons covering the head of your upper arm bone.
- Tendon Tears: Acute injury or degenerative changes may cause splitting and tearing of tendons from reasons such as sudden injury, advancing age, long-term overuse and wear and tear. A tear can be partial or a complete separation from the bone. The most common of these injuries are rotator cuff and biceps tendon tears.
Shoulder instability occurs when the shoulder is dislocated or frozen.
A dislocation is when the head, or ball, of the upper arm bone is forced out of the shoulder socket partially (subluxation) or completely. Sudden injury or overuse may both cause shoulder instability.
Dislocations happen repeatedly after the ligaments, tendons, and muscles around the shoulder becomes loose or torn. When raising your arm or moving it away from your body, partial or complete recurring dislocations cause pain and unsteadiness. There is an increased risk of arthritis in the shoulder with repeated episodes.
Oppositely, frozen shoulder is when the range of motion is limited due to the capsule contracting. As a result, lifting your arm up actively will be a struggle; passive limitation of movement will also happen, where lifting your arm will not be possible even with help from your other arm or another person.
Many types of arthritis can cause shoulder pain.
Osteoarthritis, also known as degenerative arthritis, is the most common type and may be related to chronic wear and tear, sports injuries, or work injuries. It develops slowly and, over time, pain worsens. Symptoms include:
- stiffness, usually beginning during middle age
Other types of arthritis may be associated with joint lining inflammation, rotator cuff tears, or infection.
To lessen arthritis pain, people tend to avoid shoulder movements. However, this can lead to painful motion restriction due to tightening or stiffening of the joint's soft tissue parts.
When should you seek medical help?
Contact your doctor if you experience:
- inability to move your shoulder
- lasting bruising
- tenderness around the joint
- pain that persists beyond a few weeks of home treatment
If the shoulder pain is sudden and not associated with an injury, call help immediately, as this may be a sign of a heart attack. | <urn:uuid:984f31e0-e909-4d09-ac8b-2d5cb67bc3fe> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.topdoctors.co.uk/medical-articles/causes-of-shoulder-pain-and-the-big-four | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154320.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20210802110046-20210802140046-00601.warc.gz | en | 0.927976 | 1,213 | 2.96875 | 3 |
There is strong evidence showing that individuals who experienced chronic pain during childhood have chronic pain as adults, but few studies have evaluated the characteristics of pain that persists from childhood through adult years. Researchers from the University of Michigan found that one in six adult pain patients had pain as children or adolescents, and their pain was widespread and neuropathic with psychological comorbidities and decreased function. The findings were reported in The Journal of Pain, a publication of the American Pain Society.
For the study, more than 1,000 patients 18 years and older were evaluated and asked about pain, family history, physical and psychological limitations and treatment history. They also were asked about childhood pain. The authors hypothesized that adult patients who reported having pain in childhood are more likely to experience pain of greater severity that is neuropathic in nature and meets clinical criteria for a diagnosis of fibromyalgia.
Results showed that one in six new adult pain patients said they had a history of chronic pain in childhood and they were predominantly young females. Their pain tended to be more widespread, and neuropathic, likely fibromyalgia, in contrast with subjects who denied having childhood pain. Patients who experienced childhood pain also showed higher levels of anxiety and worse functional status.
Cite This Page: | <urn:uuid:6565ee5a-402e-4e93-bc24-fa8d4301ce68> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/12/131219162532.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999654345/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060734-00096-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978278 | 250 | 3.109375 | 3 |
|Agro-forestry in the African Humid Tropics (UNU, 1982, 162 pages)|
|Current agro-forestry activities|
Laboratoire de Botanique Agricole, Ecole Nationaie Superieure Agronomique d'Abidjan, Abidjan, Ivory Coast
Cocoa, coffee, banana, Hevea, coconut palm, and oil palm are important industrial crops in the Ivory Coast, and, although they are usually monocultures, some of these are traditionally grown together in a taungya system. In tropical forest zones the need for food crops, on the one hand, and the shortage of protein, on the other, have tended to encourage consideration of complementary uses of large forest plantations. In particular, use of the adventitious vegetation in oil palm plantations as forage for cattle is being considered as well as the introduction of food and cash crops among the trees. Palatable species have been identified in the vegetation, and some crops, such as cocoa, offer promise as intercrops.
The oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is an African tree native to the Gulf of Guinea. Its distribution in West Africa extends from Senegal to Angola, where the natural populations have always been exploited by the native people for many purposes, including food, handicrafts, pharmaceuticals, and religious uses.
In the Ivory Coast, palm groves establish themselves naturally in the traditional plantations of cocoa (Theabroma cacao L.) or coffee (Coffee spp.) and constitute a very valuable by-product. They also grow among food crops as a result of the exploitation and development work of humans and dissemination by numerous animals partial to the palm's fruits and seeds (monkeys, rodents, and birds).
Industrial plantations of oil palm were first developed in 19201926 by the Union Tropicale des Plantations (UTP) and the Societe des Plantations et Hulleries de Bingerville (SPHB). Cultivation of the oil palm, however, experienced its greatest growth in the Ivory Coast after the Institut de Recherche pour les Huiles et Oleagineux (lRHO) developed a very productive hybrid form-the tenera-by crossing aura and pisifera. In fact, until 1964, before the creation of the Societe d'Etat pour le Developpement du Palmier a Huile (SODEPALM), industrial palm groves occupied only 10,000 ha. By the end of 1966, SODEPALM had planted almost 19,000 ha, and oil palm plantations occupied a total of nearly 30,000 ha. By 1970 this area had increased to 76,000 ha, and in 1980 it reached 100,000 ha.
In view of such growth, optimal use of the land occupied by these palm groves has attracted considerable interest. Economically feasible ways of intensifying the use of these areas could occur either by grouping the palms with other crops (industrial crops such as coffee and cocoa, or food crops such as cassava and maize), or by growing feed for cattle. Two stations were selected to study the adventitious vegetation; one, belonging to the Societe des Plantations et Huileries de Bingerville (SPHB), is located on sandy soil in the Bingerville region, and the other, belonging to the Institut de Recherche pour les Huiles et Oleagineux (I RHO), is located on clayey soil in the La Me region.
The forests of the Ivory Coast belong to the humid, tropical region of Africa, and the climate can be classified as subequatorial; from the viewpoint of plant geography, they belong to the Guinea-Congo forest massif. The original vegetation is a dense, ombrophilous, evergreen forest, which contains a number of tree savannas and grassy lagoon savannas: the Adiake, Moossou, Bingerville, Dabou, and Grand-Lahou savannas. The industrial palm groves are found on three types of soil: sandy; more compact clayey-sandy; and compact, essentially clayey (which retains a great deal of water).
The two stations selected for study were originally covered by very distinct types of vegetation. The Bingerville station is situated in the heart of the dense, psammohygrophilous evergreen forest dominated by Turraeanthus africanus and Heisteria parvifolia (Mangenot 1954). In addition, one sees here and there some expanses of savanna consisting of Brachiaria brachylopha and Anadelphia africana (Adjanohoun 1962). The La Me region belongs to the dense, pelohygrophilous evergreen forest consisting of Mapania spp. and Diospyros spp. (Mangenot 1954).
The adventitious vegetation consists of various plants distributed in the following proportions: phanerophytes (56.5 per cent), therophytes (17.9 per cent), and chamaephytes (14.5 per cent). Hemicryptophytes are rare 17.4 per cent), and geophytes are negligible (3.7 per cent).
The vegetation beneath the palms is varied. Its most striking aspects are: its vitality-phanerophyte and chamaephyte vegetation that is always green; flowering and fruiting limited to a few herbaceous plants; its floristic composition, both heterogeneous and uniform depending on whether one considers isolated plots or the whole plantation area; and its gregariousness, which frequently allows local enrichment of the flora with a particular species-this is a characteristic that is most marked for cetain herbaceous and ligneous species that propagate by means of suckers. Clusters of the following species have been observed: Dissotis rotundifolia; Aspilia africana; Melanthera scandens; Eupatorium odoratum; Thaumatococcus daniellii; Axonopus compressus; Commelina nudiflora, C. forskalasi, C africana, and C. condensate; Imperata cylindrica; Rottboellia exaltata; Nephrolepis biserrata; Pteridium aquilinum; Anchomanes diffomis; Acroceras zizanioides; Paspalum scrobiculatum var. commersonii and P. conjugatum; Panicum repens and P. brevifolium; Sporobolus pyramidalis; Borreria latifolia; Diodia rubricosa and D. scandens; Eleusine indica; Mariscus umbellatus and M. flabelliformis, often mixed with Cyperus sphacelatus; Palisota hirsute; Asystasia gangetica; Selaginella myosurus; Scleria barter) and S. naumanniana; and Setaria megaphylla and S. chevalieri.
The distribution of these numerous clusters is related to farming operations-clearing the land, ploughing, and so forth-that cause either abnormal concentrations of a given species at certain points, or their dispersion over the whole cultivated area. Local ecological conditions may also come into play and favour the growth of certain plants.
Possibilities for Agro-forestry
Oil Palm with Cattle
Phytosociological, floristic, and agrostological studies were conducted to assess the suitability of palm groves for cattle raising. These led to the identification of species having a high forage value by virtue of their palatability, biomass, and position in stable and profitable associations. The most important species are:
From attempts to assess the biomass and regeneration of the vegetation within various associations, it appears that for young plantations (one to seven years old) the often large amount of vegetable matter per unit area (nearly 100 tons/ha in certain cases) diminishes considerably with increasing age. Likewise, the regrowth of the vegetation, vigorous at first, becomes practically nil when the canopy closes. The vegetation within palm groves that are from eight to eighteen years old is increasingly sparse and poor (photograph no. 6). It grows back progressively with the clearing of the woodland vault after the eighteenth year.
Many factors other than age affect the composition and physiognomy of the vegetation under oil palms; among these are human activities, climate, and the degree and type of herbivory.
Oil Palm with Crops
In the Ivory Coast it is possible to consider cultivation of the oil palm in association with other industrial crops such as Hevea, coffee, and cocoa. Many studies have already been undertaken of the palm-cocoa association. There are two main reasons for favouring this combination:
In the traditional village plantations the oil palm-cocoa association constitutes a viable system, as the oil palms are not being planted by the farmer but simply maintained at a certain density. However, experience has shown that the same is not true of industrial plantations, where the density is calculated for maximum yield and becomes an obstacle to the proper development of the cocoa. In fact, the hybrid cocoa plants that are now common are more heliophilous than sciaphilous. In addition, the size of the palm roots in the soil is such that, despite the differences between the two root systems, the cocoa grows poorly and may perish (photographs 8 and 10).
Any food crop can be grown in the spaces between the rows of a young plantation (photograph no. 1 1). None can be grown in the palm groves when the crowns meet. The only precaution to be taken is to ensure adequate control of species whose remains after the harvest can develop into quickly spreading weeds and inhibit, to a considerable extent and for a long time, the young palms. This is the case, for example, with cassava (Manihot utilissima) (photograph no. 9). Once the canopy closes, the only spaces that can be developed for food crops are those that have been cleared by natural decay or where, for some particular reason, there is an absence of palms.
Cattle raising in the palm groves, although possible in terms of available palatable plant species, is worthwhile only on a large scale, and, even then, it would require bringing in a substantial quantity of additional feed. This is especially true for the older plantations, where regeneration of the vegetation is very slow and difficult. With regard to associated crops, only species whose lifetime is at most seven to ten years can be cultivated without special measures in existing plantations. In existing industrial palm groves profitable associations with other perennial crops are not possible for purely ecological reasons. | <urn:uuid:5edf72f1-f9fd-4b6e-a4d9-4153dbbeb6ff> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0ccgi--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=ccgi&cl=CL1.1&d=HASH01727b19916616be131a2db3.5.7 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426234.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726162158-20170726182158-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.912285 | 2,253 | 2.890625 | 3 |
The Arabian toad-headed agama (Phrynocephalus arabicus) is a member of the Agamidae family, also known as the chisel-teeth lizards due to the compressed, fused teeth being firmly attached to the upper jaw, unlike most other lizards which have loosely attached teeth (2). These lizards are also known as the chameleons of the Old World due to their striking ability to change their body colour (3). They typically have a wide, strong, flattened body, covered in rough skin with overlapping scales, and a long, flattened tail which is rounded at the base (3)(4). The Arabian toad-headed agama is a fairly small lizard that is highly adapted to life on loose sand. It has no external ear openings and fringes of long scales around the eyes keep out sand grains. The head is short and broad with a deep forehead and snub nose. It is highly variable in colour with various patterns of black, white and reddish markings, and it tends to match the colour of its background. As such, lizards found on pale coastal sands tend to be paler and less patterned than those lizards on red, inland sands (5). All variations, however, retain a black tip on the underside of the tail which, when raised, is used in visual signals (2).
Scurrying across the sand, seeking out its insect prey, the Arabian toad-headed agama is active in all but the hottest hours of the day. During the hottest periods, it will stand high on extended legs to limit contact with the sand, balancing on fingertips and heels while using the tail as a prop. It may remain dormant during cold winter days (5). The Arabian toad-headed agama is able to sink rapidly into the sand by vibrating the body in a process called ‘shimmy burial’, and it uses this behaviour to escape from predators or create a nocturnal shelter (3)(5). Most agamid lizards are egg layers, producing a clutch of one to seven eggs, which are incubated for around six to eight weeks in a burrow (2)(4).
Like many other species of reptile in the Middle East, the Arabian toad-headed agama is a fairly understudied species. As such, it is currently unclear if there are many major threats to the species (7).
Embed this ARKive thumbnail link ("portlet") by copying and pasting the code below. | <urn:uuid:6e9d7e48-bdcc-4417-a3ec-486ffc69644f> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.arkive.org/arabian-toad-headed-agama/phrynocephalus-arabicus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131299515.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172139-00242-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951697 | 518 | 3.609375 | 4 |
PERSPECTIVES ON THE CATAWBA INDIAN NATION IN 2003
by Thomas J. Blumer, Ph.D.
The Catawba Indian Nation is one of the few Southeastern Indian tribes to retain its ancient form of government. The Catawba, from the most ancient of times, have been ruled by its General Tribal Council. This group is most akin to the ancient Greek democracy. Today the Landesgeminde of the Swiss Forest Cantons may be looked at as a close parallel; however, the Catawba General Council from ancient times has been so democratic to include women in its ranks. Today the General Council consists of all enrolled Catawba men and women over the age of eighteen. When in session, the General Council governs the Nation by passing resolutions, approving tribal actions, and in general tending to all tribal business.
The Catawba first promulgated a written Constitution in 1944 upon the reception of Federal recognition. Though this constitution seemed a new document, it is very ancient. The age of its various acts and their concepts are totally unknown, but obviously date back to the far reaches of prehistory. Upon contact with Europeans in the 16th century, the first strangers to meet the Catawba mentioned Council Houses to which the Indians resorted to make decisions. Even in pre-Columbian times, the General Council consisted of all adult men and women. Catawba women were excluded from nothing including the position of chief, and even held the coveted rank of War Captain. All in attendance at a General Council meeting, by custom, were free to stand and address the Council on any issue of concern. This freedom of expression remains in today’s General Council, but the Indians are fighting a lonely struggle to restore democracy in their small tribal community.
While the Catawba lost most of their culture between the American Revolution and the present, the Indians have retained two highly important cultural treasures, for which the State of South Carolina can be proud of the Indians. The most obvious to the casual observer is the Catawba pottery tradition. It is certainly the oldest clay-based art form east of the Mississippi. Its Woodland Period of origin makes the Catawba tradition possibly older than that craft practiced by the famed Pueblo Indians of the Southwest. The other cultural treasure is not quite so easily perceptible to outsiders. It is the Catawba Indian Nation General Council and the tribalism which supports its functions. These two cultural treasures, the pottery and the General Council, have breathed life into the Catawba Indian Nation for unknown centuries. Without the two, the Catawba would cease to exist as a distinct community.
So important is the General Council that it remained in function during the fourteen years between Termination and reorganization. Soon after the Tribe reorganized in 1973, the General Council, free from any outside influence whatsoever, promulgated the Constitution of 1975. It remains in force today. Both constitutions are based on ancient tribal law. If the Catawba find it to their advantage to promulgate a constitution to replace that of 1975, it too with have ancient democratic roots.
According to the Settlement Act of 1993, the Catawba Indian Nation Constitution of 1975 would remain in effect until a new constitution was promulgated by the General Council. In 1994 the Director of the Eastern Area office of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Bill Ott, upon studying the Constitution of 1975, declared it could continue to serve the Catawba well for years to come with only a few general modifications. It was expected that the new constitution when drafted would reflect the constitutions of 1944 and 1975 and thus ancient Catawba tradition. That a new constitution has not been promulgated is not due to the General Council’s neglect. The fault lies with the anti-democratic Gilbert Blue Administration’s determination to retain power in perpetuity. The Gilbert Blue Administration’s goal has been the systematic fleecing of Catawba resources. As one of the Indians said to me years ago, “They won’t let go of the goose that lays the golden eggs.” It seems today that this dictatorial Administration has killed the goose and sold the feathers to the highest bidder.
Proof that the Gilbert Blue Administration has successfully robbed the Catawba Indian Nation of an unknown amount of money may be seen by looking into the figures of almost every Long House Department (the Long House is the official center of Catawba governmental activity). The most obvious source of financial information may be provided to the curious by the bingo figures submitted to the South Carolina Department of Revenue by the Gilbert Blue Administration. A quick review is provided by a Catawba Bingo Spread Sheet. When available, more will be said by the results of several ongoing investigations into the financial improprieties committed by Gilbert Blue and members of his Administration. The appended Spread Sheet shows that between 1997 and 2003, a total of $87 million was realized by the tribe. Of this amount, the Spread Sheet shows that a total of some $1.5 million came to the Tribe in profits. No one knows the fate of even this paltry $1.5 million. I use the term “paltry” because the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act demands that ALL of the profits from gambling of any kind go to tribal welfare.
In 1993, the Gilbert Blue Administration did make a feeble attempt to follow the constitutional demands outlined by the Settlement Act. A Constitution Committee was duly created to draft a new constitution. According to Catawba tribal demands, the ancient democratic form of government was crucial to the Catawba Indian Nation’s survival. Over the centuries, the Catawba have known no government other than absolute democracy. To a person, the committee members refused to abandon democratic principles taught them by the “old Indians.”
Instead of the absolute democracy required by ancient Catawba tradition, the Gilbert Blue Administration immediately discarded democratic tradition for an absolute dictatorship. This new form of government was not led by the intellect of Gilbert Blue but by a hired, not elected, tribal administrator Wanda George Warren. When Warren discovered that the Constitution Committee was dominated by ancient Catawba tradition, a force she did not respect, she disbanded the Constitution Committee and locked its members out of its working space. This crime against democratic thought process occurred soon after the Settlement Act of 1993 went into effect.
