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Buckwheat or ‘beech wheat’ is the name for triangular seeds, which resemble the much larger seeds of the beech nut from the beech tree, and that are used like wheat.
So can hamsters eat buckwheat groats?
Let’s take a look at its nutritional data and find out more
In particular, their acidic, water, sugar, fat, salt, calcium, and phosphorus content is of most interest as far as hamsters are concerned.
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy 1,435 kJ (343 kcal)
Dietary fiber 10 g
Saturated 0.741 g
Monounsaturated 1.04 g
Thiamine (B1) (9%) 0.101 mg
Riboflavin (B2) (35%) 0.425 mg
Niacin (B3) (47%) 7.02 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
(25%) 1.233 mg
Vitamin B6 (16%) 0.21 mg
Folate (B9) (8%) 30 μg
Vitamin C (0%) 0 mg
Calcium (2%) 18 mg
Iron (17%) 2.2 mg
Magnesium (65%) 231 mg
Manganese (62%) 1.3 mg
Phosphorus (50%) 347 mg
Potassium (10%) 460 mg
Sodium (0%) 1 mg
Zinc (25%) 2.4 mg
Copper 1.1 mg
Selenium 8.3 µg
As you can see buckwheat contains a hint of salt, a huge amount of phosphorus, acidic content
This means that they should only be eaten in small amounts only on an occasional basis, as buckwheat is very acidic and high in fat. A few grains at time should suffice for them but nothing more than that.
Are Buckwheat Secure for Hamsters to Eat?
If you are a hamster owner, you might be questioning if Buckwheat are protected for your hamster. Properly, we have actually very good news for you. Buckwheat are an acceptable seed for hamsters.
And Can hamsters eat Buckwheat? The Answer is Yes.
How many Buckwheat they can eat?
Syrian hamster, Roborovski hamster, Chinese hamster, Campbell’s Dwarf hamster and Winter White Russian dwarf hamster can eat with 1/2 tablespoon for daily.
If you want to find out more foods for your hamster, you can read “Hamster diet chart“ | <urn:uuid:792b08a3-4bf4-4729-8a55-31173439a30a> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://hamsterpetcare.com/amp/hamsters-care/hamsterss-food/can-hamsters-eat-buckwheat-groats-9671.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160923.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20180925024239-20180925044639-00123.warc.gz | en | 0.879564 | 552 | 2.75 | 3 |
Is voting online a big step forwards or backwards? Opinion in Switzerland about the use of electronic voting is divided.
The Swiss have more chances to express their opinions at the ballot box than anyone else in the world thanks to their extensive system of direct democracy. Wouldn’t it be more practical if you could do so with the click of a mouse?
The Swiss government is convinced. From 2019, two out of three cantons (26 in total) could have e-voting in place. But data protection campaigners and IT experts warn of the dangers; opponents will probably launch a people’s initiative on the issue.
These are the ten most commonly heard arguments for and against e-voting:
Organisation of the Swiss Abroad (OSA)
The issue of e-voting has been on the agenda of the Organisation of the Swiss Abroad (OSA) for many years.
The OSA’s assembly, the Council of Swiss Abroad, is meeting on Saturday in the Swiss capital, Bern. A panel discussion is taking place, entitled "E-Voting: Opportunities and Risks", led by Franz Grüter, a Swiss People’s Party parliamentarian from Zurich, who has filed an initiative on this issue calling for an e-voting moratorium. He will be joined by Claudia Pletscher, Head of Development and Innovation at Swiss Post. swissinfo will report on this issue.end of infobox
For 1: Voting is easier
Electronic votes can be sent from the comfort of your armchair, while on holiday or even in the middle of the night. You no longer have to make that tedious walk to the polling station or to the post box to send your ballot.
For 2: The Swiss Abroad will no longer be at a disadvantage
Swiss citizens living abroad often receive voter information by post too late and can no longer cast their ballot. E-voting would ensure a more reliable process.
For 3: Greater voting rights
When there are fewer obstacles to voting, in theory more citizens exercise this right. Young people, who traditionally vote less often, would more likely be interested in getting their voice heard via e-voting. Greater participation and better representation of all sections of the population must be welcomed from a democratic point of view.
For 4: Less invalid votes
With e-voting there are no invalid votes caused by errors made on the ballot paper. Swiss voters often make mistakes when filling out and submitting ballots. During the last elections for the local parliament in Zurich, for example, 26% of all votes were invalid. In one district, the percentage was as high as 41%.
For 5: No system is 100% secure
When asked about the security issues surrounding e-voting, supporters argue that no system is foolproof. In the past, there have been several cases of electoral fraud in Switzerland. This can be done by stealing envelopes containing the ballot papers sent in the post and then voting with a forged signature on behalf of the person who was robbed.
Against 1: Vote secrecy is not guaranteed
According to data protection specialists, e-voting invalidates voting secrecy because not all transactions are comprehensible to the voter. The systems currently available cannot protect privacy in the user environment, meaning that a malware-infected computer could violate the confidentiality of the vote.
Against 2: Elections and votes can be manipulated
The biggest problem, say critics, are security risks such as hacking, vote-buying and other manipulations. By introducing a virus into a computer, votes could be altered. If elections or votes can be manipulated on a large scale by criminals, foreign intelligence services or companies, this would mean the end of democracy, critics warn.
Against 3: A recount is not possible
Unlike physical ballots, electronic votes cannot be counted manually. With e-voting, the counting is done centrally. There are no individuals to add up votes or election observers who ensure that the voting process runs smoothly and checks are carried out. Citizens must blindly trust the e-voting system.
Against 4: E-voting is expensive
Opponents argue that the costs of e-voting are extortionate: at least CHF700 million ($736 million) would be required to introduce e-voting across Switzerland. An electronically delivered vote is considerably more expensive than a vote posted in an envelope.
Against 5: The introduction of e-voting is undemocratic
Two-thirds of all cantons may in theory vote electronically by 2019. However, the legal basis for this is still lacking and should be finalised only in 2020/21. That is when parliament and voters – if there is a referendum - will be able to decide. Critics complain that e-voting is therefore being introduced prematurely and without any democratic decision.
Translated from German by Simon Bradley | <urn:uuid:a9c17b60-5a96-4e24-a989-72b4f0cf2462> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/electronic-voting_ten-arguments-for-and-against-e-voting/43959200 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221210413.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20180816034902-20180816054902-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.949189 | 999 | 2.625 | 3 |
Are you suffering from stomach flu? If yes, then you will like to know about how long does stomach flu last, how do they occur, how common they are and how to treat stomach flu. I trust, this article will give you detail information about stomach flu.
What is stomach flu?
Stomach flu – also called as viral gastroenteritis is the viral infection which affects the small intestine and stomach. Stomach flu is not just single disease. Instead, it is itself caused by various nasty viruses like adenoviruses, rotaviruses and noroviruses. This intestinal infection is marked by abdominal cramps, vomiting or nausea, watery diarrhea and sometimes fever.
How do they occur?
The most familiar way to expand viral gastroenteritis (stomach flu) is by ingestion of contaminated water or food or a direct contact with the infected person. For instance, you may possibly get it by shaking hand or kissing or by sharing drink, food or eating utensils.
The virus inflames your intestine and stomach. As soon as the intestine and stomach are inflamed, they do not work and they must. Food may travel faster through the digestive tract.
Besides avoiding water and food which may be contaminated, frequent and thorough hand washings is your best defense.
What are the stomach flu symptoms?
Following are the common stomach flu symptoms found among the infected people.
- Stomach pain
- Dry mouth
- Weight loss
- Abdominal cramps
- Vomiting and nausea
- Watery diarrhea
- Low-grade fever
- Loss of appetite
- Unable to make tear
- Joint aches, muscle aches and headache
- Sweating, clammy skin
Causes of gastroenteritis
The several types of viruses may cause gastroenteritis (stomach flu). The most frequent ones are:
Norovirus are a set of viruses, which cause the GAS-tro-en-ter-I-tis (gastroenteritis) or “stomach flu” in people. This kind of virus is extremely contagious as well as can affect people of any age. It is very common in overcrowded spaces like daycares, schools and nursing homes. Symptoms include diarrhea, nausea, body aches and fever. Most norovirus outbursts in U.S take place amid November and December.
Rotavirus commonly affects young children and infants, who then extend the infection to adults and other children. It is regularly spread vocally (orally), meaning the virus go into someone’s body via their mouth. Symptoms naturally appear within 2 days of infection as well as include loss of appetite, watery diarrhea and vomiting.
People with uppermost hazard for severe gastroenteritis include the elderly, young children and people having the suppressed immune system.
How long does stomach flu last?
How long does stomach flu last: It lasts for 1 to 3 days
Stomach flu will rarely lasts for longer than one to three days. However, gastroenteritis may be one to two weeks, before your intestine behavior return entirely to normal. Dehydration (dryness) is a potentially serious difficulty of stomach flu. Stomach flu can take place when your body drops too much of fluids because of having diarrhea or continuous vomiting. If you are harshly dehydrated, you may require to be given solutions IV (intravenously). In adults and children, dehydration can quickly turn out to be life threatening.
Is stomach flu contagious?
The virus causes gastroenteritis or stomach flu. The great majority of causes of stomach flu are contagious, regularly through water or food contamination; it can also be transferred from person to person. Some causes are not infectious (contagious) like medication side effects or food allergies. The stomach flu symptoms will appear 1 to 3 days after vulnerability to the disease or virus. You can remain contagious even before you start to develop symptoms. Once you have recovered from symptoms, you can stay contagious for upto 2 weeks. However, children can stay contagious for even longer period later.
How general is stomach flu?
Viral stomach flu is the 2nd most common illness in U.S after upper respiratory infections such as colds. It is not unusual for school age child to have 2 or 3 gastroenteritis a year.
Who is at risk for gastroenteritis?
Stomach flu can have an effect on any person. It take place at any occasion of the year, though is more frequent in the winter months. Gastroenteritis is usually self-limited as well as will get improved on its own when the body battles the infection. The person at high risk for gastroenteritis includes infants, older adults, pregnant women, immune compromised and undernourished people. People living in packed conditions like cruise ships, military and dorms are also at higher hazard for gastroenteritis.
The harshness of infectious stomach flu will depends upon your immune system capability to resist the virus.
How to treat stomach flu
The truth is that: there is no healing for gastroenteritis. Antibiotics do not aid, since it is caused through viruses, not bacteria. Mostly, you simply have to remain it out. Meanwhile, there are few things you can carry out to make yourself comfortable and avoid complications.
Do not worry about how long does stomach flu last for you. Whereas, there is no heal for gastroenteritis, the remedies below can help you to get relief from infectious stomach flu.
- Drink more: Start to drink additional fluids between and with meals. Ensure you are drinking lots of liquids, particularly if you have vomiting or fever. When you have difficulty in drinking, suck on frost chips or attempt very little amounts of water. It is very simple to become dried out when you have gastroenteritis.
- Get lots of rest: The dehydration and illness might have made you tired and weak.
- Avoid fruit juices: Since fruit juices do not restore minerals and can truly increase diarrhea.
- Wash your hands frequently: You must wash your hands before food preparation and after using the bathroom. If necessary, make use of hand sanitizer till you can access water and soap.
- Ginger: As it has natural anti inflammatory properties, this antique herb has been used by people as a digestive help and usual nausea remedy. Drink ginger ale or ginger tea made with actual ginger root or you can chew a bit of ginger root.
- Get the exact nutrients: Seek foods with potassium (for example bananas, fruit juices and potatoes), yogurt with lively bacterial cultures and salt (for example soup and pretzels). Even a small fat can help you, as it delays digestion and possibly will reduce diarrhea.
- Use sealed products: While travelling you should avoid ice and all raw foods; drink only the sealed bottled products as well as use only the bottled water for tooth brushing.
What to look forward from your doctor?
A few questions your doctor may request include:
- When did your symptoms begin?
- How severe it is?
- Have symptoms been permanent, or do they appear and go?
- What, if something, appears to develop symptoms?
- What, if something, seems to worsen symptoms?
- When to get appointment from a doctor?
The stomach flu is generally self-limiting and not serious; however it can become hazardous as soon as it continues for a long period. There is nothing incorrect with letting gastroenteritis run its route at home, although know when to call a doctor.
Call a doctor, if your baby has:
- Severe diarrhea or bloody stool
- Dry mouth or weeps without tears
You can also see a doctor when your child shows some of typical signs of dehydration:
- Excessive fussiness or sleepiness
- Decreased urination
- Wrinkled skin
Adult can call a doctor, if you are:
- Vomiting continuously for more than 2 days
- Dehydrated – signs include dry mouth, excessive thirst, severe weakness, deep yellow urine, no or little urine and light-headedness or dizziness
- Vomiting blood
- Having fever above 104F | <urn:uuid:31425632-c331-4d49-a116-ec90256002fc> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://www.worldmagacy.com/how-long-does-stomach-flu-last-symptoms-treatments/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947822.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425135246-20180425155246-00182.warc.gz | en | 0.940355 | 1,682 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Interceptive orthodontic treatment need among children attending dental clinics in the Tygerberg sub-district
Marais, Amanda Karien
MetadataShow full item record
Background In the Western-Cape province, orthodontic treatment provided to government patients is limited to tertiary hospitals such as the Tygerberg Oral Health Centre (TOHC). This results in growing waiting lists which place a huge strain on resources of the facility. Objectives To determine: 1. The prevalence of malocclusion among 7-to-10-year-old children examined at dental clinics within the Tygerberg sub-district. 2. The types of malocclusion they present with. 3. Which of these malocclusions can be treated with interceptive orthodontic treatment. Methods An analytical, descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out and quantitative methods were used to achieve the aim and objectives. The study sample consisted of 100 children, 46 male and 54 female, from Bellville and Bishop Lavis dental clinics. Dental examinations were done by one examiner on children between the ages of 7 and 10 years. Dental problems were identified which, if left untreated, could result in the need for more complex orthodontic treatment at a later stage. All the necessary ethical clearance was obtained. Results The results showed that there is a very large interceptive orthodontic treatment need (79%) at these clinics. A large proportion (70%) presented with detrimental habits. Thumbsucking was more prevalent among girls than boys. Other problems like mouthbreathing, lip wedging, deep bite, asymmetrical mobility of primary teeth, rotated lateral incisors and crossbites were found. The biggest concern was that 71% of the children had early loss of primary teeth and only 5% of children received restorations, resulting in a high prevalence of unfavourable molar relationships. All of these should be addressed early, thereby preventing the development of complex orthodontic problems or skeletal discrepancies. iv Conclusion Interceptive and preventive orthodontic treatment should be regarded as a primary health centre service, as it may reduce the need for costly fixed orthodontic treatment. The study showed that urgent intervention is necessary from the Department of Health to address this issue. | <urn:uuid:67c0856f-6eec-4294-96cf-b322f28b13f6> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://etd.uwc.ac.za/handle/11394/3620 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247482186.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20190217152248-20190217174248-00182.warc.gz | en | 0.956587 | 465 | 2.828125 | 3 |
How much don’t we know? This week doctors announce that yes, really, there is a whole ligament in the human knee that we didn’t know about, and it’s not a small one tucked away but a mid-size one and “hidden” on the outside of the knee. They’ve named it the anterolateral ligament (ALL), and it does matter if it fails, people’s knees collapse suddenly. “Only” 97% of people have one. But how is this, it was first postulated by a surgeon in 1879, and took 134 years to find. For much of that time you might have been told there was a consensus on knee anatomy, and because thousands of doctors have done knee surgery and knee replacements are now de rigeur, you might have thought the science was settled.
Sorry about the graphic photo, but when I saw that headline, I thought this would be a tiny artifact. You need to see it to appreciate just how remarkable it is that this has been missed for so long. UPDATE: It’s so remarkable, I find Chrism comments below are useful #5, #8, #12, and quite possibly the ligament was known by another name, or associated with a different malady. Is it possible that doctors have missed it completely or more likely that the PR-team are exaggerating? I’ll go with “b”. Still the point about settled science remains the same. Now there is another point too — how our funding systems encourage sensational PR rather than careful analysis. – Jo
*This photo probably exaggerates the size of the ALL — there is another shot in the paper which makes it easier to understand how it might have been overlooked. Scroll through the comments (sorry it’s another gory shot).
New Ligament Discovered In the Human Knee
Nov. 5, 2013 — Two knee surgeons at University Hospitals Leuven have discovered a previously unknown ligament in the human knee. This ligament appears to play an important role in patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears. Despite a successful ACL repair surgery and rehabilitation, some patients with ACL-repaired knees continue to experience so-called ‘pivot shift’, or episodes where the knee ‘gives way’ during activity. For the last four years, orthopedic surgeons Dr Steven Claes and Professor Dr Johan Bellemans have been conducting research into serious ACL injuries in an effort to find out why. Their starting point: an 1879 article by a French surgeon that postulated the existence of an additional ligament located on the anterior of the human knee.
That postulation turned out to be correct: the Belgian doctors are the first to identify the previously unknown ligament after a broad cadaver study using macroscopic dissection techniques. Their research shows that the ligament, which was given the name anterolateral ligament (ALL), is present in 97 per cent of all human knees. Subsequent research shows that pivot shift, the giving way of the knee in patients with an ACL tear, is caused by an injury in the ALL ligament.
Some of the conclusions were recently published in the Journal of Anatomy. The Anatomical Society praised the research as “very refreshing” and commended the researchers for reminding the medical world that, despite the emergence of advanced technology, our knowledge of the basic anatomy of the human body is not yet exhaustive.
The research questions current medical thinking about serious ACL injuries and could signal a breakthrough in the treatment of patients with serious ACL injuries. Dr Claes and Professor Bellemans are currently working on a surgical technique to correct ALL injuries. Those results will be ready in several years.
ACL tears are common among athletes in pivot-heavy sports such as soccer, basketball, skiing and football.
Source: Press release Ku Leuven
H/t Science Daily
Just to elucidate exactly what was discovered here, I searched and after I posted this, the story has been picked up by mass media (like Skynews, and the BBC). Live Science has interviewed Dr Claes who adds more detail:
“The anatomy we describe is the first precise characterization with pictures and so on, and differs in crucial points from the rather vague descriptions from the past,” Claes told LiveScience. “The uniqueness about our work is not only the fact that we identified this enigmatic structure for once and for all, but we are also the first to identify its function.” The researchers presented their new work this March at the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons meeting in Chicago.
The BBC says some doctors were “blown away” while others say it may not make much difference to treatment:
Dr Claes and Bellemans think an injury to the anterolateral ligament (ALL) may be partly responsible for this. They hypothesise some people may injure the ALL at same time as the ACL, leaving the knee less stable as the leg rotates.
And their biomechanical studies suggest tears in this ligament may also be to blame for small fractures that have previously been attributed to ACL injuries.
Mr Paul Trikha, a knee surgeon at the Surrey Orthopaedic Clinic, who was also not involved in the research said: “I do around 150 ACL repairs each year. When I saw Dr Claes’ research, it blew me away.
“Knowing about the ALL has given us a better understanding of what other structures may be damaged during this common injury and this will hopefully open up opportunities to improve surgery for our patients.”
But reaction to this work has been mixed.
Gordon Bannister, professor of orthopaedics at Bristol University said: “There is no doubt this is a very interesting paper from the anatomical point of view but at the moment this is not a major clinical breakthrough. “Its role in knee injuries is a perfectly reasonable hypothesis to test but the most important step is to see whether any intervention to the ligament actually makes a significant difference to patients.”
In 1879, the French surgeon Segond described the existence of a ‘pearly, resistant, fibrous band’ at the anterolateral aspect of the human knee, attached to the eponymous Segond fracture. To date, the enigma surrounding this anatomical structure is reflected in confusing names such as ‘(mid-third) lateral capsular ligament’, ‘capsulo-osseous layer of the iliotibial band’ or ‘anterolateral ligament’, and no clear anatomical description has yet been provided. In this study, the presence and characteristics of Segond’s ‘pearly band’, hereafter termed anterolateral ligament (ALL), was investigated in 41 unpaired, human cadaveric knees. The femoral and tibial attachment of the ALL, its course and its relationship with nearby anatomical structures were studied both qualitatively and quantitatively. In all but one of 41 cadaveric knees (97%), the ALL was found as a well-defined ligamentous structure, clearly distinguishable from the anterolateral joint capsule. The origin of the ALL was situated at the prominence of the lateral femoral epicondyle, slightly anterior to the origin of the lateral collateral ligament, although connecting fibers between the two structures were observed. The ALL showed an oblique course to the anterolateral aspect of the proximal tibia, with firm attachments to the lateral meniscus, thus enveloping the inferior lateral geniculate artery and vein. Its insertion on the anterolateral tibia was grossly located midway between Gerdy’s tubercle and the tip of the fibular head, definitely separate from the iliotibial band (ITB). The ALL was found to be a distinct ligamentous structure at the anterolateral aspect of the human knee with consistent origin and insertion site features. By providing a detailed anatomical characterization of the ALL, this study clarifies the long-standing enigma surrounding the existence of a ligamentous structure connecting the femur with the anterolateral tibia. Given its structure and anatomic location, the ALL is hypothesized to control internal tibial rotation and thus to affect the pivot shift phenomenon, although further studies are needed to investigate its biomechanical function. | <urn:uuid:57388c10-13b5-4a0f-8a91-308f12266cff> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://joannenova.com.au/2013/11/consensus-on-human-knee-ligaments-was-wrong-new-ligament-found/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281226.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00175-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949446 | 1,757 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Welcome to the fourth dimension. And the fifth, and the sixth. A team of astrophysicists claims to have identified evidence that space is six-dimensional.
Joseph Silk of the University of Oxford, UK, and his co-workers say that these extra spatial dimensions can be inferred from the perplexing behaviour of dark matter. This mysterious stuff cannot be seen, but its presence in galaxies is betrayed by the gravitational tug that it exerts on visible stars.
Silk and his colleagues looked at how dark matter behaves differently in small galaxies and large clusters of galaxies. In the smaller ones, dark matter seems to be attracted to itself quite strongly. But in the large galactic clusters this doesn’t seem to be the case: strongly interacting dark matter should produce cores of dark material bigger than those that are actually there, as deduced from the way the cluster spins.
One explanation, they say, is that three extra dimensions, in addition to the three spatial ones to which we are accustomed, are altering the effects of gravity over very short distances of about a nanometre1.
The team argues that such astronomical observations of dark matter provide the first potential evidence for extra dimensions. Others are supportive, but unconvinced. Lisa Randall, a Harvard physicist who has explored the possibility of extra spatial dimensions, says “Even if their idea works, which it probably does, it may be an overstatement to use these observations as evidence of extra dimensions.”
Silk himself acknowledges that the proposal is “extremely speculative”.
Too small to see
Physicists have suspected for years that ‘hidden’ dimensions exist, largely because they seem to be predicted by string theory, the current favourite for a theory of fundamental subatomic particles.
These extra dimensions are generally thought to be tiny: many billions of times smaller than atoms. This would make these dimensions very hard to detect, explaining why the Universe looks as if it has just three. Physicists such as Randall, however, have proposed that some extra dimensions might be relatively big, but inaccessible to us.
The extra dimensions that Silk and colleagues say they have identified are likewise ‘big’, at about a nanometre across. In other words, they say, the Universe is only about a nanometre wide in these three ‘directions’.
They argue that the force of gravity does not obey Isaac Newton’s famous laws over small distances, where these dimensions come into play. This has never been tested experimentally: no one has measured how gravity behaves over distances below about a hundredth of a millimetre.
This variation in gravity, says Silk, could be why dark matter behaves differently in different galactic environments.
According to one interpretation of the astronomical observations, dark matter, which is thought to account for 85% of all the mass in the Universe but not to be made from the known fundamental particles, seems to attract itself through some unknown force. And this attraction seems to be stronger in dwarf galaxies than in galactic clusters. This is very odd: it is rather as if apples were to fall faster from single trees than from trees in an orchard.
But the attraction isn’t due to an unknown force, argue Silk and his colleagues, but to the effect of extra dimensions on gravity. And because dark matter particles are accelerated to higher speeds in massive galactic clusters than in dwarf galaxies, they spend less time close to each other, so the effects of these extra dimensions are felt less.
There are other ways of explaining the puzzling dark-matter distributions, admits Silk’s colleague Ue-Li Pen of the University of Toronto in Canada. For example, one could assume that the rate at which stars explode, as supernovae, was quite different in the past.
“Personally, I think changing the supernovae rate is more conservative than changing the number of spatial dimensions,” Pen confesses. But he thinks that invoking extra dimensions is such an exciting idea that it is worth investigating, “even if it is a long shot”.
The most popular versions of string theory suggest that there are as many as eight extra dimensions, not just three. But thankfully this needn’t be a problem. There’s no reason why, in addition to the three large extra dimensions predicted by Silk and colleagues, there might not be several other small ones too. | <urn:uuid:750b51a0-d1d0-4e9f-894b-21a0a60d8047> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://hoaxes.org/forums/viewthread/242/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049278042.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002118-00009-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962311 | 901 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Prepositional phrases always modify something—usually a noun or a verb. Remember, adjectives are used to describe nouns, which means they can explain what kind of thing you have, how many things you have, or which thing you're talking about. Adverbs of Place She has lived on the island all her life. An adverb is a word used to describe or modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. When this is true, as it almost always is, the adverb is called an adjunct. A single verb can be made into several different phrasal verbs, each with their own distinct meaning, by adding different prepositions. Adverb Practice To practice what you've learned here, see if you can identify the adverb in each of the following sentences.
The owl is bright white. The question that remains is whether the agile adverb can modify a noun or a pronoun as well. Look at this lovely barn owl. We can say The sock looks good there but not It is a there beautiful sock. Sam 12-13-2015 Hey Brian, thanks for writing this article.
When the adverb does not fit into the flow of the clause, it is called a disjunct or a conjunct and is often set off by a comma or set of commas. Consider them more like the neighbor you see occasionally, not the one who constantly drops by unannounced. We will consider expanding on this in a future article. Thankfully, there are some simple rules that will help you know which is which and when to use them. Fortunately, the vast majority of prepositions are like the first two — showing spatial or chronological relationship. Adverbs of Purpose Adverbs of purpose, sometimes called adverbs of reason, help to describe why something happened.
This noun phrase has an elipted noun which, although missing, is understandable from the context. In sum, the grammatical house remains divided over whether an adverb can modify a noun or a pronoun. He gave up his house. The is presented in a logical sequence, so it's not an overwhelming mishmash of information. However, adverbs should be used sparingly.
Very is an adverb modifying late, which is an adjective modifying Joe. Unfortunately, placement doesn't always tell you if something is an adverb or adjective. Mai 01-16-2015 Hi Brian, Thank you so much for your clear explanation. What can be confusing is that all prepositional phrases are also adverbial or adjectival phrases. Yet they are quite unlike adjectives in other uses. Other common phrasal verbs: give up, come over, blow up, call off, point out, turn down.
The fact that many adverbs can be used in more than one of these functions can confuse the issue, and it may seem like splitting hairs to say that a single adverb is really two or more words that serve different functions. There's just one thing left to note. This keeps us in a gray area. When using an adverb with a verb, the adverb often goes before the verb, though not always. Adverb position with verbs This can be a bit trickier because, it will depend on the type of adverb — place, position, time etc. You have perhaps read somewhere that poor in 'the poor are always with us' and similar constructions is a noun. However, spotting an adverb, especially one that ends in -ly is easy.
The word gracefully is an adverb. Here, frankly is an adverb, but it doesn't describe any specific verb in the sentence. The verb often is enough to describe what is going on without adding extra words. Types of Adverbs Adverbs of Manner An adverb of manner will explain how an action is carried out. I can help you with adverbial phrases though. Adverbs of place examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.
However, modern grammarians recognize that words traditionally grouped together as adverbs serve a number of different functions. It modifies the verb to run. Although that's not universally true, it's a great place to start. I would be very interested to get your expert opinion. The Yeas might add to their counterpoints with a sentence such as where are my keys? Adverbs are intensifiers and they can even come in the form of an.
I mean it could be like this? The baby crawled very slowly. Your rule 4 is a little confusing for me. Sentence diagrams of adverbs show us that adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs because they go on slanted lines underneath the verb, adjective, or adverb that they are modifying! First, they will refer to a sentence such as even these numbers are wrong sometimes. Also, given their function, these fundamental elements of the English language are usually placed right before or after the verb in the sentence. They can add to or change the meaning of a word. In this sentence, it means he was staring in a deep way. Adverbs can also modify adjectives and other adverbs. | <urn:uuid:88fd5570-5b58-4eba-ba3e-24113067b992> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://qva.com.au/can-adverb.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578528481.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20190420020937-20190420042937-00159.warc.gz | en | 0.974638 | 1,043 | 3.078125 | 3 |
The Equality and Human Rights Commission has published guidance on the provisions of the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013 and how they relate to equality and human rights law. The guidance is being published ahead of the first legally-recognised marriages of same-sex couples in England and Wales, which are expected to take place on 29 March. The accompanying key points explaining the basics of the Act, briefly, are as follows:
“The Act makes the marriage of same sex couples lawful in England and Wales. Religious organisations are free to choose whether to opt in to marrying same sex couples according to their rites and marriage procedures. Scotland and Northern Ireland both have different legislation covering marriage.
The guidance, produced by the Commission as part of its statutory remit under the Equality Act 2010, provides information about the Act targeted towards a range of groups, including employers, employees and service providers, public authorities, and religious organisations.
Under the new legislation:
- Same sex couples will be able to get married in England and Wales and those marriages will be recognised in law (subject to meeting legal requirements).
- Same sex married couples will be treated in the same way as opposite sex married couples in most circumstances.
- Religious organisations can choose to opt in to conduct marriages for same sex couples. But no one can compel the organisations or their officials to participate in religious marriages of same sex couples if they do not wish to do so. Religious freedom is specifically protected under human rights law.
- All civil marriage register offices are now designated and required by law to conduct marriages of same sex couples.
- Commercial service providers cannot treat customers less favourably, for example by refusing to provide services on the basis that the customer is married to or intends to marry a person of the same sex. That would constitute unlawful discrimination.
- Individuals are free to hold whatever belief they choose on marriage of same sex couples. The expression of those views can be limited, for example where it’s necessary to protect the rights and freedoms of others. Employees will need to be mindful of relevant workplace and professional policies and rules; employers should apply rules and policies consistently with individuals’ civil liberties.
- Schools must teach the facts about marriage during relevant lessons in an objective, sensitive and professional way, especially where the national curriculum and statutory guidance applies. Schools with a religious character can continue to teach about marriage according to their religious doctrines or ethos”.
Hard copies of any of the relevant documents are available from the Commission at: [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:11441ebc-e147-4f56-a1d8-872d1b2b857e> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://lawandreligionuk.com/2014/03/27/equality-and-human-rights-commission-on-the-marriage-same-sex-couples-act-2013/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141181179.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20201125041943-20201125071943-00318.warc.gz | en | 0.942768 | 514 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Comentários e feedback de alunos de How To Visualize Your Data Using Microsoft Powerpoint da instituição Coursera Project Network
Sobre o curso
In this project, you will learn a few methods on how to make your presentations more engaging and visual so you can captivate your audience’s attention and make them easily remember all of the information you are presenting.
This guided project is for students, employees and business owners who are beginner users of Microsoft Powerpoint and want their presentations to be more visual and engaging.
Using online Microsoft Powerpoint, you will learn how to customize your slides through changing their backgrounds, how to visualize your data through inserting videos and using SmartArt, and how to animate the slides content. Finally, you will learn how to apply and control the transitions between your slides....
1 — 3 de 3 Avaliações para o How To Visualize Your Data Using Microsoft Powerpoint
por Keerthana M M
24 de jun de 2022
This course is very useful .
por Miguel A O M
31 de mar de 2022
Esperaba también como mejorar gráficas estadísticas. | <urn:uuid:d663a8e7-793d-4159-b456-aaa72ad7c9c9> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://pt.coursera.org/projects/microsoft-powerpoint-how-to-customize-your-slides-and-visualize-your-data/reviews | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103619185.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20220628233925-20220629023925-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.711317 | 264 | 3.28125 | 3 |
By Alfie Poynter, UK Editorial Board
Why is there a gender imbalance in the STEM field and how can equality be achieved?
The STEM field is heavily dominated by men; areas like engineering have only 9% female workers. But why is this? We are currently living in one of the most accepting and encouraging societies ever, with gay marriage being legal in the UK and many other countries and women being free to choose any career they want, unlike in the past when society was very sexist and prejudiced. However, many women still choose not to pursue a career in STEM even though they have the ability to do so. I believe this imbalance can be traced back to a few key issues.
“There is a lack of encouragement for girls and women to pursue STEM related careers.”
Firstly, there is a lack of encouragement for girls and women to pursue STEM related careers. This could be a lack of encouragement by schools, the media or even parents. At a primary level in education there is no imbalance as sciences and maths are compulsory; however, when you begin to look at secondary education and those taking STEM subjects forward to graduate courses, this is where the imbalance starts to make itself obvious. Therefore, there must be something happening between primary school and university that is discouraging girls to pursue a STEM career yet encouraging boys. I think this is the biggest reason why there is lack of women in the STEM field: a lack of encouragement. If girls aren’t encouraged to take up a STEM career, why would they? There is no incentive to carry on with these subjects, so it is understandable that there is an imbalance in gender in the STEM field. Therefore, in order to help achieve equality, girls need to be encouraged all the way through the education system. However, forcing girls into STEM is definitely not the answer. I think one of the main causes of the lack of encouragement is a lack of role models. It’s a vicious cycle: if there is a lack of female role models in STEM then fewer girls will be encouraged to go into STEM meaning there will carry on to be a lack of female role models in STEM. This cycle must be stopped in order for gender equality in the field of STEM to be achieved.
“The media tend to objectify women instead of telling the public about their achievements.”
Additionally, I believe the media has a big impact on the gender imbalance in the STEM field. Even in 2017, the media often portray women in an unpleasant way; they tend to objectify women instead of telling the public about their achievements. This is unacceptable and has a huge negative impact on girls growing up today who are constantly exposed to this.
By portraying women in this way, the media likely causes girls to feel they don’t have the ability to make incredible breakthroughs in science, technology, engineering or mathematics when they most certainly do. Therefore, in order to reduce the imbalance, the media must start to cover female and male achievements equally and eliminate the male bias that is currently present. Otherwise finding women in the STEM field will be a huge rarity and, if the world got to this point, this would be a very sad thing. Diversity is needed within the STEM field; diversity brings new and exciting perspectives which lead to big breakthroughs in STEM. Furthermore, diversity helps to represent the whole population, which is very diverse.
“Diversity brings new and exciting perspectives which lead to big breakthroughs in STEM.”
STEM helps to build our knowledge of everything: in my opinion, it encompasses the most exciting subjects to study. This is why I think everyone who wants to be should be included in the STEM field. Anyone could be the next Albert Einstein or Marie Curie so there should be nothing stopping them. If those in STEM want to push the boundaries of our understanding of the world then we must first accept those who live in it. | <urn:uuid:1a5029d9-4ba8-4e13-b3cd-5a3ea30e0a2e> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.expecteverything.eu/stop-vicious-cycle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424931.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170724222306-20170725002306-00456.warc.gz | en | 0.964186 | 794 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Richard Twiss’s Irish travelogue contained many criticisms of Dublin and the country in general, which together caused outrage in the late eighteenth century and led to outpourings of hostility from the Dublin press. An unprecedented mood of national unity took root as the scribes of the city rushed to defend the honour of Ireland’s poor, who had been among those targeted by the traveller. One enraged individual with extensive property in Connacht was said to have tracked down Mr Twiss to a London coffee house and publicly beaten him because of his characterisation of that province as “savage” and his allegation that the legs of the peasant women there were on the “thick” side.
Rent extractors rushing to defend their tenants is not an everyday event and it was all the more unusual as, throughout the preceding decades of the eighteenth century, ascendancy commentators had not hesitated to criticise the peasantry in highly unsympathetic language, generally attributing their grinding poverty to their own moral and behavioural shortcomings and arguing that such problems would be quickly overcome if the advice issued by their betters was followed.
Richard Twiss’s error – if error it can be called since he seems to have enjoyed the whole business and benefited from it ‑ was to extend his criticism beyond the poor to an establishment which was growing in its own sense of importance and achievement, reflected in the magnificent buildings with which it was filling the second city of the empire. Visitors generally enthused about these buildings but Twiss did not, adding for good measure that neither of Dublin’s cathedrals “are remarkable for their architecture”. Most visitors admired Dublin Bay and it was frequently compared to the Bay of Naples. The niggardly Mr Twiss commented merely that it was “inferior”.
Twiss saw Dublin as deficient in both culture and commerce. He also attacked the Dublin press, saying it used cheap brown paper, adding that the newspapers were “curiosities by reason of their style and spelling”. It was a cocktail of criticism calculated to irritate and provoke a response.
The Dublin Jewish poet William Preston, who was a founder of the Royal Irish Academy and an early supporter of Catholic Emancipation, wrote a satirical response in verse. Apparently he informed Twiss of his intention; the latter remarked: “The little Jew poet told me lately he intended to write a Heroic Epistle to me, I told him he was very welcome if he thought it might bring him into notice.”
Preston was just one of a large number who were moved to target Twiss, whose criticisms of architecture, landscape, commerce and cultural life often involved a personal note. He found the habits of the property-owning Irish unattractive: they were prone to excessive eating and drinking and had a regrettable attachment to “lavish hospitality”, a practice he attributed to the influence of the “old Irish”, an element he saw as retarding the advance of civilisation in Ireland. He was also generally uncomplimentary towards Irish women of rank. According to Richard and Maria Edgeworth, Twiss remarked that if you looked at an Irish lady she invariably responded “port if you please”. He also found fault with the Protestant elite for having adopted the potato as a staple; it was served as an accompaniment with all meals, he complained.
All in all he was saying there wasn’t much to choose between the colony and the natives and that the ascendancy was letting down the cause of civilisation. It was not calculated to please. The Dublin newspaper, pamphlet and ephemera press reacted with outrage and set about attacking Twiss with passion, venom and wit. As the eighteenth century was nothing if not scatological it was not long before it was noted that Mr T’s name rhymed with piss.
Anne Whaley ‑ later Lady Clare ‑ was one of many who wrote an anti-Twiss squib which made use of the rhyme:
Here you may behold a liar
Well deserving of hell-fire:
Every one who likes may p---
Upon the learned Doctor T----
The future Lady Clare was referring to the many chamber pots manufactured during the anti Twiss fervour and which featured a likeness of him on the inside. One visitor to Ireland some years later wrote that he was frequently presented “with a picture of the late tourist at the bottom of the chamber pots, with his mouth and eyes open ready to receive the libation” and as late as 1811 a dictionary of the “vulgar tongue” gave Twiss as a slang term for chamber pot.
Unsurprisingly, the mood of national unity proved temporary. Lady Clare’s husband, Lord Chancellor John Fitzgibbon, took strong action against those from within the establishment who sided with the popular cause in 1798. Students in Trinity College were individually interrogated by Fitzgibbon and those suspected of sympathy with the rebels were thrown out. Thomas Moore, the Bard of Erin, whose family ran a modest grocery shop on Aungier Street, was one who was questioned. Although he was an active literary supporter of the rebels he managed to evade sanction, to the great relief of his mother, who had devoted much of her life to choreographing her son’s social advancement and who, though nationalist in sentiment herself, preferred her son not to take political risks.
For more about Richard Twiss, read Martyn Powell’s Piss-pots, printers and public opinion in eighteenth-century Dublin. | <urn:uuid:f9f1f502-f5c0-4570-a184-0ffd1fd54c8d> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.drb.ie/blog/dublin-stories/2012/11/10/port-if-you-please | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719139.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00085-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.98548 | 1,153 | 3.03125 | 3 |
ConfigSet in Configu is a mechanism for organizing and grouping configurations in a hierarchical structure. It serves as a path within the configuration tree, enabling you to associate specific configuration values with different contexts, such as environments, tenants, or any other use case you require.
At the top of the ConfigSet hierarchy is the root set, represented by an empty string ("") or an alias of "/". The root set acts as the parent for all other sets and provides the foundation for the configuration tree. It's important to note that the set path always starts with the root set and does not end with a "/".
Config is associated with a "set" property, which links it to a particular path in the ConfigSet hierarchy. When evaluating a configuration, Configu searches for the corresponding value by traversing the hierarchy from the supplied path's last node up to the root set. This mechanism allows for seamless inheritance and overriding of configuration values, making it effortless to customize software behavior for different environments or use cases.
ConfigSets can represent any context that requires distinct configuration values. For example, you can utilize ConfigSets to group configurations based on regions, deployment stages, or specific feature sets. This flexibility empowers you to structure your configuration hierarchy in a way that best fits your application's needs.
Let's explore an example of a ConfigSet hierarchy:
'' ├── 'development' │ └── AWS_REGION=us-east-2 └── 'production' ├── AWS_REGION=us-east-1 └── 'eu-customer' └── AWS_REGION=eu-west-1
In this example, the
root set is represented by an empty string, following the convention in Configu. The root set acts as the default parent for all other sets and can be used to define global configuration values that apply to the entire configuration hierarchy.
development set, a child of the root set, defines a single configuration value for the AWS_REGION key. When evaluating the configuration data in the development environment, Configu retrieves the
us-east-2 value for the
AWS_REGION configuration key.
production set, also a child of the root set, specifies a different value for the AWS_REGION key. Additionally, it has a child set called
eu-customer, which further defines another value for the same configuration key. This hierarchy means Configu will fetch the appropriate values for the
AWS_REGION configuration key based on the set path, whether in the
Let's consider another example:
'' ├── 'staging' │ ├── API_URL=https://api-staging.example.com │ └── 'feature-flags' │ ├── FEATURE_A_ENABLED=true │ └── FEATURE_B_ENABLED=false └── 'production' └── API_URL=https://api.example.com
In this example, the
root set represents the top-level of the hierarchy.
staging set, a child of the root set, contains configurations specific to the staging environment. It defines an
API_URL for the staging API endpoint. Additionally, it has a child set called
feature-flags, which encompasses specific feature flags and their corresponding values.
production set, another child of the root set, includes a configuration for the API URL, representing the production API endpoint. | <urn:uuid:0f72576c-1e7c-47b9-9684-c1313eafb10e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://configu.com/docs/config-set/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100972.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209202131-20231209232131-00361.warc.gz | en | 0.772572 | 705 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Climate change will significantly affect coastal habitats as sea levels, storms, erosion, and water quality change. However, the impacts on different habitats in different locations will vary, and it is not clear how coastal managers should best protect vulnerable habitats such as marshes, seagrass beds, and dunes. A more complete understanding of risks could help coastal managers prioritize actions that could enhance the resilience of coastal habitats. A new tool, the Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment Tool for Coastal Habitats (CCVATCH), has been developed to help land managers, decision makers, and researchers develop conservation, management, and restoration plans for coastal habitats. This assessment tool identifies primary sources of vulnerability to assist with prioritizing coastal habitat management actions.
About this resource
A 2015 Science Transfer grant enabled four reserves in New England to use CCVATCH to conduct assessments of coastal habitats in their reserves, demonstrating the utility of the tool to support adaptive management in response to climate change. This project overview describes the project approach, benefits, products, and next steps. | <urn:uuid:1353c238-3ec7-4158-9807-3910f2da3aba> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://nerrssciencecollaborative.org/resource/assessing-how-climate-change-will-affect-coastal-habitats-northeast | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662604495.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220526065603-20220526095603-00718.warc.gz | en | 0.913281 | 208 | 3.75 | 4 |
The topic of environmentally friendly and green products have continued to increase, with people becoming more environmentally conscious. With the increase in environmental awareness, there is in increase in understanding the green burial process as a less destructive option on nature. People are moving towards more ecological practices, we are able to minimize the effects on nature while maximizing the natural lifecycle.
What is a Green Burial?
Green burial is a process where the burial or cremation that has a minimal impact on the environment while maximising positive effects on the environment. With the increase in environmentally safe products, there have been products that are now sustainable and non-toxic that can be used during burials. They have also introduced biodegradable caskets, shrouds and urns. Another component of green burials are using rocks and plants for grave markets.
Once the body starts to break down it becomes a natural composite of the earth, it blends into the soil and is recycled back into the natural elements. For green burial, the body is placed into a biodegradable casket which may be made of willow, sea grass, or bamboo. Over the course of time, as the casket naturally breaks down, so does the body. Within green cemeteries, there may also be the option to reuse land plots as the caskets and bodies return to the earth. It may sound strange to think of multiple people reusing the same plot, however that is the process of recycling and reusing that is so vital to the green burial process.
How Green Burials Impact the Funeral
During a traditional embalming, chemicals and fluids like formaldehyde are injected into the body to slow down the breaking down process to enable viewings during the funeral. Formaldehyde is a very toxic and non-ecologically friendly chemical but it does provide the family a greater amount of time and flexibility when to hold the funeral service.
Green embalming fluids contain a minimal amount of chemicals. Most green embalming fluids contain essential oils, iodine or alcohol as the main ingredient used to disinfect or sanitize the body. Although the body breaks down quicker, there are no harmful effects or impacts on the environment. However, this does change the schedule for the funeral because green embalming fluids will only keep the body for about 3 to 5 days. Another thing to consider during green burials is leaving memorabilia in the casket. Leaving tokens of memorial in the casket is a traditional funeral act, however in green burials, you need to remember that they need to be organic or things that will naturally break down over time with the body and casket.
If you have any other questions on green burials, you can contact us at Arbutus Funeral Home. | <urn:uuid:2a6c4b95-1fd2-465a-be30-a5f118fecdbd> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://arbutusfuneralservice.com/blogs/blog-entries/2/Our-Blogs/32/Green-Burials.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711151.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20221207085208-20221207115208-00333.warc.gz | en | 0.943696 | 566 | 3.3125 | 3 |
the output is : Different content. I thought it would be Same content.
Well, since your "Reference" class doesn't override the equals() method, you are using the equals() method implementation from the Object class. The implementation of the equals() method of the Object class returns true only if the two objects are the exact same instance.
If you dont override the equals() method that you have inherited from the Object class, you would get this result. Object class equals() method does nothing but returns true if references to the two objects are same. In your case you created two objects and references to both objects are different so they are different, and equals returns false.
Try this code if you want result true if you use equals to compare objects of class Reference:
But you would often want to give your equals method a deeper meaning that what I have done.
The equals method for class Object implements the most discriminating possible equivalence relation on objects; that is, for any non-null reference values x and y, this method returns true if and only if x and y refer to the same object (x == y has the value true). | <urn:uuid:a04e6c73-c3ec-4ec1-9dd9-3887d1ebad20> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://coderanch.com/t/262202/certification/equals-method | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334871.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220926113251-20220926143251-00161.warc.gz | en | 0.886985 | 233 | 2.9375 | 3 |
What is martial law?If you’re looking for a definition, then Martial Law basically means using state or national force to enforce the will of the government on the people. It basically allows the government, or a tyrannical politician, to shred the and impose its will through force.
History of of America“Those that fail to learn from history, are doomed to repeat it.”The U.S. dollar replaced the British Pound Sterling as the world’s reserve currency around 1945. It occurred for a number of reasons. The U.S. economy was the global leader in manufacturing and held the majority of the world’s gold.
According to sources I’ve read, the dollar was the only currency still backed by gold (there was a downside to this). Of course they would love to explain that these specialist’s expertise would be used in other regions of the planet, and as you all know, the isn’t allowed to operate in the United States. If this is the case, then why the sudden need to recruit so many more? As you'll soon see, just about anything could lead to a state of Martial Law.
In today's environment, it won't take much. In a previous post titled, Obama Warns: Be Ready For EMP Attacks, martial law dollar update, martial law dollar collapse news, dollar collapse martial law, latest update martial law, latest news dollar collapse, martial law un, martial law after election, Engineered Pandemics, Massive , and Martial Law, I mentioned how on May 31, Obama took time out of his extremely busy schedule to deliver an address at the FEMA where he made a point to stress that Americans who are not preparing for, or who do not have plans for any given scenario, could find themselves in big trouble in the near future.
The following excerpt from Obama’s speech comes directly from the official White House website…"One of the things that we have learned over the course of the last seven and a half years is that government plays a vital role, but it is every citizen’s responsibility to be prepared . And that means taking proactive steps, like having an plan, having a fully stocked supply kit. If your local authorities ask you to evacuate, you have to do it. Don’t wait."
