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A coded wire tag (CWT) is a small piece of stainless steel wire about 1 millimeter long. It is usually inserted into the snout of a juvenile salmonid before it is released from a fish hatchery or juvenile fish trap. A coded wire tag contains a unique code that identifies an individual or group of fish that were released at the same place and time. Hundreds or thousands of juvenile fish in the same group can be inserted with a coded wire tag that has the same code.
When adult salmon or steelhead are caught, return to a hatchery, or return to rivers to spawn, the coded wire tag is recovered with the aid of a coded wire tag detector, which is a device similar to a metal detector. If a coded wire tag is detected, the snout of the fish is sent to a lab for processing.
Coded wire tags are used coast-wide by various agencies to help assess salmonid abundance and catch rates on certain populations of salmon and steelhead. The Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW) collects and stores the data that comes from recovered coded wire tags. The coded wire tag data, along with catch and sample data, is eventually submitted to a coast-wide database, the Regional Mark Information System (RMIS). Other agencies from Alaska, British Columbia, Oregon, Idaho, California, Treaty Tribes, and the U.S. all submit coded wire tag information to this important data system. RMIS data is used to inform and administer the terms of the Pacific Salmon Treaty between the U.S. and Canada.
More information about coded wire tags can be found at the following links:
- Regional Mark Processing Center: This is the home page for the RMIS coast-wide database.
- Pacific Salmon Commission: The governing body for administering the terms of the Pacific Salmon Treaty between the U.S. and Canada.
- WDFW-Coded Wire Tag Fish Recoveries: WDFW’s coded wire tag recoveries database output hosted by data.wa.gov and refreshed nightly.
The Coded Wire Tag lookup tool on this page can be used by sport fishers to look up the release information for fish that had a CWT detected by a sport creel sampler. You must know the exact sample number that is provided by the sampler and enter that number into the tool. Example: CWT00012345. | <urn:uuid:ec38b379-3526-4c09-8cf0-0ef293039743> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://thefishingwire.com/coded-wire-tags-assist-fishery-management/?utm_source=Blue+Fish+Subscribers&utm_campaign=79c1d1f4d5-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2017_12_11_COPY_01&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_0d298b1276-79c1d1f4d5- | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662530553.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220519235259-20220520025259-00645.warc.gz | en | 0.90808 | 490 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Most of us are familiar with 4 color process, the standard CMYK that drives most of the “full color” print found within our industry. You may have even heard of 8 color printing commonly used in Epson printers for proofing. This process utilizes CMYK and a Light version of CMYK to create a wider gamut. But 6 color process? Is that even a thing?
Today we discuss it…because it’s a great way to widen the available color gamut of a print project. Hexachrome printing can be a game changer in regards to print vibrancy and making images “jump” off the page.
What is Hexachrome?
According to Wikipedia – Hexachrome is a six-color printing process designed by Pantone Inc. In addition to custom CMYK inks, Hexachrome uses orange and green inks to expand the color gamut for better color reproduction. It is therefore also known as a CMYKOG process.
In addition to the four colors offered by a traditional CMYK printer, 6 color printers can come in one of two main forms: usually it will be a CMYKOG (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black, Orange, Green – also known as Hexachrome). This allows it to print more colors than a traditional four-color printer can.
Where a CMYK printer can only print seven colors (cyan, magenta, yellow and black, plus red, green and blue from layering the CMY), a six color printer can print much more, especially if it is configured as CMYKOG – with CMYKOG, a 6 color printer can print the original six colors listed, plus a wide variety of others because it has two more base colors to mix with.
So what is six color printing used for?
Six color printing can generally be used for almost anything that requires either more color depth than traditional CMYK printing can provide, or requires the use of certain specific spot colors as designated by the person getting the printing done. Traditionally, it is used in inkjet printers, but it can also be used for things like screen-printing, with traditional inks standing in for the CMYK part of the six-color process.
While the use of Hexachrome is still somewhat common, Pantone discontinued their support and plugin in 2008. You can read more on that HERE
Are you familiar with Hexachrome print? We’d love to hear of your experiences in the comments section below. | <urn:uuid:ca43be69-6084-478e-968c-f17dde6bc5ea> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.inkondapaper.com/6-color-process-printing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195528208.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20190722180254-20190722202254-00032.warc.gz | en | 0.931029 | 530 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Programming the Raspberry Pi: Getting Started with Python
PRODUCT ID: 1089
Description-Program your own Raspberry Pi projects!
Create innovative programs and fun games on your tiny yet powerful Raspberry Pi. In this book, electronics guru Simon Monk explains the basics of Raspberry Pi application development, while providing hands-on examples and ready-to-use scripts. See how to set up hardware and software, write and debug applications, create user-friendly interfaces, and control external electronics. Do-it-yourself projects include a hangman game, an LED clock, and a software-controlled roving robot.
- Boot up and configure your Raspberry Pi
- Navigate files, folders, and menus
- Create Python programs using the IDLE editor
- Work with strings, lists, and functions
- Use and write your own libraries, modules, and classes
- Add Web features to your programs
- Develop interactive games with Pygame
- Interface with devices through the GPIO port
- Build a Raspberry Pi Robot and LED Clock
- Build professional-quality GUIs using Tkinter
Dr. Simon Monk has a degree in Cybernetics and Computer Science and a PhD in Software Engineering. He spent several years as an academic before he returned to industry, co-founding the mobile software company Momote Ltd. Dr. Monk has been an active electronics hobbyist since his early teens and is a full-time writer on hobby electronics and open source hardware. He is the author of numerous electronics books, including 30 Arduino Projects for the Evil Genius and Arduino + Android Projects for the Evil Genius, as well as co-author of Practical Electronics for Inventors, Third Edition.
MAY WE ALSO SUGGEST...
MAY WE ALSO SUGGEST...-
See our Distributors page for a complete list of distributors. | <urn:uuid:57621b23-74b7-49b6-96cd-29a891e09e6e> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.adafruit.com/products/1089 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507447020.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005727-00200-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.873764 | 378 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Lead and Zinc Removal by Laboratory Scale Constructed Wetlands
Constructed wetlands have the potential to trap and remove metals in mine wastewater. to determine the effectiveness of constructed wetlands for treating selected heavy metals in neutral mine effluent typical of lead mines, eight laboratory-scale constructed wetlands were set up to treat a synthetic, slightly alkaline, mine water containing 34.2 mg/L sulfate (SO4(2-)), 50 micrograms/L lead (Pb), and 300 micrograms/L zinc (Zn). after 45 days, one of the wetlands was switched to treat a synthetic smelter effluent with a much greater load of SO4(2-), sodium (Na+), and Pb. Temperature, hydraulic loading, and substrate composition typically did not affect treatment efficiency. the pH of the effluent was reduced from 8.0 to 8.5 to near neutral. the average removal in the eight wetlands was 90% for Pb and 72% for Zn. in wetlands operating on synthetic mine water, SO4(2-) was completely removed, likely by conversion to sulfide by sulfate-reducing bacteria. in the wetland operating on synthetic smelter effluent, only approximately 25% of 6 g/L influent sulfate was removed, and a breakthrough period of 4 days for Na+ was observed. Whole effluent toxicity assays on undiluted wetland effluent from wetlands treating mine and smelter water had 100% survival of fathead minnows and Daphnia magnia. Survival of Ceriodaphnia dubia was zero in undiluted effluent, but 75 to 100% survival was observed when the effluent was diluted to one-half strength.
Y. Song et al., "Lead and Zinc Removal by Laboratory Scale Constructed Wetlands," Water Environment Research, Water Environment Federation, Jan 2001.
Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering
Keywords and Phrases
Ecosystem; Fluid Methods; Lead; Mining; Pharmacokinetics; Wetlands; Zinc
Article - Journal
© 2001 Water Environment Federation, All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:6ed619da-7f57-4037-960a-b0d116690657> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/civarc_enveng_facwork/90/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122726.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00584-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927762 | 436 | 3.15625 | 3 |
When you think about why electrolyte water is a hydrating superstar, think of the water that powers your body. Every cell in your body requires water to function properly and maintain its health. We live in a society where we often stress our bodies and our health. This can cause dehydration because we do not get enough liquid every day. It is important to drink plenty of liquid to maintain fluid levels throughout the day.
If you live in a hot area or sweat a lot, you need to drink a lot of water to compensate for that. If you don’t have access to a water source all day long, then you may find it hard to relax. You need the hydration your body needs. Even if you are indoors all day long, it is important to have access to a constant supply of clean water. You wouldn’t want to be working in an area where you don’t have access to water. It would limit your ability to function properly.
If you feel that you are lacking in the liquids you need throughout the day, it could be the case that your body is not getting the water it needs. If you are dehydrated, this can be a signal to help you make changes to your diet that you should be already aware of. Dehydration occurs when you don’t consume enough fluids during the day. By drinking more electrolyte water throughout the day, you can help combat those symptoms.
The taste of electrolyte water is very natural and pleasant. You don’t have to worry about masking a taste that you do not like. If you have ever had a cold water drink, you know that it can be bland. With the electrolyte water, you will notice a difference in the flavor and how it feels in your mouth.
WHY DO YOU NEED ELECTROLYTES IN YOUR WATER?
You need water to live. Without it, you won’t live very long. While you can live without food for some time, you will eventually need to eat to maintain your health. Water is the one thing that you cannot live without for prolonged periods. You need it to perform all of the tasks you perform each day. If you don’t get enough electrolytes throughout the day, you can cause major problems that could be avoided by simply adding electrolyte water to your diet.
You need electrolyte water to avoid dehydration. Dehydration occurs when your body loses too much water through sweating. If you drink too much liquid, you may feel thirsty and begin to feel panicky. This can lead you to lose fluids through the skin, which can leave you feeling disoriented.
The elderly are at a higher risk for dehydration than most people. They typically have low levels of salt in their bodies. Salt is needed to regulate the fluid levels in the blood. Without enough salt, the blood will become waterlogged and cause a condition known as hyponatremia. This condition causes the brain to retain excessive amounts of water, which can cause several problems, including confusion and seizures.
So, electrolyte water is a good idea for everyone, regardless of their age. It is cheap and easy to get. You can get this electrolyte water in pill form or even through the use of a water bottle. As long as you get enough electrolytes every day, there is no reason you shouldn’t include them in your diet.
If you are someone who already takes medications regularly, you may want to discuss these issues with your doctor. Some medications, such as blood thinners, anticoagulants, antidepressants, and oral contraceptives require that you take certain amounts of electrolyte water. Even if you aren’t suffering from any of these conditions, you should be aware of them and be sure to drink your share of electrolyte water.
A lot of people choose not to drink any water because they find the taste bland or disagreeable. I’m sure you have friends or family members who would be happy to tell you they love the taste. Water is essentially free spirits that are made in the body. You know a person who likes their coffee black, but other people prefer iced coffee or stronger tea.
ALASKAN KING BEDS
Alaskan King Bed measures nine by 9 feet (or 108″ x 108″) and is the biggest of all beds. This bed length provides comfort in your bedroom while permitting you to co-sleep together with your family and pets. Alaskan King Beds measure 108 by 108 inches. It is broader and larger than a California king bed, respectively. There are numerous inches of the greater area at each end of this massive bed. This is additionally the most significant bed length available. It’s the most appropriate alternative for tall sleepers and those who co-sleep with more than one child. As those beds are so distinguished in length, you want a bigger room to shape them in, ideally sixteen by sixteen Feet. It has the perfect mattress size for large families. This mattress is remarkable for huge families; however, you most likely do not require a massive bed if you do not sleep together with your pets, kids, and spouse.
WYOMING KING MATTRESS
A Wyoming bed is 12 inches large than a California king bed, and it is the smallest of among the outsized mattresses. It is best for couples who want greater area or sleep with an infant or a pet. This bed can accommodate up to a few adults and one infant easily. It also can be utilized by couples who want their
TEXAS KING BEDS
A Texas bed is the second-biggest bed found withinside the US states. It is narrower than a Wyoming king bed, and it offers more than 14 inches more an area than a Wyoming king bed. It is suitable for households who want to sleep together. It can occupy up to two adults with two youngsters easily. The texas king mattress body is ideal for tall individuals who crave more leg area. So, in case you are looking out a few extra leg areas, the Texas king mattress measurements will not disappoint you as it provides extra comfort and more space.
Now, we’ve discussed a few reasons why electrolyte water might be beneficial. We’ve also touched on the other side of the argument and said some people don’t care for the taste. You can easily overcome those problems by investing in a quality bottle of filtered spring water or a multi-grain soft drink. That way, you’ll always have your favorite flavor. | <urn:uuid:98e064c5-8195-422a-aef4-bdc5b6553eaf> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://pinoy1tvs.su/why-electrolyte-water-is-a-hydrating-superstar/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304515.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220124054039-20220124084039-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.960211 | 1,351 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Christmas is now well established in Scotland as a time for giving, enjoying the company of loved ones, decorating the Christmas tree and of course, indulging in some Christmas feasting! But until relatively recently, Scotland did not celebrate Christmas, at least, not openly.
For over 400 years, Christmas was frowned upon in Scotland and its celebration was largely a private pleasure enjoyed by people not restricted by religious disapproval. Although Yuletide had been marked for centuries, the changes that followed the Scottish Reformation removed Christmas from the calendar.
After 1560 the reformed Church of Scotland abandoned Catholic beliefs and ritual in favour of a simpler, ‘purer’ form of worship and a stricter way of life. There was no room in Presbyterian worship for ‘popish’ ceremonies and festivals such as Yule, now commonly known as Christmas.
In 1575 the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland abolished ‘all days that hereto have been kept holy except the Sabbath day, such as Yule day, saints’ days and such others’. Nevertheless Scots continued to celebrate Hogmanay. Changes in church government meant that in 1640 and again in 1690 Parliament abolished the ‘Yule Vacance’ observed by the courts. The 1640 Act stated:
“….the Kirk within this kingdom is now purged of all superstitious observations of dates…thairfor the Saudis estates have discharged and simply dischairges the foirsaid Yule vacance and all observation thairof in tymecoming”
“…the Kirk within this kingdom is now purged of all superstitious observation of days…therefore the said estates have discharged and simply discharge the foresaid Yule vacation and all observation thereof in time coming”
While part of each act was repealed in 1686 and 1712 respectively, the Church of Scotland continued to discourage ‘Yule’ celebrations.
Christmas and New Year
Despite the Church of Scotland’s dim view and active discouragement, evidence held in National Records of Scotland (NRS) archives suggest that Scottish people still sought to enjoy the season. The St. Nicholas, Aberdeen, kirk session minutes show that in December 1574 fourteen women were admonished for:
‘plaing, dansink & singin off filthe karrellis on youll day’
‘playing, dancing & singing of filthy carols on Yule day’
The minutes of Glasgow kirk session note that on 26 December 1583 five persons were ordered to make public repentance for keeping Yule.
Hogmanay remained the focus of Scottish celebration for centuries, and was recognised as a public holiday before other parts of Britain. Christmas was only recognised as a public holiday in Scotland in 1971.
Records in NRS chart these changes. Scottish Home and Health Department files reveal that in 1939 the Government was discussing the possibility of relaxing the ‘black-out’ regulations in Scotland before Christmas to encourage public spending. In response to this ‘Angus Scotsman’ wrote:
“It has to be admitted that almost continuous contact with Englishmen, in an English city, is bound to have a changing influence on even a Scotsman, that being so it is well that he should be reminded that even yet, barbarous though it may seem to be to English people, the New Year is the national festival in Scotland.”
As the popularity of Christmas increased, industries throughout Scotland found that employees often took holidays or were absent from work. Given the loss of staff and business, industry leaders attempted to persuade the Secretary of State for Scotland to have Christmas designated as a public holiday.
In 1968 the newsagents and booksellers stated their position:
“For some time [we] have been giving thought and study to the changing out-look of Scots towards Christmas Day and it is felt that the time is rapidly approaching when this day will require to be recognised as a public holiday, in addition to New Year’s Day.” (11 June 1968. National Federation of Retail Newsagents, Booksellers & Stationers, NRS, HH41/1928)
In 1970 Tam Dalyell M.P promoted the Christmas cause:
This conversation continued for years until finally Christmas was added as a public holiday in 1971.
This year, to celebrate Christmas, we have dipped into our archives to find some of the recipes used and shared by families to celebrate special occasions, and to create treats for their loved ones. Today’s recipe is for Orange Jelly. Why not try this at home?
Rind of 3 Oranges
2 Ounces of ‘Isinglass’
1 Quart of Water (approx. 2 pints)
Half a Pound of Fine Sugar (aprox. 226g)
“Take twelve oranges squeeze the juice into a pan; grate the rinds of three of the oranges, Boil two ounces of *isinglass in a quart of water, and when all dissolved strain it into the juice with half a pound of fine sugar stir it often and when almost cold fill your moulds.”
*Isinglass – Before gelatin became widely used, Isinglass, a substance obtained from the dried swim bladders of fish, was used in confectionary and desserts.
For more information about our records visit www.nrscotland.gov.uk.
Jocelyn Grant, Archivist
National Records of Scotland
Legislation.gov.uk, Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971 | <urn:uuid:4188f383-97c7-4f17-9e07-33ff67adefa9> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://blog.nrscotland.gov.uk/2018/12/10/christmas-banned-in-scotland/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038860318.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20210418194009-20210418224009-00490.warc.gz | en | 0.954111 | 1,144 | 3.078125 | 3 |
One of the most pleasant aspects of biological science is that once a living creature has been officially named,it retains the same identical name forever.This allows us to identify exactly what creature the creator of the scientific naming process,Linnaeus, was writing about two centuries ago, for example,despite the numerous cultural changes since then. Welding, unfortunately,has not caught up with this excellent system,and names are subject to change at the whim of a handful of ivory tower experts at more or less any time.
TIG welding, or tungsten inert gas welding, is now also know as Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) a name which is unfortunately difficult to distinguish from SMAW, FCAW, and various other -AW suffixed names that have been dreamed up to replace the old, well-used names that are still popular with most welders.
TIG welding is still called TIG welding by many of its practitioners, but if you study this art, you are likely to come across numerous references to GTAW welding, and should be aware that it is actually the same thing as TIG.
The process of TIG welding
Patience and dexterity are the two hallmarks of a good TIG welder, since TIG welding is both more exact and slower than MIG welding. You can make welds of extreme precision with a TIG welding machine – for example, TIG welding can be used to fasten the needle of a hypodermic in place without sealing the tiny, slender stainless steel tube. A MIG weld would either wilt the needle into a crooked, useless lump, or else fill the interior with filler metal, blocking it permanently.
Due to the fact that wire feed does not occur through the TIG welding gun, the gun’s design is typically both smaller and lighter than a MIG welder’s gun. This makes it possible to use the TIG gun for precision work, in very tight spaces, at odd angles with lessened chance of fatigue, and so on. Some have compared a MIG welding gun to a pencil in terms of size and weight. Although this is something of an exaggeration, it does show how light the gun is, and how easily it can be used for detailed work that requires fine control.
More TIG welding details
Flux is not used in TIG welding since the welding gun itself provides a flow of shielding gas, most typically argon or a mix of argon and other gases. This means that slag does not form on the surface of the weld, producing a clean weld that does not need to be scoured with a wire bristled brush after the weld bead has been laid down.
Another reason for the extreme neatness and exactitude of TIG welds is that the tungsten electrode provides a very focused arc, which heats only the metal you are aiming at. The surrounding metal remains cooler, so it does not warp, crack, or distort as readily as the metal near a MIG welding arc. | <urn:uuid:e3353b5e-c31c-420f-a916-6eb1e33895a4> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://www.welderreferer.com/the-basics-of-tig-welding/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267157569.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20180921210113-20180921230513-00098.warc.gz | en | 0.944767 | 624 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Malcolm Gladwell said “poverty is not deprivation. It is isolation.” Often the smallest technological advances create the largest social impacts, take the Internet for example. Technology impacts the developing world in great ways because the contrast it has to the developed world. Mobile technology is no longer the shiny new accessory; it has succeeded in the developed world and I argue it can help provide a cure against the isolation Gladwell mentions. Companies and governments already know the opportunities mobile technology can bring to the developing world, but what are the social implications? Unable to participate in the global market because of the lack of technology, these developing worlds see the affect of inadequate communication by being unable to compete for a piece of the global profit. Mobile technology can change lives, but in what ways? Despite how fascinatingly different cultures around the world are the inability to understand all of them prove that communication is important and universal. Within this paper we’ll step outside the traditional studies of mobile technology in the developing world and focus on the social implications using case studies and examples. I will look at three social implications: the blurring of livelihoods, family communication and the pursuit of relationships.