Once the tribal administrator felt she had killed and buried ancient Catawba democratic tradition, she was free to work out a new form of government which would exclude the Catawba people. This government would be free to pillage tribal funds of every sort imaginable, both Federal and State in origin. Her basic problem was that the ancient tradition remained a strong force among the Indians. Catawba tradition would not easily roll over and die for the Gilbert Blue Administration or its tribal administrator. Warren’s family had spent years denying their Catawba blood, and this fact helped set the stage for the Gilbert Blue Administration’s actions. Feeble attempts were made to use the General Council. These did not work. The democratic thought process begins to take shape in small children as they attend General Council meetings with their elders. As Indian youths they proudly watch their parents stand to speak in the General Council. To accomplish her goal, Wanda Warren had to circumvent the General Council, in effect put it on its historical shelf.
This was done in 1997 by the secret and illegal institution of the “Federal Charter of Incorporation” form of government. Federal Law states that any Native American tribe may resort to a Corporate Charter, but this may only be done with tribal approval. None was sought, because in the case of the Catawba Indian Nation, such approval needed by law to come from the General Council. It is interesting that the General Council did not learn of the Corporate Charter for over a year after the Gilbert Blue Administration secretly submitted the Charter to the Bureau of Indian Affairs. This document was illegally signed into force by Ada E. Deer, Assistant Secretary of Indian Affairs, on September 8, 1997. Today it is thought that a member of Deer’s staff put the document on Ada Deer’s desk and said, “Here, sign this.” She signed it into law without proper tribal approval. The Indians have theories as to who committed this crime and put the Charter on Deer’s desk for her signature. I do not think it is appropriate to speculate on the identity of this person at this time. It is enough to say that the Corporate Charter form of government was never approved by the General Council and was kept secret from the General Council for as long as possible.
One of the primary results of the secretly and illegally promulgated “Corporate Charter” government was a top-secret bingo contract. The bingo manager Terry Collier holds this contract but refuses to present a copy to the traditionalist Catawba. As a result, no one knows the identities of those, Indian or non-Indian, who are benefiting from Catawba bingo. It is a known fact declared by the Gilbert Blue Administration that the tribe’s government has received few economic benefits from gambling. Federal law states that all profits except those paid to the manager and promoter are to go to tribal welfare. Something is wrong here.
During the early years when the Gilbert Blue Administration’s dictatorship was forming on the Catawba Reservation, the Indians made regular pleas for help. It is a sad comment on the democratic thought process in the United States that all Catawba pleas were ignored. The local Herald newspaper, traditionally a bastion of free speech in York County, South Carolina, turned a deaf ear to the cries of help coming from the Indians. Letters to the editor were suppressed. Staff writers who expressed any sympathy with the Indians’ plight were silenced. All news items published reflected and still echo the policies of the dictatorship established by the Gilbert Blue Administration. The truth could not be heard through the press in the entire York County area. The Indians have theories as to who is guilty of committing years of crimes against freedom of the press in York County. No one in the Herald leadership seems to understand that we live in the greatest democracy ever devised by mankind. At this time, I will not speculate on the identity of the person responsible for killing freedom of the press for the Catawba. It is enough to say that, as I write, the Herald continues to ignore freedoms enjoyed by all Americans when these freedoms apply to the Catawba Indian Nation of South Carolina.
Even officials of the United States turned a deaf ear to the Catawba cries for help. Letters written to Members of the United States Congress were systematically ignored. The Catawba General Council was left to its own meager resources at a time when democratic principles were being crushed into a layer of dictatorial mud. These crimes did not happen in Communist Eastern Europe or some Muslim nation in the Middle East. It happened in South Carolina, and only the Indians seemed aware of the crimes being committed against them by the Gilbert Blue Administration. In spite of the fact that all outside ears were deaf, the General Council remained firmly fixed in the hearts, minds and souls Catawba Indians.
Almost immediately after the illegal “Corporate Charter” form of Catawba government was established in secret, things started happening without the General Council’s knowledge. Land was bought and sold. From all appearances, the trust accounts were squandered, perhaps even stolen, by the Gilbert Blue Administration. Only 299 acres were added to the reservation while the Settlement Act of 1993 called for a 4,200 acre increase in reservation lands. This was done even though the Settlement Act required a regular schedule of reports and an annual audit. The only source of information for Tribal General Council members continue to be occasional notices in the Herald newspaper. The constant complaint heard from the Indians has been “we are told nothing unless it appears in the newspaper.” Only some business transactions have appeared in newspaper notices. The General Council has not received one report. Millions changed hands under the Gilbert Blue Administration. The financial records are such a mess that it has taken a team of auditor/investigators over a year, and they are far from finishing following a confused paper trail created by this Administration.
Today the Gilbert Blue Administration claims that the tribe has gone belly up financially because of South Carolina’s Lottery Law. If the records submitted to the South Carolina Department of Revenue Service by the Gilbert Blue Administration are examined, one does not have to be a certified accountant to see the truth. It is clear, no change in profits has been experienced by the Blue Administration as a result of the South Carolina Lottery Law. What has happened is that the Gilbert Blue Administration’s greed for money knows no bounds. The crimes committed by this Administration are legion, and we can only touch the surface here. For instance, while the Catawba were in the process of raking in over $87 million from the bingo operation located in Rock Hill, Catawba finances continued to fail.
The failure of the Catawba’s relationship with the Indian Health Service is a case in point. Many of the Catawba are very poor and work at minimum wage jobs with no benefits. The Gilbert Blue Administration is very aware of this fact. Gilbert Blue’s own family background attests to this sad reality. To make matters worse, the Catawba have unique health problems, not the least of which is diabetes of epidemic proportions. This disease can be monitored and controlled on a daily basis, but the process is expensive. Monitoring sugar intake on any schedule is impossible with the money earned by an Indian working at the minimum wage. In short, the Indian Health Service is crucial to the wellbeing of many Catawba Indians. The Gilbert Blue Administration is aware of this fact and has not shown any concern for needy tribal members. For instance, at one point the Administration was given a Indian Health Service grant for $450,000 to build a state-of-the-art health clinic on the reservation. This large sum of money evaporated. No clinic was constructed. On another occasion it was reported by Long House eyewitnesses that when other Indian Health Service money arrived, Wanda Warren snatched the check out of the Catawba Health Service Administrator’s hands saying the money was needed for salaries. Health service deteriorated.
Almost the first tragedy to be suffered by Catawba Health Service happened soon after the Settlement Act went into effect. Dental services were cancelled in spite of the fact that a tribal member is a practicing dentist and remains in the employ of the Gilbert Blue Administration. This individual reportedly lives in the lap of luxury on tribal money in one of York County’s premier neighborhoods. Tribal dental service has long been a thing of the past.
The result of this mismanagement is that the Indian Health Service has taken over Catawba health benefits. The Gilbert Blue Administration is obviously cannot be trusted in the handling of money with any degree of honesty. The secrecy initiated by the “Corporate Charter” form of government has fostered this mismanagement – in reality embezzlement – and has allowed it to reach monumental proportions. If the Gilbert Blue Administrate had not nullified the General Council’s right to monitor tribal monies, this pillage of tribal funds never would have happened. The Constitution of 1975 contains the necessary checks and balances, but these have been nullified by the Gilbert Blue Administration.
The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) unfortunately became the primary cause of much of the financial anarchy which reigns supreme in the Gilbert Blue Administration. However, the BIA has also pulled the plug on funds allotted for its programs. In the future the BIA will provide on-site monitoring of all financial matters relating to its grants. In the meantime, the Indians stand bewildered and wonder who to trust, if anyone. They obviously do not have confidence in the Gilbert Blue Administration. I keep hearing the Indians say, “If I stole $15.00 I’d be under the jail, and this Administration has stolen millions of our money;” or “They have given us a bad name when the Long House refuses to pay bills while Gilbert Blue and his friends go on expensive pleasure trips outside of South Carolina;” and “When will this nightmare end?”
The Catawba are making a valiant effort to turn a very bad situation into a good one. Thankfully the Traditionalist Faction founded by Samuel Beck during the Termination Period is very much alive and working to set things right. The traditionalist Indians have fought the Gilbert Blue Administration from the very beginning. At the times called for by Catawba Law, times demanded by the Constitution of 1975, the Indians have held General Council meetings. The Gilbert Blue Administration has acted like a true Third World Dictatorship. Gilbert Blue has consistently refused to allow the Indians to use the Long House, a building paid for with their own hard earned money. According to Gilbert Blue, the Indians do not have the right of public assembly. Meetings, democratically called assemblies, have been held, by force from the Blue Administration, in the Long House parking lot in the extreme heat of the South Carolina sun. Other meetings have been conducted in the York County Law Center. The last meeting held in July of 2003 was held in the Catawba Civic Center. This shelter from the sun only occurred because the Indian who leases the building for a child daycare purposes had compassion and provided keys to the Center. The elderly were saved from roasting in the sun and risking possible sunstroke. The heartless Gilbert Blue Administration wants to maintain its dictatorship and has closed all Catawba tribal buildings to the Indians who built them. As an Indian told me years ago, and as I hear repeated from time to time, “Tom, They will not let go of the goose that lays the golden eggs. They are heartless.”
Working against tremendous odds, the General Council called for tribal elections in September of 2002. It was the first election since the Settlement Act of 1993 went into effect. During this period, the State of South Carolina elected several governors and the United States had presidential elections every four years. The Gilbert Blue Administration lives on in dictatorial fashion, and has prevented all elections called for by the Constitution of 1975. In the summer of 2002, a full slate of Catawba Indians was nominated for chief, assistant chief, secretary/treasurer and two positions of councilmen. The election was appropriately held by secret ballot. It was democratically open to any Catawba tribal member who wished to run for office. All Catawba over the age of eighteen were encouraged to vote. No one in the Gilbert Blue Administration ran for office though they were free to participate. Gilbert Blue did not try to retain his position as chief. Democratic institutions are far from the dictatorial thinking of the Gilbert Blue Administration. Tribal employees were threatened with firing from their jobs if they exercised their sacred right to vote. Those who live in tribally owned housing were threatened with the loss of a roof over their heads if they voted. In spite of these very real intimidations, something unheard of in the United States, the Catawba Indians voted in record numbers.
All of those elected are from the Traditionalist Faction. Elected Chief William Harris is the grandson of Chief Douglas Harris and the great grandson of Chief James Harris. Heyward Jack Canty is the new assistant chief. He comes from a family with long traditionalist support. Samuel M. Beck is the new secretary/treasurer. He is the son of Samuel Beck who founded the traditionalist faction in the 1950s and who was secretary/treasurer for many years. The position of first councilman is held by E. Fred Sanders, the son of the Chief John Idle Sanders and the celebrated Catawba potter Arzada Sanders. The position of second councilman is held by Gene Blue, the son of much honored Catawba potter Doris Wheelock Blue. All these newly elected members of the Catawba Executive Committee are traditionalists who are determined to see financial honesty return to the Catawba Indian Nation and the exercise of democratic freedoms a regular part of life in the community.
The results of this legal election held in compliance with the Constitution of 1975 are not pretty when one studies the reaction of the Gilbert Blue Administration. The Executive Committee under Gilbert Blue has refused to vacate the Long House. The BIA, afraid of its complicity in the anti-democratic actions of the Gilbert Blue Administration, is standing on the sidelines waiting for something to happen. As a result, the Catawba Indian Nation has dual government, a situation the fumbling BIA could end with the stroke of a pen, an act no BIA bureaucrat is brave enough to do. The Gilbert Blue Administration, an illegal dictatorship, remains in control of what little of Catawba resources are left after years of squandering and outright embezzlement. It is apparent that only gambling resources remain at the disposal of the Gilbert Blue Administration. Today, Gilbert Blue must expand this money resource to stay in power. Additional gaming facilities are the answer, since all other funding has been cut off.
“Perspectives on the Catawba Indian Nation in 2003” does not pretend to outline all of the social, economic and other crimes committed by the Gilbert Blue Administration. Mammoth crimes have been committed against those civil rights enjoyed, taken for granted, by all Americans. What we have endeavored to produce here is a review of what has happened to the ancient, absolute democracy practiced by the Catawba Indians from time immemorial until 1993. The Catawba Indians need help in restoring democracy in their small but historically important South Carolina tribe of unknown antiquity. They must be free to vote, free to run for tribal office, without fear of loosing their homes and jobs. The Indian Health Service was created by the United States Congress many years ago. Native American health concerns are real and have been brutally neglected by the Gilbert Blue Administration. While a large portion of our population remains concerned about the morality of gambling of any sort, the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act was promulgated by the United States Congress to help American Indians get on their feet economically. Indians who are opposed to gambling have hoped the economic benefits would be realized by the Catawba Indian Nation. This has not happened. The Gilbert Blue Administration has turned the tribe’s bingo profits over to a secret group of non-Indians who appear to have mob connections. A handful of Gilbert Blue Administration flunkies who live the good life seem to have enjoyed the benefits of mismanagement and outright embezzlement . Catawba Indians who need assistance suffer. This fact is criminal. The results may be calculated with ease. The benefits of the Settlement Act of 1993 have been squandered on every front. While the United States defends democracy in a world-wide field of action, while American men and women die daily in the Middle East in an attempt to make the world safe for democratic peoples, the democratic process has been killed in a small Indian community in South Carolina. It is time for a rescue, not across the seas but right here in America. | <urn:uuid:09ea81cd-63b3-48aa-aba9-32d072382f9a> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://catawba-people.com/catawba_perspectives.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218187113.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212947-00097-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968048 | 4,760 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Saudi Arabia plans to become a "solar powerhouse" and invest tens of billions in renewable energy sources.
Currently, less than 1 percent of Saudi Arabia's energy is renewable. The kingdom's economy relies primarily on oil production.
Energy, Industry and Mineral Resources Minister Khalid Al-Falih said that Riyadh will invest between $30 to $50 billion in renewable energy by 2032, according to media reports.
Falih made the comments this week during the World Future Energy Summit in Abu Dhabi, also saying he hopes to develop the kingdom's significant solar potential, harness wind power and launch two nuclear power stations.
The kingdom is also looking to develop geothermal power – steam from within the earth – as its strategic plan to diversify its energy sector.
In December, the state-owned oil company, Saudi Aramco, announced the launch of the kingdom's very first wind turbine. Wind power will be used to power the company's plant in Turaif.
Renewable energy initiatives are an integral part of the kingdom's Vision 2030, the national transformation plan championed by Deputy Crown Prince Mohamed bin Salman. The ambitious plan aims to reduce the kingdom's reliance on oil and diversify the economy.
John Sfakianakis, director of economic research at the Riyadh-based Gulf Research Center told Arab News that Riyadh "wants to balance economic needs against environmental goals as it has considerable solar power potential and is eager to reduce its use of fossil fuels."
Saudi Aramco is the world's largest producer of oil and gas, making the kingdom the largest exporter of oil on the planet.
Building new energy sectors will work to curb CO2 emissions and also help create new jobs.
“Job creation for Saudis and a cleaner environment are important goals of Vision 2030 for better quality of life values," Sfakianakis said.
The Riyadh-based King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy said that hydrocarbons will still remain an integral part of the kingdom's energy sector. By 2032, Saudi Arabia aims that | <urn:uuid:61238890-bea5-48ba-98af-b5dce5208a1e> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://stepfeed.com/saudi-arabia-will-invest-tens-of-billions-in-renewable-energy-4107 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526517.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20190720132039-20190720154039-00458.warc.gz | en | 0.944082 | 415 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Why Lesson Planet?
In this units of length worksheet, students estimate the product or quotients for the given units of measurement. Students then write what number to multiply or divide the measurements by and convert the units. In the third set, students convert the given units and write the remainder of the problems in the fourth set in fraction form. Students finish with 3 measurement word problems. | <urn:uuid:a2f5f65a-ef2c-4156-889f-56b0b4f7b261> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://www.lessonplanet.com/teachers/customary-units-of-length-5th-6th | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189686.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00513-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.870041 | 78 | 3.890625 | 4 |
We shape our environments and they in turn influence us. Spaces have an underlying social logic that can support encounters or avoidance. Considering the built environmental as a social spatial network was the starting point for Pirouz Nourian's research to develop computational methods for analysis and synthesis of architectural and urban spatial configurations.
During his PhD defence, Nourian, of the Architecture and the Built Environment faculty, described some of the software tools he created to seek and appraise optimal spatial configurations. The mathematical basis is graph theory, which considers a spatial network of connected nodes. Both intuitive and structured, the connections can be quantified by allocating a certain value to them and are equally understandable for humans and computer programmes. Nourian's approach represents buildings and urban layouts as networks, with rooms and streets as the nodes.
He calls these tools configraphics and stresses that they are not grounded in theory about how people move in space and cannot predict how people will behave. Instead they model the potential of the spaces to accommodate interaction with users and mobility. One tool allows a designer to generate and evaluate the potential of possible plan layouts. Another is a way finding tool for pedestrians and cyclists to find the easiest path in a city accounting for topography and incorporating the difficulty of climbing slopes and turning at junctions.
This approach brings a systematic element to design or decision making, but it is not automated. The human designer has a methodical process with clear evaluation criteria at his/her disposal. The tools provide a supporting analytical technique informing configurational thinking, especially when tackling functionally complex buildings, such as hospitals and airports. An optimal spatial configuration is essential to ensure the safety, security, and efficiency functioning of such buildings. The tools may also be applied to better evaluate urban interventions and compare scenarios promoting walking and cycling for the best place to put infrastructure, such as a new bridge.
The models generate the easiest path when you know where you want to go, but Nourian also investigated probabilistic versions to generate random results. These simulate a random walk which can be applied to calculate the probable whereabouts of a culprit on the run after a given amount of time. They can also model the way tourists roam around streets and help determine the best location for a tourist shop where tourists are most likely to wander by.
Thesis: Configraphics: Graph Theoretical Methods for Design and Analysis of Architectural and Urban Configurations.
PhD supervisor: Dr. Sevil Sariyildiz (Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment).
Defence date: September 30, 2016 | <urn:uuid:2b5d8bd5-7063-4bf2-b648-d209bb33d2d3> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.delta.tudelft.nl/article/graphing-spatial-configurations | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221209980.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815063517-20180815083517-00632.warc.gz | en | 0.92912 | 515 | 2.640625 | 3 |
HealthDay News — For infants with congenital Zika syndrome (CZS), Zika virus (ZIKV) can cause retinal damage, which can be seen on optical coherence tomography (OCT), according to a study published in JAMA Ophthalmology.1
Camila V. Ventura, MD, from Altino Ventura Foundation in Recife, Brazil, and colleagues conducted a cross-sectional consecutive case series involving 8 infants with CZS. OCT images were obtained in the affected eyes of the infants. An immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed for ZIKV on the cerebrospinal fluid of seven of the infants.
The researchers found that the 7 infants who underwent cerebrospinal fluid analysis for ZIKV had positive findings for IgM antibodies. Eleven of the 16 eyes of the 8 infants had retinal alterations; OCT imaging was performed in 9 of these eyes, and in 1 unaffected eye. In the affected eyes, the main OCT findings included discontinuation of the ellipsoid zone and hyperreflectivity underlying the retinal pigment epithelium (9 eyes); retinal thinning (8 eyes); choroidal thinning (7 eyes); and colobomatous-like excavation involving the neurosensory retina, retinal pigment epithelium, and choroid (4 eyes).
“Zika virus can cause severe damage to the retina, including the internal and external layers, and the choroid,” the authors write. “The colobomatous-like finding seen in the OCT images relate to the excavated chorioretinal scar observed clinically.”