This Video is about that Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) issued a Notice of Funding Opportunities (NOFO) for fiscal year 2016.
Such Notice is to Prepare Communities for Complex Coordinated Terrorist Attacks (CCTA Program). The CCTA Program will provide close to $36 million to state, local, tribal, and territorial jurisdictions to improve their ability to prepare for, prevent, and respond to "complex coordinated terrorist attacks" — in collaboration with the whole community. martial law america, USA Martial Law, Trump.
This Video is about that Selected state, local, tribal, and territorial jurisdictions will receive fiscal 2016 CCTA Program funding specifically to build and sustain capabilities according to these qualifications: Economic Collapse Video, To enhance their preparedness for these supposed "complex coordinated terrorist attacks," here is what they are looking to achieve: video martial law,
1. Identifying capability gaps
2. Developing and/or updating plans
3. Training to implement plans and procedures
4. Conducting exercises to validate capabilities. martial law after election,While only state, local, territorial, and federally-recognized tribal governments can apply, there is something BIGGER brewing in the works. martial law dollar update, martial law dollar collapse news, dollar collapse martial law,Meanwhile, as FEMA continues to partnership with local organizations nationwide, along with preparing the nation for "National Emergencies" and other cryptic events .
The Department of Homeland Obama Martial law, Fema martial law 2017, usa fema martial law 2017, Obama martial law dollar collapse 2017, Security (DHS), per the Appropriations Act of 2016, has been funding and allocating for the use of state police crime labs, fusion centers, and other means and methods necessary... in order to "analyze" any information they collect, from both public and private sectors. latest update martial law, latest news dollar collapse.
As Obama’s administration continues to creep closer and closer to tyranny, one could only imagine how far he’d go before Americans started to revolt. martial law anonymous, Lucky for Obama, he’s already begun plans to contain the situation, allowing him to progress with his agenda with as little Economic Collapse Video, video martial law, martial law dollar collapse update, martial law dollar collapse news, resistance as possible—through the use of FEMA camps.
We all know, Obama is working all hours of the day to try and disarm as much of the population as possible, and although he claims it in the name of American safety, many U.S. citizens know otherwise. But if it were to come to a point where Americans needed to be suppressed in order for the preservation of Obama’s reign to prevail, what would he do?“
The Reality And Truth of FEMA-Meet Your Future FEMA Camp-Meet Your Future HOME.-Meet Your Future FEMA Camp-Meet Your Future HOME.
The infamous agenda for the North American Union is taking shape and the plan to do away with the 50 states and create FEMA regions is happening right now.
Economically according to Parag Khanna, a contributor for the NY Times, America would thrive more if the government did away with the states and created regions.
At first glance, the plan seems to be a good idea, but rather we must observe the hidden motive. The States of America exist to protect the rights of the individual rather than that of the collective.
However, given the agenda currently underway, the rights of the individual are being forsaken, and the “feelings of the collective” throttled upon the masses.
According to Parag, and those sourced in the report; the 50 states are dysfunctional and very messy, especially economically. With America continually on the downturn of leading the world in innovation, it becomes increasingly more evident that the USA is failing. “Advanced economies in Western Europe and Asia are reorienting themselves around robust urban clusters of advanced industry.” Says Parag. However is that the real motive behind it all?
The plan for a New World Order is very clear, a centralized worldly government where there are no borders and only a ruling class of elites who run the world. Placing that as another boundary line for the end times. Using the discontinuation of the 50 states, paints a clear picture that America is preparing itself for the New World Order.
The entire plan for seven states bases itself on the fact that some states are failing while others have already bounced back after the 2008 financial crisis.
However, exposing the real motives behind the crisis shows that this agenda for seven states is all apart of a larger scheme to further dwindle the individual rights of Americans, and to do away with borders and boundaries furthering the agenda of the One World Government.
The idea to combine states and do away with border lines is not a new one, but rather it began 32 years ago, proposed by a man named Joel Garreau, his idea was to have nine states. Given the furthering of time, its now been dwindled down to seven, which should only make one wonder how long till it dwindles down to one.
Centralizing government is never a good idea, and that is the undoubted plan for it all, federalizing all police forces to act as one rather than several hundred; painstakingly showcases the agenda for the North American Union.What You Do In The Next 5 Seconds Will Determine If You And Your Family Survive Or Die…?Prepare Your Family for Survival-Learn How Planning Ahead Can Help You Protect Your Family, Your Home And Your Belongings In A Dangerous Time.Watch this free video.
Where the plan began is where the answer lives. Taken from his bio:
Joel Garreau is an explorer of culture, values, and change. To aid those who follow later, he frequently publishes mental maps.
Most recently he is the author of Radical Evolution: The Promise and Peril of Enhancing Our Minds, Our Bodies, and What It Means to Be Human, published in 2005 by Doubleday. Joel’s latest book takes an unprecedented, sometimes alarming, always spellbinding look at the hinge in history at which we have arrived. For hundreds of millennia, our technologies have been aimed outward at altering our environment in the fashion of fire, agriculture, or space travel. Now, for the first time, we are increasingly aiming inward at modifying our minds, memories, metabolisms, personalities, progeny and possibly our immortal souls.Radical Evolution is about altering human nature — not in some distant tomorrow, but right now, on our watch.
Joel is a transhumanist, further proving the point that the agenda for North America to be split into regions is an elitist one and not that of furthering the rights of individuals but rather the feelings of the collective. Joel is not the only one who is pushing this agenda.
Hillary Clinton is also pushing the agenda, and she claims that America will have no borders within one hundred days after her arrival in the Oval Office.
Furthering the agenda of the North American Union, and doing away with the states brings about a strange coincidence. Under Martial Law, or during a national crisis a new map takes shape; and that is the FEMA regions map. Which uncovers an astounding resemblance of the new seven states map.
The idea is not a new one, and the plan to create the North American Union is happening right now. In fact, according to Forbes, it will potentially happen over the next decade; which began in 2013. This entire agenda resembles that of the North American Union, which is a part of the larger United Nations agenda for 2030.
History repeats; destroying the current states bears the resemblance of something which happened in the past and brought about the bloodiest civil war in the world. The question is, as they further the agenda for The North American Union will it bring about another one?
Every time you or someone we know goes to a mall,stadium or another public place in America, there is a risk of a terrorist attack. Israel has faced suicide bombers for many years.How to Survive a Mall Shooting, Mall Massacre Terror Attack? Simple-Watch This Educative Free Video Below.
Decorated Green Beret Reveals:Simple Gun Hacks That Will Instantly Double Your Accuracy…
The Reality And Truth of FEMA-Meet Your Future FEMA Camp-Meet Your Future HOME.
RED LIST – BLUE LIST – YELLOW LIST – BLACK LIST. ARE YOU ON FEMA’S ‘KILL’ LIST? https://amg-news.com/red-list-blue-list-yellow-list-black-list-are-you-on-femas-kill-list/
Posted by NewsPrepper on Saturday, April 8, 2017 | <urn:uuid:d3ab9bb5-0d60-469d-a881-66284763ae45> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.newsprepper.com/green-light-un-invade-america-2017-martial-law-wwiii-fema-dollar-collapse-coming-reality-truth-fema-meet-future-home/?replytocom=43832 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525863.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20190718231656-20190719013656-00345.warc.gz | en | 0.935576 | 2,277 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The human brain contains around 100 billion nerve cells, or neurons, and many times that number of support cells. Each neuron can communicate with over 10,000 other neurons making our brains the most complex structures in the known universe. Our brains are the central command system for our entire bodies and are responsible for controlling learning and memory, our senses and movement, and regulating our organs and life support systems.
Neurons are made up of a cell body and a nerve fiber through which electrical pulses are sent. Healthy nerve fibers are similar to electrical cables, and have an insulating layer around them called myelin. When a neuron sends a pulse down its fiber, chemical signals called neurotransmitters are released from the other end of the fiber. These signals interact with other cells, perhaps telling muscles to contract, or communicating with other neurons.
There are a large number of conditions that can affect the health of our nervous systems, and these are known as neurological disorders. These conditions can reduce our control over our muscles and organs or can affect our memories and cognitive ability. Neurological conditions can be caused by our genes, other diseases or by injuries and toxins. They can damage the neurons themselves or the insulating layer around our nerve fibers. This results in proper nerve pulses either not being sent, or not getting through to where they are needed.
A large number of neurological conditions have been linked to the health of our mitochondria and the free radical damage that is seen in mitochondrial dysfunction. When our mitochondria are functioning properly, our energy-hungry neurons are able to perform their tasks efficiently and protect themselves from free radical damage. When our mitochondrial function declines due to illness or aging, our neurons don’t get the energy they need to work properly. Free radicals begin to damage the weakened mitochondria and other cell components, as the natural levels of antioxidants in our mitochondria decline.
MitoQ® is a revolution in treating and restoring mitochondrial health and function. MitoQ®’s special CoQ10 antioxidant formulation allows it to actively accumulate within mitochondria at levels hundreds of times higher than standard CoQ10. MitoQ® drastically increases the antioxidant levels within mitochondria helping them to generate all the energy our neurons need, and fight against free radical damage within our cells. Numerous studies have shown that MitoQ® can help treat the mitochondrial dysfunction that has been linked to many neurological conditions. | <urn:uuid:23d15f95-c726-43b1-b858-78d596d7906e> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://www.mitoq.com/supplements/brain-health | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934803848.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20171117170336-20171117190336-00209.warc.gz | en | 0.932992 | 485 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Cases of syphilis and tuberculosis, commonly considered ailments of the past, have been rising in Japan, posing renewed health threats to the country.
The increase in tuberculosis has been attributed partly to a rise in workers from Southeast Asian countries where the rates of infection are higher than in Japan. Syphilis, meanwhile, has been spreading not just in major cities but in regional areas. Health officials are accordingly putting an effort into detecting infections at an early stage and providing consultation systems.
-- Rise in tuberculosis cases includes non-Japanese patients
At a United Nations conference in June, Indonesian doctor Erlina Burhan stressed the need to develop new drugs to treat tuberculosis. She said the side effects of the current medicines were so severe that several of her patients had taken their own lives.
The number of deaths worldwide from tuberculosis is said to stand at 1.7 million per year, higher than for AIDS or even malaria as a single infectious disease. There are many contributing factors, including a lack of proper health care, poverty, and trouble taking medication. In Indonesia, patients on medication suffer side effects including violent vomiting, joint pain, sleeplessness and depression, and one out of every three people is said to give up on treatment.
At a U.N. General Assembly session to be held in late September, one major theme is the fight against tuberculosis. A declaration is expected to be adopted by top-level officials across the world on steps to combat the disease.
For Japan, tuberculosis is not just someone else's problem. Up until around 1955, it was feared as a disease that could doom the country, but as living conditions improved the number of patients and deaths plummeted. However, an increase in the number of foreign patients has been a concern in recent years.
Of the 16,789 new tuberculosis patients in Japan last year, 1,530, or a little under 10 percent, were born overseas. This figure was 40 percent higher than four years earlier. The number of patients from Indonesia, highlighted by Burhan at the U.N., has been increasing, as has that from Nepal and Vietnam. These countries have relatively high rates of infection.
There are said to be cases in which foreign nationals feel unwell, but do not contact health consultation centers or other medical facilities for fear that they will lose their jobs and be sent home.
Takashi Sawada, a doctor at Minatomachi Medical Center in Yokohama, south of Tokyo, has treated foreign patients. "They've been accepted into Japanese society for economic reasons, but the support system is insufficient," he says. He adds that it is important to prepare a consultation system so that the disease can be detected early and patients can continue with treatment.
At the same time, to prevent tuberculosis patients from entering Japan, the Japanese government has decided to require people from Indonesia, China and some other countries to submit certification that they do not have the disease when they apply for long-term visas. This system will begin as early as the current fiscal year ending in March 2019.
There are also moves to support medical treatment in developing countries to prevent an increase in infections. The Global Health Innovative Technology Fund, a public-private partnership between the Japanese government and pharmaceutical companies and other bodies, is involved in research with overseas partners to develop medicines, vaccines and diagnostic products. It intends to invest 20 billion yen in the R&D over a five-year period starting this fiscal year.
-- Syphilis cases reach highest level in 44 years, spreading to regional areas
People tend to perceive syphilis as a sexually transmitted disease that was prevalent before World War II, but there has in fact been a surge in infections since 2011. In 2017, the number of patients in Japan reached 5,820 -- the highest level in 44 years. As of the end of August this year, 4,221 people were reported to have the disease, more than the 3,446 recorded at the same time last year.
Cases have not only spread in large cities with entertainment districts, but in regional Japan. Even those who have never visited adult entertainment facilities can find themselves at risk of infection, and need to be wary of the disease.
In Okayama Prefecture last year, the number of cases per unit of population was the third highest in the country after Tokyo and Osaka. The reason for the sudden uptick remains unknown, but a survey by the Okayama Municipal Government found that many male patients had used adult entertainment establishments before they were infected, while 26 percent of female patients worked in the adult entertainment industry. There has also been a rise in the number of patients who have nothing to do with the adult entertainment businesses but who have contracted the disease from specific partners.
Hiroko Kanzaki, a doctor operating a dermatology clinic in the city, says that there are cases in which people visit thinking they simply have eczema or an allergy. There are also cases in which people go to an ear and nose specialist due to sudden hearing loss, a symptom of syphilis, but are unable to find the cause of their condition, and first learn they have the disease after receiving a blood test during a comprehensive medical examination.
Takaoki Ishiji, a professor of dermatology at The Jikei University, commented, "People should keep in mind that anyone who is sexually active could have syphilis."
There has been a marked increase in cases among young women in Japan. Over a period of three years, the number of women in their 20s with the disease has risen tenfold. There has also been a rise in the number of babies born with syphilis after being infected through their mothers, with 14 such cases in 2016.
The Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare plans to analyze routes of infection in detail. If a doctor reports an infection, then the patient will be asked whether they work or have worked in the adult entertainment industry and, for women, whether they are pregnant. Local bodies will also hand out fliers targeting young women, to build awareness of the disease.
(Japanese original by Go Kumagai, Medical Welfare News Department) | <urn:uuid:a90f6c12-b047-4837-b722-e120c00c9d9c> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20180924/p2a/00m/0na/005000c | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103877410.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220630183616-20220630213616-00191.warc.gz | en | 0.971139 | 1,238 | 3.046875 | 3 |
The world has had a rich vein of thinkers whose insights remain so relevant today.
Professor of African Languages at the University of Malawi’s Chancellor College Pascal Kishindo, in the article The Ebb and Flow of Language, for instance, noted that nothing in the world is static.
“Everything in the universe is in a state of flux.”
Kishindo’s observation, of course, replicates that of many other theorists such as the ancient Greek philosopher Heraclitus, and the Irish poet, William Butler Yeats, who poetically observed that “time and the world are ever in flight”.
Governance theories, therefore, like everything else in the universe join this general flux.
Writing in more recent times, Ghanaian President John Dramani Mahama reasoned that in this Twitter era, what is most striking is that “the hopes and aspirations of an entire nation are no longer invested in one individual”.
He further reasoned that when seeking freedom, Africans, this time around, speak for themselves through the media and online social networks, in public spaces and civic forums.
Thus, in this dot.com generation, it is the elected representatives who are listening what the governed want.
And it is plain to almost everyone that what Africans have always wanted is a desire that has been burning since the ‘Scramble for Africa’ was formalised at the Berlin Conference in 1884 and erupted into the struggle for liberation from colonialism over half a century ago: Freedom.
Although the word freedom feels like a nebulous concept, at least, there is an agreement that, as a practical reality, freedom encompasses not only having access to social amenities such as clean water and sanity conditions, education, accommodation, health care, gainful employment and the rule of law that safeguards all other fundamental rights, but also having a say in the way one’s country is governed; the way one’s country’s natural resources are used and the way one’s country’s future is shaped.
This era’s demand for democracy and accountability borders on such perception of freedom.
Hence, it is difficult nowadays for leaders who fashion their headship on old models and frameworks of governance to last a mile or avoid political protests.
Perhaps following examples would precisely explain how sticking to aged hymns of leadership corrodes the authority and the very sense of legitimacy of old-school leaders.
The recent uprisings in North Africa, again, were sparked by educated, agile and tech-savvy youths led by a 27-year-old unemployed Tunisian university graduate Mohamed Bouazizi—fuelled by a desire for freedom.
The sclerotic leaders, then, bereft of up-to-date conflict resolution and governance theories, had no time to attentively listen to the demands of the majority, but resultantly saw their ponds of absolute power being drained.
In 2007, the late Bingu wa Mutharika appeared in The New York Times, among many other publications, because, as president, he fought hunger in Malawi. From paltry 1.2 million tonnes of maize harvested in 2005, Mutharika’s Farm Input Subsidy Programme increased the yield to 2.7 million tonnes in 2006 and to 3.4 million in 2007. Subsistence farmers who had never harvested enough to last them till the next season sang praises for Mutharika.
But Michelangelo stated: “The greatest danger for most of us is not that our aim is too high and we miss it, but that it is too low and we reach it.”
So, Mutharika, with a 2009 landslide re-election victory, thought he had infallible wisdom and, in a horrifying replay of the Odysseus-Sirens or Bwampini-Amphalasa adventure, he stuffed his ears with wax so that he could not hear what he thought was the average-minded voice of the governed.
Accordingly, despite widespread opposition from the majority Malawians who viewed the introduction of the new flag as unnecessary waste of taxpayers’ money and nothing more than window dressing, Mutharika went ahead with the move.
That marked the beginning of his astounding about-turn of popularity.
It is true, as the saying goes, that leaders who ignore history are doomed to repeat it.
But despite all these cases of leaders who tumbled because they closed their eyes to changes in philosophies of governance, sadly, President Joyce Banda is freely treading the same path.
Banda has gone to extraordinary lengths to be seen as the beau ideal of indomitable leadership with results that have not mostly been in Malawi’s best interest.
The President vastly appears to fall short of authentic commitment to deliver Malawi from the recurring socioeconomic evil, which she has continually and shamelessly disassociated herself from.
The University of Jeonju in South Korea, for instance, recently bestowed an honorary doctorate on Banda. However, because it is not an academically or professionally earned paper, it can only be framed and hung on any wall of one’s choice, but not necessarily ‘worn on one’s forehead’, much less ‘attached to one’s name’.
‘Wear the honour’
Thousands have been honoured this way, but never ‘wear the honour’, the way Banda, her predecessor Mutharika and Bakili Muluzi as well as a few other Malawians have done.
It is never necessary, therefore, in this soaring inflation economy that has pushed Malawians’ cost of living through the roof as evidenced by the fuel prices increase on February 9, for Banda’s administration to be contemplating the President’s portrait change—just to attach an honorary Dr to her name—yet majority through the media, online social networks, public spaces and civic forums declare such a move as a waste of taxpayers’ money.
On January 17, some citizens led by the Consumers Association of Malawi (Cama) demonstrated against the Banda-led government on poor economic leadership and presented a 7-point petition to be addressed by the establishment.
Yet again, the Banda-led government has not shown commitment to respond to the citizens, but only giving the impression that it is working on the issues raised in the petition, hence trampling on the consumers’ freedom of having a say in the way their country is governed.
Everyone, however, wants understanding, and there is no better way of expressing this quality than through sensitive listening.
And in this Twitter era Malawi, where the youth below 24 make 54 percent of the population, Banda will find leadership undemanding not by sculpting her governance on riskier old theories—by creating a deity out of herself or defending her average governance on podiums, but by listening to Dramani Mahama’s voice of reason: lead while listening attentively to the governed needs. | <urn:uuid:ababb075-cc74-4551-a403-f4f06e0f5e00> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.mwnation.com/listen-carefully/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588244.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20211027212831-20211028002831-00536.warc.gz | en | 0.956977 | 1,463 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Mechanizing the Famous Mounties (Oct, 1933)
Mechanizing the Famous Mounties
By James Montagnes
ROYAL Canadian Mounted Police are now riding motor cycles, 250 of these machines having been sold recently to the famous force. The last report, also shows nearly 200 motor cars in use. The operation and care of gasoline engines is now part of the course of training taken by every recruit joining the Royal Mounted. Mariners and radio operators are today included in the membership of the force.
Fast transportation and faster communication are speeding up the work of the Mounties throughout the Dominion. The force can still claim the distinction of being mounted, but now the horses are being replaced by mechanical mounts. In ten years the number of horses in the force has dropped from 655 for a membership of 1,227 to 263 for a membership of 2,348. Why this change? Why is the horse being forced into the background?
Crime moves fast today, and guardians of the law must not lag behind. To catch the present swift-traveling criminal, the horse is too slow. So police now use not only motor cycles and fast automobiles, but also speedboats, cruisers, outboard motors for canoes, skiffs, and other small craft, airplanes, and, naturally, the radio. New duties constitute another reason for the mechanization of the Mounted Police. The force now patrols the border waterways to catch smugglers of contraband and aliens. The customs preventive service was recently taken over by the police. Today Mounted Police keep tab on speeders in federal parks and on the provincial highways of Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. To check up the traders, trappers, prospectors, and natives in the vast northern region, motor launches give quicker transportation in summer than the canoe.
NOT long ago a constable on winter patrol in the Coronation Gulf district of the Arctic coast heard of a native murder. Within a few days, he had found the murderer. Within a few weeks, he had taken the prisoner to the post at Cambridge Bay and had used the radio station on a schooner frozen in there to give his report to Ottawa. Three days from his arrival at the post with his prisoner full instructions had been given the constable as to the disposal of the case. More than 2,200 miles of unsettled territory had been covered by radio, many months of weary travel had been eliminated by the use of fast communication. Compare this with the fact that in same region in 1912, five years of travelling back and forth between the Arctic and civilization were ‘ necessary in the capture and trial of another murderer.
A CONSTABLE in a motor car on patrol duty along the New Brunswick coast saw a schooner off shore, which he took for a smuggler. That night the police patrol boat started out. With only two short flashes of light from the schooner to guide them, the police seized a motorboat laden with contraband. Leaving a constable in charge of the seized motor boat, the police patrol boat started out after a second motorboat which had a muffler and exhaust under water and could only be followed by listening. So well have the police adapted themselves to their new duties that before the operator of the silent boat knew what had happened the police craft bumped into him, a constable jumped aboard, ordered the boat stopped and found a second load of contraband concealed under fishing nets.
At a northern Ontario trading post, a big Indian was causing a lot of trouble. He was thought to be slightly insane. Over forestry services’s radio a message was sent to Ottawa. Two days later a plane brought a mounted policeman to the post, and the Indian was flown to a mental hospital.
Along the Arctic coast, the police still carry the mail in winter time. Once this meant untold hardship in fighting Arctic storms. It took many weeks before the east and west bound mail was exchanged between Aklavik and Bernard Harbour. Now the two men leave with their mail after making arrangements by radio, cutting down on the time on the trail.
THE last annual report of the force shows that four men of the western Arctic division had gained their governmental short-wave radio licenses, which means they had demonstrated their ability to operate their stations by means of the dot and dash, and could repair the equipment in case of breakdown.
One of those four men is the radio operator on the floating detachment of the • force, another factor in the task of speeding up police activity. The St. Roch is a permanent post of the organization, and its motors carry it along the Arctic coast on the duties of the force which include licensing fur trappers, seeing that the natives are not exploited, keeping up to date information for the Vital Statistics Act, licensing radio receivers, and collecting customs duty. A floating detachment was unthought of when the Mounties first hit the trail in 1874—on horseback.
The airplane has also come into wide use. The force does not yet have its own planes and pilots, but even that day is not distant. For the range of professions embraced by members of the force has grown from cobblers, tailors, and carpenters to include the mechanical and engineering vocations, electrical workers and able and experienced seamen.
The airplane played a prominent role in the western Arctic a few winters ago when Albert Johnson, a trapper, accused of lifting traps, defied the police and started a man hunt that lasted nearly two months. A plane, following his tracks, shortened the hunt and also carried supplies and men between Aklavik and the scene of action, and rushed those killed and wounded in the hunt to the northern metropolis.
Today inspectors and superintendents of the force no longer rely exclusively on dog teams and water transportation for their numerous inspection trips. There are too many posts, spread too far apart to allow this slow method of travel. Airplanes are used to a large extent.
There is another angle to this use of airplanes and motorboats by officers as well as men. It saves time and lessens hardships. In addition it is cheaper. It costs money to feed the dogs and the men and food runs high in the northern parts of the region policed by the Mounties. An airplane cuts days to hours and weeks to days.
Economy in operating the force results. Flying Mounties keep an eye on the vessels along the coasts of the Atlantic and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The air patrols in that region have proven so effective they are to be enlarged. One officer in the Maritime provinces has asked for an even more mechanized force to cope with the smugglers. He would have motor cars and airplanes keep in close contact by use of radio.
The force now has 101 motor boats and the constables no longer paddle canoes. Outboard motors speed them to their destinations, leave them fresher for their duties, and terrorize crooks.
MOTOR boats are helping out where supply ships cannot go because of ice conditions. On several occasions posts that otherwise would have had to make a long haul overland for their annual supplies because of the inability of the steamer to make the isolated post, have had their supplies delivered by the police motor boat.
Even the caribou have been partly saved from faster extinction by motor boats. Some of the posts in the Hudson Bay area, short of dog feed, were contemplating hunting for the fast dwindling herds of caribou to feed their dogs. Word of their intention reached the post at Chesterfield. There ample supplies of dog feed and dog biscuits were on hand. A motor boat brought these to the short-rationed posts. A few caribou were able to go on grazing.
All this does not mean that the Royal Canadian Mounted Police have forsaken the horse. By no means. Every recruit is still required to be able to ride, to have some knowledge of the care and management of horses. Riding still has a place on the daily schedule of the training course. There is still stable duty to perform. There are still musical rides on occasion, still sports to play on horseback.
Nor has the picturesque mounted member of the force entirely disappeared. Horses are now few in number, but where the vacationist goes, where tourists come in thousands, there the Mountie is still to be met riding a superb steed, and wearing the famous scarlet tunic, dark breeches with wide gold stripe, and high, spurred, glossy riding boots.
MECHANICAL transports have even resulted in a change of uniforms. The wide brimmed stetson has gone by the board —for the motorized Mounties. A flat cap, as worn by the army, the municipal, and provincial police force, telegraph and bank messengers, has been adopted. It adds speed to the uniform, while it retains some of the color associated with the Mounties. It is blue with a gold band.
Other changes have come about in the uniform. The motorized members now wear dark blue uniforms with gold stripe. Khaki has become a more worn colour by the members of the force, often with slacks instead of breeches and shining high boots, and minus the jingling spurs, the riding crop of the mounted divisions.
The mechanization process, the demand for a better and faster moving force has also invaded another field of duty. Typewriting is now a requirement for a successful candidate. A good stenographer, capable of using and repairing a typewriter, comes out of the training class. Six months of typewriting instruction is now included in the course for recruits.
That same demand for a better force has gone into acquiring better transport for those members who patrol the very far north, who in winter time cannot use motor boats, airplanes or other fast methods of transportation. Faster and sturdier dogs are being bred by the force at various points throughout Canada. Imported dogs, the famous Borzoi wolf hounds, are being bred with the husky dogs which are the beasts of burden in the northland. A sturdier, better coated and faster dog has resulted.
Will the machine age in the Mounted Police mean the end of romance, glamor, and adventure? It is hardly likely that the mechanization will spoil the reputation built up in the sixty years that the force has been in existence, that the annual reports will be less replete with tales of courage, daring, and adventure, just because motorized mounts replace horses for most of Canada’s Mounties. | <urn:uuid:5f2b8215-76d9-4414-b43a-1b539ba0072e> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://blog.modernmechanix.com/mechanizing-the-famous-mounties/1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660966.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00164-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970648 | 2,172 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Converts a numeric value to a string that shows the number's octal format.
A number to be converted into a string.
This input can also be any data type that contains only numbers, such as an array of numbers or a cluster of numbers. If this input is floating-point, this node rounds it to a 64-bit integer before conversion.
A number specifying how many characters to use to express number as a string.
If width is less than the number of characters required, this node uses exactly as many characters as needed. If width is greater than the number of characters required, this node adds a space on the left side of the output string for each additional character.
Default: No value — Exactly as many characters as are needed to represent the number, with no extra padding.
number represented as an octal string.
|number||width||octal integer string||Comments|
|-4.2||3||37777777774||-4.2 is rounded up to -4 in 64-bit integer format. width is too small to represent the octal version of a negative number, so the field width is extended.|
Where This Node Can Run:
Desktop OS: Windows
FPGA: All devices (only within an Optimized FPGA VI) | <urn:uuid:83e3b9ae-a877-4702-a8f0-d342e3731620> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.ni.com/documentation/en/labview-comms/2.0/node-ref/number-to-octal-string/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647327.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320091830-20180320111830-00701.warc.gz | en | 0.862229 | 270 | 3.40625 | 3 |
As a school, we know that this is an anxious and unsettling time for us all, particularly our children, who may be struggling to process the changes around us. As lock down is eased, we know that this can induce further anxiety around remaining safe and at this time we feel it is important to support the mental health and well-being of our children.
Alongside the fantastic resources and stories provided by Mrs Foster, our school learning mentor, there will be a selection of activities and ideas available each week, including mindfulness, relaxation and yoga (all activities we have engaged in as a school previously).
The document below has a range of helpful activities to help children to feel more secure and encourage them to deal with their emotions in a positive way.
I hope you find these resources useful.
Please email me on [email protected] if you would like any further advice or support.
This week we are focusing on looking after our bodies and minds, as well as good hand washing technique so that we can embed it into our regular routine!
Well-being at home (this week's activities are suitable for children in all 4 classes as they are outcome based and so older children will need to make further considerations about what keeps them healthy and will make want to discuss this in more detail)
This week we are focusing on our feelings and emotions and how to identify them. There are various activities and you should find something that supports your child.
This week we are continuing to work on our feelings and emotions.
This week we are looking at dealing with change- these activities will be useful for ongoing use as children begin to think ahead to transition to new classes and schools | <urn:uuid:aa79a033-eddb-458f-8216-682931897050> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.hadnallcofeprimary.org.uk/Supporting-Well-being/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00086.warc.gz | en | 0.972792 | 374 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Dragons have figured prominently in the legends and folk tales of countless cultures. Thirty ready-to-color images of fire-breathing mythical creatures with batlike wings, scaly skin, and a barbed tail — among them a flying dragon with three heads; Quetzalcoatl, a legendary feather-covered serpent; the Leviathan, a sea monster of enormous proportions; the African amphisbaena, a beast with heads on both ends of its body; and a real dragon, the Komodo, one of the world's largest living reptiles.
|Availability||Usually ships in 24 to 48 hours|
|Grade level||2 - 5 (ages 7 - 11)|
|Dimensions||8 1/4 x 11| | <urn:uuid:e9a45af7-4e18-4196-8e77-31ade2146d4e> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://store.doverpublications.com/0486420574.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501173761.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104613-00620-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.741964 | 151 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Theodor de Bry
Theodor de Bry (Franco-Flemish 1528 – 1598), after Jacques Le Moyne de Morgues (c. 1533 – c. 1588), Hunting Alligators, 1591, Engraving, Museum purchase in honor of Congressman Charles E. Bennett, AP.2002.1.3.
The Timucua, the inhabitants of the north Florida region since 3000 BCE, once numbered 200,000 – 300,000. They faced multiple encounters with foreigners: first, Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León, who arrived in 1513, then Franciscan missionaries, followed by the English in the early 1700s. As a result, most of the Timucua perished or were assimilated into the Seminole tribe in the Everglades. The last known Timucua person, Juan Alonso Cabale, died in Cuba in 1767.
The most comprehensive record of the Timucua comes from French explorers. In 1564, under the guidance of René Laudonnière, they attempted to establish a colony at Fort Caroline, and an illustrated account of that event was chronicled in the volume A Brief History of Those Things Which Befell the French in Florida (1591). Despite many errors that are visible to historians, this publication is considered to be an important text in the history of exploration. According to the text, the Timucua would plunge a pointed tree trunk, 10 to 12 feet long, into an alligator’s open mouth, flip it onto its back, and butcher it. The text goes on to say, “These animals trouble them so much that they have to keep a watch against them at night and sometimes even in the day, as if they were guarding against some dreadful enemy.” | <urn:uuid:5bc01662-e350-4807-9aef-d06381374310> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.cummermuseum.org/visit/art/permanent-collection/huntingalligators | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056120.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20210918002951-20210918032951-00716.warc.gz | en | 0.944108 | 369 | 2.921875 | 3 |
the what is an analytical review essay newer term. In: Advancing Public Goods, Jean-Philippe Touffut, (ed. 15 After the chaos of two World Wars and the devastating Great Depression, policymakers searched for new ways of controlling the course of the economy. Other economic security programs have been found to improve health outcomes at birth, raise reading and math test scores in middle school, increase high school completion and college entry, lift lifetime income, and extend longevity. The Private Sector or privately run businesses. 52, 53 Similar effects may have been at play when the Food Stamp Program was introduced to different areas of the country in the 1960s and 1970s; data showing reduced underweight births indicate that newborn health improved promptly after the program arrived. By the end of elementary school, students in families that had used housing assistance to move to a high-opportunity area had cut their initial, sizeable achievement gap with non-poor students in their district by half for math and one-third for reading.
High cortisol in pregnancy, in turn, was associated with a year less schooling, a verbal IQ score that is five points lower and a 48 percent increase in the number of chronic health conditions for the exposed children, compared to their own siblings born when. In the Minnesota pilot project, for example, earnings incentives by themselves did not significantly increase the use of center-based child care but did significantly improve childrens well-being. Researchers found a dramatic increase in the strength of the positive relationship between family income and college attendance among youth in their late teens in the early 2000s compared to those in the early 1980s, even when controlling for cognitive skills. The findings show that the academic benefits of larger eitc benefits extend to children of all racial and ethnic groups, with some evidence that the benefits are larger for children of color, boys, and younger children (i.e., for preschoolers, relative to middle school students). 3, further, these adverse outcomes happen in part because they are poorer, not just because low income is correlated with other household and parental characteristics, a recent systematic research review concludes.
Economy from then on meant national economy as a topic for the economic activities of the citizens of a state. Children spend a year or more below the poverty line before their 18th birthday. Studies of the long-term effect of government assistance show remarkably consistent evidence of improved long-term outcomes for participating children, as a recent Brookings Institution report concludes. According to a study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences: Results show that low income, particularly in very early childhood (between the prenatal and second year of life is associated with increases in early-adult hypertension, arthritis, and limitations on activities of daily. 25 Mounting evidence also links the eitc and CTC to higher test scores. The follow-up study tracked down children whose families participated in sime/dime and observed no impact of participation on their earnings in adulthood. These experimental findings suggest that income plays a causal role in boosting younger childrens achievement. The Government just published their 2019 budget proposal and economic policy objectives. A barley/shekel was originally both a unit of currency and a unit of weight, just as the British Pound was originally a unit denominating a one-pound mass of silver. Merchants such as Jakob Fugger (14591525) and Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici (13601428) founded the first banks. Garthwaite, Giving Mom a Break: The Impact of Higher eitc Payments on Maternal Health, American Economic Journal, Vol. Low-income families accepted into public housing were assigned a housing site and an affiliated neighborhood school. | <urn:uuid:2ee9b6b4-e5b2-4680-9102-d1987ed9cce1> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://silber-und-gold.eu/34903-economic-research-forum-working-paper-series.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256812.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20190522123236-20190522145236-00535.warc.gz | en | 0.960568 | 746 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Vision Diseases, Disorders & Definitions
# A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Retinal changes accompanying long-standing diabetes mellitus. Early stage is background retinopathy. May advance to proliferative retinopathy, which includes the growth of abnormal new blood vessels (neovascularization). Leading cause of visual impairment among working-age Americans. Diabetes also can cause cataracts.
Enlarged pupil, resulting from contraction of the dilator muscle or relaxation of the iris sphincter. Occurs normally in dim illumination, or may be produced by eye-drops containing drugs (mydriatics) during an eye exam.
Unit designating the refractive power of a lens.
Diplopia, double vision
Perception of two images from one object.
Dry eye syndrome or dry eye
Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in older women. Can cause foreign body sensation, burning eyes, and erosion of conjunctival and corneal epithelium.
Portions of this page are excerpted from Dictionary of Eye Terminology, copyright 1990-2006 by Barbara Cassin and Triad Communications. Reprinted with permission.
Some of the information above is reprinted from the National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, and is for educational purposes only. Superior Vision strongly recommends eye exams as the best way to diagnose eye conditions and learn more about potential vision problems. | <urn:uuid:5fb9c879-0820-41aa-a7a7-1cfaf2afe1d7> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.superiorvision.com/learning_center/vision_definitions_d | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721606.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00105-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.869355 | 313 | 2.96875 | 3 |
The Soviets Built a 12-Wheeled Mega Truck With a 42.4L Engine and 220-Ton Carrying Capacity
Weighing in at 140 tons on its own, the MAZ-7904 was meant to carry enormous missile payloads… But never did.
Be it sheer scale, or simply having more wheels than most terrestrial creatures have legs, some ultra heavy-duty vehicles just don't compute. The brain can struggle to comprehend a cab being that small in proportion to something like a tire. One such confounding vehicle was the Soviet MAZ-7904, a mammoth missile carrier that fortunately never fulfilled its intended purpose.
Built in 1983, the MAZ-7904 was apparently constructed under cover of being a transporter for the Energia, the Buran space shuttle's lift vehicle, but was instead meant to support the Soviet ICBM program. Measuring over 105 feet long, 22 feet wide and 11 feet high, the MAZ-7904 weighed about 140 tons on its own and was designed for payloads of up to 220 tons. That would've given it a gross vehicle weight more than twice that of the heaviest tank ever built, the Panzer VIII Maus.
Those payloads would've been spread across six axles connecting gargantuan Michelin tires over nine feet across. Because Soviet industry was allegedly incapable of producing these tires itself, the USSR is said to have sourced them from Japan, under the guise of needing them for huge dump trucks. Each wheel was sprung independently with hydropneumatic suspension, which let the MAZ-7904 ply its nearly 19 inches of ground clearance to its fullest.
Powering the pumps for said suspension along with the MAZ-7904's other accessories was a 14.9-liter, 330-horsepower YAMZ-238 V8. Motive power came from a larger, 42.4-liter turbodiesel V12, whose 1,500 horsepower traveled through twin four-speed boxes to either eight or all 12 of its wheels—sources self-contradict on this. Photos suggest there were also planetary gears inside each wheel, adding to the available ratios.
To keep the massive vehicle a secret, operators only clambered into one of its twin two-seat cabins for testing at night, and only when no western satellites were overhead. It covered 340 miles in initial testing before disassembly and relocation to Kazakhstan, where a further 2,500 miles demonstrated Soviet leadership's dreams of a fleet of 10 were completely infeasible.
Not only did the MAZ-7904 handle poorly with a reported 164-foot turn radius, but it topped out at under 17 mph. And despite all its off-road accouterments, it still required soft, easygoing terrain, in part due to wheel bearings that weren't up to the task of shouldering 30 tons apiece.
In the end, when the missile program the MAZ-7904 was meant to support was canned, so was this leviathan, which wound up mothballed at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. By 2007, what remained of this monster had collapsed from rust, and in 2010, it was chopped up for scrap. A sad fate for a piece of machinery that'd make great Snowrunner DLC, but altogether a better ending for the world than the MAZ-7904 fulfilling its purpose as part of a superpower missile exchange.
Got a tip? Send us a note: [email protected] | <urn:uuid:1c563adc-8f3e-42da-8b00-821a3a76b1b1> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.thedrive.com/news/36839/the-soviets-built-a-12-wheeled-mega-truck-with-a-42-4l-engine-and-220-ton-carrying-capacity | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710662.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20221128203656-20221128233656-00036.warc.gz | en | 0.966015 | 714 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Medics claim that frequent exposure to magnetic fields from electrical devices may triple youngsters chances of getting the condition.
Researchers in the US conducted a 13-year study of 800 women and measured their exposure to magnetic fields during their pregnancies, and then also monitored their children.
They found that 130 children, or 20.8 per cent of study participants, developed asthma, with most of the children's cases being diagnosed before the age of five.
The study's lead researcher, De-Kun Li said: 'Pregnant women should try to keep their distance from known magnetic field sources.'
Previous studies have failed to consistently show that chronic exposure to electromagnetic fields (ranging from power lines to microwaves ovens, hair dryers and vacuum cleaners) are harmful to human health.
British experts however, still say the study - which was published in Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine - has weaknesses.
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In this chemistry challenge, learners work to figure out which of four juices are real, and which is just food coloring and sugar. Learners add vinegar (an acid) and washing soda solution (a base) to grape juice, cranberry juice, blueberry juice, and a fake juice mixture. The real juices will change color as an acid or base is added, while the fake will not. Background information briefly discusses how the colored chemicals in fruits are often themselves weak acids and bases, and how many plants have been used as sources of acid/base indicators. This activity requires adult supervision. | <urn:uuid:f8da3f7e-966b-4c8c-8e21-ccbfa72a56cc> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.howtosmile.org/resource/smile-000-000-000-974 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704798089.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20210126042704-20210126072704-00174.warc.gz | en | 0.952583 | 119 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Introducing Africa: Critical Thinking and Media Literacy
Elementary School - this kit is designed to unearth stereotypes about Africa and helps to teach about diversity. In the first lesson, students challenge their own stereotypes about Africa through a series of photographs. After discussing the photographs, students examine how media constructions of Africa helped inform their responses. The second lesson uses currency as the medium to explore individual African countries' constructions of the continent.
All materials are free and classroom-ready, including: overviews, teacher guides, handouts, assessments, and all digital media.
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By default, History logs the time when you ran a command, but doesn't display it. The reason for this is when you run the History command, it looks for an. Want to add a timestamp (date and time) next to each command from your Bash history? This can be done by using the HISTTIMEFORMAT. By default history command shows only the commands executed by users and it When you have date and time in history command output, it might help you to track . (Hardware Lister) – A Nifty Tool To Get A Hardware Information On Linux.
By default history command shows only the commands executed by users and it When you have date and time in history command output, it might help you to track . (Hardware Lister) – A Nifty Tool To Get A Hardware Information On Linux. optoma-hd33.info › display-date-time-linux-bash-history-command. From the output of the history command above, the date and time when a command was Display Linux Command History with Date and Time.
17 Bash History Command Examples In Linux In this example, the 'date' command was the st line in the history file, and we can run it. By default history command shows only the commands executed by users and it When you have date and time in history command output, it might help you to track . (Hardware Lister) – A Nifty Tool To Get A Hardware Information On Linux. Learn how to set date and time in Linux history command output using the variable HISTTIMEFORMAT.
If you history logged in as root or superuser, you need to use the tee command to do this:. If you want to append to any date file, pass -a date to tee command:. Ubuntu Community Ask! Home Questions Tags Users Date. How to see time stamps in bash history? Ask Question. Asked 5 years, 11 months ago. Active 4 months ago. Viewed k times. Bottom-Line: Execution time in the Bash date. I'm amazed how poorly documented this is both on Linux and History in the manpages.
Linux this blog out - sanctum. Not sure why two answers below feel the need to tell you how to open a terminal. In other words, if you didn't have date set, date it now will not linux you retrieve timestamps of previously linux commands.
Why declare it with export in. It is a variable only read by bashnot by commands launched from it, so linux should not be exported. Louis - Actually this worked for me retroactively for me?!?! Seth Avinash Raj Avinash Raj Dennis Kaarsemaker Dennis Kaarsemaker 6, 18 18 date badges 36 date bronze badges. This is true, but misleading. On ubuntu You'll see changes on next login. Kulfy 9, 11 11 gold badges 35 35 date badges 60 history bronze badges.
DimiDak DimiDak 2 2 silver badges history 7 bronze badges. History will likely not history for users logging linux via the GUI, since the default terminal will history run login shells. Shashank Agrawal Shashank Linux 3 3 bronze badges. Hello Shashank, Thanks for adding the answer date how this answer is different from others?
If your answer is completely different then we are glad to have it, but if not you can improve existing answers. Hi, thanks for commenting. This is different linux others in the following way: 1. No one history mentioned about using it with non-root users. Linux I have given an example of using sudo. The 3rd example improves the 2nd example of appending to an existing file.
Sign up or log in Sign up using History. Sign up using Facebook. Sign up linux Email and Password. Post as a guest Name. Email Required, but never shown. Featured on Meta. Feedback post: Moderator review and reinstatement processes. History 3. Related Hot Network Questions.
Your email address will not be published. How to Install VirtualBox 6. Skip to content How To 1. Sample Output of History Command,. Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Reddit. Oleg says:. November 6, at pm. Leave a Reply Cancel reply Your email address will not be published. Hi - great guide - worked first time, but with one Stack Overflow for Teams is a private, secure spot for you and your coworkers to find and share information.
It shows me the last 50 commands history, but not with date and time at which it was fired. Does any one knows how to do it? Regarding this link you can make the first solution provided by krzyk permanent by executing:.
It depends on the shell and its configuration in standard bash only the command is stored without the date and time check. This will cause bash to store the timestamps in. For any commands typed prior to this, it will not help since they will just get a default time of when you turned history on, but it will log the time of any further commands after this. Learn more. Linux Command History with date and time Ask Question.
Asked 3 years, 4 months ago. Active 1 year, 6 months ago. Viewed 73k times. I wants to check on my linux system when which command was fired - at which date and time. I fired commands like this: history 50 It shows me the last 50 commands history, but not with date and time at which it was fired.
Mehul Thakkar Active 1 year, 2 months ago. Viewed 82k times. Pops 7, 26 26 gold badges 64 64 silver badges 91 91 bronze badges. Sign up or log in Sign up using Google.
Sign up using Facebook. Sign up using Email and Password. Post as a guest Name. Email Required, but never shown. | <urn:uuid:1906985a-fc20-4c35-b1cd-647a96c465d2> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://optoma-hd33.info/date-history-linux.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371896913.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20200410110538-20200410141038-00145.warc.gz | en | 0.901214 | 1,184 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Are you trying to get healthy and fit, but are limited by the amount of time and effort you can put into your goals? Don’t fret! There are numerous ways to incorporate healthy lifestyle habits into your current routine. These include eating healthier, staying active, getting plenty of rest, learning to relax and drinking plenty of water.
Good health begins with proper planning of meals and snacks. You can easily do this by purchasing fresh fruits and vegetables and washing and prepping your produce as soon as you bring it home. This prepping will decrease the time it takes to make up meals, thus improving the likelihood of eating healthy.
When it comes to eating healthy, you want to eat whole foods, such as fruits and vegetables. Choose organic foods whenever possible and eat mostly plants to help ensure you are receiving the proper nutrition your body needs to function properly.
Limit Your Intake of Meats
You do need to include protein in your meals; however, you do not need to eat meat at every meal to get the protein you need. There are many alternative proteins, including beans, nuts and soy.
Grains are Good
Grains can be your friend; however, choose whole grain options rather than processed grains, such as white breads. Whole grains contain fiber that improves digestion and helps keep the digestive track functioning properly.
Do you think you don’t have time to exercise? You are wrong! There are numerous creative ways to stay active. For example, you can take the stairs, park further away from the store or do exercises while you are working. As you can see there are many ways to stay active. Here are a few more ideas:
Purchase a Pedometer
You should aim to do at least 10,000 steps daily. One of the easiest and best ways to track this is with a pedometer. A pedometer keeps track of every step you take during the day.
It Just Takes Ten Minutes
Breaking your workout down into 10 minute chunks of time can help you get the exercise your body needs without sacrificing big chunks of time. Just three 10 minute workouts a day will help you stay fit and healthy.
Join a Park or Recreation League
One of the best ways to stay active is finding a sport or active hobby that you enjoy. Whether you enjoy playing basketball, swimming or dancing, you can get the exercise your body needs.
Getting Adequate Rest
Did you know that rest is one of the most important things you can do to stay healthy? If your body does not receive ample rest, it cannot function properly. There are many ways to help you get to sleep faster and stay asleep.
Turn off all electronics at least an hour before bedtime. The blue light emitted from these devices can negatively affect your body’s natural circadian rhythm and melatonin levels.
Develop a bedtime routine. Reading a book, taking a warm bath, getting into pajamas or eating a small snack an hour or so before bedtime can help signal it is time to go to sleep.
Go to bed and wake up at the same time, even on the weekends. One of the worse things you can do is to change your bedtime or wake up time. Staying up late or sleeping later than normal can cause insomnia.