When your community is connected through technology, people hear each other and a culture of expectation regarding consistent communication builds. UW professor Kathy Gill said in a November 2009 lecture, “culture is the way we express ourselves as individuals.” Therefore it is plausible to believe that without technology, people in the developing world are unable to express themselves as well as those in the developed world. But what are people saying about mobile technology and the developing world? C. K. Prahalad says, “cell phones are a part of the lives of the rich and poor alike…as a result, awareness of the conditions and nuances of the Bottom of the Pyramid is increasing.” He coins the term “Bottom of the Pyramid” in reference to developing worlds. Richard Ling talks about mobile communication allowing “us to participate in social interactions that were previously reserved for only those who were physically present.” In his interpretation the role of participation has been given another dimension of possibility. Another angle on what mobile technology is creating is a profound insight from Clay Shirky. He states that “when we change the way we communicate, we change society.” This is quite profound and circles back to the reasoning that mobile technology can provide a cure against poverty and isolation.
Prahalad, Ling and Shirky all have something in common, their mention of technology dances around the social implications without much interpretation. So why look at the social implications of mobile technology in the developing world? While it would be easier to look at the effects in the United States, “mobile penetration in emerging markets has grown 321% compared to 46% in developed countries,” and according to a research article by Jonathan Donner, “the next billion new phone users will use primarily mobiles.” Unlike the United States, developing worlds use mobile technology differently. While extracurricular communication, scheduling, email and Internet are important to us culturally in the United States, the developing world uses mobile phones as a link to information and knowledge that can help reshape their communities. Continue reading | <urn:uuid:94011d25-cb40-4be7-83dc-c62af5f1976c> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://mishy79.wordpress.com/category/digital-media-emerging-markets/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320323.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624184733-20170624204733-00301.warc.gz | en | 0.949446 | 658 | 3.140625 | 3 |
definition of Wikipedia
Ueno Zoo entrance gate
|Land area||14.3 ha (35 acres)|
|Number of animals||2600|
|Number of species||464|
|Major exhibits||giant panda, Sumatran tiger, western lowland gorilla|
The Ueno Zoo (恩賜上野動物園 Onshi Ueno Dōbutsuen ) is a 14.3-hectare (35-acre) zoo, managed by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, and located in Taitō, Tokyo, Japan. It is Japan's oldest zoo, opening on March 20, 1882. It is a five-minute walk from the Park Exit of Ueno Station, with convenient access from Tokyo's public-transportation network. The Ueno Zoo Monorail, the first monorail in the country, connects the eastern and western parts of the grounds.
The ground was originally estate of the imperial family, but was bestowed (恩賜 onshi , forming the first part of the name in Japanese, untranslated officially) to the municipal government in 1924 — along with Ueno Park — on the occasion of crown prince Hirohito's wedding.
Shortly after March 1945 bombings of Tokyo, the Japanese placed U.S. Army Air Force pilot Ray "Hap" Halloran on display naked in a Ueno Zoo tiger cage so civilians could walk in front of the cage and view the B-29 prisoner.
The Japanese Army ordered that all "wild and dangerous animals" at the zoo be killed, claiming that bombs could hit the zoo and escaping wild animals would wreak havoc in the streets of Tokyo. Requests by the staff at the zoo for a reprieve, or to evacuate the animals elsewhere, were refused. The animals were executed primarily by poisoning, strangulation or by simply placing the animals on starvation diets. A memorial service was held for the animals in December of 1943 (while several of the animals were yet dying) and now a new permanent memorial (added in 1975) can be found in the Ueno Zoo.
The zoo provides animals an environment similar to the natural habitat. In recent years, the old-fashioned cages of the past have been replaced with modern habitats, such as the "Gorilla Woods," built after two well-publicized mishaps in 1999.
The zoo is home to more than 2600 individuals representing over 460 species. The Sumatran tiger, and western lowland gorilla head the list of the zoo's population. Ueno has more species on exhibition than any other zoo in Japan.
At some point, redistribution of the animals among Tokyo's other zoos (including Tama Zoo and Inokashira Nature Park) left Ueno without a lion. However, in response to public demand, Ueno borrowed a female from the Yokohama Municipal Zoo.
After the death of Giant panda Ling Ling in 2008, Ueno Zoo was without a member of this species for the first time since 1972. Two new giant pandas arrived from the Chinese Wolong Nature Reserve in February 2011. The male panda, Billy (比力 ビーリー) was renamed in Ueno to Līlī (力力 リーリー) to emphasize his playful vitality. The female's name Siennyu (仙女 シィエンニュ ‘Fairy’) was changed to Shinshin (真真 シンシン), referring to purity (純真) and innocence (天真). The new names were based on a public poll. The final choices picked by the zoo were, however, not among top choices. Reduplication is very common in panda names.
Other animals include the Red panda, the Sumatran tiger, the Asiatic lion, the Western lowland gorilla, the Polar bear, the Asian elephant, the Reticulated Giraffe, the American Bison, otters, the red fox, bats, toucans, tapirs, kangaroos, the desert fox, the pygmy hippo, the hippo, the okapi, anteaters, crocodiles, turtles, flamingos, lemurs, pelicans, puffins and the White rhinoceros.
Media related to Ueno Zoo at Wikimedia Commons
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Lettris is a curious tetris-clone game where all the bricks have the same square shape but different content. Each square carries a letter. To make squares disappear and save space for other squares you have to assemble English words (left, right, up, down) from the falling squares.
Boggle gives you 3 minutes to find as many words (3 letters or more) as you can in a grid of 16 letters. You can also try the grid of 16 letters. Letters must be adjacent and longer words score better. See if you can get into the grid Hall of Fame !
Change the target language to find translations.
Tips: browse the semantic fields (see From ideas to words) in two languages to learn more. | <urn:uuid:1af8cc4c-7328-43f0-bc13-191fb2c7ff3d> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://dictionary.sensagent.com/Ueno_Zoo/en-en/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122233086.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175713-00084-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.903871 | 1,214 | 3.21875 | 3 |
ST. LOUIS (CBS St. Louis/AP) — A new federal study reveals that global warming is not to blame for last year’s extreme drought that crippled the central Great Plains.
The study conducted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Drought Task Force places the blame on natural variations in weather patterns that caused the “flash drought.”
The Plains saw very little rain last summer due to two key meteorological processes which NOAA states was a “sequence of unfortunate events.” First, the Plains states saw very little rain in May and June because low pressure systems that brought storms were shunted northward into Canada. Second, thunderstorms were infrequent in July and August and produced little precipitation.
The report states that there were “no strong indicators” a drought of this magnitude would have struck the Midwest last year.
“This is one of those events that comes along once every couple hundreds of years,” lead author Martin Hoerling, a research meteorologist at NOAA, said. “Climate change was not a significant part, if any, of the event.”
Researchers focused on six states – Wyoming, Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, Missouri and Iowa – but the drought spread much farther and eventually included nearly two-thirds of the Lower 48 states. For the six states, the drought was the worst four-month period for lack of rainfall since records started being kept in 1895, Hoerling said.
Other scientists have linked recent changes in the jet stream to shrinking Arctic sea ice, but Hoerling and study co-author Richard Seager of Columbia University said those global warming connections are not valid.
Hoerling used computer simulations to see if he could replicate the drought using man-made global warming conditions. He couldn’t. So that means it was a random event, he said.
A cool, rainy spring is easing dry conditions in parts of the nation’s farm belt that saw the worst of last year’s drought.
But optimism is being tempered, as that weather pattern has kept anxious farmers in most of Iowa, Nebraska, Illinois, and Wisconsin from planting.
The latest drought monitor released Thursday shows snowmelt and rain replenished ground moisture in parts of eastern Iowa, northern Illinois and southern Wisconsin. Central Iowa counties are improved but still short of moisture.
Rain has helped drought-parched areas of Texas, Oklahoma and Nebraska, but many counties remain woefully dry.
There is enough topsoil moisture in much of the farm belt to allow plants to emerge, but no deep moisture to rely on if the rain stops again.
(TM and © Copyright 2013 CBS Radio Inc. and its relevant subsidiaries. CBS RADIO and EYE Logo TM and Copyright 2013 CBS Broadcasting Inc. Used under license. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. The Associated Press contributed to this report.) | <urn:uuid:45c2f673-38fa-463c-8f74-45feda970a5e> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://stlouis.cbslocal.com/2013/04/12/study-reveals-global-warming-not-to-blame-for-last-years-crippling-drought/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267866965.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20180624141349-20180624161349-00000.warc.gz | en | 0.955538 | 602 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Here’s a video with advice about studying from Howcast. Watch it and answer the questions:
Are these statements true or false according to the video:
1. Schools today assign 50% more homework today than when your parents were at school.
2. Taking notes while you are reading helps with recall.
3. Chewing mint flavoured gum helps some people concentrate.
4. Artificial light is better than natural sunlight.
5. Playing music helps some people concentrate.
6. Snacking on carbohydrates improves concentration.
7. You should never take a break when you study.
8. You should turn off your mobile phone when you study.
9. Taking breaks helps:
a) Avoid eye strain
b) Keep blood circulating to your brain
c) Makes you work faster
Write a list of good study tips: | <urn:uuid:0b910c4a-a474-43af-af3d-e85ed78ede50> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://theenglishschoolcomo.me/2012/03/25/how-to-make-homework-less-work/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737940789.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221900-00186-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.87587 | 175 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Aesop’s Fables is an ancient collection of fables, each one teaching a life lesson. One of the fables involves a father, his son, and their donkey. And the lesson it teaches is a timeless one that we’d do well to revisit today.
The father, the son, and their donkey were all walking down the road toward the market. Everything was fine until some people passed by them and said, “You fools, what is a donkey for but to ride upon?” So the father placed the son upon the donkey and continued down the road.
A little while later some more people passed by and said, “Look at that lazy youngster. He lets his father walk while he rides.” Embarrassed by the criticism, the father and the son switched places and continued down the road.
They hadn’t gone too far before some more people passed by and said, “Shame on that lazy father for riding while his son has to trudge alongside.” So the father had the son climb onto the donkey with him. Then they continued down the road.
When they reached town, some of the townspeople pointed at them and jeered. The father stopped the donkey and asked someone the reason for the pointing and jeering. The answer he received was, “Aren’t you two ashamed of yourself for loading down that poor donkey?” So the father and son dismounted the donkey and tried to figure out the best way to proceed.
Since they had tried every other way and been criticized for each one, they hit upon the idea of cutting down a pole, tying the donkey’s feet to it, and carrying the pole across their shoulders, with the donkey hanging upside down in suspension between them. It took some doing to get all that accomplished, but they finally got it done and started making their way onward to the town market.
As the father and son walked along, onlookers laughed at them, but the pair had decided that they weren’t going to do any more changing. This means of travel was their last option. So they ignored all the laughter and continued toward the market.
But when they got to the bridge that lay just before the market the donkey worked one of its feet loose from the pole and started kicking wildly. All the commotion caused the son to drop his end of the pole, and as a result of the ensuing struggle the donkey (with three of its feet still being tied to the pole) ended up going over the side of the bridge and drowning. As the father and son stood there looking down into the water, watching their poor animal succumb to its death, they heard the critical voice of an old man who had followed them through town in disbelief. The old man said to them, “That will teach you.”
Okay, boys and girls, what is the life lesson of this fable? It is simply this: PLEASE ALL, AND YOU WILL PLEASE NONE. At least that’s how the fable words it. We might word it: YOU CAN’T PLEASE EVERYBODY, SO DON’T EVEN BOTHER TRYING.
In Genesis 5:24, the Bible tells us that Enoch walked with God and God took him from this earth by some means other than death. Hebrews 11:5 adds more commentary on this verse by saying:
By faith Enoch was taken away so that he did not see death, “and was not found, because God had taken him”; for before he was taken he had this testimony, that he pleased God. (N.K.J.V.)
You see, Enoch understood how to live. The priority of your life and my life should be simply to please God. If we can do that, what the critics have to say won’t matter. So let’s stop worrying so much about other people’s opinions and expectations of us, and strive to focus exclusively upon doing God’s will in every given situation. If we’ll do that, we won’t be losing any of our donkeys to drowning. | <urn:uuid:82385a5a-859b-4d02-8501-c58c432bbc2c> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://russellmckinney.com/2018/06/04/the-problem-with-trying-to-please-everybody/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585518.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20211022181017-20211022211017-00038.warc.gz | en | 0.98107 | 864 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Stephen J. Mraz [email protected]
Advances in laminar-flow airfoils and composites have sparked a renaissance in sailplane design. And no company seems to have exploited these two technologies more adeptly than Windward Performance in Bend, Oreg. With a team of aeronautical and tooling experts led by Greg Cole, the relatively young company has designed and manufactured the SparrowHawk, the first sailplane or glider built in the U.S. in 30 years. The firm also has another poised for production, the DuckHawk. But the company’s highest aspirations are invested in Perlan Project. Perlan is an attempt to build a unique sailplane that will ride the Polar Vortex surrounding the South Pole up to 90,000 ft or more and set an altitude record for manned flight.
Designing a sailplane is an exercise in compromise. There are many interconnected variables, both in the physical qualities of the plane and its critical airfoils. Trade-offs between the two depend on the purpose of the aircraft — whether it’s going to be an altitude or distance record setter, a high-speed racer, or perhaps just a hobbyist’s dream. The aeronautical variables, the lift-to-drag ratio, glide rate, turning radius, as well as the plane’s ability to bleed off speed and slow down, almost all vary with speed, weight, or wind conditions.
Cole’s single-seat SparrowHawk was designed to be an “optimum compromise.” It can fly at up to 123 knots, its redline limit in calm air. (Fly faster than the redline limit and any turbulence or sudden up or downdraft can overstress the wings.)
The SparrowHawk also doesn’t stall until below 32 knots. Low-speed flying is important because thermals (the masses of raising air pilots use to gain altitude), can be small, only a few thousand yards across.
If the plane cannot turn tightly enough to remain in the thermal, the pilot will miss out on some free lift. So Cole built a plane that would have good speed and climbing ability, as well as a 32:1 glide ratio for cross-country flying. (It drops 1 ft for every 32 ft it travels horizontally.)
Of course costs were important. The SparrowHawk lists for $41,250.
The key to the SparrowHawk is the use of prepreg composites, carbon-fiber cloth impregnated with epoxy that cures at high temperatures. This differs from wet-layup composites, a method favored by German sailplane makers in which technicians apply liquid epoxy to dry cloth and it cures at room temperature. When finished, wetlayup components with the same strength as a prepreg part are twice as heavy. Thanks to prepregs, the SparrowHawk weighs only 155 lb but can have a take-off weight of 415 lb (with pilots and gear). Composites also resist corrosion and let engineers accurately replicate the complex laminar- flow low-drag airfoils their software lets them design.
The first step in construction is to create plugs, exact replicas of each part. Tooling experts build molds around the plugs using wet-layup techniques and cloth with a high-carbon content. The carbon-rich cloth gives the molds the same coefficient of thermal expansion as the parts that will emerge from them, a necessity due to the 270°F curing temperature. Making this tooling, along with the accompanying assembly jigs is the most-expensive step in building a sailplane.
The finished SparrowHawk accommodates pilots as tall as 6 ft 3 in and weighing 240 lb, and handles up to 5.48 gs. It carries many of the same instruments and controls as a typical general-aviation aircraft including control stick, rudders, radio, and altimeter, as well as some specialized gear. One such instrument, the variometer, is an extremely sensitive vertical speed indicator. Pilots use it to find areas of lift (a thermal) and to see how fast they are rising (or falling). There are also GPS-based navigation systems specifically for gliders. Besides the normal features of a GPS unit, they can highlight airfields a glider can reach based on its current altitude and performance. The units even account for terrain, ruling out fields as beyond range if they are tucked behind hills.
The SparrowHawk has a wingspan that prevents it from falling neatly into any racing class. And its top speed makes it too delicate to truly take advantage of dynamic soaring (see Dynamic soaring: The lazy way to fly). The DuckHawk addresses these limitations.
“We want the DuckHawk to be able to handle dynamic soaring, which involves some pretty high speeds, but it should also do well at cross-country flying,” says Cole. “And we wanted it to cleanup on the record-setting side of flying where teams wait for just the right wind conditions as well as the race-winning side where you have to fly the conditions you’ve got.”
To make sure it fit into a racing class, Cole gave the plane a 15-m wing span, one of the most popular sizes for racing gliders. Its fuselage and tail designs are almost the same as those of the SparrowHawk. But the wings set it apart, While most 15-m sailplanes have 100 to 120 ft2 of wing surface, the DuckHawk has just 80 ft2. But these skinny wings, with an aspect ratio of 30:1, were carefully crafted to give the 300-lb (empty) craft a 50:1 glide ratio. They also handle speeds up to 200 knots in smooth air.
“I spent three years designing the airfoils for the DuckHawk,” says Cole. “And while I might have done 20 or 30 wing designs or iterations for successful planes in the past, I made over 200 for the DuckHawk while I juggled sizes, planforms, and airfoils.”
To give the pilot more control over the plane’s performance, the DuckHawk carries 400 lb (about 50 gallons) of water ballast in the slim wings. Pilots can dump some or all of it while flying and usually do so when wind conditions change. The added weight puts more loading on the wing, and at higher wing loads, planes can fly faster with lower sink rates. Changing weight shifts the lift-to-drag ratio which, in effect, changes the speed at which the aircraft gets the best performance.
The DuckHawk also has air brakes, a pair of panels the pilot manually cranks out to add drag. The further the air brakes are extended, the more drag they generate. For example, fully opened, the brakes take the DuckHawk from a 50:1 glide angle to a 7:1 angle.
The crew at Windward is currently putting together the tooling for the DuckHawk. Material costs alone top $500,000 for just the tooling. The DuckHawk will be introduced with a $105,000 price tag.
“We expect to build six DuckHawks per year for about 10 years,” says Cole. “All are built to order. We don’t build up an inventory. And if sales are good, we could increase production to 15 aircraft per year.”
It began as project between Steve Fosset, a record-setting aviator, sailor, and adventurer, and the first person to fly nonstop around the world in a balloon, and Einar
Enevoldson, a record-setting test pilot. Enevoldson was aware of mountain wave lift, a phenomenon in which air blowing over mountains creates ripples in the layers of air above it for up to 100,000 ft, depending on the strength of the wind and steepness of the incline. He knew sailplanes could use these stacked ripples to gain altitude. Then he heard about the Polar Vortex, a consistent swirling wind that circles the South Pole during its winter. As this wind passes over the Andes in southern Argentina, it creates mountain waves that climb to 110,00 ft or higher. Enevoldson put the two together, recruited Fosset, and set about carrying out a mission that would see a sailplane climb the Polar Vortex to a record 50,727 ft in 2006. The next step was to custom build a sailplane that could carry them to 100,000 ft, breaking the altitude record for manned flight set in an SR-71 spy plane.
They turned to Cole and his company to build the plane, the Perlan, Spanish for pearl. (It was named for the mother-of-pearl clouds commonly seen at high altitudes around the Polar Vortex.) Cole tackled the design issues and problems of adding a pressurized cabin, a system and backup for scrubbing CO2 out of the air so pilots needn’t take bottled air, and a heater to ward off the –100°F outside temperatures.
Cole and his team conducted experiments to help them determine how much visibility a pilot would need to fly Perlan. He used the results to position round portals around the cockpit, much like Rutan’s SpaceShipOne. The portals are more structurally sound than bulbous cockpit canopies. Cole also sized the cockpit for two passengers seated fore and aft. Although this created a larger and more-expensive aircraft, the options for a sponsor to serve as copilot, as well as future research flexibility, led Cole and the Perlan team to choose this configuration. (Unfortunately, Fosset died about this time in the project. But Morgan Sandcock, an Australian business man, stepped in to provide much needed financing. He plans on being onboard for the record setting attempt.)
After crunching the numbers, Cole discovered that at 90,000 ft, Perlan would be circling at about 44 knots indicated, but its true airspeed would be 300 knots and its Mach number would be 0.6, thanks to the thin atmosphere. (Air at that height is only 2% as dense as air at sea level. So planes must fly much faster to generate lift.) This put the plane right on the edge of transonic flight, a regime that gives aircraft designers fits. To get up to 100,000 ft, Cole would have to really push the envelope. (See Perlan Tech Specs for a comparison of a Perlan built for 90k ft and one for 100k ft.)
Realizing his limits, especially the financial ones, Cole opted to shoot for 90k ft, leaving the 100k ft mark for the next phase in Project Perlan. “I designed the plane to fly well at 60k ft, so it should do fine up to that point and through to 90k ft,” says Cole.
Cole is confident he and his team will uncover some new engineering tricks and techniques during the project. “And if we get up top 90,000 ft, which I think we will, there will be a clamoring for scientific flights to take samples and measurements. Unlike balloons, we will be able to get data from specific areas and get it back it a timely manner.”
Perhaps the biggest hurdles for the Perlan team is getting a million dollars in funding and some good weather conditions.
Dynamic soaring: The lazy way to fly
How do albatrosses manage to fly thousands of miles across the oceans while barely flapping a wing? The trick is called dynamic soaring, a method of extracting energy from the air by flying in and out of air masses moving at different speeds. The albatross flies between the relatively still air close to the water and a layer of air 60 ft up that travels about 20 mph.