- Ventura CV, Ventura LO, Bravo-Filho V, et al. Optical coherence tomography of retinal lesions in infants with congenital Zika syndrome. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2016 Nov 10. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2016.4283. [Epub ahead of print] | <urn:uuid:ec5c9333-3f5c-4e15-b873-f0e0ca70eb05> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com/home/topics/emerging-diseases/zika-virus/retinal-damage-linked-to-infants-with-zika-virus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337287.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20221002052710-20221002082710-00711.warc.gz | en | 0.887098 | 424 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Well, not “evolution,” even though it must be marketed that way.
For many thousands of years, humans have bred dogs, goats, chickens and other animals to make them suitable for use as domestic animals, in a process known as domestication. Humans have selected the individuals that possess desirable traits and bred them with similar individuals, such that the offspring possess the same traits. The genetic material of the animal has partially changed during the development of the species from its wild form to a domesticated one. The opposite process also takes place, when domesticated animals readapt to life in the wild, in a process known as feralization. By investigating what happens in an animal’s genetic material, we can study whether the effects of domestication by humans are long-term or short-term. Can evolution go backwards?
“We wanted to see whether feralization is the same process as domestication, but in the other direction. Our results show that this is not the case. It is largely separate genes that are affected when domesticated chickens return to the wild,” says Dominic Wright.
Life in freedom brings with it greater threats from predators and disease, but it means that a chicken can choose freely who to mate with. Traits that make an individual attractive, such as an impressive comb, play a role in the selection of partners.
“Sexual selection is important in wild animals, and so it’s logical that genes that control comb size and similar traits are affected when an animal returns to the wild. Paper. (public access) – M. Johnsson, E. Gering, P. Willis, S. Lopez, L. Van Dorp, G. Hellenthal, R. Henriksen, U. Friberg, D. Wright. Feralisation targets different genomic loci to domestication in the chicken. Nature Communications, 2016; 7: 12950 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12950 More.
That’s where the rubbish creeps in. Female animals in the wild usually have little choice of what male animal they mate with. The males see to that. But never mind, we learned something: Different genes are active during feralization. Too bad so much Darwin rubbish gets mixed in.
It’s noteworthy that the authors avoid any question as to whether extreme human variations in the animal create a new “species.”
See also: Can sex explain evolution?
Speciation: Red wold not endangered? A hybrid
Follow UD News at Twitter! | <urn:uuid:7d78cab2-8dcc-429d-8a03-e972b5710bf9> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://uncommondescent.com/speciation/what-happens-when-animals-go-back-to-the-wild/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710473.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20221128034307-20221128064307-00606.warc.gz | en | 0.9319 | 531 | 3.65625 | 4 |
The new gold coins of 1907 were the result of the unprecedented collaboration of a great sculptor and a dynamic President. Awed and even frightened by the youthful Theodore Roosevelt’s bounding energy, Republican Party leaders in the 1900 campaign had hoped to corral him in the largely ceremonial post of Vice President, while giving the Presidency to less vigorous William McKinley of Ohio. McKinley’s assassination at the opening of the Pan American Exposition in Buffalo, N.Y. in 1901 hurtled Roosevelt directly into the White Housewith far-reaching effects.
Elected President in his own right in 1904, Roosevelt was unhappy with the trite Inaugural medal designed by U.S. Mint engravers Charles E. Barber and George T. Morgan. His interest in numismatic art was awakened when his artistic friends urged the commissioning of a really innovative Inaugural medal, and suggested the great American sculptor Augustus Saint Gaudens for the task. The sculptor agreed, but his busy schedule limited him to sketching the basic design on a paper napkin while on the train from Washington. He told Roosevelt that he would entrust all the actual work to his 34 year-old associate, German-born Adolph A. Weinman, better known to collectors today for his “Mercury” Dime and Walking Liberty Half Dollar.
The Saint Gaudens/Weinman Inaugural medal featured a bust of the President on the obverse, with a bold standing eagle on the reverse. Triangle-shaped “periods” divide the inscriptions on both sides. The medal received widespread acclaim, and Roosevelt went to work to force similarly creative redesign of the nation’s coins on the unwilling and obstructive Chief Engraver Barber. Joyfully calling this project “my pet crime,” the President rallied Saint Gaudens to the cause, although the sculptor’s health was rapidly deteriorating.
Saint Gaudens immediately began work on new coinage designs. He fashioned images of Liberty in both full figure and bust motifs, and eagles in flying and standing positions, the latter derived from the reverse of the Roosevelt medal. Although he preferred the bust of Liberty and the standing eagle for the twenty dollar coin (as they appeared on the unique 1907 $20 pattern), after much correspondence with the President throughout 1906 and early 1907, it was finally decided that this combination would appear on the $10 gold coin.
The bust on the new eagle was almost identical to the Nike head (Victory) that Saint Gaudens designed for Sherman’s monument in New York’s Central Park. At Roosevelt’s insistence, she shed her laurel crown for a handsome, but historically impossible Indian feathered war bonnet. LIBERTY was inscribed on the Indian’s headdress, with 13 stars above the head and the date below. The reverse’s eagle stands on a bundle of arrows, with the motto E PLURIBUS UNUM to the right. Encircling the periphery above the eagle is the legend UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Below is the denomination TEN DOLLARS.
Lower relief than that demanded for Saint Gaudens’ controversial high relief double eagle made it possible to begin minting the new $10 coins in 1907. First to be struck were the “Wire Edge” pieces, without the raised rim traditionally on U.S. coins. Five hundred were made, with 46 raised stars on their edgessymbolizing the 46 statesalong with one plain-edge satin proof. These all bore triangular “periods” in legend and motto. The wire edge proved impractical, however, since the coins would not stack. Next, 31,550 pieces were struck retaining the triangular periods, but both sides were protected by a “Rolled Edge”the sharply raised rims ordinarily used. Unfortunately, this change resulted in unsatisfactory striking quality. Rather than release these coins to possible public criticism, officials decided to melt all but 42 pieces. Ironically, this coin was intended for circulation, and although never officially released, it is considered a business strikenot a pattern.
Under pressure to get the new eagle into circulation, Barber omitted the triangular periods and made other minor modifications. Finally, 239,406 regular-issue rolled edge pieces left the Philadelphia Mint in the fall of 1907. This design continued into early 1908. The religious motto IN GOD WE TRUST did not appear, since President Roosevelt firmly believed that use of the Deity’s name on coins smacked of blasphemy, particularly since they might be used for all sorts of immoral purposes. However, after 33,500 Philadelphia and 210,000 Denver pieces were struck, an offended Congress insisted that the lawfully mandated (Act of March 3, 1865) motto be returned to the coin, and it was placed to the left of the eagle. Coins of this final design would be struck at the Philadelphia (no mintmark), Denver (D) and San Francisco (S) Mints. Mintmarks appear to the left of the bundle of arrows on which the eagle rests.
Regular issue coins were struck at all three Mints from 1908 through 1911, and 1914; Only Philadelphia and San Francisco struck eagles in 1912, 1913 and 1915, and only San Francisco struck them in 1916 and 1920. Few Americans noticed the change to 48 stars on the edge in 1912, honoring statehood achieved by Arizona and New Mexico. Coinage throughout the 1920’s was very sporadic, representing just four dates: 1926, 1930-S, 1932 and 1933. The Philadelphia Mint struck 312,500 coins in 1933, but released only a few dozen pieces before President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Executive Order 6260 ended circulation of gold coins and notes. Most 1933 Indian eagles were melted into featureless ingots of .900 fine gold, disappearing with hundreds of thousands of other historic gold coins in the wake of the Presidential directive.
Proof issues of this series are known in two main types and various colorations. Matte or sandblast coins display subdued, microscopically grainy luster on needle-sharp strikes. Satin or Roman finish proofs were a short-lived experiment showing amazingly smooth, softly glowing surfaces. Matte proofs exist of the 1907 Rolled Edge, 1908 With Motto, 1909, and 1911 through 1915 issues. The Satin proofs include the unique Plain Edge 1907 piece, at least one each of the 1907 No Periods and 1908 With Motto coins, as well as coins of 1909 and 1910.
Mint records show that a total of 13,070,583 Indian Head eagles including proofs were struck in all. These figures are misleading, as the 1920-S, 1930-S and 1933 coins were melted almost in their entirety. Small hoards of both the `30-S and the `33 have shown up over the years, but none of the `20-S, making this the rarest of the three. Other very elusive dates in mint state are the 1909-D, 1911-D, 1913-S and the 1915-S. In gem condition, all ten Indians are scarce, including the issues most commonly found in mint state, the 1926 and 1932. When grading this design, wear will first appear above the eye and on the cheek of the Indian, and on the reverse, on the top of the eagle’s wing.
PHOTO PROOF – Copyright © 1994-2014 Numismatic Guaranty Corporation. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:002eb6d4-63d0-49f9-8573-0b93c4ce5028> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://coinsite.com/1907-33-eagle-indian-head/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027330907.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20190825215958-20190826001958-00341.warc.gz | en | 0.953011 | 1,537 | 2.671875 | 3 |
We’ve heard a lot of folks commenting on the abnormally high number of ticks this year.
There was hope that the extremely cold temperatures last winter would have reduced the population of this creature with very few predators, but apparently not.
Summer is the time we like to spend in the great outdoors. It’s a fact that ticks like hot weather; therefore, they are also outside this time of year. I thought this would be a good time to learn a little more about this arachnid so I went to University of Kentucky’s entomologist Mike Potter for the details. He wrote:
Ticks are parasites that get their nutrients from you or your pet’s blood. Unfortunately, they are also excellent transmitters for many diseases.
Ticks prefer to live in woods, tall grass, weeds and brush. They climb onto low vegetation and attach to suitable hosts that pass by, including pets and people.
Ticks are seldom a problem in well-maintained lawns although edges of property supporting tall weeds and brush can be a source of infestation. The best way to avoid acquiring ticks is through prevention.
Avoid walking through uncut fields, brush and other areas likely to harbor ticks. When hiking or picnicking in these areas, wear long pants tucked into socks and consider using tick repellents. Walk in the center of mowed trails to avoid brushing up against vegetation.
Inspect yourself, family members and pets after being in tick-infested areas, and promptly remove any ticks that are found. Ticks most often attach at the neck and scalp. Use the method of removal described below.
Keep grass and shrubs in your yard trimmed, and clear overgrown vegetation from edges of your property. Ticks avoid direct sunlight and will not infest areas that are well maintained.
Free-roaming pets are much more likely to become infested with ticks than are those which are confined. Pets may be treated with insecticide dips or sprays, although these products generally lose effectiveness in about a week.
What’s the best way to remove an attached tick?
Using fine-point tweezers, grasp the tick just behind the point of attachment and pull slowly and steadily until the tick is dislodged. Vaseline, matches and other alternate methods of removal should be avoided. Wash the bite area, apply antiseptic and cover with a bandage.
For more details on ticks, the diseases they transmit and treating areas for control, contact the Franklin County Extension Office, 101 Lakeview Court, 502-695-9035 and ask for Entfact-618. | <urn:uuid:0e51e29c-91e4-4eea-a137-8af8d93227d8> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.state-journal.com/spectrum/2014/08/02/tips-on-dealing-with-ticks | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131303523.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172143-00126-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959014 | 540 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Sergeant Theodore Polk Bowen
2nd Regiment Union Calvary, M.S.M Company E.
11th Regiment Cavalry, MSM Company I.
Superior Officers: General John Schofield and Captain Henry C. Gentry
On November 6, 1861 Governor Gamble reached an agreement with President Lincoln to form a new full-time militia that was financed by the United States but under the control of the Missouri governor with officers financed by him. This New Missouri State Militia (MSM) would cooperate with Federal commanders but would not be subject to service outside the state except when necessary to directly defend it.
The new MSM was primarily a mounted force of about 10,000 men active throughout the Civil War. The MSM was necessary to defend against the guerrillas, recruiters and raiders that were infiltrating further and further into northern Mo.
Militia Cavalry units participated in most of the significant engagements in the state of Missouri from 1862 to 1864. Governor Hamilton R. Gamble, praised the MSM as being “Very efficient.” General John Schofield specifically complimented them in regards to drill, discipline and efficiency.
Theodore”Polk” Bowen enlisted February 12, 1862 at Hannibal, Mo. He provided his own horse and weapon. He Mustered November 1, 1862 at Monticello, Mo. He attained the rank of Corporal on April 10, 1862. His regiment consolidated with the 2nd Regiment Cavalry on September 1, 1862, and later was assigned to the 11th Regiment Cavalry attaining the rank of Sergeant. Polk Mustered out March 10, 1865.
Theodore Polk. Bowen, the youngest of three brothers, was born on July 7, 1843 in Marion County Mo.; on a farm N.W. of Hannibal. His parents Stephen M. and Margaret Catherine-Tarr Bowen from Snow Hill Maryland traveled east to Missouri and settled in the rich farmland of the Mississippi Valley.
Theodore’s grandparents were William Fleming Bowen and Zipporah Burbage-Bowen from Maryland. William settled in Knox County, Mo. His land in Salt river Township was deeded October 2, 1839. His son, William also lived in Knox where he was a member of the Edina lodge, No. 176, IOOF and held the position of Grand Secretary. He was the superintendent of the Edina Roller Mill Company that was organized in 1883 and erected in 1884. William also established the Woolen Mills Plant that produced denim, wool for blankets and flannel. This was the only industry of its kind in the country.
Soon after the Civil War ended Polk married Emily F. Bowling. Emily was born April 14, 1845 in Ralls County, Mo., to John Bowling and Sarah Hines-Bowling. Sarah died March 14, 1871 in Marion County, Mo. Emily and Polk had two children Ida F. Bowen b: Feb.18, 1866; d: Nov. 10, 1867 and Charles G. Bowen b: July 28, 1868 d: Nov 1901
Polk next married Emma (A last name is unknown to me). They had one child, Henry F. b: Nov. 24, 1870 d: July 30, 1871. His third wife Martha A. Campbell-Bowen Married in 1873 she was b: Sept. 21, 1853 d: Nov 22, 1889 in Marion Co. Mo. Two children were born; Albert b: 1874 and Marion b: 1879.
William M. Bowen, the eldest of the brothers born in Maryland July 1840 d: April 13, 1907 was one of Marion County’s best known citizens. He was known as “The Cabbage King” and operated one of the most extensive cabbage farms in Northeast, Mo.
Stephen Decatur Bowen was the middle child born on the family farm just west of the Mississippi river. He loved farming and ranching as did his forefathers before him from Maryland. Stephen D. was Marion County Sheriff and served as a Road Commissioner for several years. His son, Oney Bowen became a municipal judge in Palmyra, Mo.
During his lifetime Theodore Polk Bowen did many things. After his term in the Civil War he owned a grocery store, worked for the railroad and was a carpenter. At the end of his life, he became very ill and in so much pain that he was transported to the Leavenworth, KS Soldier’s home. April 18, 1909 at age 75, he passed away from chronic nephritis and carcinoma in his stomach. His nephew, Oney Bowen went to KS to finalize the arrangements then returned by train with his body to Hannibal; where he was laid to rest at the residence of his brother, Stephen D. Bowen. His body was taken for burial at Rush cemetery next to his family.
Submitted by: Patricia Bowen McClelland G.G.Granddaughter | <urn:uuid:871ca6ee-bdc5-40a2-bbf6-f161598b8940> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://juliadentgranttent16duvcw.org/veterans/item/56-bowen-theodore-mo-st-militia-cav | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221210408.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20180816015316-20180816035316-00232.warc.gz | en | 0.983638 | 1,016 | 2.546875 | 3 |
- Diseases and weeds strike again and sweet corn yields are taking a beating. A recent University of Illinois study found that maize dwarf mosaic (MDM) and wild-proso millet have teamed up, and the pair are leading to to less than desirable results.
Diseases and weeds strike again and sweet corn yields are taking a beating. A recent University of Illinois study found that maize dwarf mosaic (MDM) and wild-proso millet have teamed up, and the pair are leading to to less than desirable results.
Marty Williams, associate professor of crop sciences and USDA-ARS ecologist, said the study aimed to identify how MDM incidence and weed interference influences sweet corn growth, phenological development and yield. MDM is the most prevalent viral disease of sweet corn in the United States, and wild-proso millet is one of the most problematic weeds. Although MDM and weed interference are two commonly occurring stresses in sweet corn, little was known about the combination of these stresses and their effect on sweet corn until now.
Williams said resistance genes for MDM have been incorporated into some sweet corn lines, but most commercial hybrids have little or no resistance to the disease. Researchers conducted tests in two MDM-susceptible hybrids that differed in weed tolerance.
The combinations of these stresses, even at low levels, are particularly problematic, Williams said. MDM stunts crop growth and impedes sweet corn’s ability to capture limited resources such as light. Weeds intercept the extra resources. The crop, in turn, has a more difficult time competing for light as well as water and nutrients.
Researchers found incidence of MDM also delayed development as much as five days.
“Five days is huge because sweet corn has a narrow window for producing a marketable product,” Williams said. “Delays in silk emergence influence maturity, which is a big problem for producers and processors in terms of harvest timing and yield.”
Williams said this study gives the sweet corn industry and research community a better understanding of the individual and combined effects these two stresses have on crop growth and yield. The work provides strong incentive for developing hybrids with higher levels of MDM resistance and improved competitive ability with weeds.
This study, “Interactions between maize dwarf mosaic and weed interference on sweet corn” was published in Field Crops Research. Researchers include Marty Williams and Jerald (Snook) Pataky of the University of Illinois. | <urn:uuid:2d33c172-5a10-46bd-8e43-9fb3e74b761c> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://westernfarmpress.com/management/sweet-corn-gets-double-whammy-weeds-and-diseases | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541361.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00288-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955733 | 503 | 2.625 | 3 |
Protein helps in muscle building and development and as such, is very important for the human body to be able to function well and accomplish daily tasks. The building blocks of proteins are amino acids and there are a number of classifications or types of this essential acid. The different types of amino acids are hydrophobic, hydrophilic, polar and nonpolar.Each of these types of amino acids play their own unique role in the development of muscle and tissue. As the name implies, hydrophobic amino acids react negatively or gravitate away from aqueous components while hydrophilic amino acids react positively or gravitate towards aqueous components. This may all seem too scientific and people may still need to know more about hydrophilic amino acids . For a better understanding In this article, we will look into the different hydrophilic amino acids and how they can benefit our bodies.
What are the Hydrophilic Amino Acids?
As stated earlier, hydrophilic amino acids tend to align themselves with aqueous or watery components and is essential for the body to function well. Below is a list of these hydrophilic amino acids:
- Arginine – With a three (3) letter symbol of Arg and single letter symbol of R
- Asparagine – With a three (3) letter symbol of N and single letter symbol of ASN
- Aspartate – With a three (3) letter symbol of Asp and single letter symbol of D
- Glutamine – With a three (3) letter symbol of Gln and single letter symbol of Q
- Glutamate – With codons of either GAG or GAA
- Histidine – With a three (3) letter symbol of His and single letter symbol of H
- Lysine – With a three (3) letter symbol of Lys and single letter symbol of K
- Threonine – With codons of either ACG, ACC, ACA and ACU
What are the Health Benefits of these Hydrophilic amino acids?