Try relaxation techniques, such as mediation or journaling. If you suffer with insomnia, relaxation techniques can help get you to sleep faster.
Learning to Relax
Stress is one of today’s number one killers. If you want to improve your health, you need to learn how to relax. Try these suggestions to help you relax:
Keep a thankfulness journal. Not sure what a thankfulness journal is? This is simply a journal where you write down everything you are thankful for daily. Things you can include in this can be a smile from a stranger, a beautiful sunrise, a delicious meal, a surprise or anything else that you are thankful for. This will help you reflect on the positive things in your life on a daily basis.
Don’t overbook yourself. Trying to do too much can cause stress in your life. If your schedule is full and you are stressed, take a hard look at your schedule and determine what you can give up.
Develop friendships. One of the best ways to relax is to enjoy life. Try to go out with your friends for a dinner or drinks to help you relax.
Enjoy hobbies. Hobbies are a great way to relax and enjoy life. Whether you enjoy music, kickboxing or knitting, a hobby can be relaxing.
Drinking to Your Health
When it comes to your health, nothing is more important than keeping your body well hydrated. Keep a glass of water in your hand all day long. Drinking water offers numerous benefits.
Water helps improve bowel functions and aids in digestion. Drink a glass of water a half an hour before your meal and a glass of water with your meal.
If your body does not contain a balance of electrolytes and fluids, it can cause fatigue. To ensure your energy levels stay up, drink at least 17 ounces of water 2 hours before you work out.
Drinking water can help you cut calories. Drinking a glass of water, a half an hour before your meal will help you feel fuller. The water will mix with your foods and help feel fuller quicker, thus helping with your weight loss efforts.
Water helps your kidneys flush toxins from the body and improves health. Your urine should be clear and free of odors. If you notice your urine is dark, drink a few extra glasses of water.
Stay hydrated, active and get plenty of rest to help improve your health. Couple these easy options with simple strategies to exercise and relax more to improve your fitness levels. As your health improves, you will be rewarded with a better outlook in life, healthier habits and a better social life than ever before. | <urn:uuid:e94e5429-d860-4037-ab77-e42dbb482b2d> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | http://www.health-host.co.uk/five-easy-ways-to-stay-healthy-and-fit/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039560245.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20210422013104-20210422043104-00043.warc.gz | en | 0.945526 | 1,201 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Emissions Trading Systems: Using Markets to Promote Low Emissions Development
|Course Theme:||Climate Change|
|Sub-Theme:||Low Carbon, Resilient Development|
|Amount:||US $ 0 (Course is free of charge)|
|Contact Name:||Amanda Jerneck|
As the world seeks to enhance global greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation efforts, countries are exploring innovative approaches to scale-up emissions reductions and foster private sector investment in mitigation technologies. Economic instruments, such as emissions trading schemes and carbon taxes, can help to achieve domestic emission reduction goals and targets in a cost-effective way. Economic instruments also encourage innovation and investment in clean technologies, and are means for countries to scale-up climate change mitigation efforts. During recent years, there has been increasing interest on Emissions Trading Systems (ETS), with new systems being implemented in California, New Zealand, Australia, Quebec, Kazakhstan and Korea. Concurrently, various developing countries are exploring the use of cap-and-trade and other market-based mechanisms for limiting GHG emissions in select sectors.
The course Emissions Trading Systems: Using Markets to Promote Low Emissions Development provides an overview of the theory and practice of Emissions Trading Systems.
The overall objective of this course is to inform policy planners and climate change practitioners on the rationale behind emissions trading, how emissions trading schemes work, their key design elements, and the key roles and decisions affecting emissions-trading governance.
This course provides practical knowledge and skills to:
- Appreciate the rationale for using market-based instruments in the context of GHG mitigation;
- Understand the key principles and design elements for emissions trading schemes;
- Discuss critically the important trade-offs inherent in ETS design and governance;
- Learn from design and implementation experiences of existing emissions trading schemes around the world.
This course is divided into 2 modules. Each module contains three lessons embedded in multimedia presentations, exercises and quizzes. Completion of each module requires about 120 minutes. The learning experience is more rewarding if the lessons are spread out over several days or weeks according to the pre-arranged schedule set by your course facilitator.
Module 1 – ETS Objectives, Context, Economics & Readiness
This module aims to equip students with a basic of understanding of how emissions trading works, how it compares to other policy instruments in theory and practice, and which questions and factors policy-makers must consider in the process of designing an Emissions Trading Scheme.
Module 2 – ETS Design and Governance
This module aims to equip students with an understanding of basic and advanced issues related to the design, implementation, and governance of emissions trading schemes.
This course was funded by the Carbon Finance Assist Trust Fund and developed and delivered in collaboration with the Partnership for Market Readiness, PMR
In collaboration with the Korean Ministry of Strategy and Finance
Course Introductory Video
This course is meant for decision-makers, policy leaders and development practitioners engaged on climate policy formulation and implementation, including:
- Senior- and middle-level planners and development officers, advisors, and generally anyone in a position to influence low emission development planning.
- Technical experts and stakeholders engaged in country-level work within the Partnership for Market Readiness (PMR) and similar technical assistance/capacity building initiatives. | <urn:uuid:3026cccc-7bca-4eae-9578-a5a2cba021be> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://einstitute.worldbank.org/ei/course/emissions-trading-schemes-using-markets-promote-low-emissions-development | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500826016.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021346-00070-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.883181 | 680 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Definition of purusha
: the soul that with prakriti constitutes the primary cause of phenomenal existence according to Sankhya philosophy; specifically : an individual soul of an infinite number of like, discrete, and eternal souls
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Origin and Etymology of purusha
Sanskrit puruṣa, literally, man
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What made you want to look up purusha? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible). | <urn:uuid:1aee228b-9e90-4d70-9187-b6ae1c0fe9cd> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/purusha | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608870.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20170527055922-20170527075922-00284.warc.gz | en | 0.87422 | 200 | 2.515625 | 3 |
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Meaning and name origin
Wilfred \wi-lf-red, wil-fred\ as a boy's name is pronounced WIL-fred. It is of Old English origin, and the meaning of Wilfred is "desiring peace". Saint Wilfred (seventh century) was an English saint. The name was revived in the 19th century. Author Wilfred Sheed.
There is 1 feminine form of Wilfred: Wilfreda.
Wilfred is a very popular first name for males (#436 out of 1220) and also a very popular surname or last name for all people (#41626 out of 88799) (2000 U.S. Census).
Displayed below is the baby name popularity of the name Wilfred for boys (2015 statistics).
Wilfred is also pronounced similarly to Ahlfred, Ailfred, Ailfrid, Ailfryd, Alfred, Elfred, Walfred and Walfried. Another suggested similar baby name is Wilford. These names tend to be less commonly used than Wilfred.
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Home - About - Terms - Privacy - Contact | <urn:uuid:af296aec-ef7a-4719-a579-aca9da0a9e20> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.thinkbabynames.com/meaning/1/Wilfred | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122233086.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175713-00087-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.899719 | 277 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Prophylaxis (Teeth Cleaning)
A dental prophylaxis is a thorough cleaning on relatively healthy teeth for the prevention of periodontal disease. This is usually recommended twice a year and performed at your dentist’s office.
After active periodontal therapy, whether surgical or non-surgical, regular periodic maintenance care is essential to stabilize your periodontal disease. Periodontal maintenance is usually done at 3-4 month intervals at our office or alternating with your dentist’s office, depending on the stability of your periodontal condition.
Teeth Cleaning includes:
Even with a proper home brushing and flossing routine, it can be impossible to remove all debris, bacteria, and deposits. Regular cleanings help maintain oral health and catch what daily cleaning cannot. This includes:
- Plaque removal, tartar (also referred to as calculus) buildup removal both above and below the gum line.
- Polishing of the teeth. This is an effective treatment in ridding the teeth of stains. Stained and yellowed teeth can dramatically decrease the esthetics of a smile.
- Oral hygiene instructions | <urn:uuid:f52fbea2-86ef-462a-a591-18a967b6c538> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.nwperio.com/services/teeth-cleaning/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986692126.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20191019063516-20191019091016-00377.warc.gz | en | 0.873542 | 236 | 3.09375 | 3 |
1. (5 pts) Which of the following can never be a negative number?
A. Sample variance
B. Sample mean
C. Maximum data value of a sample
D. Median of a sample
2. (5 pts) Which of the following statements is true?
A. Sample standard deviation is the central data value.
B. The variance is the square root of the standard deviation.
C. If all of the data values in a sample are identical, then the sample variance is 0.
D. To calculate the sample variance, add up the sum of the squares of the deviations from
The mean and then divide by n, the sample size.
3. (5 pts) How much money would have to be deposited now at 12% compounded annually, in order
to reach a balance of $3,000 in three years?
4. (5 pts) Which of the following graphs of a standard normal Z curve shows the shaded region
Corresponding to the probability Pr(-1.25 Z 2.0)?
End of MULTIPLE CHOICE
PART B. SHORT ANSWER (SHOW ALL WORK).
5. (16 pts) $6,000 is deposited into an account paying 8% interest compounded quarterly.
(a) State the interest rate per quarter.
(b) Complete the table showing the growth of the account for the first 3 quarters.
(Note: Some values will be repeated in the table. For example, the balance at the beginning of the second quarter is the same as the balance at the end of the first quarter.)
Report values to the nearest cent.
Quarter Balance at
Beginning of Quarter Interest Earned Balance at
End of Quarter
(c) After 10 years (i.e., 40 quarters), what will be the balance? Use the compound amount formula to find the value. Show the formula with the appropriate values substituted and state the numerical result of the calculation, rounded to the nearest cent.
6. (20 pts) Compute the sample mean, the sample variance, and the sample standard deviation for the following set of data.
57 54 71 68 46 54 63
Use the table below to help organize your work. The last line of the table are the totals of the columns.
Sample Mean = ________
Sample Variance = ________
Sample Standard Deviation = ___________
For QUESTION 8 Please give a brief summary on how you got your answer.
7. (5 pts) (Personal Finance Decisions) Give the ADD-ON Interest Rate. (EXPLAIN HOW YOU GOT YOUR ANSWER and SHOW ALL WORK)
A $10,000 loan for 2 years at 7% APR with a monthly payment of $447.73
8. (5 pts) Personal Finance Decisions Use the ADD-ON method to determine the monthly payment. (EXPLAIN HOW YOU GOT YOUR ANSWER and SHOW ALL WORK)
$3000 loan at 9% interest for three years
$6000 loan at 7% interest for one year
$10,000 loan at 8% interest for two years
9. (12 pts) For a certain game of chance, a player loses $3 with a probability of 0.3, breaks even with probability 0.3, gains $1 with probability 0.2, gains $2 with probability 0.1, and gains $3 with probability 0.1. This information is summarized in the table (extra space provided for computations.)
k Pr(X = k)
(a) A player plays the game of chance. What is the probability that a player will win some money?
(b) If the player plays the game many times, what is the player's expectation?
(c)That is, what is the expected value (mean) of the probability distribution? Show work. (You are welcome to use the extra column and/or row in the table to make it easier to show the computation.)
10. (2 pts) Calculate the present value of a decreasing annuity of $1000 per year for 10 years at 6% interest compounded annually. (Show All Work)
11. (2 pts) Is it more profitable to receive $7000 now or $10,000 in 9 years. Assume that money can earn 4% interest compounded quarterly. (Show All Work)
12. (2 pts) (Light Bulb Lifetimes) Suppose that the lifetimes of a certain light bulb are normally distributed with u= 30,000 gallons and o = 4000. If the station has 39,000 gallons on hand at the beginning of the week, what is the PROBABILITY of its running out of gas BEFORE the end of the week? (Show All Work).
13. (22 pts) Suppose that shoppers at the Mini-Mart shop are studied, and the amount purchased by each shopper is recorded. It is determined that the purchase amounts are normally distributed, with a mean purchase of $9.00 and standard deviation of $2.50.
(a) What purchase amount is exactly one standard deviation above the mean?
(b) What purchase amount is exactly one standard deviation below the mean?
(c) Mary Smith's purchase was $4.00. What is her z-score? That is, calculate . Show some work.
(d) (Fill in the blanks) Mary Smith's purchase of $4.00 is _________ standard deviations
_________(choose above or below) the mean.
#13 (continued) Show work for all of the parts BELOW and EXPLAIN how you got your answer in simple terms.
(e) Find the probability that a randomly selected customer spends less than $4.00.
(f) Find the probability that a randomly selected customer spends between $4.00 and $14.00.
(g) Find the probability that a randomly selected customer spends more than $10.00.
(h) Find the 90th percentile of the purchases. | <urn:uuid:e5470d93-bc8d-4af3-9d34-c97386f863ff> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://brainmass.com/math/discrete-math/finite-math-statistics-interest-and-the-time-value-of-money-241763 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542288.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00182-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.89963 | 1,261 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Financial, Acronyms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.
Related to linear regression: Multiple linear regression
Switch to new thesaurus
|Noun||1.||linear regression - the relation between variables when the regression equation is linear: e.g., y = ax + b|
statistics - a branch of applied mathematics concerned with the collection and interpretation of quantitative data and the use of probability theory to estimate population parameters
regression toward the mean, simple regression, statistical regression, regression - the relation between selected values of x and observed values of y (from which the most probable value of y can be predicted for any value of x)
regression coefficient - when the regression line is linear (y = ax + b) the regression coefficient is the constant (a) that represents the rate of change of one variable (y) as a function of changes in the other (x); it is the slope of the regression line
Based on WordNet 3.0, Farlex clipart collection. © 2003-2012 Princeton University, Farlex Inc. | <urn:uuid:d2518019-694a-4b5f-b381-8d3bce910f06> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.thefreedictionary.com/linear+regression | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487612537.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20210614135913-20210614165913-00055.warc.gz | en | 0.774893 | 226 | 3.046875 | 3 |
The "network reference farms plant protection" is a joint project of the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL), the plant protection services of the German States (Länder) and the Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI). However, the voluntary collaboration of the selected agricultural farms is of decisive importance for the success of the project.
The project is part of the National Action Plan on the sustainable use of plant protection products. It started in 2007. The target of the network reference farms contains two aspects:
- The annual determination of the intensity of the usage of plant protection products (treatment index) with regard to specific fields respectively crops of the farm.
- The technical evaluation of the determined plant protection intensity with the help of background information particularly regarding year-specific conditions.
The technical assessment of the plant protection intensity aims at assessing the necessary extent for each specific plant protection measure in the context of the concrete situation.
Corridors of the necessary extent of a specific year can be derived retrospectively from the data, the statistical analysis and the technological assessments. Furthermore, objective influences (for example weather conditions, pest occurrence, costs and revenues, counseling) and subjective influences (for example knowledge, risk behavior) on the intensity of the usage of plant protection products are identified with regard to regional or yearly specifics. In the long term these findings help to adjust the plant protection even more to the necessary extent and in general to the concept of integrated plant protection (IPS) while paying attention to regional specifics.
The plant protection institutions of the Länder in cooperation with the JKI organize and evaluate the data of the reference farms. Plant protection reference farms have been established in the following sectors:
- arable farming (winter wheat, winter barley, winter rape, partly also others),
- field vegetables (white cabbage, carrots, asparagus, onions),
- fruit growing (dessert apples),
- winegrowing and
- hop growing.
With regard to arable farming it was aimed for an even distribution of the plant protection reference farms to the survey regions arable farming (ERA) following Roßberg et. al (2007) and Roßberg (2008). In all survey regions at least three reference farms ought to be available with the crops winter wheat, winter barley and winter rape. With regard to all other product sectors all important growing regions of the respective crop ought to be represented as representative as possible.
The illustration demonstrates the distribution of the reference farms | <urn:uuid:f267fccc-0294-4ac0-95aa-d43849a7f0d8> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://nap-pflanzenschutz.de/en/indicators-and-analysis/assessment-of-pesticide-use/network-reference-farms/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141195198.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20201128070431-20201128100431-00096.warc.gz | en | 0.892354 | 504 | 2.921875 | 3 |
1. a member of a Nguni people of Swaziland and the Republic of South Africa.2. the Bantu language of the Swazi.
* * *or SwatiBantu-speaking people inhabiting the grasslands of Swaziland and neighbouring regions of South Africa and Mozambique.With the Zulu and the Xhosa, the Swazi (numbering more than two million) form the southern Nguni ethnolinguistic group. They are chiefly agriculturalists and pastoralists. The highest traditional political, economic, and ritual powers are shared by a hereditary male ruler and his mother. The king's wives and children are settled in royal villages, diplomatically dispersed throughout the territory.
* * *▪ peopleBantu-speaking people inhabiting the tree-studded grasslands of Swaziland, the neighbouring Eastern Transvaal province of South Africa, and Mozambique. The Swazi, who are chiefly agriculturists and pastoralists, numbered about 1,810,000 in the late 20th century. The language of the Swazi, called Swati or Swazi, belongs to the Benue-Congo group of the Niger-Congo languages; with the Zulu and the Xhosa, the Swazi form the southern Nguni ethnolinguistic group.In Swazi culture the highest traditional political, economic, and ritual powers are shared between a hereditary male ruler and his mother or a mother substitute who holds the official position of Queen Mother. polygyny is the traditional ideal, each marriage involving the payment of a bride-price. The king's wives and children are settled in royal villages, diplomatically dispersed throughout the territory. In Swaziland many national officials are drawn from dominant clans, but a balance is maintained in central and local government between this aristocratic element and representatives of commoners. In South Africa a system of regional authorities is subdivided into tribal authorities, each of which has its own chief. Cutting through local and kinship bonds is a system that classifies men by age groups, reorganized every five to seven years, and that requires of them labour and other services. Among non-Christians, beliefs in magic and witchcraft are combined with a highly organized ancestral cult.
* * * | <urn:uuid:596805d1-6382-475e-b434-e55ebbd60526> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://universalium.academic.ru/207335/Swazi | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121216.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00059-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947329 | 469 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Running forces you to breathe more rapidly and forces your lungs to work harder to get oxygen through your body. If you’re a new runner, you may experience some burning in your lungs that may force you to stop running and catch your breath, but this discomfort will typically stop within a few minutes after you begin resting. If you experience pain or burning after each run, you may be breathing incorrectly, or you may have exercise-induced asthma or an underlying medical condition that requires immediate medical attention.
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Breathing through your mouth can cause pain or burning in your lungs after running because your brain thinks carbon dioxide is being lost in excess, so your body produces goblet cells to produce mucus, which slows your breathing and constricts your blood vessels. This vasoconstriction and excess mucus can make catching your breath after running more difficult, resulting in a painful burning sensation. The phenomenon is generally temporary and goes away as you gain more experience with running. Exercise-induced asthma, on the other hand, is a chronic condition caused by inflammation and narrowing of the airways.
If you have lung pain after running and shortness of breath, your body will naturally start working against you and begin gulping air through the mouth, but this can cause temporary inflammation of the lungs. It’s easy to identify whether you are breathing through your nose or mouth. Breathing through the nose is more difficult and requires practice, but it will slow down your breathing pace, making the air you inhale work more efficiently in your lungs as your lungs will have more time to receive oxygen. If you have exercise-induced asthma, you may also experience coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, tiredness or the inability to keep up with others while you’re running.
If you experience pain after running, make an appointment with your doctor to be certain of the cause of your lung pain after exercising. Although a mild burning sensation in your lungs after running is common, you should never assume the lung pain you’re experiencing is normal. A doctor will do a physical examination to rule out a respiratory infection or being out of shape as the cause. The doctor will ask you a series of questions regarding your lung pain after running, such as your history with lung pain, the climate you’re running in, how quickly the pain disappears once you rest and what other symptoms you experience. Your doctor may have you run on a treadmill and then test your lung function before and after your run to help with a diagnosis.
Treatment and Prevention
If you only experience burning in your lungs when certain triggers are around, avoid these triggers. Some allergens or exercise-induced asthma triggers include cold and dry air, pollution, chemicals and pollen. Breathing through your nose can minimize the effects of these triggers because the nostrils function to filter, warm, moisturize and dehumidify the air that enters your lungs. Your doctor may prescribe a bronchodilator in the form of an inhaler or pills if exercise-induced asthma is the diagnosis. Albuterol is a common bronchodilator medication prescribed to open the airways and help with symptoms. If you have an inhaler, be sure to carry this with you during your run. Do not leave your inhaler in your car or gym locker. If a more serious underlying condition is present, such as pleurisy or pulmonary edema for example, do not resume running until these conditions have been treated and your doctor gives you permission to start running again. | <urn:uuid:9632f463-b9c4-4c6f-9e07-b1e0e7073e8f> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.livestrong.com/article/385817-why-do-my-lungs-hurt-after-running/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039747369.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20181121072501-20181121093558-00011.warc.gz | en | 0.940895 | 723 | 3.296875 | 3 |
|GEOLOGIES AND DELUGES.|
IN the days when geology was young, now some two hundred years ago, it found a careful foster-mother in theology, who watched over its early growth with anxious solicitude, and stored its receptive mind with the most beautiful stories, which the young science never tired of transforming into curious fancies of its own, which it usually styled "theories of the earth."
Of these, one of the most famous in its day and generation was that of Thomas Burnett, published in 1684, in a work of great learning and eloquence. Samuel Pepys, of diary fame, is said to have found great delight in it, and it is still possible to turn to it with interest when jaded with the more romantic fiction of our own day.
It was the fashion to commence these theories with chaos, and chaos, according to Barnett, was a disorderly mixture of particles of earth, air, and water, floating in space; it was without form, yet not without a center, a center indeed of gravity, toward which the scattered particles began to fall, but the grosser, on account of "their more lumpish nature," fell more quickly than the rest, and reaching the center first accumulated about it in a growing heap, a heap, as we might now express it, of fallen meteorites; the lighter particles, which form fluids, followed the heavier in their descent and collected around the solid kernel to form a deep ocean. This was at first a kind of emulsion, like milk, formed of oily and watery particles commingled, and, just as in the case of milk, there separated on standing a thick, creamy upper layer, which floated on the "skim milk" below. That this really happened, the good Burnett bravely remarks, "we can not doubt." The finest dust of chaos was the last to fall, and it did not descend till the cream had risen; with which it mingled to form, under the heat of the sun, the earth's first crust, an excellent but fragile pastry, consisting of fine earth mixed with a benign juice, which formed a fertile nidus for the origin of living things. Outside nothing now was left but the lightest and most active particles of all, and these "flying ever on the wing, play in the open spaces" about the earth, and constitute the atmosphere of air.
Such was the earth when first it formed the abode of unfallen man—perfect in form and beauty, for it was a true sphere, smooth as an egg; undisfigured by mountains, and unwasted by the sea. It was unfortunately but too like an egg, since its fra-
- British Association address to workingmen. | <urn:uuid:b4330649-d7f4-4af5-9591-7adbff7f9ffa> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://en.m.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Popular_Science_Monthly_Volume_46.djvu/257 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669183.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20191117142350-20191117170350-00040.warc.gz | en | 0.974926 | 563 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Moderate exercise – walking and gardening for 20 to 30 minutes a day – can prevent episodes of depression in the long term, scientists, including one of Indian-origin, have found.
Researchers from the University of Toronto carried out the first longitudinal review to focus exclusively on the role that exercise plays in maintaining good mental health and preventing the onset of depression later in life.
PhD candidate George Mammen's review was supervised by Professor Guy Faulkner, a co-author of the research.
The review analysed over 26 years' worth of research findings to discover that even low levels of physical activity (walking and gardening for 20-30 minutes a day) can ward off depression in people of all age groups.
Mammen acknowledged that other factors influence a person's likelihood of experiencing depression, including their genetic makeup.
But the scope of research assessed demonstrates that regardless of individual predispositions, there's a clear take-away for everyone, he said.
“It's definitely worth taking note that if you're currently active, you should sustain it. If you're not physically active, you should initiate the habit. This review shows promising evidence that the impact of being active goes far beyond the physical,” he said.
The study was published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine. | <urn:uuid:4c8a5cb6-c026-46d7-bf7d-27f4a4e72d40> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.financialexpress.com/news/exorcising-depression-moderate-exercise-wards-off-depression/1188665 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394021900438/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305121820-00019-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948039 | 265 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Oroclines, or curvatures of previously linear arcs (or belts), are tectonic structures that bridge the manufacture of arcs and formation of stable, equant continental blocks. Oroclines are well documented and spatially distributed on a global scale, and they form curved mountain belts of varying degrees in both young and ancient orogens. Johnston et al. (2013) recognized two distinct types of oroclines: progressive and secondary. Progressive oroclines are thin-skinned (thrust sheet/thrust belt) and develop during thrusting in response to the same orogen-perpendicular stress responsible for thrust sheet emplacement. Secondary oroclines occur at the scale of an orogen, are plate-scale features that affect the crust and lithospheric mantle, and form in response to an orogen-parallel principal shortening direction. Fennoscandia comprises two major Paleoproterozoic oroclines: the Inari and the coupled Bothnian oroclines (Lahtinen et al., 2014, 2016).
The Inari orocline is a collage of the Lapland granulite belt, marginal zone, and Inari arc forming an arcuate shape (Fig.), which has typically been considered to have formed coeval with thrusting. This would suggest that the Inari orocline constitutes a progressive orocline. New field data demonstrate that both D1 and D2 structures are bent along the arcuate shape and D3 folding has axial traces orthogonal to the main foliation, forming a fan-like structure. Abundant fractures follow a similar radial pattern. According to the proposed model, layer-specific short fractures and conical folds in the Inari orocline are radial features that formed during large-scale buckling about a vertical axis of rotation in response to orogen-parallel principal compressive stress. This would favor the Inari orocline being a secondary orocline.
Lahtinen et al. (2014) modeled the non-linear but curved part of central Fennoscandia, including 1.90–1.88 Ga Skellefte, Pohjanmaa, and Tampere arc rocks, to have formed by buckling of a linear orogen about vertical axes of rotation into coupled Bothnian oroclines (Fig.). This interpretation is strongly supported by a crustal-scale conductance anomaly (Korja et al., 2002) favoring a lithosphere-scale phenomenon. Later studies (Lahtinen et al., 2017) have indicated similar pre-1.91 Ga evolution in the Western Finland supersuite (PoB, PB), TB, and HB, and contemporaneous arc magmatism at 1.90–1.88 Ga in the Skellefte district (SD), Central Finland Granitoid Complex (CFGC), TB, and HB. These data open new possibilities to interpret the formation of the Bothnian coupled oroclines and their continuation. Two models have been presented (Fig.): a) all the 1.90–1.88 Ga volcanic rocks formed in one linear arc system from the SD to the HB; b) there have been two separate arcs, SD-CFGC-TB and HB, of a similar age with double-plunging subduction zones.
The Fennoscandian shield forms the ancient geological core of the supercontinent Nuna/Columbia. Igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks are the main constituents and the shield is a collisional root zone affected by multiple tectonic, metamorphic and structural events. The bending of mountain belts seen in younger orogens is lacking, which makes the occurrence of oroclines self-evident in such cases. Anyhow, both the Inari and Bothnian oroclines are large and crustal-scale features and fulfill the classification criteria for oroclines. In both orocline systems, orogen-parallel shortening and buckling are the proposed mechanisms. In the Inari orocline, the occurrence of radial features favors buckling as the main mechanism, but in the case of the Bothnian oroclines, the formation mechanism could be more complex, and more studies are needed to resolve the evolutionary history of the Bothnian oroclines and their continuations.
Johnston, S.T., Weil, A.B., Gutiérrez-Alonso, G., 2013. Oroclines: Thick and thin. Geological Society America, Bulletin 125, 643–663.
Korja, T., Engels, M., Zhamaletdinov, A.A., Kovtun, A.A., Palshin, N.A., Smirnov, M.Yu., Tokarev, D.A., Asming,V.E., Vanyan, L.L., Vardaniants, I.L. and the BEAR Working Group, 2002. Crustal conductivity in Fennoscandia—a compilation of a database on crustal conductance in the Fennoscandian Shield. Earth, Planets, Space 54, 535–558.
Lahtinen R., Johnston S.T. and Nironen M., 2014. The Bothnian coupled oroclines of the Svecofennian Orogen: a Palaeoproterozoic terrane wreck. Terra Nova 26, 330-335.
Lahtinen, R., Sayab, M., Johnston, S.T., 2016. Inari orocline – progressive or secondary orocline. LITHOSPHERE 2016 Symposium, November 9-11, 2016, Espoo, Finland, 69-70.
Lahtinen R, Huhma H., Sipilä, P. and Vaarma, M., 2017. Geochemistry, U-Pb geochronology and Sm-Nd data from the Paleoproterozoic Western Finland supersuite – a key component in the coupled Bothnian oroclines. Precambrian Research 299, 264–281.
Teksti: Raimo Lahtinen
Raimo Lahtinen is Research Professor of geological modeling and mineral economy. He has worked for over 40 years at GTK on various assignments, from rock crushing to management and research. His main scientific focus for the last 25 years has been the tectonic evolution and metallogeny of Fennoscandia. | <urn:uuid:366f1995-b2d0-4edd-a500-e462433ce4ae> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://geokatse.gtk.fi/2018/12/03/science-blog-paleoproterozoic-oroclines-fennoscandia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247486480.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20190218114622-20190218140622-00619.warc.gz | en | 0.869266 | 1,369 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Understanding the Concept of Haram
For Muslims around the world, life revolves around observing a set of spiritual obligations. Any act violating these religious guidelines is considered ‘Haram,’ or forbidden. The term ‘Haram’ often stirs up debate and confusion, particularly over certain professions such as Veterinary science.
Interpreting the Work of a Veterinarian within the Paradigm of Islam
Being a veterinarian involves more than just working with animals. It demands the commitment to preserve life, prevent undue harm, and ensure the well-being of God’s creatures. Such ethos resonates well with Islam’s teachings, which advocates respect for all life forms.
Muslim beliefs instruct to treat animals kindly and consider their wellbeing. There are numerous Hadiths (Prophet Muhammad’s sayings) that elucidate the importance of animal welfare. Therefore, it is not ‘Haram’ to be a veterinarian. In fact, it resonates with a Muslim’s responsibility toward animals.
Analyzing Possible Areas of Concern
While the foundational concept suggests it’s not Haram to be a veterinarian, certain specific tasks might conflict with Islamic guidelines. This could involve procedures like neutering or euthanasia, whose ethical perspectives might differ among Islamic scholars.
To determine if such procedures are Haram or not, it depends on the intention and necessity behind conducting them. Temporary sterilization for controlling animal populations or euthanasia to end severe and incurable suffering could be justified. However, a Muslim veterinarian must continually strive to align his professional obligations with his religious duties.
To conclude, the profession of a veterinarian is not essentially Haram in Islam. In many ways, the profession aligns with the principles of kindness, care, and respect for all life forms as promoted by the religion. However, specific areas of concern must be given careful thought to ensure the alignment of professional practices with Islamic principles. Hence, it’s indeed possible for a Muslim to be a veterinarian without violating the sanctity of their beliefs, provided they monitor and manage their professional activities in compliance with Islamic guidelines.
Faqs about “is it haram to be a veterinarian”
Here’s an example of how you might format the requested FAQ:
Is it haram to be a veterinarian in Islam?
No, it is not haram to be a veterinarian in Islam. As long as the work falls within the domain of Islamic guidelines, Muslims are free to choose any profession.
Can a Muslim veterinarian treat a pig?
Yes, a Muslim veterinarian can treat a pig. Though consumption of pig is forbidden in Islam, saving a life is considered a noble act in the religion.
Is it haram to operate on animals in Islam?
No, it isn’t haram. Performing operations is permissible if it’s to save the life of the animal, maintain its health, or reduce its suffering.
Can Muslims work in pet shops selling dogs?
In Islam, dogs are considered ritually impure but not inherently evil. Therefore, selling dogs is not considered haram, as long as one maintains cleanliness.
Is it permissible in Islam to neuter/spay animals?
Yes, as per the majority of Islamic scholars, neutering/spaying animals is permissible if it is done to prevent harm, overpopulation, or suffering.
Is animal testing considered haram in Islam?
Animal testing is a controversial topic. While Islam encourages medical advancements, unnecessary suffering caused to animals is forbidden.
Can Muslims become wildlife veterinarians in Islam?
Yes, Muslims can become wildlife veterinarians. Protecting and caring for all creatures is a responsibility underlined in Islamic teachings.
What animals are considered impure in Islam?
Pigs and dogs are considered ritually impure in Islam, but this doesn’t mean they shouldn’t be treated with kindness or given medical care when needed.
Is it haram for a Muslim veterinarian to treat dogs?
No, it is not considered haram for a Muslim veterinarian to treat dogs. In Islam, kindness to all creatures is a virtue.
Is euthanasia of animals allowed in Islam?
Euthanasia is generally not encouraged in Islam, however, if the animal is suffering immensely and there’s no hope of recovery, then it’s seen as the lesser of two evils.
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- The Top 15 Most Important Islamic Worship Places in the World | <urn:uuid:2eba9632-066e-47f1-93ee-d5becd86efd0> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://suratyaseen.com/is-it-haram-to-be-a-veterinarian-unraveling-islamic-perspectives | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100583.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206063543-20231206093543-00670.warc.gz | en | 0.891193 | 1,188 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Qwerty keyboards were created to slow down the typing (and to split apart the letters often used consecutively).
Christopher Latham Sholes designed the QWERTY in 1868. He arranged the letters to slow the typists down and to prevent typebars from clashing and thus jamming the typewriter.
Keys were laid out this way in order to prevent the most used letters from being typed with the middle fingers and to force common pairs of letters to be typed with different fingers or hands.
According to the language of the user, the layout and both finger and hand uses were accounted for to prevent the jamming of the typebars.
Keyboards are the only computer component that remained the same since 1878.
Native english ?Spontex needs you to correct grammar in translations. Please login and help in translations validation.
If this translation is not that good, please feel free to add a comment improving it !
Please login to post a comment | <urn:uuid:d2a3e91e-6053-4c42-ba6a-a682d29cfdbf> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://en.spontex.org/le_saviez_vous/13/qwerty-keyboards-created-to-slow-down-typing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170404.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00172-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940382 | 197 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Amsterdam Coat of Arms
The reason why three X shaped crosses Saint Andrew crosses (saltires) were chosen in the Middle Ages as symbol of Amsterdam has not been known. Today, three white or silver crosses placed vertically or horizontally, are used as the modern logo of the Amsterdam.
Three X shaped crosses are the symbol of Amsterdam from ca 1419. Saint Andrew has been crucified on an x shaped cross. The legend says, that Christian martyr demanded before his crucifixion, that his cross should be in some way lesser than that of Jesus. St.Andrew cross appears on many West European coat of arms of the Middle Ages.
The shield: red and black
The crosses were placed on the red-black shield. Black stripe in the middle of the shield represents the Amstel River. Red on the sides according to historian is coming from the Persijn family coat of arms, which owned the area in the 13th C.
Until today, red remains one of the favorite colors of the Dutch people (along with orange - the symbol of patriotism and the color of the Royal Family and dark green, so called Amsterdam green, widely used in Dutch architecture).
The Imperial Crown of Austria above the shield, has been added in 1498 by the Emperor Maximilian I Habsburg of Austria as a sign of gratitude for a huge loan he received from the city. The same blue crown, but without its satin red stripes, has been from 1638 topping the tower of the Westerkerk (Western Church).
One of the main canals in the Old Amsterdam Centre - Keizersgracht (Imperial canal) has been also named after Maximilian I.
Two lions and the historic words
The shield of Amsterdam is held on both sides by two lions, symbol of the Netherlands. They were added in 16th C.
After the World War II, in recognition of the heroism of people of Amsterdam, Queen Wilhelmina who led from England the Resistance of the Netherlands against the Nazi occupation, added under the Amsterdam coat of arms three words: "Heldhaftig, Vastberaden, Barmhartig" ("Heroic, Determined, Compassionate").
In public domain
Although a legally registered sign, the Amsterdam Coat of arms is in public domain and therefore may be freely reproduced in all media, under the condition, that its reproduction may not suggest any approval from the city of Amsterdam. | <urn:uuid:159e94a4-bf6b-4409-8fa8-23e621c03b0b> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.amsterdam.info/coat-of-arms/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991488.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20210515223209-20210516013209-00302.warc.gz | en | 0.953375 | 498 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Decoda Literacy Calendar
World Book and Copyright Day
World Book and Copyright Day is a celebration to promote the enjoyment of books and reading. Each year, on 23 April, celebrations take place all over the world to recognize the scope of books – a link between the past and the future, a bridge between generations and across cultures. On this occasion, UNESCO and the international organizations representing the three major sectors of the book industry – publishers, booksellers and libraries, select the World Book Capital for a year to maintain, through its own initiatives, the impetus of the Day’s celebrations. | <urn:uuid:05f15bd5-4e9f-4c58-ab47-2d01c95b8f45> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://decoda.ca/literacy-calendar/world-book-and-copyright-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945323.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325095252-20230325125252-00228.warc.gz | en | 0.90837 | 123 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Zovirax is a topical treatment for cold sores. Cold sores are fairly common and are caused by the virus herpes labialis, most people get the virus as a young child.
Usually, the only way you would know that you have the virus is because you suffer from cold sores, these are painful blisters which form around your mouth. Cold sores can occur at any time but usually appear if you are stressed or run down.
Once you have the virus you can not cure it, but with Zovirax you can treat it and if you use Zovirax at the first signs of a cold sore, you could prevent it.
Zovirax contains the active ingredient Aciclovir. Aciclovir is an antiviral medicine which is commonly used for viral skin infections such as cold sores and genital herpes. It works by blocking the reproduction of the virus, preventing the blister from forming or preventing the blister from getting any worse. Zovirax also includes moisturisers which help to soften the skin and improve the appearance of a cold sore. | <urn:uuid:6df21d20-63a9-4c69-83fa-51f1f2be3707> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://www.expresschemist.co.uk/Zovirax.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676592523.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20180721110117-20180721130117-00616.warc.gz | en | 0.945567 | 224 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Congenital Lower Limb Deficiency is uncommon and management requires a multi-disciplinary approach involving surgeons, physiatrists, prosthetists and therapists. The overall approach involves surgical intervention or prosthetic replacement, often both in varying degrees. Increasingly amputation surgery is being considered as the preferred option to allow benefits from advances in prosthetic technology.
The last 2 decades has seen various developments in prosthetic technology. This includes newer materials with introduction of silicon liners for improved comfort/suspension. Customisable finishing on sockets has made prosthetic limbs more acceptable and appealing. This is accompanied by greater acceptability of disability in our society. New Structural components has made endoskeletal build possible, like in adults. This includes ease of alignment alterations and height adjustment. We recognise newer componentry with more advanced knees units with hydraulic control, energy storage feet and increasing popularity of special prosthesis for sports and leisure.
Clinical management and rehabilitation plans were generally to avoid surgery unless necessary and use basic extension prosthesis when required. Earlier studies showed greater satisfaction with extension prosthesis but with improvement is technology and acceptance of disability in society, limb ablation surgery has allowed improved function. Decision making is more complex and specialised intervention prompts the practice of an integrated specialised clinics to achieve best results. These clinics also provide a tertiary role of supporting services nationally. Family choice and participation is essential and the treatment option must consider all factors when planning the rehabilitation for any specific child. Recent studies support this approach as the preferred treatment option.
Statement of the objective / learning objectives
Congenital Limb Deficiency is uncommon. Management involves specialised multi-disciplinary rehabilitation. Decision making is complex especially with current changes secondary to advances in prosthetic technology. The course presents current approach and role of tertiary centres. | <urn:uuid:b2b76976-c1ef-481b-b90b-70dc35c07c71> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://www.ispo-congress.com/agenda/management-of-congenital-lower-limb-deficiency-changes-in-practice-secondary-to-developments-in-prosthetic-technology/971229 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999876.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20190625172832-20190625194832-00368.warc.gz | en | 0.925639 | 364 | 2.640625 | 3 |
India is in the midst of the festival season. Starting with Ganesh Chaturthi, Navratri, Vijayadashmi, Diwali and ending with Christmas. At this time the weather undergoes a change across the country from wet and hot to October heat to autumn. Winters are getting deferred and cold weather is now a bit in arriving. This time is challenging for most people with poor immune systems, diseases or those prone to illnesses. Making this worse is the proliferation of viruses and problems like dengue, malaria and viral fevers. Asthma and other respiratory diseases also shoot up at this time.
Factors For Increased Illness
There are many reasons why illnesses increase or worsen at this time. Some of the most significant reasons are:
a) Erratic weather – The weather at this time is erratic. It is hot at times and suddenly becomes cool. There are showers and it ranges from very sunny to cloudy. Temperature fluctuations are high. This leads to triggering immunity related problems, especially breathing problems.
b) Still air and allergens – During this season, the air is very still and there is less breeze. Allergens, smoke and other pollutants remain low in the air. We inhale these, causing various problems. In addition, this is the right time for air bound sicknesses to spread as well.
c) Atmospheric pollution – Most of the towns and cities in India are very heavily polluted. Pollution combined with colder weather results in smog which hangs low. Added to this are pollutants like smoke from fire crackers and indoor smoke from dhoops and agarbattis. This pollution and irritants tend to make us sick.
d) Noise pollution – Festive seasons in India are very loud and consistently noisy. It is a proven fact that high levels of noise cause stress and weaken the immune system leading to diseases or becoming susceptible to viruses.
e) Food – Indians are not really known to eat healthy food. However, this becomes worse during festivals. We tend to go overboard under the garb of festivals and gorge on lots of sweets, rich foods and fried foods. We also celebrate together as families and have family dinners, food parties and late dinners. We tend to drink a lot, over eat and have lots of heavy food. It is no wonder that we fall ill.
- Every morning on waking up and before going to bed, sip a glass of warm water (250 to 300 ml). This will not only help keep your respiratory tract in order but also keep your digestion, healthy.
- Through the day, eat all the fancy food you want but have very small quantities. Example; have small pieces of mithai or four to five pieces of nuts. If you want to have something fried, have very small portions. If you like rich food, restrict the quantities.
- Eat less food each time but eat for four to six times a day. Avoid having large meals after 8 p.m. As this will put a strain on all your systems. If you feel hungry later, you may have a small cup of milk or a fruit.
- Try and sip a glass of fresh turmeric milk (haldi) with breakfast or anytime during the day. Hot turmeric milk will help you maintain your immunity.
- If you want to exercise or go outdoors for walks, make sure you do it after sunrise or before 8 p.m. During very early mornings and late evenings, smog descends lower in the atmosphere causing pollutants to enter your system.
- Avoid places where there is a lot of smoke. If you want to go out, then keep your face covered with a handkerchief. Definitely avoid firecrackers and noisy places.
- Totally avoid alcohol and smoking. These are not too great anyway.
- Practice Yoga. One of the best free online yoga programs is to be found on http://www.wellzee.com/yoga-program-details/fitness-yoga-program-1
However, the most important tip is to be very joyous and happy this festive season. If the mind is happy and occupied, you will forget diseases or infections. So have a great time this Diwali and enjoy lights, colors, food and festivities with wellzee balanced diet plans and yoga programs. | <urn:uuid:31ea11ae-c31e-485b-8e12-00cce0c18228> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://www.wellzee.com/blog/festivals-yoga-health-tips/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400196999.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20200920062737-20200920092737-00412.warc.gz | en | 0.959187 | 879 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Kannada literatureArticle Free Pass
Kannada literature, also spelled Kannaḍa, also called Kanarese, the literature written in Kannada, which, like the other languages of South India, is of the Dravidian family. The earliest records in Kannada are inscriptions dating from the 6th century ad onward. The earliest literary work is the Kavirājamārga (c. ad 850), a treatise on poetics based on a Sanskrit model. Nearly all of the extant early texts in Kannada are poems on religious subjects written by Jaina authors. One of the most remarkable of these is the 12th-century Rāmāyaṇa of Abhinava Pampa; this work is a Jain version of the famous epic poem of the same name.
After the 12th century the Hindu sect known as Liṅgāyat replaced Jainism as the most important religious influence on Kannada literature. (The Liṅgāyats worship Śiva as the only deity.) Most Liṅgāyat works are simple in style, and many were meant to be sung. The most popular works were the Vacanakāvyas, which were devotional poems to Śiva written in rhythmic prose. The earliest work in Kannada that may be termed a novel is Nemicandra’s Līlāvatī (1370), a love story involving a prince and a princess. One of the most famous Kannada works is the Rājaśekharavilāsa, a fictional tale written in 1657 by Ṣaḍakṣaradeva in verse interspersed with prose. This work is a morality tale in which the divine intervention of Śiva saves a royal family from self-inflicted tragedy in their efforts to uphold the law.
Twentieth-century Kannada literature, like other Indian literatures, has modeled itself on European forms, especially the novel and short story.
Do you know anything more about this topic that you’d like to share? | <urn:uuid:7a6c09cf-ddeb-428c-b53a-621ecd519559> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/311198/Kannada-literature | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510259834.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011739-00287-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96677 | 447 | 3.21875 | 3 |
SEOUL -- Doosan Fuel Cell, the clean energy wing of South Korea's Doosan Group, partnered with the world's largest shipbuilder to co-develop a megawatt-class solid oxide fuel cell system for vessels. The new highly-efficient fuel cell system will help vessels greatly reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
The solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is a device that produces electricity by oxidizing fuel. SOFC is considered to be the most stable and power-efficient among its fuel cell brothers. Because SOFC has a high power output compared to its size, the fuel cell system is ideal for powering mega-sized heavy equipment such as oil tankers and giant tunnel boring machines.
Doosan Fuel Cell said in a statement on March 18 that it would work with the holding company of South Korea's Hyundai shipbuilding group to jointly develop and demonstrate a SOFC system. "SOFC for vessels can replace conventional power generators as well as the main engine for propulsion," Doosan Fuel Cell's managing director Moon Sang-jin was quoted as saying.
Doosan Fuel Cell said the efficiency of the new SOFC system can be upgraded through an energy management system. It would design a fuel cell system, evaluate stability, and develop system control technologies, while the shipbuilding group will design fuel cell layout and develop control technologies.
According to Doosan, a SOFC system for vessels will use liquefied natural gas to have a power output of more than 40 percent compared to conventional diesel engines. South Korean shipbuilders have jumped into the race to develop new SOFC systems. Many vessel operators are switching to clean energy systems as the International Maritime Organization (IMO), a U.N. maritime safety agency, has adopted mandatory energy-efficiency measures to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases from ships.
In January, a crude carrier with a solid oxide fuel cell propulsion system developed by Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering won certification from the American Bureau of Shipping, a maritime classification society. Samsung Heavy Industries has partnered with Bloom Energy to develop core technologies for highly efficient solid oxide fuel cells for ships by 2022.
© Aju Business Daily & www.ajunews.com Copyright: All materials on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, displayed, published or broadcast without the authorization from the Aju News Corporation. | <urn:uuid:1fc0ac45-2383-45f6-b1d6-f60a00911c5e> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://ajudaily.com/view/20210318162104304 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662517485.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20220517130706-20220517160706-00573.warc.gz | en | 0.934245 | 477 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Kid Zone Math Tables 4
Completing mathematics problems using a table is a really good way to show number patterns. Learners complete 5 different tables where they add 7, 5, 3, 4, and 10 to 4 different numbers.
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Math Stars: A Problem-Solving Newsletter Grade 2
Develop the problem solving skills of your young learners with this collection of math newsletters. Covering a variety of topics ranging from simple arithmetic and number sense to symmetry and graphing, these worksheets offer a nice...
2nd - 4th Math CCSS: Adaptable
Second Grade Assessments and Scoring Checklists, Common Core State Standards
How are your second graders progressing in their math skills? Find out with a series of math assessment activities. With baseline assessment score sheets for each skill, you can track how well your kids are adding, subtracting, telling...
2nd Math CCSS: Designed | <urn:uuid:85407da5-7d54-4a2a-9ee4-76fa0df0395a> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://www.lessonplanet.com/teachers/kid-zone-math-tables-4 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423774.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721122327-20170721142327-00208.warc.gz | en | 0.876263 | 191 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Step aside, Argentinosaurus. There's a new dino in town — and he's ginormous.
Paleontologists in Argentina unearthed what they believe to be the 95- to 100-million-year-old fossils of the "biggest dinosaur ever," according to the BBC.
See also: Europe Has a New Top Dinosaur
Based on its thigh bones, the massive prehistoric creature was 130 feet long, 65 feet tall and weighed an estimated 85 tons (77 metric tons) — that's as heavy as 14 African elephants.