Sailplanes can do it as well, but they tend to use air masses with more sharply defined shear layers and higher relative speeds. Dynamic soaring is actually more popular with sailplane enthusiasts who fly radio-controlled and scaled-down aircraft. You’ll see why shortly.
| A few 15-m Class Sailplane records |
Average speed over a 62-mile triangular course 154.78 mph — Pilot: Horacio Miranda Place: Chios Malal, Argentina Average speed over a 186-mile triangular course 117.08 mph — Pilot: Klaus Ohlmann Place: Malargue, Argentina Average speed over a 310-mile triangular course 95.96 mph — Pilot: Terrence Delore Place: Mt. Cook, New Zealand
A simple diagram (above) illustrates the principle. A glider with a lift to drag ratio of 25:1 and an initial speed of 40 knots flies up and into a layer air moving 30 knots. The 30-knot wind pushes the aircraft’s air and ground speed to around 60 knots. The sailplane then drops down into the dead zone where it’s airspeed becomes equal to its groundspeed, 60 knots. It loses speed making a 180° turn and then loses more as it turns and climbs back into the wind. But then it gets another 30-knot kick to its air and ground speed. If the plane holds together and repeats this maneuver, the glider will quickly get to the point where the speed lost in the turns equals the velocity gained from crossing the shear boundary. By then it will be going over 200 mph. (One team claims a record of 357 mph with an RC glider using dynamic soaring.)
Radio-controlled gliders do well at this technique because they carry no human pilots who must withstand the g forces. And because the aircraft often fl ies to within 50 to 5 ft of the ground, it is risky. One false move and the sailplane augers into the ground.
One goal for DuckHawk sailplane is to let pilots dynamically soar. This means the craft must be efficient and strong, capable of some fairly high speeds. If the DuckHawk meets design criteria, it should fly 165 knots even in rough air.
You say glider.
I say sailplane.
Most people would say a sailplane is the same as a glider. But aviation purists point out that every plane turns into a glider when its engine quits. Only sailplanes are designed to fly without power.
A day at the races
Pilots compete purely for the glory; there are no monetary rewards. But pilots good enough (and lucky enough) to do well in national events can also qualify for the U.S. Soaring team which competes in World Gliding Competitions held every other year.
Events last three to 10 days, with races scheduled daily. The pilot with the fastest time earns 1,000 points for each race. Other finishers earn a fraction of that based on the ratio of their average speed to the winner’s average speed. (For example, if the winner averaged 100 mph and the second-place pilot averaged 80, the second place finishers would rack up (80/100) × 1,000, or 800 points. Pilot with the most points in their class at the end of the event are declared winners.
Races are closed circuits, often triangles, with the home airfield serving as the start and finish point. Race organizers assemble in the morning, assess weather conditions, and layout a track. In the eastern U.S., races can be 150 miles, while in the west, where winds are usually stronger, a 300-mile course isn’t unusual. (The longest U.S. .race ever was a 626-mile circuit.)
Two planes haul all racers up to altitude where they go to various holding points around the field. When the race begins, pilots jockey for good starting positions and perhaps wait for course conditions to improve before starting. Pilots must go through the GPS-defined starting gate at 5,000 ft. At the end of the day, when all racers have landed, officials check the GPS track of the top finishers to ensure they hit all the way points, awarding points and trophies accordingly.
Resources: Experimental Soaring Society, esoaring.com/
Sailplane Racing Assoc., sailplane-racing.org/
Soaring Society of America, ssa.org
Windward Performance Ltd., windward-performance.com
Catch some high-speed sailplane video at http://tiny.cc/eYQY6
Or climb aboard a ridge-running flight in a sailplane at http://tiny.cc/3jhCr | <urn:uuid:a2a13a15-c246-47ab-9cde-4cb2d2b8c4f4> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://machinedesign.com/recreation/windward-performance-designs-and-manufactures-sailplanes-and-gliders-perlan-set-altitude- | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657114105.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011154-00245-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944283 | 3,435 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) > Perciformes
(Perch-likes) > Acanthuridae
(Surgeonfishes, tangs, unicornfishes) > Acanthurinae
Etymology: Acanthurus: Greek, akantha = thorn + Greek, oura = tail (Ref. 45335).
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Marine; reef-associated; depth range 2 - 15 m (Ref. 90102). Tropical; 31°N - 34°S, 25°E - 156°W
Indo-Pacific: East Africa, including the Mascarene Islands (Ref. 37792) to the Hawaiian and Society islands, north to Ryukyu Islands, south to Lord Howe Island.
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 45.0 cm SL male/unsexed; (Ref. 48637); max. reported age: 35 years (Ref. 52229)
soft rays: 24 - 25. Color in life bluish grey with numerous yellowish brown spots which tend to form irregular longitudinal lines; head with narrow irregular stripes; behind eye a yellow spot; brown pectoral fins; base of caudal fin with white bar. Caudal spine large, 3 - 4.4 in head. Stomach gizzard-like. Differs from A. dussumieri by having vertical stripes instead of spots on the blue central area of the caudal fin, from A. mata by having a lunate caudal fin, and from A. xanthopterus by having plain brown to blue-grey pectoral fins (Ref. 1602). The white ring around the base of the tail varies in intensity and may occasionally be absent (Ref. 1602).
Adults occur in outer lagoon and seaward reefs, usually seen in small groups and school in some oceanic locations (Ref. 48637). Benthopelagic (Ref. 58302). They feed primarily on the algal film covering compacted sand, ingesting the usual component of sand which probably aids in the trituration of the algal food in the thick-walled stomach, also feed on diatoms and detritus (Ref. 3921).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
Randall, J.E., 1987. Three nomenclatorial changes in Indo-Pacific surgeonfishes (Acanthurinae). Pac. Sci. 41(1-4):54-61. (Ref. 1921)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 119314)
CITES (Ref. 115941)
Threat to humans
Fisheries: commercial; aquarium: commercial
Common namesSynonymsMetabolismPredatorsEcotoxicologyReproductionMaturitySpawningSpawning aggregationFecundityEggsEgg development
ReferencesAquacultureAquaculture profileStrainsGeneticsAllele frequenciesHeritabilityDiseasesProcessingMass conversion
Estimates of some properties based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969
): 24.9 - 28.8, mean 27.8 (based on 1800 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82805
= 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01950 (0.01253 - 0.03033), b=3.00 (2.88 - 3.12), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref. 93245
Trophic Level (Ref. 69278
): 2.0 ±0.00 se; Based on food items.
Resilience (Ref. 69278
): Low, minimum population doubling time 4.5 - 14 years (tmax=35; K=0.25).
Vulnerability (Ref. 59153
): Moderate vulnerability (38 of 100) . | <urn:uuid:1983254f-8ad8-4e8a-817a-74d7ae842cb1> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.fishbase.in/summary/4750 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232258003.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20190525104725-20190525130725-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.731167 | 886 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Bernhardi, General Friedrich von. (1849-1930). An outspoken military writer of his day. His most famous work was Germany and the Next War, (1911).
Serving as a young officer in the Prussian cavalry, he is claimed (by Barbara Tuchman) to have been the first German to ride through the Arc de Triomphe when the Prussian army entered Paris in 1870. From 1898 to 1901 he was chief of the war historical section of the General Staff; in 1909 he became the commanding general of the Seventh Army Corps. Bernhardi did not rise to great military or political position, but rather, is most famous as a military commentator and author.
His most remembered work, Germany and the Next War , (1911) was
the second volume of Vom heutigen Kriege (On War Today). Bernhardi
was hardly an official spokesman of German policy, but his hawkish and right-wing
views did reflect a constituency within the Kaiserreich.
He wrote Germany and the Next War , at the height of the Agadir Crisis in 1911 -- in which Bernhardi and others thought the German government had backed down and settled too quickly for scanty compensation when (they thought) Germany's opponents in the crisis (France and Britain) were not prepared to act as tough as they sounded.
Germany and the Next War , contains criticism of the existing
government policy and preparedness of the Army and Navy. Early chapters
set forth arguments for the "Right to Make War" (Chapter I), "The
Duty of Make War" (Chapter II), and most famous, "World Power
or Downfall" (Chapter V). Bernhardi's views revealed the influence
of social and economic Darwinism, which were pervasive at the time (and
not just within Germany). Biological evolutionary theories, with such notions
as 'survival of the fittest' and 'only the strong survive,' were extrapolated
up to nations as entities struggling for survival. War, according to social-Darwinists,
was just a natural part of the struggle for survival.
His arguments seemed aimed at countering foreign opinions that Germany had no legitimate 'right' to a share of the world stage, or to use 'might' to get her way. He also seemed to be addressing a contemporary pacifist philosophy, which at times also relied on evolution theories to define "old man" and the "new man" which was supposed to have evolved above such things as war.
Germany and the Next War , was well received by Germany's rightist nationalists, but ironically, found its greatest popularity in England. British Germanophobes had frequently fanned anxiety into invasion scares. Bernhardi's assertive views were elevated as proof of German national ill intent towards England. By 1914, his book was enjoying its ninth edition in English.
General Friedrich von Bernhardi, Germany and the Next War, Translated by Allen H. Powles, Longman, Green and Co., New York, 1914.
Richard S Levy, Introduction to H-German's electronic text of Germany and the Next War.
J.A. Cramb, Germany and England, E.P. Dutton and Co., New York, 1914.
Barbara Tuchman, The Proud Tower, MacMillan Publishing Co., New York, 1966.
Return to Names List | <urn:uuid:b7c4021e-26ec-4cfc-a4b2-b55026b606f1> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/bio/b/bernhdi.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223205375.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032005-00009-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968509 | 701 | 3.28125 | 3 |
What's Really Going On?
Executive Orders - Edicts From a Presidential Throne: Part 2by James Hirsen
In PartOne last month, we focused on the history of executive orders and the potential for abuse when these instruments are used to illegitimately further the international agenda expressed in UN treaties.
This month, we will look at how executive orders may be used to increase presidential authority, thus enabling a president to legislate during periods of what he or she may deem to be a national emergency. The possibility for corruption within this realm cannot be overstated.
Recipe for Tyranny
One of the primary uses of executive orders involves the exercise of so-called emergency powers. This is perhaps the most dangerous possibility for the misuse of executive orders.
The most obvious national emergency situation involves war, but other domestic and international crises (real or perhaps even fabricated) have come into play to justify the use of executive orders.
For example, in 1971 Richard Nixon declared an emergency because of the growing discrepancy in our federal balance of payments. He disconnected the value of the dollar from the gold standard, levied a surtax on imports, and froze domestic prices for 90 days.
Many people thought Nixon was overreacting, but even if he weren't, the situation clearly showed a president pushing the limits of Constitutional power.1
On June 3, 1994, President Bill Clinton signed an executive order that consolidated the powers set forth in a number of executive orders that were issued by his predecessors.2
Originally created in 1962 by President John F. Kennedy, this particular collection of executive orders allows a total subjugation of the fundamental freedoms that Americans often take for granted.
The first of the Kennedy-issued executive orders (E.O. 10995) allows the president to take control of all media, as long as a national emergency exists. Included as media are radio, television and, conceivably, telephone and Internet outlets.3 Other executive orders from this cluster (E.O. 10997, 10990, 11003 and 11005) allow the seizure of all facilities that produce energy, including electricity, gasoline, and solid fuels.4
All means of transportation, both public and private, including ground and air transportation, could be completely controlled by the executive branch as well.5
Another declares that our food resources could be taken over by the executive branch (E.O. 10998). This includes all agriculture, distribution, and retail facilities.6
Furthermore, reminiscent of the Japanese internment under E.O.9066, other executive orders allow for the involuntary registration and relocation of U.S. citizens into labor groups under government surveillance (E.O. 11000, 11002, 11004). The order also grants the executive branch authority to take over labor, services, and manpower resources.7
Under E.O. 11921, the government is empowered to take over health, education, welfare, mechanisms of production and distribution, energy sources, wages, salaries, credit and the flow of money.
There is very little of the economy and private life which hasn't been included under these orders.
A common but erroneous belief is that the above executive orders have either expired or been rescinded. We shall see in the next section that this is not true.
Also, what comprises a national emergency has not been clearly defined by the courts. Rather than setting forth specific criteria, the courts have given the President wholesale discretion to determine the boundaries of what constitutes a national emergency.
The familiar rationale is that extra latitude should be given to the
President in this area due to the need for expediency.8
The current legal status of the emergency powers of the President involves so many statutes and executive orders that misconceptions abound. Since some of these legal instruments revoke prior ones, and some absorb the content of others, the confusion seems to multiply.
Executive orders tend to build upon each other, with previous orders justifying subsequent ones. It is not surprising that the Pulitzer Prize-winning historian, Arthur Schlesinger, has dubbed this subject "an uncoordinated, uncodified, crazy-quilt collection of powers."9
In 1933, at the request of President Roosevelt, the U.S. Congress passed the War and Emergency Powers Act, which has never been repealed. This legislation was an amendment to the Trading with the Enemies Act , which was originally passed by Congress in 1917.
Due to the circumstances surrounding World War I, the President was granted full authoritarian control of citizens of enemy countries, and their property, who were living or working in this country.10
This act expressly excluded domestic transactions; that is, those being conducted by American citizens. The amended 1933 version effectively reclassified U.S. citizens within the "enemy" category. At this point, U.S. citizens were made enemies of the federal government.
In 1971 Congress was astonished to discover that our nation had been in a continuous state of national emergency since Roosevelt's proclamations of 1933. Additionally, still binding were the emergencies proclaimed by Truman in 1950 and Nixon in 1970.
This revelation caused the Senate to issue a committee report in 1973, which disclosed that the 1933 War and Emergency Powers Act had engendered 470 provisions of federal law with various emergency powers and related provisions.
In 1976 Congress passed the National Emergencies Act , which terminated any existing declarations of national emergency effective September 14, 1978.11 Nevertheless, the 1976 Act did not affect the 1933 Act in any manner. Moreover, it did not stop subsequent presidents from declaring states of emergency.
In fact, as of this writing, President Clinton has issued executive orders for twelve of them,12 placing the country in a series of states of emergency.
Many of the executive orders in this area grant a significant degree of delegated emergency power to divisions of the executive branch. These powers are centered in an agency of the federal government known as the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). FEMA itself came into existence by means of an executive order.13
An emergency is defined by federal law as "...any occasion or instance for which, in the determination of the President, federal assistance is needed to supplement state and local efforts and capabilities to save lives and to protect property and public health and safety, or to lessen or avert the threat of a catastrophe in any part of the United States."14
What the War and Emergency Powers Act does, in conjunction with the above-mentioned executive orders, is enable the President to suspend the Constitution at will. All the President needs to justify this action is a national emergency.
Note that it is the President himself who declares the emergency; not Congress. Americans should never tolerate the suspension of their Constitutional rights under any circumstance, even when the situation is labeled with an "emergency" status.
A Plan of Action
On the optimistic side, there are several things that average, ordinary citizens can do to address the aforementioned problems and evoke the necessary changes.
Initially, we can obtain as much knowledge on the subject as we can and spread the word. This is one of the most important techniques we have at our disposal. We know that with the Almighty's guidance, a humble people can make a tremendous difference.
Executive orders can also be challenged formally in two ways:
1)A lawsuit could be brought if the order contradicts the original legislative intent of the law or has no underlying statutory authority, and
2)Congress could pass a bill repealing or modifying a specific executive order. That bill would, of course, be subject to a presidential veto and would then need an override vote.
Representative Jack Metcalf (R-WA) has taken a positive step. He is sponsoring House Concurrent Resolution 26. It expresses the sense of the Congress that any executive order which infringes on the powers and duties of the Congress under Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution, or requires the expenditure of federal funds not specifically appropriated for the purpose of the executive order, is advisory only.
This is a non-binding resolution, perhaps because a veto could be avoided. We urge you to call Representative Metcalf as well as your own representatives and express support for this bill and ask that your representative become a cosponsor.
You might also tell your representatives that:
1) They should make this measure binding; and
2) Congressional notice and review should be mandatory for all executive orders.
This bill is currently stranded in the Judiciary Committee. Therefore, a dual purpose telephone call to your favorite House Manager would be helpful. After telling one of these courageous gentlemen how proud we all were of their actions, bring up House Concurrent Resolution 26 and relate the above remarks concerning the bill.
We cannot stand by and let this precious endowment of liberty be undermined. As the famous jurist, Learned Hand once mused, "Liberty lies in the hearts of men and women; when it dies there, no constitution, no law, no court can save it."
* * *
James Hirsen is a Professor of Law at Trinity Law School and an attorney in Orange County, California. His new book Government by Decree deals with the subject of executive orders.
Whats Really Going On? Executive Orders: Edicts from a Presidential Throne: Part 1 - James Hirsen | <urn:uuid:41064775-608b-45a4-bc16-970ec6ea0fa4> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.khouse.org/articles/1999/235/print/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474533.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224112548-20240224142548-00775.warc.gz | en | 0.954561 | 1,878 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Reading and Phonics Home School Partnership
In York class, the children will be heard reading at least once every two weeks by an adult. Some children will be heard read weekly. When your child reads with an adult at school, this will be recorded in their reading record with either a comment by an adult about explicit reading skills or a comprehension question and answer by your child. This will be recorded in your child's reading journal.
All children will have the opportunity to change their reading book during the week if they have finished reading their book. Please read with your child daily and get your child to answer a question (using the 4 grid question stems found on the inside cover of their reading record) about what they have read into their reading record.
Children will also have a library book. This book is one that has been chosen to read for enjoyment which, as discussed at the parent reading workshop (slides can be found under the parent workshops section) you might read to your child.
Please ensure that your child learns their weekly spellings. The weekly spellings will be found stuck into their reading records.However some spellings may roll onto the next week depending on the spelling rule.
Reading books and reading record books should be kept in your child's bag so that we can have them in the class every day and update them when needed. | <urn:uuid:7cacd566-824d-4679-9b31-1cdcabd2efec> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.shenleyprimary.co.uk/reading-and-phonics-home-school-partnership-11/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178381803.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20210308021603-20210308051603-00187.warc.gz | en | 0.978287 | 272 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Gold has been around for over 5,000 years. It has been treasured by individuals, kings and civilizations for its beauty and intrinsic value. It has been used for trade and as a currency for many years throughout history by many different countries. Gold has always been used in jewelry and for artistic purposes. But the main point is, it has always been a store of value and always will be.
Gold’s value comes from its rarity. Anything that is sought after that is rare is valuable. In fact, some estimate the world pours more steel in an hour than it has poured gold since time began. All the gold in the world could be compressed into a 20-yard cube, which is about 1/9th the mass of the Washington Monument.
This financial storm has created a lot of demand for gold, just like many other financial crises have. As demand heats up the values rise. This is a simple rule of economics. However, because gold is of limited supply, its values will rise faster than that of something that can be massed produced. It should be noted that more gold is added to the market every year through mining, but peak gold production has been achieved. A mining company used to be able to extract 12 grams of gold from 1 ton of ore. Now the average is 3 grams per ton of ore.
People always wonder if gold will ever be worthless. It has never been worthless, and I do not believe it ever will be. It is the first true money. It cannot be printed into oblivion and it cannot be destroyed. Thousands of currencies have failed over history, but gold has stood the test of time. It is truly the choice for a store of value. | <urn:uuid:18b92158-db72-4003-a0d7-cdce6d307bd7> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.itmtrading.com/blog/gold-as-a-store-of-value/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107878879.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20201022024236-20201022054236-00535.warc.gz | en | 0.976532 | 347 | 2.6875 | 3 |
How do I convert a gas volume from mmscfd (million standard cubic feet per day ?) to metric (m^3/day) ? How about mass flows (kg/hr), I will need to know the density of gas, right ?
by Robert Fogt on 07/06/05 at 07:29:30
You can convert them on the Flow Rate conversion pages.
For Volume: http://www.onlineconversion.com/flow_rate_volume.htm
For Mass: http://www.onlineconversion.com/flow_rate_mass.htm
1 million cubic foot/day = 28,316.847 cubic meter/day
The thing to keep in mind is the use of the word "standard". It means standard temperature and pressure. The standard temperature and pressure may differ from traditional U.S. units and metric units, so be sure to list the temperature.
For example, the standard temperature for Natural Gas (in the U.S.) is 60º F, so: 1 million standard cubic foot/day = 28,316.847 cubic meter/day [60º F]
You could not say standard cubic meter per day, as the U.S. does not use the same standard temperature.
by Steve Eades on 07/29/05 at 15:46:43
This is an interesting subject, as in the UK a mmscfd means Imperial Standard Cubic Feet!
A Standard Cubic Meter is universally recognised as the SI unit.
Converting from scuffs to cubic meters means using a conversion factor that compensats for the differing standards. | <urn:uuid:bbca44b1-5699-4e53-ab3d-27760fb55ecb> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.onlineconversion.com/forum/forum_1120558694.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423320.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170720181829-20170720201829-00689.warc.gz | en | 0.823803 | 337 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The Slocum fountain in Tompkins Square Park.
The worst disaster in New York City’s history before last year’s attacks was the 1904 fire aboard the excursion steamer General Slocum. The ship was taking the congregation of St. Mark’s German Lutheran Church for a trip up the East River when it caught aflame. The blaze killed at least 1021 people. Their memorial is a small pink marble fountain in the East Village’s Tompkins Square Park, inscribed, "they were the Earth’s purest children, young and fair."