This conditionally essential amino acid has been proven to address hypertension, improve blood circulation, lessen the risk of heart diseases, reduce the risks of type 2 diabetes, help reduce fat and triglycerides, stimulate the immune system, lower anxiety, increase stamina, enhance the faster healing of wounds, assist in retaining memories during old age, possibly increase fertility and delay signs of aging.
Asparagine is a nonessential amino acid and may help the body in terms of maintaining the balance of the central nervous system and supplementing other products used in skin care. Products that have asparagine have been shown to address sun damage, eczema, acne, dry skin and early signs of aging.
Aspartate is widely recognized as supplement to boost athletic performance. It also has other health benefits such as increased absorption of vitamins and minerals by the body, prevention of liver cirrhosis and increased mineral levels in the body.
Glutamine is a conditionally essential amino acid that can provide a number of health benefits such as improving the cell growth of the gut, repairing and improving the symptoms of a leaky gut, and improving flow of minerals in the gut, supporting and boosting the immune system, improving wound healing, assisting the body in decreasing the effects of chemotherapy, assisting the body in improving surgery recovery, increasing nitrogen supply in the body, preventing decrease in the other amino acids, building and developing muscle fibers, protecting the body against stress, protecting the body during heart attacks and preventing the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
One of the most abundant amino acid in the body present in both the human brain and muscle fibers, glutamate has numerous health benefits for the body. Glutamate has been shown to improve brain function, acts as a precursor to GABA or gamma- aminobutyric acid, improve gut function, improve appetite and the feeling of being full or satiety, enhance the body’s immunity, increase cell longevity, improve bone health and resilience and provide energy to muscles during physical activities.
Being deficient in Histidine can adversely affect the overall health of an individual since it is an essential amino acid that address a number of health benefits and aids in the different bodily functions particularly those involving the muscles. Histidine has been shown to protect the heart, lower blood pressure and help against hypertension, provide the body with its much needed antioxidants, lessen inflammation, aid the body against diabetes, prevent obesity, help protect the skin, enhance the function of the brain, control and lessen seizures and protect the eyes from diseases such as cataracts.
Lysine is an essential amino acid that acts as a building block to many other proteins needed by the body in order to function. Evidence suggest that lysine can help in the treatment of herpes, aid in forming collagen, reduce feelings of anxiety, help in lessening the complications of diabetes, improve insulin production, lower blood sugar levels, reduce the inflammation of the pancreas, improve heart function, enhance bone strength and significantly improve growth in children.
Threonine is an essential amino acid that is very important in balancing the protein of the body. The health benefits of threonine include protecting the digestive tract, boosting the immune system and improve overall mental and cognitive function
Some Considerations in taking hydrophilic amino acids as a supplement
Listed above are some of the impressive health benefits of hydrophilic amino acids. However, as with any medical treatment, there are some considerations that people or patients may want to look into before fully committing themselves full time to taking hydrophilic amino acids as a supplement. Below are a few of these possible considerations:
1. Seek Professional Medical Advice
Each person is unique and the specific needs of a patient can only really be identified by a professional health worker. Doctors can look at your overall health and determine which hydrophilic aminos can be used to improve your health.
2. Choose the right nonpolar amino acid for you
Amino acids come in different types and forms and they specifically address certain health issues such as mental disorders, stress and anxiety and muscle development and growth. Knowing your body’s exact needs can help your doctor give better recommendations in terms of amino acid supplementation. | <urn:uuid:5f929bad-f620-4477-bdd8-a61959cd7b52> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://aminoacidstoday.com/hydrophilic-amino-acids/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224654016.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20230607211505-20230608001505-00531.warc.gz | en | 0.932486 | 1,320 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Murals- Padmanabhapuram Palace
The Padmanabhapuram palace was once the residence of the rulers of the erstwhile princely state of Travancore. This palace complex, regarded as Asia’s largest wooden palace, has fourteen structures spread over an area of six acres. The palace is noted for an exquisite mural collection considered to date from the 17th and 18th centuries. These paintings are discerned for the beauty of their conception.
The murals are drawn on the four walls of the Thevarappura, the second floor of Uppirika Malika, a mansion inside the complex. The Thevarappura was used by the kings for meditation. Ananthasayana (the reclining posture of Lord Vishnu on Anantha, the Serpent King), Lord Krishna and Gopikas, Lord Shiva and Lord Vishnu are some of the paintings seen here. The paintings were drawn by three different artists, according to Dr. M.G. Sasibhooshan, renowned art scholar and historian.
The erstwhile Travancore kingdom consisted of the southern part of the present Kerala state and some south-western parts of the present Tamil Nadu state. Though the Palace complex is now situated in Tamil Nadu, it is managed by the Department of Archaeology, Government of Kerala. | <urn:uuid:00f1b380-9947-40fb-bfc7-b39b756d8a6c> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.indiavideo.org/kerala/arts/murals-padmanabhapuram-1121.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710909.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20221202150823-20221202180823-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.955518 | 276 | 2.984375 | 3 |
A constant is a number or symbol that always has the same value. There are four types of constants:
- An algebraic constant is a number which does not change in the context of a particular algebraic equation. In algebra, a constant is the opposite of a variable. For example, 2 is an algebraic constant in the algebra equation y = 2 + x. This equation could also be written y = a + x if it were explained that a always equals 2. In which case, a would be an algebraic constant.
- A physical constant is a constant of nature like the speed of light in a vacuum. It’s an unchanging measurement: 186,282 miles per second and is represented by the symbol c.
- A physical constant can also be one that changes with conditions, for example, the amount of kinetic energy for a specific number of molecules in a box at a specific temperature and pressure. The amount of kinetic energy is considered a constant but only for a certain number of molecules. For more, see the section “Constants of nature that vary with the situation” in the definition of “absolute constant.” | <urn:uuid:ac8ccfaa-7f57-4ddc-a3ca-cf789319623f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://quantumphysicslady.org/glossary/constant/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100534.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204182901-20231204212901-00501.warc.gz | en | 0.946188 | 236 | 3.609375 | 4 |
As the 5th leading cause of death in the United States, stroke can happen due to several conditions. One of those is carotid artery disease, which is when plaque builds up and blocks the arteries on either side of the neck that carries blood to the head, face and brain. Knowing the risk factors and the signs and symptoms of carotid artery disease can help you stay ahead of this condition and hopefully prevent a stroke from occurring.
Here are five things you should know:
Males over 50 are at higher risk. The risk factors for developing blockages in the artery are similar to those for other types of heart disease, including age (over age 50), gender (male), high blood pressure, high cholesterol, family history, smoking and diabetes. If you are concerned you are at risk for carotid artery disease, be sure to share your concerns with your doctor so you can be screened and/or monitored.
Carotid artery disease may be asymptomatic. Symptomatic disease may result in either a transient ischemic attack (TIA) and/or a stroke. Plaques in the artery may break, causing a small particle to dislodge and travel up the bloodstream into the brain, blocking off small branches in the brain and resulting in a stroke.
Stroke symptoms are the same as for TIA. These include sudden weakness, clumsiness or paralysis of an arm and/or leg on one side of the body; confusion, dizziness, fainting or headache; numbness or loss of sensation in the face, arm or leg; temporary loss of vision or blurred vision; and the inability to speak clearly or slurred speech.
A TIA rarely results in permanent brain damage, but a stroke will. Symptoms from a TIA usually go away within 24 hours. Recovery from a stroke depends on the size and location of the stroke and can result in problems such as weakness in the arm or leg, paralysis, loss of speech or even death.
TIAs may precede a stroke, but not always. It’s important to seek medical help immediately, no matter whether you suspect TIA or stroke. | <urn:uuid:c21960a3-455a-4623-b483-a3402a7342bf> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.veinandvascularsurgery.com/2019/10/14/5-things-you-should-know-about-carotid-artery-disease/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585441.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021195527-20211021225527-00263.warc.gz | en | 0.934093 | 441 | 3.25 | 3 |
Fifty-seven of seventy-six maps in Allen's album feature Kentucky, either alone or with Tennessee, or cities in Kentucky. The Kentucky Geological Survey team called these drawings, created between 1785 and 1937, the most extensive group of Kentucky maps known. The collection includes 17th- and 18th-century French, English, and Dutch maps of North America, as well as later maps printed in the United States. Highlights include Americae Nova Tabula (1635) by Willem Janzoon Blaeu (1571-1638), Carte de Kentucke d'apres les Observations Actuelles (1785) by John Filson (ca. 1747-1788), A Geographical, Statistical and Historical Map of Kentucky (1822) by Fielding Lucas (1781-1854), and a small tourist map with steam boat routes and stage coach schedules published in 1839.
Lafon Allen, Esq. (1871-1952), a graduate of Yale College and University of Louisville Law School, was a prominent attorney, Circuit Court Judge (1922-1934), and active supporter of art and historical organizations in his home state of Kentucky. He also collected maps and, in 1950, Allen donated his personal "Collection of Maps of North America with Special Reference to Kentucky" to the University of Louisville's Rare Books department. | <urn:uuid:56b00aeb-e8d0-4b23-be7b-13bacda0e1c7> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://archivescatalog.library.louisville.edu/resources/lafon-allen | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104669950.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220706090857-20220706120857-00411.warc.gz | en | 0.924356 | 286 | 2.875 | 3 |
Notes for Class 11 Accountancy Chapter 6 Trial Balance and Rectification of Errors
Students can refer to Notes for Class 11 Accountancy Chapter 6 Trial Balance and Rectification of Errors given below. These notes have been prepared keeping into consideration the latest syllabus and examination guidelines issued by CBSE and NCERT. Class 11 Chapter 6 Trial Balance and Rectification of Errors Notes is important to understand the topic and solve all questions given in DK Goel Class 11 Textbook
“To err is human”
Unit at a Glance:
• Error affecting or disclosed by trial balance Meaning of Accounting
• Errors not affecting by trail balance
• Clerical Errors
• Suspense account
• Numerical questions
Correcting the errors of accounting by passing journal entry is known as rectification of error.
Error affecting or disclosed by trial balance
1.Errors of additions and subtractions :- wrong totaling and balancing of ledger, totaling of
trial wrong totaling of trial balance.
2.Posting at the wrong side of an account :- Instead of debiting amounts by mistake are
written in credit.
3. Entering incorrect amount:- Incorrect copying ,Transposing figure( Writing 56 in place of
65), sliding figure (8000 in place of 800), doubling the wrong figure and duplicate posting.
4. Errors of omission:- Not posted in subsidiary accounts, accounts are not opened in the
5. Wrong posting in the trial balance:- Instead of writing debit side accounts has posted in
Errors not affecting by trail balance
1.Errors of omission:- Transactions not recorded in books. For example:- goods return to
supplier not recorded.
2.Errors of principle:-Disobey of accounting principles, (salary paid to manager) manager’s
accounts are debited.
3.Compensating errors: – Sales of goods to Rani for Rs.100 debited to Rain’s account with
Rs.10 and Rs.100 cash received for Ajay was credited to Ajay with Rs.10.
4. Incorrect account in the original book: – Insteadof B . Babu’s accountN.babu’s account
affected by writer.
5.Posting to wrong account: – Instead of writing in purchases book , sales book are opened.
- Errors of omission: – Forget to write the transaction in books.
- Goods worth Rs.5,000 returned by a customer was not recorded in the books.
- Goods worth Rs.3,000 sold to Anil was not recorded in the books.
2.Errors of commission: – Under casting and Over casting.
1. Purchase book was under cast by Rs.5,000
2. Sales book was over cast by Rs.2,000
3. Errors of Principles: – Mistake in posting such as instead of sale ,furniture account is
credited, Wages is paid and posted in salary account.
1. Purchase of Building was passed in purchase book amounting Rs.10,000
2. Wages paid for extension of building was debited to wages account amounting Rs.6000
4. Compensating errors : – Mistake in posting such as posting at wrong side of account.
1. Salary paid amounting Rs.500 was credited to salary account.
2. Rent paid amounting Rs.600 was credited to rent account as 60.
When Trial balance does not agree, the difference of amount will be transferred into suspense account.
Treatment of Suspense account:-When mistakes are detected and rectified, Suspense account will be closed. Balance of suspense account will be transferred in to Balance sheet.
Point to be remembered:
(Debit balance of suspense account will be at assets side. Credit balance will be at liabilities side of balance sheet)
1. Explain the types of errors.
2. What do you mean by Suspense account?
Pass journal entry for following cases assuming the use of suspense account
1. Under casting in sales day book by Rs.5,000
2. Goods returned By Amit costing Rs.2,000 was not recorded in the books
3. Salary paid Rs.1500 was debited in wages account.
4. Interest due on investment Rs.2, 500 was not recorded in the books.
Generally students commit these mistakes, please avoid:
1. Wrong selection in nature of error.
2. Focus on use of suspense account.
3. Do not write single amount in case of fundamental error.
Q.1 Pass journal entry for following cases
1. Purchase of Furniture was passed in purchase book amounting Rs.25,000
2. Wages paid for installation of machine posted to wages account amounting Rs.7000
3. Goods worth Rs.15,000 returned to supplier was not recorded in the books.
4. Goods worth Rs.23,000 sold to Anil was not recorded in the books.
5. Commission received from z Rs.2,500 not recorded in books.
Q.2 Pass journal entries for following cases assuming the use of suspense account
1. Under casting in purchase day book by Rs.3,,000
2. Goods returned to Prakash costing Rs.12,000 was not recorded in the books
3. Repair paid Rs.2,500 was debited in Rent account.
4. Interest due on investment Rs.4, 500 was not recorded in the books.
Q.3 Pass journal entries for following cases:
1. Interest paid amounting Rs.600 was credited to interest account as Rs. 60.
2. Salary paid to employee Rs.5,000 was debited to his personal account.
3. Goods purchased from AB limited costing Rs.8,000 not recorded in books.
4. Machinery sold for Rs.6,000 was wrongly credited in Furniture account | <urn:uuid:aec99672-8933-445b-a70d-4069a1e1275a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://dkgoelsolutions.com/notes-for-class-11-accountancy-chapter-6-trial-balance-and-rectification-of-errors/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100602.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206162528-20231206192528-00327.warc.gz | en | 0.948107 | 1,228 | 2.59375 | 3 |
In therapy we have been working on listening and saying the /f/ sound. When doing formal instruction, Brooke uses /f/ about 80%-90% of the time; but in casual conversation, she uses the /f/ sound about 50% of the time. For example, she will say the word "fish" correctly but when we end up at the pet store and she is excited about all the aquariums, it becomes "pish" or "bish". So we need some more practice.
a. to produce the /f/ correctly 100% of the time
b. to have repeated exposure to the /f/
c. to practice recognizing the intial sound in rhyming words
Points to Remember:
1. Make sure the instruction is a fun as possible for your child
2. Use vocabulary your child knows but feal free to introduce a few new words
3. Remember not to make the /f/ louder when you speak, instead "drag out" the sound and whisper.....kids with hearing aids often can hear a whisper easier than loud speech.
1. We began by reviewing our letter Ff bag. We have used this before and Brooke is familiar with the objects. Inside we have a : fire, fox, fork, flamingo, french fries, flag, flashlight, flower, two fish and a frog.
2. Take one item out the bag at a time
3. I make a long /fffffffffffffff/ sound as Brooke reaches into the bag and then allow her to say the name of the object. Sometimes she will say another word for the object; such as call the frog a toad. I validate her answer and encourage her to think of another word for toad that begins with /f/.
4. I want to make sure she is hearing the /f/ sound in speech so we did a little rhyming activity with our /f/ objects
a. I started with only two objects and asked Brooke, without her seeing my mouth, "point to fish", then "point to dish". I didn't want Brooke to see the /f/ and /d/ sound on my lips so I covered my mouth from her view while being careful not to distrort the sound.
We then worked with fox, box, rocks, blocks, and socks. I only put 3 objects out at a time. Brooke is capable of remembering 3 critical elements but using the rhyming objects was really, really hard for her. We really struggled with pointing to 2 objects. So....I would say one object at a time. Once she mastered pointing to one object at a time, I tried 2 objects. Often she would reverse the objects or just not realate them. For example, she would say "fox" while pointing to "socks". We finally got it in this video clip, but need lots more practice
We did some practice with tire, fire and wire from this set of rhyming objects
Here is a video that shows her frustration! Lessons are not always easy and I want you to see the good and the bad.
Here are a few other rhyming objects we used with /f/ objects
flashlight, kite, night, bite flag, bag and rag
1. I began this lesson thinking Brooke could point and name 3 objects, then tried two and moved down to one object. It would have been much better for her frustration level to start with just one object and then move to 2 objects.
2. You can easily use any letter of the alphabet for this rhyming practive. Start with a letter sound, gather objects that start with the sound, then find things that rhyme.
3. Sing some funny songs to keep your child interested. For example,
"Have you ever seen a fish, a fish, a fish
Have you ever seen a fish eating from a dish."
"Have you ever seen a fox, a fox, a fox
Have you ever sen a fox wearing some socks."
Then let your child pick up the fish and make it eat from a dish or get the fox and put on the socks.
This helps to keep the lesson fun as you work on recognizind intital sounds with your child.
- The Miller family
- I am just a mom: a mom of three kids and one of them is hearing impaired. We are a busy family and I am a very busy mom. I want my hearing impaired daughter, Brooke, to have every advantage so I try to incorporate as many lessons and strategies into our every day life. Most of the teaching I do with Brooke is incorporated into our daily routines and parent-directed play. This blog will include some of our formal lessons but mostly it will be learning to listen in the everyday. | <urn:uuid:93503266-1a3d-4889-8ca3-d18441d239b6> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://millertooth.blogspot.com/2010/09/f.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661640.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00215-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958997 | 977 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Flagellants
A fanatical and heretical sect that flourished in the thirteenth and succeeding centuries, Their origin was at one time attributed to the missionary efforts of St. Anthony of Padua, in the cities of Northern Italy, early in the thirteenth century; but Lempp (Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte, XII, 435) has shown this to be unwarranted. Every important movement, however, has its forerunners, both in the idea out of which it grows and in specific acts of which it is a culmination. And, undoubtedly, the practice of self-flagellation, familiar to the folk as the ascetic custom of the more severe orders (such as the Camaldolese, the Cluniacs, the Dominicans), had but to be connected in idea with the equally familiar penitential processions popularized by the Mendicants about 1233, to prepare the way for the great outburst of the latter half of the thirteenth century. It is in 1260 that we first hear of the Flagellants at Perugia. The terrible plague of 1259, the long-continued tyranny and anarchy throughout the Italian States, the prophecies concerning Antichrist and the end of the world by Joachim of Flora and his like, had created a mingled state of despair and expectation among the devout lay-folk of the middle and lower classes. Then there appeared a famous hermit of Umbria, Raniero Fasani, who organized a brotherhood of "Disciplinati di Gesù Cristo", which spread rapidly throughout Central and Northern Italy. The brotherhoods were known by various names in various localities (Battuti, Scopatori, Verberatori, etc.), but their practices were very similar everywhere. All ages and conditions were alike subject to this mental epidemic. Clergy and laity, men and women, even children of tender years, scourged themselves in reparation for the sins of the whole world. Great processions, amounting sometimes to 10,000 souls, passed through the cities, beating themselves, and calling the faithful to repentance. With crosses and banners borne before them by the clergy, they marched slowly through the towns. Stripped to the waist and with covered faces, they scourged themselves with leathern thongs till the blood ran, chanting hymns and canticles of the Passion of Christ, entering the churches and prostrating themselves before the altars. For thirty-three days and a half this penance was continued by all who undertook it, in honour of the years of Christ's life on earth. Neither mud nor snow, cold nor heat, was any obstacle. The processions continued in Italy throughout 1260, and by the end of that year had spread beyond the Alps to Alsace, Bavaria, Bohemia, and Poland. In 1261, however, the ecclesiastical and civil authorities awoke to the danger of such an epidemic, although its undesirable tendencies, on this occasion, were rather political than theological. In January the pope forbade the processions, and the laity realized suddenly that behind the movement was no sort of ecclesiastical sanction. It ceased almost as quickly as it had started, and for some time seemed to have died out. Wandering flagellants are heard of in Germany in 1296. In Northern Italy, Venturino of Bergamo, a Dominican, afterwards beatified, attempted to revive the processions of flagellants in 1334, and led about 10,000 men, styled the "Doves", as far as Rome. But he was received with laughter by the Romans, and his followers deserted him. He went to Avignon to see the pope, by whom he was promptly relegated to his monastery, and the movement collapsed.