"Given the size of these bones, which surpass any of the previously known giant animals, the new dinosaur is the largest animal known that walked on Earth," the scientists told the BBC.
— BBC News (World) (@BBCWorld) May 17, 2014
Led by Jose Luis Carballido and Diego Pol, the team of paleontologists believe it is a new species of titanosaur, a herbivorous member of the sauropod dinosaurs. Its age means the dinosaur would've lived in the Late Cretaceous period.
While it does not yet have a name, scientists said the dinosaur "will be named describing its magnificence and in honor to both the region and the farm owners who alerted us about the discovery."
BBC also includes a video of the two scientists discovering just how big the dinosaur is. Check it out, here.
Have something to add to this story? Share it in the comments. | <urn:uuid:00d040e0-d1da-49e3-93cb-862ccc3c05cf> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://mashable.com/2014/05/17/titanosaur-biggest-dinosaur/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461861700245.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428164140-00170-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953913 | 301 | 3.5 | 4 |
Vitamin D seems to be the "hot" new supplement, whether it is our old friend contained in cod liver oil, or in calves' liver,or in pills of Vitamin D, or in the form of Vitamin D1, D2, or D3. There was a recent overview and critique of the many studies of this vitamin which was published in the New England Journal of Medicine by R.P. Heaney: NEJM vol 367, no. 1, pp 77-78 (July 5, 2012). I will try to summarize his article as well as to add some observations of my own, and I will make no statements that cannot be verified by reference to the scientific literature or that have not been validated by clinical studies and tests. (Standard disclaimer---I have no vested monetary interest in whether or not you buy and ingest any form of Vitamin D.)
You should all be made aware that Vitamin D is similar to Vitamin A and vitamin E in that it is fat-soluble and hence stored in your liver. Unlike the B vitamins or Vitamin C , it is not immediately excreted by your kidneys if ingested to excess, but rather the excess is stored in your liver. In fact so much Vitamin A and D can be stored in the liver of an animal that Eskimos have died from ingesting the liver of polar bears that they have killed. And we know from separate clinical studies that hypervitaminosis A can harm you, and that excess dietary supplements of Vitamin E can increase your risk of having a heart attack. So far the only demonstrated damage from prolonged ingestion of excessive amounts of Vitamin D is band keratopathy, or deposits in your cornea.
Vitamin D is needed, along with calcium and phosphorous, to form bones that are not thin and subject to fracture (osteoporosis) and that do not bend under the normal load of supporting the body (rickets). The process of normal bone formation is regulated by parathyroid hormone, which is secreted by four glands situated in your thyroid gland, usually two on each side. Vitamin D is not a true vitamin because unlike all the other vitamins it can be synthesized by your body from cholesterol and sunlight, which is not to say that we all have enough of it. When taking supplements we usually ingest Vitamin D2 or D3. The amount of dynamic Vitamin D that is available to you for bone synthesis and strength is determined by measuring your blood level of 25-OH (hydroxy) Vitamin D, and then taking Vitamin D supplements if your 25-OH level is low. With regard to sunlight, the latest studies indicate that after age 35 it is too late to reduce your risk of skin cancer by reducing the amount of UV sunlight that strikes your skin, and the majority of the damage has already been done by age 18.
It has never been shown that once you have a normal level of Vitamin D in your body that taking additional Vitamin D as a supplement has any positive effect. There is a meta-analysis showing that taking 800 IU of vitamin D was "somewhat favorable in preventing hip fracture", but "somewhat favorable" is a very imprecise scientific statement. In addition, I have shown elsewhere that all meta-analyses have inherent statistical weaknesses, and should only be used to generate a hypothesis which then should be tested by a properly constructed double-blind clinical study.
There are correlations of low levels of vitamin D with certain medical findings in addition to osteoporosis, but it has never been shown that taking vitamin D prevents or reverses these conditions. Some of these conditions are Alzheimer's Disease, immune response, and pre-eclampsia. Once again I must remind my readers that correlation is not causation, and that moving the arrow over the elevator door in the lobby of a building does not move the elevator. | <urn:uuid:56973282-04d8-438d-8e35-2e615db9980c> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://ghthomas.blogspot.com/2012/07/who-needs-vitamin-d-supplements-and-how.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590169.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718115544-20180718135544-00141.warc.gz | en | 0.954986 | 781 | 2.5625 | 3 |
I went to a university for four years to learn how a computer works from power plug to screen. Code: The Hidden Language of Computer Hardware and Software teaches much of what I learned at school.
In Code, Charles Petzold gives readers an excellent history lesson that explains how a computer works. He assumes you know nothing about the internals of a computer and builds you up with the fundamental concepts.
Before getting anywhere close to a computer, the reader is taught Morse code, Braille, and other systems to describe how communications can be broken into simpler forms. If you read Code, then you’d also learn some basic electronics and develop an understanding of how circuits work. While learning all these techniques, readers meet the historical figures that created these systems and the context surrounding the systems. The history is fun, fascinating, and thought provoking. In fact, it was probably my favorite part of the book.
While I couldn’t put the first part of the book down and cranked through it in a day, I hit a wall with the second portion of the book. At some point, Petzold got too deep into circuit diagrams and beat the subject nearly to death. I suppose it was necessary to get readers to reach an understanding of computers, but I think he spent a lot of time in the weeds.
Even with my big complaint about the book, Code is still very good. I have not read any other book that brings so much about computers together in one place. It is a worthy book for a software developer to have in their collection.
If you want to chat about this with me, I'm @mblayman on Twitter.
A review of "The Copywriter's Handbook"
Matt is the lead software engineer at Storybird.
Always eager to talk about Python and other technology topics, Matt organizes Python Frederick in Frederick, Maryland (NW of Washington D.C.) and seeks to grow software skills for people in his community. | <urn:uuid:e6d1043c-dbce-489a-aeb1-9194bd01573a> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://www.mattlayman.com/2013/a-laymans-walk-through-code.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687833.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20170921153438-20170921173438-00560.warc.gz | en | 0.960171 | 401 | 2.59375 | 3 |
More than 100 K-6 students will participate in the Kids Invent! Summer Camps in July and August at the Lyles Center for Innovation and Entrepreneurship at Fresno State.
All camps are non-residential and will run from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. Monday through Friday. Students will receive activity supplies, snacks and drinks, a Kids Invent! T-shirt and everything they create throughout the week.
Kids Invent! Summer Camps are made for children with creative minds. Participants learn science, engineering and entrepreneurial concepts during the week-long camps. Each camp presents multiple hands-on challenges that guide students through the problem-solving process and teaches them how to successfully work in teams.
The Innovation Workshop camp is open to children in kindergarten through third grades. Campers are encouraged to let their imaginations run wild as they use math, science and technology to create their own inventions. The first Innovation Workshop is July 11 to 15, and the second is July 25 to 29.
The Design Lab camp will run July 18 to 22 and is open to fourth, fifth and sixth graders. The Lyles Center classroom will be transformed into a design studio where campers will generate ideas and run experiments. Campers will work in small teams to conduct a series of challenges.
The Robotics Lab camp is the last session of the summer and will run August 1 to 5. This session is open to fourth through sixth graders. Campers will learn basic robotics programming as they build and program a robot to complete various tasks.
“The Kids Invent! Summer Camps are a great way for students to engage in fun activities while enhancing creativity and entrepreneurial skills,” said Dr. Scott Moore, interim executive director of the Lyles Center. “We’re excited to meet the young, innovative minds who are the future leaders of the Central Valley.”
Prices for the camps range from $300 to $375. | <urn:uuid:ac9dc0a2-8c20-41d8-a16f-6c881145b17f> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | http://www.fresnostatenews.com/2016/06/14/elementary-students-to-participate-in-kids-invent-camps/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107922411.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20201031181658-20201031211658-00111.warc.gz | en | 0.95392 | 403 | 2.515625 | 3 |
How to Prioritize ABA Therapy GoalsOctober 26, 2015 4:54 pm Leave your thoughts
Prioritizing ABA Therapy goals can be one of the most confusing parts of beginning or continuing therapy services. Sometimes it may seem that there is an overwhelming amount of skills and subskills to tackle, making goal selection difficult and tedious. At BCOTB, we prioritize skills based off various assessments designed to give a complete outlook of your child’s individualized needs. We use the VB- MAPP, as well as the Essential for Living Assessment Manual. The VB- MAPP assesses prerequisite skills for academic success, and the Essential for Living Manual assesses daily skills that impact your child’s independent functioning. We review these assessments along with your input to help prioritize ABA Therapy goals and objectives.
At BCOTB, we always prioritize a child’s ability to communicate his or her wants and needs. We often find that when a child is unable to communicate requests, he or she will engage in socially inappropriate behavior in order to achieve a desired result. For instance, a child might immediately begin to whine and cry upon seeing a cookie. The child might then be given the cookie to calm him or her down. This pattern may teach the child that crying is an effective way to get his or her needs met. Crying would then replace asking as a form of communication. Depending on your child’s needs, we may teach him or her to communicate vocally, with sign language, or with a picture exchange system.
We also place primary focus on teaching children to request so that language becomes valuable to them. If language is not valuable to a child, he or she would not be likely to start using language to label, repeat after others, or to engage in conversation. When a child is first learning to speak, language becomes valuable as the child learns that his or her words result in a desired consequence, whether it be a desired item or interaction.
When beginning therapy, children may exhibit deficits in academics (e.g., labeling, identifying colors and shapes, writing, reading, counting, etc.) and leisure skills (e.g., cutting, coloring, etc.), among other skills. While these skills are important and will ultimately help a child be successful in the classroom, we prioritize teaching prerequisite skills and functional behaviors before focusing on these more specific deficits. You can think about following basic directions as being a functional prerequisite skill to more tedious academic and leisure tasks.
The following section discusses some of the essential skills that we look for when prioritizing programming:
- Making requests
- Accepting the removal of preferred items
- Accepting “No”
- Following Directions
Once a child has made progress with these essential skills, we might either focus on academic skills, such as labeling, matching, reading, writing, etc. or more functional skills related to daily living, such as brushing one’s teeth and tying one’s shoes. This decision is made with the child’s parents and is based off many factors: the child’s age, grade level, strengths and weaknesses, etc.
When prioritizing academic skills, we analyze assessment data from the VB- MAPP to ensure that there is an even progression in a child’s development. This basically means that we are ensuring that the child’s skill level is equal or close to equal in all categories from the VB- MAPP. These categories include requesting, labeling, following directions, completing various visual performance tasks, playing, socializing, imitating, and engaging in conversation. While it is normal for a child to have strengths and weaknesses in various areas, sometimes a weakness in one area will impede further learning in another area due to weak or nonexistent prerequisite skills. For instance, if a child does not fluently label his or her environment, then his or her conversational skills would be impeded. We thus focus on building a good repertoire of labeling before making language more complex within a conversation.
When prioritizing functional daily living skills, we complete a thorough assessment with the Essential for Living Assessment Manual. This assessment helps us identify all the necessary routines that a child is expected to complete independently. We then work with parents to see which skills/routines they would like to target during therapy. At BCOTB we normally teach these skills using task analyses, which break these more complex skills down into their individual components for instruction.
If you are having difficulty pinpointing which skills you would like to see your child learn during therapy, please ask your child’s analyst for his or her recommendations, and feel free to voice your own concerns and expectations. Selecting programming is a group effort guided by assessment data. If you would like more information on the assessments we use, please see one of our analysts for more information. We are always available to schedule meetings for additional training and support.
McGreevy, P., Fry, T, & Cornwall, C. (2012). Essential for living: The assessment and record of progress (APR) manual. Winter Park, FL: Patrick McGreevy.
Sundberg, M. L. (2008) Verbal behavior milestones assessment and placement program: The VB-MAPP. Concord, CA: AVB Press. | <urn:uuid:288bcd2c-75e7-4632-9a4b-aa8896d30ec6> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://bcotb.com/how-to-prioritize-aba-therapy-goals/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195524568.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20190716135748-20190716161748-00105.warc.gz | en | 0.950963 | 1,085 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Reading about the wildfires burning in northern Minnesota got me curious about how the firefighting year had gone for the U.S. Forest Service nationally.
As I wrote here a couple of months ago, the service changed course this year and quietly abandoned its relatively recent, long overdue and entirely sensible policy of fighting only those wildland fires that threaten human lives, homes or businesses, or seemed likely to grow to uncontrollable size.
Instead, the service went back to putting out pretty much every fire, and as soon as possible. The reason given for this retreat from modern thinking was strictly financial: With firefighting costs predicted to exceed the 2012 budget, top managers gambled that they could make the money go farther by fighting every blaze at the outset rather than risk a few growing into budget-busting proportions.
And did that bet pay off? Not so much, it would appear.
The year’s allocation of something over $500 million for wages, equipment and a contract air force ran out around the end of August, according to a piece in Sunday’s Washington Post, and the 8 million acres that had burned by that point still set the record for worst fire year on record – fully 30 percent above an average year, consuming territory roughly equal in size to the state of Maryland.
And it ain’t over yet. Used to be the wildfire season started sometime in June and faded away in September; now it starts in May and runs through October. A 5-million-acre year used to be rare, according to the Post; now it’s becoming almost ordinary.
The good news, from the Forest Service’s point of view, is that Congress gave it another $400 million in the continuing resolution approved at the end of last month. Whether that’s good news for the taxpayers, or for the public lands that belong to them, is a matter of opinion, I guess.
And where we go from here is anybody’s guess.
Cutting prevention to pay for suppression
The obvious problem of budgeting for wildland firefighting is that the costs can vary dramatically from year to year, as a result of factors that can’t be predicted with much reliability. Like drought. And lightning.
In the good old days, I’ve been told, Forest Service managers followed an unwritten “10 a.m. rule” and spent pretty much whatever it took to knock down all fires by midmorning of the day after spotters called them in. If they had money left over come September, it carried over to the next year; if there was a deficit, Congress wrote a check.
More recently, as the Post piece explains, the Forest Service gets an annual appropriation based on a 10-year rolling average of its firefighting costs. And while that might make sense if fire patterns were stable, it has proved “inadequate at a time when climate change is causing longer periods of dryness and drought, giving fires more fuel to burn and resulting in longer wildfire seasons.”
From 2002 through 2008, according to the Post, the forest service covered shortfalls in the firefighting account by transferring funds from other programs – to the tune of $2.2 billion for that seven-year period – and Congress restored only a fraction of that amount.
Perversely, the programs that were raided to pay for more firefighting were the very programs aimed at reducing the risk of big, expensive wildfires through such preventive measures as brush reduction and selective thinning of overgrown forests.
Perhaps it’s only coincidence that this period falls within the presidency of George W. Bush, whose administration emphasized timber production over all other priorities for the Forest Service.
As of 2010, the Post says, the service was given a new revolving account called FLAME to bank excess money in years of lower firefighting costs and release it in years of greater need:
Congress allocated $415 million for FLAME’s first fiscal year, 2010 — a mild fire season, it turned out. As luck would have it, the following season also presented fewer fires, and a small budget surplus went into FLAME.
But in 2011, Congress went right in after it, taking at least $200 million from the fund and placing into the general treasury to use for other expenditures.
Climate change and fire patterns
Fires that make headlines in Minnesota are usually of a size that might be taken as trivial in the West. But there are exceptions, and we are not immune to the climate trends that are worsening wildfire scenarios everywhere, even if we have the occasional good fortune of a smothering snowfall in October.
A good MPR story a few weeks ago tied last year’s gigantic, $22 million Pagami Creek fire at the edge of the boundary waters to these changes:
Pagami Creek is just one example of the Forest Service struggling to respond to a new era of larger, more destructive forest fires. Nationally the six biggest fire seasons since 1960 have all occurred in the past nine years.
The likelihood for such fires is growing, said Tim Sexton, director of the forest service’s Wildland Fire Decision Support Center and research development applications program.
“There are a number of forests that are expected to have even more severe fire seasons this coming decade because of some of the climate change factors that are coming into play,” he said. “The Superior is one of those forests that likely will experience larger, more devastating fires in the coming decade.”
For a deeper look at the picture in the West, I commend an analysis by Climate Central of Forest Service data stretching back four decades. Some example findings:
- On average, wildfires [now] burn twice as much land area each year as they did 40 years ago.
- Compared to the average year in the 1970s, in the past decade there were seven times more fires greater than 10,000 acres each year, and nearly five times more fires larger than 25,000 acres each year.
- The burn season is two and a half months longer than in the 1970s. Across the West, the first wildfires of the year are starting earlier and the last fires of the year are starting later, making typical fire years 75 days longer now than they were 40 years ago.
Update on another topic: Officials of the Minnesota DNR still aren’t taking questions on the lawsuit that seeks to block their new hunting and trapping season on gray wolves, but they’ve now posted their lawyers’ court responses on this page, under the tab “Lawsuit Documents.” | <urn:uuid:23e96d04-6421-4cb8-ae34-18155678a979> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.minnpost.com/earth-journal/2012/10/us-enduring-worst-wildfire-year-record-and-its-not-over-yet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583874494.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20190122202547-20190122224547-00332.warc.gz | en | 0.965632 | 1,357 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Tips for Describing Methodology in a Thesis or Dissertation
Writing excellent scholarly text is challenging, and this is particularly the case if you are new to the composition of long and complex research-based documents, as many thesis and dissertation students are. To describe and explain the procedures and findings of advanced research effectively, an academic or scientific author must achieve accuracy and precision amidst a maze of detail and ensure that a thorough approach is guided by a clear and concise logic. This will certainly be the case when you are describing the research methods for your thesis or dissertation. There will be a great deal to think about and each research project will present its own complexities, but the general tips listed below will apply in many situations.
• It is absolutely vital that your primary supervisor, other members of your thesis or dissertation committee and ultimately the group of specialists who examine your work understand your methodology. You will therefore need to write prose that is absolutely clear and correct in every way. If you require assistance to do so, seek it from a fellow student, a generous mentor, the writing clinic at your university or a professional proofreader or editor who specialises in working on academic or scientific documents.
• Determining before you begin writing exactly how extensive the description of your methodology should be and the format it should take is a good idea. A chapter dedicated to methodology is common and often contains several sections, but you may instead be expected to describe your research methods more briefly in a shorter section within another chapter of your thesis or dissertation. Especially complicated methodology is occasionally discussed in two or more chapters, particularly if different methods are mined or combined to form your own.
• Be as specific as possible and focus on the concrete facts, actions and details associated with your work. Describe, for example, the settings and subjects (texts, people, animals etc.) of your research. Indicate the variables you considered and the instruments you used. Explain exactly how you have collected and analysed data at each stage of the research process.
• You should also explain why your methodology is appropriate – indeed, the best methodology possible – and perhaps innovative for investigating your topic. This explanation will ideally involve a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of various aspects of your design, the reliability and limitations of your instruments and procedures, and the use of controls and other rigorous methods for checking and guaranteeing the validity of your results. Returning to any research questions or hypotheses that you formulated and presented in the introductory sections of your thesis or dissertation will allow you to discuss with precision how and why you think your research methods will answer and test them.
• If you are using unusual or complex equipment in your research, you may want to include figures to illustrate it, and diagrams can be extremely effective for showing readers the procedural processes you will be following, especially when several trials and stages with slight variations must be described. Be sure to label any figures you use with care and precision, ensuring that the meanings of all nonstandard symbols and abbreviations are clarified for your readers.
• If you find yourself stuck for the right words to describe your methodology precisely or perhaps its relationship to previous scholarship in your area of specialisation, it may prove helpful to look back at your textbook, notes and assignments for research methodology or theory classes you may have taken and to reread any studies that were particularly influential as you designed your own research methods.
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If you are in the process of preparing an article for an academic or scientific journal, or planning one for the near future, you may well be interested in a new book, Guide to Journal Publication, which is available on our Tips and Advice on Publishing Research in Journals website. | <urn:uuid:8d9fccf7-fd82-438e-a566-cab1f4b9c2ee> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.proof-reading-service.com/en/blog/tips-describing-methodology-thesis-dissertation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506421.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922170343-20230922200343-00176.warc.gz | en | 0.944735 | 1,111 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Moriah Mason / Staff Writer
National Hispanic Heritage Month began on Sept. 15. In honor of Hispanic Heritage Month, Samford’s Latino Student Organization has events planned during the month.
According to The Library of Congress, Hispanic Heritage Month is about celebrating different Hispanic traditions and cultures.
“Each year, Americans observe National Hispanic Heritage Month from Sept. 15 to Oct. 15, by celebrating the histories, cultures and contributions of American citizens whose ancestors came from Spain, Mexico, the Caribbean and Central and South America,” per the Library.
However, Hispanic Heritage Month is not only significant because of the celebration of other cultures, but also for the other Hispanic holidays that are celebrated during the 30-day period.
According to the Library of Congress’ website, Hispanic Heritage Month falls on the anniversaries of independence for Latin American countries, including Costa Rica and Guatemala, as well as Columbus Day.
In honor of Hispanic heritage, the Latino Student Organization and the Office of Diversity and Intercultural Initiatives, are having several events to celebrate Hispanic Heritage.
Mia Banuelos, president of the Latino Student Organization, discussed some events that LSO would be having in honor of this month.
On Sept. 18 the organization had an event to kickoff the month. The event included different Hispanic games and activities for students to play and learn about the culture.
The organization also plans to attend Fiesta Birmingham with the Diversity Office.
“Fiesta Birmingham is a huge, cultural festival, where people are able to eat, dance, and listen to music,” Banuelos said.
The festival will be located at Linn Park from noon until 8 p.m. on Sept. 28. Tickets for this event are $10.
To purchase a ticket for this event, visit https://fiestabham.com
According to Banuelos, LSO plans to do a panel discussion where students can learn more about Hispanic heritage and other cultures.
“The panel would discuss diversity at Samford and ways to bring awareness to other cultures,” Banuelos said.
The Office of Diversity will have a Friday Fiesta in Ben Brown from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. on Oct. 4. They also plan to show the documentary “Immigrant High” in Brock Forum at 3 p.m. on Oct. 9
For more information about the events that the Office of Diversity is having, visit www.samford.edu/go/diversity. | <urn:uuid:d0e335d2-42d6-432c-b760-4bcced9bc195> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.thesamfordcrimson.com/2019/09/26/samford-celebrates-hispanic-heritage-month/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764494852.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20230127001911-20230127031911-00530.warc.gz | en | 0.949442 | 517 | 2.796875 | 3 |
A new paper published this week documents how wolf recovery is hampered by continued human-wolf conflict. The paper points to the illegal killing of wolves by coyote hunters as a primary reason for wolves’ high mortality rates in many areas of the country. We’ve seen several examples of coyote hunters illegally shooting wolves just this year.
Take for example the wolf shot by a coyote hunter in Kremmling, Colorado in April, or the famed wolf “Echo” who traveled hundreds of miles from the Northern Rockies to the Grand Canyon only to be shot in February.
This paper underscores our view that as wolves continue to recover and disperse to new areas, state wildlife agencies must increase efforts to educate hunters and local communities about the potential presence of wolves, their status as a protected species, and how to tell the difference between wolves and coyotes. | <urn:uuid:1121af74-5684-4e04-914d-312700d44e52> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://canislupus101.blogspot.com/2015/09/new-paper-when-shooting-coyote-kills.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891815034.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20180224013638-20180224033638-00224.warc.gz | en | 0.946403 | 176 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Electroforming is a metal forming process that produces thin parts through electro-deposition. Parts are produced by plating a metal layer onto a conductive mandrel, which is subsequently removed after plating.
Electroforming is an ideal fabrication method for very small, very thin, very fine components and those with very precise dimensional requirements. It is a high precision additive manufacturing process more akin to photographic process than traditional machining.
The component design is plotted on film and the image is transferred to a resist layer previously laminated onto a mandrel, by exposure to a collimated light. During development, unexposed / uncured resist is removed, leaving the component shape laid bare on the mandrel to provide the base on which the component will be "grown".
Nickel is the most popular material used for electroforming but the process is also possible with other noble metals
Dimensional accuracy is controlled by the precision of the photo tool and the quality of the exposure process. Thickness of the deposit is a function of time in this additive plating process and can be computer controlled with great accuracy. For even higher levels of accuracy and repeatability see LEEF (Laser Evolved Electroforming).
For over 40 years Precision Micro has utilised electroforming technology to meet customer requirements for such items as meshes, encoder discs, foils, filters, orifice plates, micro sieves, optical masks, diaphragms, and other fine and intricate components for the broadest range of industries. | <urn:uuid:e5592636-e008-44bc-a877-46a2d46d54fb> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.precisionmicro.com/46/processes/electroforming | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701149377.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193909-00253-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923804 | 306 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Meta-analysis is a technique used in a variety of disciplines to combine and summarize the findings of previous research. One step in the production of a meta-analysis is a thorough literature search for relevant studies. A variety of methods can be used to increase the number of studies that are found. This study examines the extent to which some of these steps were taken in meta-analyses published in American Psychological Association in journals in 2004. Some techniques were applied in almost all of the meta-analyses, and other techniques were applied in few of the meta-analyses. Implications of these results for librarians are discussed.
Julie Arendt. "How do Psychology Researchers Find Studies to Include in Meta-analyses?." (Jan 2007). http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/morris_articles/2 | <urn:uuid:4d0330c7-329b-4fd1-8f6e-bc39c6d11cb8> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/morris_articles/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422121983086.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175303-00221-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928785 | 172 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Davicon MEDAC System
Aromatherapy is not considered as a cureall, but rather as an alternative way of healing. The most common exercise of Aromatherapy is for relaxation. Other oils promote stress reduction, stimulation, and sensory awareness. Despite the current attention to Aromatherapy, there is little known about its effects on people. Previous research is limited to examining the effects of only one fragrance, usually a relaxant. this study investigated two fragrances: lavender, a relaxant, and rosemary, a stimulant. A repeated-measures analysis of variance showed significant differences in lavender between the groups. There was no significance found for rosemary. These results suggest that with this particular experiment, lavender does create a state of relaxation among people.
Subjects will be asked to complete a packet of tasks. Each packet consists of four tasks. The first task was a word find followed by two impossible tasks. The last task was to draw thirty 3-d boxes. While subjects attempt to finish the packet given to them, the psychophysiological machine will monitor and record their EEG and SCR.
Odor Detection and Evaluating Forms
Subjects will be asked if they are familiar with any of the odors that were released into the room and what they felt their reaction was to the aroma. Subjects will have to indicate whether they are suffering from a cold or other head congestion in order to receive accurate data.
Each subject will be taken
individually into the Psychology Departmentís Demo room. After being
connected to the psychophysiological the subject will be read verbal instructions
on how to complete the tasks.
While carrying out the task at hand, establish base line, four-minutes of lavender, four-minutes return to baseline, vanilla, and four-minutes of rosemary. Group 2 will have the same five-minutes for baseline, then they will get five-minutes of rosemary, five-minutes of lavender, and the last five-minutes for base line.
During the twenty-minute sessions, the subjects were asked to learn the information given to them in ten minutes followed by a test on what they have just learned. While subjects are performing the task, each aroma will be released into the room at separate times.
The Psychology Departmentís physiological machine was able to indicate if there was a change in the subjectís hear rate and the electrical conduction in the skin and muscle tone.
After the experiment was completed each subject received a debriefing statement that informed him or her of the true meaning of the experiment.
A repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed significant main effects for skin conductance levels: F(3,27)= 2.168, p,<.019. Additionally there were no main effects for EMG. Mean scores are displayed in Table 1. From this graph, it is evident that once a subject received the first intervention, they were unable to return to baseline or become stimulated from the rosemary.
Return to Baseline
Baseline 4.051 3.81 3.67 3.65
A Wilkís lambda for EMG illustrated that there was no significance: F(1,9)= 3.000, p,>.768. A lambda of 1.00 occurs when observed group means are equal. Only significant values can contribute to bivariate information about the differences between means for each variable. This design showed for SCL no significance: F(3,27)= 3.000, p,>.132. | <urn:uuid:dceb7897-44f4-45ae-b84a-613fc9420bf2> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.anselm.edu/internet/psych/theses/sr2000/judge/judge.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997881423.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025801-00188-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947168 | 724 | 3.015625 | 3 |
The rate of eating disorders among college students has risen to nearly 20 percent of women, and up to 10 percent of men. The National Eating Disorders Association (NEDA) reports that full-blown eating disorders usually develop between the ages of 18 and 21, and 35 percent of “normal” eaters progress to pathological dieting. To raise funds and spread awareness about the severity of eating disorders, the organization is holding the fifth annual Charlottesville NEDA walk at UVA.
Postbaccalaureate premedical student and event organizer Clare Brady has been involved with the organization since she recovered from an eating disorder as a University of Notre Dame undergraduate six years ago.
“I really think that college is unfortunately a time when girls are sort of valued for their bodies,” Brady said. “You don’t have a career yet, it’s the first time you’re on your own. You’re really susceptible to thinking you have to be a certain way to be valued. It’s hard in that environment to be the one who isn’t going along with those standards.”
Despite a recent increase in programs and funding on college campuses, Brady said that eating disorders like anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating are still somewhat misconceived, taboo topics. It doesn’t get talked about enough, and groups like NEDA and UVA’s Women’s Center are trying to facilitate the conversation in a way that removes the stigma and promotes positive body image.
“The biggest misconception is that it’s just girls that want to be skinny,” she said. “But it takes over, and people get embarrassed about it. We need to remove that misconception and be open about it. Just like somebody else could have any disease, we would never shame them for it. It’s not something to be ashamed of.”
Brady found support and a path to her own recovery through an on-campus therapist and a circle of close friends, which she said were a godsend. But a lot of college students suffer on their own, either unaware of the resources available or embarrassed to reach out, she said, which is why she got involved with NEDA’s Navigator program. Navigators are volunteers with experience battling eating disorders, who provide anonymous e-mail resources for anyone who is struggling.
“I didn’t know much about [eating disorders] in high school, and I didn’t have anyone to talk to,” Brady said. “Which is why I think the Navigator program is so important. You can just talk to someone that understands and felt some of those pressures.”
In an effort to alleviate some of those pressures, NEDA has been holding fundraising walks in communities nationwide for more than a decade. On Saturday, March 22, Brady and other volunteers will gather at Nameless Field on Grounds at 1:30pm for a one-mile walk across the Lawn and along Emmet Street and the Corner.
“It’s really a leisurely stroll, as opposed to a 5k, which would have veered toward being inappropriate,” Brady said. “It’s more for awareness, carrying signs in a public area, and solidarity.”
Admission is $25 for adults, $15 for students, $10 for children under 12, and $5 for pets. To pre-register, visit www.nedawalk.org/charlottesville2014, or call (212) 575-6200. For more information, contact Clare Brady at [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:e8a14fd4-9f71-4a6a-a75b-c5c35e6a9336> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.c-ville.com/uva-hosts-walk-to-raise-eating-disorder-awareness/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948599156.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20171217230057-20171218012057-00350.warc.gz | en | 0.967118 | 769 | 2.53125 | 3 |
“Guided Visualisation” is the meditation style that Rainbowcrystal Connection uses in classrooms. We have selected guided visualisation as our primary tool (other forms of meditation are used too) because it fits easily into schools. This is true for many reasons:
• Many adults do not meditate- making it hard to teach without training, putting on a CD is safe, easy and requires no training
• Teachers are more at ease reading (or playing our CD’s) than teaching an unknown form of meditation e.g. using a mantra or focusing
• The context of listening to stories is familiar to learners and teachers
• Children enjoy and are usually good at visualising
• Links in to “Listening” in the English syllabus
• Teachers and students can feel unconfortable going straight into silent meditations
• Visualisations can be put onto CD’s, making them very easy to use
• Links can be made to content of teaching/social skills so time spent meditating can count towards learning and not be “just another thing” teachers need to squeeze into their busy schedules
• Guided visualisations are “calming” and can be used as a form of behaviour management and to create a positive classroom climate
Visualisation simply means making pictures with your mind’s eye. This is usually done with the eyes closed and children are generally pretty good at it. A “Guided Visualisation” is a visualisation facilitated by a guide, in this case the class teacher or CD that is playing.
Our meditations can be delivered in either of these ways. The CD’s are the easy way, they already have gorgeous background music and this option gives the teacher a few minutes to become still as well!
For more experienced teachers delivering a meditation yourself can be really rewarding and personal adjustments can be made to suit your purpose, situation or lesson. In this way meditations can be lengthened or shortened and the teacher can choose their own backing music, making it a really personal and even spiritual experience. | <urn:uuid:eae01e25-71bb-4796-b98b-b7c3ec88659b> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.rainbowcrystalconnection.com/what-is-meditation/guided-visualisation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813088.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220185145-20180220205145-00488.warc.gz | en | 0.949232 | 427 | 2.59375 | 3 |
There has never been an advocacy as strong as “Going Green” in the 21st century. Global warming along with the greenhouse effect have taken their toll on planet earth triggering major shifts in climate, heat range and perhaps natural phenomena.
The idea of “Going Green’ is reducing the unwanted effects of industrialization, reduce our dependence on foreign oil and preserve our natural resources for generations to come. Our generation has depleted mother nature of its gifts – it is definitely proper we pay back therefore our children and grandchildren may perhaps live in the environment we previously had in the younger years of ours.
One way we can bring about living green is considering the building materials that get into the building of our homes along with edifices. There are many power saving home products and structural styles we need to think about so we may possibly safeguard our planet from more damage. When new buildings and households are constructed, we must take into account sustainable features that may reduce power consumption. In many regions throughout the world, power is shared and shifted because there is not much power available to hold the needs of the population.
Insulation is one particular area where folks are able to help in the going green advocacy. Thermal insulation is calculated by its R-value which is the volume thermal resistance used in the building and construction industry. The bigger the value, the better the structure’s insulation is. When homes are properly insulated, there is lesser need for power to work the homes. Home development materials that contain larger R values come in the form of fibreglass, cellulose, cotton and foam, almost all of which have much more favourable greening components.
Some other areas where energy saving is crucial are lighting, construction quality, plumbing fixtures and also doors as well as windows. Leaks around door and also window casings can contribute as much as forty % in energy loss as a result of heating or cooling efforts. The application of energy saving bulbs over incandescent not only permits lesser energy use, it also helps lower cost on the person by its longevity and longer life cycles.
Everyone have to take the advocacy of “Going Green” quite seriously. If we’re to pass on an inhabitable world to the next development, there is so much that we have to do to reverse the consequences of present day global warming. | <urn:uuid:fd5bdd7d-4967-4311-9279-9956e8c729fe> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | http://www.britishchess08.com/constructing-energy-efficient-homes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703514046.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20210117235743-20210118025743-00057.warc.gz | en | 0.970095 | 472 | 3.046875 | 3 |
August 09, 2012
NOAA now predicts 12 to 17 named storms (top winds of 39 mph or higher), including 5 to 8 hurricanes (top winds of 74 mph or higher). The agency says 2 to 3 of those could be major hurricanes, rated Category 3, 4 or 5 with winds of at least 111 mph. In May NOAA projected 9-15 named storms, 4-8 hurricanes and 1-3 major hurricanes.
The revised outlook is based on higher-than-average temperatures in the Atlantic ocean in areas where hurricanes form. Hurricanes are fueled by warm seas.
“We are increasing the likelihood of an above-normal season because storm-conducive wind patterns and warmer-than-normal sea surface temperatures are now in place in the Atlantic,” said Gerry Bell, lead seasonal hurricane forecaster at the Climate Prediction Center. “These conditions are linked to the ongoing high activity era for Atlantic hurricanes that began in 1995. Also, strong early-season activity is generally indicative of a more active season.”
A "normal" hurricane season produces 12 named storms, six hurricanes, and three major hurricanes in the Atlantic.
This image shows the sea surface temperature from September 17 to September 21 when temperatures in the Gulf of Mexico remained one to two degrees warmer than the 82 degree minimum needed to sustain a hurricane. Every area in yellow, orange or red represents 82 degrees F or above. Temperature data is from the AMSR-E instrument on the Aqua satellite, while the cloud images of Hurricane Rita were taken by the Imager on the GOES-12 satellite. Courtesy of NASA
The upgrade is a bit unusual because it coincides with an El Niño year, which usually reduces hurricane activity.
“El Niño is a competing factor, because it strengthens the vertical wind shear over the Atlantic, which suppresses storm development. However, we don’t expect El Niño’s influence until later in the season,” Bell said. | <urn:uuid:129c0663-3413-4c8d-849e-e7ef2103f537> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://news.mongabay.com/2012/0809-2012-hurricane-season.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703662159/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112742-00054-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934113 | 400 | 3.578125 | 4 |
September 15, 2018
Conservation project records new hen harrier behaviour
A Scottish conservation project has recorded activity never seen before in a rare bird of prey, the hen harrier. Using nest cameras, the project has filmed two rarely recorded activities: male hen harriers standing guard over nests, and a hen harrier brood being hunted by two species of owl.
The discoveries were made as part of Heads Up for Harriers, a Partnership for Action Against Wildlife Crime Scotland (PAW) Scotland project, led by Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH). Figures released today also show 30 young birds have successfully fledged on participating estates.
To read the full story, click here. | <urn:uuid:93243e5d-4820-4b08-b3b7-a7f2e4e9d87a> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.fiveglens.co.uk/conservation-project-records-new-hen-harrier-behaviour/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400198652.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200920192131-20200920222131-00257.warc.gz | en | 0.947081 | 137 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The Children's Commissioner has encouraged parents to engage with their children more
New technology could leave children lonely, according to the Children's Commissioner for England.
Maggie Atkinson questioned if activities and video games left children with "nobody close to them".
She also said parents needed to allow young people to take risks, in a speech organised by the children's charity Barnardo's in London on Thursday.
The commissioner asked if pupils were in danger of becoming too regimented by school life.
Ms Atkinson suggested that after-school activities, new technology and video games could alienate young people.
"Are we meant to provide them with an activity to fill very waking hour and a room full of technology, but nobody close to them who has the time either to talk to them, or to fathom life out with them?" she said.
She also asked whether children were becoming "little bundles trained in a mechanistic model of education" as opposed to rounded human beings.
Ms Atkinson compared her childhood, 45 years ago, to children's experiences today, claiming "too many" modern children did not leave their back gardens, whereas she used to play a mile from home unsupervised.
Over-protective parents, she said, would do better to teach "independence, choice-making and resilience" in their children.
Maggie Atkinson says new technology could leave children lonely
She said: "We need to encourage parents to find a balance between keeping them safe and keeping them confined."
Ms Atkinson said that tough discussions needed to take place on youth justice, an area in which she claimed the United Nations constantly criticised England's approach.
She said: "Numbers in the system have started to fall. They have a long way further to go."
She also questioned attitudes to young people and promised to challenge "negative and false stereotypes of an entire generation".
"Are they here to be disciplined so they unquestioningly comply, know their place, do as they are told - or to be questing and questioning but positive citizens from an early age?"
The Children's Commissioner acknowledged that many young people were "deeply offended" by being labelled as troublemakers. | <urn:uuid:a989e996-98fa-4bdb-9d64-fc3ff4d2064a> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/8588708.stm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190234.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00214-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979566 | 442 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Ice loss from the Greenland ice sheet, which has been increasing during the past decade over its southern region, is now moving up its northwest coast, according to a new international study.
Led by the Denmark Technical Institute's National Space Institute in Copenhagen and involving the University of Colorado at Boulder, the study indicated the ice-loss acceleration began moving up the northwest coast of Greenland starting in late 2005. The team drew their conclusions by comparing data from NASA's Gravity and Recovery Climate Experiment satellite system, or GRACE, with continuous GPS measurements made from long-term sites on bedrock on the edges of the ice sheet.
The data from the GPS and GRACE provided the researchers with monthly averages of crustal uplift caused by ice-mass loss. The team combined the uplift measured by GRACE over United Kingdom-sized chunks of Greenland while the GPS receivers monitor crustal uplift on scales of just tens of miles. "Our results show that the ice loss, which has been well documented over southern portions of Greenland, is now spreading up along the northwest coast," said Shfaqat Abbas Khan, lead author on a paper that will appear in Geophysical Research Letters.
The team found that uplift rates near the Thule Air Base on Greenland's northwest coast rose by roughly 1.5 inches, or about 4 centimeters, from October 2005 to August 2009. Although the low resolution of GRACE -- a swath of about 155 miles, or 250 kilometers across -- is not precise enough to pinpoint the source of the ice loss, the fact that the ice sheet is losing mass nearer to the ice sheet margins suggests the flows of Greenland outlet glaciers there are increasing in velocity, said the study authors.
"When we look at the monthly values from GRACE, the ice mass loss has been very dramatic along the northwest coast of Greenland," said CU-Boulder physics Professor and study co-author John Wahr, also a fellow at CU-Boulder's Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences.
"This is a phenomenon that was undocumented before this study," said Wahr. "Our speculation is that some of the big glaciers in this region are sliding downhill faster and dumping more ice in the ocean."
Other co-authors on the new GRL study included Michael Bevis and Eric Kendrick from Ohio State University and Isabella Velicogna of the University of California-Irvine, who also is a scientist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. GRL is published by the American Geophysical Union.
A 2009 study published in GRL by Velicogna, who is a former CU-Boulder research scientist, showed that between April 2002 and February 2009, the Greenland ice sheet shed roughly 385 cubic miles of ice. The mass loss is equivalent to about 0.5 millimeters of global sea-level rise per year.
"These changes on the Greenland ice sheet are happening fast, and we are definitely losing more ice mass than we had anticipated, " said Velicogna. "We also are seeing this ice mass loss trend in Antarctica, a sign that warming temperatures really are having an effect on ice in Earth's cold regions."
Researchers have been gathering data from GRACE since NASA launched the system in 2002. Two GRACE satellites whip around Earth 16 times a day separated by 137 miles and measure changes in Earth's gravity field caused by regional shifts in the planet's mass, including ice sheets, oceans and water stored in the soil and in underground aquifers.
"GRACE is unique in that it allows us to see changes in the ice mass in almost real time," said Velicogna. "Combining GRACE data with the separate signals from GPS stations gives us a very powerful tool that improves our resolution and allows us to better understand the changes that are occurring."
In addition to monitoring the Thule GPS receiver in northwest Greenland as part of the new GRL study, the team also is taking data from GPS receivers in southern Greenland near the towns of Kellyville and Kulusuk. An additional 51 permanent GPS stations recently set up around the edges of the Greenland ice sheet should be useful to measure future crustal uplift and corresponding ice loss, said Wahr.
"If this activity in northwest Greenland continues and really accelerates some of the major glaciers in the area -- like the Humboldt Glacier and the Peterman Glacier -- Greenland's total ice loss could easily be increased by an additional 50 to 100 cubic kilometers (12 to 24 cubic miles) within a few years," said Khan.
The study was funded by NASA and the National Science Foundation.
Greenland is about one-fourth the size of the United States and the massive ice sheet covers about 80 percent of its surface. It holds about 20 percent of the world's ice, the equivalent of about 21 feet of global sea rise. Air temperatures over the Greenland ice sheet have increased by about 4 degrees Fahrenheit since 1991, which most scientists attribute to a build-up of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
A 2006 study by Wahr and Velicogna using the GRACE satellite indicated that Greenland lost roughly 164 cubic miles of ice from April 2004 to April 2006 -- more than the volume of water in Lake Erie.
- Khan et al. Spread of ice mass loss into northwest Greenland observed by GRACE and GPS. Geophysical Research Letters, 2010; 37 (6): L06501 DOI: 10.1029/2010GL042460
Cite This Page: | <urn:uuid:d5f3ff5c-7a43-482a-9c75-088579852180> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/03/100323161819.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500828050.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021348-00284-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955491 | 1,109 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Henricus Regius (in Dutch: Hendrik de Roy) may be recognised today primarily as one of Descartes' correspondents. However, he was also the author of a textbook of natural philosophy, Fundamenta physices (1646), which offered a significant alternative to Cartesian epistemology and metaphysics. His correspondence with Descartes, and his simultaneous controversy with G. Voetius during the 1640s, reflected Regius' efforts to establish his intellectual independence from scholastic philosophy and Cartesian metaphysics.
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Regius was born in Utrecht, The Netherlands (the Spanish Netherlands at the time), on 29 July 1598, into a wealthy family of brewers, and died on 19 February 1679 in the same city. Following initial studies in Arts at the University of Franeker, he studied medicine at Groningen and Leiden, and subsequently at the Universities of Montpellier (France) and Padua (Italy). He was appointed town physician in Utrecht on his return there in 1625 and, following a period teaching at Naarden (where he was challenged about his religious orthodoxy as a Calvinist), he returned to Utrecht in 1634 and was re-appointed town physician in 1637. The Illustrious School of Utrecht had become a university in 1636 and, two years later, Regius was appointed ‘extraordinary’ Professor of Theoretical Medicine and Botany (equivalent to an associate professor, who was paid a significantly reduced salary). The following year, 1639, he was promoted to full professor. In 1640 Regius was awarded a salary increase, on the understanding that he would provide extra lectures to his students on natural philosophy. Since there were already professors of philosophy, mathematics, and theology in place at Utrecht, all of whom were senior to Regius, this extension of his contract included the seeds of subsequent controversies about philosophical and theological theses, and of disputes about disciplinary boundaries at the University.
Regius first came to Descartes' attention through a mutual friend, Henricus Reneri (1593–1639), and almost immediately (in August 1638) began a correspondence with Descartes, which continued until 1645. In keeping with the custom at that time, he also presided as a professor over disputations at the University (the equivalent of research seminars, presented by students in the form of a defence of theses that were approved by their supervisor). The texts of disputations were normally printed and distributed in advance of their oral presentation, and some rare copies of Regius' disputations survive. These were initially concerned with medical matters, such as a controversial disputation supporting Harvey's theory of blood circulation (Regius 1640a). During the year 1641, Regius considered publishing a book on natural philosophy, and consulted both Descartes and Gisbertus Voetius (1589–1676), the Professor of Theology and University Rector, about his plans. While Descartes recommended that Regius develop his ideas in the form of disputations, Voetius initially advised publication as a monograph, possibly to avoid conflict with faculty members in theology or philosophy. Regius adopted Descartes' advice and, in April 1641, he began a series of disputations under the title Physiologia sive cognitio sanitatis (Regius 1641a).
In November 1641, however, Regius initiated a new series of disputations, De illustribus aliquot quaestionibus physiologicis (Regius 1641b), in which he challenged Aristotelian theses that were taught by his colleagues in philosophy and theology at the University. This attracted a very negative response from Voetius, who relied on Aristotelian philosophy to articulate his version of Calvinist theology. The resulting lengthy controversy, during which Regius lost the support of Descartes while simultaneously continuing the conflict with Voetius, is discussed below. He published the first edition of his book on natural philosophy under the title Fundamenta Physices (1646); Chapter XII, entitled De Homine (Regius 1646, 245–306), provided a synoptic exposition of his controversial views about human nature.
Despite the bitter and extended controversy in which Regius engaged with Voetius and the university authorities, he was later appointed Rector of the University of Utrecht (a one-year honorary position) in 1649, and again in 1662. He published an amended, enlarged edition of the Fundamenta physices under the title Philosophia naturalis in 1654, and a third edition in 1661. A French translation appeared in 1686. He remained in Utrecht, except for a brief period when he was captured as a hostage by the French army in late 1673, and died there in 1679.
Regius attributed his appointment at Utrecht University to his familiarity with and support for Cartesian philosophy, which was acquired initially by reading Descartes' first book, the Discours de la Méthode … plus la Dioptrique, les Météores et la Géometrie, 1637 (AT, vol. VI). Regius was sympathetic to Cartesian natural philosophy from his initial reading and began to teach it to students, in private lessons, and to dictate notes with a view to publishing his own summary of natural philosophy based on Cartesian principles. This objective was further encouraged when he read a copy of Descartes' unpublished manuscript, Le Monde (AT, vol. XI), in 1641. The natural philosophy of Le Monde rejected scholastic forms and qualities as philosophical entities that contributed nothing to an explanation of natural phenomena. There was a significant difference, however, in a university such as Utrecht between not relying on scholastic forms and criticizing them publicly. The transition from the former to the latter, in the case of Regius, occurred in 1641.
While preparing Physiologia (Regius 1641a), Regius sent advance copies of draft disputations to Descartes. Since they were being presented in Utrecht as examples of Cartesian philosophy, Descartes recommended various changes, both to avoid needless controversy (for example, concerning blood circulation) and, more importantly, to avoid accusations of heresy against himself or Regius. Accordingly, he asked Regius to correct the thesis that the human soul is three-fold, and to argue instead that “in human beings the soul is one, namely a rational soul” (AT III, 369–74: Bos 2002, 63–69). During the year 1641, this pattern of prior consultation with Descartes continued; Regius accepted many of Descartes' suggestions, and incorporated them into the final versions of the disputations.