In contrast, a massive monument to the 258 American sailors who died when the battleship Maine exploded during the Spanish American War rises imposingly at the Columbus Circle entrance to Central Park. Atop the tall monument, commissioned by public donations to William Randolph Hearst’s New York Morning Journal, three seahorses pull a woman in a seashell chariot. The figures are cast in bronze from the sunken ship’s guns.
In creating these memorials and others throughout the city, New Yorkers grappled with how to commemorate heroes or tragic events, and often came to very different conclusions. The current talks about how to memorialize the World Trade Center attacks are "not a new discussion at all," said Robin Lynn, director of tours for the Municipal Art Society. "Every memorial in the city had to start by asking the question, â€what is appropriate?’".
Lynn has planned a series of two hour walks surveying some of the over 2,000 statues and monuments in New York City's public places. They include a stop at the showy Maine Monument, but not the humble Slocum Fountain. Lynn said that she decided to create the tours because New Yorkers’ preoccupation with a memorial for the World Trade Center seems to be "in the air."
"This is something that is on people’s minds," added architectural historian Francis Morrone, who will be leading several of the tours (see the society's web site for a schedule). "I think just about everybody wants to make sure that we do this right." He said that the walks will be a way for people to see a wide range of city memorials and decide for themselves whether or not they are relevant to the city’s newest addition. | <urn:uuid:49eb0c38-4bc5-4908-800d-f587f54cdbdb> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.gothamgazette.com/rebuilding-nyc/1073-new-york-city-memorials | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250626449.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124221147-20200125010147-00534.warc.gz | en | 0.955551 | 484 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Influenza is a viral disease that affects many species of animals.
The world health community continues to monitor the progress of the avian flu virus as it moves through the bird population around the globe. This influenza subtype is an H5N1 isolate. Poultry with this subtype of virus have infected people.
The ability of the virus to infect people from those who carry the virus is being watched very closely. There is currently no immunity to this subtype in the human population.
If this virus subtype adapts so it can be passed from person to person, this strain has the potential to be the next influenza subtype to affect the human population.
Influenza is also a major disease concern in swine. For many years, we only isolated the H1N subtype from the swine population. We now see many strains, with the H1N1 and the H3N2 subtypes being the most common.
The virus that affects swine has the ability to exchange genetic material with other influenza viruses of different species. A poultry/swine/human triangle for genetic material exchange and disease transmission occurs for influenza virus.
The great human influenza pandemic of 1918 that killed 20 million people worldwide was an influenza virus that originated in swine.
There is a concern that the passage of influenza between humans and swine does occur in our swine barns. The flu vaccine that was administered to our staff last fall included subtypes H3N2 and H1N1. It is our recommendation that all workers who come into contact with swine be vaccinated with the human influenza vaccine. This is for the good of workers and pigs.
Case Study No. 1
A 1,500-sow, three-site production farm was experiencing a cough in piglets from 15 days old to weaning. This was a well-managed farm with good production. The entire sow herd was being vaccinated quarterly with a commercial influenza vaccine containing both the H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes of influenza virus.
Blood samples were obtained from sows for serologic examination. This farm had very high antibody levels in the sow herd. The samples had high titer levels, up to 1:640 on 75% of the sows sampled. Laboratory work on piglets yielded an influenza infection by fluorescent antibody testing as well as histological (tissue) examination.
Since this farm was already on a flu vaccination program, we wanted to get an isolate from the farm to use for farm-specific vaccine production. We submitted nasal swabs from farrowing room piglets for virus isolation. An H3N2 subtype of influenza virus was isolated.
A site-specific influenza vaccine was made from this isolate and used in the sow herd. The coughing by piglets in the farrowing crates ceased.
Case Study No. 2
We were called to a 200-sow, farrow-to-finish farm. This single-site operation had a history of respiratory disease problems, including positive titers for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia (APP), Mycoplasmal pneumonia and H1N1 and H3N2 swine influenza virus.
Vaccination for respiratory disease consisted of two doses of a commercial mycoplasma vaccine in the early nursery stage.
The clinical syndrome on this farm was coughing and mortality in the finisher, primarily after 16 weeks of age. Sick pigs were treated with antibiotics, but some mortality occurred due to sudden death in finishing pigs. Respiratory outbreaks occurred from 14 weeks of age through market age.
Typically, multiple finishing rooms would come down with clinical signs at the same time. After these rooms resolved, the syndrome would become quiet again until a new population of naïve pigs filled the rooms, and the process would be repeated.
This farm would endure a respiratory disease outbreak every four months. Diagnostic tests confirmed the presence of mycoplasma and influenza. At times, we would find APP and PRRS.
Since the mycoplasma and influenza organisms were commonly diagnosed, we added a two-strain influenza vaccine to the current mycoplasma vaccination program. We are currently going on two years with only minor respiratory disease problems.
Diagnostic workups are vital to identify the organisms that are key components in any disease complex. In the first case study, we had high antibody levels in the sow herd, but were able to isolate influenza virus from the nasal swabs of coughing piglets. Control of strain variation can be the difference between success and failure in a vaccination program.
The vaccination of workers for the protection of people from pigs, and pigs from people, should be part of the influenza control program. | <urn:uuid:316b92bc-e9c6-4122-9956-eb8a5df130c3> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.nationalhogfarmer.com/mag/farming_flu_affects_pigs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221209585.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20180814205439-20180814225439-00151.warc.gz | en | 0.961904 | 974 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Nature and conservation
Paterson Inlet/Whaka ā Te Wera is a shallow ria – an ancient river valley that has been submerged – and provides one of the largest sheltered harbours in southern New Zealand.
Because the rivers that flow into it drain from pristine, undeveloped land, they carry little sediment or nutrient run-off. As a result, inlet waters nurture a prolific range of plants and animals.
Paterson Inlet is also an important habitat and nursery for at least 56 species of marine fish. The mixing of warm, subtropical and cool waters in the currents around Stewart Island/Rakiura has created an environment with similarities to both regions, and adds to the diversity of species found within the inlet.
The inlet is home to brachiopod species that live both on rock and sediment, thriving at depths of less than 20 m. This makes it one of the richest and most accessible brachiopod habitats in the world. Brachiopods (lamp shells) are the most ancient of filter feeding shellfish. They were abundant in prehistoric oceans 300 to 550 million years ago. Today their fossils are common but living examples are comparatively rare.
Stewart Island/Rakiura has more varieties of seaweed than anywhere else in New Zealand. Paterson Inlet is home to 70% of them, including 56 brown, 31 green and 174 red species. Meadows of small red seaweed grow on the sand. They help to stabilise sediment as well as providing an important shelter for scallops, and a surface for spat to settle on.
Ulva Island-Te Wharawhara Marine Reserve is located in the outer portion of Paterson Inlet, on Stewart Island/Rakiura’s east coast.
Maps and boundaries.
Know before you go
- No fishing or taking or disturbing anything found naturally in the reserve.
- No feeding fish because it disturbs their natural feeding behaviour.
- No discharging of any pollutants or ballast water in the reserve
- No introducing of living organisms to the reserve
The marine reserve is surrounded by Te Whaka a Te Wera/ Paterson Inlet Mataitai Reserve. The mataitai reserve prohibits commercial fishing and manages fisheries levels to ensure the sustainability of this important Maori fishing and food gathering area. | <urn:uuid:74719df7-8e48-4c66-92cc-0eb2d16475a0> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://yearofthemountains.org.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-go/southland/places/stewart-island-rakiura/ulva-island-te-wharawhara-marine-reserve/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947931.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425154752-20180425174752-00513.warc.gz | en | 0.925652 | 482 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Mary Church Terrell was an important educational, civil rights, and women's rights leader in Washington for nearly 70 years. Her husband Robert H. Terrell was a distinguished teacher, lawyer, and the city's first black Municipal Court judge.
Mary Eliza Church (1863-1954), born in Memphis, Tennessee, graduated from Oberlin College in 1884. A year later she moved to Washington to teach at the M Street School (now Dunbar High School). In Washington she immersed herself in local, national, and international politics. She was the first black female member of the D.C. Board of Education, co-founder in 1892 of the Colored Woman's League, and the first president of the National Association for Colored Women in 1896. Highly literate, she was fluent in three languages. She completed her autobiography A Colored Woman in a White World in 1940. After World War II, Terrell continued her activism and engaged in non-violent direct action protests against racial discrimination in white-owned public accommodations. In 1953 her activism and organizing with other Washingtonians led to the Supreme Court decision declaring segregation in public places in Washington illegal in District of Columbia v. John R. Thompson Co.
Robert H. Terrell (1857-1925), a native Washingtonian, graduated from Preparatory High School (later M Street School and Dunbar High School), Harvard College (1884), and Howard University Law School (1890). Terrell began teaching math and science at M Street School in 1887 and served as principal of the school from 1899 until 1901. He was appointed justice of the peace by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1901. The following year he was appointed to the Washington, D.C. Municipal Court, the first African American in that position. Terrell served as a municipal judge through 1925.
The Terrells, who married in 1891, were one of the first black families to move into LeDroit Park, originally an all-white suburb. Their first home in LeDroit Park was at 1936 Fourth Street, NW, next door to Alice Moore Dunbar and Paul Laurence Dunbar (1934 Fourth Street, NW). | <urn:uuid:3870124d-cbce-49be-af80-df77b880cda6> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.culturaltourismdc.org/portal/mary-church-terrell-and-robert-terrell-residence-african-american-heritage-trail | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158279.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20180922084059-20180922104459-00319.warc.gz | en | 0.971601 | 443 | 3.078125 | 3 |
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We are stronger country by confronting civil rights history: Guestview
Our national holidays are times for reflection. This week’s Martin Luther King Day, marking the long and ongoing struggle for civil rights in our country, is certainly such a holiday.
This year we have new opportunities to honor Dr. King and deepen such reflection with the new Smithsonian Museum of African American History and Culture (nmaahc.si.edu/} in Washington, launched in 2003 and opened in 2016, and the recently inaugurated Mississippi Civil Right Museum (mcrm.mdah.ms.gov/) in Jackson. These institutions join the National Civil Rights Museum (civilrightsmuseum.org) in Memphis, founded in 1991, in conveying the African-American experience through our history as a nation.
These museums make important contributions to our understanding of what African slaves experienced, and, after the 14th Amendment granted citizenship in 1868, what African-Americans endured as they struggled to gain full civil rights and acceptance in a country stumbling to live up to its founding ideal that all men are created equal.
Years ago I visited the Memphis museum, built on the former Lorraine Motel where King was assassinated in April 1968. This past November, I spent an afternoon in the African-American Museum in Washington. Both visits were moving experiences and well worth repeating.
In today’s unsettled times, with racial tensions stoked by the events of Charlottesville, anger about Jim Crow-era Civil War monuments, and turmoil between police and African American communities, these museums have a crucial educational role to play. They ensure that Americans of all ages and backgrounds can truly come to terms with this unfortunate aspect of our history and how it plays into events today. There is so much to learn, so many misperceptions to correct.
Let’s understand the past. Although the slave trade was abolished in 1807, there were four million enslaved in the U.S. by the Civil War. Slaves outnumbered the white populations in South Carolina and Mississippi and representing notable percentages in the other southern states. After emancipation, harsh conditions and discrimination during the Jim Crow years prompted a great migration to the North in the 20th century, but discrimination and prejudice eased little. Segregation was prevalent, substandard “separate but equal” schools were an obstacle to African-American progress, and the federal government denied jobs to black citizens.
The most powerful message from the two museums, and undoubtedly the new Mississippi museum, comes from the exhibits telling the story of Jim Crow America and the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. Our society’s past brutality, lynchings of innocents, lip service to constitutional principles and ideals, human tragedy of education-deprived generations, and the heroism of Dr. King and other civil rights workers, black and white, are compellingly and eloquently portrayed.
This story needed to be told in the past, and particularly needs to be told today. The contribution of civil rights activists to social progress in the country should be recognized and, more importantly, emulated today. We will be a stronger nation by confronting — together — this history and its implications for our lives in 2018.
The National Civil Rights Museum in Memphis broke important ground in telling the story. The subsequent years saw bipartisan support for a more comprehensive museum in the nation’s capital, where so many Americans visit. The new museum’s long lines more than a year after opening confirm the country’s great interest.
It would be wonderful if all Americans could personally visit these important museums. But if you can’t make it to Washington, Jackson or Memphis, please pay the museums a cyber visit on this MLK Day via the internet or smart phone. You are likely to be as moved as I and thousands of others have been.
Mike Mozur is a retired U.S. State Department Senior Foreign Service officer and environmental executive who now lives in the Pensacola area. | <urn:uuid:29caddb6-873a-4f15-8238-9051d44f7511> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.pnj.com/story/news/2018/01/14/we-stronger-country-confronting-civil-rights-history-guestview/1013452001/?from=new-cookie | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156460.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20180920101233-20180920121616-00012.warc.gz | en | 0.948491 | 833 | 3.71875 | 4 |
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A barabara or barabora (Russian); ulax̂, ulaagamax, ulaq, or ulas (plural) (Aleut); and ciqlluaq (Alutiiq ~ Sugpiaq) were the traditional, main or communal dwelling used by the Alutiiq people and Aleuts, the indigenous people of the Aleutian Islands. They lay partially underground like an earth lodge or pit-house, and most of the house was excavated from the dirt so as to withstand the high forces of wind in the Aleutian chain of islands. Barabaras are no longer used, as present-day Aleuts live in modern houses and apartment buildings.
The roof of a barabara was generally made from sod and grass layered over a frame of wood or whalebone, and contained a roof doorway for entry. Inside of the barabara was a main room, and a secondary room used for parental purposes. The main room had two rows for cots, less-excavated and higher than the rest of the room. The bottom of the room had one or more holes for an "inhouse". The entrance typically had a little wind envelope or "Arctic entry" to prevent cold wind, rain or snow from blowing into the main room and cooling it off. There was usually a small hole in the ceiling from which the smoke from the fire escaped.
- Facts on File: Barabara
- Qik'rtarmiut Alutiitstun/Sugt'stun (Kodiak Alutiiq Language). Prepared by Native Village of Afognak. 2009. [sod house / barabara ciqlluaq]
- Jeff Leer (introduction) 2007 (eighth printing). Nanwalegmiut Paluwigmiut-llu Nupugnerit / Conversational Alutiiq Dictionary (Kenai Peninsula Alutiiq) [barabara (now usually used to mean "shed"): ciqluaq]
- Nabokov, Peter & Robert Easton (1989). Native American Architecture. New York: Oxford University Press, pg. 205. ISBN 0-19-503781-2
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Barabara.|
- Beard, D. C. Shelters, Shacks and Shanties. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1916. pg 100-03.
- Alaska's Digital Archives, keyword search "barabara"
|This article about a building or structure type is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.| | <urn:uuid:a5713faa-7c8f-4812-9061-295718e7f32e> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://en.turkcewiki.org/wiki/Barabara | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594209.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119035851-20200119063851-00354.warc.gz | en | 0.869246 | 575 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Simple Schedule for Feeding Your Tomatoes
- Seedlings. Give tomato seedlings a balanced fertilizer once a month while they are still in the greenhouse or hothouse. Use a dilute fish emulsion, 3-3-3, or a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium formula that is similar.
- Transplanting. When tomatoes are ready to go into the garden, dig a hole as deep as the length of the seedling. Place a layer of aged compost or well-rotted manure at the bottom. Add a handful of bone meal and 1 tablespoon of Epsom salt (which contains magnesium and sulfur to benefit roots). Next add an inch or half inch buffer layer of soil so that the plant’s tender roots do not set directly on the fertilizer. Set the seedling into the hole burying all but the top four branches or leaf sets.
- Two weeks after transplanting. Side-dress plants: water with compost tea or dilute fish emulsion
- After first flowers appear. Side-dress plants: water with compost tea or dilute fish emulsion
- When fruit is the size of a golf ball. Side-dress plants: water with compost tea or dilute fish emulsion.
- First ripe tomato. Side-dress plants: water with compost tea or dilute fish emulsion.
Fish emulsion you will find at the garden center. Compost tea is easily prepared: place a handful of compost in an old gym sock, tie off the sock, and place it in a container of water until the water turns the color of tea. Your compost tea is ready; it will contain all of the major and minor nutrients found in compost.
A complete organic fertilizer 5-10-10 or 10-10-10 is a good alternative to compost tea or fish emulsion. (A cupful of fertilizer–about a half pound should be enough for 10 plants.) Avoid high nitrogen fertilizers such as urea or ammonium sulfate which will produce tall green plants with little or no fruit.
Side-dressing is easily accomplished: place the fertilizer in a one-inch-deep circular furrow around each plant. The furrow should be 3 or 4 inches away from the stem. Cover the fertilizer with 1 or 2 inches of soil and allow the rain or irrigation to carry the nutrients down into the root zone.
Phosphorus is the most important nutrient to tomatoes. Phosphorus supports root and fruit growth and contributes to good yields and early harvests. | <urn:uuid:2ab99779-f55e-4a68-b041-430552422000> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.harvesttotable.com/2011/05/tomato_feeding/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535917463.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20140901014517-00279-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.880277 | 514 | 2.875 | 3 |
Considered the tallest mountain on Earth, scientists believe that Mount Everest is growing a little taller each year. A common estimate for its rate of growth is about 0.16 inches (4 mm) per year. The actual height of Mount Everest is questioned, with surveys conducted by different nations producing slightly different figures. For example, the a Chinese surveying team calculated its height as 29,028.80 feet (8,847.98 m), about 11.64 feet (3.55 m) of which is an ice cap; while an American team found the mountain to be 29,038.71 feet (8,851 m), with about 3 feet being ice. The mountain was named in honor of Sir George Everest of Great Britain, and Edmund Hillary of New Zealand and Sherpa Tenzing Norgay of India were the first to reach its summit, on 29 May 1953.
More facts about Mount Everest: | <urn:uuid:d1614573-8a2e-4dc6-bf27-b32c7f3c048a> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.wisegeek.com/is-mount-everest-still-growing.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042987628.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002307-00041-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958364 | 188 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Satellite link is – according to article 1.113 of the International Telecommunication Union´s (ITU) ITU Radio Regulations (RR) – defined as «A radio link between a transmitting earth station and a receiving earth station through one satellite. A satellite link comprises one up-link and one down-link.»
Each station shall be classified by the service in which it operates permanently or temporarily.
- See also
References / sources
- ITU Radio Regulations, Section IV. Radio Stations and Systems – Article 1.113, definition: satellite link | <urn:uuid:5361ea23-c9cd-40ff-bc23-e2555dcd402e> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_link | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319943.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623012730-20170623032730-00646.warc.gz | en | 0.846181 | 116 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Posted by Garcia on Thursday, November 1, 2012 at 9:05pm.
Enrico Fermi was a famous physicist who liked to pose what are now known as Fermi problems in which several assumptions are made in order to make a seemingly impossible estimate. One example of a Fermi problem is "Caesar's last breath" which estimates that you, right now, are breathing some of the molecules exhaled by Julius Caesar just before he died.
1. The gas molecules from Caesar's last breath are now evenly dispersed in the atmosphere.
2. The atmosphere is 50 km thick, has an average temperature of 15 °C, and an average pressure of 0.20 atm.
3. The radius of the Earth is about 6400 km.
4. The volume of a single human breath is roughly 500 mL.
Perform the following calculations, reporting all answers to two significant figures.
Calculate the total volume of the atmosphere.
Calculate the total number of gas molecules in the atmosphere.
Calculate the number of gas molecules in Caesar's last breath (37°C and 1.0 atm).
What fraction of all air molecules came from Caesar's last breath?
About how many molecules from Caesar's last breath do you inhale each time you breathe?
- Chemisty - Ajai, Thursday, November 1, 2012 at 9:09pm
Your question is not correct . I cannot understand your question
- Chemisty - Garcia, Thursday, November 1, 2012 at 9:15pm
It is not one question. It is a series of questions. First calculate the total volume of the atmosphere. Second calculate the total number of gas molecules in the atmosphere. Third calculate the number of gas molecules in Caesar's last breat. Fourth calculate what fraction of all air molecules came from Caesar's last breath. Lastly, calculate how many molecules from Caesar's last breath do you inhale each time you breathe.
- Chemisty - DrBob222, Friday, November 2, 2012 at 12:21am
Perhaps I can get you started.
Wouldn't the volume of the atmosphere+earth = (4/3)*pi*r^3. r would be radius of earth + thickness of atmosphere for total volume. Then determine volume of earth and subtract to obtain volume of the atmosphere.
- Chemisty - Garcia, Friday, November 2, 2012 at 8:10pm
I keep getting the answer to the volume of the atmosphere wrong. Are my calculations correct? Or what is my problem?