In 1347 the Black Death swept across Europe and devastated the Continent for the next two years. In 1348 terrible earthquakes occurred in Italy. The scandals prevalent in Church and State intensified in the popular mind the feeling that the end of all things was come. With extraordinary suddenness the companies of Flagellants appeared again, and rapidly spread across the Alps, through Hungary and Switzerland. In 1349 they had reached Flanders, Holland, Bohemia, Poland, and Denmark. By September of that year they had arrived in England, where, however, they met with but little success. The English people watched the fanatics with quiet interest, even expressing pity and sometimes admiration for their devotion; but no one could be induced to join them, and the attempt at proselytism failed utterly. Mean- while in Italy the movement, in accordance with the temperament of the people, so thorough, so ecstatic, yet so matter-of-fact and practical in religious matters, spread rapidly through all classes of the community. Its diffusion was marked and aided by the popular laudi, folk-songs of the Passion of Christ and the Sorrows of Our Lady, while in its wake there sprang up numberless brotherhoods devoted to penance and the corporal works of mercy. Thus the "Battuti" of Siena, Bologna, Gubbio, all founded Case di Dio, which were at once centres at which they could meet for devotional and penitential exercises, and hospices in which the sick and destitute were relieved. Though tendencies towards heresy soon became apparent, the sane Italian faith was unfavourable to its growth. The confraternities adapted themselves to the permanent ecclesiastical organization, and not a few of them have continued, at least as charitable associations, until the present day. It is noticeable that the songs of the Laudesi during their processions tended more and more to take on a dramatic character. From them developed in time the popular mystery-play, whence came the beginnings of the Italian drama.
As soon, however, as the Flagellant movement crossed the Alps into Teutonic countries, its whole nature changed. The idea was welcomed with enthusiasm; a ceremonial was rapidly developed, and almost as rapidly a specialized doctrine, that soon degenerated into heresy. The Flagellants became an organized sect, with severe discipline and extravagant claims. They wore a white habit and mantle, on each of which was a red cross, whence in some parts they were called the "Brotherhood of the Cross". Whosoever desired to join this brotherhood was bound to remain in it for thirty-three and a half days, to swear obedience to the "Masters" of the organization, to possess at least four pence a day for his support, to be reconciled to all men, and, if married, to have the sanction of his wife. The ceremonial of the Flagellants seems to have been much the same in all the northern cities. Twice a day, proceeding slowly to the public square or to the principal church, they put off their shoes, stripped themselves to the waist and prostrated themselves in a large circle. By their posture they indicated the nature of the sins they intended to expiate, the murderer lying on his back, the adulterer on his face, the perjurer on one side holding up three fingers, etc. First they were beaten by the "Master", then, bidden solemnly in a prescribed form to rise, they stood in a circle and scourged themselves severely, crying out that their blood was mingled with the Blood of Christ and that their penance was preserving the whole world from perishing. At the end the "Master" read a letter which was supposed to have been brought by an angel from heaven to the church of St. Peter in Rome. This stated that Christ, angry at the grievous sins of mankind, had threatened to destroy the world, yet, at the intercession of the Blessed Virgin, had ordained that all who should join the brotherhood for thirty-three and a half days should be saved. The reading of this "letter", following the shock to the emotions caused by the public penance of the Flagellants, aroused much excitement among the populace. In spite of the protests and criticism of the educated, thousands enrolled themselves in the brotherhood. Great processions marched from town to town, with crosses, lights, and banners borne before them. They walked slowly, three or four abreast, bearing their knotted scourges and chanting their melancholy hymns. As the number grew, the pretences of the leaders developed. They professed a ridiculous horror of even accidental contact with women and insisted that it was of obligation to fast rigidly on Fridays. They cast doubts on the necessity or even desirability of the sacraments, and even pretended to absolve one another, to cast out evil spirits, and to work miracles. They asserted that the ordinary ecclesiastical jurisdiction was suspended and that their pilgrimages would be continued for thirty-three and a half years. Doubtless not a few of them hoped to establish a lasting rival to the Catholic Church, but very soon the authorities took action and endeavoured to suppress the whole movement. For, while it was thus growing in Germany and the Netherlands, it had also entered France.
At first this fatuus novus ritus was well received. As early as 1348, Pope Clement VI had permitted a similar procession in Avignon in entreaty against the plague. Soon, however, the rapid spread and heretical tendencies of the Flagellants, especially among the turbulent peoples of Southern France, alarmed the authorities. At the entreaty of the University of Paris, the pope, after careful inquiry, condemned the movement and prohibited the processions, by letters dated 20 Oct., 1349, which were sent to all the bishops of France, Germany, Poland, Sweden, and England. This condemnation coincided with a natural reaction of public opinion, and the Flagellants, from being a powerful menace to all settled public order, found themselves a hunted and rapidly dwindling sect. But, though severely stricken, the Flagellant tendency was by no means eradicated. Throughout the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries there were recrudescences of this and similar heresies. In Germany, about 1360, there appeared one Konrad Schmid, who called himself Enoch, and pretended that all ecclesiastical authority was abrogated, or rather, transferred to himself. Thousands of young men joined him, and he was able to continue his propaganda till 1369, when the vigorous measures of the Inquisition resulted in his suppression. Yet we still hear of trials and condemnations of Flagellants in 1414 at Erfurt, in 1446 at Nordhausen, in 1453 at Sangerhausen, even so late as 1481 at Halberstadt. Again the "Albati" or "Bianchi" are heard of in Provence about 1399, with their processions of nine days, during which they beat themselves and chanted the "Stabat Mater". At the end of the fourteenth century, too, the great Dominican, St. Vincent Ferrer, spread this penitential devotion throughout the north of Spain, and crowds of devotees followed him on his missionary pilgrimages through France, Spain, and Northern Italy.
In fact, the great outburst of 1349, while, perhaps, more widespread and more formidable than similar fanaticisms, was but one of a series of popular upheavals at irregular intervals from 1260 until the end of the fifteenth century. The generating cause of these movements was always an obscure amalgam of horror of corruption, of desire to imitate the heroic expiations of the great penitents, of apocalyptic vision, of despair at the prevailing corruption in Church and State. All these things are smouldering in the minds of the much-tried populace of Central Europe. It needed but a sufficient occasion, such as the accumulated tyranny of some petty ruler, the horror of a great plague, or the ardent preaching of some saintly ascetic, to set the whole of Christendom in a blaze. Like fire the impulse ran through the people, and like fire it died down, only to break out here and there anew. At the beginning of each outbreak, the effects were generally good. Enemies were reconciled, debts were paid, prisoners were released, ill-gotten goods were restored. But it was the merest revivalism, and, as always, the reaction was worse than the former stagnation. Sometimes the movement was more than suspected of being abused for political ends, more often it exemplified the fatal tendency of emotional pietism to degenerate into heresy. The Flagellant movement was but one of the manias that afflicted the end of the Middle Ages; others were the dancing-mania, the Jew-baiting rages, which the Flagellant processions encouraged in 1349, the child-crusades, and the like. And, according to the temperament of the peoples among whom it spread, the movement became a revolt and a fantastic heresy, a rush of devotion settling soon into pious practices and good works, or a mere spectacle that aroused the curiosity or the pity of the onlookers.
Although as a dangerous heresy the Flagellants are not heard of after the fifteenth century, their practices were revived again and again as a means of quite orthodox public penance. In France, during the sixteenth century, we hear of White, Black, Grey, and Blue Brotherhoods. At Avignon, in 1574, Catherine de' Medici herself led a procession of Black Penitents. In Paris, in 1583, King Henry III became patron of the "Blancs Battus de l'Annonciation". On Holy Thursday of that year he organized a great procession from the Augustinians to Notre-Dame, in which all the great dignitaries of the realm were obliged to take part in company with himself. The laughter of the Parisians, however, who treated the whole thing as a jest, obliged the king to withdraw his patronage. Early in the seventeenth century, the scandals arising among these brotherhoods caused the Parliament of Paris to suppress them, and under the combined assaults of the law, the Gallicans, and the sceptics, the practice soon died out. Throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries Flagellant processions and self-flagellation were encouraged by the Jesuits in Austria and the Netherlands, as well as in the far countries which they evangelized. India, Persia, Japan, the Philippines, Mexico, and the States of South America, all had their Flagellant processions; in Central and South America they continue even to the present day, and were regulated and restrained by Pope Leo XIII. In Italy generally and in the Tyrol similar processions survived until the early years of the nineteenth century; in Rome itself they took place in the Jesuit churches as late as 1870, while even later they occurred in parts of Tuscany and Sicily. Always, however, these later Flagellant processions have taken place under the control of ecclesiastical authority, and must by no means he connected with the heretical epidemic of the later Middle Ages.
One of the best modern accounts of flagellation and the Flagellants is an article by HAUPT, Geisselune, kirchliche, und Geisslerbruderschaften, in Realencykl. für prot. Theol. It contains full and excellent bibliographies. Some of the original authorities for the outbreak in 1260 will be found in PERTZ, Mon. Germ. Hist., XVII, 102-3, 105, 191, 402, 531, 714; XIX, 179. For the heresy of 1348 may be consulted: Chroniken der deutschen Städte, VII, 204 sqq.; IX, 105 sqq.; Forschungen zur deutschen Geschichte, XXI (1881), 21 sqq.; Recueil des chroniques de Flandre, II (Bruges, 1841), 111 sqq.; FREDERICQ, Corpus documentorum inquisitionis hœreticœ pravitatis neerlandicœ, I (Ghent, 1889), 190 sqq.; BERLIÈRE, Trois traités inédits sur les Flagellants de 1349, in Revue Bénédictine, July, 1908. Good accounts are to be found in MURATORI, Antiquitt. Ital. med., œvi, VI (Milan, 1738-42), diss. lxxv; GRETSER, Opera, IV (Ratisbon, 1734), 43-5; ZÖCKLER, Askese und Mönchtum, II (Frankfort, 1897), 518, 530-7.
LESLIE A. ST. L. TOKE. | <urn:uuid:f48919d0-50ef-4109-8a7d-0d69ef00e00e> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Flagellants | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122087108.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175447-00040-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971989 | 3,514 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Teach a child to read with children's books : combining story reading, phonics, and writing to promote reading success / by Mark B. Thogmartin ; [with a foreword by Jim Trelease]
Nonfiction | ERIC Clearinghouse on Reading, English, and Communication, EDINFO Press | 1997 | 2nd ed.
Available at Youth Nonfiction (Call number: 372.4 T PBK)
Bloomington, IN : Family Literacy Center : ERIC Clearinghouse on Reading, English, and Communication, EDINFO Press, 1997.
xiv, 200 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.
Includes bibliographical references (p. -198) and index.
The "great debate" -- Acquiring language and learning to read -- Early readers : what can they teach us? -- What works? One successful program -- Using "real books" in your program -- Preparing for formal lessons -- Book reading and strategy development -- Learning about letters, sounds, and words -- Story writing in the reading lesson -- Putting it all together : a sample lesson. | <urn:uuid:66d2d085-d9d1-4663-b446-c8ead1e70e57> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://encore.skokielibrary.info/iii/encore/record/C__Rb1154937?lang=eng | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375098685.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031818-00015-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.769705 | 226 | 3.578125 | 4 |
An ISBN (International Standard Book Number) is the long and intricate string of numbers on the back of a book just above or below the barcode.
There are 13 digits to a modern ISBN number (any number assigned after 2007). The first three numbers indicate the industry of the publication. Next comes the group identifier, which denotes the country group (any country or group of countries that share the same language).
The next group of numbers denotes the publisher code and title or item number. A publisher can have multiple publisher codes depending on how many titles they have published. Finally, there is a checksum or “check digit”. This serves as an error check to make sure that the ISBN number is a valid number according to industry standards. This number is derived by alternatively multiplying the first 12 digits of the ISBN number by 1 and 3, then taking the sum of those calculations and dividing them by 10. The remainder is then subtracted from 10, leaving the final check digit.
An ISBN and barcode is not required to sell your book. However, book stores will not stock a book without them, so they are considered necessary. In fact, a separate ISBN is used for eBooks as opposed to hard copy (print) books, and a printed barcode is required on the front or back cover of your hard copy book. We will obtain the necessary ISBNs and barcodes, listing you as the author and Page Publishing as your publisher.Your Printed Book | <urn:uuid:ffda6341-4aea-4fe6-92db-c043fa4abf74> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.pagepublishing.com/services-view/isbn-and-barcode/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607726.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20170524001106-20170524021106-00363.warc.gz | en | 0.852994 | 297 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The country’s future well-being is directly linked to the ability of American women to get a fair shot in economic, health, and leadership terms. From the persistent wage gap to the state- and city-level fights for better work and family policies, much work remains to be done — and there are wide variations within the country in just how much work remains, as a new report from the Center for American Progress (CAP) shows.
“Mapping the State of Women in America” grades each of the 50 states using 14 economic factors, 9 measures of women’s access to leadership roles, and 13 health factors. The resulting interactive map illustrates the vast differences in women’s access to a level playing field across the country:
Some of the findings, which can be individually teased apart in the database that accompanies the report and map, may be surprising. For one example, Vermont has the smallest gender wage gap for white women but the largest wage gap for black women. (Vermont ranks 10th in the economic security indicators the report examines, and third overall.) For another, there are 15 states that currently have zero women in their congressional delegations, including Virginia, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. For a third, nearly a quarter of all women in Texas do not have health insurance. | <urn:uuid:378fcccb-338d-4b73-8631-e5d50b5f1069> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://thinkprogress.org/economy/2013/09/25/2677971/map-womens-uneven-progress-in-the-50-states/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609523265.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005203-00571-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95061 | 268 | 2.859375 | 3 |
(5) DelPrince J.M. Philodendron selloum -- Selloum Page 3 October 1999 Figure 3. It makes a handsome foundation for planting. Genus Philodendron contains about 400 species mostly native to tropical American including a number of epiphytes. It can tolerate deep shade but prefers bright, indirect light and moist soil. It was classified by Austrian botanist Heinrich Schott, 1764-1865 who chose the name from the Greek for tree-loving, to describe the many liana species. This group of tropical plants falls into the same family as the calla lilies. - 8 ft. 0 in. The genus name Philodendron comes from the Greek words ‘philo’ and ‘dendron’ which means tree loving. This plant is native to South America, namely to Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina, and Paraguay, but is also cultivated as a landscape plantin tr… In the patent documents, the plant is described as "having been grown from a seed found in a collection of seeds from the Philodendron selloum". Width: 6 ft. 0 in. Description. They can grow in a 100% sphagnum peat moss or in a 1:1 peat-vermiculite or peat-perlite mix. leaves. While they are beautiful, most species of Philodendron are toxic to both humans and pets. This is important as this will be where the roots will grow. To prevent bacterial blight infection, keep the leaves dry and avoid overhead watering. Philodendron bipinnatifidum (common names: lacy tree philodendron, selloum, horsehead philodendron) is a plant that belongs to the family Araceae and subgenus Meconostigma, one of three subgenera within the genus Philodendron.The commonly used name Philodendron selloum is a synonym (Mayo 1991). Approximately 15–20 years is required to produce flowers in an indoor environment. Hope Philodendron can be propagated by seed, stem tip cuttings, or through basal offshoots. 4. Consequently, insufficient light will cause the stems to become leggy and exhibit stunting. It has the classic heart-shaped leaf, but the leaf is thick, and its rough texture is patterned. Origin and care. The Plant List Version 1.1. Prune your philodendron during active growing periods while the plant is producing new shoots to promote regrowth. Bacterial blight causes dark green spots on the leaves that eventually rot and die. She is passionate about creating sustainable green spaces in the city and writing about interesting flowering plants of the world. N.C. Pronounciation: Fill-o-DEN-dron bi-pin-na-ti-FI-dum Hardiness zones Sunset 8-12, 13 (with protection from sun), 14-24, and as an indoor plant in colder zones The tree philodendron (Philodendron selloum) is an attractive, large evergreen shrub with leaves up to 3 feet long. (1). The soil must not be wet or soggy as this will cause root rot. These pests can cause rumpled new growth, yellow spots, and a cottony white residue on the leaves and stems. Common Pests and Diseases of Hope Philodendron, The Best Soil for Growing Succulents and Cactus, Rose Food Guide: How to Use The Best Fertilizer for Roses, Euphorbia Lactea (Dragon Bones Tree): Types, How to Grow and Care, Osmanthus Flower Types, How to Grow and Care. 2020. How much sunlight does Hope Philodendron need? Hazelle Cabugao has a Bachelor of Science (B.S.) Remove infected leaves to prevent spreading of the infection (5). A Selloum does grow a trunk as it matures, but the huge drooping leaves usually … This trio of tree philodendrons has spent the past 30 plus years partying poolside at the Howard Johnson's. form a strategic partnership called N.C. From shop Plantflix. Thaumatophyllum bipinnatifidum (common names: lacy tree philodendron, selloum, horsehead philodendron ) is a plant that belongs to the family Araceae and genus Thaumatophyllum, which previously was placed at subgenus Meconostigma, one of three subgenera within the genus Philodendron. Cooperative Extension, which staffs local offices in all 100 counties and with the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians. In the spring, plants are often smaller than plants shipped in the fall. During winter, keep the soil barely moist. CAUSES SEVERE PAIN IN THE MOUTH IF EATEN! Spraying with insecticidal soap can also help with these pests. More Than 160 Indoor Plants”. Frequent contact with cell sap may cause skin irritation. In the 1850s Karl Koch described Philodendron selloum, a name honoring his source of the plant H. Sello, the head gardener at Sans Souci, the Imperial Prussian estate at Potsdam. Botanical Name: Philo dendron ‘Moonlight’ Fluorescent green foliage can … Folia ge of Selloum Pest resistance: long-term health usually not affected by pests Use and Management When given enough room to spread, Selloum makes a handsome foundation or specimen planting, and can also be used in large containers where it looks especially attractive at poolside. How to Take Care for Philodendron Selloum. See here how you can get the most out of this beautiful plant while keeping it thriving.