In November 1641, however, the Utrecht professor inaugurated another series of disputations in which he transgressed from medicine to philosophy and, by implication, into theology, and thereby provoked a controversy that continued for more than a decade. The most explicit challenge to established Aristotelian teaching occurred when one of Regius' students, Henricus van Loon, claimed in a disputation (8 December 1641) that the human mind and body are two distinct substances which are joined together in an accidental union [unum per accidens]. This thesis addressed, perhaps inadvertently, one of the most contentious issues in Christian philosophy and theology, viz. how to understand the unity of human nature, as experienced by each subject, and at the same time defend the traditional Christian beliefs in the immortality of the human soul or mind and the resurrection of the body. The immortality of the soul seemed to presuppose that the mind or soul was capable of existing without the body and, for that reason, that it should be classified as an Aristotelian substance. When Descartes was informed about this disputation (when it was already too late to recommend amendments), he responded that there was hardly anything more likely to offend or antagonize theologians than to say that a human being “is an accidental being” (AT III, 460: Bos 2002, 90–91).
Voetius, with the support of his professorial colleagues in theology, replied to Regius by appending corollaries to his own theological disputations, in December 1641, in which he accused proponents of the ‘new philosophy’ [i.e., Cartesianism] of a number of errors: teaching that a human being is an accidental being, defending Copernicanism, and supporting scepticism and irreligion by denying substantial forms. In the course of these replies to Regius, Descartes' name was also mentioned, and it was clear that Regius and Descartes were perceived by Voetius as jointly attempting to undermine the philosophical foundations of Calvinist theology as taught at Utrecht. Initially, Descartes joined the debate merely by advising Regius how to respond appropriately to Voetius. One part of that advice was that Regius should have dealt with substantial forms as Descartes had done in the Météores (AT VI, 239): that he should not have rejected them explicitly but, instead, should merely have omitted them as redundant to genuine explanations.
However, Descartes also provided Regius with philosophical arguments in reply to Voetius. He outlined a number of reasons why they were jointly opposed to describing the human mind as a substantial form. To say that human beings think because they have a ‘thinking form’ explains nothing; secondly, those who postulate the existence of substantial forms are unable to say more precisely what they are, and thus they appeal to ‘occult’ realities that they do not understand; and, perhaps most importantly, if the alleged substantial forms of other natural phenomena were made redundant by developments in physics, there would be a danger that the spirituality of the mind or soul would be compromised by similar advances in the sciences. “All the arguments that are used to prove substantial forms may be applied to the form of a clock, although no one claims that it is substantial” (AT III, 505: Bos 2002, 115). Many of Descartes' suggestions were incorporated, as amendments, into the final version of the Regius' reply to Voetius, which appeared as Responsio, sive Notae in Appendicem (Regius 1642) on 16 February 1642. This further inflamed the situation. The following month, Regius was forbidden by the University to teach natural philosophy in public or in private, and was restricted to lecturing in traditional medicine. The Academic Senate, with the approval of the town council, also issued an official condemnation of Cartesian philosophy.
Descartes later joined the controversy in a more public way. He included a letter to a French Jesuit, ‘A Letter to Father Dinet,’ in the second edition of the Meditations (1642), which was published in Amsterdam and thus became readily available to his critics in Utrecht. While the letter to Dinet criticised Voetius without naming him explicitly, Descartes' subsequent Epistola ad Voetium (1643) went further by removing the apparent anonymity of his target in the first letter. The complex history of the next few years, which is summarized in Verbeek 1992, included an official ban on the teaching of Cartesian philosophy by the local authority in Utrecht (the Vroedschap), and the establishment by the same authority of a committee of inquiry into the public controversy that resulted from Regius' teaching of Cartesian philosophy. The official report of the university committee on the whole affair, to date, was published in 1643 as the Narratio Historica (Verbeek 1988, 71–123). Meantime, Voetius arranged for one of his supporters, Martinus Schoock (1614–69), to write an extensive critique of Descartes and Cartesianism, which was published as Admiranda Methodus (The Admirable Method) in Utrecht in 1643 (Schoock 1643). The Admirable Method listed, among the most serious charges against Descartes, that he was an atheist and a sceptic, and it implied that he deserved the same treatment as heretics, such as Giulio Cesare Vanini (1585–1619), who had been burned at the stake in Toulouse. While the authorship of this book, Descartes' replies to it, and various legal charges of defamation and libel continued for some years, Descartes concluded his contribution to the controversy with Voetius in the Apologetic Letter to the Magistrates of Utrecht, which was written in 1647 and sent to Utrecht in February 1648 (Bos 1999).
The intensity of the dispute between Voetius and those whom he identified as proponents of a ‘new philosophy’ might suggest agreement, at least between Descartes and Regius, on a common philosophical position. In the course of the Utrecht controversy, however, an irretrievable breakdown developed in relations between Descartes and his former supporter. The epistemology favoured by Regius, which reflected his disciplinary expertise in medicine and physiology, left little room for Cartesian metaphysics. When he wrote to Descartes, in July 1645 (AT IV, 254–6: Bos 2002, 189–90), that many reputable people believed that Descartes secretly held views about the human mind and God that differed from those that he published, and that he had discredited his philosophy by publishing the Meditations, it seemed to Descartes that Regius was endorsing the same criticisms that Voetius and Schoock had made earlier. The following year, against Descartes' advice, Regius published the Fundamenta Physices, in which he rejected a number of Descartes' metaphysical theses and thereby incurred the wrath of his former mentor. The French philosopher denounced Regius, as misrepresenting his philosophy, in the preface to the French edition of the Principles of Philosophy (1647). Regius planned to reply by adding twenty-one Corollaries to a medical disputation that was scheduled for 2 October 1647, concerning a forty-year old man who had inflammation of the feet and legs (Regius 1647). These Corollaries included three of the more contentious claims about the mind and God that Regius had earlier removed from Fundamenta physices in an unsuccessful attempt to appease Descartes. Although the disputation was banned by the University rector, Regius had already disseminated copies of the text, including the controversial Corollaria. Descartes replied with Notae in programma quoddam (1648)—i.e., Notes on a Certain Manifesto—to which Regius replied with an extended version of the Corollaria, in A Brief Explanation of the Human Mind or the Rational Soul, in which is explained what it is and what it may be (Regius 1648).
The main source of disagreement between Descartes and Regius was their respective accounts of human nature. This had emerged as early as 1640, when Regius commented on a draft of the Meditations, and more explicitly in the disputation (December 1641), which proposed the thesis that the human mind and body are united in an ‘accidental unity.’ In July 1645, when Descartes responded to a draft of the Fundamenta physices, he argued that Regius had gone too far in the opposite direction by making the union of mind and body so close that the mind was merely a ‘mode’ of the body—which was an even greater error than his earlier mistake (AT IV, 250: Bos 2002, 188). This issue, of how to conceive of the mind and body as united and yet separable, dominated the series of claims and counter-claims made by both philosophers up to 1648. Between 1648 and February 1650, when Descartes died, the two philosophers did not engage directly with each other. Descartes discussed a range of questions with Burman in 1648, and in response to one query he provided another reminder of the extent to which Regius allegedly misunderstood his metaphysics. “As far as Regius is concerned … in physics he has always been anxious to follow the views of the author [i.e., Descartes] … whereas in metaphysics he has done everything possible to contradict the author's views” (Descartes CB, 38: AT V, 170). Descartes' last publication, Les Passions de l'Ame (1649: AT, vol. XI), may be read as his final attempt to address the source of their disagreement, and Regius 1650 may be seen as Regius' response.
Once Regius had publicly established his independence vis-à-vis Descartes in 1647, he began to publish a theory of knowledge that reflected his medical interests (Bellis, 2013) and complemented the account of human nature that he adopted in opposition to his former mentor. The result was an epistemology that was closer to that which appeared, almost four decades later, in Locke's Essay than anything that he had read in Descartes. This transition had begun while drafting Fundamenta physices, in which Regius denied the need for any innate ideas, including even the idea of God.
The mind, in order to think, does not seem to need innate ideas, images, notions or axioms; rather, its innate faculty of thinking is sufficient on its own in order for it to complete all its thinking activities. This is evident in the perception of pain, colour, taste, and other similar perceptions, which are genuinely perceived by the mind, although none of those ideas is innate. Nor is there any reason why some ideas rather than others should be innate by their very nature. (Regius 1646, 251)
Regius supported this with the claim that a young person who had not been educated would, if asked, deny knowledge of things of which they had no experience (1654, 251). Since an innate idea of God was central to the Cartesian project, Regius made his own position explicit by also denying that the idea of God is innate: “Even the idea of God … does not seem to be innate in us, but is produced in us initially by observing things or is passed on to us by others” (Regius 1646, 252).
Regius rejected the innateness of ideas for the same reason that Descartes had rejected various scholastic entities: it was redundant to an adequate explanation of thinking.
It is evident from the perception of titillation and of pain, of sounds and light, which arise from the motion of an objective body, that the stimulation of the senses does not require intentional species, nor spiritual qualities, nor any other unintelligible things, but that local motion alone and its variations suffice for this purpose. (Regius 1646, 253–4)
He repeated the denial of innate ideas in the Corollaries of 1647: “The mind does not need innate ideas, or notions, or axioms; its faculty of thinking alone is enough for it to perform its own actions” (Regius 1647, Corollary 12). Descartes' reply, in the Notae (Descartes 1648), conceded the validity of Regius' claim by accepting that their disagreement was merely verbal: “I never wrote or claimed that the mind needs innate ideas which are anything other than its faculty of thinking” (AT VIII-2, 357). Regius subsequently generalized his claim, in Philosophia naturalis (1654: 335); apart from what is revealed in Scripture, he argued, all thoughts originate in sensory experience.
All those [i.e., conscious acts], which do not originate in divine revelation, are sensations or derive their origin from sensation. For we cannot will, judge, or remember anything, nor imagine anything, nor otherwise perceive anything, unless some idea of that thing had been immediately or mediately produced in us by sensation, or subsequently triggered and presented to the mind.
This unequivocally empiricist claim was compounded by the denial of any ‘pure intellect.’ Regius had never appealed to a ‘pure understanding’ as a source of ideas, and had often asserted the ‘organic’ connection between mind and body. He had defined ‘organic’, in the first of his Physiologia disputations (Bos 2002, 200), in contrast with ‘inorganic’ as almost a synonym for ‘bodily dependent’. Organic parts of the body, such as the nerves, veins, or muscles, required a certain physical conformation of the body in order to perform an action. When applied to the mind, therefore, the term ‘organic’ suggested that the mind could perform mental operations only on condition that various bodily parts functioned appropriately at the same time.
These early hints, which were short of an outright denial of a pure understanding, were interpreted correctly by Descartes in 1647. Regius had defined perception in his banned disputation as ‘sensation, remembering and imagining’ (Regius 1647: Corollaries, no. 18), and Descartes concluded that he was implicitly denying the reality of pure understanding: “One could draw the conclusion that he does not accept any pure understanding, that is, an understanding that is not concerned with physical images; and therefore he thinks that we have no knowledge of God or the human soul, or of other non-physical things” (AT VIII-2, 363). Regius confirmed that interpretation in his reply: “The human mind, although it is a substance that is really distinct from the body, is however organic in all its actions while it is in the body … it cannot perform any of its actions without bodily organs” (Regius 1648, 10). Perhaps he had been applying Descartes' previous advice about substantial forms—to ignore them rather than deny their existence explicitly—when he refrained from denying a pure understanding in his earlier writings. By 1654, however, he was ready to publish an explicit denial: “Since … we are able to explain all its operations [i.e., those of the mind] by those faculties of the intellect, which were already explained, there is no need to add to them a pure intellect or anything similar as something that is distinct from them” (Regius 1654, 404). Nonetheless, the denial of a pure intellect did not imply denying that human beings have an idea of God; the latter is acquired in the same way as other ideas, namely by using an intellect that is organically dependent on the human body.
Since all ideas originate in sensation, Regius had to acknowledge that we often come to have ideas that originate from imagined realities and that, in the case of veridical and non-veridical perceptions, the subjective experiences are often sufficiently similar that one cannot be certain of a correspondence between ideas and reality. In contrast with the Cartesian rational defence of the reliability of our cognitive faculties, Regius claimed that one must rely on Scripture for this purpose (Regius 1646, 249). However, Scripture does not guarantee that our perceptions are always certain. This issue was particularly acute when the realities in question were unobservable (Regius 1646, 4). Regius thought it was obvious that physical bodies are composed of insensible particles, and that their description is a matter of hypothesis. When faced with the task of explanation, therefore, he took refuge in some of the central themes of Cartesian natural philosophy. He borrowed the ‘fable’ used by Descartes in Le Monde, that the natural world is composed of one matter, that it is divided into parts of various sizes and shapes in motion, and that all natural phenomena may be explained by the laws of nature that apply to those parts (Regius 1646, 4).
This is the positive side of Regius' account of explanation. The negative side, as with Descartes, is a rejection of forms and qualities as understood by scholastic philosophers. For example, Regius had argued in 1641 that one does not explain how the heart works by introducing a ‘sentient and vegetative soul.’ He commented: “That is saying nothing more than this: that the heart is moved by whatever is the principle by which we live, sense and move (for that is how the soul is defined), which begs the question as to what that is” (Regius 1641b, Disputatio VI, Corollary, par. V). Such an explanation of the heart's motion is similar to explaining the motion of a clock by ‘a faculty of a certain kind.’ Regius proposed instead that we think of the world as a great machine, and that we explain natural phenomena by hypothesizing how that machine works.
The world, therefore, is a great machine and each of its parts is a small machine, in which it can be observed and easily demonstrated that there is nothing other than motion or rest, together with size, position, and shape (I wish to make a unique exception of our soul). However, I regard the forms which are said to be substantial and likewise qualities of a corporeal substance, whether occult or manifest … as mere non-entities, which conceal our ignorance of causes. (Regius 1641b, para. ix)
It follows from this kind of speculative reasoning about the unobservable inner structure of natural phenomena that scientific knowledge is only more or less probable. If we imagine a likely cause of some phenomenon as a configuration of unobservable particles and, despite further research, cannot discover another possible cause that is either as likely or more likely, we should rest content with the first hypothesis until something better is discovered.
When any question in physics is proposed for resolution, one should first think of an intelligible cause by which the effect that is observed in the proposed problem could be explained intelligibly and appropriately. One should then look to see if a more appropriate or equally appropriate cause can be found. If a more appropriate cause is found, it should be preferred. If one that is equally appropriate is found, it should be treated as equally confirmed. However, if none is found that is equally or more appropriate, the solution found should be adopted until a better or equally good one is found. (Regius 1654, Epilogue)
The acceptance of probable hypotheses as the best available was a significant revision of a model of human knowledge, originally derived from Aristotle, according to which genuine knowledge must achieve the degree of certainty that is provided by intuition and demonstration (Clarke 2011). While other natural philosophers, even at the conclusion of the seventeenth century, refused to classify explanations of natural phenomena as knowledge, because they were uncertain, Regius had accepted in mid-century that such uncertainty is inevitable except in the case of divine revelation. “Although, apart from divine revelation, there is no apodictic certainty about things that exist outside our mind, but only moral or probable and likely certainty, that is still sufficient to perform adequately and to control all the activities of human life, since nothing more is required for them apart from moral or probable truth or the certainty and likelihood of knowledge” (Regius 1654, 351).
Regius acknowledged objections, as early as 1641, to scholastic descriptions of human nature, according to which the human mind or soul was the substantial form of the body that was capable, after death, of existing on its own. As indicated above, he accepted Descartes' general objections to the intelligibility and explanatory usefulness of substantial forms. It was unclear to him, therefore, how such forms could be used to describe or explain human nature. His reservations about substantial forms were articulated in the draft copy of Fundamenta physices, which he had sent to Descartes prior to publication. The latter's objections caused Regius to delete three of the more controversial claims about God and the soul from the published text. However, they re-appeared in the Corollaries of Regius 1647, and in the second edition of the text, Philosophia naturalis (1654).
Descartes had defined material substance in terms of its principal attribute, extension. Regius endorsed that position when he rejected any distinction between a corporeal substance and its extension.
There is no need to imagine that there is a substance in a body in which extension exists, and that it is something which in its nature or in reality is distinct from extension, because realities should not be multiplied without necessity. Extension does not need such a subject, as something that is distinct from itself; but it is capable of existing on its own. (Regius 1646, 2; the phrase in italics was added in Regius 1654, 3.)
One would expect the same logic to apply to thinking, as an attribute that does not require a distinct substance. Nonetheless, Regius initially stopped short of saying that. While accepting that divine revelation teaches that the mind is a substance, he emphasized that it is organically united with the body. “The human mind, although it is a substance that is really distinct from the body, is however organic as long as it exists in the body” (1646, 246). The mind was also described as being “united most closely with the body in one substance” (Regius 1646, 248).
However, once he had been rebuked publicly by Descartes, Regius was free to express himself more explicitly. In the Corollaries (Regius 1647), he wrote:
As far as the nature of things is concerned, it seems possible for the soul to be either a substance or a mode of a physical substance. Or, if we follow some other philosophers [i.e., Descartes] who stipulate that extension and thought are attributes which are present in certain substances as their subjects, then since these attributes are not opposites but are just different from each other, there is nothing to prevent the mind from being an attribute of some kind which applies to the same subject as extension, even though neither attribute is included in the concept of the other (thesis 2).
This is further developed in Regius 1654, in which he argues that the concepts of extension and thinking are not incompatible and, “accordingly, they [the attributes] may both be present in the same simple subject” (337). This anticipates the question (and the implied answer) that was discussed by Locke, in the Essay IV, iii, 6, whether God may have superadded thought to a material substance. In the version proposed by Regius, there are no reasons why it would be impossible for a material entity to have the property of thinking because, although thinking and extension have nothing in common, they are not incompatible.
Regius also included in the Corollaries two other theses that were critical of Descartes and had been omitted from the Fundamenta Physices: in thesis 3, he claimed that ‘those who assert that we conceive of the human mind clearly and distinctly as necessarily and really distinct from the body are mistaken’, and in thesis 13 that ‘all common notions that are engraved in the mind derive their origin from the observation of things or from tradition’. Regius also claimed that these conclusions from experience and reason, within the scope of natural philosophy, were consistent with thesis 4, that divine revelation provides indubitable evidence for belief that the human mind is a distinct substance.
These early statements in thesis form of criticisms of Descartes were subsequently expanded in Regius 1654. Many of Descartes' contemporaries had understood him as arguing that there must be a real distinction between mind and body because it is possible to doubt having a body although it is impossible to doubt having a mind. Regius addressed this argument explicitly:
The fact that we can doubt the body but cannot possibly doubt the mind does not prevent the mind from being a mode of the body. That merely proves that, while we are doubting the body, we cannot say with certainty that the mind is its mode. In the mean time, since the body about which we doubt may nevertheless subsist and since there is no reason why it may not be modified by the mind—which is evident from what has been said earlier—this is enough to show that the mind of which we are certain may be a mode of that doubtful body. (1654, 338)
Given Regius' disagreement with Descartes about the concept of a human mind, and his rejection of innate ideas, it was not surprising that he also rejected the ontological argument for God's existence that Descartes had proposed in the Fifth Meditation (AT VII, 65). The Dutch philosopher accepted that the “actual and necessary existence of God is comprehended in the idea or concept of God.” He argued, however, that it does not follow from that concept that God exists actually and necessarily. “It merely follows that, if he existed anywhere, he would exist necessarily rather than contingently or that, in that case, he would not be capable of not existing” (Regius 1654, 357).
One could interpret the gradual dissociation between Regius and Descartes, and the rejection by the former of the latter's metaphysics, as an endorsement by Regius of one dominant feature of the Cartesian enterprise, namely, the new natural philosophy that was inaugurated in Le Monde. Regius had followed the logic of Descartes' natural philosophy by denying any explanatory value in the hypothesis of souls in animals. “Since indeed the actions of beasts … can be explained simply by the disposition of their spirits and other bodily parts, and since entities should not be multiplied without necessity, we have no reason to attribute any intellect to beasts” (Regius 1646, 241–42). He might have followed the same logic in the case of human intelligence, had he not been restrained by his understanding of the teaching of Scripture, and his apparent acceptance on biblical grounds that the human mind is an immaterial substance. Rather than endorse Cartesian metaphysics, as found in the Meditations, which seemed to return its author to the scholastic philosophy that he explicitly rejected, Regius struggled with the competing demands of Scripture and the logic of Cartesian natural philosophy. The challenge of this conjunction is evident in Regius' repeated attempts to describe the unity of mind and body ‘in a single substance’ (1646, 248) while maintaining that the mind is “something that is really distinct from the body and is separable from it in reality” (1646, 246). This epistemic dualism, to the effect that we acquire some beliefs from natural knowledge and others from Scripture, has been understood, by some readers, as intellectually dishonest and as a typical libertine camouflage for cryptic materialism (Hallyn, 2005). But, as Bos (2013) shows, Regius may have accepted the limits of human knowledge, based on reason and experience, and also adopted a commonplace understanding of the certainty of Scripture. By doing so, he became a reluctant dualist without endorsing Cartesian metaphysics.
- 1640a, Disputatio medico-physiologica pro sanguinis circulatione, Utrecht: Aeg. Roman.
- 1640b, Spongia qua eluuntur sordes Animadversionum, quas Jacobus Primirosius, Doctor Medicus, adversus Theses pro Circulatione sanguinis in Academia Ultrajectina disputatas nuper edidit, Leiden: W. Christiaens. (Bound in Medical Dissertations, 139–66.)
- 1641a, Physiologia, sive Cognitio sanitatis. Tribus disputationibus in Academia Ultrajectina publice proposita, Utrecht: Aeg. Roman; reprinted in Bos 2002, 195–248.
- 1641b, Disputatio medica prima [–tertia] De illustribus aliquot quaestionibus physiologicis, Utrecht: Aeg. Roman.
- 1642, Responsio, sive Notae in Appendicem ad Corollaria Theologico-Philosophica Viri Reverendi et Celeberrimi D. Gisberti Voetii, SS. Theologiae Doctoris et Professoris, et in Academiâ Ultrajectina p.t. Rectoris Magnifici, verbique Divini in Ecclesia Ministri, Utrecht: J. van Doorn.
- 1646, Fundamenta Physices, Amsterdam: Louis Elsevier.
- 1647, Medicatio viri cachexia leucophlegmatica affecti. Corollaria, Utrecht: Johannes à Noortdyck.
- 1648, Brevis Explicatio Mentis Humanae, sive animae rationalis: ubi explicatur, quid sit, & quid esse possit, Utrecht: Th. ab Ackersdijck, G. à Zijll.
- 1650, De Affectibus animi dissertatio, Utrecht: Th. ab Ackersdijck.
- 1654, Philosophia naturalis, Amsterdam: L. Elsevier (2nd enlarged edn. of Regius 1646).
- 1661, Philosophia naturalis, Amsterdam: L. and D. Elsevier (3rd edn. of Regius 1646).
See also Erik-Jan Bos (ed.), The Correspondence between Descartes and Henricus Regius, Utrecht: The Leiden-Utrecht Research Institute of Philosophy, 2002. This includes significant changes to the correspondence as published in Descartes 1964–76. [Available online.]
- Andreae, Tobias, 1653. Brevis Replicatio Reposita Brevi Explicationi Mentis Humanae, sive animae Rationalis, D. Henrici Regii, Medici ac Philosophi Ultrajectini, Amsterdam: L. Elzevier.
- Descartes, René, 1648. Notae in Programma quoddam, sub finem Anni 1647 in Belgio editum, cum hoc titulo: Explicatio Mentis humanae, sive Animae rationalis, ubi explicatur quid sit, & quid esse posset, Amsterdam: L. Elzevier.
- Descartes, René, [AT]. Oeuvres de Descartes, revised edition., Ch. Adam and P. Tannery (eds.), 12 volumes. Paris: Vrin/CNRS, 1964–76.
- Descartes, René, [CB]. Descartes' Conversation with Burman, trans. J. Cottingham. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976.
- Descartes, René, The Correspondence of René Descartes 1643, T. Verbeek, E.-J. Bos, and J. van de Ven (eds.), Utrecht: Zeno Institute of Philosophy, 2003. [This is the first volume of a projected complete edition of Descartes' correspondence.] [Available online.]
- Medical Dissertations 1636–60, A compilation at the British Library in which some of Regius' disputations are bound.
- Schoock, Martinus, 1643. Admiranda Methodus novae philosophiae Renati des Cartes, Utrecht: J. van Waesberge. French trans. in Verbeek 1988, 157–320.
- Voetius, Gisbertus, 1648–69. Selectarum Disputationum Theologicarum, 5 volumes, Utrecht and Amsterdam: J. van Waesberge.
- Bitbol-Herpéries, Annie, 1993. ‘Descartes et Regius: leur pensée médicale,’ in Verbeek 1993, 47–68.
- Bellis, Delphine, 2013. ‘Empiricism without Metaphysics: Regius' Cartesian Natural Philosophy’, in M. Dobre and T. Nyden (eds.), Cartesian Empiricisms, Dordrecht: Springer, 151–83.
- Bos, Erik-Jan, 1999. ‘Descartes's Lettre Apologétique aux Magistrats d'Utrecht: New Facts and Materials,’ Journal of the History of Philosophy, 37: 415–33.
- Bos, Erik-Jan, 2013. ‘Henricus Regius et les limites de la philosophie Cartésienne’, in D. Kolesnik-Antoine, ed. Qu'est-ce qu'être cartésien?, Lyon: ENS Editions.
- Clarke, Desmond M., 2006. Descartes: A Biography, New York: Cambridge University Press.
- –––, 2010. ‘The Physics and Metaphysics of the Mind: Descartes and Regius’, in Mind, Method, and Morality: Essays in Honour of Anthony Kenny, ed. J. Cottingham and P. Hacker, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 187–207.
- –––, 2011. ‘Hypotheses’, in The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy in Early Modern Europe, ed. D. Clarke and C. Wilson, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 249–71.
- Fowler, C. F., 1999. Descartes on the Human Soul. Philosophy and the Demands of Christian Doctrine, Dordrecht: Kluwer.
- Hallyn, F., 2005. ‘La Philosophia naturalis de Regius et l'écriture athée’, Libertinage et philosophie au XVIIe siècle, 9: 37–46.
- Olivo, G., 1993. ‘L'homme en personne’, in Verbeek 1993, 69–91.
- Schmalz, Tad, 1997. ‘Descartes on innate ideas, sensation, and scholasticism: The response to Regius’, Oxford Studies in the History of Philosophy, 2: 33–73.
- Verbeek, Theo, 1988. La Querelle d'Utrecht, Paris: Les impressions nouvelles.
- –––, 1992. Descartes and the Dutch: Early Reactions to Cartesian Philosophy, 1637–1650, Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press.
- –––, 1994. ‘Regius's Fundamenta Physices,’ Journal of the History of Ideas, 55: 533–551.
- –––, 2000. ‘The Invention of Nature: Descartes and Regius,’ in Descartes' Natural Philosophy, ed. S. Gaukroger, J. Shuster and J. Sutton, London and New York: Routledge, 149–67.
- Verbeek, Theo (ed.), 1993. Descartes et Regius: Autour de l'Explication de l'esprit humain, Amsterdam-Atlanta: Rodopi.
- Wilson, Catherine, 2000. ‘Descartes and the Corporeal Mind: Some Implications of the Regius Affair’, in Descartes' Natural Philosophy, ed. S. Gaukroger et al., London and New York: Routledge, 659–79.
How to cite this entry. Preview the PDF version of this entry at the Friends of the SEP Society. Look up this entry topic at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project (InPhO). Enhanced bibliography for this entry at PhilPapers, with links to its database.
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Animal Agrosecurity and Emergency Management
Threats to livestock production include natural disasters, disease outbreaks, agroterrorism, and other emergencies. Proper animal agrosecurity and emergency management reduces the effects of these incidents.
The EDEN Animal Agrosecurity and Emergency Management Course is a vital educational resource to help all people involved protect animals and ensure a safe food and fiber supply. Available online, the course is designed for Extension professionals, emergency managers, health officials, and others who recognize the need for improved animal agrosecurity and emergency management education in their communities.
The EDEN Animal Agrosecurity and Emergency Management course will prepare you with the knowledge and skills necessary to teach others in your community how to:
- apply emergency management principles to animal emergencies
- recognize threats, identify vulnerabilities, and establish an action plan for animal disasters
- partner with interagency representatives in an interdisciplinary effort to address animal emergency issues
Materials provided with this EDEN course are available for use at workshops and/or community awareness presentations. They include:
- ready-to-use presentations
- applied activity guidelines including scenario-based exercises
- printable documents suitable for handouts
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||EDEN does not charge for use of these materials. Cost will depend on the local cost of meeting space (if offered in a classroom setting) and printing handouts.|
Online Course: Self-paced; approximately 8 contact hours.Classroom Delivery: Approximately 8 hours total (this may vary depending upon the amount of optional supplemental material, videos, activities, etc. incorporated into each lesson presentation).
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An interdisciplinary team of specialists from the University of Kentucky developed the EDEN Animal Agrosecurity and Emergency Management Course.
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Developed for EDEN by the University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service, with support from USDA.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.)
USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
Additional funding provided by the Bioterrorism Training and Curriculum Development Program (BTCDP) of the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Preparedness and Response (ASPR), grant #5 T01HP001397-05-00.
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Exploring farmer adoption of conservation agriculture using a lab-in-the-field approach
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Climate change poses a significant threat to livelihoods of rural communities around the world. A key policy challenge is increasing the resilience of smallholder farmers while sustainably intensifying production. Adopting conservation agriculture (CA) techniques is argued to achieve this combination: By boosting water and nutrient retention in soil it mitigates losses from poor rainfall, while causing soil health to improve over time, increasing yields. However, because these yield improvements occur slowly, they can take a long time to pay off—a decade on average, according to one review.
This long timespan poses problems for both farmers and for researchers trying to better understand the dynamics of CA adoption.
For farmers, the challenge is that realizing benefits takes years, but the costs are immediate. They must invest time in learning and applying new techniques, and use more labor or inputs for weeding. Since some benefits are in the form of public goods, such as reduced soil erosion, subsidies could be appropriate to help tide farmers over until private gains are realized. For researchers it is inherently difficult to conduct an experiment that may require many years before the full impacts can be evaluated. As a result, there is a lack of experimental evidence available to show whether CA programs can deliver benefits to smallholder farmers in developing countries.
In our recent discussion paper, we attempt to address both challenges. To promote CA adoption, we propose a subsidy payment for a fixed time during the initial years of adoption, with the aim of enabling farmers to overcome the initial cost barrier and getting them close to the point where adoption begins to yield personal gains. We conducted an experiment that showed the potential efficacy of this approach. | <urn:uuid:b7e995d9-4bc1-4124-a577-21925428f070> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.cgiar.org/news-events/news/exploring-farmer-adoption-of-conservation-agriculture-using-a-lab-in-the-field-approach/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710808.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201085558-20221201115558-00489.warc.gz | en | 0.935975 | 366 | 3.171875 | 3 |
The concept of natural capital lies at the heart of the Government’s recently published 25 Year Environment Plan.
Defined as “the parts of the natural environment that produce value to people”, natural capital is set to play an increasingly influential role in how public policy develops, especially in special areas such as National Parks.
The Exmoor Society hast published the report of a commissioned study to investigate whether the natural capital approach can be used to include all the natural and cultural elements that make up Exmoor’s landscape. Titled Towards a Register of Exmoor’s Natural Capital , it prioritises those areas which need sustainable management by farmers and land managers and can be increased in extent and quality. The objective was to develop and pilot, in three areas, a practical toolkit for identifying the natural capital assets that deliver the full range of public benefits that can be provided by Exmoor.
The study breaks new ground in four ways:
- It proposes a classification describing all elements of natural capital in a Register.
- It investigates and describes the relationship between natural capital and cultural considerations, a topic frequently neglected.
- It uses landscape character to ensure descriptions of natural capital are place-based and captures the distinctiveness and special qualities of landscape.
- It shows the importance of involving local knowledge and values to gain the commitment of the people who own, manage or use natural capital. This gives them a personal stake in the concept of natural capital.
“Farming in a national park is about much more than conventional commodity production,” said Dr Keith Howe, vice-chairman of Exmoor Society.
“In Exmoor, farmers also play a key role in creating, enhancing and maintaining its visual landscape so greatly enjoyed and valued by visitors and residents alike. In part, this landscape stems from extensive sheep and cattle livestock farming which uses the moorland, and partly from farmers in a role as stewards of the wider countryside.
“Farmers also provide holiday and recreational facilities. They and their families are the also bedrock of a great deal of Exmoor’s social life and traditions. Other human dimensions include the tangible artefacts of its history and archaeology and intangibles such as the stories people tell about Exmoor, whether real or, like Lorna Doone, fictional. Cultural aspects are also part of what makes Exmoor a unique place of outstanding value.”
The study makes significant suggestions for developing a natural capital register on Exmoor and testing its use in other areas. These cover the following topics:
- Need to improve understanding of natural capital and particularly the way that it supports cultural ecosystem services.
- Technical developments in database design and improving access to existing datasets will improve the usefulness of the register.
- Lack of information on some key assets, for example hedges and other landscape features, needs to be tackled by developing a robust standard methodology so that gaps in data can be filled.
- The register should be expanded so that it can be used to estimate the value of all the services provided by Exmoor, demonstrating the full worth of the National Park designation to the nation.
Rachel Thomas, Chairman of Exmoor Society, added: “The study supports the post-Brexit agri-environmental report Exmoor’s Ambition . One of the principles of this is that future farm payments should be based on a register of natural capital on each holding. The work on the three pilot farms used in the Register should be an invaluable contribution.”
The origins of the study lie in the keynote address given to the Society’s 2017 Spring Conference by Professor Dieter Helm, chair of the government’s Natural Capital Committee. In response to a question about the use of natural capital in National Parks, he challenged Exmoor to investigate how the concept could be used in the context of the designation and its statutory purposes. The Trustees of the Exmoor Society responded to his challenge by commissioning this study.
Upon receipt of the completed Register Prof Dieter Helm said: “This is an important first step! It is very gratifying to make a remark intended as a challenge and actually get it taken seriously and acted upon.”
The full report and technical appendix by Robert Deane and Anne Walker of Rural Focus Ltd can be viewed on The Exmoor Society’s website www.exmoorsociety.com | <urn:uuid:b86d961b-1998-4295-a14d-25d61b691b1e> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.devonlive.com/news/devon-news/report-published-study-natural-capital-1776243 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583509958.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20181015225726-20181016011226-00305.warc.gz | en | 0.917578 | 914 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Onegaishimasu (おねがいします) is a formal Japanese greeting used in the game of Go before a game starts.
"Onegaishimasu" is the correct polite Japanese phrase to say to one's opponent before starting to play: o negai shimasu
"Please do your best", "Please have a good game", "if you please", or "I pray you..." Literally: "do me this favor"
The English-language version of Hikaru no Go retains the words "Onegaishimasu" and "Yoroshiku Onegaishimasu" in the translation and adaptation.
OneWeirdDude: Oh? I thought it was always, "Please," in the English version.
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Chestnut: onegai is the honorific form of negai which is a "wish" (verb negau). shimasu is just the formal form of the verb suru which means "to do". So saying onegai shimasu is like saying "do me this favor". It's a common phrase in Japanese, and is what you generally will say to someone when they're going to do something for you or when you're asking them to do something for you. In greetings it's kind of like saying "please favor me with your attention" or something.
Bill: I wonder what the onegai (request) is. "Please don't beat me too badly"? ;-)
Bisqwit: "Please do your best", "Please have a good game", "Please begin" (although it wouldn't make sense to say "please begin" to white)... I think it's just a common polite phrase to say when somebody is to start doing something. In the plain form ("onegai"), it can be used in negative, as "please don't ...", too.
kokiri I always took it for an abbreviation for 'yoroshiku onegaishimasu' as this is what you say when you meet someone for the first time, at new year etc
Bob Myers: Rather than thinking of the "yoroshiku" part as something that's being abbreviated in the shorter form, you can think of it as adding additional emphasis--"please do be so kind as to...".
RafaelCaetano: After nigiri.
joh?: What is the proper response?
Bob Myers: Just say onegai shimasu back.
nodog: Is there a Korean or Chinese equivalent to this?
EdChi?: The chinese version that is somewhat equivalent is: "qǐng duōduō zhǐjiāo" ("请多多指教") ("Please instruct me.")
Kainey?: Korean equivalent is '한수 잘 부탁드립니다'(han-su jal bu-tak-de-lib-ni-da), its indirect translation being 'I ask for a good game', and directly, '한수' means 'a hand', '잘 부탁드립니다' means 'ask nicely', hence full sentence forming, '(I) ask nicely for a hand' (a hand in Korean also can mean 'a move' for Korean Go terminology)
sh: When I said "onegai shimasu" before a match, I got the response "Kochirakoso yoroshiku". By googling for this term I found out that it could be translated with "it's me who should say that". It is used when a weaker player replies to a stronger player who said "onegai shimasu". It is also possible to say "kochirakoso yoroshiku onegai shimasu"
In a game on DGS recently someone greeted me with "Onegaishimasu (may we act with honor)". Should I take it from this page that this translation is incorrect (it seems so, but I know Japanese can be layered with some multiple meanings)? If that is the case, is there some other go phrase in Japanese with this meaning? The phrase "may we act with honor" just sounds very... Japanese. And I think it's a very good embodiment of good attitude towards the game! -- Dickie | <urn:uuid:d1e66400-649e-45c6-b400-09c73cf85782> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://senseis.xmp.net/?Onegaishimasu | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122691893.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124180451-00015-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944757 | 932 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The forecast in statistics is the estimation of what is expected to happen with respect to a variable. This, based on a numerical analysis.
In other words, the forecast is a way of anticipating what may happen in the future, always using mathematical tools.
The forecast can be used at different levels, allowing decisions to be taken to mitigate the negative effects that certain contingencies may have if they materialize.
For example, a company can forecast expected sales for the next year, considering a negative scenario, a moderate one and an optimistic one. For each of them, suppose that the estimated variation in income is 1%, 4% and 10%, respectively. To arrive at this result, many variables, both internal and external to the organization, and, of course, historical data were included.
Similarly, a country's monetary authority can make a forecast of how much gross domestic product (GDP) could grow during the second quarter of the year. This, compared to the same period of the previous year. This forecast should be based on a comprehensive econometric study.
With the above, we can infer that a forecast is objective and not intuitive, as a prediction could be.
That is, the prediction could be based on logic or a theoretical framework, but the forecast is based on a numerical analysis.
Forecasts in a company or project can be classified as follows:
- Short-term forecasts: It is valid for one year. It is often used to plan the supply of inputs, calculate the level of production and for the allocation of labor to different tasks.
- Medium-term forecasts: They can have a term of six months to three years. They are used to estimate sales, production, and cash flow. Likewise, they allow structuring budgets based on medium and long-term objectives.
- Long-term forecasts: They have a horizon of more than three years. They are often used to estimate the results of certain investments, study the launch of new products, evaluate market trends and, in general, develop long-range projects.
Some tools for forecasting are as follows:
- Confidence intervals.
- ARMA model.
- GARCH model.
- Regression analysis.
- Maximum likelihood estimate. | <urn:uuid:c75519c4-c4ca-428b-816d-451512b5ce1b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://goka-finance.com/definiciones-pronostico-WMR | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00015.warc.gz | en | 0.942565 | 471 | 3.890625 | 4 |
A few years ago, Dr. Steve Peters, a neuropsychologist and director of the Memory Clinic at Utah’s Intermountain Healthcare, was invited to talk to a group of leaders at Cisco Systems, the technology company.
The group wanted to know how best to teach Cisco’s complicated networking schemata to employees, in person and through teleconferencing and video platforms. Quickly and effectively, they needed to reach a broad audience with varied aptitudes for learning.
- How best do we do this?
- How do we keep them engaged and teach them so that they can move forward with their new knowledge?
To make his case, Peters got down to the nitty-gritty. He described what learning looks like on a cellular level.
We’re not talking about rote memorization or short-term memory here, but rather, the absorption of knowledge for the long haul. It’s an outcome called Long Term Potentiation.
First, consider a typical, lazy learning moment:
You’re listening, half-heartedly taking notes, and thinking in a distracted way about what you’re hearing. On a molecular level, the neurochemical glutamate is enabling the transfer of sodium from a presynaptic neuron to a postsynaptic neuron through so-called AMPA receptors. It’s a weak synapse and is not enough to cause Long Term Potentiation.
Now, consider a moment when you’re in the front row and at the edge of your seat. That engaging moment is followed by more reading and discussion with classmates. You feel good about your ability to expound on the topic (read more about dopamine’s effect on learning here).
On a molecular level, an increased concentration of glutamate has let even more sodium through receptors of the post-synaptic cell. More sodium there causes a repulsion of a plug of magnesium that previously had been blocking another type of receptor, called the NMDA receptor.
With the magnesium bumped out, more sodium and now calcium molecules rush from one neuron to the other. Calcium, in turn, activates more intracellular cascades. In other words, there is greater activity and the connection strength of the presynaptic and
postsynaptic neurons increases.
That’s Long Term Potentiation. Watch this excellent video of LTP.
If getting smarter comes from the accumulation of sprinkles of connections, then LTP is when your brain shifts that sprinkle to a healthy pour of synaptic connections.
Lazy learning is a single-lane, ramshackle bridge, leading from one neuron to the next. After you pay the toll of increased focus and engagement, LTP is a wide, smooth thoroughfare of a bridge. Yahoo!
In the Cisco meeting room, people were intrigued. As horse owners we, too, should pay attention to this learning outcome.
Turns out LTP has a lot to do with how we present information, the teacher’s approach, and the students’ attitude. At this cellular level, the neuroscience for humans and horses is the same. (For all the Junior Scientists out there, for purposes of this discussion, LTP is occurring in the brain’s hippocampus, known as the region where memories are formed.)
How do we get our students (horses) to the point of LTP?
— Even if the work is tedious, it can and should be presented in a non-tedious manner. In other words, make it fun and get creative. Don’t repeat patterns over and over and over. Drilling will make your students (horses) frustrated, annoyed, and resentful.
— For maximum engagement, keep lessons short and energetic. Allow for recesses.
— For your student’s optimal learning, find his/her ideal psychological state between comfort and fear, between boredom and panic.
— Remember that threatening students with severe punishment can activate their fight or flight response. Neither horses nor humans can learn when they’re panicked.
— Incorporate on-the-job training and use immersion techniques. Foreign language students learn better when they are using that language and incorporating into other tasks. Horses learn about side-passing and turning on their fore and hind, when they are working with cows, moving through gates, or out on the trail.
repeatedly and believe their horses will learn best in the ‘warm and fuzzy’ zone of routine comfort. “Repetition can create resentment. Horses can get frustrated, shut down, and take a defensive stance,” said Black. “If you build on that, they become more protective and more violent. I can’t tell you what it looks like. It’s a process.”
As for riding without some occasional discomfort or excitement, said Black: “Students will say, ‘we don’t want to get them excited.’ My message is ‘yes, you do!’ We need to get them out of the comfort zone. And, that’s what the science is backing. Riders need to experiment.”
Often Black’s students confuse their horses’ alertness for panic and back away from a prime learning opportunity. “A curious horse has his head up. His eyes are alert. He’s taking it in. He’s not reacting in a self-preservation mode. He’s not
running or panicking. That’s where I’m trying to get people to go.”
While some riders have found this ideal learning state, many fall into two groups populating each edge of the territory: they are Nurturers and Warriors. Nurturers (mostly women) never get out of the comfort zone. Warriors (mostly men) are prone to bouncing off the flight or fight territory of horses’ sympathetic response. Read about the autonomic nervous system here.
A horse’s optimal state for LTP will look like this, according to Black and confirmed by Peters: “His head comes up. His ears come up. He’s taking in information. Maybe he’s starting to get tense, starting to get alert and is ready to do something.”
It’s the ideal moment for learning and an opportunity many riders unfortunately quash. “That’s when people start to get uncomfortable because they’re not sure what’s going to happen. But that’s precisely where people need to experiment if they are training a horse. Maybe the rider needs more experience and being successful without hitting the ground. But once you say, I’m going to be more of a trainer and less of a passenger, you’ll gravitate to this zone,” said Black.
“But if you can’t handle the one-rein stop, can’t stay on, get too scared, then your horse is not going to advance either. You, the rider, must have as many tools in your toolbox as your horse. It’s proportionate.”
Read about Dwell Time research
Read about the Wobble Board of Learning | <urn:uuid:9bb443f8-51ad-4692-8ebb-229acda1fc45> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://horsehead.info/optimal-learning-in-the-horse/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155817.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20180919024323-20180919044323-00386.warc.gz | en | 0.935254 | 1,500 | 2.734375 | 3 |
When one picks up a Bible, reads Genesis chapter 1, and takes it at face value, it seems to say that God created the world, the universe, and everything in them in six ordinary (approximately 24 hour) days. However, there is a view in our churches which has become prevalent over the years that these “days” could have been thousands, millions, or even billions of years in duration. Does it really matter what length these days were? Is it possible to determine whether or not they were ordinary days, or long periods of time?
What is a “day?”
The word for “day” in Genesis 1 is the Hebrew word yom. It can mean either a day (in the ordinary 24-hour day), the daylight portion of an ordinary 24-hour day (i.e., day as distinct from the night), or occasionally it is used in the sense of an indefinite period of time (e.g., “in the time of the Judges” or “In the day of the Lord”). Without exception, in the Hebrew Old Testament the word yom never means “period” (i.e., it is never used to refer to a definite long period of time with specific beginning and end points). The word which means a long period of time in Hebrew is olam. Furthermore, it is important to note that even when the word yom is used in the indefinite sense, it is clearly indicated by the context that the literal meaning of the word “day” is not intended.
Some people say the word “day” in Genesis may have been used symbolically and is thus not meant to be taken literally. However, an important point that many fail to consider is that a word can never be symbolic the first time it is used! In fact, a word can only be used symbolically when it has first had a literal meaning. In the New Testament we are told that Jesus is the “door.” We know what this means because we know the word “door” means an entrance. Because we understand its literal meaning, it is able to be applied in a symbolic sense to Jesus Christ, so we understand that “He” is not literally a door. The word “door” could not be used in this manner unless it first had the literal meaning we understand it to have. Thus, the word “day” cannot be used symbolically the first time it is used in the Book of Genesis, as this is where God not only introduced the word “day” into the narrative, but also defined it as He invented it. Indeed, this is why the author of Genesis has gone to great lengths to carefully define the word “day” the first time it appears. In Genesis 1:4 we read, “
And God saw the light, that it was good; and God divided the light from the darkness” called “night.” Genesis 1:5 then finishes with: “
And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day.” This is the same phrase used for each of the other five days and shows there was a clearly established cycle of days and nights (i.e., periods of light and periods of darkness).
A day and the sun
Light was in existence, coming from one direction upon a rotating earth, resulting in the day and night cycle.
But how could there be day and night if the sun wasn’t in existence? After all, it is clear from Genesis 1 that the sun was not created until day four. Genesis 1:3 tells us that God created light on the first day, and the phrase “
evening and morning” shows there were alternating periods of light and darkness. Therefore, light was in existence, coming from one direction upon a rotating earth, resulting in the day and night cycle. However, we are told exactly where this light came from. The word for “light” in Genesis 1:3 means the substance of light that was created. Then, on day four in Genesis 1:14–19 we are told of the creation of the sun which was to be the source of light from that time onward. The sun was created to rule the day that already existed. The day stayed the same. It merely had a new light source. The first three days of creation (before the sun) were the same type of days as the three days with the sun. Perhaps God deliberately left the creation of the sun until the fourth day because He knew that down through the ages cultures would try to worship the sun as the source of life. Not only this, modern theories tell us the sun came before the earth. God is showing us that He made the earth and light to start with, that He can sustain it with its day and night cycle and that the sun was created on day four as a tool of His to be the bearer of light from that time.
Probably one of the major reasons people tend not to take the days of Genesis as ordinary days is because they believe that scientists have proved the earth to be billions of years old. But this is not true. There is no absolute age-dating method to determine how old the earth is. Besides this, there is much evidence consistent with a belief in a young age for the earth, perhaps only thousands of years.