I calculate that the total volume of Earth + thickness of atmosphere is:
(4/3)*pi*(6450000 m)^3 = 1.124*10^21
I then calculate that the volume of the Earth is:
(4/3)*pi*(6400000 m)^3 = 1.098*10^21
Finally I subtract the volume of Earth from the total volume, which gives me that the volume of the atmosphere is 2.6*10^19
Answer This Question
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- math - in one elementary school class the following information on sports ... | <urn:uuid:30fc6012-4462-493f-8520-bbec8e990795> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.jiskha.com/display.cgi?id=1351818300 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982964275.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200924-00156-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.900071 | 855 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Story of the Broken Arrows
A Cherokee story, as
Copyright © 1998 LBCloudman
This story was given to me some years ago to help my youngest son with his temper. Each time I tell this story I thank the Creator for having given it to me. I only ask that if you tell this story, you do the same.
Many years ago in the time when The Way was the only way and our People were strong and lived the life of the Caretakers they were meant to be a boy was born unto the warrior clan of the Wolf. His Elisi (Grandmother) called him Little Groundhog, because he peaked out and cried to be put back in like a Groundhog does at the coming of winter.
As Little Groundhog grew older, many knew his name. His name was spoken with words like bravery and hunter. By the age of manhood he had become known as one of the greatest arrow makers ever born to the People. His arrows were the strongest, sharpest and flew the most true of any arrows made. He was also known as a boy with very bad temper. Because of these things his name was changed to Angry Broken Arrow.
Broken Arrow reached the age when he would take a wife, but all the women feared his temper and none would take him into the home of their Mothers. Broken Arrow became very angry and went off into the woods. He had been in the woods for four days and three nights. On the fourth night without food, his fire blazed high and though he had gone to water at sunrise and at sunset each day the fire of his temper had not cooled. As he sat there, he looked up into the flames and saw a great White Wolf coming out of the fire. Broken Arrow was afraid, but knew the teachings of his ancestors and so did not run away. The Wolf told Broken Arrow that he must go back to his People. That he must get rid of this great anger that boiled inside of him like bad meat. Wolf told Broken Arrow that every time he got angry he must break his very best arrow. Then he must save the broken arrow for a time when it would be needed.
That very night, Broken Arrow returned to his home and his People. The next morning, Broken Arrow went to his Elisi (Grandmother) and told her what he had seen and what Wolf had told him. He asked her to help him, because he knew his Grandmother was respected and counciled by the Wolf. Each day more arrows were broken and taken to the growing pile in the clearing behind his home. It seemed the more arrows he had to break the greater his anger became. After seven moons had passed Broken Arrow went to the Elisi. He told her that he had a great pile of arrows in back of his home and that he had not time to make more before he lost his temper and had to break them. He told her his family was becoming hungry and still he could not hunt because he had no arrows. The Elisi told Broken Arrow to wait four more days and she would seek council with the White Wolf.
After this time had passed Elisi came to Broken Arrow. He was sitting in front of his home with fresh deer stew cooking over the fire and he was smiling. Elisi told him she was proud that he was winning his battle with this beast. Broken Arrow had been able to control his temper long enough to keep 4 arrows and hunt food for his family. Elisi told him that in seven days there would be a great celebration. On the evening of the seventh day the whole clan was very excited and People had come from other Clans to celebrate Broken Arrows great victory. The People gathered around the pile of broken arrows and staring at it with great respect. The pile reached almost to the tops of the great fir trees. The Elisi held a fire stick in her hand and she spoke to Broken Arrow.
"As you light this fire, son of my daughter, the smoke will rise to the stars and mingle with the smoke of the fires of our ancestors...with the smoke will rise the last of your anger. When this fire burns no more...your temper will burn no more and you will be a man. You will be called Arrow Maker. Broken Arrow will be no more."
And as the Elisi spoke so it was.
The fire burned for four days. On the evening of the fourth day the fire burned no more and Broken Arrow became Arrow Maker and his children and the children of their children will tell this story and I have told you and we will all remember.
And said the Storyteller...These are my words. | <urn:uuid:40cf2cdf-fc69-4728-a7b2-16fb0431759b> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.yvwiiusdinvnohii.net/liter/BrokenArrows.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644062782.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025422-00044-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.994658 | 945 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Snakes are most commonly thought of as solitary ambush hunters, and there's something mildly comforting in that. The only way you're likely to get attacked by a snake is if you accidentally stumble upon one. The thought of being surrounded by a team of snakes that have been systematically hunting you down doesn't usually factor in to the average person's snake fear.
But maybe it should. A new study out of the University of Tennessee has documented a real-life case of coordinated snake pack-hunting, and researchers believe the behavior might be far more common than biologists ever realized, according to a press release.
UT animal psychologist Vladimir Dinets witnessed the unexpected behavior during a trip to Desembarco del Granma National Park in Cuba, where he was recording how Cuban boas (Chilabothrus angulifer) hunt Jamaican fruit bats in sinkhole caves. These boas are particularly interesting in that they hunt by snatching bats right out of the air as the bats fly in and out of their cave homes. The snakes are more than capable of hunting solo, but Dinets noticed that they also tended to congregate at particular hunting locations. Most curiously, the snakes tended to be more successful with their strikes when hunting in these groups.
So Dinets took a closer look. After witnessing 16 different hunting events, he noticed that whenever the boas hunted at the same time in the cave, they chose positions in the same area, as if it was a planned, coordinated effort. The snakes' formations were also highly efficient at covering space, such that they formed a sort of net or funnel that made it easier to grab passing bats.
Could the snakes really be hunting as a team? If so, it would imply that snakes may have a far higher level of behavioral complexity than they have previously been given credit for. Dinets thinks the evidence speaks for itself, and behavior like this might be more common among snakes than we realize.
“It is possible that coordinated hunting is not uncommon among snakes, but it will take a lot of very patient field research to find out,” he said.
Despite the fact that snakes are found throughout the world, only a few of the 3,650 snake species have ever been observed hunting in the wild. So it's very possible that pack-hunting could have escaped the eye of scientists until now.
We can only hope this isn't some kind of newly evolved behavior — a precursor to a kind of "Planet of the Snakes" uprising. At the very least, it's a reminder not to underestimate the mentality of these surprisingly wily reptiles. | <urn:uuid:71cb3ff3-46d9-4dcc-a452-bd93290b0f5a> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/animals/stories/snakes-found-hunting-packs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823229.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019050401-20171019070401-00001.warc.gz | en | 0.974655 | 531 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Folk theorem (game theory)
In game theory, folk theorems are a class of theorems about possible Nash equilibrium payoff profiles in repeated games (Friedman 1971). The original Folk Theorem concerned the payoffs of all the Nash equilibria of an infinitely repeated game. This result was called the Folk Theorem because it was widely known among game theorists in the 1950s, even though no one had published it. Friedman's (1971) Theorem concerns the payoffs of certain subgame-perfect Nash equilibria (SPE) of an infinitely repeated game, and so strengthens the original Folk Theorem by using a stronger equilibrium concept subgame-perfect Nash equilibria rather than Nash equilibrium.
|A solution concept in game theory|
|Subset of||Minimax, Nash Equilibrium|
|Proposed by||various, notably Ariel Rubinstein|
|Used for||repeated games|
|Example||Repeated prisoner's dilemma|
The Folk Theorem suggests that if the player is patient enough and far-sighted (i.e. if discount factor ) then not only can repeated interaction allow many SPE outcomes, but actually SPE can allow virtually any outcome in the sense of average payoffs. Put more simply, the theorem suggests that anything that is feasible and individually rational is possible.
For example, in the one-shot Prisoner's Dilemma, if both players cooperate that is not a Nash equilibrium. The only Nash equilibrium is that both players defect, which is also a mutual minmax profile. One folk theorem says that, in the infinitely repeated version of the game, provided players are sufficiently patient, there is a Nash equilibrium such that both players cooperate on the equilibrium path. But in finitely repeated game by using backward induction it can be determined that players play Nash equilibrium in the last period of the game (which is to defect).
Any Nash equilibrium payoff in a repeated game must satisfy two properties:
1. Individual rationality (IR): the payoff must weakly dominate the minmax payoff profile of the constituent stage game. That is, the equilibrium payoff of each player must be at least as large as the minmax payoff of that player. This is because a player achieving less than his minmax payoff always has incentive to deviate by simply playing his minmax strategy at every history.
2. Feasibility: the payoff must be a convex combination of possible payoff profiles of the stage game. This is because the payoff in a repeated game is just a weighted average of payoffs in the basic games.
Folk theorems are partially converse claims: they say that, under certain conditions (which are different in each folk theorem), every payoff that is both IR and feasible can be realized as a Nash equilibrium payoff profile in the repeated game.
There are various folk theorems; some relate to finitely-repeated games while others relate to infinitely-repeated games.
Infinitely-repeated games without discountingEdit
In the undiscounted model, the players are patient. They don't differentiate between utilities in different time periods. Hence, their utility in the repeated game is represented by the sum of utilities in the basic games.
When the game is infinite, a common model for the utility in the infinitely-repeated game is the infimum of the limit of means. If game results in a path of outcomes , player i's utility is:
where is the basic-game utility function of player i'.
An infinitely-repeated game without discounting is often called a "supergame".
The folk theorem in this case is very simple and contains no pre-conditions: every IR feasible payoff profile in the basic game is an equilibrium payoff profile in the repeated game.
The proof employs what is called grim or grim trigger strategy. All players start by playing the prescribed action and continue to do so until someone deviates. If player i deviates, all players switch to the strategy which minmaxes player i forever after. The one-stage gain from deviation contributes 0 to the total utility of the player. The utility of a deviating player cannot be higher than his minmax payoff. Hence all players stay on the intended path.
The above Nash equilibrium is not always subgame perfect. If punishment is costly for the punishers, the threat of punishment is not credible.
A subgame perfect equilibrium requires a slightly more complicated strategy.|:146–149 The punishment should not last forever; it should last only a finite time which is sufficient to wipe out the gains from deviation. After that, the other players should return to the equilibrium path.
The limit-of-means criterion ensures that any finite-time punishment has no effect on the final outcome. Hence, limited-time punishment is a subgame-perfect equilibrium.
- Coalition subgame-perfect equilibria: An equilibrium is called a coalition Nash equilibrium if no coalition can gain from deviating. It is called a coalition subgame-perfect equilibria if no coalition can gain from deviating after any history. With the limit-of-means criterion, an outcome is attainable in coalition-Nash-equilibrium or in coalition-subgame-perfect-equilibrium, if-and-only-if it is Pareto efficient and weakly-coalition-individually-rational.
Some authors claim that the limit-of-means criterion is unrealistic, because it implies that utilities in any finite time-span contribute 0 to the total utility. However, if the utilities in any finite time-span contribute a positive value, and the value is undiscounted, then it is impossible to attribute a finite numeric utility to an infinite outcome sequence. A possible solution to this problem is that, instead of defining a numeric utility for each infinite outcome sequence, we just define the preference relation between two infinite sequences. We say that agent (strictly) prefers the sequence of outcomes over the sequence , if::139
For example, consider the sequences and . According to the limit-of-means criterion, they are equivalent but according to the overtaking criterion, is better than . See overtaking criterion for more information.
The folk theorems with the overtaking criterion are slightly weaker than with the limit-of-means criterion. Only outcomes that are strictly individually rational, can be attained in Nash equilibrium. This is because, if an agent deviates, he gains in the short run, and this gain can be wiped out only if the punishment gives the deviator strictly less utility than the agreement path. The following folk theorems are known for the overtaking criterion:
- Strict stationary equilibria: A Nash equilibrium is called strict if each player strictly prefers the infinite sequence of outcomes attained in equilibrium, over any othe sequence he can deviate to. A Nash equilibrium is called stationary if the outcome is the same in each time-period. An outcome is attainable in strict-stationary-equilibrium if-and-only-if for every player the outcome is strictly better than the player's minimax outcome.
- Strict stationary subgame-perfect equilibria: An outcome is attainable in strict-stationary-subgame-perfect-equilibrium, if for every player the outcome is strictly better than the player's minimax outcome (note that this is not an "if-and-only-if" result). To achieve subgame-perfect equilibrium with the overtaking criterion, it is required to punish not only the player that deviates from the agreement path, but also every player that does not cooperate in punishing the deviant.:149–150
- The "stationary equilibrium" concept can be generalized to a "periodic equilibrium", in which a finite number of outcomes is repeated periodically, and the payoff in a period is the arithmetic mean of the payoffs in the outcomes. That mean payoff should be strictly above the minimax payoff.
- Strict stationary coalition equilibria: With the overtaking criterion, if an outcome is attainable in coalition-Nash-equilibrium, then it is Pareto efficient and weakly-coalition-individually-rational. On the other hand, if it is Pareto efficient and strongly-coalition-individually-rational it can be attained in strict-stationary-coalition-equilibrium.
Infinitely-repeated games with discountingEdit
Assume that the payoff of a player in an infinitely repeated game is given by the average discounted criterion with discount factor 0<δ<1:
The discount factor indicates how patient the players are.
The folk theorem in this case requires that the payoff profile in the repeated game strictly dominates the minmax payoff profile (i.e., each player receives strictly more than the minmax payoff).
- 1. All players start by playing a and continue to play a if no deviation occurs.
- 2. If any one player, say player i, deviated, play the strategy profile m which minmaxes i forever after.
- 3. Ignore multilateral deviations.
If player i gets ε more than his minmax payoff each stage by following 1, then the potential loss from punishment is
If δ is close to 1, this outweighs any finite one-stage gain, making the strategy a Nash equilibrium.
An alternative statement of this folk theorem allows the equilibrium payoff profile x to be any IR feasible payoff profile; it only requires there exists an IR feasible payoff profile x, which strictly dominates the minmax payoff profile. Then, the folk theorem guarantees that it is possible to approach x in equilibrium to any desired precision (for every ε there exists a Nash equilibrium where the payoff profile is a distance ε away from x).
Attaining a subgame perfect equilibrium in discounted games is more difficult than in undiscounted games. The cost of punishment does not vanish (as with the limit-of-means criterion). It is not always possible to punish the non-punishers endlessly (as with the overtaking criterion) since the discount factor makes punishments far away in the future irrelevant for the present. Hence, a different approach is needed: the punishers should be rewarded.
This requires an additional assumption, that the set of feasible payoff profiles is full dimensional and the min-max profile lies in its interior. The strategy is as follows.
- 1. All players start by playing a and continue to play a if no deviation occurs.
- 2. If any one player, say player i, deviated, play the strategy profile m which minmaxes i for N periods. (Choose N and δ large enough so that no player has incentive to deviate from phase 1.)
- 3. If no players deviated from phase 2, all player j ≠ i gets rewarded ε above j's min-max forever after, while player i continues receiving his min-max. (Full-dimensionality and the interior assumption is needed here.)
- 4. If player j deviated from phase 2, all players restart phase 2 with j as target.
- 5. Ignore multilateral deviations.
Player j ≠ i now has no incentive to deviate from the punishment phase 2. This proves the subgame perfect folk theorem.
Finitely-repeated games without discountEdit
Assume that the payoff of a player in an finitely repeated game is given by a simple arithmetic mean:
A folk theorem for this case has the following additional requirement:
- In the basic game, for every player i, there is a Nash-equilibrium that is strictly better, for i, then his minmax payoff.
This requirement is stronger than the requirement for discounted infinite games, which is in turn stronger than the requirement for undiscounted infinite games.
This requirement is needed because of the last step. In the last step, the only stable outcome is a Nash-equilibrium in the basic game. Suppose a player i gains nothing from the Nash equilibrium (since it gives him only his minmax payoff). Then, there is no way to punish that player.
On the other hand, if for every player there is a basic equilibrium which is strictly better than minmax, a repeated-game equilibrium can be constructed in two phases:
- In the first phase, the players alternate strategies in the required frequencies to approximate the desired payoff profile.
- In the last phase, the players play the preferred equilibrium of each of the players in turn.
In the last phase, no player deviates since the actions are already a basic-game equilibrium. If an agent deviates in the first phase, he can be punished by minmaxing him in the last phase. If the game is sufficiently long, the effect of the last phase is negligible, so the equilibrium payoff approaches the desired profile.
Folk theorems can be applied to a diverse number of fields. For example:
- Anthropology: in a community where all behavior is well known, and where members of the community know that they will continue to have to deal with each other, then any pattern of behavior (traditions, taboos, etc.) may be sustained by social norms so long as the individuals of the community are better off remaining in the community than they would be leaving the community (the minimax condition).
- International politics: agreements between countries cannot be effectively enforced. They are kept, however, because relations between countries are long-term and countries can use "minimax strategies" against each other. This possibility often depends on the discount factor of the relevant countries. If a country is very impatient (pays little attention to future outcomes), then it may be difficult to punish it (or punish it in a credible way).
On the other hand, MIT economist Franklin Fisher has noted that the folk theorem is not a positive theory. In considering, for instance, oligopoly behavior, the folk theorem does not tell the economist what firms will do, but rather that cost and demand functions are not sufficient for a general theory of oligopoly, and the economists must include the context within which oligopolies operate in their theory.
In 2007, Borgs et al. proved that, despite the folk theorem, in the general case computing the Nash equilibria for repeated games is not easier than computing the Nash equilibria for one-shot finite games, a problem which lies in the PPAD complexity class. The practical consequence of this is that no efficient (polynomial-time) algorithm is known that computes the strategies required by folk theorems in the general case.
Summary of folk theoremsEdit
The following table compares various folk theorems in several aspects:
- Horizon – whether game is repeated Finitely or Infinitely many times.
- Utilities – whether the utility of a player in the repeated game is assumed to be an arithmetic mean or a discounted sum.
- Conditions on G (the basic game) – whether there are any technical conditions that should hold in the one-shot game in order for the theorem to work.
- Conditions on x (the target payoff vector) – whether the theorem works for any IR and feasible payoff vector, or only on a subset of these vectors.
- Equilibrium type – if all conditions are met, what kind of equilibrium is guaranteed by the theorem – Nash or Subgame-perfect?
- Punishment type – what kind of punishment strategy is used to deter players from deviating?
|Published by||Horizon||Utilities||Conditions on G||Conditions on x||Guarantee||Equilibrium type||Punishment type|
|Benoit& Krishna||Finite ( )||Arithmetic mean||For every player there is an equilibrium payoff strictly better than minimax.||None||For all there is such that, if , for every there is equilibrium with payoff -close to .||Nash|
|Aumann& Shapley||Infinite||Limit of means||None||None||Payoff exactly .||Nash||Grim|
|Aumann& Shapley and Rubinstein||Infinite||Limit of means||None||None||Payoff exactly .||Subgame-perfect||Limited-time punishment.:146–149|
|Rubinstein||Infinite||Overtaking||None||Strictly above minimax.||Single outcome or a periodic sequence.||Subgame-perfect||Punishing non-punishers.:149–150|
|Rubinstein||Infinite||Limit of means||None||Pareto-efficient and weakly-coalition-individually-rational||None||Coalition-subgame-perfect|
|Rubinstein||Infinite||Overtaking||None||Pareto-efficient and strongly-coalition-individually-rational||None||Coalition-Nash|
|Fudenberg& Maskin||Infinite||Sum with discount||Correlated mixed strategies are allowed.||Strictly above minimax.||When is sufficiently near 1, there is an equilibrium with payoff exactly .||Nash||Grim|
|Fudenberg& Maskin||Infinite||Sum with discount||Only pure strategies are allowed.||Strictly above minimax.||For all there is such that, if , for every there is an equilibrium with payoff -close to .||Nash||Grim punishment.|
|Friedman (1971,1977)||Infinite||Sum with discount||Correlated mixed strategies are allowed.||Strictly above a Nash-equilibrium in G.||When is sufficiently near 1, there is equilibrium with payoff exactly .||Subgame-perfect||Grim punishment using the Nash-equilibrium.|
|Fudenberg& Maskin||Infinite||Sum with discount||Two players||Strictly above minimax.||For all there is such that, if , there is equilibrium with payoff exactly .||Subgame-perfect||Limited-time punishment.|
|Fudenberg& Maskin||Infinite||Sum with discount||The IR feasible space is full-dimensional.||Strictly above minimax.||For all there is such that, if , there is equilibrium with payoff exactly .||Subgame-perfect||Rewarding the punisheres.:150–153|
- In mathematics, the term folk theorem refers generally to any theorem that is believed and discussed, but has not been published. In order that the name of the theorem be more descriptive, Roger Myerson has recommended the phrase general feasibility theorem in the place of folk theorem for describing theorems which are of this class. See Myerson, Roger B. Game Theory, Analysis of conflict, Cambridge, Harvard University Press (1991)
- R. Gibbons (1992). A Primer in Game Theory. Harvester Wheatsheaf. p. 89. ISBN 0-7450-1160-8.
- Jonathan Levin (2002). "Bargaining and Repeated Games" (PDF).
- Michael Maschler, Eilon Solan & Shmuel Zamir (2013). Game Theory. Cambridge University Press. pp. 176–180. ISBN 978-1-107-00548-8.
- Aumann, Robert J.; Shapley, Lloyd S. (1994). "Long-Term Competition—A Game-Theoretic Analysis". Essays in Game Theory. p. 1. doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-2648-2_1. ISBN 978-1-4612-7621-0.