Neutrogena T/sal Shampoo Uk, Santoku Vs Gyuto, Mongoose Proof Chicken Coop, Kookaburra Life Cycle, Paint By Sticker Masterpieces, Mini Project On Cloud Computing With Source Code, Basil Leaves In Nigeria, Red Wine Price In Lahore, Goya Aged Basmati Rice Review, | <urn:uuid:41fcc46b-b810-4618-9b76-1bee03de4c75> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://belifu.co/8s644tlu/fe660f/article.php?page=philodendron-selloum-origin-24151b | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178378043.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20210307170119-20210307200119-00429.warc.gz | en | 0.910209 | 1,277 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Cherry leaf spot is one of the most serious diseases of both sweet and sour cherries in the Midwest. The disease mainly affects the leaves, but lesions may also appear on fruit, petioles and fruit stems (pedicels). Diseased leaves drop prematurely, and severely affected trees may be defoliated by mid-summer. Early and repeated defoliation can result in: (1) dwarfed and unevenly ripened fruit with poor taste; (2) devitalized trees that are more susceptible to winter injury; (3) death of fruit spurs; (4) a reduction of fruit set and size; (5) small and weak fruit buds; (6) reduced fruit growth; and (7) eventual death of the tree.
|Figure 1. Cherry leaf spot symptoms on upper surface of cherry leaf.||Figure 2.||Figure 3. Infected leaves usually turn yellow or gold before they drop prematurely.|
During the latter part of May and the first half of June, small circular purple spots appear on the upper surface of the leaf (Figure 1). Spots gradually enlarge to about ¼ inch in diameter and turn reddish-brown. Lesions may emerge to produce large, irregular spots. Whitish-pink masses of sticky spores (conidia) form within the spots on the undersides of infected leaves during periods of damp weather (Figure 2). After six to eight weeks, the centers of the spots may dry up and drop out, giving a “shot-hole” appearance. The “shot-hole” effect is more common on sour than on sweet cherries.
The most conspicuous symptom, especially on sour cherries, is the golden yellowing of older infected leaves before they drop off (Figure 3). Although this symptom does not occur every season, the spotting of infected leaves is always visible.
Spots similar to those on the leaves may also form on leaf petioles and fruit pedicels, causing fruit to ripen unevenly. Spots usually do not form on fruit.
|Table 1. Approximate minimum number of hours of leaf wetness required to produce leaf spot infections caused by conidia on sour cherries.a|
|Average temperature (degrees F)||Wetness (hours)b||Average temperature (degrees F)||Wetness (hours)|
|aRequirements for primary (ascospore) infections are presumed to be similar.
bHours of wetness from the beginning of the rain. Data of S. Eisensmith and A. Jones (Michigan State University).
We wish to thank the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station for the use of this table. Taken from Tree Fruit Crops IPM Disease Identification Sheet No. 8.
Cherry leaf spot is caused by the fungus, Blumeriella jaapii (previously called Coccomyces hiemalis). The fungus overwinters in dead leaves on the ground. In early spring (about petal fall), fungal fruiting bodies called apothecia develop in these leaves. Spores (ascospores) are produced in the apothecia and are forcibly discharged during rainy periods for about six to eight weeks, starting at petal fall. The optimal temperatures for ascospore raindrops to the green, healthy leaves and serve as primary inoculum for disease. The ascospores stick to the leaf surface, germinate in a film of water, and within several hours at the proper temperature (Table 1), penetrate the leaf through stomata (natural openings) on the underside of the leaf. The small purple spots soon appear on the upper surface. Incubation time, from fungus penetration to the appearance of the spots, varies with temperature. Under damp conditions and with temperatures between 60 and 68 degrees F (15 and 20 degrees C), the period may be as short as five days. When rain and dews are absent and at lower temperatures, as long as 15 days may be required before symptoms appear.
Once lesions have developed, masses of secondary or summer spores (conidia) are formed from the slightly concave eruptions (acervuli) on the underside of the leaf. This mass of conidia provides the white appearance to the underleaf lesions. Conidia are spread to other leaves by splashing raindrops and are capable of causing new infections (each producing thousands of additional conidia) under the temperature and wetness conditions listed in Table 1. Serious leaf spot damage usually occurs in years with numerous rainy periods throughout late spring and summer, when repeated secondary infection cycles allow the disease to snowball into an epidemic.
- Collect and destroy the fallen cherry leaves in late autumn. The fungus overwinters in these leaves. This practice should be quite beneficial for backyard growers with one or a few trees, but is generally not considered practical for large commercial plantings.
- Select a planting sight that is always exposed to direct sunlight and has good air circulation and soil drainage. Proper pruning to open the canopy will increase sunlight penetration and air circulation. Any practice that promotes faster drying of leaves will reduce the risk of infection.
- Especially in commercial plantings, the disease is controlled primarily with fungicide sprays. For the most recent fungicide recommendations, commercial growers are referred to Bulletin 506, Midwest Fruit Pest Management Guide, and backyard growers are referred to Bulletin 780, Controlling Diseases and Insects in Home Fruit Plantings. These publications can be obtained from your county Extension office or the CFAES Publications online bookstore at estore.osu-extension.org.
|Figure 4. Cherry leaf spot disease cycle. We wish to thank the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station for use of this figure. Taken from Tree Fruit Crops IPM Disease Identification Sheet No. 8.|
This fact sheet was originally published in 2008. | <urn:uuid:5ff6e7eb-a3a4-43f4-b5a4-57c47289f4a5> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/plpath-fru-40 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778272.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128122813-20200128152813-00527.warc.gz | en | 0.915279 | 1,195 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Welsh, Ericka M. PhD; Perveen, Ghazala PhD, MBBS, MPH; Clayton, Paula MS, RD, LD; Hedberg, Robert MAEd
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and contributes to nearly half of all cardiovascular disease–related deaths, including stroke, in the United States.1 Research suggests that even small reductions in sodium intake may lower blood pressure, help prevent the onset of hypertension, or help control blood pressure among hypertensive adults.2 The 2010 US Dietary Guidelines currently recommend limiting sodium intake to less than 2300 mg per day. Certain persons should limit their sodium intake to 1500 mg per day, including adults 51 years or older, African Americans, and persons with high blood pressure, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease.3
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, most sodium consumed comes from processed foods and foods prepared in restaurants, with more than 40% of sodium coming from the following 10 types of foods: breads and rolls, cold cuts and cured meats, pizza, fresh and processed poultry, soups, sandwiches, cheese, pasta dishes, meat-mixed dishes, and snacks such as chips, pretzels, and popcorn.4 Considering that foods prepared away from home comprise nearly half of all US consumer food expenditures,5 it is unsurprising that Americans consume on average 3300 mg of sodium per day, which is far more than current national recommendations.6
Current recommendations for state and local health departments to address high sodium intake at the state and local levels include the following: (1) increasing public awareness about the amount of sodium added to processed and packaged foods as well as the health outcomes of a high-sodium diet; and (2) encouraging vendors to reduce the amount of sodium in foods sold and purchased in cafeterias and vending machines in schools, worksites, and public institutions.6,7 In 2011, the Kansas Department of Health and Environment was awarded a cooperative agreement from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as part of the Sodium Reduction in Communities Program (SRCP) to implement community-based interventions to reduce sodium intake among Shawnee County, Kansas, residents over a 3-year period. As part of this initiative, the 2011 Sodium Reduction in Communities Shawnee County Survey, a multicomponent survey (which will henceforth be referred to as the “survey”) was conducted to collect baseline data on the prevalence of high blood pressure, sodium intake, and knowledge and behaviors related to sodium consumption among Shawnee County adults. The survey was designed to help guide program development and evaluation.
The prevalence of clinic-measured and self-reported hypertension and mean sodium intake among Shawnee County, Kansas, adults 18 years and older have been previously described.8 The purpose of the current study was to describe knowledge and behavioral indicators related to sodium consumption among this population.
The 2011 Sodium Reduction in Communities Shawnee County Survey was a population-based survey conducted during April-November 2011 and consisted of 3 components: telephone interview; clinic-measured height, weight, and blood pressure; and a Web-based Automated Self-administered 24-hour Dietary Recall (ASA24) interview.
The random digit–dial landline telephone interview component of the survey was conducted within the Kansas Department of Health and Environment and used the Kansas Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) design.9 Survey questions were adapted from the BRFSS, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES),10 the Kansas Cardiovascular Health Examination Survey,11 and other national and state surveys.
Participants who completed telephone interviews were then scheduled for an appointment to measure their height, weight, and blood pressure at the Shawnee County Health Agency facility in Topeka, Kansas. The NHANES anthropomorphic and blood pressure measurement protocols were used for this survey component.12,13 After measurement of height, weight, and blood pressure, participants, with assistance from project staff, completed the ASA24 interview at the health agency. The ASA24 is a Web-based interview tool created by the National Cancer Institute to estimate the calories and nutrient intake of an individual respondent over a 24-hour period.14 Participants were each provided a $25 gift card after completing all 3 survey components. The Kansas Department of Health and Environment Institutional Review Board approved the 2011 Sodium Reduction in Communities Shawnee County Survey prior to its implementation.
Clinic-measured hypertension was defined as an average systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or more, an average diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or more, or the current use of blood pressure–lowering medication. Self-reported hypertension was defined as respondents who answered “Yes” to the survey question, “Have you ever been told by a doctor, nurse, or other health professional that you have high blood pressure?”
Mean sodium intake was calculated directly by the ASA24 statistical system and is based on the United States Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies, which is a database of foods, their nutrient values, and their gram weights for typical food portions.
Table 1 describes selected telephone interview items and response options pertinent to this study. Demographics measured included age, sex, race/ethnicity, and highest level of education attained.
Data from all 3 components of the survey were combined and subsequently weighted using the iterative proportional fitting (“raking”) method to be representative of the population of Shawnee County adults living in private residences with landline telephone service. Two major steps were undertaken as part of the raking process. First, design weights were computed to reflect the disproportionate stratified sampling selection probabilities of households, as well as selection of one adult per household. Second, design weights were simultaneously adjusted along five dimensions: gender (male, female), ethnicity (Hispanic, non-Hispanic), race (white, black, other), age (18-24, 25-34, 35-44, 45-54, 55-64, 65-74, 75-84, 85+), and education (less than high school, high school or equivalent, some college, and college graduate). The weighted data analysis procedures were applied for computation of all statistics. Weighted prevalence and mean estimates were computed for hypertension status, sodium intake, and selected sodium knowledge and dietary behavior indicators. Rao-Scott χ2 tests and t tests were used to determine statistically significant between-group differences at the .05 significance level for weighted prevalence and mean estimates, respectively, across demographic subgroups including sex, age, annual household income, education level, and hypertension status. Because of relatively few nonwhite respondents, estimates were not computed across race/ethnicity subgroups. All data were analyzed using SAS software (version 9.3; SAS Institute Inc, Cary, North Carolina).
A total of 834 Shawnee County adults completed the telephone interview; of these, 695 (83%) attended clinic visits to complete the other 2 survey components. Weighted sample demographics are given in Table 2.
Hypertension status and mean sodium intake
Table 3 presents clinic-measured hypertension status and mean sodium intake among Shawnee County adults by selected demographic characteristics. Approximately one-third (34.3%; 95% confidence interval, 28.2-40.5) of adults had hypertension, based on clinical measures or current use of blood pressure–lowering medication. The prevalence of hypertension was significantly higher among adults 65 years and older than those aged 18 to 64 years (61.4% vs 28.2%, respectively; P < .0001), as well as among adults whose annual household income was less than $50 000 than those whose annual household income was $50 000 or greater (44.1% vs 25.0%, respectively; P = .004). There were no statistically significant differences in the prevalence of hypertension across sex groups or levels of educational attainment.
Mean sodium intake, based on ASA24 results, among Shawnee County adults was 3508 mg per day. Mean sodium intake was significantly higher among men than among women (4141 mg per day vs 2931 mg per day, respectively; P = .002), as well as among adults 18 to 64 years as compared with adults 65 years and older (3648 mg per day vs 2891 mg per day, respectively; P = .008) There were no statistically significant differences in mean sodium intake across annual household income groups, levels of educational attainment, or hypertension status.
Table 4 describes selected sodium knowledge and dietary behavior indicators as measured by telephone interview. Self-reported hypertension status and knowledge and behavioral indicators related to sodium consumption are based on results from participants who completed the telephone interview, regardless of their participation in subsequent survey components.
Food sources of sodium
Approximately 83.2% of adults strongly agreed or agreed that most of the sodium we eat comes from packaged, processed, store-bought, and restaurant foods, whereas 65.2% strongly agreed or agreed that only a small amount of the sodium we eat comes from salt added during cooking and from being added to food at the table.
Link between sodium intake and high blood pressure
Knowledge regarding the link between sodium intake and high blood pressure was very extensive among Shawnee County adults. Approximately 93.0% thought that a high-salt diet could cause high blood pressure, and a similar proportion (90.1%) strongly agreed or agreed that reducing the amount of dietary salt could reduce blood pressure.
There were no statistically significant differences in knowledge regarding food sources of sodium or the link between sodium intake and high blood pressure across sex groups, age groups, annual household income groups, levels of educational attainment, or hypertension status (data not shown).
Foods away from home
Adults ate 3.3 meals prepared outside the home per week, on average, and approximately 42.5% of adults ate more than 2 meals prepared outside the home per week. The percentage of adults who ate more than 2 meals prepared outside the home per week was significantly higher among men than among women (52.3% vs 33.7%, respectively; P < .001) and also among college graduates as compared with those with lower levels of educational attainment (55.0% vs 38.2%, respectively; P = .001). There were no statistically significant differences in the percentage of adults who ate more than 2 meals prepared outside the home per week across age groups, annual household income groups, or hypertension status.
Consumption of selected high-sodium foods
Nearly 1 in 10 adults (9.6%) ate salty snacks, and a similar proportion (8.5%) consumed processed meats, at least once per day in the past month. Relatively few adults ate frozen entrées (3.0%) or canned or packaged soup (2.3%) at least once per day in the past month. The percentage of adults who consumed salty snacks, processed meats, frozen entrées, or canned or packaged soup at least once per day in the past month did not differ statistically across sex groups, age groups, annual household income groups, levels of educational attainment, or hypertension status (data not shown).
Adding salt to foods
Nearly 1 in 4 adults (24.2%) added salt very often in cooking or preparing foods in their household. The percentage of adults who added salt very often in cooking or preparing foods in their household was significantly higher among those aged 18 to 64 years than those aged 65 years and older (26.0% vs 16.3%, respectively; P = .02), as well as among those who were not hypertensive as compared with those who were (28.9% vs 17.6%, respectively; P = .04). There were no statistically significant differences in the percentage of adults who added salt very often in cooking or preparing foods across sex groups, annual household income groups, or levels of educational attainment.
The prevalence of hypertension among Shawnee County adults is similar to national estimates; during 2003-2010, 30.4% of US adults had hypertension.15 Furthermore, self-reported hypertension status assessed through the telephone component of this survey was consistent with clinic-measured hypertension status, which validates the use of telephone-based surveys such as the Kansas BRFSS to assess this particular health indicator among adults. The average sodium intake among Shawnee County residents also parallels national data, which shows that Americans consume on average 3300 mg of sodium per day.6
Knowledge regarding food sources of sodium and the link between sodium intake and high blood pressure was extensive among Shawnee County adults. Furthermore, reported consumption of processed meats, salty snacks, frozen entrées, and canned or packaged soup was relatively infrequent. However, adults indicated eating slightly more than 3 meals prepared outside the home per week, on average, and 1 in 4 adults added salt very often in cooking or preparing meals. Unfortunately, despite extensive knowledge regarding food sources of sodium and the link between sodium intake and high blood pressure, mean sodium intake as measured by nutrient intake analysis among Shawnee County adults, including those with hypertension, exceeded current recommendations. This finding mirrors national data, which show that 95.0% of US adults aged 18 to 50 years with a sodium recommendation of less than 2300 mg per day consume 2300 mg per day or greater, while 99.4% of those with a sodium recommendation of 1500 mg per day consume more than 1500 mg per day.16
There are certain limitations to this study worth noting. Although survey results are generalizable to noninstitutionalized adults living in private households with landline telephone service, survey results do not apply to individuals without telephone service, those who reside on military bases or within institutions, or those who are unable to complete a telephone interview. However, these groups constitute a relatively small proportion of the Kansas population. In addition, unlike the 2011 Kansas BRFSS, which sampled adults living in households with landline phone service or cell phone–only service, data included in the current report are based only on sampled individuals living in households with a landline telephone. Because of insufficient cell sizes, data were not analyzed by race/ethnic status. In addition, estimates of mean sodium intake are based on a single 24-hour dietary recall per respondent. Ideally, estimates should be based on averages obtained from two 24-hour dietary recalls, which is the methodology used by the NHANES.17 Despite these limitations, the current study highlights a unique method for collecting data at the local level, which are typically lacking.
As previously discussed, excessive sodium consumption has significant public health implications for cardiovascular disease because of the reported association between sodium intake and high blood pressure.2 The Shawnee County SRCP is currently implementing practice-based public health interventions to increase public awareness of the health implications of excessive sodium intake and making environmental changes that support access to and availability of lower-sodium options in Shawnee County. For example, the SRCP Leadership Team is working with city and county government agencies, as well as private employers, to educate and support them in the voluntary adoption and implementation of procurement strategies that meet 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans for sodium consumption. Data from the current survey are being used to develop materials and educational presentations for organizations where procurement policies or other sodium-reduction strategies could potentially be implemented.
The Leadership Team is also partnering with 13 convenience stores in Shawnee County to increase access to and purchase of lower-sodium foods. Lower-sodium options are encouraged to consumers through the use of promotional displays with signage. In addition, a comprehensive mass media campaign has been developed to promote heart healthy, lower-sodium food choices using www.spotthesalt.com, social media, radio, TV, billboards, and print material throughout Shawnee County. Message design was based on results from focus groups with local citizens as well as data from the current survey.
Despite extensive knowledge regarding food sources of sodium and the link between sodium intake and high blood pressure, mean sodium intake among Shawnee County adults exceeds current recommendations. The Shawnee County SRCP is currently implementing interventions that support access to and availability of lower-sodium options in Shawnee County. The 2011 Sodium Reduction in Communities Shawnee County Survey highlights a unique method for collecting local-level data to inform and evaluate community-level sodium-reduction interventions. Although each of the SRCP strategies includes a detailed evaluation plan to monitor progress toward meeting short-term implementation objectives, a follow-up to the 2011 Sodium Reduction in Communities Shawnee County Survey in the future can provide valuable information regarding long-term impact at the county level.
1. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003;289:2560–2572.
2. He FJ, MacGregor GA. A comprehensive review on salt and health and current experience of worldwide salt reduction programmes. J Hum Hypertens. 2009;23:363–384.
3. US Department of Agriculture and US Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010. 7th ed. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; 2010.
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vital Signs: food categories contributing the most to sodium consumption—United States, 2007–2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012;61:1–7.
5. Okrent AM, Alston JM. The Demand for Disaggregated Food-Away-From-Home and Food-at-Home Products in the United States, ERR-139. Washington, DC: US Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service; 2012.