Incidentally, those who say that a day could be millions of years must answer the question, “What is a night?”
Why six days?
God is an infinite being. He has infinite power, infinite knowledge, infinite wisdom. Obviously, God could then make anything He desired. He could have created the whole universe, the earth and all it contains in no time at all. Perhaps the question we should be asking is why did God take as long as six days? After all, six days is a peculiar period for an infinite being to make anything. The answer can be found in Exodus 20:11. Exodus 20 contains the Ten Commandments, and it should be remembered that these commandments were written on stone by the very “finger of God.” In Exodus we read: “
And he gave unto Moses, when he had made an end of communing with him upon mount Sinai, two tables of testimony, tables of stone, written with the finger of God” (Exod. 31:18). The fourth commandment, in verse 9 of chapter 20, tells us that we are to work for six days and rest for one. The justification for this is given in verse 11: “
For in six days the Lord made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that in them is, and rested the seventh day; wherefore the Lord blessed the sabbath day, and hallowed it.” This is a direct reference to God’s creation week in Genesis 1. To be consistent (and we must be), whatever is used as the meaning of the word “day” in Genesis 1 must also be used here. If you are going to say the word “day” means a long period of time in Genesis, then it has been already shown that the only way this can be is in the sense of the “day” being an indefinite or indeterminate period of time, not a definite period of time. Thus, the sense of Exodus 20:9–11 would have to be “six indefinite periods shalt thou labor and rest a seventh indefinite period.” This, however, makes no sense at all. By accepting the days as ordinary days, we understand that God is telling us He worked for six ordinary days and rested one ordinary day to set a pattern for man—the pattern of our seven-day week which we still have today.
There are many inconsistencies in accepting the days in Genesis as long periods of time. For instance, we are told in Genesis 1:26–28 that God made the first man (Adam) on the sixth day. Adam lived through the rest of the sixth day and through the seventh day. We are told in Genesis 5:5 that he died when he was 930 years old. (We are not still in the seventh day as some people misconstrue, for Genesis 2:2 tells us God “rested” from His work of creation, not that He is resting from His work of creation.) If each day was, for example, a million years, then there are real problems. In fact, if each day were only a thousand years long, this still makes no sense of Adam’s age at death either.
A day is as a thousand years
Neither verse refers to the days of creation in Genesis, for they are dealing with God not being bound by time.
But some then refer to 2 Peter 3:8 which tells us: “
But, beloved, be not ignorant of this one thing, that one day is with the Lord as a thousand years, and a thousand years as one day.” This verse is used by many who teach, by inference at least, that the days in Genesis must each be a thousand years long. This reasoning, however, is quite wrong. Turning to Psalm 90:4 we read a similar verse: “
For a thousand years in thy sight are but as yesterday when it is past, and as a watch in the night.” In both 2 Peter 3 and Psalm 90 the whole context is that God is neither limited by natural processes nor by time. To the contrary, God is “outside” time, for He also “created” time. Neither verse refers to the days of creation in Genesis, for they are dealing with God not being bound by time. In 2 Peter 3, the context is in relation to Christ’s second coming, pointing out the fact that with God a day is just like a thousand years or a thousand years is just like one day. He is outside of time. This has nothing to do with the days of creation in Genesis.
Further, in 2 Peter 3:8 the word “day” is contrasted with “a thousand years.” The word “day” thus has a literal meaning which enables it to be contrasted with “a thousand years.” It could not be contrasted with “a thousand years” if it didn’t have a literal meaning. Thus, the thrust of the Apostle’s message is that God can do in a very short time what men or “nature” would require a very long time to accomplish, if they could accomplish it at all. It is interesting to note that evolutionists try to make out that the chance, random processes of “nature” required millions of years to produce man. Many Christians have accepted these millions of years, added them to the Bible and then said that God took millions of years to make everything. However, the point of 2 Peter 3:8 is that God is not limited by time, whereas evolution requires time (a very great deal of it!).
Days and years
In Genesis 1:14 we read that God said, “
Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days, and years.” If the word “day” here is not a literal day, then the word “years” being used in the same verse would be meaningless.
Day and covenant
Turning to Jeremiah 33:25–26 we read: “
Thus saith the Lord; If my covenant be not with day and night, and if I have not appointed the ordinances of heaven and earth; then will I cast away the seed of Jacob, and David my servant so that I will not take any of his seed to be rulers over the seed of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob; for I will cause their captivity to return, and have mercy on them.” The Lord is telling Jeremiah that He has a covenant with the day and the night which cannot be broken, and it is related to the promise to the descendants of David, including the One who was promised to take the throne (Christ). This covenant between God and the day and night began in Genesis 1, for God first defined and invented day and night when He spoke them into existence.
There is no clear origin for day and night in the Scripture other than Genesis 1. Therefore, this must be the beginning of this covenant. So if this covenant between the day and the night does not exist when God clearly says it does (i.e., if you do not take Genesis 1 to literally mean six ordinary days), then this promise given here through Jeremiah is on shaky ground.
Does the length of the day matter?
Finally, does it really matter whether we accept them as ordinary days or not? The answer is a most definite “Yes!” It is really a principle of how one approaches the Bible. For instance, if we don’t accept them as ordinary days then we have to ask the question, “What are they?” The answer is “We don’t know.” If we approach the days in this manner, then to be consistent we should approach other passages of Genesis in the same way. For instance, when it says God took dust and made Adam—what does this mean? If it does not mean what is says, then we don’t know what it means! We should take Genesis literally. Furthermore, it should be noted that you cannot “interpret literally,” for a “literal interpretation” is a contradiction in terms. You either take it literally or you interpret it! It is important to realize we should take it literally unless it is obviously symbolic, and when it is symbolic either the context will make it quite clear or we will be told in the text.
If a person says that we do not know what the word “day” means in Genesis, can another person who says they are literal days be accused of being wrong? The answer is “No,” because the person who accepts them as ordinary days does know what they mean. It is the person who does not know what the days mean who cannot accuse anyone of being wrong.
People try to make the word “day” say something else be cause they are trying to make room for the long ages of evolutionary geology. This doesn’t work because these supposed ages are represented by fossils showing death and struggle, and thus you are left with the same old problem of death and struggle before Adam. The Bible clearly indicates that there was no death and suffering before Adam’s sin.
When people accept at face value what Genesis is teaching and accept the days as ordinary days, they will have no problem understanding what the rest of Genesis is all about.
For in six days the Lord made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that in them is, and rested the seventh day; wherefore the Lord blessed the sabbath day, and hallowed it” (Exod. 20:11). | <urn:uuid:715718f2-57de-42ca-af1d-f8937ad9a609> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://answersingenesis.org/days-of-creation/why-did-god-take-six-days/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189472.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00638-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972117 | 3,150 | 3.25 | 3 |
Forty-six years ago this month, NASA Astronauts John W. Young and Michael Collins completed the highly successful mission of Gemini 10. Among other accomplishments, the Gemini 10 crew established a new manned spaceflight record when they rode their Gemini-Agena spacecraft to an altitude of 412 nm above the Earth.
The Gemini Program consisted of ten manned spaceflights flown in a twenty month period starting in March of 1965. Gemini pioneered key technologies required to land men on the Moon including space navigation, rendezvous, docking, orbital maneuvering, long-duration spaceflight and extra-vehicular activity (EVA). Without Gemini, the United States would not have achieved the goal of landing men on the Moon before the end of the 1960′s.
Gemini-Titan 10 (GT-10) was launched from LC-19 at Cape Canaveral, Florida on Monday, 18 July 1966. Lift-off time was 22:20:26 UTC. Roughly 100 minutes earlier, an Agena Target Vehicle (ATV) had been launched from LC-14 into a 162 nm circular parking orbit. Gemini 10 successfully rendezvoused and docked with the ATV at 04:15:00 UTC on Tuesday, 19 July 1966.
Using the Agena’s restartable rocket motor, the docked Gemini-Agena combination was boosted into a 412 nm x 159 nm elliptical orbit. This trajectory exposed the astronauts to flight through portions of the Earth’s radiation belts. Dosimeter measurements revealed that radiation levels at apogee did not constitute a significant health issue for the astronauts. While docked with the Agena, Collins conducted a 49-minute stand up EVA starting at 21:44:00 UTC on 19 July.
After several more burns of the Agena rocket motor, the astronauts undocked from the ATV at 19:00:00 UTC on Wednesday, 20 July 1966. These Agena-aided maneuvers placed Gemini 10 in a position to later use its own orbital maneuver system to complete a rendezvous with the Gemini 8 Agena Target Vehicle at an orbital altitude of 204 nm. This event marked the first time in spaceflight history that a spacecraft successfully rendezvoused with two separate vehicles on the same mission.
At 23:01:00 UTC on 20 July, Collins started a 39-minute EVA in which he floated over to examine the Gemini 8 ATV. He had difficulty trying to hold on to the vehicle, but was able to retrieve a micrometeorite collector for analysis back on Earth. Collins also used a hand-held maneuvering unit powered by nitrogen gas. This effort was short-lived as he quickly ran out of the gaseous propellant. Finally, Collins reentered the Gemini 10 and with some effort was able to secure his hatch.
After 43 orbits, Gemini 10 reentered the Earth’s atmosphere on Thursday, 21 July 1966. The spacecraft landed at 21:07:05 UTC in the Atlantic Ocean, only 3 nm off target. Crew and spacecraft were recovered by the USS Guadalcanal.
Though highly successful, Gemini 10, like all Gemini missions, had its share of problems. But, just like all other Gemini missions, it was in the overcoming of its problems that Gemini 10 moved the United States materially closer to the realization of the nation’s lunar landing goal. While trying times lay ahead for the United States space effort, including a national tragedy, that lofty goal would be realized in the summer of 1969. | <urn:uuid:faa1a86b-4977-49bc-a1de-a32a919c5f7c> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://blog.seattlepi.com/americanaerospace/2012/07/09/the-flight-of-gemini-10/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190234.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00100-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940016 | 720 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Chemistry - A Level at Northallerton College
During the two years of the course you will study a range of different topics. These include all the theory for further study in chemistry and related subjects but all about specific processes in industry. There is a strong element of practical work throughout the course which complements the theory.
A minimum of grade B GCSE in the sciences and grade 6 in English and maths.
A variety of teaching and learning styles are used, including practical work, individual research, interactive lectures and group work. We are also keen to promote self-study as this is vital to success at A level. is also given on a regular basis, to ensure students are provided with the support they need to succeed.
Traditionally, A level chemistry is key to studying degrees in medicine, veterinary science, dentistry and, of course, chemistry. It also provides a broad set of analytical and mathematical skills key to subjects such as law, geological sciences and accountancy, to name but a few.
How to apply
If you want to apply for this course, you will need to contact Northallerton College directly. | <urn:uuid:89cef5c4-f7c4-4fd1-87aa-d9ac3ce8309c> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.ucasprogress.com/course/2559327/chemistry-a-level | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578517558.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20190418101243-20190418122322-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.94835 | 231 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Scientists at the HI-STEM stem cell institute in Heidelberg have shown that the stem cells responsible for replenishing blood cells have the greatest potential of self-renewal of any other stem cells. However, they are normally in a dormant state, and only become active upon exposure to certain stress factors. This protects the genomes of the stem cells from damage that causes leukaemias. The researchers have shown that an oncogene called MYC controls the stem cells' transition from dormancy to active self-renewal. Vitamin A counteracts activation of the oncogene by inflammatory factors. Myc gene expression is controlled by a modular gene enhancer cluster. In leukaemia stem cells, this cluster is deregulated and the MYC concentration elevated.
Adult stem cells that have the ability to undergo life-long self-renewal are responsible for replenishing the terminally differentiated cells of our organs and tissues. The prospect of using this regeneration potential to cure the most serious diseases puts stem cell research at the centre of scientific, clinical and public interest. For decades, the transplantation of bone marrow and haematopoietic stem cells has been an established method for treating blood cancer (leukaemias and lymphomas) and is used many thousands of times a year in Germany. Stem cells can also play a key role in the development and growth of cancer and cancer metastases. Andreas Trumpp, a renowned stem cell researcher from Heidelberg explained that “many cancers are caused by pathologically altered stem cells. Cancer stem cells play a role in the spread of cancer in the body and in making the cancer insensitive to standard therapies.”
Both aspects – stem cells as bearers of hope and harbingers of disease – are the subject of intensive research at the Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine HI-STEM, which was founded by Trumpp in 2008 with the support of the Dietmar Hopp Foundation and the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ). HI-STEM gGmbH is located at the DKFZ in Heidelberg, where Trumpp also heads up the Division of Stem Cells and Cancer.
In its ten-year existence, HI-STEM has become a leading centre of international stem cell research with over 50 employees who have been instrumental in developing the centre’s cancer stem cell concept into one of the pillars of oncological research. (BIOPRO has reported on this on several occasions). Trumpp and his team have shown that among the haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) responsible for the formation and replacement of blood cells, those with the greatest potential for self-renewal and differentiation usually experience a kind of deep sleep in a “stem cell niche” in the bone marrow. They become active, divide and thereby increase the pool of new stem cells and progenitor cells only when enhanced by certain inflammatory and stress factors such as lipopolysaccharides in bacterial infections and interferons in viral infections or cell loss caused by chemotherapy. All types of blood cells can be formed billions of times from these stem cells.
The researchers from Heidelberg have discovered that the transcription factor MYC plays a crucial role in the transition of HSCs into a dormant state and their subsequent awakening. MYC is an oncogene that plays a critical role in many different cancers. By knocking out the c-Myc and N-Myc genes in embryonic stem cells, the researchers were able to show that although MYC controls stem cell dormancy and general metabolic activity, it does not control the identity of the pluripotent stem cell. This could for example mean that single dormant and refractory cancer stem cells can survive for a long time in organs without losing their identity or potential. Local inflammatory reactions could wake up such cells, reactivate MYC and unleash their potential to eventually grow into a metastasis.
In a study published in 2017, Trumpp and his co-workers – in collaboration with scientists from the European Bioinformatics Institute in Cambridge, UK – demonstrated that retinoic acid, a vitamin A derivative, regulates the transition between active and dormant HSCs (dHSCs). In order to investigate the properties and behaviour of these dHSCs in situ, the researchers established a specific transgenic mouse model (Gprc5C reporter mouse) with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) that enables the researchers to identify and isolate dHSCs based on their fluorescence. The first author of the study, Dr. Nina Cabezas-Wallscheid, reported that vitamin A-retinoic acid counteracts stress factor-dependent dHSC activation by limiting protein translation and MYC concentration. “If reporter mice are fed a vitamin A-free diet for a prolonged period, this leads to the loss of stem cells,” said the scientist who has since moved from Heidelberg to Freiburg where she now heads up a group of researchers at the Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics. “Without retinoic acid, the activated HSCs can no longer return to a dormant state and instead mature into specialised blood cells,” Dr. Nina Cabezas-Wallscheid concluded. In September 2017, Cabezas-Wallscheid was awarded a prestigious ERC Starting Grant from the European Research Council that enables her to further advance her research group’s work on dHSCs.
The researchers’ results are consistent with previous observations that vitamin A deficiency impairs the human immune system. The results may also open up new perspectives for cancer treatment on the basis that not only healthy stem cells such as HSCs remain in a dormant state during which their metabolism is largely switched off, but presumably also cancer stem cells. When dormant, cancer stem cells are insensitive to chemotherapy. Andreas Trumpp points out: “If we understand in detail how vitamin A or retinoic acid helps to send normal and malignant stem cells to sleep, we can try to turn the tables. If we were able to cause cancer stem cells to temporarily enter an active state, we could make them vulnerable to modern therapies.” Another possibility would be to cause the cells to become permanently dormant. Both concepts are being driven forward at HI-STEM.
Together with colleagues from the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) in Heidelberg and Canadian scientists, Trumpp and his co-workers discovered how the Myc oncogene is regulated in normal HSCs and leukaemia stem cells. The researchers found a cluster consisting of nine gene enhancers that are arranged in individual modules on the chromosome one after the other like a string of pearls. Each of these modules – depending on the type of blood cell – binds certain transcription factors that control Myc gene expression and MYC protein production in a finely balanced interaction. For example, differentiation into blood stem cells and mature B lymphocytes requires very different amounts of MYC protein. Although the Myc gene itself is located at a distance of around 1.7 megabases from the BENC (blood enhancer cluster), looping the DNA brings the two factors into the close spatial vicinity required for them to interact (see figure).
The researchers demonstrated that BENC is deregulated and Myc-gene activity elevated in leukaemia stem cells, thus speeding up cancer growth. Moreover, they were able to show in an AML (acute myeloid leukaemia) mouse model that leukaemia regressed when BENC was switched off. In addition, some AML patients had several BENC copies while others only had a single enhancer module in the AML stem cells that was specifically active. The amount of MYC was elevated in both cases. This affects the patient’s response to therapy and disease prognosis. The survival rate of AML patients therefore correlates with BENC activity. Andreas Trumpp believes that these results could help improve the assessment of AML stem cells in the blood of leukaemia patients. “As the activity of enhancers can be modulated therapeutically, BENC could one day even become a target for novel therapies for this type of blood cancer.”
Cabezas-Wallscheid N, Buettner F, Sommerkamp P, Klimmeck P, Ladel L, Thalheimer FB, Pastor-Flores D, Roma LP, Renders S, Zeisberger P, Przybylla A, Schönberger K, Scognamiglio R, Altamure S, Florian KM, Fawaz M, Vonficht D, Tesio M, Collier P, Pavlininic D, Geiger H, Schroeder T, Benes V, Dick TP, Rieger MA, Stegle O, Trumpp A (2017): Vitamin A-retinoic acid signaling regulates hematopoietic stem cell dormancy. Cell 169(5), 807-823 (published online: May 4, 2017).
Bahr C*, Von Paleske L*, Uslu VV*, Remeseiro S, Takayama N, Ng SW, Murison A, Langenfeld K, Petretich M, Scognamiglio R, Zeisberger P, Benk AS, Amit I, Zandstra PW, Lupien M, Dick JE, Trumpp A*, Spitz F* (2018): A Myc enhancer cluster regulates normal and leukaemic haematopoietic stem cell hierarchies. Nature 553, 515-520. Doi:10.1038/nature25193. | <urn:uuid:924dc1b0-5a1b-4cfb-a7f9-25c96011b3e8> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.gesundheitsindustrie-bw.de/en/article/news/the-role-of-stem-cell-dormancy-in-regeneration-and-cancer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487640324.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20210618165643-20210618195643-00092.warc.gz | en | 0.921574 | 2,005 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Soviet Marines man the
defenses at Sevastopol
Remembering the First Fight Against Fascism
Germans slosh their way through
mud on their way to Moscow.
Those wishing to contribute items. stories or comments should contact D.A. Friedrichs
October 28, 1941
Elements of the 11th Army break into the Crimean peninsula sending the Soviet 51st Army in retreat toward Sevastopol and Kerch.
October 29, 1941
The destroyer USS Reuben James becomes the first American warship lost in action. She was torpedoed and sunk while escorting convoy HX156 . Of the 160 man crew, 115 died.
October 30, 1941
Army Group Center reports heavy fighting in the Volkolamsk,
Mozhaisk and Kaluga areas. Although successful in these battles, the Germans
call a temporary halt in their advance on Moscow as Soviet counter attacks,
depleted supply levels, and the worsening weather conditions make attack
Elements of the German 11th Army close on
Sevastopol, beginning a siege, which would last for 9 months.
President Roosevelt extends $1,000,000,000 in credits and
interest free loans to the Soviet Union so they can ?purchase? Lend Lease
supplies and equipment.
The US Navy oiler Salinas is torpedoed off Newfoundland but makes it back to port with no losses
October 31, 1941
The Luftwaffe launches 45 separate attacks on Moscow
In Leningrad, the air evacuation of 17,614 factory
specialists and 8,590 wounded Red Army soldiers is completed.
In the Baltic States, SS General von dem Bach Zelewski
reports that ?Today, there are no more Jews in Estonia.?
November 1, 1941
The 1st Panzer Army opens a major offensive against Rostov. The plan calls for the attack to take the Germans into the Caucasus Mountains.
November 2, 1941
Outside Uzice Yugoslavia, elements of Tito?s partisan
force and Chetnik forces, both anti-Nazi forces, attack one another.
Hitler, now confident of his victory over Russia, shares
with Admiral Canaris his plans to ?Germanize? Slav cities and site names.
November 3, 1941
The US Ambassador to Japan, in the first official warning,
informs the Roosevelt administration that Japan ?? might resort with
dangerous and dramatic suddenness to measures which might make inevitable war
with the United States?it would be shortsighted for American policy to be
based on the belief that Japanese preparations are no more than saber
The Imperial Japanese Navy high command approves Admiral
Yamamoto?s plan for the attack on the American fleet at Pearl Harbor.
German forces capture Kursk.
The items found in this section are comments from the editors of Project 60 and may not necessarily reflect the opinions of bartcop.
The First Casualty
time of war, the first casualty is truth.?
of war push people, and nations, to the extremes. A fundamentally good
soul can rise to great heights of honor and sacrifice, while those with
a darker side can execute the most terrible and horrific acts. Since no
person, or nation for that matter, is totally good, or totally evil,
those with a conscious tend to hide the evil and display the good.
This is what
Carter was talking about. Hiding the evil is simply hiding the truth and
in time of war, those in power are even more inclined to hide the truth,
since that truth is often manifest in the most gruesome and terrible
secrets between a national government and her people are an anathema to
a democracy. Our leaders claim ?national security? and ?executive
privilege? to excuse their lies and omissions. The abuse of these worn
phrases are well known. However, in time of war, people, your people,
get killed when security is breached - when secrets are exposed ? when
the truth is told.
How can a
democracy stand against such a tyrant?
all the leaders in history, few, if any, held, guarded, and distributed
more secrets than Winston Churchill. Even before America joined the
fight against fascist tyranny, Churchill gave information to Stalin
critical to defeating an even greater tyrant. Later, he would hide the
secrets of the atom bomb from that same ally. He walked openly through
the ruins of London, sharing the dangers with his fellow citizens and in
the same week allow the Germans to bomb the city of Coventry to insure
that the secret code breaking efforts would not be uncovered. He walked
on the razors edge and his country survived.
What made Churchill?s efforts in this area so successful was his ability to determine the effects of information. He, unlike most modern political leaders, understood the actions and reactions that would come from information. He was expert at manipulating and analyzing a myriad of information sources and determining what was right and what was not. He knew what the people needed to know to act in a positive manner and he knew what lies to leak to his enemies to befuddle them. His efforts went a long, long way to winning WWII.
leaders in history have had the ability to connect with their citizens
like Abraham Lincoln. Intelligent and articulate, he could reach out and
pick a story seemingly out of thin air that would convey a concept in
meaningful terms for anyone to understand. Facing the worst situation
any national leader can face, a civil war, he remained calm, honest and
trustworthy in his dealings with the citizens.
This is not
to say that he didn?t have his ?Chuchillian? moments, but he never
hesitated to articulate his goals and objectives in a conflict. The
?truths? which Lincoln felt the citizens needed, where those
elements. He knew that a free people needed to understand the direction
and methods of their nation.
This is not
to say that the general population needs to know what unit will take
what hill. That is called tactical or operational information and must
be guarded. However, there is no sense in keeping secret the strategic
considerations. Our nation has never hesitated to support its leaders
and military when those strategic considerations were articulated
clearly and our methods of achieving those goals understood.
Want to Win - Think Before You Lash Out - "If we are serious about taking the war to the enemy, it is time to look ..."
The First Fight Against Fascism - We must remember the Spanish Civil War also.
Arguing Victory - "... Each nation who fought against fascist tyranny in WWII brought with it part of whole needed to defeat that evil..."
War, Glory, Honor and Remembrance - "War is a brutal and savage insult on human society..."
The Complete Collection
June 19, 1941
Germany and Italy order U.S. diplomats out of their countries by July 15. This was in retaliation to a similar action by the Americans (anybody remember those Russian diplomats Shrub ditched).
Heavy fighting continues in the Middle East as Vichy French forces stop Allied advances on Damascus (the players change but the fighting never seems to end).
U.S. stops authorizing visas for aliens with relatives in the German occupied territories.
German forces continue their concentration of forces on the Soviet border in preparation for Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. Heavy artillery begins moving into firing positions and bridging equipment begins to arrive. German U-boats proceed to war stations in the Baltic while mine laying operations commence. Stalin still insists that the invasion is not immanent.
British forces continue their retreat back into Egypt after Rommel defeats Operation Battleax.
June 20, 1941
President Roosevelt calls Germany an "outlaw nation" because of the sinking of the Robin Moore by a German U-Boat on May 21.
The USS Texas , while on a "neutrality patrol," is dogged by the German submarine U-203 between Newfoundland and Greenland. The German skipper thought the Texas was a lend lease vessel and therefore fair game for his attack.
June 21, 1941
Australian forces occupy Damascus after Vichy French forces withdraw.
General Wavell having utterly failed to relieve Tobruk in Operation Battleax, is sacked by Churchill as commanding officer of the Commonwealth troops in the Middle East.
Commonwealth forces enter Iraq in order to secure oil supplies for the war effort (things really never do change do they?).
Hitler signals to his eastern troops that the invasion of the Soviet Union is on for the next day.
German commandos, the Brandenburgers, begin operations, infiltrating across the border, move to secure bridges and other important facilities in the Russian rear area in preparation for the invasion.
June 22, 1941 - BARBAROSSA! The Invasion of Russia Begins
At 3:00 A.M., three million battle hardened soldiers of German Wehrmacht, struck the ill-prepared Soviet army, starting one of the single most devastating and titanic struggles in history. Three German Army Groups, North, Center and South, struck for their respective goals of Leningrad, Moscow and Kiev.
German aircraft pounded targets deep in Russia. Airfields were a primary target and by days end, 500 Soviet planes were destroyed, mostly on the ground. Russian border forces were quickly overrun after brief but vicious fights. One notable exception, the fortress of Brest-Litovsk on the Bug River, holds against ferocious German attacks. Efforts to mobilize defensive countermeasures were chaotic as reinforcing columns are harassed by constant air attacks. By days end, German ground forces advance 15-25 miles.
Hitler declared that when he unleashed his armies to the east, "The world will hold its breath". This was one of the few statements he made that was absolutely correct.
Churchill declares Britain will assist the Soviets saying, "Any man or State who fights against Nazism will have our aid. Any man or State who marches with Hitler is our foe." One hopes these words would be remembered today.
June 23, 1941
Hungry joins Germany, Rumania, Italy, Slovakia and Croatia by declaring war on the Soviet Union.
The relentless advance in Russia continues as shattered Soviet forces flood east pursued by the German invaders. German panzer units begin to meet Soviet tank formations rushing to the front. The Soviet columns are badly organized and depleted because of constant air attacks. On the approaches to Vilnius, German tank columns bypass pockets of resistance and drive deep into the Soviet rear areas. Further to the south, German forces are met by strong resistance and a fierce tank battle develops around Dubno.
British forces advance to Palmyra in Syria against strong Vichy French resistance.
June 24, 1941
The Germans continue to advance in pursuit of the retreating Russian forces. In the north, the destruction of the Soviet armored reserves is completed and the German columns begin to break into the clear. In the center, Soviet resistance is shattered as German tank columns enter Vilnius. Heavy fighting is still reported in the south as German forces make marginal gains toward Kiev. The Germans gain air superiority over the front as 2000 Russian planes have now been destroyed since hostilities started.
Roosevelt orders all Soviet assets released and promises aid to the beleaguered nation.
June 25, 1941
German troops confront the Soviet KV-I and KV-II heavy tanks in battle. The German anti-tank guns and panzers are unable to cope with these behemoths and resort to using the 88mm anti-aircraft gun and 100mm field artillery to stop the beasts. This was a very rude surprise to the Germans.
Forces of Army Group Center (3rd Panzer Group) capture Vilnius. Army Group South meets stiff opposition as the Soviet Southwest Front concentrates large tank formations in front of the advancing 1st Panzer Group. Soviet counter attacks around Grodno continue but begin to falter. In the far north, Soviet defenses stiffen around Murmansk, stopping the Germans short of their goal. The Germans would never capture the vital supply port.
Finland joins the Axis nations by declaring war on the U.S.S.R.
Sweden, although technically neutral, allows armed German troops to move through their nation on the way to Russia.
Roosevelt signs Executive Order 8802 which calls for the " Full Participation In The Defense Program By All Persons, Regardless Of Race, Creed, Color, Or National Origin" (he knew he'd need everybody's help to crush fascism). Also, the (thrice elected in an honest vote) president, declared that the Siberian port Vladivostok, would be exempt from the neutrality statutes so supplies could flow to Russia.
June 26, 1941
Organized Soviet resistance in the fortress town of Brest-Litovsk comes to an end after four days of extremely heavy fighting. The Germans finally pummeled the defenders into submission with massive air strikes and heavy artillery bombardment.
In Army Group North, tanks of von Manstein's 4th Panzer Group capture the Dvina River bridges at Daugavipils intact. Hitler orders these forces to stop, consolidate, gather supplies and wait for the infantry forces, far to the rear, to catch up. Many "historians" have indicated that this decision was fatal for the swift capture of Leningrad. This opinion, however, ignores the terrain on the approach, the Red army, and the appalling logistics situation for the Germans.
In Army Group Center, the 7th Panzer Division (Rommel's old unit from France) driving north of Minsk, cuts the Minsk-Moscow highway, the main supply route for the Soviet West Front. Further to the south, Guderian's 2 Panzer Group is driving hard to complete the encirclement of the Soviet forces around Minsk.
In Army Group South, the Soviets launch fresh and very strong counterattacks against the German spearheads. These attacks fall particularly hard on the 16th Panzer Division in the area around Ostrov. Further to the north, 11th Panzer Division is blocked in it's advance at Dubno. The advance of the this army group is temporarily stopped.
June 27, 1941
In Army Group Center, Guderian?s Panzer Group 2 and Hoth?s Panzer Group 3 meet east of Minsk, completing the first major encirclement of soviet forces. Some 200,000 men from the Russian 3rd, 10th and 13th Armies are cut off in the west of Minsk.
In Army Group South?s sector, Soviet counter attacks north of Dubno begin to sputter as uncoordinated Soviet battle groups are destroyed by the more coordinated German efforts. However, the attacks approaching from south of Dubno are more successful and create some confusion in the German attacks. Meanwhile, 11 Panzer division drives east of Dubno, breaking through the Soviet defenses and capturing Ostrog, 30 kilometers in the Soviet?s rear.
June 28, 1941
Rioting breaks out in the newly "liberated" city of Kaunas. The German military authorities stand by as 3800 Jews are killed by the angry mobs.
counter-attacks in the Dubno region collapse. Russian forces are now withdrawing
on all fronts.
The Finns begin their advance into Russia.
The Germans capture Minsk as the death grip on the encircled Soviet armies tightens. The Gestapo also enters the city, ordering all men from 15 to 45 years of age to appear at the registration point. Thousands obey and are marched off to Drozdy camp.
June 29, 1941
The Soviet government tells the people to leave nothing for the Germans, ordering ?? the removal of all rolling stock, leaving not a single locomotive, not a truck, not a kilogram of bread, not a liter of fuel. Collective farms must drive away their cattle?. All property of value, any, including ferrous metals, bread and fuel which cannot be taken away, must, without exceptions be destroyed.? This was the famous ?Scorched Earth? policy.
Soviet marines and elements of the 67th Rifle Division defending the Libau naval base far to the rear of the Germans run out of ammunition and time. The city and base are surrendered after inflicting heavy losses on the Germans.
German troops attempted to take Riga by storming the railroad bridge over the Dvina River. They were successful in establishing a foothold on the eastern bank, but counter-attacking Russian forces destroyed the invaders.
The German advance out of Norway, directed at the vital northern port of Murmansk is stopped by determined Soviet defenses.
The Finns under Mannerheim begin a major offensive on the Karelian Isthmus north of Leningrad.
Forces of Army Group South eliminate pockets of resistance, consolidate their forces, regroup for the continued advance toward Kiev.
June 30, 1941
In heavy fighting, Army Group South captures (the formerly Polish city of) Lvov.
Stalin begins executions of the commanders who failed to stop the invasion (conveniently forgetting that he was the one who kept on ignoring reports from the frontier and his own spies that the invasion was coming). Pavlov, commander of the Western Front was most notable among those who "lost their jobs".
Vichy France decides to break diplomatic ties with the USSR (a mortal body blow to the Russians - ha).
Return to the top
July 1, 1941
Elements of Army Group North capture Riga, Latvia
The Axis nations of Japan, Germany and Italy recognize the pro-Japanese government of Henry P'u Yi (remember the movie "The Last Emperor"). They would be the only ones who would.
The U.S. Army strength reaches 1.4 million men, up from 250,000 just one year before.
July 2, 1941
German Einsatzgruppen units in Lvov murder 7000 Jews in the city.
RAF planes attack Brest, France. In the raid the German cruiser Printz Eugen is severely damaged.
July 3, 1941
Stalin, after not being seen or heard in public since the beginning of the German invasion, makes an address to his nation. He calls for patriotic fervor and fanatic resistance to the Nazi invaders. He also reiterates the "Scorched Earth" policy announced on June 29.
German General Franz Halder, echoing the opinion of most German commanders writes in his diary, "... I assert that the Russian campaign will be won within 14 days." German intelligence reports indicate the the Soviets are down to 30 effective divisions. The euphoria of victory infects the German high command.
Soviet strength continues to build after the disasters on the frontier. Despite loosing scores of divisions and tons of supplies and equipment, the Russians have 180 divisions at or in the immediate vicinity of the front. I guess the Germans were a tad overconfident.
Allied forces occupy Palmyra in Syria after the Vichy defenders withdraw.
July 4, 1941
Josip Broz, better known as Tito, general secretary of the Yugoslav Communist Party announces that he would lead a resistance movement in his country.
Ostrov falls to the panzer forces of Army Group North. The Germans are now less than 200 miles from their goal of Leningrad as they advance across the 1939 Polish-USSR border.
July 5, 1941
The Soviets launch a major counter attack between Ostrov and Pskov on the approach to Leningrad. The attacking force is heavily reinforced with heavy KV-I and KV-II tanks. The defending Germans of the 1st and 6th Panzer Divisions are hard pressed.
3rd Panzer Group (Army Group Center) establishes a bridgehead over the Dvina River.
July 6, 1941
RAF Bomber Command starts a three day terror bombing of Munster, Germany. In the end, a quarter of the city would be gutted.
Soviet forces counter-attack the 3rd Panzer Group bridgehead over the Dvina. The attacks would end in three days, with heavy losses to both sides.
July 7, 1941
U.S. Marines occupy Iceland, Trinidad and British Guiana. This action by the U.S. was intended to safeguard these important naval and air staging areas to prevent "the occupation by Germany ... for eventual attack against the Western Hemisphere" . It also just happened to free up British troops for use in defense of England and in the Middle East.
Churchill sends his first personal note to Stalin offering to forge an alliance between Britain and Russia.
In Army Group South, 11 Panzer Division takes Berdichev. The Germans are now less than 100 miles from Kiev.
July 8, 1941
Jews in the recently occupied Baltic States were ordered to wear the Star of David.
July 9, 1941
The Minsk and Vitebsk pockets were declared officially eliminated today. Although some 300,000 men were trapped in these pockets, some 100,000 escaped. However, the loss of tanks, trucks and artillery was severe.
In Army Group North, Pskov falls to the 36 Motorized Infantry Division. The Germans are 150 miles from Leningrad.
Soviet attacks against Army Group Center's 3rd Panzer Group collapse, but the heavy losses taken by the Germans force a temporary halt to their advance.
July 10, 1941
In Army Group south, Zhitomir falls and elements of the 13th Panzer Division, racing for Kiev, reach the Iprev River. The Germans are now 10 miles from the capital of the Ukraine.
Elements of the 20th Panzer Division take Vitebsk
and are now only 250 miles from Moscow.
Stalin relieves Timoshenko as commander of the Red Army, taking the job for himself. Timoshenko is placed in command of the forces opposing the German drives on the Moscow axis.
The Soviets launch heavy counter-attacks in the
Korosten-Malin area against the advancing forces of Army Group South.
Relations between the Germans and Japanese become strained as, after many requests by the Germans to attack Russia from their positions in China, the Japanese inform their allies that they will not be attacking the Soviet Union.
July 11, 1941
Guederian's 2nd Panzer Group reaches the Dniepr River in the Smolensk area.
The Russian 3rd Mechanized Corp joins in the strong counterattacks on the approaches to Kiev. The Red Army uses a large body of its new T-34 main battle tank for the first time. The Germans are stunned by the effectiveness of the new tank and tactics.
July 12, 1941
A treaty of mutual assistance is signed between the British and Russians in Moscow. Britain no longer stands alone against Nazi Germany.
The Vichy French government fails to gain Turkish permission to send military supports to their forces in Syria. With this last hope gone, the forces still in Syria seek a truce with the Allied forces.
Fourth Panzer Group, attempting to advance beyond Pskov toward Leningrad, calls a halt to their advance to allow the infantry to catch up. Since taking Pskov three days ago, the German tankers have made less than 10 miles of advance into the dismal swamp land of northern Russia against an ever strengthening Red Army.
July 13, 1941
RAF Bomber Command continues its raids on German ports. Over 100 bombers attempted to hit Bremen.
July 14, 1941
The Nazi government seized the property of all Christian Science churches in Germany.
German forces reach the Luga River, less than 100 miles from Leningrad.
Vichy forces in Syria and Lebanon surrender leaving the two Arab states occupied by British and Free French forces. Most of the Vichy forces were allowed to leave as part of the armistice agreement.
July 15, 1941
The Red Army uses the Katyusha Rocket launcher for the first time in combat in a counter-attack at Orsha. This turned out to be a remarkable effective weapon in delivering 320 132mm rockets on target in 25 seconds. The weapon became known as "Stalin's Organ". The modern day equivalent of this system is the US Army MLRS.
Heavy city fighting erupts in Smolensk as German infantry attempt to storm the city.
The Red Army officially gave the responsibility for "preventing panic, and dealing with cowardice and treachery" to the political commissars. This gave these Communist party apparatchik the power to summarily execute anyone in their command.
July 16, 1941
Smolensk falls to the Germans. The Germans are now 200 miles from Moscow. However, Soviet resistance is becoming more fierce and supplies of fuel and ammunition for the far flung panzer divisions are becoming scarce.
Stalin's son, fighting as a lieutenant in the Red Army is captured by the Germans in the fighting around Smolensk.
The Japanese government falls as hard-liners insist on not dealing with Washington.
The peculiar pre-war practice by the Red Army of "dual command" was reestablished. This scheme placed political commissars and field commanders on an equal command level, in effect each formation had two leaders - military and political. Red Army officers now not only had to deal with Germans to his front but the Commissar to his back.
July 17, 1941
Panzer forces from 2nd and 3rd Panzer Groups meet east of the city, surrounding nearly 300,000 men from in several small pockets. However, the ring around the surrounded troops was so full of holes that the bulk of the troops were able to escape in reasonably good order.
July 18, 1941
A new Japanese government is formed, which is nearly identical to the last hard-line government.
The counter-attack near Sotsy by the Russians against Manstein's 56 Panzer Corp (Army Group North) ends. Although the Germans did escape from a small encirclement, their 8th Panzer Division did take serious losses in the four-day battle.
July 19, 1941
The US Navy is ordered to escort any nation's shipping to and from Iceland.
Stalin makes his first (of many) requests to open up a second front against the Germans. In this case he asks for a combined operation (naval and ground forces) to be used in the Artic and an immediate invasion of northern France. Either action is, of course, pure fantasy, but Churchill does dispatch a sizable naval force from Scapa Flow to harass the Germans in Norway.
July 20, 1941
Stalin orders all units to "purge unreliable elements". Part of this order was to detain any officers and men who escaped German encirclements so that they could be interrogated by the NKVD (early version of the KGB) to weed out "German spies". So after defying death at the hands of the Germans, these lucky few would be turned over to the no so tender mercies of their own countrymen.
July 21, 1941
The Vichy government, completely unable to do anything about it, gives the Japanese permission to occupy military bases in French Indochina. The Japanese now have air bases capable of staging bombers in range of Singapore.
German bombers hit Moscow for the first time in the war. The attack is a fiasco as Moscow had one of the most extensive anti-aircraft defense systems of any city in the world at that time. The raid also showed a severe weakness in the German arsenal - they had no long range, heavy, four engine strategic bomber. They were completely unable to stage the kind of mass destruction the British and, later the Americans could with their massive bombers.
US authorities temporarily stopped shipping through the Panama Canal today as "maintenance work" was needed. Interestingly enough, several Japanese ships were forced to divert around South America because of the action. Coincidence, I'm sure.
July 22, 1941
For the first time in a month, the exhausted Germans temporarily halt offensive operations having driven over 400 miles into Russia in many areas during the last month. They stand at the gates of Kiev and are fighting along the last defense line before Leningrad. To date, the Germans have captured over 720,000 square miles of territory.
The Soviets, badly mauled in the attack, still field a massive army and despite losing a great deal of territory and cities has been successful in moving (literally picking up factories, putting them on rail cars) most of its industrial might into the Urals, outside the reach of German bombers and ground troops.
July 23, 1941
The US declares its intent to break talks with Japan over the occupation of Indochina, declaring that talks would be fruitless since the "Japanese government intended to pursue the policy of force and of conquest."
July 24, 1941
RAF Bombers hit the German battle cruisers Scharnhorst and Gneisenau and cruiser Prinz Eugen. Scharnhorst is damaged and forced to return to Brest for repairs. Seventeen bombers are lost in the raid.
July 25, 1941
Japanese Foreign Minister Toyoda informed Ambassador Grew that Japan felt that it was being surrounded by hostile forces and its occupation of Indochina was simply a defensive action similar to that of the British in the occupation of Syria.
July 26, 1941
Roosevelt seizes Japanese assets in the United States in retaliation for the Japanese strong arming the Vichy government to allow IJA forces to occupy formerly French military bases in Indochina. Roosevelt also announces an oil embargo. These actions are quickly followed up by Britain and the Netherlands. Suddenly, Japan has been denied 90% of their oil imports.
The Italians launch an attack against the port of Valetta, in Malta, using small craft in a daring raid. All attackers are sunk or captured before they can inflict any damage.
Three days of rioting begin in Lvov as locals murder 2000 Jews. in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, 120 civilians (mostly Jews), are rounded up and executed in retaliation for an attack on a military truck convoy.
Mogilev falls to the Germans after 5 days of heavy fighting. Upon entering the industrial area of the city, the Germans noted a brownish frothing liquid running down the streets and into the Dniepr River. Upon further examination it was found that the mean spirited Soviet defenders of the city had destroyed the vats at the local brewery and thousands of gallons of beer were destroyed. Now that is Scorched Earth.
July 27, 1941
Propaganda minister Ari Fliesher, errr, pardon me, just a bit confused, Joseph Goebbels declares the "Kremlin is a heap of ruin" from the "devastating" air raids over Moscow. In reality, the only bomb to come close put a hole in the street outside the building.
A notation in the German War Diary says, "The mass of the operationally effective Russian Army has been destroyed." Seems the Germans were a tad over optimistic.
After ten weeks of calm, German bombers started nightly raids against London again.
July 28, 1941
Kingisepp is abandoned as German Panzers drive in the Leningrad defenses west of the Luga River (which is still holding firm for the Russians).
Japanese troops begin landing in Indochina.
Japan freezes all US, British and Dutch assets.
July 29, 1941
Japan and the Vichy French government sign an agreement which, in essence transfers responsibility for the defense of Indochina over to the Japanese.
Japanese troops take ownership of the naval base at Camranh Bay.
Washington denounces the occupation of Indochina saying the occupation of bases was "for the purpose of further and more obvious movements of conquest in adjacent areas." and these actions "jeopardize the procurement by the United States of essential materials ... for the normal economy of this country ..."
Forces of Army Group South, unable to make a direct assault on Kiev, veer to the south. Resistance is stiff as the Soviet 6 and 12th Armies give ground toward Uman.
July 30, 1941
The Germans pocket a small group Soviet troops east of Smolensk. The encirclement was not tight and the troops inside were shattered remnants of formations ground up in the German advance. Many escaped.
Hitler decides to suspend the drive on Moscow in favor of clearing the flanks at Leningrad and Kiev. Once jump off positions for the final attack on Moscow were secured, the Panzer forces would be diverted north and south of the Moscow axis. Editors Note: Many popular historians view this as a flawed decision. This is primarily based on testimony of the surviving German generals (the losers in the war) who blamed a dead guy (Hitler) for every mistake in the war. In more recent times, serious military historians have concluded that the move on Kiev was necessary as the Soviets had nearly a million men on that flank ready to drive into the Germans rear. This had to be eliminated. The diversion of resources to Leningrad had less justification.
The Japanese bomb Chungking and manage to hit the US Navy Gunboat Tutuila. The Japanese said it was an accident (kind of like when we bombed the French embassy during the raid on Lybia).
July 31, 1941
In written instructions to Reinhard Heydrich, Goering at the behest of Hitler orders the creation of "... a general plan showing the measures for and organization for action necessary to carry out the desired final solution of the Jewish question." (emphasis added). This was the first time the term endlosung or "final solution" was used as a written state policy of Nazi Germany.
Two weeks of rioting in Kishinev ends with the death of 10,000 Jews.
Guderian's tankers (Panzer Group 2, Army Group Center), open their attacks south of Smolensk. Initially they met minimal resistance.
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August 1, 1941
The US announces the embargo of all aviation fuel to Japan. Japan responds by halting all silk to the US.
Guderian's attacks meet and defeat the Soviet 4 Airborne Corp, but those troops buy the Russians enough time to bring up reinforcements.
August 2, 1941
Harry Hopkins, representing FDR in Moscow, announces that the US and the USSR have come to agreement on an aide package which will assist the Soviets in recouping some of their material losses to date.
Russian forces launch massive counter-attacks against German troops defending the "Yelna salient", east of Smolensk. Guedarian, further to the south is stopped in his attacks and ordered to withdraw his panzer forces from the front in preparations for redeployment.
Tanks from 1st Panzer Group and Infantry from 17th Army make contact in their advance against Uman. The Soviet 6th and 12th Armies are nearly surrounded.
August 3, 1941
Tanks from Panzer Group I (Army Group South) break through Russian defenses and threaten to surround a large body of Russian defenders in the Uman area.
The Bishop of Munster, Count Clemens von Galen, delivers a scathing sermon, denouncing the German euthanasia program.
August 4, 1941
While visiting Army Group Center's HQ, Hitler was told that his armies had destroyed of captured 12,000 tanks since the start of the invasion (actually a fairly accurate number). He was stunned and said, "Had I known they had as many tanks as that, I'd have thought twice before invading."
August 5, 1941
Rumanian forces and elements of the German 11 Army close on the Black Sea port of Odessa and begin a 73 day siege of the city.
Russian resistance in the Smolensk pocket ends with the surrender of the remaining troops.
The Soviet 5th Army launches attacks from the Korsun area to relieve the beleaguered forces of the 6th and 12th Armies trapped south of Uman. The attacks meet heavy resistance.
August 6, 1941
German infantry forces from 16 Army captures the town of Staryya Russa on the south shore of Lake Illmen.
August 7, 1941
British bombers continue their nightly bombing raids over the continent hitting Frankfurt, Mannheim, Karlsruhe, Calais, Hamm, Dortmund and Essen
August 8, 1941
The Red Airforce targets Berlin for the first time in the war. Five Ilyushin Il-4 heavy bombers took off from bases in Estonia. Two bombers were shot down, two failed to find Berlin and one dropped its bombs just outside the city.
Army Group North opens a major offensive against the Soviet Luga River defenses southwest of Leningrad. Extremely heavy fighting occurs between the German 1st and 6th Panzer Divisions attack the Soviet 125 and 111 Rifle Divisions.
Russian resistance in the Uman Pocket collapse as 100,000 survivors from the Soviet 6 and 12th Armies surrender. Some 15 Rifle and 5 Tank divisions are destroyed leaving very little to defend the Ukraine south of Kiev.
Elements of the 18th Army reach the Gulf of Finland, cutting off the Estonian capital and massive naval base at Tallinn.
August 9, 1941
Roosevelt and Churchill meet face to face at Placentia Bay in Newfoundland. The result of this historic conference would be the Atlantic Charter which outlined the broad goals for resolving the war.