- Rubinstein, Ariel (1979). "Equilibrium in supergames with the overtaking criterion". Journal of Economic Theory. 21: 1. doi:10.1016/0022-0531(79)90002-4.
- . ISBN 0-262-15041-7. LCCN 94008308. OL 1084491M. Missing or empty
- Rubinstein, A. (1980). "Strong perfect equilibrium in supergames". International Journal of Game Theory. 9: 1. doi:10.1007/BF01784792.
- The paper uses the term "strong equilibrium". Here, to prevent ambiguity, the term "coalition equilibrium" is used instead.
- For every nonempty coalition , there is a strategy of the other players ( ) such that for any strategy played by , the payoff when plays is not [strictly better for all members of ].
- In the 1979 paper, Rubinstein claims that an outcome is attainable in strict-stationary-equilibrium if-and-only-if for every player, the outcome is EITHER strictly better than the player's minimax outcome OR the outcome is weakly better than any other outcome the player can unilaterally deviate to. It is not clear how the second option is attainable in a strict equilibrium. In the 1994 book, this claim does not appear.
- for every nonempty coalition , there is a strategy of the other players ( ) such that for any strategy played by , the payoff is strictly worse for at least one member of .
- Fisher, Franklin M. Games Economists Play: A Noncooperative View The RAND Journal of Economics, Vol. 20, No. 1. (Spring, 1989), pp. 113–124, this particular discussion is on page 118
- Christian Borgs; Jennifer Chayes; Nicole Immorlica; Adam Tauman Kalai; Vahab Mirrokni; Christos Papadimitriou (2007). "The Myth of the Folk Theorem" (PDF).
- Benoit, Jean-Pierre; Krishna, Vijay (1985). "Finitely Repeated Games". Econometrica. 53 (4): 905. doi:10.2307/1912660. JSTOR 1912660.
- Rubinstein, Ariel (1994). "Equilibrium in Supergames". Essays in Game Theory. p. 17. doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-2648-2_2. ISBN 978-1-4612-7621-0.
- Fudenberg, Drew; Maskin, Eric (1986). "The Folk Theorem in Repeated Games with Discounting or with Incomplete Information". Econometrica. 54 (3): 533. doi:10.2307/1911307. JSTOR 1911307.
- There is a collection of IR feasible outcomes , one per player, such that for every players , and .
- Friedman, J. (1971), "A non-cooperative equilibrium for supergames", Review of Economic Studies, 38 (1): 1–12, doi:10.2307/2296617, JSTOR 2296617.
- Mas-Colell, A., Whinston, M and Green, J. (1995) Microeconomic Theory, Oxford University Press, New York (readable; suitable for advanced undergraduates.)
- Tirole, J. (1988) The Theory of Industrial Organization, MIT Press, Cambridge MA (An organized introduction to industrial organization)
- Ratliff, J. (1996). A Folk Theorem Sampler. A set of introductory notes to the Folk Theorem. | <urn:uuid:6a718770-bf6e-4c04-9d32-37e4e1192e0d> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_theorem_(game_theory) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947822.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425135246-20180425155246-00204.warc.gz | en | 0.893764 | 4,815 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Database Tables in Access and Excel
Excel may be a fine choice for creating small, stand-alone database tables, but it’s no match for Microsoft Access, particularly if you want to perform advanced queries or you are dealing with large quantities of dynamic data. However, there are many times when the true scope of a project doesn’t become visible until well after initial data has been collected and stored in Excel spreadsheets.
If you find that Excel isn’t robust enough to handle your data needs, you can import all of your Excel spreadsheets into Access tables in order to take advantage of the powerful tools found in the database application by following these steps.
How to Import Excel Data into an Access Table
Step 1: Create a blank database or open an existing database in Access. For the purposes of this example, we will create a new database called Tutorials. (Click any image for a larger view.)
After creating the new database, Access will automatically open a blank table. Go ahead and close this table without saving it. We won’t be needing it.
Step 2: Open the External Data tab on the Access ribbon. Click on Excel in the Import category.
This will open the Get External Data – Excel Spreadsheet wizard that will walk you through the steps of importing the data.
Step 3: Enter the name of the Excel workbook that contains the spreadsheet you wish to import in the File name field. You can also use the Browse button to look for the file if you’re unsure of the exact path and name.
Click on the radio button next to Import the source data into a new table in the current database. Click OK to continue.
Step 4: Select which worksheet you would like to import. If you can’t recall what information is in each sheet, click on the sheet name and sample data from that selection will be shown in the preview area of the window.
Click Next to continue.
Step 5: In the next screen, put a check in the box if the first row of your spreadsheet contains column headings that you want to use as field names. If you don’t have column headings, your fields will be assigned the generic names Field1, Field2, and so on. You will be able to change these selections on the next screen.
Click Next to continue.
Step 6: This next screen is where you’ll have to do a little bit more work in order to define the field properties for each column in your table. Begin by clicking on the first column in the preview area. If you don’t want to import that column into the table, put a check mark in the box next to Do not import field and move on to the next column. Otherwise, perform the following steps, in any order, for each column that you want to keep.
- If you don’t like the default name for the column, change it in the Field Name box.
- If you want to index this field, choose the type of indexing you want to use from the Indexed drop down list. Otherwise, leave this option set to No.
- Select a data type for all of the entries in this column.
After navigating through each column, click Next to move on.
Step 7: Next, the wizard will ask you for your choice of what to use as a primary key for this table, if any. For more information on primary keys, see the article Microsoft Access: Setting Up Relationships Between Tables.
When you’re ready to continue, click Next.
Step 8: Specify a name for the table in the box under Import to Table. If you would like a wizard to analyze the new table to see how its structure might be made more efficient, put a check in the appropriate box on this screen. For now, we’ll leave that box unchecked and click Finish to create the table.
Step 9: Finally, you’ll be asked if you want to save the import steps used to create this table. If you are importing several worksheets, all containing the exact same layout, you can check this option to save time on future imports.
Click Close. The newly created table can now be seen in your database window.
For information on other aspects of Access, be sure to take a look at the other items in the collection of MS Access tips and tricks available on Bright Hub’s Windows Channel. | <urn:uuid:4c691f04-a55c-4aa4-b86f-76003597baad> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.brighthub.com/computing/windows-platform/articles/20870.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256980.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20190522223411-20190523005411-00136.warc.gz | en | 0.860771 | 920 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Purpose: To date, there does not appear to be a study published that has examined the prevalence of clinical use and the perceived and actual knowledge of cupping therapy that clinicians possess. The purpose of this study was to determine the perceived and actual knowledge of cupping therapy among athletic trainers. Methods: 113 certified athletic trainers completed the study (age = 35 ± 10 years, years of certified experience = 12 ± 10 years). Participants were sent an electronic survey via email that assessed frequency of usage, perceived knowledge, and actual knowledge of cupping therapy. Data were downloaded and analyzed using a commercially-available statistics package (SPSS Version 25, IBM, Armonk, NY). Measures of central tendency (means, standard deviations, frequencies) were calculated for all survey items. A Pearson correlation was calculated for the perceived knowledge and actual knowledge items to identify a knowledge gap between what one believes they know and actually what they do know. Finally, an independent samples t-test was used to explore differences on the actual knowledge assessment based on prior education. Significance was set at P < .05 a priori. Results: The majority of certified athletic trainers reported not viewing the use of cupping therapy as necessary to their clinical practice. However, the majority also reported using cupping therapy at least once in the past week when treating patients. Regarding perceived knowledge, the majority of respondents were in the mid-range of agreement/disagreement, indicating at least some level of uncertainty. Average scores on actual knowledge were 8.90±1.34 out of 12 questions. A poor positive relationship was found between perceived and actual knowledge (r = 0.125, P = 0.259). We also identified a poor positive relationship (r = 0.079, P = 0.439) between the actual knowledge assessment score and the likelihood to pursue continuing education item from the perceived knowledge assessment. Conclusions: While the majority of athletic trainers did not view cupping therapy as necessary to their clinical practice, the majority did use the tool in their weekly practice. The relationship between actual knowledge and pursuit of continuing education suggestion that continuing education may improve knowledge of cupping therapy.
Cage, Stephen A.; Winkelmann, Zachary K.; Warner, Brandon J.; and Gallegos, Diana M.
"Athletic Trainers’ Perceived and Actual Knowledge of Cupping Therapy Concepts,"
Journal of Sports Medicine and Allied Health Sciences: Official Journal of the Ohio Athletic Trainers Association: Vol. 5
, Article 6.
Available at: https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/jsmahs/vol5/iss3/6 | <urn:uuid:5910730e-7c8f-4457-b2ab-0e957e92c185> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/jsmahs/vol5/iss3/6/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039563095.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20210422221531-20210423011531-00058.warc.gz | en | 0.938262 | 540 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The former Tyson Valley Powder Farm near Eureka, Missouri, was used primarily as a storage facility for the production of small arms ammunition during 1941?47 and 1951?61. A secondary use of the site was for munitions testing and disposal. Surface exposures of small arms waste, characterized by brass shell casings and fragments, as well as other miscellaneous scrap metal are remnants of disposal practices that took place during U.S. Army operation and can be found throughout the site. Little historical information exists describing disposal practices, and more debris is believed to be buried in the subsurface. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has identified several areas of concern throughout the former Tyson Valley Powder Farm. A surface-geophysical investigation was performed by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, to evaluate the areal and vertical extent of metallic debris in the subsurface within three of these areas of concern.
Electromagnetic and magnetic methods were used to locate anomalies indicating relatively large concentrations of buried metallic debris within the selected areas of concern. Maps were created identifying twelve anomalous zones in the three areas of concern, and three of these zones were selected for further investigation. The extent and depth of the anomalies within these zones were explored using two-dimensional direct-current resistivity methods. Resistivity and time-domain induced polarization data were compared to the anomalous locations of the electromagnetic and magnetic surveys.
The geophysical methods selected for this study were useful in determining the areal and vertical extent of metallic waste within the former Tyson Valley Powder Farm. However, electromagnetic and magnetic methods were not able to differentiate magnetic scrap metal from non-magnetic metallic small arms waste, most likely due to the small size and scattered distribution of the small arms waste, in addition to the mixing of both types of debris in the subsurface.
Electromagnetic and magnetic data showed some zones of concentrated anomalies, while there was a general scattering of small anomalies throughout the site. Inverted resistivity sections, as well as induced polarization sections, showed the debris to have a maximum depth of approximately 1 to 2 meters below the surface.
Additional Publication Details
USGS Numbered Series
Surface geophysical investigation of the areal and vertical extent of metallic waste at the former Tyson Valley Powder Farm near Eureka, Missouri, Spring 2004 | <urn:uuid:75c7f9a6-77cd-4d74-89d6-fc61128b8847> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/sir20045208 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422121478981.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124174438-00082-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964851 | 480 | 2.859375 | 3 |
It is often during hectic times that we forget the importance of maintaining our health.
Not only is it important to ensure that our children get the right vitamin and mineral supplements, it is also important that you get the vital benefits from vitamin supplementation as well.
So what do you look for when choosing a multivitamin? Interestingly, we assume all multivitamins are the same and it doesn’t matter which one we choose.
However, there are certain things you should look for when choosing a multivitamin. A recent evaluation by Consumer Labs actually found that 12 top multivitamin brands actually failed their tests.
How do you determine a good multivitamin product?
Look for a product that provides at least the following 10 vitamins:
- Vitamin A– Maintains the health of retina tissue in the eyes.
- Vitamin B1 (thiamine) – Helps the body convert food into energy and is important for proper heart and brain function.
- Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) – Promotes healthy growth and tissue repair.
Finding a good multivitamin is a great first step in improving general health. It is important to remember that vitamins and minerals are essential to life but are not made by the body; they have to be absorbed from our diet or supplements.
Since it is often difficult to maintain a well-balanced diet, the incorporation of a multivitamin in every diet is recommended. | <urn:uuid:af016c4b-c20b-46b5-95bc-aea7355ff9a1> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://americanhealthcensus.com/health/are-fruits-healthy-or-not/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540491871.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20191207005439-20191207033439-00073.warc.gz | en | 0.935293 | 296 | 2.5625 | 3 |
North Carolina farmers will have the opportunity to document agriculture-related water use through a survey by the North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services.
The department’s Agricultural Statistics Division will begin the survey in January in response to legislation passed by the General Assembly last summer. The legislation requires the division to compile a yearly survey of water use by farmers who withdraw 10,000 gallons of water per day from groundwater or surface water.
Farmers will be asked to complete a form documenting their agricultural water use for 2008. Information about individual farms will be kept confidential.
“This survey is extremely important because basic water use information for agriculture is limited in most areas of the state,” said Agriculture Commissioner Steve Troxler. “We are encouraging farmers to participate so we can collect good, accurate data.”
Herb Vanderberry, state director of agricultural statistics, said public perception has been that farmers use an excessive amount of water. But other regional surveys have shown that agricultural water use is relatively small in comparison with industrial and other non-agricultural water consumption.
Troxler said the survey could clear up a lot of misperceptions about the amount of water farmers use. “The survey also will give us a good picture of how much water farmers need, so that if we find ourselves in another drought, we can make the case for making sure farmers aren’t unfairly targeted,” he said.
Survey forms will begin arriving in mailboxes in January, and results should be ready by July 1. Information about the survey is online at www.ncagr.gov/water. | <urn:uuid:e1371a26-370b-4a13-9da5-4c42cd925eda> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.southeastfarmpress.com/equipment/north-carolina-conduct-ag-water-use-survey | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171171.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00020-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934663 | 331 | 2.625 | 3 |
Paula Kilpeläinen, Counsellor of Evaluation, Finnish Education Evaluation Centre
The competence provided by vocational education and training (VET) has been evaluated nationally for more than two decades. Evaluation is part of quality assurance in VET. In the past few years, the learning outcomes evaluation system has been developed by taking into consideration the needs of the reformed VET. In this blog post, I will provide a brief overview of the practices that have in the past been used in the evaluation of learning outcomes and throw light on the properties of the new evaluation system created as a result of this development work.
From test-based assessment to demonstration-based assessment
The competence provided by VET has been evaluated nationally by the Finnish National Agency for Education and later by the Finnish Education Evaluation Centre (FINEEC) for more than two decades. National evaluation of learning outcomes has been aimed at providing information on how successfully students have achieved the objectives of the qualification requirements. The evaluations are also used to develop VET, support learning and ensure the quality of VET.
Initially, the evaluation of learning outcomes was part of the overall evaluation of VET, in which the effectiveness, cost-efficiency and impact of VET were evaluated. Competence was measured with national tests organised at the final stage of VET. However, as learning outcomes evaluations were laborious and expensive as part of overall evaluation, they were discontinued fairly soon. There were already plans to follow the example set by VET for adults and develop the student assessment of vocational upper secondary qualifications into demonstration-based assessment. The aim was to integrate the national evaluation of learning outcomes into the resulting competence demonstration system.
In 2006, at the end of extensive national development work, competence demonstrations were included in vocational upper secondary qualifications as part of student assessment. In a competence demonstration, students carry out practical work tasks to demonstrate how well they have achieved the vocational skills requirements and learning objectives defined in the qualification requirements. A year later, national evaluation of learning outcomes was integrated into demonstration-based assessment so that the information related to competence was gathered directly from the grades awarded in the demonstrations. The information based on grades has been complemented, for example, through self-evaluation conducted jointly by the VET providers and working life, which has provided useful information on the strengths and development needs of the sector. The key strengths of the qualifications have been the good grades awarded for the competence demonstrations, the integration of the demonstrations into the education and training organised at the workplace, and competence assessment. The main development needs highlighted by the evaluations have been the need to develop the guidance and assessment skills of workplace instructors and the importance of ensuring the commensurability of the demonstrations and the assessment.
So far, 28 vocational upper secondary qualifications have been subject to a national evaluation. In the past few years, the learning outcomes evaluation system has been developed on the basis of meta-evaluation, external evaluation and workshops organised for different stakeholders and by taking into account the changes that have taken place in the operating environment of VET.
Even more comprehensive information on vocational competence can be provided in future
With the VET reform, the education and training of adults and young people was combined and a single method of demonstrating competence was introduced. From now on, the evaluation of learning outcomes will cover not only the vocational upper secondary qualifications but also the further and specialist vocational qualifications. In addition to substance knowledge of the vocational sector in question, the competence provided by common units and the key competences for lifelong learning are also evaluated. The common units, such as communication and interaction skills and competence in mathematics and sciences, are included in vocational upper secondary qualifications.
The common units and the key competences for lifelong learning strengthen students’ knowledge of their vocational field and work in general and provide them with capabilities required in further studies and lifelong learning. They include a large number of so-called generic meta-skills, which are often used to refer to communication, interaction and cooperation skills, problem-solving skills, learning-to-learn skills and self-direction. These meta-skills help to manage change and they are needed in various areas of life – work, studying and everyday life. Several studies and reports show that the importance of meta-skills will increase in the future and especially the role of problem-solving skills among future competence requirements is emphasised.
Making the voice of students and working life heard
In future, students and working life will be given a stronger role as producers of evaluation data in learning outcomes evaluations. Students assess their own competence in the self-assessment pilot carried out this and next year. While self-assessment provides nationally important information on how students perceive their competence, it also helps individual students to identify the strengths and development needs in their competence. Working life also provides feedback on students’ competence.
The risks that have been identified in relation to the VET reform by FINEEC in its evaluations include the availability of workplaces suitable for acquiring competence, the sufficiency and quality of guidance given at workplaces, and the ability of the new funding system to safeguard high-quality VET. In future, national evaluation will be especially important to ensure the high quality of VET. An increasing proportion of the money received by VET providers will be determined by the number of qualifications and units completed by their students. On the other hand, the funding system encourages VET providers to also invest in the quality of the education and training as they are rewarded according to how successfully their graduates find employment and places in further studies.
Let’s take care of the high quality of vocational competence! | <urn:uuid:85d0e9a8-dba2-41d7-9dce-73a5194f4e48> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://blogi.karvi.fi/category/blog-posts-in-english/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662515501.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220517031843-20220517061843-00797.warc.gz | en | 0.9687 | 1,137 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The crazy reason people are putting pickle ornaments on their Christmas trees will have you wondering if you should have one of your own…
The tradition of the Christmas Pickle is pretty spectacular. If you notice someone has a pickle ornament in their Christmas tree it might just be your lucky day! Traditionally, hosts hide the pickle ornament in their Christmas tree and the person who finds it would get a special gift or a present. Having a Christmas Pickle hidden in your Christmas tree is a great way to add a fun little game to your holiday fun. The person who finds the pickle gets a small reward or they are blessed with a year of good luck.
This fun tradition has a few different origin stories. Many people thought the story originated in Germany. Rumor has it though, that Woolworth’s originally started selling the pickles in the 1890’s in America and many people think that the only reason the Christmas Pickle is associated with Germany is because imported German ornaments were a popular item at the time.
The Christmas Pickle tradition is completely unknown in Germany and the tradition is kept alive entirely in North America. Another alleged origination of the Christmas Pickle tradition is from the American Civil War era. According to Wikipedia, a Private in the 103rd Pennsylvania Infantry was captured in April of 1864 and taken as a prisoner of war. The legend goes that Private John C. Lower, the soldier who was captured by the Confederacy, begged a guard for a pickle while he was close to starving. Thankfully, the Confederate soldier gave Private Lower the pickle he begged for which ended up saving him from starvation. So, every Christmas Private Lower was said to have hidden a pickle in his family Christmas tree as a sign of good luck.
One origin of the Christmas Pickle story includes good old Saint Nick himself. The story allegedly goes that St. Nicholas saved two young Spanish children who were locked away in a pickle barrel by a mean innkeeper. This story originates from Berrien Springs, Michigan where they have an annual pickle festival every year where they celebrate the Christmas Pickle and their German heritage.
Whichever origin you think may be true, this fun holiday tradition has captured the hearts of people all over America for many decades. Will you be hiding a Christmas Pickle in your tree this Christmas?
Sources: Wikipedia, Herald Palladium | <urn:uuid:0b7b3488-b329-43cd-8f79-ac244a301403> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.davidwolfe.com/pickle-ornament-christmas-tree-means/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224655092.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20230608172023-20230608202023-00297.warc.gz | en | 0.971576 | 486 | 2.671875 | 3 |
the foliage consists of from one to four seldom five linear, sessile, and revolute, pointed leaves; they are from 12 to 18 inches in length, and from 1 to 3/4 of an inch in the widest part which is near the middle; the uper disk is somewhat gro[o]ved of a pale green and marked it's whole length with a number of small longitudinal channels; the under disk is a deep glossy green and smooth. the leaves sheath the peduncle and each other as high as the surface of the earth or about 2 inches; they are more succulent than the grasses and less so than most of the lillies, hyesinths, &c.—1
When Lewis says "the leaves sheath the peduncle and each other as high as the surface of the earth or about 2 inches," he is referring to the fact that in plants with several leaves arising from the bulb (in some species of Camassia there can be numerous leaves, and even in C. quamash there can be more than the maximum of five leaves as suggested by Lewis) the basal leaf sheaths surround the base of the peduncle for a few inches between the bulb itself and the ground surface where the leaves can diverge from the peduncle.