7. Institute of Medicine. Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2010.
8. Welsh E, Perveen G. Prevalence of hypertension and average sodium intake among Shawnee County Kansas adults, 2011. Kansas Health Stat Rep. 2012;55:1–2.
10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Questionnaire. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2005–2006, 2007–2008, 2009–2010. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/nhanes_questionnaires.htm
. Accessed November 27, 2012.
11. Kansas Cardiovascular Health Examination Survey. Topeka, KS: Bureau of Health Promotion, Kansas Department of Health and Environment; 2006–2008.
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Anthropometry Procedures Manual. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2007.
13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Health Tech/Blood Pressure Procedures Manual. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2009.
14. Automated Self-Administered 24-Hour Recall (ASA24)-Beta-2009. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute.
15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vital Signs: awareness and treatment of uncontrolled hypertension among adults—United States, 2003–2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012;61(35):703–709.
16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Usual sodium intakes compared with current dietary guidelines—United States, 2005-2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60(41):1413–1417.
cross-sectional survey; dietary sodium; hypertension
© 2014 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc. | <urn:uuid:dcdcaf34-e4f2-4193-90f6-e571fc07e413> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://journals.lww.com/jphmp/Fulltext/2014/01001/Sodium_Reduction_in_Communities_Shawnee_County.3.aspx?WT.mc_id=HPxADx20100319xMP | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645335509.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031535-00141-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933012 | 4,061 | 3.375 | 3 |
Category:Populated places established in 1656
|Populated places established in the 1650s:||← 1650 1651 1652 1653 1655 1656 1659|
Populated places (including cities, towns and villages) established (ie first settled or otherwise came into existence) in the year 1656.
Where reliable foundation dates exist, articles should be categorised by year for 1500 and later, by decade from the 1300s to the 1490s, by century from the 10th century BC to the 13th century and by millennium for the 2nd millennium BC and earlier. Prior to 1500, where greater dating accuracy exists, articles should also be placed in the appropriate Establishments by year category.
This category has only the following subcategory.
- ► Teruel, Huila (3 F) | <urn:uuid:e32f03c0-ac6e-4ef7-afba-252435564615> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Populated_places_established_in_1656 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423183.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170720121902-20170720141902-00308.warc.gz | en | 0.92558 | 171 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Insomnia can occur in response to a behavioral, physical, or mental health issue. Physical, psychological, environmental, and modifiable lifestyle factors can all play a role in preventing the condition, or alleviating the symptoms if it occurs. Most people experience temporary insomnia at some time. Preventing chronic insomnia from developing requires early treatment.
Treat Underlying Disease
Chronic disease and pain can cause insomnia for a variety of reasons. Diseases or conditions that may disrupt sleep include:
- Depression, mania, and anxiety
- Relationship stressors
- Diabetes and kidney disease
- Chronic lung disease
- Alcohol or drug use disorders
- Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases
- Heart disease
- Gastrointestinal reflux disease (GERD) or gastric ulcer
- Sleep apnea (stopping breathing for short periods of time while sleeping)
- Restless legs syndrome and other disorders that cause involuntary limb movements during sleep
- Chronic pain
Discuss with your doctor whether these conditions or any other physical problems can be treated. Proper and timely treatment can reduce symptoms and often lead to an improved night’s sleep.
Avoid Certain Medications
Certain medicines can cause sleeping difficulties as a side effect. Having to take one or more of these drugs can lead to insomnia. Some medicines that may affect sleep include:
- Decongestants and other cough and cold remedies
- Diet pills
- Some high blood pressure medications like beta-blockers
- Theophylline for asthma
- Phenytoin for seizures
- Levodopa for Parkinson's disease
- Stimulants to treat attention deficit disorder, excessive daytime sleepiness, or obesity
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (antidepressants)
Avoid taking over-the-counter cold medicines if you have difficulty sleeping. If you are taking a prescription medicine that disturbs sleep as a side effect, talk to your doctor. You may be able to take an alternative drug that does not disturb your sleep.
Note: Do not stop taking any prescription medicine without the approval of your doctor.
Stress is considered by most sleep experts to be the number one cause of short-term sleeping difficulties. Common triggers include school- or job-related pressures, a family or marriage problem, and a serious illness or death in the family.
Exercise regularly to help relieve stress. However, do so at least three hours before bedtime. A workout after that time may actually keep you awake because your body has not had a chance to cool down and relax. Other techniques that may reduce stress are meditation and deep breathing.
Adjust Daily Activities
Habits and activities that you do during the day or night can interfere with getting a good night's sleep. Adjust your time schedule in order to avoid:
- Exercising close to bedtime
- Eating a large meal prior to bedtime
- Following an irregular morning and nighttime schedule
- Working or doing other mentally intense activities right before or after getting into bed
- Napping during the day, which can interfere with your ability to sleep at night—If you nap, do so for no more than one hour during the day.
Avoid Nicotine, Caffeine, and Alcohol
Nicotine and caffeine stimulate the nervous system. Although this may give you a sense of energy during the day, these substances may interfere with your ability to go to sleep at night. Alcohol depresses the nervous system and makes you feel drowsy at bedtime, but it interferes with normal sleep patterns during the night and causes restlessness. Avoid using tobacco products and drinking beverages that contain caffeine or alcohol in the afternoon or evening. They can create a vicious cycle of poor sleep at night and an increased use of stimulants during the day to counteract the drowsiness from poor sleep.
Follow Bedtime Rituals If Working Night Shifts
Night shift work forces you to try to sleep when activities around you and your own "biological rhythms" signal you to be awake. One study shows that night shift workers are 2-5 times more likely than are employees with regular, daytime hours to fall asleep on the job because of poor sleep quality. If you work the night shift, speak with your employer about how to minimize the dangers of fatigue. Discuss your need for creating a sleep environment in the daytime with your family or those with whom you live. Try to keep a consistent schedule for sleep throughout the week, even on your days off. Make your daytime home environment conducive to sleep by keeping light out of the room you sleep in and minimizing external noise.
Create Good Sleep Habits and Environment
A distracting sleep environment, such as a room that is too hot or cold, too noisy, or too brightly lit can be a barrier to sound sleep. Interruptions from pets, children, or other family members can also disrupt sleep. Other influences may be the comfort and size of your bed and the habits of your bed partner. Try to create an environment that is restful by using shades to block light, and playing soothing music or “white noise” (such as a fan). Seek medical help for a partner who snores loudly, or consider separate sleeping arrangements.
Establish a regular, relaxing bedtime routine that will allow you to unwind and send a "signal" to your brain that it is time to sleep. Avoiding exposure to bright light before bedtime and taking a warm bath may help. Do not use your bed for anything other than sleep or sex. Your bed should be associated with sleep. Avoid “clock watching” after going to bed. Also, avoid drinking fluids just before bed.
Prepare for Jet Travel
Jet lag is the inability to sleep as a result of crossing many time zones in a short period of time. This can disturb your biological rhythms and deprive you of good sleep. To help minimize its effect, get a good night’s sleep before traveling, drink plenty of water, and avoid alcohol during the trip.
- Reviewer: Michael Woods, MD
- Review Date: 03/2016 -
- Update Date: 03/15/2015 - | <urn:uuid:ca97d683-2a4b-4731-ad44-2ba3d6f76bdc> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://rmchealth.com/hl/?/19703/Other-Treatments-for-Managing-Insomnia~Reducing-Your-Risk&com.dotmarketing.htmlpage.language=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464051113990.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524005153-00155-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929206 | 1,250 | 3.484375 | 3 |
A website is a software. Necessarily, a package is a ready-made program that is available to users for usage to execute some jobs. These users consist of non-IT professionals. Hence, a website qualifies to be a bundle like Microsoft Workplace, Peachtree Accounting bundles.
Before the revolution of The Web (WWW), development of software package was the unique maintain of proficient designers. Designers or software application designers establish the reasoning of programs which a package will ultimately use to work. This reasoning structure facet of software growth calls for high degree of intelligence. This along with the ins and outs of understanding programming languages made the advancement of bundles unsightly as well as dull to a huge range of individuals.
Complying with the transformation of The Web, it came to be feasible for non-programmers to create packages right from the creation. These are online bundles and certainly, web sites, calling for no shows abilities. The outcome was the development of a new kind of career called Website design. A web designer is someone that organizes a websites by preparing texts, pictures, computer animations, types etc on a web page as well as formats them to generate great discussion. All he needs do is making use of any of the appropriate web advancement devices like Macromedia Visual Workshop as well as Microsoft FrontPage. Through the Design area of Macromedia Dreamweaver, for example, you can design an entire websites without making use of HTML codes. Exactly what you have is an internet site. A web site is several websites. These web growth tools are the equivalent of exactly what the prominent package Adobe PageMaker does which is to arrange and layout pages of publications, magazines, papers etc. No shows is called for.
The constraint of web designing is the creation of static web websites which could be suitable for some applications but not all. The function of a web designer quits at this factor and also that of a web designer begins. A web developer is somebody that creates programs for the purpose of performing automated tasks on a web site.
Thus, it came to be feasible to develop dynamic and also interactive web websites capable of doing what standard software program can do on computer as well as network using non-internet technologies. To develop useful manuscripts for such automated jobs, logic building and proficiency of the shows language to make use of in terms of phrase structure are needed.
Can you be a web developer and also a web developer? There are people that double as web designer and web developer however specialists are kept in mind for doing better in their respective areas of field of expertise compared to non-specialists. Some websites do not require more than web creating however lots of sites nowadays need both web designing and also web programming like the multi-tier applications that have discussion layer, atlanta SEO company the reasoning layer that interfaces the presentation layer with the data source, and the information layer that includes the data source.
The functions of web developers as well as web designers are complementary in the growth of web site. You have to identify where your capability exists as well as enable that to inform your option of area of expertise. If you recognize you have the ability to compose programs, you can go beyond website design and also become a web programmer yet if it is or else, stay with web designing as well as continuously grow as well as hone your skills. The what's what is that programming is except everybody.
If you are a traditional visuals musician, you will certainly find it easy to crossover to website design as well as if you are a conventional developer, you could easily crossover to web shows. What I indicate by standard graphic artists are those that have the know-how in the use of devices like CorelDraw, Photoshop, and PageMaker to carry out Desktop Publishing tasks. By traditional designers, I mean the experts in programs languages like C++, FoxPro, COBOL, as well as Dbase.
As long as you could figure out where your capacity lies, you will surely conquer stress in your jobs of developing web sites as well as you will certainly continuously enjoy exactly what you are doing. If you are a web developer and you work that entails shows which you can not handle, search for aid from a web programmer. If you are a web developer as well as you are having issues with web designing in your task, seek the assistance of a web designer. If you could deal with both locations to a huge level, well and good.
A web programmer is someone that creates programs for the objective of doing automated tasks on a web site. Some websites do not require more than web developing but lots of sites nowadays call for both web creating and also web shows like the multi-tier applications that have discussion layer, the reasoning layer that interfaces the presentation layer with the database, and the information layer that consists of the data source. The functions of web designers and also web designers are complementary in the development of web website. If you understand you have the capacity to create programs, you could go past web creating as well as end up being a web developer however if it is otherwise, stick to web creating and continue to expand and also hone your skills. If you are a web developer and you are having concerns with web making in your task, look for the help of a web designer. | <urn:uuid:e75611ba-79b3-47ac-9996-261cae5e5c52> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://johnathanryejo.ka-blogs.com/8285442/web-site-growth-the-functions-of-web-developers-as-well-as-web-designers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039744513.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20181118155835-20181118181835-00393.warc.gz | en | 0.954683 | 1,070 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Reducing Squares belongs to a category of puzzles called “matchstick puzzles” which were very popular in America during the last century. Most adults in those days carried small boxes of matches with them to light the many candles or lamps in their homes. Many of these same people had a favorite repertoire of matchstick puzzles to share with friends. Matchstick puzzles were just one of the indicators of a strong general interest in puzzles of all kinds during the 1800s newspapers in those days included a much greater variety of puzzles than today’s ubiquitous crossword puzzles and word jumbles.
In Reducing Squares toothpicks are substituted for matchsticks for safety reasons. I have found that flat toothpicks work the best because they do not roll. Each student will need 24 toothpicks for this particular puzzle. You may wish to have students make small paper envelopes in which to keep their toothpicks when they are not working on the puzzle.
Arrange 24 toothpicks as shown below. Each challenge asks to you reduce the number of squares in the arrangement by taking away different numbers of toothpicks. See if you can solve each challenge, and then come up with a challenge of your own. Make a record of your solutions.
Challenge #1: Reduce the number of squares to two by removing eight toothpicks.
Challenge #2: Reduce the number of squares to five by removing four toothpicks.
Challenge #3: Reduce the number of squares to five by removing eight toothpicks.
Challenge #4: Reduce the number of squares to nine by removing four toothpicks.
Challenge #5: Create you own challenge and make a record of it.
Click the arrow below to view the solutions.
Reducing Squares asked students to remove various numbers of toothpicks from an arrangement to leave different numbers of squares. The solutions appear below. Please note that in some situations, the solution shown is only one of several possibilities. | <urn:uuid:4871c696-d63f-4a57-b9a6-7ac63dc82170> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.aimsedu.org/2013/06/24/reducing-squares/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592565.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118110141-20200118134141-00200.warc.gz | en | 0.966363 | 408 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Record rains disrupt life in Mumbai, India
Wednesday, July 27, 2005
Mumbai, India's largest city and financial capital, received a on Tuesday, July 26. The rain left many parts of the city flooded. Landslides and other related effects of the rain claimed more than 100 lives in Mumbai and the surrounding areas.
Transportation was seriously affected, as the two main highways, railway lines, and the runways at Mumbai International airport remain submerged. Trains and city buses were shut down for 24 hours, and have not yet resumed full service. Domestic and international flights have been diverted out of Mumbai. Residents of buildings in low-lying areas are being rescued with boats and navy helicopters. Large numbers of Mumbai residents did not make it home from work, or spent the night in cars that were stranded on the road. The All India Radio reported that 150,000 people were stranded across different railway stations of the Mumbai Suburban Railway, which is considered the life line of Mumbai. Mumbai Suburban Railway partially commenced operating after thirty-six hours, from late evening on July 27.
The rainfall received in Mumbai's suburbs on Tuesday totaled 37.1 inches, which exceeds the world's record for highest rainfall in a single day (33.0 inches at Cherrapunji, Meghalaya, India).
The heavy rainfall has taken its toll on historic buildings as well. A building on Marine drive has been drowned up to the first floor. Mackichan Knight from IIMC mourns this irreparable damage.
As per Vilasrao Deshmukh, Chief Minister of Maharashtra, the rainfall cost the state $110m in damages.
Correction: This does not exceed the world's record for highest rainfall in a single day, but it does exceed India's previous record. (33.0 inches at Cherrapunji, Meghalaya, India).
- "All-time record rain in Mumbai; many Maharashtra villages marooned" — , July 28, 2005
- "Maharashtra monsoon 'kills 100'" — , July 27, 2005
- "Mumbai submerged, life at a standstill" — , July 27, 2005
- "Record rainfall shuts down Mumbai" — , July 27, 2005
- "Mumbai, India's Commercial Hub, Disrupted by Monsoon" — , July 27, 2005
- "Armed forces deployed in Mumbai for rescue work" — , July 27, 2005
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A photoconductive antenna (PCA) for terahertz (THz) waves consists of a highly
resistive direct semiconductor thin film with two electric contact pads. In most cases the film
consists of a III-V compound semiconductor like GaAs. It is
epitaxially grown on a highly resistive semi-insulating GaAs substrate (SI-GaAs).
The important difference between the SI-GaAs substrate and the film is the relaxation
time for excited carriers. In a SI-substrate the carrier lifetime is about 20 ps,
but in the film shorter than 1 ps.
A short laser puls with puls width < 1 ps is focused between the electric contacts of the PCA.
The photons of the laser pulse have a photon energy E = hν
larger than the semiconductor energy gap Eg and are
absorbed in the film.
Each absorbed photon creates a free electron in
the conduction band and a hole in the valence band of the film and makes them for a short
time electrical conducting until the carriers are recombined.
To get the needed short carrier lifetime the film must include crystal defects.
These defects can be created by ion implantation after the film growth or alternatively
by a low temperature growth. Low temperature grown GaAs (LT-GaAs) between 200 and
300 °C contains excess arsenic clusters. These clusters create defect levels within the band gap Eg and lead to
a fast non-radiative recombination of the electron-hole pairs within a time interval < 1 ps.
The PCA can be used as THz transmitter as well as THz receiver
In case of a transmitter a voltage V is connected on the
electrical contacts and the excited carriers are accelerated by the electric field during the optical
pulse resulting in a short broadband electromagnetic pulse with a time-dependent
electrical field E(t) and frequencies in the THz region.
In case of a THz receiver an amplifier is connected on the electrical
contacts. During the optical pulse the excited carriers are accelerated by the
electric field component of the incident terahertz pulse with the time-dependent electrical
field E(t). This leads to a voltage signal across the antenna gap.
• PCA application
The PCA can be used as a THz emitter or detector in
pulse laser gated broadband THz measurement systems for time-domain spectroscopy.
Because THz waves penetrate dielectric materials like paper or plastic, are reflected by
materials with free electrons like metals and are absorbed by moleculs with
certain vibration levels within the terahertz band they have a lot of applications in the
fields of time-domain spectroscopy and imaging.
Note: Terahertz radiation is nonionizing. That means it is safe.
Examining circuit interconnects in packaged ICs.
Final control of packaged products.
Quality control in food processing.
Rapid characterisation of the stability and polymorphic forms of drugs.
Screening passengers for explosives and weapons
Mail drug screening
Reading text in envelopes or beneath paint.
• Frequency and wavelength
Frequency and wavelength
The photoconductive antenna can be considered as a dipole of length L which is in resonance with
the electromagnetic wavelength λn inside the semiconductor.
The resonance condition is L = m · λn/2 with m = 1, 2, 3,.. integer.
The wavelength λn in the material with refractive index n can be approximated by λn = λ/n.
Using the wave relation c = λ · f and m = 1
the resonance frequency f of the antenna can be estimated as f = c/(2 · n ·L) with
c = 3 · 108 m/s - speed of light in vacuum.
n - refractive index of the semiconductor antenna material.
L - length of the antenna dipole.öi>
The refractive index n of GaAs at terahertz frequencies is n = 3.4. With this value
the first resonant frequency and wavelength of the antenna with length L can be
calculated as follows:
• Focusing the optical beam on the antenna gap
Focusing the optical beam on the antenna gap
The semiconducting gap in the center of the antenna must be illuminated by a focused laser beam.
If we consider a Gaussian beam then the beam width w(z) along the beam axis z and the Raygleigh range zR are
The diameter of the beam width 2·w0 at the focus point z = 0 is
with λ - laser wavelength, fL - focal length of the lens,
D - diameter of the laser beam at the focusing lens.
To ensure that the focused beam diamter 2·w0 is somewhat larger then the antenna gap distance g the focal length fL
of the focusing lens must be
In case of g = 5 µm, D = 1 mm, and λ = 800 nm the focal length of the lens must be fL ~ 6 mm.
Gaussian beam width w(z) as a function of the distance z along the beam axis.
w0 - beam waist; b - depth of focus; zR - Rayleigh range; θ - asymptotic beam divergence.