The German 16th Army (part of Army Group North) begins its offensive toward Novgorod on Lake Illmen.
August 10, 1941
Local officials in Chile, Argentina and Cuba uncover attempts by the Germans to subvert those governments. These nations were ably assisted by the US FBI.
Manstein's 56 Panzer Corp (element of Army Group North) is committed to the attack on the cities of Luga and toward Novgorod. The Germans are considering abandoning this axis of attack as casualties mount for very little gain.
August 11, 1941
Soviet resistance crumbles under the intense pressure on the Luga River Line. The German 1st Panzer Division breaks through the Soviet lines at Opolye and advances 30 miles into the Soviet rear area.
August 12, 1941
The Soviet counterattack at Staraya Russa by the 34th Army succeeds in caving in the flank of the German 10th Corp. Three German divisions are threatened with encirclement on the south bank of Lake Illmen. North of Lake Illmen, German armored formations break into the clear and advance toward Leningrad.
Churchill and Roosevelt conclude their conference in Newfoundland by announcing the ?Atlantic Charter?. The eight points agreed upon include:
General Petain declares that the Vichy government will cooperate completely with the Nazi Germany.
August 13, 1941
The German 10th Corps retreats in the face of the counterattack in the Staraya Russa area.
Fighting breaks out in Paris between demonstrators and French and German police.
August 14, 1941
RAF bomber command continues its nightly raids on German targets. Tonight the British bombers hit railway yards in Hannover, Brunswick and Magdeburg.
August 15, 1941
Master spy Richard Sorge informed his Soviet masters that the Japanese would not assist the Germans by invading Siberia.
Two days of rioting at Roskiskis on the Lithuannian-Latvian border begin. 3200 Jews would be killed.
In Minsk, German authorities prohibit Jews from most public places including busses, trams, trains, parks, playgrounds, theaters, libraries or museums. The only food delivered to the ghetto would be that in excess of the needs of non-Jews.
August 16, 1941
German panzer forces reach the Volkov River.
Stalin agrees to an Anglo-US request for a conference to determine the best means to assist the Soviet Union. This would lead to the massive assistance to the Russians from the west.
Manstein's panzer forces are redirected from their attacks on Leningrad to restore the deteriorating situation south of Lake Illmen where the Soviet 34th Army continues its successful attacks.
August 17, 1941
German forces capture Novgorod, the first time the city has fallen to an invader in its thousand year history.
Roosevelt, after discussions with the Japanese ambassador, agrees to informal talks to see if a peaceful resolution to the differences between their two countries would be possible.
August 18, 1941
German troops capture Kingisepp. Fighting is very serious in the Novgorod area.
Italian troop transports are sunk in the en route to North Africa as the battle for the Mediterranean Sea begins to heat up.
August 19, 1941
56th Panzer Corp launches its attack against the Soviet 34th Army west of Staraya Russa. The Russians crumble quickly having exhausted themselves in their offensive and the German 10th Corp is saved from destruction. However, the redirection of the Panzer Corp against the Russian attack also may have saved Leningrad from direct assault.
Polish troops begin the relief of Tobruk. The Australian and Indian troops are scheduled for rest in Egypt.
August 20, 1941
Hitler, in discussion with chief architect Albert Speer, orders the inclusion of captured booty from the Russian front be included as decorations for Berlin buildings in recognition of his victory over the Bolsheviks (maybe a bit premature).
Italian troops in Yougoslavia occupy the island of Pag. There they discover evidence of mass murder of Serbs and Jews by local Ustachi fascists. The mass grave was exhumed to find 791 bodies including 293 women and 91 children.
August 21, 1941
German armored formations of Army Group North cut the Moscow-Leningrad railroad at Chudovo and take Gatchina, 25 miles from Leningrad.
Pierre Georges, a French communist who would become ?Favien? in the underground, kills Lt. Moser, a German naval attach?, in the Paris subway. This was the first German military casualty in occupied France since the armistice was signed over a year ago.
August 22, 1941
Geuderian and the rest of the commanders in Army Group Center, after weeks of attempting to subvert Hitler?s orders to suspend offensive action toward Moscow, relent, obey orders. Geuderian drives his 2nd Panzer Group south to encircle Kiev.
August 23, 1941
Italian troops from their 2nd Army begin relieving German forces from their garrison duties in Yugoslavia. The Germans thus relieved are earmarked to make up for the massive losses in Russia.
Vichy French officials begin a concerted campaign to crack down on anti-Nazi activities
August 24, 1941
counterattack the Germans at Gomel.
attack at Odessa, taking heavy losses and making little headway against the
August 25, 1941
British and Indian troops from the south and Soviet forces from the north invade Iran occupying the oil fields and securing lines of communications to Russia.
Churchill is quoted in the Times as saying that Britain would offer unhesitating aid to the US if a peaceful settlement with Japan could not be reached.
British, Canadian and Norwegian commando units attack Spitzbergen, a Norwegian island in the Artic Ocean, destroying fuel bunkers and machinery as well as freeing some 2000 Soviet citizens who would be evacuated to Murmansk.
Hitler and Mussolini meet in East Prussia. Hitler requests that more Italian troops take over garrison duties in the Balkans in order to free German troops for fighting in the east. Maybe Hitler is starting to figure out that the Russians aren?t done yet.
August 26, 1941
German tanks from 1st Panzer Group (Army Group
South) capture the major industrial city of Dnepropetrovsk. Most of the
important industries had already been moved east.
The United States sends a military mission to China to
determine what materials are needed to defend their nation from Japanese
August 27, 1941
The Baltic naval base at Tallinn begins its evacuation. 190 ships would attempt to traverse 150 miles of mine infested water with the airspace dominated by the Luftwaffe. In the end, 5000 soldiers and civilians would be killed before reaching the relative safety of Leningrad.
In the North Atlantic, the German submarine U-570, on it?s first combat mission, is attacked by an RAF patrol plane. The submarine is disabled and forced to surface. Her inexperienced crew surrendered the vessel intact. The next day, the German crew was removed and the captured vessel returned to a British port. Eventually, the ship was brought into the Royal Navy as HMS Graph.
Prince Konoye, leader of the Japanese government, personally invites Roosevelt to meet with him to discuss resolving the outstanding issues between his country and the United States in hopes of ?saving the situation?.
August 28, 1941
The great Zaporozhe Dam complex, which provided power to much of the industrial cities of the lower Dnepr, is blown up by the Soviets. One of the great symbols of Soviet modernization is utterly destroyed to prevent the Germans from using it.
The killing of 23,600 Hungarian Jews begins at Kamenets Podolsk (southwest of Kiev) as their nation refuses German demands to repatriate the deported citizens.
The Iranian Premier, Ali Furanghi, orders his forces to stop their resistance to the Anglo-Soviet invasion.
Japan requests talks with the US, indicating its desire for peace, they declared Japan ?[offers] broad assurances of its peaceful intent, including a comprehensive assurance that the Japanese Government has no intention of using without provocations military force against any neighboring nation?. (yah, right)
August 29, 1941
Finnish troops capture
Terioki, 30 miles north of
Leningrad, recovering all of the territory they were forced to surrender to the
Soviets in the Winter War. Despite the prodding of the Germans, the Finns
refused to advance on Leningrad.
General Milan Nedic establishes a government in Serbia. He, of course, is a puppet to the Nazis. The partition of Yugoslavia by the Germans is now complete.
August 30, 1941
German forces take Mga, 10 miles from Leningrad, cutting the last rail line into the city. Food and fuel would no longer reach the city in quantities needed for basic survival.
August 31, 1941
Soviet counter-attacks at Mga succeed in driving the
Germans out of the city, but the vital rail line into Leningrad remains blocked.
According to German records of the ?action? at Vilnia, 3700 Jews (2019 women, 864 men and 817 children) were trucked out to the mass graves at Ponar and shot.
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September 1, 1941
German forces recapture
Mga. The important rail hub would
be held for nearly three years.
As Geuderian launches his forces south to encircle Kiev,
General Timoshenko begins a major counter attack at Gomel.
All German Jews were ordered to wear the yellow Star of
Roosevelt indicates that he would make every effort to
defeat Germany because he fells that everyone is ?threatened by Hitler?s
violent attempts to rule the world.? An official state of war between Germany
and the United States is still 10 weeks away.
A Japanese fishing trawler strikes a mine and sinks near the Soviet port of Vladivostok. Japan demanded a guarantee of safety for their ships and reparations for the lost ship. The Russians told Japan they would pay for nothing and they should stay clear of Soviet ports. (and these folks aren?t even at war yet)
September 2, 1941
The US grants a large loan (bribe?) to Mexico for cooperation in the military and economic defense of the hemisphere.
September 3, 1941
600 Russian prisoners
and 300 Jews were killed when German authorities at Auschwitz, seeking a cost
effective and less messy method of execution than simply shooting them, used
Prussic acid for the first time. The experiment was deemed a success.
The Soviet government extends mandatory service in the military to all those born in 1922 (19 year olds) and cancels all previous deferments.
September 4, 1941
destroyer USS Greer was attacked by German submarine U-652 off Iceland. Two
torpedoes are launched but miss the target. Roosevelt declared that any German
or Italian warship entering waters under US protection would do so ?at their
September 5, 1941
Except for the Baltic Island holdouts, all of the Baltic States are cleared of Soviet troops and occupied by the Germans.
Authorities in Moscow order the evacuation of all children 12 and under from the city.
September 6, 1941
After weeks of bloody
fighting, the Soviets recapture Yelnya on the Moscow axis. The defeat for the
Germans forces Hitler to accelerate his plans for the ?final? attack against
The US flagged
merchant vessel Steel Seafarer is bombed and sunk by German aircraft 220
miles south of Suez.
September 7, 1941
Guederian?s 2nd Panzer Group driving south, behind the Soviet forces defending Kiev, reaches Lokhvista. Nearly 600,000 Russians face encirclement in the Kiev area.
September 8, 1941
German forces from Army Group North capture Schlusselberg
on the banks of Lake Ladoga. All land communications with Leningrad are now cut.
German bombers begin raids against civilian targets in
Leningrad, dropping nearly 6000 incendiary bombs on food warehouses in the city.
Hundreds of tons of food were destroyed along with four acres warehouses in the
The Soviets deport 600,000 ethnic Germans who had lived on
the upper Volga for nearly 200 years. Hundreds of villages in the area were
Finnish forces north of
Lake Ladoga cut the Murmansk railway. This would force the Russians to build
hundreds of miles of new lines to reach the important supply link to the west.
September 9, 1941
Marshal Budyenny, commanding an Army in the Kiev area, makes his first request to abandon Keiv. Stalin denies the request.
A running battle between sixteen U-boats and a convoy of 65 merchants under Canadian escort occurs. In the end, 15 merchant ships and one escort were sunk. Two submarines, U-207 and U-501, were lost.
Iran accepts the Anglo-Soviet armistice terms, in effect, accepting the occupation of their country.
Guns from the battleships October Revolution and Marat are fired in defense of Leningrad. Most of the sailors of the Red Banner Fleet have been taken off their ships and given rifles to defend the city, but the ships act as floating batteries.
September 10, 1941
German authorities in
Oslo, Norway, declare marshal law in their efforts to thwart a trade union plan
for a general strike. Scores of trade union officials were arrested by the
puppet government of Josef Terboven. Two union officials were executed.
The Luftwaffe raided Leningrad hitting the cities dairy and starting dozens of fires. 200 citizens were killed in the night?s raid.
September 11, 1941
Roosevelt, in response to the attack on the USS Greer on 4th,
announced a shoot‑on‑sight order to United States Navy in
American defense waters stating, ?It
is clear to all Americans that the time has come when the Americas themselves
must now be defended. A continuation of attacks in our own waters, or in waters
which could be used for further and greater attacks on us, will inevitably
weaken American ability to repel Hitlerism. . . .?. In effect, an undeclared
state of war now existed between German and America.
a speech at a rally in Des Moines, Iowa, Charles Lindbergh said ?the British,
the Jews, and the Roosevelt administrations ? [are] ? the three most
important groups who have been pressing this country toward war.? Lindbergh?s
pro-fascist stands were still embraced by a sizable portion of the American
public (sound familiar?).
makes his second appeal to Stalin to withdraw from the Kiev area. This time the
the request was co-signed by the ranking commissar, Nikita Krushchev. Budyenny
was sacked within hours. Only 60 miles separated the jaws of the great German
encirclement at Kiev.
September 12, 1941
As Guederian?s 2nd
Panzer Group drives south to encircle the Soviet forces around Kiev, an early
snowfall hits most of the front in Russia turning the landscape into mud. The
Germans, completely unprepared for the poor weather are completely incapable of
dealing with the situation, call a temporary halt to the attacks by their
One of the ?Big Lies? from World War II has been that the German Army was
stopped by the bad Russian weather. To some extent, the weather was a factor,
but one must consider that the Red Army also had to contend with bad weather. In
military terms, weather is neutral. What the Wehrmact failed to do was
adequately prepare and train for operations in poor weather conditions. This was a failure of command and planning, and
not one of fate, as many post war German/German sympathizer accounts would
Hitler halts the
advance in the Leningrad area and orders the bulk of the armored and mechanized
forces in Army Group North, to move south and prepare for the attack on
September 13, 1941
The British cruiser HMS Coventry is sunk by aircraft off Tobruk.
September 14, 1941
General Zhukov takes command of the defense of Leningrad. He orders the harshest of punishments for dereliction of duty and orders immediate counter-attacks. His actions, in large part, save the city from the Germans.
September 15, 1941
Lead elements of th
16th Panzer Division (1st
Panzer Group), meet 3rd Panzer Divions (2nd Panzer
Group) at Lokhvista, 125 miles east of Kiev. The jaws of the trap have slammed
shut. Four Soviet Armies (5, 21, 26 and 37) , over 600,000 soldiers, are
surrounded in the Kiev area. The cordon is weak, but it is there.
September 16, 1941
The Kiev pocket
begins to collapse as Soviet forces begin to withdraw. General Timoshenko,
commander of the Soviet High Command (STAVKA), authorizes the withdrawal.
However, Stalin would not confirm the orders for 48 critical hours.
German forces capture the town of Pushkin, a suburb of Leningrad. The Germans captured several trams filled with workers returning home from factories in Leningrad before the service was shut down. This would mark the ?high water? mark for German advances toward Leningrad. They would get no closer.
General Keitel, in
response to the growing threat of partisan bands attacking his lines of
communications establishes standing orders that for every German soldier killed
by ?bandits?, 100 civilians were to be executed.
September 17, 1941
The withdrawal from the Kiev pocket is
finally approved by Stalin, but it is far too late. General Kirponos, commander
of the forces in Kiev, would share the fate of many of his soldiers when his
column, attempting to withdraw was ambushed and he was cut down. In
the end, only 15,000 would escape the encirclement. This was a grave blow to the
British agent, Colonel D.T. Hudson, is landed by submarine on the Adriatic coast where, to meet with Yugoslavian partisan leader Tito. Direct, coordinated action between Britain and the partisans had begun.
The Japanese 11th Corp, some 125,000 strong, launches attacks at Changsha in the Hunnan Providence, 350 miles east of Chungking.
September 18, 1941
The encircled forces at Kiev continue
to withdrawal. 37th Army is ordered to hold Kiev to the last. 5th
Army heads for the junction between the two Panzer Groups at Lookhvitsa, while
26th Army would attempt to infiltrate the German cordon at Lubny. 21st
Army was to attack Romny from the west while, outside the pocket, 2nd
Cavalry Corp attacked from the east. All efforts would fail over the course of
the next week.
A German convoy of three troop transports heading for North Africa are attacked by the British Submarine HMS Upholder. Two of the transports, Neptunia and Oceania, were sunk with heavy casualties.
September 19, 1941
Elements of the 296th Infantry Division (6th Army), break through the Russian defenses at Kiev and enter the town after nearly a month of heavy fighting.
Leningrad is struck by the heaviest air raid it would suffer during the war as 276 German bombers hit the city killing 1000 civilians.
September 20, 1941
Churchill authorizes the release of the most secret German "Vulture" to the Soviet Union. These messages detailed troop concentrations and aircraft strength in the Smolensk area.
A British convoy bound for Gibraltar is attacked by a German submarine. Five of the twenty-seven ships were sunk. One of these, the Walmer Castle, was sunk by an air attack while attempting to rescue survivors from the previous attack, the next day, the submarine returned and sunk four more merchant vessels.
September 21, 1941
After days of extremely heavy fighting, the Soviet 37th Army surrenders, giving the Germans Kiev.
The Germans strike the naval base at Kronstadt (near Leningrad) with 180 bombers. The attack destroys much of the naval dockyard.
The German 11th Army reaches the Sea of Azoz, cutting off the Crimean Peninsula.
September 22, 1941
Soviet forces in the Ukraine begin a head long retreat west as they regroup from the defeat at Kiev. Counter attacks are canceled and the new line will be Kharkov-Rostov.
September 23, 1941
The Free French became a reality today as Charles de Gaulle became the head of the French government-in-exile.
September 24, 1941
Tito, leading a poorly armed and equipped band of 70,000
partisans, attacks and takes the town of Uzice with it?s rifle factory capable
of making 400 guns a day. Tito and his troops would hold the city for two
The Japanese Cousul in Hauaii, Nagai Kita is instructed to report on the precise number and type of warships moored at Pearl Harbor. The message is intercepted by American intelligence services but lack of descriptors and transport problems would delay translation until October 9, when officials decided to ignore the message and consider it the same as routing espionage activities already going on in Mania, Panama and Seattle.
September 25, 1941
Army Group South launches its attacks toward Kharkov and
the Crimean Peninsula. The still shattered defenders gave ground quickly on the
Kharkov axis. However, the 11th Army attacks into the Perkov isthmus
leading into the Crimean were stopped cold by dogged defense on the narrow
Hitler orders and end to all attacks against Leningrad. The
formal siege of the city, which would last for some 900 days, begins in earnest.
September 26, 1941
A Lithuanian policeman in Kovno thought he heard a shot
fired in a street of the Jewish ghetto. When the German authorities were
informed, the 1800 men, women and children living on the street were taken to
the local fortress and executed.
The first reports of ?bandit bands? operating in the
Balkans are received in Berlin.
Rain and snow fall in Russia, turning the landscape to mud and hindering the German attacks in the Ukraine.
September 27, 1941
Heavy fighting breaks the Soviet defenses in the Crimean
Peninsula as the town of Perkov is captured by the German 11th Army.
The Patrick Henry is launched from the Baltimore Navla Yard. The 10,000 ton
cargo ship is the first of 2742 ?liberty ships? which would be launched in
the next few years.
September 28, 1941
Convoy PQ-1 leaves Iceland for
Archangel. This was the
first of many of the lend lease convoys between England and the Soviet Union.
Syria was declared and independent state by the Vichy
Einsatzgruppe C, operating in the Kiev area, stated in their official report that, ?The Jewish population was invited by posters to present themselves for resettlement?More than 30,000 Jews appeared; by a remarkably efficient piece of organization, they were led to believe in the resettlement story until shortly before their execution.? 34,000 Jews were marched into the Babi Yar Bulka and massacred.
September 29, 1941
Being rebuffed by Roosevelt three times during September for a call to meet with Japanese Prime Minister Konoye, the Japanese make a fourth attempt stating ?(". . . if nothing came of the proposal for a meeting between the chiefs of our two Governments it might be difficult for Prince Konoye to retain his position and that Prince Konoye then would be likely to be succeeded by a less moderate leader."
September 30, 1941
Army begins its attack as the southern prong of Operation Typhoon ? the attack
on Moscow finally begins. The forward panzers break through the Russian 13th
Army positions and advance up to 10 miles toward Orel.
By the end of
September, 1360 Soviet heavy industrial plants had been moved from areas that
were now occupied by the Germans to the Urals and points east. Russia was
beginning its recovery from the summer onslaught.
Japanese forces fight
their way out of the encirclement at Changsha. They suffer serious losses in the
retreat to Yoochow. Chinese estimates range up to 40,000 losses for the
Japanese, a major victory for the Chinese.
Editor?s Note ? The end of September is viewed by most historians as the end of Operation Barbarossa. The advance of the German Army into Russia is nearly unparalleled in the history of warfare. In one season, the Wehrmacht had destroyed some 2 million of their enemy and advanced nearly 500 miles on a 1000 mile front. However, despite this triumph of arms, the Germans fell far short of their goals for the campaign. Leningrad was surrounded, but not captured. Moscow was still 180 miles away and Rostov slightly further. The Soviet Army was hurt, but far from destroyed and still in the field. Germay had lost half of their tank strength and nearly 10% of fighting soldiers.
Return to the top
October 1, 1941
2nd Panzer Army under Guederian scores a clean breakthrough of the Soviet lines around Bryansk, driving 50 miles closer to Orel. The Soviet 13th Army is nearly surroundedAfter driving east toward Kharkov and paving the way for the infantry units, the 1st Panzer Army turns south toward Rostov.
October 2, 1941
the German assault on Moscow, begins in earnest as the 3rd and 4th
Panzer Armies in the north join with 2nd Panzer in attacks against
the Soviets. 3rd Panzer Army, in heavy fighting advances 5 miles
splitting the defenses of the Soviet 19th and 30th Armies.
4th Panzer Army breaks the Soviet 43rd Army and advances
25 miles, making contact with the second line of Soviet defenses.
The Soviet?s begin
the evacuation of Odessa, not because of Rumanian attacks on the city, but
because the Germans now threatened Sevastopol.
In response to the
Japanese government?s multiple requests for peace talks, the US reiterates
it?s requirement that Japan withdraw its forces from China and Indo-China
before any such talks can take place. This would lead directly to the fall of
the ?moderate? Konoye government.
October 3, 1941
Operation Typhoon continues as the forces of Army Group
Center advance on several axis toward Moscow. The Soviet West, Bryansk and
Reserve Fronts are all showing signs of breaking apart in the face of the
relentless German attacks. Guederian?s 2nd Panzer Army has advanced
120 miles toward Orel, 3rd Panzer Army has reached the Dnepr east of
Kholm. Soviet counterattacks have been ordered but only I.V. Boldin?s
mechanized group is able to launch anything like a concerted attack..
At a rally in Germany, Hitler announces to the crowd that
the attack on Moscow has begun and ?The enemy has been broken and will never
October 4, 1941
Army, stung by the attacks of Boldin?s tanks, slows the Russian, and continues
their advance on a less difficult axis. 4th Panzer Army completes the
destruction of the soviet 43rd army and shatters the 33 Army as it
advances east. These attacks created a 90 mile gap in the Soviet lines between
the Bryansk and Reserve Fronts. The 10th Panzer Division, in the van
of the attack, reached Viasma. Once again, vast numbers of Soviet troops are
threatened with encirclement and Stalin refuses to allow a retreat.
In the occupied town of Kovno, doctors, nurses and patients in the Jewish ghetto hospital are locked in the building and it is set on fire. Several people attempted to escape and were shot down.
October 5, 1941
Konev, against Stalin?s orders, begins the withdrawal of his West Front at Viazma. Later in the day, Stalin would order all three fronts guarding Moscow to withdraw.
October 6, 1941
Panzer Group and 11th Army succeed in surrounding the Soviet 9th
and parts of the 18th Armies north of the Sea Azov. Nearly 100,000
Red Army soldiers are cut off.
October 7, 1941
Driving out of Viazma, the Germans complete the encirclement of the Soviet West Front. Four armies (16, 19, 20 and 24) are caught in the trap. The weather turns cold, thwarting the attempts by the Soviets to break out.
to diplomatic queries from Britain and the US indicates that it is fighting a
defensive war to regain territories lost to the Soviets in the 1940 and,
although it may seem they are fighting at the side of the Germans, they are
fighting for Finland against the aggression of Russia.
October 8, 1941
In Army Group Center,
elements of 2nd Panzer Army captures Orel as heavy rain slows the
attacks around Moscow. 17th Panzer Division captures Bryansk. 18th
Panzer Division meets elements of the 113 Infantry Division (2nd
Army), completing the encirclement of the Soviet 3, 13 and 50 Armies.
The encirclement is not strong and the Soviets order withdrawls. 3 and 50 Army
move back in good order while 13 Army fights its way east.
In Army Group South,
1st Panzer Army captures Malitpol on the Sea of Azoz, surrounding the
9th and 18th Soviet Armies. They continue their drive
October 9, 1941
Congress to amend the Neutrality act to allow US flag merchants to be armed for
self defense stating, ?We cannot permit the? affirmative defense of our
rights to be annulled and diluted by sections of the Neutrality Act which have
no realism in the light of unscrupulous ambition of madmen."
Man, that guy had a way with words.
Soviet reserves move
into defensive positions on the direct approaches to Moscow. The 1st
Guard Rifle Corp is committed at Mtsensk and temporarily stops Guederian?s
tanks from moving closer to Moscow.
October 10, 1941
withdrawal, 3 and 50 Armies are once again surrounded in the Bryansk area. This
time the encirclement would hold. The trapped soldiers would fight on for two
more weeks, but in the end, only 30,000 of the 600,000 would escape.
The German 4th
Army, straddling the Minsk-Moscow highway, begins its advance on Moscow after a
week of regrouping. All of Army Group Center is now moving in on Moscow.
In Moscow, orders are
given to prepare 1119 factories, schools and public buildings for demolition
before the Germans can capture them.
With the success of
Zhukov?s measures to save Leningrad in hand, Stalin recalls the general back
to Moscow to restore the situation there by taking command of West Front.
October 11, 1941
The remnants of the old West Front and the Reserve Front are combined to form the new West Front under General Zhukov?s command. The Soviets order the forces encircled at Viazma to break out. Only the 91st Rifle division is successful.
October 12, 1941
citizens, mostly women, children and old men, are mobilized to build defenses in
and around Moscow. In four days they would dig 60 miles of anti-tank ditches,
5000 miles of troop trenches and lay 177 miles of barbed wire.
On the northern flank
of Army Group Center, 1st Panzer Division takes Rhzev and moves on to
the outskirts of the vital communications hub of Kalinn. On the southern flank,
Kaluga, less than 100 miles southwest of Moscow is captured by the Germans.
Heavy rain and the
subsequent mud forces the Army Group South to call a temporary halt in their
Remnants of the
Soviet forces still encircled at Viazma continue to attack east in feeble
attempts to escape the German encirclement.
October 13, 1941
Group, advancing along the north coast of the Sea of Azoz, reaches the Mius
River opposite Taganrog.
October 14, 1941
The Germans capture the vital transportation and
communications hub of Kalinn, 90 miles northwest of Moscow. Rzhev is also
Operation Karlsbad begins in the area between Smolensk and
Minsk. This would be the first of many operations by the Germans against
partisans in Russia.
The first substantial snow of the season falls at
Leningrad. Temperatures in the Moscow area fall hover around freezing. Rain and
the subsequent mud slow the German advance toward Moscow.
Hitler orders that Moscow is to be surrounded and starved out rather than assaulted directly.\
October 15, 1941
Extremely heavy fighting is reported in the Kalinn area as
Soviet forces launch massive and desperate attacks against the city. The attacks
do stop the advance of the 3rd Panzer Army.
Orders are issued to government leaders, Red Army staff and
other critical personnel to prepare for the evacuation of Moscow.
Ten inches of snow falls in the Moscow area.
In Moscow, all diplomatic missions were ordered to prepare to evacuate Moscow
October 16, 1941
The Japanese Government of Prime Minister Konoye collapses.
The Soviets, evacuation of Odessa is completed. The
evacuated troops are to be landed at Sevastopol, which will also soon be cut
off. German and Rumanian troops move into the empty city.
In Moscow, panic breaks out in the citizenry as they learn
that Lenin?s tomb has been moved out of the city to prevent it?s capture by
the Germans. Stalin decides to stay in the city and this show of confidence
steadies the uneasy citizens.
The Japanese arrest Richard
Sorge, ending the carrier of
one of the most successful and productive Soviet spies in history. He would be
hanged three years later.
October 17, 1941
The destroyer USS Kearney is attacked by an unknown,
presumed German, submarine. In the attack, ten sailors are killed and scores
injured. America suffers it?s first war casualties in World War II. Pearl
Harbor is still seven weeks away.
October 18, 1941
General Hideki Tojo becomes the Prime Minister of Japan.
With the ascension of the military to the head of the national government of
Japan, the road to war is now set.
Guederian?s 2nd Panzer Army captures
Maloyaroslavets and Tarusa on the southern approaches to Moscow.
October 19, 1941
President Roosevelt decided to go forward with the
development of the atomic bomb.
At the request of the joint occupation forces of the Soviet
Union and Britain, the Afghan government ejects all Axis nationals from their
Soviet resistance in the Vyazma pocket collapses as the
last remnants of the outer defenses to Moscow are destroyed.
Soviet forces from the Far East command (facing the
Japanese in China), begin to arrive in the Moscow area.
October 20, 1941
The Germans capture Borodino and are now 60 miles from
October 21, 1941
Stalin names General
Zhukov, the savior of Leningrad,
commander of all military forces in the Moscow area.
October 22, 1941
Rumania denounces the Vienna pact with Hungary, opening the road for the reoccupation of Transylvania.
October 23, 1941
The German 39th Panzer Corp captures Malaia Vishera in heavy fighting southeast of Leningrad.
October 24, 1941
The German 6th Army occupies Kharkov after five days of heavy
fighting. The Soviet 28th Army withdraws in good order. This city
would change hands four times during the course of the war. Belgorod is also
October 25, 1941
Assistant Secretary Berle spoke on the Nazi plan for a
Church of Germany. Seems there was some consternation on our part that God was
on Germany?s side.
The British Cruiser-minelayer Latona is bombed and sunk north of Bardia. Lybia.
October 26, 1941
The relief of the Australians at Tobruk begins as the British 70th Division, the Polish Carpathian Brigade and supporting armored units begin to arrive.
October 27, 1941
At a Navy Day speech, President Roosevelt, in reference to
the torpedoing of the USS Kearney, said, ?Hitler?s torpedo was
directed at every American?.
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Commentary and Columns Archive
Want to Win - Think Before You Lash Out
America is preparing to go to war again. As photos of victims from the September 11 massacre are plastered on our TV screens, few people can help but react with emotion and anger. But now, more than ever, is the time to think - coldly and unemotionally - and decide what must be done.
If we are serious about taking the war to the enemy, it is time to look to history for some indication of how this war should be fought. History is littered with the cases of how to conduct, and more importantly how not to conduct this type of fight.
Terrorism is simply the first stage in the evolution of guerilla war. Mao Tse Tung, arguably the most successful of modern practitioners of ?irregular warfare?, describes in his writings the stages of a successful guerrilla war.
Guerilla war has its genesis in discontent. A body of people see themselves as being repressed, disrespected, and trod upon. The natural reaction is to strike back. However, those who are seen to repress others are typically too powerful to take on directly.
This discontent spawns small groups of people who take action against their enemy. In essence this is what we call terrorism today. These fanatics (their friends call them freedom fighters) come together to create havoc and inflict pain on those who allegedly repress or insult their people. This leads to reprisals and the discontent from those reactions create the fertile fields where masses of recruits can be harvested.
The other stages are not important for this discussion but basically follow the evolution from terrorism to ?hit and run? military type raids to, at it?s conclusion, open warfare against the enemy.
But first, there is terrorism. Mao explains in ?On Guerrilla War? that there are two basic requirements for the birth of a guerrilla (or terrorist) movement. He says,
?? guerrilla warfare basically derives from the masses and is supported by them, it can neither exist nor flourish if it separates itself from their sympathies and co-operation.?
And the second requirement is that,
?All guerrilla units must have political and military leadership.?
So, if we truly desire to ?win? a guerrilla war, at least before it moves out of the terrorist phase, we must address these two basic prerequisites for a successful enemy campaign. We must deny the terrorists popular support and deny them their leadership.
So how is this accomplished. We actually have a recent historical example that provides some insight. Not only does the example show how such a war can be won, but show also how that war can be utterly lost. That example is, of course, Vietnam.
?Hearts and Minds?
The first objective is to win over the population of the target nation. First and foremost, this means we must respect the people and treat them with the same respect we give to our own people. They are not the enemy. The vast majority are those who simply want to live their lives, raise their children and grow old with some sense of peace and security. It is therefore incumbent on us to insure and reassure, through our actions, that these honest, hardworking people can get on with their lives in peace and brotherhood.
In the very earliest stages of the Vietnam War, we sent small groups of elite soldiers into villages to assist the local authorities in setting up local defense, building schools and providing medical services. The goodwill generated by these efforts turned the population (Mao?s masses) away from the guerillas, and nearly won the war before it started.
So what went wrong? In short, we did. We got impatient. Rather than this indirect action, we decided to place a barrier between the population and the guerrillas. We herded the population into base camps (slums really), erected barbed wire fences around them, and burned their homes. All of this in an attempt to keep them from the Viet Cong. It didn?t work. The people resented being treated like animals and rebelled. Support for the VC became entrenched. We became the hated enemy and not without reason.
The second objective is to eliminate the enemies ability to fight. In conventional war this means destroying their armies, cutting off supplies and destroying their production facilities. In this type of war, the infrastructure needs of the guerrilla band are practically non-existent. As such, there is only one area of vulnerability - the actual leadership and bands themselves. The bands and leaders must be hunted and destroyed.
Once again, Vietnam offers answers to those willing to look. During the height of the war, the CIA and military cooperated in an operation called the ?Phoenix Project?. The basic effort was to assassinate the leadership of the VC at the local level, such that local officials could once again operate in some sense of normality. Initially, the ?Project? was extremely successful, nearly reversing the ratios of ?turned? and ?friendly? local officials in a few short years.
Regrettably, the oversight on Phoenix was missing and they started assassinating targets they should not. Also, security on the operation deteriorated to the point where public became aware of these activities. In the end, the political leadership of our country and to a lesser extent, the people, found the practice to be so repugnant that the operation was terminated. These feelings are still with us today, most recently evidenced by the crucifixion of Senator Robert Kerry and the revulsion by many regarding his SEAL mission in Vietnam where he was accused of killing civilians. This was a Phoenix Project operation.
?Fighting to Win?
So what needs to be done?
The first step, and it may already be too late for us this time, is to make a declaration of this nation?s intent in clear and specific terms. Before America became involved in WWII, Roosevelt help craft the Atlantic Charter, which among other things guaranteed the right of self determination and called for the end of ?fear and want?. This would be a good start. Add to that a declaration that all support for any terrorist organization or those with terrorist elements would end and you?d really have something for other nations to get behind.
However, we, the United States of America, would have to be good to our word. All of the taverns in Boston that have mayo jars for IRA donations sitting on their bars have to go. All private support for the PLO must go. Support for Israel must end. Our own homegrown terrorists must be hunted down and eliminated. Our house must be clean or we can not expect others to follow us. We must show that we have zero tolerance for hate. If we did this, others would follow.
Second, we need to establish strong economic ties with those who sign onto this ?new Atlantic Charter?. Economic stability is the first key to insuring a population that is content. This could start with dept forgiveness or expand to a ?Marshal Plan? for the world. This single act of generosity will pay huge dividends in the long run.
Third, if we must take direct action in another person?s nation, we must respect the people who live in the combat zone. Their personal safety and the safety of their families must be guaranteed. These people must know that their rights will be respected - especially their religious beliefs. Our soldiers must respect their customs, respect their women, respect them as humans. They must be assured that there is nothing to fear from our military. They must be assured that we operate with the consent of their legal government and we are not there to take over and prop up some puppet government we control. We must show that justice and truth are more than words. From this all else flows naturally.
Finally, we need to unleash our assassins. There is no nice way to say it. If terrorist organizers and bands can not be brought before the bar of justice, they must be killed. This can only be done with oversight by our political leadership, with guidance from the judiciary, but if we are serious about combating terrorists, it must be done. Bombs and cruise missiles are simply too crude a weapon for this type of warfare. This is dirty war, it is messy war, but, when a nation will not participate in the community of the world, it becomes a necessary war.
So when someone you know, or overhear starts talking about ?nukin? those bastards?, ask them if they want to win? The surest way to lose this war is to treat a body of people who are not the enemy as if they are the enemy. This simply fuels the hate that feeds the terrorist. The enemy must be eliminated and the best way to do that is to deny them followers and, ultimately, deny them life.
People, and historians in particular, love to argue. They love to argue politics, and religion, and conspiracies, and, well, just about anything else. Wars, by their nature, bring out the absolute best and worst in humans. This provides the most fertile of ground for controversy and argument.
World War II is certainly no exception. People love to argue about its causes, who won, who lost, which country was most important to victory and so on. Although these discussions can be enjoyable, most devolve into nationalistic fervor which tends to obscure the really important element of that war.
That one important and universal element is that a very small number of fascist, in a handful of countries, were utterly and mercilessly destroyed by an alliance of most of the rest of the world. The important fact is that the world joined together to destroy an evil that knew no bounds. All other arguments pale when compared to that reality.
To argue whether the Australians at Tobruk were braver than the Marines at Guadalcanal, or whether the citizens of Leningrad suffered more than those of London is folly. All those who fought and died to stop tyranny were brave and suffered. But they did it together, in coalition against a common enemy.
So long as I am involved with this project, that factor will always be at the fore. Each nation who fought against fascist tyranny in WWII brought with it part of whole needed to defeat that evil. No one nation alone could have won this great victory. That is where the true victory lies ? in our ability to come together to destroy an evil. Perhaps that is the lesson that we need to take to heart today.
War, Glory, Honor and Remembrance
War is a brutal and savage insult on human society. For nations it is the destruction of the resources needed for the enrichment of its citizens. For families, it is the loss of loved ones and the horrors held by the survivors. For the individual, it is the loss of precious time and ultimately, life itself.
There is no honor or glory in war. The sacrifice of a generation of humans cannot be seen in anyway to be glorious. Platitudes like ?just cause? and ?noble purpose? are meaningless to the person whose body has been blown to bits. If there is honor, it is in survival. If there is glory it is returning to your families, friends and community.
What we, the people who did not have to experience war, must do, is remember those who gave so much for our freedom. We must redouble our efforts so that their sacrifice is not in vane, so tyranny will not threaten our world again, so no more young men and women of any nation, need be surrendered to the insanity of war again.
D. A. Friedrichs
The First Fight Against Fascism?
Recently, I received a note from a bartcop reader who pointed out that the tag line for this project ?The First Fight Against Fascism? is wrong. Although it?s hard, I have to admit that he was right and I was not.
Fascist aggression started when the Japanese invaded Manchuria in 1931, the west did nothing. When the anti-Semitic, racist, Nazis seized Germany in 1933, we did nothing. When Fascist Italy, with dreams of empire, invaded Ethiopia in 1934, the free nations of the world stood by and watched. Fascist aggression went unchecked by the forces of freedom.
In 1936, the legally elected government of Spain was overthrown by a military junta lead by the Fascist Franco. Once again, the peoples of the world saw their governments do nothing to stop the disease of fascism from spreading, but their outrage had reached its limits and they moved on their own.
Thirty-five thousand volunteers, from 52 nations, with no assistance from their home countries, went to fight Franco?s fascists in Spain. With little more than the righteousness of their cause, these brave volunteers went forward in this, the first fight against fascist tyranny.
The untrained volunteers fought bravely and were largely responsible for giving the Republicans in Spain a chance to raise their own ?people?s army? to fight the Fascists. Germany and Italy flooded Franco?s forces with modern arms and support of every variety while the Republican forces starved and begged. Three years of fighting, saw the defeat of the Republican forces and the end of freedom in Spain.
Nearly 3000 Americans fought in Spain. Their unit was known as ?The Abe Lincoln Brigade?. Few came back uninjured and 750 did not come back at all. For those who did come home, there were no parades, no speeches of thanks, and no recognition of any kind.
During McCarthy?s reign of terror in the 1950?s, most of the "Lincolns'" were harassed, and ruined by the FBI and the Subversive Activities Control Board. In many cases, they were arrested and jailed for violating the Smith Act or state sedition laws. In the end, most of the convictions were overturned, and an ungrateful nation chose to forget these brave soldiers.
Even today, the only public recognition to these first fascist fighters are two small plaques. One sits in the shade of a large tree in ?Red Square? on the University of Washington campus in Seattle, Washington. The second is near Lake Mendota in Madison, Wisconsin. At the dedication for the monument in Madison, Lincoln Brigade veteran Clarence Kailin said, ?[People] shouldn't see this as a memorial to old soldiers. They should see it as a reminder that the struggle we joined in Spain, the struggle for economic and social justice, goes on.?
D. A. Friedrichs
Return to the top | <urn:uuid:0cece892-204d-4855-be19-f7b9647c9afa> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | http://www.bartcop.com/411028.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178367183.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20210303165500-20210303195500-00374.warc.gz | en | 0.957145 | 18,389 | 2.625 | 3 |
1. Edible tuber of any of several yams.
4. A port city in southwestern Iran.
10. (computer science) A computer that is running software that allows users to leave messages and access information of general interest.
13. A federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment.
14. A salt or ester of boric acid.
15. Towards the side away from the wind.
16. The residue that remains when something is burned.
17. Affect with wonder.
19. A collection of objects laid on top of each other.
21. Norwegian mathematician (1802-1829).
22. A girl or young woman who is unmarried.
23. The sense organ for hearing and equilibrium.
25. A card game for 2 players.
27. A young child.
31. An enclosed space.
32. Wild sheep of northern Africa.
33. A river in north central Switzerland that runs northeast into the Rhine.
35. Morally bad or wrong.
39. The state prevailing during the absence of war.
40. A Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad.
43. Of or relating to a member of the Buddhist people inhabiting the Mekong river in Laos and Thailand.
44. A sodium salt of carbonic acid.
45. Common black-and-gray Eurasian bird noted for thievery.
49. Experiencing or showing sorrow or unhappiness.
52. Large brownish-green New Zealand parrot.
53. Automatic data processing in which data acquisition and other stages or processing are integrated into a coherent system.
56. An organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the sale of petroleum.
57. The basic unit of money in Cambodia.
59. The inner and longer of the two bones of the human forearm.
61. A trivial lie.
63. God of love and erotic desire.
64. An associate degree in applied science.
65. An island in the West Indies.
66. The sixth month of the civil year.
1. Not only so, but.
2. A domed or vaulted recess or projection on a building especially the east end of a church.
3. A member of the Siouan people formerly living in the Missouri river valley in NE Nebraska.
4. A loose sleeveless outer garment made from aba cloth.
5. Large genus of tropical American vines having showy often spotted umbellate flowers.
6. An Arabic speaking person who lives in Arabia or North Africa.
7. The feeling of distress and disbelief that you have when something bad happens accidentally.
8. Spider monkeys.
9. A colorless odorless gaseous element that give a red glow in a vacuum tube.
10. Tired to the point of exhaustion.
11. A living organism characterized by voluntary movement.
12. A general conscious awareness.
18. Used especially of fruits.
20. A tricycle (usually propelled by pedalling).
24. A silvery ductile metallic element found primarily in bauxite.
26. A white metallic element that burns with a brilliant light.
28. Chocolate cookie with white cream filling.
29. Two items of the same kind.
30. A unit of absorbed ionizing radiation equal to 100 ergs per gram of irradiated material.
34. A Hindu prince or king in India.
36. Large lipoproteins rich in triglycerides.
37. A plant hormone promoting elongation of stems and roots.
38. Less than normal in degree or intensity or amount.
41. Aerobic rod-shaped spore-producing bacterium.
42. Harsh or corrosive in tone.
46. Small New Zealand broadleaf evergreen tree often cultivated in warm regions as an ornamental.
47. Small genus of hairy herbs with yellow flowers.
48. Everyone except the clergy.
50. The capital of Western Samoa.
51. United States labor organizer who ran for President as a socialist (1855-1926).
54. A federally chartered corporation that purchases mortgages.
55. A flat-bottomed volcanic crater that was formed by an explosion.
58. Take in solid food.
59. A radioactive transuranic element produced by bombarding plutonium with neutrons.
60. A boy or man.
62. (chemistry) P(otential of) H(ydrogen).
63. (Akkadian) God of wisdom. | <urn:uuid:07ea3d56-c45e-4fc5-90c8-e4d89f48241b> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.crosswordpuzzlegames.com/puzzles/gs_530.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257836397.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071036-00277-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.870365 | 956 | 2.5625 | 3 |
In November 1948, Armstrong organized at Randolph a panel discussion on the "Aeromedical Problems of Space Travel." Featuring papers by Strughold and Heinz Haber and commentary by six well-known scientists from universities and the military, the symposium perhaps marked the beginning of formal, academic inquiry into the medical hazards of extra-atmospheric flight. Before this epochal gathering ended, Strughold had resolved the contradiction inherent in the title of the symposium by emphatically using the term "space medicine."4
The following February, Armstrong set up the world's first Department of Space Medicine, headed by Strughold and including the Habers and Konrad Buettner.5 In November 1951, at San Antonio, the School of Aviation Medicine and the privately financed Lovelace Foundation for Medical Research at Albuquerque, New Mexico, sponsored a symposium discreetly entitled "Physics and Medicine of the Upper Atmosphere." It was still not respectable to speak plainly of space flight within the Air Force, which only that year had cautiously reactivated its intercontinental ballistic missile project and remained sensitive to "Buck Rogers" epithets from members of Congress and the taxpaying public. A good portion of the material presented by the 44 speakers at the 1951 symposium, however, covered the nature of space, the mechanics of space flight, and the medical difficulties of sending a man beyond the sensible and breathable atmosphere.6
An important bridge from aviation medicine to space medicine was this chart by Hubertus Strughold in 1951. It related altitudes at which human functional borders occur with the altitudes at which the various physical characteristics of space occur.
It was at this meeting that Strughold, later to acquire a reputation as the "father of space medicine," put forth what is perhaps his most notable contribution - the concept of "aeropause," a region of "space-equivalent conditions" or "atmospheric space equivalence." Strughold pointed out that while many astronomers, astrophysicists, and meteorologists set the boundary between the atmosphere and space at about 600 miles from Earth, the biological conditions of space begin much lower, at about 50,000 feet. Anoxia is encountered at 50,000 feet, the boiling point of body fluids at 63,000 feet, the necessity for carrying all respiratory oxygen within a manned compartment at 80,000 feet, meteoroids at 75 miles, and the darkness of the space "void" at 100 miles. Above 100 miles the atmosphere is imperceptible to the flyer. "What we call upper atmosphere in the physical sense," said Strughold, "must be considered - in terms of biology - as space in its total form." Hence manned ballistic or orbital flight at an altitude of 100 miles would be, for all practical purposes, space flight.7
The rocket-powered research airplanes of the postwar years, beginning with the X-1, the first manned vehicle to surpass the speed of sound, took American test pilots well into the region of space equivalence. On August 26, 1954, when Major Arthur Murray of the Air Force pushed the Bell X-1A to an altitude of 90,000 feet, he was above 90 percent of the sensible atmosphere. Two years later, in the more powerful Bell X-2, Air Force Captain Iven Kincheloe climbed to 126,000 feet, "a space-equivalent flight to a very high degree."8 The X-15, still on the drawing boards in the mid-fifties, was being designed to rocket its pilot to an altitude of 50 miles at nearly seven times the speed of sound. And human-factors research in the X-15 project, involving the development and testing of a new full-pressure flying suit, centrifuge conditioning to high acceleration forces, and telemetering a wide range of physiological data in flight, would contribute substantially to medical planning for space travel.9
2 For the German work in aeromedicine during the 1930s and early 1940s, see U.S. Air Force, German Aviation Medicine, World War II (2 vols., Washington, 1950).
3 Harry G. Armstrong, Principles and Practices of Aviation Medicine (3 ed., Baltimore, 1952). Armstrong later became a major general.
4 Harry G. Armstrong, Heinz Haber, and Hubertus Strughold, "Aero Medical Problems of Space Travel, Panel Meeting, School of Aviation Medicine," Journal of Aviation Medicine, XIX (Dec. 1949), 383-417; Hubertus Strughold, interview, San Antonio, April 24, 1964. People interested in the physiology and psychology of extra-atmospheric flight have devised a number of terms to describe their field of investigation - biomedicine, space biology, astrobiology, bioastronautics, aerospace medicine. The most suitable single term seems to be that used by Strughold, "space medicine." It is used throughout this work except where more precise terminology, such as "biodynamics," appears appropriate.
5 Shirley Thomas, Men of Space (6 vols., Philadelphia, 1960-1963), IV, 234-250; USAF Air Training Command, History of the United States Air Force, Pamphlet 190-1, Randolph Air Force Base, Tex., 1961, 19; Strughold interview. Siegfried J. Gerathewohl, a psychologist, and Hans-Georg Clamann, a physiologist, remained with the School of Aviation Medicine but did not become members of the Department of Space Medicine.