When he refers to "the upper disk" what he means is the upper (or inner) surface of the leaf-blade. Likewise, the "under disk" refers to the lower (or outer) surface.
- linear—"Line-shaped; very long and narrow, with essentially parallel sides."
- sessile—"Attached directly by the base, without a stalk, as a leaf without a petiole or a flower without a pedicel."
- revolute—"Rolled outward or backward, so that the upper side of an organ is exposed and the lower concealed."
- disk—The face of any flat body.
- peduncle—"The stalk of an inflorescence or of a solitary flower." The word comes from pedunculus, a diminutive of the Latin pes, ped-, meaning foot.
1. Lewis's comparisons are appropriate. Given what was known until recently, Camassia quamash was considered to be a member of the lily family (Liliaceae). Using modern biochemical and DNA techniques, we now realize that the genus Camassia is a member of the agave or century-plant family (Agavaceae).
Supported in part by a grant from the Idaho Governor's Lewis and Clark Trail Committee | <urn:uuid:8f670e43-b6f3-40ad-a9bc-9d5b90073579> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.lewis-clark.org/article/1996?ArticleID=1996 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719286.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00192-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958657 | 520 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Chiropractic is a complementary practice in medicine that is used to treat musculoskeletal problems with the main focus on spine care. With chronic back pain being a common ailment among most people in the world, people are finding alternatives for pain relief. Among them, chiropractic care is a popular option with about 22 million people in America going to chiropractors annually.
What is Chiropractic?
Chiropractic medicine which was once ridiculed by the medical community is now a recognized and well-respected health care profession. The practitioners are called chiropractors who follow the same rules and regulations as the allopathic doctors. It is a branch of medicine that focuses on the relationship between the body’s main components: the skeleton, nerves, and muscles with health. The practitioners believe that health improves through chiropractic adjustments of the musculoskeletal systems and there is also a greater emphasis on holistic health.
What are Chiropractic Adjustments
Chiropractic adjustments are also known as manual manipulation, spinal manipulation or chiropractic manipulation and are therapy treatment, especially for lower back pain. It is a procedure that is done by specialists called chiropractors who use their hands or instruments to apply a sudden or controlled force to a spinal joint. It helps in better mobility and also cures stiffness. It is also used to treat the subluxation or partial dislocation so that it increases the range of motion. It also reduces nerve irritability and improves functioning.
Types of Chiropractic Adjustments
Chiropractic adjustments ensure that the body’s musculoskeletal system is aligned properly and functions well. There are many types of adjustments that can be utilized to achieve this and most of it involves the spine but can be used on other body parts too. Some of the common adjustment techniques are:
Direct thrust technique: In this technique, the focus is on the spine and hence called spinal manipulation.
- Thrust is applied to the vertebra using hands or a small equipment
- Joint cavitation happens due to the release of gas like oxygen, carbon-di-oxide, and oxygen and that aids in relieving pressure.
- After a minor feeling of discomfort due to spasm in the surrounding muscles or tissues, there will be a sensation of relief.
Spinal mobilization: It is a much gentler approach than the earlier technique and is applied to patients with osteoporosis. Professionals from Align Integrated Medical, say that these adjustments not only improve the spinal motion but also boost the physical functioning of the body. Gentle stretches with slow movements are used instead of thrusts.
Articulatory: It is a technique that is targeted at joints that are injured and the treatment intends to restore the motion. Applying force, the specialist moves the arms, legs and other extremities.
Myofascial release: It is targeted at myofascial tissue which is a membrane that connects, and covers the muscles in the body. Stress or other issues can lead to stiffness in it that can lead to pain. In this treatment, the doctor finds the areas which are stiff and puts pressure so that it loosens up making it free for movement without pain.
Muscle energy technique: This is also like myofascial release but needs the involvement of the patient. The patient is asked to use specific muscles and counter-pressure is applied by the practitioner to strengthen the weak muscles. It improves blood flow and releases trigger points. At the end of multiple sessions, the patient has less pain and more mobility.
Cervical spine manipulation: Cervical spine is a portion of the neck and issues in it can lead to discomfort in shoulders, upper back or head which results in reduced motion. The cervical spine is manipulated by using spinal mobilization or direct thrust to regain normal functioning.
Functional technique: Joint restriction is freed through this technique so that it increases mobility. The restriction is detected and force is applied gently and held till it releases the restrictions.
Indirect positional technique: It is a treatment for over toned muscles which may be caused due to sedentary lifestyle or poor posture. The joints are held in a neutral position and force is applied so that the muscles lengthen and the tightness is released to regain normal positioning.
Benefits of Chiropractic Adjustments
- Reduces Blood pressure: Chiropractic adjustments have the same effect as high blood pressure medications, as per a study. Moreover, the effect of the adjustments lasts for up to 6 months and has no side effects.
- Decreases scoliosis: It is a condition of abnormal spine curvature which results in pain, bad posture and even reduced motion. A chiropractic adjustment can treat scoliosis effectively. It not only treats it but also prevents its progression.
- Reduces Sciatica: It is a condition that happens due to pressure or damage to the sciatic nerve. The condition causes pain to radiate from the lower back to the legs. Chiropractic adjustments help in relieving pressure on the nerve and reduce the severity of pain.
- Relief from headache: Headaches can be caused due to migraine, tension or back and spinal problems. By undergoing chiropractic treatment, muscle tension in the back, as well as the head, is released, thereby reducing headaches.
- Reduces inflammation: Chronic inflammation leads to various issues like pain, cancer and even heart diseases and hence it is essential to reduce it. Chiropractic adjustments can help in reducing inflammation and also relieves back pain, joint pain, etc., thereby decreasing the risk of chronic diseases.
- Improve kids’ health: Chiropractic care is not only for adults but it helps children as well. It can help with colic, ear infections, and boost the immune system.
- Improves symptoms of neurological conditions: Chiropractic treatments help in boosting blood flow to the brain and body. Blood flow aids in the increase of spinal fluid which aids in reducing the symptoms of neurological conditions like epilepsy and multiple sclerosis.
Surgeries and other allopathic medications have many side-effects and are also expensive and risky. Chiropractic care is a non-invasive treatment option which can easily and safely solve your problems. The adjustments and other techniques focus on improving overall health. | <urn:uuid:b2e2a31e-8e54-4e41-8a07-087290a24466> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://deliciouslysavvy.com/an-overview-of-chiropractic-care/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541301014.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20191215015215-20191215043215-00341.warc.gz | en | 0.950331 | 1,298 | 2.921875 | 3 |
MFL – Primary Languages
Modern Foreign Languages is a popular subject at Primary level and we hope that the children’s initial studies at Primary level will enhance and prepare pupils for their studies of French at Secondary School level. They will build on the language that has been learned throughout Lower Key Stage Two and expand the range of French language that they can use. This involves learning grammatical structure and handling topics such as ‘Families’ and ‘Parts of the Body’. All assessment is through teacher assessment through the programme ‘La Jolie Ronde’ the author of which has worked closely with our school for many years in her role as School Improvement Advisor and who continues to offer training to our staff who teach the programme.
St Joseph’s Catholic Primary School is very active in its work in embedding the teaching of inter-cultural understanding across the whole school curriculum. This can be seen through the very high quality work on display throughout school.
The school values the high quality international links that we have as a result of having pupils on roll from a number of other countries for whom English is an Additional Language. We work closely with our parents and community members for the benefit of mutual understanding of the benefits of multiple languages being used at home and in language lessons in school.
At St Joseph’s Catholic Primary School, we believe that language learning is extremely important. Learning a foreign language allows a greater and broader perspective on those who inhabit the world. At St Joseph’s, we offer French lessons to those in Years Three to Six. We seek to empower our children with an ability to communicate with those who live beyond English-speaking territories. We also serve to provide an insight into another culture with its rich and diverse traditions. We employ a language specialist to teach languages in our school through a weekly after school club. Our language teacher has lived in the country of the language taught.
We teach French to KS2 pupils enabling them to make significant progress in the language.
To support our language learning we believe it is important to have opportunity to develop intercultural understanding. To support this we are forging links with a partner school in France and are hoping to take part in language projects with the pupils who live and study in France.
About the subject
The Programme: La Jolie Ronde – the author of who has worked with our school as a School Improvement Advisor for many years. If you need any information in this subject, please contact Mari-Ann Kaushiva on 01977 701493 or [email protected] | <urn:uuid:c3bf03b8-1227-4228-962c-c771e987fb04> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.sjp.bkcat.co.uk/curriculum/mfl/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989526.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20210514121902-20210514151902-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.966385 | 527 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Phrasal verb is the name given to an English verb which is composed of two or three words. One verb is combined with a preposition (like on, in, under) or an adverb (like up, down, away). Sometimes a phrasal verb can have a meaning that is very different to the meaning of at least one of those two or three words separately.
Here are some examples:
Maria didn't know the word, so she looked it up in the dictionary.
Oh no, we've run out of milk! I'll have to buy some more.
Farmers have to get up early in the morning.
The rocket took off with a loud roar.
From Online Writing Lab | <urn:uuid:0c735a18-709f-4a52-986a-61447fc28b8d> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://www.writingbridges.com/2017/08/phrasal-verbs.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572896.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20190924083200-20190924105200-00141.warc.gz | en | 0.977907 | 147 | 3.59375 | 4 |
VERBENA Overview Information
Verbena is a plant. The parts that grow above ground are used to make medicine.
Verbena is used for sore throats and respiratory tract diseases such as asthma and whooping cough, and for heart conditions such as chest pain (angina) and fluid retention due to heart failure.
Verbena is also used for depression, hysteria, generalized seizure, gallbladder pain, arthritis, gout, metabolic disorders, “iron-poor blood” (anemia), fever, and recovery after fever.
Other uses include treatment of pain, spasms, exhaustion, nervous conditions, digestive disorders, liver and gallbladder diseases, jaundice, and kidney and lower urinary tract disorders.
Women use verbena for treating symptoms of menopause, irregular menstruation, and increasing milk flow, if breast-feeding.
Some people apply verbena directly to the skin to treat poorly healing wounds, abscesses and burns; for arthritis, joint pain (rheumatism), dislocations, bone bruises (contusions), and itching. Verbena is also used as a gargle for cold symptoms and other conditions of the mouth and throat.
In combination with gentian root, European elder flower, cowslip flower, and sorrel, verbena is used for maintaining healthy sinuses and treating inflamed or swollen sinuses (sinusitis).
In manufacturing, verbena flowers are used as a flavoring agent in alcoholic beverages.
How does it work?
Verbena contains chemicals that might reduce inflammation.
Possibly Effective for:
- Treating sinusitis when taken as a combination product containing gentian root, elderflower, cowslip flower, and sorrel. Taking verbena orally in combination with gentian root, elderflower, cowslip flower, and sorrel (SinuComp, Sinupret) seems to be effective for treating sudden or ongoing sinusitis.
- Sore throat.
- Whooping cough.
- Chest pain.
- Other conditions.
VERBENA Side Effects & Safety
Verbena seems to be safe for most people when used in small amounts as part of a combination product containing gentian root, elderflower, sorrel, and cowslip flower (SinuComp, Sinupret). There isn't enough information to know if verbena is safe when used in medicinal amounts other than as part of the combination product. The combination product can cause digestive system upset and occasionally allergic skin rash.
Special Precautions & Warnings:Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Not enough is known about the use of verbena during pregnancy and breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid use.
The following doses have been studied in scientific research:
- For sinus infections: the combination of 36 mg of verbena plus 12 mg of gentian root and 36 mg each of elderflower, sorrel, and cowslip flower three times daily. | <urn:uuid:1e1a73b4-b8d8-4109-b035-3759dd15ef14> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-88-VERBENA.aspx?activeIngredientId=88&activeIngredientName=VERBENA&source=0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1387345763533/warc/CC-MAIN-20131218054923-00051-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.883407 | 609 | 2.828125 | 3 |
On March 28, 2012 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded "Evidence suggests that climate change has led to changes in climate extremes such as heat waves, record high temperatures and, in many regions, heavy precipitation in the past half century". In a past report they also concluded "most of the observed increase in globally averaged temperatures since the mid-20th century is largely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic (caused by human activities) greenhouse gas concentrations" via the greenhouse effect. The IPCC also reports that as early as 2020, between 75 million and 250 million people in Africa will suffer from water shortages, main Asian urban centers will be at risk for flooding, and many species will disappear from Europe.
The European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica determined that there is more carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere currently than at any time during the last 650,000 years. This refutes the skeptics of Global Warming, who say temperature and carbon dioxide levels are cyclical; the real reason for what is happening.
Arctic ice is rapidly disappearing, and the Arctic may have its first completely ice-free summer by 2040 or earlier. Polar bears and other native species are already suffering from the loss of sea ice from their environment due to the Greenhouse Effect.
2012 was the warmest year on record in the Continental United States and this was not by chance. We all on Earth can expect continuing significant changes in normal weather patterns. With these effects of Climate Change are the conditions that affect agriculture; including temperature, floods and draught, glacial melting, and increasing severity of storms on the planet. These conditions determine the capacity of the planet to produce enough food for the ever increasing human population, as well as for domesticated animals. Rising carbon dioxide levels will also have effects on crop yields(positive and negative, depending on location). We must be vigilant in our assessment of the impacts on agriculture in order to anticipate and adapt farming to maximize our agricultural production.
Don't be fooled by campaigns made by the Natural Gas Industry either. They are just as bad as the Coal Industry. Natural Gas is not environmentally friendly and actually leads to more greenhouse gas emissions due to fracking. "Fracking" is the when the gas companies drill and inject high pressure fluid into the ground in order to fracture rocks to release the natural gas inside. The problem with this is that a huge amount of methane gets released into the atmosphere with this practice. Methane, in equal quantities, is even worse than carbon dioxide for contributing to the Greenhouse Effect. Just watch the documentary "Gasland"-Parts I and II by Josh Fox and you will get the picture.
Overpopulation, combined with our dependence on fossil fuels, can only lead to catastrophe. We have to ask ourselves what the consequences are of having a large family in relation to the rest of the world and question yourself whether you are contributing to Overpopulation. We must get serious about encouraging limits on family size along with changing to renewable energy sources on a massive scale.
There are some people who say Global Warming is invented by the Media. The response to that can be done by asking yourself two questions: Who would benefit from spreading this message? Who are the people that have benefited while pollution is, and has been, thrown into our environment? Unfortunately, the reason for our man-made environmental situation is the same as it is for our current worldwide economic one: Greed. It is ironic that the greed of global bankers have forced people to turn their attention to the economy and away from the greed of people that will do anything to keep the public from using renewable energy.
The causes and effects of Global Warming are real. What we decide to do about it is up to everyone of us. The first, and most important, course of social activism we can take is to make a major shift to renewable energy sources. Wind power, solar energy, ocean energy, and geothermal power are energy sources we have to utilize on a major scale if we are to succeed in stopping this man-made climate change. The ecology of our planet is at stake. This is not something you would like to reminisce about and say: "If only we did something". Activism is the only answer. | <urn:uuid:2450d4b2-19ed-4063-92b8-bb4fd97cbaa0> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.bluemarble4us.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802765002.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075245-00137-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966507 | 860 | 3.71875 | 4 |
©Copyright 2018 GEOSCIENCE RESEARCH INSTITUTE
11060 Campus Street • Loma Linda, California 92350 • 909-558-4548
Beauty is a quality of existence that has engaged philosophers since Plato. It is an ancient ideal we should pursue, along with goodness and truth. From classical times its hallmarks were harmony, proportion and coherence, or unity. There is also beauty of sound, as in good music, and delicacies of touch, taste and smell. There is beauty of thought and imagination derived from the creative minds of men and women. Poetry, rhetoric, logic, dance, an elegant mathematical equation…all can inspire a response of delight. Yet beauty is not purely a response, perceived merely in the eye of the beholder; it resides in the object itself, and that has to be the result of deliberate design.
When Phillip Johnson spearheaded the intelligent design movement in the early nineties, he set in motion a huge debate about the origin of life. The focus then was on complexity, with little attention to aesthetics. Living things are intricate and highly ordered, and that order doesn’t just appear by chance out of nowhere. It has to be designed, and design implies intelligence and purpose. Yet in explaining life, many leaders in the sciences have resisted the idea of design; they rely on natural law and chance. They exclude a purposeful intelligence or a designer-God.
Today, after twenty years, the advocates of intelligent design have won many victories, arguing from science. If you read Dembski, or Nelson, or Behe, or Wells, or any number of others, you will see that mechanistic naturalism is under serious scholarly challenge. God does get a hearing. Yet in academia scientism still rules, and the debate seems to have reached a stalemate. That’s why, I think, we should strengthen the design argument by an emphasis on the aesthetic side of nature, on beauty.
Beauty is a special kind of order, different from complexity, and producing it requires a deliberate purpose. It points to a source that goes beyond mere intelligence. The paintings of Van Gogh tell us the artist exists, but they also tell us something about his persona, what kind of man he was. So likewise the beauties we see in nature, and in humankind, tell us that God exists and also reveals some of God’s personal qualities. Complexity may point to a clever engineer-Creator, but beauty, with all its rich diversity, points to an artist-Creator, and an artist by nature has a different, emotional, celebratory view of reality. That’s the kind of Creator we deal with. From his art we can judge his tastes and his purposes, his thoughts and his feelings. And he becomes more like us, with emotions and preferences, closer to us and more approachable.
How did objective beauty arise? What First Cause, other than a purposeful mind, could cause beautiful patterns to appear? How can evolutionary theory, which excludes God and intelligence agency, account for them? And further, how does evolution, which relies only on chance mechanisms, explain how humans possess an ability to perceive and enjoy beauty? Here are two separate entities with no physical connection: the beautiful objects or ideas, and our conscious capacity to appreciate them. Chance cannot explain the parallel but separate development, over eons of time, of two distinct parts of a system, when each part is meaningless without the other. Such a system had to be designed, and with a majestic purpose for our benefit. It’s powerful evidence for Creation.
Beauty raises another question: Why does it survive? In Darwin’s world survival depends on toughness, on competitiveness, not on loveliness or any perception of aesthetics. Darwin would surround us with life that is rugged, strong, functionally efficient but brutal and savage: not a pleasant place for living. Naturalists recognize this problem. Steven Pinker, psychology professor and atheist at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, referred to beautiful music as a puzzling gift, and he called it “auditory cheesecake”. It enriches our lives, he said in Nature (March, 2002), but it makes no contribution to survival.
Beyond giving us compelling evidence of divine causation, beauty in the natural world tells us some remarkable truths about God’s artistic taste. He is extravagant with his gifts. He gives us delicately tasting fruits, just for our pleasure, and he made silver-toned songbirds and magnificent plumage, far beyond any requirement of mate attraction. He was not content with efficient function only. He went further and gave us aesthetic pleasure. And it is not presumptuous to marvel that the things we enjoy, God also enjoys. Far above us, God’s thoughts are not our thoughts. Yet we are told we are made “…partakers of the divine nature…” We truly do bear in our persons the imago dei. The likeness surely is not only physical, but in the mind, and partly it is in our capacity for aesthetic pleasure. He likes what we like. That’s why Adam and Eve could walk with God in the Garden, enjoying together the beauty around them.
Even today, our tastes in visual patterns, in music, and in speech should be cultivated to approach the lofty tastes of the author of beauty. The full range of aesthetic pleasure has been opened to us, both God-made and man-made. It includes the splendors of the cosmos, all observable nature, and also our man-made music, our art, and our dance. King David loved exuberant dance, and surely so does God. He enjoys what we create: our sculpture, our poetry and our rhetoric, our software algorithms, even our superb gadgetry: all our exalted flights of inventive fancy. He knows what’s in The Getty and in the Guggenheim, and he knows the qualities of the music with which we choose to worship him. He understands the good and the not good. So we too can discriminate, and we can choose and enjoy.
We are warned in Romans 1:20 that those who observe God’s handiwork yet do not believe “are without excuse.” Before the artist-Creator we must stand in awe. We can lift our wonderment above the mechanics of Creation, the hard intricacies of particle physics, of quantum gravity, of string theory and the mysteries of time. Certainly we can wrestle with these entities and seek understanding. But always let us also revel in the wonder, in the beauty of it all. That is the divine quality that brings us face to face with our artist-Creator. And we, too, may walk with him in the Garden. ******************************
Loma Linda University
8 June 2012 | <urn:uuid:14de8847-dad9-4ea0-82b6-3bcb7a04ee12> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.grisda.org/beauty-and-intelligent-design-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401617641.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200928234043-20200929024043-00095.warc.gz | en | 0.953056 | 1,407 | 2.828125 | 3 |
PART 1. The rift between vocal and written canntaireachd
PART 2. The rationale behind a proposed colour scheme
PART 3. Case study 1: Hiharin hiodreen – One of the Cragich (PS 36)
This series is dedicated to the memory of Lt Cl David Murray who awakened debate on the notation and timing of hiharin over 50 years ago. He was a source of tremendous encouragement to everyone whose approach to pibroch went further than “that’s the way I got it”.