• THz pulse emission
THz pulse emission
Phase 1: Antenna before illumination
The semiconducting antenna gap is highly resistive. No free electrons are in the conduction band.
A supply voltage V between the two antenna contacts results in an electric field
in the semiconducting antenna gap between the metal contacts. The electric field strength is E = V/g
(g - gap distance).
With a typical supply voltage of 10 V and a gap distance of 5 µm the electric field strength is E = 2·106 V/m.
The optical pulse must be focused onto the semiconducting antenna gap in such a way, that the spot diameter 2·w0
is slightly larger then the gap distance g so that the metal lines are also illuminated.
Phase 2: Optical pulse meets the antenna gap
A short optical pulse meets the antenna gap. The optical energy is absorbed and free carriers are
created in the semiconductor material. Each absorbed photon creates a free electron.
The free electrons follow the electric field creating a short current pulse j(t) in the
semiconducting gap material.
Typical values for the optical pulse are: Pulse duration τ ~ 100 fs, Pulse energy E ~ 100 pJ,
Pulse repetition rate frep ~ 100 MHz, Average optical power Pav ~ 10 mW.
Phase 3: THz pulse emission
An electromagnetic field is emitted by the dipole as long as the current pulse changes with time.
At first the current increases during the illumination of the gap and emits the first part of the THz pulse.
If the current decreases because the electric field is subsequently compensated by the transferred carriers
then the second part of the THz pulse is emitted with a reverse polarization direction.
The THz pulse is emitted around the dipole with a polarization direction of the electric field parallel
to the dipole axis.
Most of the electromagnetic energy is emitted into the half space of the semiconducting substrate material
with high refractive index n ~ 3.4 (magenta in the figure right). Therefore the emitted THz pulse in the substrate direction shall be
collected for measurements.
THz pulse shape
The time dependence of the current j(t) in the dipole can be assumed as Gaussian pulse with pulse duration tP.
The emitted electric THz field ETHz is proportional to the time derivative of the current:
ETHz ~ dj/dt.
The THz pulse duration is therefore proportional to the current pulse duration with a value ~ 0.85·tP.
The current pulse in the semiconductor antenna gap initiates a current pulse in the antenna metal contacts.
The pulse velocity vP in the dipole contacts is vP ~ c/n
(n ~ 3.4 refractive index of the GaAs semiconductor substrate).
The current pulse duration tP,dipole in the dipole metal contacts depends on the dipole length L:
tP,dipole ~ L/(2vP)~L·n/(2c).
Example: L = 100 μm ⇒ tP,dipole ~ 10-4m·3.4/(2·3·108m/s) ~ 0.57 ps.
⇒ The THz pulse has the shape of the derivative of a Gaussion pulse. It is longer then the optical pulse
because it is determined by the antenna length L.
Emitted THz power
The time averaged Poynting vector 〈S〉 of the emitted electromagnetic field inside the material
with refractive index n (GaAs substrate, silicon substrate lens) can be estimated as
The strength of the emitted electric THz-field ETHz can be roughly estimated by the electric field on
the emitting dipole with length L and supply voltage Vem including a factor ηem which describes
the conversion efficiency between the static electric field Vem/L on the antenna dipole and the emitted THz-field.
ηem depends on the free carrier production in the semiconduror gap by the laser pulse.
z0 is the characteristic impedance in free space
The emitted THz pulse power PTHz can be estimated using the dipole emitting area L2
Then the mean THz power Pav averaged over the time inteval between two laser pulses 1/frep is
With the parameters Vem = 10 V, n = 3.4, ηem = 0.2, L = 100 μm,
frep = 100 MHz we can estimate the pulse power PTHz ∼ 90 mW and the average emitted THz
power Pav ∼ 5.1 μW.
• Escape angle of the THz radiation, PCA without substrate lens
Escape angle of the THz radiation
Because of the high refractive index n ~ 3.4 of the semiconductor PCA the outgoing
terahertz waves are strongly diffracted at the substrate-air interface. The boundary angle α
for the total reflection can be calculated as
α = arcsin(n-1) ~ 17.1 °
Only THz waves emitted in the solid angle Ω with
can escape the substrate. For GaAs with n = 3.4 the escape solid angle is
Ω = 0.088 π sr = 0.28 sr. This is only 4.4 % of the forward directed intensity.
• Aplanatic hyperhemispherical lens
Hyperhemispherical silicon lens
To increase the escape cone angle α a hemispherical lens with the same refractive index n as the PCA
can be used. To decrease the divergence in air a hyperhemispherical lens with a certain distance
d between emitter and lens tip is common. If this distance d is
then the hyperhemispherical lens is aplanatic, that means without spherical and coma aberration.
For a silicon lens with almost the same refractive index n ~ 3.4 as GaAs at
terahertz frequencies the distance is d = 1.29 R with lens radius R. The height h
of the aplanatic hyperhemispherical lens is therefore h = d - t with the thickness t of
the semiconductor PCA.
The length L from lens tip to the virtual focus behind the lens is given by
L = R (n+1)
For silicon is L = 4.4 R. With this hyperhemispherical lens nearly all the forward directed
terahertz intensity can escape the PCA. The collection angle is α = 73.6 ° and the solid angle for the collected THz beam
is Ω= 1.43 π sr = 4.51 sr.
The problem left is the beam divergence, which requires a further focusing element like a lens or mirror.
• Collimating elliptic lens
Collimating elliptic lens
With an elliptical lens (truncated ellipsoid) with refractive index n equal to that of the PCA a collimated THz beam can be realized
if the following relations are fulfilled:
Distance d (lens thickness)
Here R is the radius of curvature at the intersection of the ellipsoid with the optical axis. The lens parameters scales with R.
The conic constant k = -1/n2 is related to the standard equation for an aspheric lens:
where the optic axis is presumed to lie in the z direction, and z(r) is the sag—the z-component of
the displacement of the surface from the vertex, at distance r from the axis.
The antenna is located at the focal point F1 on the major axis of the truncated ellipsoid.
The ellipse is characterized by the following parameters:
The collection angle is
The solid collection angle is
The lens diameter is
For an elliptic collimating silicon lens with n ~ 3.4 the conic constant is k = -0.086, the eccentricity ε = 0.294,
the lens diameter D = 2.09 R, the collection angle α = 72.8° and the solid collection angle Ω = 1.41π sr = 4.44 sr.
• THz pulse detection
THz pulse detection
THz pulse measurement in a Time-Domain Spectrometer (TDS)
The time dependency of the incoming THz electric field is measured by sampling it by a very short optical pulse.
A photoconductive antenna (PCA) is used as fast electrical switch.
The antenna gap is conducting only during its illumination by an optical pulse.
The time shift between THz and optical pulse is changed stepwise with a time increment Δt.
Sampling of THz pulse 1
Antenna before the THz pulse and the optical pulse arrive ⇒ no voltage on the dipole antenna.
The THz pulse approaches from back side through the GaAs substrate.
The THz pulse is focused onto the antenna dipole.
A short optical gate pulse approaches from front side.
The optical pulse is focused on the semiconducting antenna gap.
Sampling of THz pulse 2
The THz pulse meets the antenna.
The electric THz field induces a voltage between the two antenna halfs.
The laser pulse creates free electrons in the antenna gap ⇒ a current flows through the gap.
An electrical charge is shifted from one antenna half to the other.
The amount of the transferred charge and the resulting antenna voltage are proportional to the applied THz field strength.
Sampling of THz pulse 3
The optical pulse has passed the antenna.
No free carriers in the antenna gap ⇒ the gap is insulating.
The before shifted electrons are stored in one antenna halfe.
A static voltage can be measured between the antenna halfs.
The PCA is used as ″ sample and hold ″ device.
Set-up of a THz time-domain spectrometer
The time management in a time-domain spectrometer (TDS) determines the set-up.
The beam of a short pulse laser is divided into the emitter path D+E+F+G and the detector path A + B + C.
The emitter converts the incoming optical pulse into an outgoing THz pulse.
At the detector the otical pulse samples the electric field strength of the incoming THz pulse.
The time delay between the THz and optical pulse on the detetcor can be adjusted by a mechanical delay stage
which changes the beam paths lengths D and F.
Detector voltage 1 - THz field strength
In the example above the emitted THz peak power is PTHz ∼ 90 mW.
The reflection loss on the silicon substrate lenses at the emitter and detector adds to about 50 %, so that
PTHz ∼ 45 mW arrive at the detector area a.
The THz energy flux on the detector can be described by the Pointing vector STHz.
If we estimate the diffraction limited THz spot area a ∼ (2·L2) then the
peak electric field strength E on the detector dipole with length L and the
peak voltage V can be calculated to V = E·L
With the values PTHz ∼ 45 mW, z0 ∼ 377 Ω, n = 3.4 the peak voltage
V on the detector dipole can be estimated to 1.6 V.
Detector voltage 2 - Equivalent circuit
The antenna gap resistance Rg depends on the illumination.
The antenna current is limited by the wave impedance z in space with refractive index n
and the illuminated gap resistance Rg,il.
The resistance R of the antenna contact lines connects the antenna dipole with the electric cable .
The coaxial cable builds an integrator with large capacitance CC
Equivalent circuit for detector antenna with cable
Detector voltage 3 - Illuminated gap resistance Rg,il
The voltage VPCA on the antenna capacity CPCA depends on the current in the gap and
the free carrier relaxation time τ.
The non-illuminated gap resistance Rg,dark is very large (insulating gap). In this case is
Rg,dark · CPCA >> τ and the stored antenna voltage VPCA ∼ 0.
The illuminated gap resistance Rg,il depends on the gap length l, electrical conductivity σ, and
gap cross section cs
The electrical conductivity σ is proportional to the density of free electrons n and the electron mobility μ
(e - electron charge) per gap volume l·cs.
The electron density n can be calculated assuming it is given by the ratio of optical pulse energy EP
and photon energy h·c/λ. A conversion efficiency ηop describes that some of the incoming photons
are reflected or transmitted at the gap and do not create free electrons.
The optical pulse energy EP can be calculated with the average optical power Pav on the antenna gap and
the repetition frequency frep of the pulse laser.
The average illuminated gap resistance R g,av which can be easily measured by a resistance tester, can be estimated
with the relaxation time τ of the excited electrons and the pulse repetition rate frep.
With the values l = 5 μm, frep = 100 MHz, Pav 10 mW, ηop ∼ 0.2,
λ = 780 nm, μ ∼ 0.05 m2/(V·s), Rg,dark ∼ 10 MΩ, τ ∼ 400 fs
we can estimate R g,il ∼ 40 Ω and R g,av ∼ 900 kΩ.
Detector voltage 4 - Cable output voltage VC
During the optical pulse a certain amount of electrons is transferred over the gap resulting in
the voltage VPCA ∼ V on the antenna dipole capacity CPCA as long as the
illuminated gap resistance is Rg,il < z.
In the time interval T = 1/frep between optical pulses these electrons pass the resistance of the antenna contact lines R and distribute
in the connected cable with capacity CC resulting in a reduced voltage
VC = VPCA · CPCA / CC.
As long as the time shift between the incoming THz pulse and optical pulse on the antenna is unchanged
the charge in the cable and the corresponding average voltage VC(t) increases with each pulse
until the cable voltage approximates the antenna voltage VC ∼ VPCA ∼ V.
If a modulation of the emitter antenna voltage is used then the integration time is limited up to
the change of the emitter antenna polarity. This results in VC << V.
Rate equation for cable charge QC:
With the values τ = 400 fs, frep = 100 MHz, Rg,dark = 10 MΩ, z =z0/nSi = 377 Ω/3.4 = 111 Ω,
R = 40 Ω, R = 200 Ω, CC = 100 pF we get c1 = 0.53 and c2 = 0.47 ms.
If a modulation frequency fmod of 10 kHz for lock-in detection is used then the detector signal is integrated
over a time interval tM = 1/(2·fmod) = 0.05 ms.
It can be seen in the graph right that in this case the
detector signal decreases if the dark resistance Rg,dark of the PCA decreases below ∼ 1 MΩ. | <urn:uuid:2cd217a8-50ea-479d-b21c-aaef0f3dab2c> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://batop.cn/information/PCA_infos.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590074.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718080513-20180718100513-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.841165 | 4,341 | 2.875 | 3 |
As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to spread across the United States and the world, ventilator shortages have emerged as a major concern. With many COVID-19 patients requiring breathing assistance, a shortage of ventilators could mean the difference between life and death. Considering many U.S. states lack the number of ventilators required to support all those who need them, many healthcare professionals have started developing and advocating for ventilator sharing methods, where one device can simultaneously help multiple patients (1). One of the most prominent use cases of ventilator sharing in the U.S. is at the New York-Presbyterian/Columbia University Medical Center, where multiple patients were assigned one ventilator at the height of New York’s COVID-19 outbreak (2) (3).
For patients with severe cases of COVID-19, ventilators help facilitate the flow of oxygen through the lungs. At first glance, the act of setting up ventilator sharing systems – particularly through using relatively inexpensive adaptors – is more than feasible (2). Moreover, recent studies show that ventilator sharing for short periods of time is certainly a viable option (3) (4). One study from the journal Anesthesiology highlights that flow control valves can allow one ventilator to simultaneously help patients with varying lung complications (3). Another study from the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine further emphasizes the success of ventilator sharing, although researchers caution that coventilation is only recommended for up to two days (4).
Yet the mechanics of a ventilator are far more complex than inserting a tube down a patient’s throat and flipping a switch to ensure proper breathing. As such, it is crucial to realize that ventilator sharing is not a silver bullet to the issue of ventilator shortages; indeed, it only provides hospitals with a temporary reprieve. One outstanding issue with ventilator sharing is the intended individualized nature of ventilators, which are designed to steadily regulate the direction, pressure, and flow of oxygen for one person. However, connecting two or more people to one ventilator means there must be some level of standardization in terms of the amount of air pressure needed by each patient. As a result, doctors must pair patients for ventilators on a case-by-case basis or risk oxygen delivery imbalances, which might have disastrous consequences (2) (5).
All in all, coventilation remains a hotly debated topic in the medical community. Those who advocate for ventilator sharing point to the successful examples of coventilation, both in experimental settings and in the field. On the other hand, those against ventilator sharing stress that doing so can incur many risks; aside from the need for individual calibration, ventilator sharing can also result in cross-contamination between patients and remains a relative novelty in the medical world (2). While COVID-19 has led to an influx of new research surrounding the topic, there is still much that is unknown about the long-term safety and viability of ventilator sharing (2) (5) (6).
While some remain skeptical about coventilation, the life-saving benefits of ventilator sharing are undeniable. As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to move through the U.S. and many hospitals face ventilator shortages, coventilation emerges as one way to maximize the amount of patients receiving ventilatory assistance. Although it is yet to be seen if ventilator sharing is a sustainable practice, the ongoing pandemic all but necessities that coventilation will continue into the near future.
(1) Columbia University. (2020, April 1). Columbia Develops Ventilator-Sharing Protocol for Covid-19 Patients. Columbia University Irving Medical Center. Retrieved July 18, 2020, from https://www.cuimc.columbia.edu/news/columbia-develops-ventilator-sharing-protocol-covid-19-patients
(2) Greenberg, Alissa. (2020, May 12). Covid-19 patients sharing ventilators is possible – but not ideal. PBS. Retrieved July 18, 2020, from https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/covid19-ventilators-sharing-safe/
(3) Joseph, Saumya. (2020, June 10). Short-term ventilator sharing may be viable for COVID-19 patients: study. Reuters. Retrieved July 18, 2020, from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-ventilators/short-term-ventilator-sharing-may-be-viable-for-covid-19-patients-study-idUSKBN23H3H8
(4) Levin M., Shah A., Shah R., et al. (2020). Differential Ventilation Using Flow Control Valves as a Potential Bridge to Full Ventilatory support during the COVID-19 Crisis: From Bench to Bedside. Anesthesiology, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0000000000003473
(5) Hermann J., Fonseca de Cruz A., Hawley M., et al. (2020). Shared Ventilation in the Era of COVID-19: A Theoretical Consideration of the Dangers and Potential Solutions. Respiratory Care, 65(7). https://doi.org/10.4187/respcare.07919
(6) Rosenthal, Brian. (2020, March 26). ‘The Other Option is Death’: New York Starts Sharing of Ventilators. The New York Times. Retrieved July 19, 2020, from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/26/health/coronavirus-ventilator-sharing.html | <urn:uuid:5580f4fd-182f-4ea6-b83e-bbe65825fa38> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://radiusanesthesia.com/ventilator-sharing-covid-patients/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991207.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20210514183414-20210514213414-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.888531 | 1,242 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Green ImagesVictoria & Albert Museum, 1992
During the Second World War, the civilian population was regularly exhorted by the British Government to lead what would now be called an ecologically sound lifestyle. Ministry of Food posters such as Henrion’s (1939-45) – shown in exhibition “Green Images” at the Victoria & Albert Museum, London, 5 February to 25 May 1992 – were edicts of necessity and common sense published at a time when vegetables were a cheap and readily available supplement to rationed items like meat. The tone of cheerful command continued to post-war anti-litter campaigns produced by the Central Office of Information. Designers such as Henrion and Reginald Mount (1952) created clear, authoritative and often witty images which fostered a sense of national pride. | <urn:uuid:028f4148-5bdc-4a7f-8452-873ebdbe7701> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.eyemagazine.com/review/article/green-images | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375095632.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031815-00001-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962444 | 167 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Script writing is an action in which people compose their own particular words (and sometimes actions) to perform. People may compose what they will say, the cues for movement and other scene-setting components. This can be as basic as a short dialogue or the length of a full time play. After people compose their script, they can act it out.
What Exactly is a Script?
A script is a record that outlines each aural, visual, behavioural, and lingual component required to tell a story. Why “outlines”? Since film is an exceptionally collaborative medium and the director, cast, editorial manager and production team will, in light of your “outlines”, translate your story their way when it is shot.
They may consult you or they may not. Different writers might be brought in or you might be asked to re-compose the whole thing. That is life, in the realm of screenwriting. But since such a large number of individuals are included in a making of a film, a script must adjust to measures that all included parties understand and in this manner has a specific layout or format, margins, documentation and different conventions. This document is expected to outline the typical elements used screenplay writing.
Why the Script is Important for an Animated Explainer Video?
You may already realize that animated explainer videos are not simply made with charming characters: before they even come to life, professional explainer video creation incorporates a long procedure of only hard work on a strong story.
An explainer video has the ability to tell a convincing story about your business in 60-seconds. Be that as it may, before you even consider the cutesy illustration and animation, you have to empty all that you have into building up an killer video script. An elegantly composed, connecting with script is the foundation for a fruitful explainer video. Without the right foundation, whatever is left of the creation procedure is in vein.
So what would you be able to do to ensure your video is a killer and not boring? It begins with appropriate preparation like knowing your gathering of people, your message and your call-to-action is key. Past that, here are some tips to help you with script writing. | <urn:uuid:c5a601b9-b67a-4223-bab9-f262fbe783a5> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.ideatomix.com/script-writing-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986660323.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20191015205352-20191015232852-00535.warc.gz | en | 0.960105 | 455 | 3.203125 | 3 |
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