6 Clayton S. White and Otis O. Benson, eds., Physics and Medicine of the Upper Atmosphere: A Study of the Aeropause (Albuquerque, 1952).
7 Hubertus Strughold, "Basic Environmental Problems Relating Man and the Highest Regions of the Atmosphere as Seen by the Biologist," ibid., 32. On the concept of space equivalence see also Strughold, Heinz Haber, Konrad Buettner, and Fritz Haber, "Where Does Space Begin? Functional Concept of the Boundaries between the Atmosphere and Space," Journal of Aviation Medicine, XXII (Oct., 1951), 342-357; Strughold, "Atmospheric Space Equivalence," Journal of Aviation Medicine, XXV (Aug., 1954), 420-424; Strughold, "The Medical Problems of Space Flight," International Record of Medicine, CLXVIII (1955), 570-575; and Strughold, "A Simple Classification of the Present and Future Stages of Manned Flight," Journal of Aviation Medicine, XXVII (Aug., 1956), 328-331.
8 "Thirty-Five Years of Winged Rocket Flight," Thiokol Magazine, II (1963), 10; Hubertus Strughold, "Introduction," to Morton Alperin, M. Stern, and H. Wooster, eds., Vistas in Astronautics: First Annual Astronautics Symposium (London, 1958), 283.
9 See Burt Rowen, "Human Factors Support of the X-15 Program," in Kenneth F. Gantz, ed., Man in Space: The United States Air Force Program for Developing the Spacecraft Crews (New York, 1959), 216-221; Stanley C. White, "Progress in Space Medicine," paper, Second World and Fourth European Aviation and Space Medicine Congress, Rome, Oct. 27-31, 1959; and Richard E. Day, "Training Aspects of the X-15 Program," in The Training of Astronauts (Washington, 1961), 5-14. | <urn:uuid:32265f1f-a323-4b1d-9e89-2369cf3090e1> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4201/ch2-2.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637900160.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025820-00065-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923361 | 1,562 | 2.9375 | 3 |
March 7, 2014
As another spring is upon us, even though it may not look like spring outside everywhere now, we can look forward to college graduation season soon. That means the next class of graduating educators will enter the profession and soon begin work in classrooms.
Supporting new teachers is something that is a very important aspect of building the profession and improving student learning
. Often when I work with new teachers, they ask for 'tips and hints' to help them out in their early career. I can remember doing the same as an emerging educator. When it comes down to it though, tips for teaching are useful to all classrooms and educators.
Many of the most beneficial ideas that can support classroom teachers are timeless principles that have been passed on from teacher to teacher. I thought it might be useful to sum up some of the best advice, which I have been given over the years from countless colleagues, mentors, and education leaders, to share with other teachers.
The following are my top 25 favorite insights for any teacher, but especially for new teachers:
- Keep teaching and learning the main thing, because that is the main thing
- Be flexible – in everything – think if your own child were a student in your classroom, how flexible would you want the teacher to be with your student?
- Eat meals during the school day; a snack/protein bar is NOT a meal; additionally, many of them are basically just sugar anyway
- Stay grounded in reality – you may not reach every student in the same way, or even in a meaningful way, but you should still try
- Stay in the loop with popular culture – staying current helps keep you in-touch with your students so you know what is important to them in their world – then, make content relevant!
- If you coach a sport, remember which job (relatively speaking) is your $4,000/yr job and which is your $40,000/yr job
- Problem-based learning and project-based learning are not just headings in your education textbooks; these methods represent some of the best ways to engage kids in learning
- Teacher-centered instruction is out-of-style
- Dress professionally – always – it sets the tone for the classroom and school
- Learn everyone’s name and use names often with staff and students alike
- “The good ones will always have a job” – so make sure you are one of the good ones
- Use technology to support instruction, don't use instruction to support technology
- Make and carry business cards for yourself with basic contact information on there – you never know when you might need them
- If your personal email address is [email protected], CHANGE IT NOW!
- Be less helpful – don’t "spoon feed" information to students; do more student-centered or inquiry-based instruction to help them develop knowledge, skills, and abilities
- Make a single item portfolio, or shortfolio, with your resume, references, contact information and a title page with some pictures of you doing good teaching stuff on it. This should be a 11″ x 17″ 4-page booklet.
- Make all your professional information available online somewhere – so it can be easily accessed by anyone online (then you can put the shortened custom URL to that online space on your business card)
- Don’t fall victim to the curriculum checklist philosophy of teaching where you do things just to say “I covered that” or you checked it off your ‘to teach’ list – teach for understanding!
- Be a team player
- Plan your learning goals intentionally, ahead of time, with student- and make them explicitly known to students
- Get enough sleep – seriously, don’t stay up until 1:00am doing grading or something – a tired teacher is not going to be at their best
- Make your teaching practices and decisions transparent to students – letting them (and parents) in on why you do things the way you do them makes for more reflective and metacognitive students
- Invite administrators, colleagues, parents and others into your classrooms to see what you are doing – then engage them in a conversation about what they saw
- Important Fable #1: The Grasshopper and the Ant – be the ant people, be the ant!
- Important Fable #2: The Tortoise and the Hare – this one goes back to #18…which character will you be? | <urn:uuid:e839bfad-0230-4571-bfa0-c9e8c2365b17> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.meemic.com/why-meemic/about-meemic/blog/mtoy/march-2014/fortune-cookies-for-(new)-teachers.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487582767.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20210612103920-20210612133920-00122.warc.gz | en | 0.957562 | 925 | 2.625 | 3 |
Adultism is a primary assumption in western culture. Commonly defined as discrimination against youth, I believe adultism is also bias towards adults, and the addiction to adults. This reality is the basis for many laws, customs, and beliefs in our society, and slowly, steadily betrays both the adults and young people it affects most.
Adultism drives almost every aspect of a young person’s life, including the view of who young people are. It doesn’t just affect young people either; the effects of adultism last from the time a person is a baby until they die. Every time we interact with children or youth we are affected by adultism. They don’t have to be present, either, as adultism is reflected in our attitudes, opinions, and thoughts about childhood and adolescence.
The Freechild Project has been promoting awareness of adultism for more than a decade. Using the internet, training workshops, and publications, I have sought to teach, advocate, and activate a generation of young people and their adult allies to take action. It has worked, and today, more than ever before, the struggle against adultism and towards youth integration throughout society is underway. These are exciting times! Learn more about adultism at from this video or at freechild.org.
You Might Also Be Interested In… | <urn:uuid:37b6a480-ed02-4a6b-b93c-02e58a2b980f> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://adamfletcher.net/adultism/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141732696.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20201203190021-20201203220021-00620.warc.gz | en | 0.966544 | 273 | 2.875 | 3 |
Next week (not this week!!) you’ll be viewing a video documentary in class. I wanted to mention it now because I would like you to understand the relationship between this video and the readings for THIS week.
Burma VJ tells the story of an organized effort by volunteer reporters who video’d the almost-revolution in Burma (called Myanmar by the military junta that runs the country) in 2007.
It does not matter if you have no interest in Burma — this documentary is great for at least two reasons (in my opinion).
One is the use of technology and media to document a large public protest inside a country that is one of the most restricted and repressed in the entire world today.* Because of small, cheap video cameras, the reporters were able to record what was actually happening in their country (even after the government expelled all the foreign journalists). Because of the Internet and satellite transmissions, the world was able to see it.
The other reason is related to the ideas of activism and dissent. I would like you to think about “regime change” while you are watching this video. Think about what the population can do if the government is not serving the public good. Think about the American revolution, the French revolution, the Russian revolution — any historic moment when the people stood up and said, “Enough!” Think about any historic situation you know when the people did not stand up — for example, Nazi Germany.
The right to dissent is protected in a democratic society. In undemocratic countries, dissent is punished with arrest, imprisonment, and even death.
So think about what Rohlinger and Brown (2009) found people saying about patriotism and dissent after September 11 in the United States.
Think about whether dissent is safe or risky.
- When is it risky, and why?
- If people are risking their very lives to dissent, to oppose their government — why do they do that?
- What are the possible outcomes?
* Freedom House ranks nine countries as the least free in the world: Burma, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Libya, North Korea, Somalia, Sudan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. | <urn:uuid:9b1a4a4d-544f-40f2-b004-4adf2f01a942> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://mmc6612.wordpress.com/tag/rights/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105700.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20170819162833-20170819182833-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.957179 | 448 | 3.1875 | 3 |
The son of Atyuppius and Elizabeth. Priest. Cardinal. Papal treasurer. Elected pope the day after his predecessor’s burial, probably so there would not be any outside interference with the decision of the cardinals.
Upon his election, he sent Charlemagne the keys of Saint Peter and the standard of the city of Rome, Italy indicating his choice of Charlemagne as protector of the city and the see. Charlemagne, with his letters of congratulations, sent a fortune which Leo used to build churches and found charitable institutions.
On 25 April 799, members of Pope Adrian I‘s family hired thugs to attack Leo in a procession. They scarred his face and tried to tear out his toungue and eyes to render him unfit for the papacy. He survived the attack, scarred but tongue and eyes miraculously healed. He fled to Charlemagne‘s protection at Paderborn, Germany where his enemies tried to turn the king against him. When Leo recovered, Charlemagne escorted him back to Rome. In 800 he conducted a trial of Leo and of his accusers. There was no evidence of Leo’s guilt, but there was of his accusers, and they were imprisoned. On Christmas day in 800, Leo crowned Charlemagne emperor, marking the beginning of the Holy Roman Empire.
- “Pope Saint Leo III“. Saints.SQPN.com. 4 November 2014. Web. 24 November 2014. <> | <urn:uuid:b9c5ce22-6cb2-4356-abe8-408cc3d0a2c5> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://saints.sqpn.com/pope-saint-leo-iii/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400382386.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123302-00041-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973724 | 309 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Why Does Chunking Improve Memory
Discover Ways To Improve Your Memory With These Tips
The human memory is just one of the most crucial yet most neglected elements of the human system. Without your memory, you are significantly a vacant covering of a human. By following the suggestions discussed here, you may see a considerable enhancement in your memory functionality, which can enhance your overall life. Why Does Chunking Improve Memory
If you are having a difficult time bearing in mind things, you might wish to put information with an image. As an example, say you wish to remember where a specific shop is and there is a large oak tree before me, inform your mind to think about the oak tree.
It is necessary that you keep a day-to-day routine if you wish to boost your memory. By doing points at various times of the day, you might neglect certain obligations. Try to stick to one routine for the weekdays when you go to work as well as one routine for weekend breaks when you are residence.
Studies have shown that memory retention is much better if regular examining sessions are prepared as opposed to one-off marathon sessions. This gives the mind time to refine the info correctly. If time is not taken to concentrate on the products in an unwinded atmosphere, then it is feasible to overlook essential items in haste.
To help enhance your memory and also overall brain feature, try to eat a healthy diet plan. Researches have shown that consuming particular foods can assist improve a person’s memory. Spinach and also many fruits, consisting of blueberries, assistance memory feature. Omega-3 fats is additionally useful when trying to boost memory.
To make sure that your brain, as well as consequently your memory, are operating at their optimum, it is essential to feed your body properly daily. Complex carbs and also proteins are fantastic for sustaining your body as well as providing it the power required to run. Fish has been shown to boost mind as well as memory functions when consumed often.
When you’re having problem remembering something, like when you’ve been studying for as well lengthy and also can’t focus on the details anymore, attempt getting outdoors as well as walking or jog. This will certainly assist you clear your head and also obtain more oxygen pumping to your mind, hence letting your mind operate at a higher capacity.
A terrific means to boost your memory is to concentrate your focus upon the product that you are trying to examine as well as remember. Because focus is a major part of memory, it has to be used to relocate details from short-term memory right into long-lasting memory. To ensure you give your wholehearted focus to your study product, eliminate disturbances such as songs or television from your research study setting.
Help safeguard your memory for several years ahead by making certain you are getting plenty of vitamin B-12 in your diet plan. Studies have actually linked reduced degrees of B-12 to dementia and bad cognitive feature. Food resources rich in B-12 include liver, eggs, fish, poultry, meat and also milk products. If you do not consume a lot of meat, you might need to take a daily B-12 supplement to assist prevent deficiency.
Do not take your memory for approved. Without it, school, job, as well as residence life can be 100% more difficult. By paying attention in general and also to these suggestions, your memory will be one less point you have to bother with. The destruction of your memory has far-ranging consequences. Do not neglect it.
Need Recommendations On Improving Your Memory? Review These Tips
You intend to learn all that you can around just how to improve your memory as well as you require to do it as rapidly and successfully as possible. Your memory skills are going to be vital for an event in the future. Use this post and also you locate several of the most effective pointers readily available. Why Does Chunking Improve Memory
If you wish to boost your memory, prevent packing. Last minute memorization can assist you bear in mind things, but the benefits are normally only short term. Try to learn new info progressively. Skills as well as details found out gradually are most likely to stick with you. Cramming normally implies you’ll forget it as quickly as you discovered it.
The most effective way to maintain your memory sharp is to ensure that you remain mentally active. Exercise keeps your body fit, as well as mental exercise maintains your mind in shape. Doing crossword puzzles, checking out complicated flows, playing parlor game, or finding out a music instrument can all assist you keep your psychological side.
Attempt using mnemonic gadgets to assist in recall. A mnemonic is a means to keep in mind info. One mnemonic is word association. Think about a word or phrase you recognize with to advise on your own of the thing you desire to bear in mind. Rhymes, songs, and also amusing images make good mnemonics.
If you have noticed that your memory isn’t what it used to be, maybe you aren’t obtaining enough sleep. You need to be sleeping 7 to eight hrs each evening in order to boost your memory. Throughout your sleep cycle, your mind processes all new information to produce these memories for you so you have them to remember later on.
Keep your self organized. It is important that you do not lose your time attempting to keep in mind simple things, like where you place your vehicle tricks. Just see to it to keep them in the exact same area on a daily basis up until it ends up being habbit. Being organized will really function to enhance your memory.
Try examining in various locations and at various times of the day. This will assist you determine what works best for you, and likewise see to it that you can remember info in different settings. Likely you will certainly not be taking an examination in conditions similar to the ones you examined for it in.
A very easy way to enhance your memory is by getting sufficient rest each evening. Likewise, use relaxation techniques when going to bed. When you’re tired, your mind doesn’t function at its optimal capacity. This makes it difficult to learn new details, and it additionally affects your capability to recall information that you had found out in the past.
Flashcards can be a great memory booster. Even if it’s feasible to acquire pre-made cards of what you’re trying to memorize, it’s better to make them on your own. Composing the terms as well as meanings you’re trying to memorize will aid you start discovering them even prior to you begin drilling with your flashcards. Ideally, obtain a good friend to help you to avoid the temptation to peek at the card or presume the response.
In conclusion, you require to recognize suggestions about exactly how to finest improve your memory and you need to know them rapidly. Ideally this post provided the most effective information readily available to your situation. Utilize this info as instructed and you will certainly find that you can vastly enhance your memory skills.
Knowing New Points To Boost Memory
Keeping our minds active can help enhance memory efficiency. While the old attempted and examined method of repetition is still an integral part of memory strategies, we additionally require a little bit of uniqueness to maintain our minds awake and to promote our minds.
All of us have times when we ‘d love to be able to enhance memory– for school tests, university examinations, organization presentations and even simply in our everyday lives. Pregnant females are particularly susceptible to amnesia, and also often look for ways to enhance memory. Age is likewise a factor to consider; as we age, our capacity to keep in mind things decreases and also we discover ourselves losing points or failing to remember appointments.
By finding out new information, we can help boost memory in the long-term. The part of our mind that generates the chemical dopamine responds much better to fresh images, ideas and experiences, and also can boost memory retention more effectively that simply repeating the same info over and over again. To improve memory methods, there are plenty of things we can do in our daily lives:
Boost memory– with word games.
By just doing the crossword or word game in your everyday or Sunday newspaper, you’ll assist enhance memory by finding out new words or phrases. Daily will certainly bring a new obstacle so you will be promoting your mind consistently.
Improve memory– with number challenges.
Sudoku is a prominent number game, but there are many other number challenges you can try to help your pursuit to improve memory. Once more, you will certainly be maintaining your brain energetic and also opening up your mind to new challenges regularly.
Boost memory– learn a language.
Subjecting your mind to anything new will certainly assist enhance memory function, however finding out a language can be a particularly satisfying experience. You don’t require to go as far as taking classes, merely view some of the international language discovering programs on TELEVISION or find out a couple of words of Spanish or French, for instance, every day.
Enhance memory– play a tool.
This is an additional fun method to get round the issue of enhancing amnesia. Getting a guitar or sitting for an hour or more at a keyboard could be a terrific method to boost memory performance. You’ll be boosting your brain function by practicing new chords or tunes!
Obviously, most of us lead really busy lives as well as do not always have the time to take up a new pastime or leisure activity. We can still improve memory techniques in our day to day lives, merely by taking note of the things around us. Instead of strolling or driving home in a daze, we can help boost our memory simply by taking a look around! Why Does Chunking Improve Memory | <urn:uuid:0734a273-4fcd-49ca-af40-d31edf77e5cb> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://getqwikly.com/why-does-chunking-improve-memory-focus-enhancement/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780055808.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20210917212307-20210918002307-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.956663 | 2,017 | 2.625 | 3 |
Around the Water Cooler: Wastewater Treatment (nothing to scream about…)
By Lahne Mattas-Curry
I came across this little gem the other day while working to promote EPA’s water science research. A sci-fi novel set in a wastewater treatment plant? Brilliant. And the tagline: Where no one cares when you scream? Clearly author Dodge Winston has a lot to think about while at work as a wastewater plant operator in the San Francisco Bay area. I’ll bet, though, that most of us haven’t given the wastewater treatment plant in our communities much thought, yet wastewater treatment is a key contributor to keeping us healthy and the environment clean.
Do you know what happens to the wastewater when you flush the toilet or run the disposal, or even finish a load of laundry? The wastewater collection system consists of a network of pipes, pumps, and tunnels that connect our household plumbing to sewer lines and pump stations. Eventually the wastewater is sent to the treatment plant for cleaning and distribution.
There are approximately 800,000 miles of public sewer lines in the United States, most installed after World War II. There are also close to 20,000 wastewater treatment pipe systems and 15,000 wastewater treatment facilities in the United States, most of them aging and certainly many that can’t handle a large storm without sending overflows of untreated wastewater into our waterways.
With this in mind, EPA engineers and scientists are developing tools, rehabilitation technologies and methods to increase long-term effectiveness of wastewater treatment systems. They also help municipalities and wastewater treatment plant staff keep our water clean, contributing to healthier people and a cleaner environment. EPA researchers are working to keep our water sources free from chemical, biological, and radiological contaminants, too.
Here are a few of the tools and models our researchers have developed:
- System for Urban Stormwater Treatment and Analysis Integration Model (SUSTAIN)
- Sanitary Sewer Overflow Analysis and Planning (SSOAP) Toolbox
- Hydraulic and Water Quality Behavior Water Distribution Piping Systems Model (EPANET)
- CANARY Event Detection System (EDS) Software
While these technologies and tools are targeted to wastewater treatment plant operators, there are things you can do at home to help keep our water clean and reduce the cost of cleaning our water at the wastewater treatment plant. Learn more about what you can do in your community here.
And for fun, check out this innovative tool the city of Oberlin, Ohio is using. You can see real-time use of electricity and water.
As an aside, this tool was developed by Lucid Design Group, which was founded by members of Oberlin College’s P3 team that organized a two-week “Dorm Energy Competition” where dorm residents competed to reduce their energy and water use and used the dashboards to monitor success back in 2005. Today, Lucid has customers around the country, including towns, building owners, corporations – and even Google – who want to monitor and reduce energy and water consumption.
About the Author: Lahne Mattas-Curry is a frequent contributor to Around the Water Cooler, and she also helps promote the great work of EPA researchers in the Safe and Sustainable Water Resources program. And at lunch today she will drink about a gallon of clean, treated tap water.
Editor's Note: The opinions expressed here are those of the author. They do not reflect EPA policy, endorsement, or action, and EPA does not verify the accuracy or science of the contents of the blog.
Please share this post. However, please don't change the title or the content. If you do make changes, don't attribute the edited title or content to EPA or the author. | <urn:uuid:c9081386-6792-4a9f-8353-283af99d5728> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://blog.epa.gov/science/2013/07/around-the-water-cooler-wastewater-treatment-nothing-to-scream-about/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535923940.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909040518-00382-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936752 | 766 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Two scales that can be used to assess disease progression and any response that may occur to a treatment have been developed for children with Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease.
One, called the CMT Pediatric Scale, measures physical functioning. The second, called the Pediatric CMT Quality of Life Instrument, measures how the disease affects children's life experience. The two scales eventually will be merged, the investigators say.
Both new measurement instruments were presented April 14, at the 2010 American Academy of Neurology meeting held in Toronto, and both were developed with MDA support.
About the CMT Pediatric Scale
Richard Finkel, a professor of pediatrics at the University of Pennsylvania and co-director of the MDA clinic at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, presented the CMT Pediatric Scale.
He developed the scale with MDA grantee Michael Shy, a professor of neurology and a member of the Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics at Wayne State University in Detroit, and others in the United States, United Kingdom, Italy and Australia.
The CMT Neuropathy Scale, a measurement tool for adults with CMT, has been found useful in following the disease course and in clinical trials. Until now, however, there's been a need for accurate outcome measures for children and adolescents with CMT, Finkel said.
The CMT Pediatric Scale includes assessments of foot posture, hand dexterity, sensation, motor function, ankle positioning, hand and foot strength, balance and endurance.
Preliminary data from 20 children ages 3-17 years old suggest it can be completed in 30 to 45 minutes. The tool is undergoing further evaluation and is expected to have broad application in clinical trials in young people with CMT.
About the Quality of Life instrument
Sindhu Ramchandren, a neuromuscular disease specialist in the Department of Neurology at Wayne State, presented the Pediatric CMT Quality of Life instrument, developed in the United States and Australia.
This instrument includes a 60-item questionnaire that can be administered to children with CMT who are 5-18 years old, and two questionnaires for their parents, one for parents of children up to age 5 and the other for parents of children ages 5-18.
The questionnaires cover six major areas that the investigators concluded were relevant to the child with CMT:
The CMT Quality of Life instrument, when combined with the CMT Pediatric Scale, expand the ways in which investigators can measure the effects of treatments they will test in children with CMT.
Meaning for families with CMT
The emergence of specific scales that measure physical functioning and overall quality of life in children and adolescents with CMT is an important step in treatment development for this disease.
When experimental drugs and biologics, such as gene therapy, are developed and tested, regulatory agencies require very careful documentation of their effects. Good functional and quality-of-life scales can pick up even subtle treatment effects, both good and bad, as well as differences in the effects of dosage levels and other variables. | <urn:uuid:0b84046d-837c-459a-8c90-c32ff4afead9> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.mda.org/quest/new-tools-trials-children-cmt | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644064919.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025424-00338-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952201 | 630 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Free German Movement
Free German Movement , also Free Germany Movement , was the name of some German groups in exile in various countries during the National Socialist era . The aim was to fight against National Socialist rule in Germany. Many movements were disbanded in the years after 1945, as the governments feared the influence of the communist ideology of these movements and the main movement of the Soviet-backed National Committee Free Germany (NKFD). The exile magazine Free Germany is considered the spiritual basis of the movements . Alemania libre , published in Mexico City from 1941 to 1946 .
The movement had different names in each country:
In northern France , which was occupied from June 1940 and in the south of France, which was occupied from 1942 - the Vichy regime - groups formed (e.g. BFDW - Movement Free Germany in the West , French CALPO - Comité Allemagne libre pour l'Ouest , also responsible for Belgium and Luxembourg ). The French Resistance officially accepted the BFDW as part of the Resistance. So-called Wehrmacht groups existed illegally in the Wehrmacht. Its activities included gathering information, liaising with the Resistance, distributing propaganda material, sabotage and acquiring weapons. Local committees existed in more than 25 cities, and local or regional committees in almost all areas until the liberation in October 1944.
Based on the model of the NKFD , the Antifascist Committee Free Germany (AKFD) was formed in Greece in August 1944 . It was constituted at the headquarters of the Greek ELAS in consultation with a Soviet military mission by former members of the Penal Division 999 , namely Falk Harnack and Gerhard Reinhardt . There was loose telegraphic contact with the NKFD in Russia. The AKFD only existed until December and was primarily entrusted with the integration of German prisoners of war and defectors as well as the recruitment from remaining Wehrmacht units. In the beginning of the Greek Civil War , ELAS also used German fighters against British troops and the nationalist militias that were allied with them, such as EDES .
After the governments in Sweden and Switzerland had invoked the neutrality of the respective country and forbade the refugees from any political activity, it was not until January 1944 that German exiles founded the “Free German Cultural Association” in Sweden as a non-partisan federation that is roughly all political Directions of the Weimar Republic included.
The organization was officially founded at the national delegates' conference on May 27, 1945 in Zurich. The organization began in 1943 when it was illegal under the leadership of Wolfgang Langhoff. The movement produced a newspaper of the same name that was illegally distributed. The reason for this was that the “Movement Free Germany” was not officially approved until March 1945.
The first members were:
|Surname||function||City / nationality||free, interned or released|
|Wilhelm Abegg||Central management - Presidium - State President||Zurich / German Empire / Switzerland||free|
|Charlotte von Kirschbaum||Central management - Presidium||Basel||free|
|Wolfgang Langhoff||Central management - Presidium||Zurich / German Empire|
|Rudolf Singer||Central management - secretary||Zurich / German Empire||interned|
|Erich Bogen||Central management||Friborg|
|Heinz Fliess||Central management||Zurich|
|Walter Gyssling||Central management||Zurich|
|Harry heart||Central management||Zurich|
|Paul Meuter||Central management||Zurich||interned|
|Hans Singer||Central management||Zurich||interned|
|Jo Mihaly||Central management||Zurich|
|Hans Teubner||Central management||Zurich||interned|
|Leo Bauer||Central Committee||Geneva|
|Fritz Diez - representative for Carl Tesch||Central Committee||St. Gallen|
|Georg Engelbrecht||Central Committee||Bern|
|Arthur Huwa||Central Committee||Lausanne|
|Heinz Mode||Central Committee||Basel||interned|
|Erich Moltmann||Central Committee||Hochdorf|
|Heinz Pechner||Central Committee||Geneva|
|Erwin Reiche||Central Committee||Bern|
|Ludwig Schmidt||Central Committee||Basel|
|Gotthard Stehr||Central Committee||Zurich|
|Walther Thiele||Central Committee||Muri|
|Michael Tschesno-Hell||Central Committee||Zurich|
Pro-communist groups of German-speaking exiles also emerged in Latin America, such as the Free German Movement in Brazil, led by Johannes Hoffmann , or the Free Germany Movement in Mexico, founded in January 1942 under the leadership of Ludwig Renn and Paul Merker ; the first secretary was Otto Katz . The organization brought out the magazine Alemania Libre (Free Germany), a major exile magazine that influenced similar groups throughout Latin America. The editor-in-chief was the Austrian Bruno Frei . Other important members included Anna Seghers , Bodo Uhse , Alexander Abusch , Walter Janka , Kurt Stern , Paul Mayer and Leo Zuckermann . In addition, it succeeded in founding the El libro libre publishing house in Mexico, a German-language publishing house that published the works of numerous writers in exile.
The BFD Mexico organized the amalgamation of movements from Central and South American countries, including Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Guatemala, Honduras, Venezuela, Panama, Costa Rica, Cuba, Uruguay and Santo Domingo.
Founded as a non-partisan and non-denominational front of the German-speaking exiles against Hitler, the Mexican BFD was clearly dominated by the German Communists, which is why the ongoing war developed tensions in the movement. The Austrian exiles in Mexico, who were still heavily involved in the "Liga Pro Cultura Alemana" and the Heinrich Heine Club , which had existed since 1938 , founded an independent movement in 1941 under the name Acción Republicana Austriaca en México , the magazine Austria Libre published. Since the Moscow Declaration in 1943 at the latest , the Austrian exiles no longer hoped for a free Germany, but for a free Austria. Jewish exiles in Latin America, however, under the impression of the terrible news about the Holocaust in Europe, turned to more and more Zionist groups and increasingly distanced themselves from German exile organizations. The communist claim to supremacy of the Free Germany Movement also prevented cooperation with the Das Andere Deutschland movement, which operated in South America from Argentina and was more republican and pacifist.
In early 1943, the Latin American Committee of Free Germans (LAK) was constituted as the umbrella organization for all German anti-fascist groups and organizations in Latin America, with its headquarters in Mexico City .
- Free German Movement. Goals and tasks. First edition. 1944 - With texts by Robert René Kuczynski, Wilhelm Koenen, Bruno Tausig, Felix Albin [d. i. Kurt Hager], Siegbert Kahn a. a.
- Gottfried Hamacher with the assistance of André Lohmar, Herbert Mayer, Günter Wehner and Harald Wittstock: Against Hitler. Germans in the Resistance, in the armed forces of the anti-Hitler coalition and the "Free Germany" movement.
- The National Committee "Free Germany" on evangelischer- Resistance.de
- THE MAGAZINE FREE GERMANY. ALEMANIA LIBRE IN MEXICO (1941–1946) on kuenste-im-exil.de/
- The Free Germany Movement in Mexico on die-linke.de/
- Anti-Fascist Exile Center Mexico German intellectuals and the "Movement Free Germany", Drafd-Information 08/2009 .
- Movement Free Germany in Switzerland in the archive database of the Swiss Federal Archives
- Biographical manual of German-speaking emigration after 1933–1945 in the Google book search
- Heike Bungert: The National Committee and the West: the reaction of the Western Allies to the NKFD and the Free German Movements 1943–1948 . Franz Steiner Verlag, 1997, ISBN 978-3-515-07219-9 ( google.de [accessed on September 10, 2019]).
- Hans Modrow: The stage on which the future was rehearsed. In: AG Peace Research. January 7, 2012, accessed September 10, 2019 .
- Committee Free Germany in Southern France, Our Fatherland special issue for prisoners of war, 1943, article in it: "What is and what does the Free Germany Movement " ( Memento of February 11, 2017 in the Internet Archive )
- Burkhardt et al .: The one with the blue note 1986, p. 273 ff.
- DRAFD information 07-2002 Horst-Heinz Meyer: education about Nazi Germany - The Free German Cultural Association in Sweden
- Wolfgang Kießling: It started on Lake Maggiore. In: New Germany. January 5, 1993. Retrieved July 27, 2019 .
- cf. Singer, Rudolf, curriculum vitae, p. 2, 1959
- Employee is u. a. Heinz Mode . From 1944 to 1945 he belonged to the Free Germany Movement (BFD), and worked on the magazine of the same name.
- “Germany must live, therefore Hitler must fall!” The worldwide movement “Free Germany” 1943–1945. Announcement of the exhibition by the German Resistance Memorial Center .
- cf. Election minutes "National Committee Free Germany" Switzerland, May 27, 1945
- Gottfried Hamacher: Against Hitler. Germans in the Resistance, in the armed forces of the anti-Hitler coalition and the "Free Germany" movement. Rosa Luxemburg Foundation, 2005, accessed September 10, 2019 .
- Project of the University of Potsdam: Exile in Mexico in the 1940s - The Free Germany Movement ( Memento from March 20, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
- Christian Kloyber: Austrian authors in Mexican exile 1938 to 1945 (PDF; 29 kB)
- Latin American Committee. October 27, 2005, accessed September 10, 2019 . | <urn:uuid:89c28a01-66d3-4f19-9eb2-5765ecb5f822> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://de.zxc.wiki/wiki/Freie_Deutsche_Bewegung | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153860.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20210729140649-20210729170649-00090.warc.gz | en | 0.896135 | 2,167 | 3.5 | 4 |
by C.D. Dollar
The Last Straw: Grass in Decline
It was enough to make you want to scream. But in an odd, microscopic way, the scene encapsulated the continuous and frustrating push and pull that marks both the rampant pollution the Bay continues to suffer and efforts to bring back its health.
To set the scene: an electrical worker (youd recognize the truck) flicked his cigarette into the South Rivers Duvall Creek, a mere 20 yards from where Annapolis-area school kids had just planted underwater grasses theyd grown from seed. The students were part of Maryland Department of Natural Resources and Chesapeake Bay Foundations Bay Grasses in Classes program, trying to do their part and jump-start Bay grasses.
The guys callous act may have added insult to an already injured Bay, but it was merely a sad footnote to a day when the EPA Chesapeake Bay Program issued its report that revealed an an unprecedented 30 percent decline in the abundance of the Bays underwater grasses in 2003.
2002 was a banner year for Bay grasses, which most experts concede was a result of less pollution entering waterways. We got a glimpse of how grasses could grow given decent water quality. Mind you, this surge of grasses was not a result of anything people did, but rather of nature keeping pollutants in the soils.
In the Bay Program press release just out on 2003, Professor Robert Orth of the Virginia Institute of Marine Science and project leader of the annual Bay grass survey said, Nature continually reminds us that SAV (underwater grasses) is very sensitive to water quality. Acreage fluctuations over the past two years reinforce the message that SAV can rapidly rebound when conditions improve, but also decline just as rapidly when conditions worsen as they did in 2003.
While its true that record rains throughout 2003, and the sediment that followed, contributed heavily to the poor acreage, even a modestly healthy Bay should be able to rebound from most of those natural cycles. By any reasonable standard, the Bay is anything but healthy. The cold, hard facts are that too much pollution principally nitrogen and sediment is suffocating our Chesapeake.
Here are the grass stats:
- Overall, Bay grass acreage in 2003 was 64,709 acres, a record 30 percent decline from 2002. In Maryland, underwater grass acreage dropped 41 percent, from the 52,546 acres in 2002 to 30,990 acres in 2003.
Abundant Bay grasses pump oxygen into the water, provide a cornucopia of forage for scores of
- animal species and give shelter for yearling rockfish and small crabs. Grasses also reduce pollution by absorbing nutrients and trapping sediments.
Im no scientist, but I do know that less grass means fewer crabs and fish; less grass means less dissolved oxygen and more bad water. And fewer crabs and fish. See the pattern?
If you dont know or care about these troubling trends, you should especially if you like to crab, fish and swim the Bay and its rivers. Smoking is a persons choice; flinging the dying butt into the dying Bay is not acceptable.
Fish Are Biting
The trophy rockfish are all but headed out the Atlantic, and anglers have turned their tactics to light-tackle jigging and chumming. The Hill, the Dumping Grounds and the Diamonds are a few of the places worth ladling up ground bunker. If light tackle and fly gear is more your speed, start to work the shoreline; its been so hot the water inshore might be good for rockfish. Check regulations with DNR before you keep any species. | <urn:uuid:a70a391f-fb4b-4a63-9601-76b1b1586fe3> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://bayweekly.com/old-site/year04/issuexii21/chesoutxii21.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986668569.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20191016113040-20191016140540-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.951868 | 746 | 2.515625 | 3 |
A uncommon Neolithic picket trackway courting from 2300 BC has been uncovered as a part of work to put in underground cables for a windfarm in England.
ScottishPower Renewables commissioned the archaeological dig as a result of its cables for the East Anglia ONE offshore windfarm would run close to Sutton Hoo, a world-famous prehistoric monument in Woodbridge, Suffolk.
Over the final 18 months, greater than 50 websites alongside the 37 km cable route have been topic to archaeol
ogical exploration, however the last dig proved to carry essentially the most vital discovery.
Around 70 archaeologists have been fastidiously unearthing the 30-metre lengthy picket trackway and platform, together with quite a few different options. Natural water springs, that are nonetheless evident within the space, have created situations that led to the superb preservation of natural supplies like bone and wooden. Initial theories counsel that the springs might even have been the rationale that the realm was chosen as a particular place, over 4000 years in the past.
Beside the platform the cranium of an Auroch was additionally found, an extinct species of huge wild cattle, which has been carbon dated to circa 4300 BC. The cranium has been minimize in a manner that implies it had probably been used as a totem; both fastened to a pole or used as some type of headdress.
At the time the trackway was constructed, the cranium was already 2000 years previous, suggesting it was a big merchandise. Substantial numbers of white pebbles not frequent within the space have been additionally discovered beside the observe. The positions during which this stuff have been discovered means that they have been intentionally deposited in a manner that had significance to the folks on the time.
Charlie Jordan, East Anglia ONE mission director for ScottishPower Renewables, stated: “One of the unanticipated legacies of our windfarm shall be a larger understanding of Suffolk’s historical past. In the final two years our mission has been chargeable for uncovering artefacts kind the Bronze Age, Iron Age, Roman and Medieval durations, however is appears that finest has been saved to final. We have labored carefully with the archaeologists every day, and we now have even made modifications to our plans to make sure the positioning could be totally explored.”
Kate Batt at Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service stated: “Because natural finds of this age are so uncommon and weak when uncovered, they wanted to be saved moist throughout excavation. The options containing the natural materials have been flooded each evening and the archaeologists frequently sprayed the wooden to maintain the trackway preserved as they labored.
“The wooden and different artefacts have been despatched for additional evaluation, and among the main specialists on the Neolithic interval have already visited to assist us construct the total image of actions on the positioning. Together with among the different finds over the least two years, we hope that necessary artefacts could be displayed by native museums following completion of the evaluation. The total archaeological archive shall be deposited with Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service, to make sure that the fabric stays out there for future examine.”
Once operational, the 102-turbine East Anglia ONE mission will present sufficient clear vitality to energy the equal of virtually 600,000 houses, which is almost all of households within the counties of Suffolk and Norfolk.
Offshore building began earlier this yr, with turbine foundations presently being put in. Towers and blades shall be put in in 2019, earlier than the mission is totally operational throughout 2020. | <urn:uuid:02792b33-844e-4232-8b2e-502f357e4fd1> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://ogpnetwork.com/rare-neolithic-finds-unearthed-during-windfarm-cable-work/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376827281.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20181216051636-20181216073636-00027.warc.gz | en | 0.960593 | 727 | 3.078125 | 3 |
With Evidence 16 we reach the final stage of our journey into the diversity of the humanitarian sector. To conclude, let us look at the diverse sectors of activities in which humanitarian organizations develop their activities.
To identify the sectors of activities of humanitarian organizations, we mainly used their activity reports. Our goal was to identify the actual sector of activity of an organization, in order not to rely on declared sectors of activities. As for the group of people targeted by an organization’s program, we proceed through inductive coding and created categories based on the organizations’ programs in 2016. We didn’t rely on a priori lists of sectors, but based our list on the descriptions specific organizations give of their area of intervention. In the end, our list of sectors reflects how organizations qualify what they do. The categories which emerged at the end of our coding exercise are represented in the graph below.
What are the insights provided by our results?
First, they inform us on the level of specialization of humanitarian organizations. Only 24% of the humanitarian organizations included in our database develop programs in a single sector of activity. Humanitarian organizations are predominantly multi-sectorial, most of them developing programs in 2 or 3 distinct sectors. A large share of the organizations in our database prefers mentioning activities rather than sectors of activities, stating that their action is, by nature multi-sectorial. This is the case for 25% of the organizations in our database.
Second, our results show that some sectors receive more attention than others.
Two areas of intervention are largely predominant: health and protection, with respectively 20,1 % and 19,2% of organizations working in each sector. Both sectors appear to form the core of humanitarian actors’ activities and are sometimes considered as the historical sector of humanitarian action. Interestingly, these sectors, although they represent a large part of humanitarian organizations’ activities only received 8,3% and 3,5% of the total funding in 2016. This focus of humanitarian actors was confirmed by our analysis of the humanitarian language: health was present in all of the comparative frequency analyses we undertook. Protection was to a lesser extent a recurring term, with a particular pattern of appearance in the MENA region.
Food – including nutrition, food aid, food security programs – and education are the second most important sectors for humanitarian organizations. Yet both sectors are in very distinct financial situations. At the global level, activities linked to food security are the most funded (23,4% of humanitarian funding flows in 2016). Education receives less attention from donors. Both terms were also present in our frequency analysis, especially in the Latin America and Caribbean WHS consultations.
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) and security attract humanitarian actors at the same level. 10% of humanitarian organizations work in each of these sectors. The importance is reflected in the frequent use of the term “water” by humanitarian actors. In our database, “security” mainly includes programs linked to mine action.
Except for “shelter” and non-food items – which are the areas of intervention of 7% of humanitarian organizations, other areas of intervention are more limited in size. This could be due to their very specific and technical nature – as for Camp Coordination and Camp Management or Telecommunications in Emergency – or because few organizations use this label to qualify their sector of activities.
Would you like to comment these results? Please use the comment form below!
Given that we are interested in what organizations actually do, we were careful not to overrepresent organizations with the intention to start activities in a specific sector.
Michael Barnett, Empire of Humanity, Ithaca : Cornell University Press. | <urn:uuid:e59b72d4-7267-496f-b1d4-ba204159689b> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://humanitarianencyclopedia.org/events/hew-humanitarian-evidence-week/evidence-16-diverse-areas-of-intervention/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823618.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20181211104429-20181211125929-00368.warc.gz | en | 0.950513 | 749 | 2.609375 | 3 |
tennis rubber Ratings:
Most rubbers consists of a ‘topsheet’ and a
'sponge', although in some cases (some pimple-out rubbers) only a topsheet is used. The topsheet is the outside of the rubber that actually makes contact with the ball, whereas the sponge is the bit between the topsheet and the
Both the sponge AND the topsheet determine the amount of spin generated by a particular stroke.
"Mechanical spin" means that the ball gets its spin from the underlying sponge and not so much from contact with the topsheet. This is typical of the European style rubbers.
Surface spin means it gets it's spin from the tacky surface of the topsheet. This is typical of the Chinese style rubbers.
Sponges come in a variety of colours, thicknesses and characteristics. The sponge colour is not really important. The thickness is something you can choose when you purchase a particular type of rubber, although sometimes there is only one choice. The only parameter of the characteristics of the sponge used is the 'sponge hardness level’, normally expresses in degrees. These hardness levels usually range from about 30 to 50, with 50 begin the hardest. In general harder sponges are better for hitting and give a little more control. Soft sponges are better for looping and producing high speed with little effort, can produce more spin, but have less control. They are also harder to hit/smash with. This is a general guide only, since in the end the amount of spin or speed you produce depend mostly on the style of game that you
The choice of blade will also affect how much spin or speed you produce. In general the rubbers with softer sponges are used with ‘hard’ blades, such as the carbon/glass fiber ones, whereas the rubbers with the hard sponges are used with the ‘softer’ wooden
blades. The rubber ratings of Speed, Spin and Control below, refer to the combination of both the rubber and sponge. Note that
you can't really compare the rubber ratings of 2 rubbers of different
manufacturers, since most manufacturers use their own ratings system. Note also that some manufacturers have changed their own ratings system in recent years, resulting in some of their old rubber being rated out, say 10, and newer rubbers rated out of 100!
The numerical speed rating shown is an important guideline but is subjective because of the vast diversity of shots played and the variability of each player’s style. They have to be considered as subjective and variable because many players could effectively produce different playing characteristics from exactly the same rubber. It is there to assist you when selecting rubber. A rubbers final ‘speed’ performance will be determined by the player’s ability, sponge thickness and the blade
The foremost effective ‘weapon’ in table tennis. Reverse rubber types generate the maximum levels of topspin, backspin and sidespin. Rubbers with softer sponges will assist in the generation of spin while providing more feel and control. The spin rating given is also a ‘variable’ guideline and is subjective due to the wide-ranging abilities of players. The final ‘spin’ performance of rubber will be determined by the player’s technique, sponge thickness and the blade
These ratings are again subjective and variable. A number of different factors such as rubber type, sponge thickness and blade used make a rubbers control factors difficult to precisely determine. Control is also related to a player’s experience, an aspect that can be improved and developed by
This will alter the speed, spin and control ability of each rubber sheet. It is important to read the overall rubber description to understand its capabilities. In general, thicker sponges give more speed and spin, but less control. | <urn:uuid:e26399f7-2c7c-431a-84a0-e2c871527f28> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://oneofakindtrading.com.au/rubber_ratings1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661768.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00165-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935597 | 792 | 2.546875 | 3 |
What is savings? Saving is referred to as economizing, cutting cost, or to rescue someone or something. In terms of personal finance, Saving refers to preserving money for future use. Typically by depositing the money in a bank or storing it up in a piggy bank [in some cases] this is distinct from an investment where there is an element of risk.
The main motion of Savings is coming to terms with the fact that a time will come when you will have needs to meet but will not be earning or have an income. You should therefore use the time when you can make an income to raise funds for the time you have no income.
The real fact is Saving money is never possible without income, so whenever there is an income no matter how small make sure there is a saving. This write-up is not about making money so I won’t be telling you how to make money instead I will be telling you how to save money and also be able to store away more from your life style.
So when is the right time to save? It’s actually now because you have enough money to start saving and also you want to learn how to save that’s why you’re reading this blog post.
The first step to a financial freedom is to Live Within Your Means. As far as possible do not make credit a part of your life, many live 120%- 150% of their earnings i.e borrowing, salary advance, loans etc most times this monies are spent on irrelevant things. As the saying goes, “Cut your cloth according to your Cloth size”, always be content. It is also very important not to spend to please others, because they sincerely don’t care about you, even if they do and you don’t spend your money on them they will only get jealous of what you have spent on.
It’s not what you earn but what you can save that determine your financial success in future. Take the bold step TODAY and take charge of your finances. Take personal responsibility for your finances and stop apportioning blame on small income or expenses that are avoidable
Saving is actually paying yourself. It is arguably the hardest discipline in personal finance management but if your dream is lifelong poverty then generously pay the landlord, taxis, supermarket, school, friends, and please don’t pay yourself (i.e. save)
The best way forward is to start by saving what you can afford, do not be over ambitious. You might start saving a huge amount and give up shortly. The discipline is more valuable than the amount, once you have developed that discipline you can now increase the amount.
When you have been able to discipline yourself then you start to save for a reason, when you save for nothing in particular , you end up spending the savings for nothing in particular. You could save for many reasons for phone, for car, for land, for rent, for house for investment for retirement etc. however you must make sure you save when it makes financial sense. Don’t try to be too ridged or become penny wise pound foolish. For instance a loan investment might be lower than increase in cost of land/house over a period of saving, in such a case do not save for land/house. Take a loan and buy the land/house and repay the loan. This is applicable to other well thought of investments but remember do not live on avoidable credit.
A good step to take is also to close the money leaking tap. Some people fail to save because many avoidable expenses cloud them or they are simply impulse spenders.
Try to put your savings where you can’t touch it, If you do not trust yourself with keeping your savings then put it far from your reach eg open an account do not request for a cheque book or debit card and when its big enough you can put it in a fixed deposit but not with an individual that is way to risky.
Do not forget to have a healthy/reasonable balance in life, why eat once a day at a roadside buka and wear a N500 shirt because you are trying to save and yet your income is about N1m per month? Or why eat three square meal a day at a five star hotel and wear a N30,000 shirt because you earn N1m. To know how much to save you need to be able to strike a reasonable balance.
The best way to save money is not to lose it, consider some of these below and see how much savings u can get eg
• Using energy saving bulbs in your house they use less energy and lasts much longer and produce less heat saving you the extra energy cost from running a fan/Air-conditioner at all time.
• Turn off appliances when not in use this saves you a little amount of money. it only works if you use the digital or prepaid electricity meter in Nigeria
• For long personal calls that are not time bound why don’t you consider off-peak periods?
Plan how much you want to spend before you embark on any spending or expense. Why rent a N1.5m house when you earn N2m??
There are so many more of such unnecessary and wasteful spending check your life style then gradually cut down on them.
Do not necessarily increase your spending after an increase in income make sure you increase your savings and if necessary slightly increase your spending.
A key to your financial success is to make your money work for you, *never say never* a kobo today is worth a naira tomorrow. Make sure you are not a pay cheque away from poverty.
Thanks to Alfred Brian Agaba for Sharing.
Like we always say, feel free to share this post, someone you know needs it. | <urn:uuid:6cc92afc-da9d-456c-ab24-a283e04a839f> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://hyattractions.wordpress.com/2013/08/14/the-art-of-saving-money/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948542031.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20171214074533-20171214094533-00064.warc.gz | en | 0.950613 | 1,188 | 2.859375 | 3 |
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