In this part, I originally intended to look at how vocal sounds are mapped to bagpipe scale degrees by Hebridean singers. But responses from Keith Sanger and Simon Chadwick to Part 2 made me realise that something fundamental needs to be explained first.
I completely agree with you Keith that sound clips and purely aural/oral demonstration is the clearest and most obvious way to go.
Simon Chadwick, comment to Part 2 (above)
What is the point of using colour? Does it do anything better than existing technologies? Currently, the tools most widely used in pibroch education are staff notation (introduced in the 19th century) and audio recording (introduced in the 20th century). Each in turn caused a slow revolution because, over time, its usage brought about significant changes in how pipers learn, what pipers do and even who pipers are – at least with respect to pibroch.
Highland pipers’ growing reliance on staff notation, and more recently on audio recordings, has had a number of effects. I will draw attention to the effects that disturb me most by using three case studies, all pieces known only from Colin Campbell’s Instrumental Book 1797. In each case, I explore ways of making Colin’s notation more accessible. Editorial interventions are explained, layer by layer, showing how complexities and dangers multiply as the translation or ‘realisation’ gets further away from the source.
What emerges is a clear set of issues. In each case study, I introduce a coloured vocable score as an experiment, attempting to address these issues. The value of such a score lies, I suggest, in 1. being less prescriptive, 2. providing a more song-like visualisation of the music, and 3. making the tonal contrasts between phrases, parts and pieces clearer to the eye. This use of 21st-century technology would never replace the two older technologies of staff and audio, but it could usefully complement them.
As writing about musical interpretation is prone to miscommunication, I will (as Keith and Simon suggest) begin by using audio technology to explain my thinking. Please listen before reading on. This is a 44-minute recording in which I sing from Colin’s notation, explaining in detail what I am doing and why.
Case Study 1: Hiharin hiodreen – One of the Cragich (PS 36)
1 step away from the source
The facsimile above and the edited text below show Colin’s notation of fingering. This is not a notation of singing (see Part 1). A written score that conveys the sound of singing is found in the next section: 2 steps away from the source.
|Hiharin hiodreen hihodro dreodro
hiodin hiodreen hihodro dredarodo × 2
|Hiharin hinodro hiõdin hiodro hiodin,
hodre cheodro hiõdin hiodro hiodin
|Hihodrõdin hiodre hodroo hinodro
hiodre hinodro dreodro hiodin
|Hiharin hiotroIe hodro barieveho
hiodin dilihe darie hodro bari darodo × 2
|Hiharin, hinodro hiodro barihohio
hodre dilieho hiodro barihohio
|Dilieho barihohio hodre dilieho
barihohio dilieho, hiobari Ihehohio
The only significant editorial intervention here is presenting each part in four quarters (labelled Q1–4). This clarifies the calpa, one of the ‘original Terms of Art’ documented by Joseph MacDonald:
The original Terms of Art belonging to the Bag Pipe as the[y] were invented & taught by the first Masters of this Instrument in the Islands of Mull & Sky
Callip, Eurlair a Phuirt [Calpa, Ùrlar a Phuirt] – Adagio or Ground…
Ceithridh Callip [Ceathramh Calpa] – [¼th of a Ground (f. 20v), Quarter]
Ceathramh means ‘fourth’. As in English, it can either be an adjective or a noun. Joseph and Colin both use it as a noun and translate it as ‘Quarter’:
Colin’s use of ‘1st Qr ’ as an abbreviation of 1st Quarter has not previously been noticed. In the margins of C0, he writes ‘1st Qr / 2d Do / 3d Do ’. Expanding this to 1st Quarter / 2nd Ditto / 3rd Ditto is unproblematic in the light of Joseph’s treatise. ‘S. Pt ’ probably stands for Single Part and ‘D. Pr ’ for Double Part, given what Colin writes in the corresponding places on the opposite page, and his equivalent use of ‘Part’ in source CK.
Source C0 was discovered by Keith Sanger in about 1980 and I am grateful to him and the National Records of Scotland for providing the image above. In 1995, the meticulous scholar Frans Buisman misread Colin’s ‘Qr ’ as Ln, expanding it to Line. Although it looks like a modern L, this form of Q is conventional in handwriting of the period; Joseph uses it four times for the word Quarter in his ‘March for a begginner’ (reproduced above).
These two documents show that pipers used ceathramh as a noun and that ceathramh calpa was not restricted to the Ùrlar – it could mean a fourth of any variation. They allow us to add with confidence another meaning of the word calpa to Scottish Gaelic dictionaries. Calpa was the musical equivalent to a poetic metre: a repeated pattern that was culturally familiar and possibly studied formally before the collapse of the colleges on Mull and Skye in the 18th century. In modern terms, it is similar to a chord chart or harmonic cycle underlying the stanzas of a song. Ethnomusicologists might call it a cognitive schema, but I will use the Gaelic term, calpa.
It is also found in the instructional pages of Donald MacDonald’s book as ‘calepe a phuirst’, which in standard Scottish Gaelic orthography is calpa a phuirt:
A more literal translation of the last line here would be ‘bone, ground, or frame of the tune’. Donald’s Instructions were published in 1817. A century later, calpa was still in use in the Western Isles. William MacDonald, born 1927, went for pibroch lessons to Lachlan Bàn MacCormick (1859–1952) in Benbecula. He recalls:
an calpa – that is what they called an ùrlar, calpa, although actually it doesn’t mean the urlar.
Proceedings of the Piobaireachd Society Conference, vol. 26 (1999), Session II, p. 4
As noted above, calpa means the repeated melody-bearing pattern that underpins every part, whereas Ùrlar means the first part only. Misunderstanding and confusion are likely because the Ùrlar is the first statement of the calpa.
Outside music, calpa means a range of things. What they all have in common is load-bearing, keeping a structure upright or intact, or keeping something valuable tethered. Dwelly gives nine meanings: 1 the calf of a leg, 2 a pillar, 3 the ply of a rope, 4 the shrouds of a ship (the fixed rigging which holds up the mast), 5 financial capital, 6 the spine and ribs of a boat (tairngnean calpa are the nails for joining the skin to the stem, keel and cross timbers), 7 the shank of an anchor or fishing hook, 8 the walls of a house, and 9 the part of a tether between the stake and the swivel. The Irish citations in eDIL have a narrower range: ‘thick part of leg between knee and ankle, shank, calf of leg, shin’.
I wonder if calpa first entered musical vocabulary as a culinary metaphor, likening the parts of a composition to the joints of meat served at feasts – bones with a decent bit of flesh on them. A parallel could be drawn with alt, one of two words used in Ireland for poetic metre. The primary meaning of alt is ‘joint, articulation (in human beings and animals)’.
The word ceithramh (fourth) was used as a technical term by both poets and pipers, but its meaning in Ireland and Scotland diverged. Irish citations in eDIL support the meaning ‘fourth part of a quatrain, line’, whereas Scottish Gaelic dictionaries give ‘quatrain’. My stage one intervention, arranging each part into four quarters, alerts readers to pibroch’s intimate connections with both the strict-metre verse of the classical filidh and the stressed-metre verse of the vernacular bàrd. The first type of verse is defined by syllable count, the second by stress count, but both song traditions share a predilection for structures that fall into four quarters.
This four-quarter visualisation held a sacred significance across Europe. Before the Age of Enlightenment, a favourite model for structuring compositional craft was the Ark of the Covenant – a rectangular box. Iona was a powerful centre of learning and this conventional way of pre-visualising compositions left its legacy in fourfold layouts everywhere you look in Highland art: sculpture, metalwork, manuscript illumination and dance. Pibroch and poetry are part of a larger picture, the interconnected products of the same cultural environment.
Joseph’s account of the pipers’ method of composition fits this wider context perfectly:
This Rule we may more properly Call The Rule of Thumb. In effect it is much the same, for it was by the four Fingers of the Left hand that all their Time was measured and regulated; E.G. An Adagio in Common Time of Such a Style, must not exceed or fall short [of] Such a number of Fingers, otherwise it was not regular… Their Adagios when regular, commonly consisted of 4 Quarters. In each Quarter there were Such a number of Fingers; (which we Count as Bars) 2, 4, or 8 as the Quarter was Long or Short; or the Bar was Subdivided into more Fingers, according to their Length.
2 steps away from the source
Having made the physical movement of ‘the four Fingers of the Left Hand’ visible on the page, my next step is to reconstruct Colin’s singing. The impression that canntaireachd was once fixed or systematic is false. Colin’s notation aspired to achieve a systematic correspondence between written vocables and bagpipe fingerings, but it never succeeded in this goal nor does it represent traditional practice.
The coloured vocables below attempt to undo Colin’s innovative work, reversing his transformations. To make canntaireachd easier to handle, the score needs to represent vocal sounds accurately. My objective is fairly simple: not to contradict the substantial evidence, graphic and sonic, that I will be presenting in Parts 7–9 of this series. This evidence points to a craft of vocabelising in which the needs of learners were better served by expressive variability than by rigid consistency.
Many of the choices I have made in the coloured text below are fairly arbitrary – other solutions are equally plausible.
|Hiharin hodreen hiodro dreodro
hiodin hodreen hiodro dredarodo × 2
|Hiharin hinodro hõdin hõdro hiodin,
hiodre heodro hõdin hõdro hiodin
|Hiodrõdin hodre hiodroo hinodro
hiodre hinodro dreodro hiodin
|Hiharin hotroIe hodro barieveo
hiodin dilie darie hodro bari darodo × 2
|Hiharin, hinodro hodro barioho
hodre dilieho hodro barioho
|Dilieho barioho hodre dilieho
barioho dilieho, hiobari Iheoho (?hIeoho)
Key: low A | B | C♯ | E | F♯ | G | high A (see Part 2 for the rationale behind these colours)
Often, ornamental notes are sung at pitches other than the main note – for example, in hio, hiharin and darodo. The obvious thing would be to colour them precisely as you sing them: hio, hiharin and darodo, indicating the pitch of the ancillary pitches. I have chosen not to do this. Instead, I treat them as a single block, applying the colour of the main note to the whole group. This achieves three things. First, it preserves the block’s integrity – a single chunk for the brain to process and the fingers to execute. Secondly, it avoids elevating ancillary notes to the status of main notes, which leads to musical misunderstanding. This was Lt Cl David Murray’s main criticism of the notational approach in the Kilberry Book of Ceol Mor (1948): the melodic shape is severely distorted if not lost from view. Thirdly, it gives a more accurate impression of the tonality.
The application of colour is otherwise uncontentious. Reconstructing Colin’s singing, however, forces me to add a layer of personal opinion in the distribution of cadences. Traditionally, canntaireachd reflects cadences, but Colin removed this information, as explained in the audio recording above. Therefore, as soon as we translate it back from instrumental notation into vocal notation, we have to ‘cook’ the source.
Cadences are a highly personal matter. I will conclude Part 3 with Joseph’s tantalising remarks, contextualised by evidence from English lute manuscripts. Joseph knew that a cadence meant something else to his readers: the way you end a phrase, not how you start it. So, instead of calling them cadences, he calls them introductions:
This Exercise… must be all introduced in the manner you see the little Notes sett down, & the Learner must be always usd with these Introductions untill he can introduce them properly of his own accord (if he has any Taste or Genius without which no kind of Musick can be well taught him).
whenever the Learner arrivd at a Perfect degree of Proficience he was Judge where to dispose these Cuttings properly. Any Graces that relate to Invention [are] only exercisd in the Præludes & Little Voluntaries before you begin the March, which has been brought to as great a Perfection as the Compass can admitt, by the best Masters of this Instrument
The introductions which frequently occur (being noted down before each passage) seem to a stranger wild and rude, but will appear otherwise when known, being well applied to the style.
The introductions fall onto important notes, accentuating them in much the same way as an English lute ‘fall’ or a French harpsichord cadence. The French term provides the best explanation for the traditional usage of cadence in pibroch (see Understanding Cadences). Joseph’s remarks are important because they light a candle in an otherwise murky room: how to read hio and ho. Joseph’s comments explain why Colin was not bothered about specifying cadences. They bear witness to an attitude familiar from other instrumental traditions, such as the lute, an instrument widely played in Scotland in the 1600s:
There is little doubt… that Dowland and his contemporaries played many graces – manuscripts like the Margaret Board lute book, and the Folger lute book, in both of which Dowland wrote, contain numerous signs for graces. The fact that some other manuscripts contain no signs almost certainly indicates that the conventions of how to apply graces were widely understood but their actual application was a matter of improvisation and personal taste…
English manuscripts typically contain two signs, # meaning a “shake”, and + meaning a “fall”. … falls usually occur on the tonic note, quite commonly in the bass.
What is significant here is that Colin was not omitting information through lack of effort or attention to detail; in the case of hio and ho, he went to the trouble of deleting information that, in a straightforward transcription of canntaireachd, would have appeared on the page. This seems extraordinary from a modern perspective. Colin decided that specifying cadences was undesirable, or at least expendable, revealing that his approach to cadences is diametrically opposed to that of most pipers today.
I suggest that this revolution is the result, on the one hand, of the introduction of staff notation and audio recordings; and, on the other hand, of a performing culture in which the objective is to sound the same as previous prize-winners. The level of detail that these two technologies convey to the brain, coupled with a lack of social reward for any creativity in pibroch, leaves little chance for the development of the ‘Taste or Genius’ Joseph is talking about.
In Part 4, I test out a coloured vocable score with a class of students at the university of Glasgow. In Part 5, I will observe what happens when we go three steps away from the source, communicating an interpretation through staff notation and audio recording. | <urn:uuid:3ec5344c-5326-478d-9fd6-15c32127fccc> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://pibroch.net/learning/using-colour-for-pitches-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474852.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229170737-20240229200737-00027.warc.gz | en | 0.932002 | 3,929 | 2.703125 | 3 |
When hospitals release health care brochures to the public, and when doctors publish articles in scholarly journals, they turn to the services of medical copy editors, sometimes also called copy markers and proofreaders. These writing professionals ensure quality documents by correcting errors ranging from misspellings to factual and logical inconsistencies. Their pay depends on a variety of factors, including the type of employer.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics divides the editing profession into two main categories. The first belongs to proofreaders and copy markers, who examine documents for errors in grammar, spelling and composition, and mark them with standard printer’s marks. Those in the medical field earned a mean of $37,300 per year, or $17.93 per hour, as of May 2011, according to the bureau. They fared better than proofreaders across all industries, whose average wage was $34,260 per year, or $16.47 per hour. Their highest wages were in the offices of doctors at a mean $41,640 yearly, or $20.02.
The second category belongs to editors. Although they can also proofread and mark copy, they look for higher level errors, such as style inconsistencies or incorrect facts. They may rewrite text to make it easier to understand for a non-medical audience, and meet with health care professionals to offer writing guidance. Higher-level medical copy editors can also take on more managerial tasks, such as enforcing deadlines for documentation and developing writing standards. In the medical field, they averaged $59,460 per year, or $28.59 per hour. They made less than the average for all editors, which was $60,490 yearly, or $29.08 hourly. Editors in doctor’s offices earned an average of $67,830 per year, or $32.61 per hour.
In hospitals, copy markers averaged $36,530 per year, or $17.56 per hour, with privately owned hospitals showing mean wages of $36,270 yearly, or $17.44 hourly, and general medical and surgical facilities showing means at an annual $36,650, or $17.62 per hour. For editors, hospitals had averages of $61,580 per year, or $29.61 per hour; privately-owned facilities offered an annual average of $63,830, or $30.69 per hour; and general medical and surgical hosptials averaged $60,340 yearly, or $29.01 hourly. One advantage of working for medical facilities is the variety and amount of writing that copy editors can address. They can handle flyers advertising the latest technology, reports to staff produced by health-care managers, and clinical reports explaining the medical treatment of one patient.
According to ONET OnLine, as of 2011, about 79 percent of all copy markers and 73 percent of all editors had bachelor’s degrees. Acceptable majors include journalism and English. The former grants students knowledge in editing, fact checking, copy marks, proofreading and page layout. The latter can teach syntax, story logic and writing styles. For those wanting to go into the medical field, courses in medical terminology, health care procedures, anatomy, physiology, and the biological sciences can be helpful.
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: Wages for Health Care and Social Assistance
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: Wages for Proofreaders and Copy Markers
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: Wages for Editors
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: Wages for Offices of Physicians
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: What Editors Do
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: Wages for Hospitals
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: Wages for Privately-Owned Hospitals
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: Wages for General Medical and Surgical Hospitals
- ONET OnLine: Proofreaders and Copy Markers
- ONET OnLine: Editors
- Thinkstock Images/Comstock/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:0a451935-692e-470c-839d-b89e01d95edc> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://work.chron.com/pay-scale-medical-copy-editors-17631.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321306.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627083142-20170627103142-00378.warc.gz | en | 0.932062 | 836 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Things You'll Need
Paste or glue
Container for mixing
Sculpting Tools (optional)
Mold form (optional)
Make a sculpture from paper pulp (also known as papier mache) and become part of a centuries-old tradition. Answer these questions to begin the project. Will the sculpture be freestanding or mounted on another surface? Will it support itself or be built on a framework? Will the sculptor work freehand or mold the sculpture over another shape? How large will the finished project be? Will it be painted when completed? Is it for temporary or extended use? Will the artist be an adult or a child? Base the choice of recipe on the answers to these questions.
Molded Paper Pulp Sculptures
Prepare the mold by lubricating it to allow easy removal of the finished sculpture.
Video of the Day
Prepare the selected recipe (see the "Recipes" section for ideas).
Press a layer of the pulp mixture to the mold and smooth gently to eliminate air bubbles and gaps. Repeat until the sculpture reaches the desired depth.
Dry the sculpture according to the recipe directions.
Remove the mold. Finish the sculpture as desired: paint, decorate with glitter, add paper-pulp details or cut out eyeholes for a mask.
Sculpted Paper Pulp Projects
Prepare the selected recipe.
Begin forming the general shape of the sculpture.
Add broad details by building up areas or pressing areas down. Fine details may be created with sculpting tools or such everyday items as pencils and spoons.
Use extra pulp to fill in any inadvertent dings or dents.
Dry according to recipe directions. Paint or decorate as desired.
Use this traditional, paper-strip papier-mache recipe from the Elmer's Glue website: "Mix about 1/4 cup of washable, non-toxic white glue and a small amount of water in a medium-sized bowl. The mixture should be runny. Tear the newspaper into small strips. Dip the strips of newspaper into the glue mixture. Place over mold or on sculpture. Dry overnight." This recipe is suitable for use with children.
Try this recipe for paper-pulp clay from KinderArt: "Make papier mache pulp by placing several sheets of newspaper (torn into tiny pieces) into a blender or food processor with some water. Strain the pulp using a colander or sieve. Mix the pulp with one tablespoon or more of white glue. Put the pieces of torn or shredded paper into the bowl until the bowl is almost full. Slowly pour the hot water over the paper, stirring constantly. When the paper is soaked, it should be just covered with water. Put the bowl into the microwave oven and cook for about 10 minutes. Remove and let stand. Repeat every hour for about 5 hours. Using a wire strainer, squeeze the excess water out of the pulp, making sure to leave just a bit of water. Add the glue or wallpaper paste to the mixture and mix well. Store in a plastic bag in the refrigerator."
Find recipes for more sophisticated uses and projects in Resources. Applications are as limitless as your imagination.
Drying time will vary according to the thickness of the project. Non-toxic glue makes a mixture safe for children to use.
Use caution with children when making cooked recipes. Failure to dry projects thoroughly may result in mold or mildew growth. | <urn:uuid:f6640165-f771-4b59-8a60-6f86ad3f6eb5> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.ehow.com/how_5535121_make-paper-pulp-sculptures.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585121.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20211017052025-20211017082025-00213.warc.gz | en | 0.903664 | 714 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Is there such a thing as Reform Judaism outside North America? What are European Jews? Reform? Orthodox?
Yes, there certainly is Reform Judaism outside North America. Reform Judaism is actually a product of the European Enlightenment of the late 18th and the 19th century. This was the time when the walls of the ghettos were broken down and the Jews slowly entered the society around them as citizens with "full" civil rights. There were Jews who chose not to do so, but to stay in self-created new ghettos with invisible walls; these are the ultra-orthodox Jews of today who do not mix with society more than absolutely necessary.
Reform came to America halfway during the 19th century, brought by European immigrants. By the end of the century, Reform broke up into two parts, when the Conservative movement was founded. If you are interested, look at Rabbi Gunther Plaut's two sourcebooks The Rise of Reform Judaism which deals with the European background, and The Growth of Reform Judaism which deals with the American continuation, both published by theWorld Union for Progressive Judaism. Another excellent book is Michael Meyer's Response to Modernity.
Today, Reform exists in Great Britain where it is organized in two movements, the Reform Movement which is slightly more traditional, which arose out of the British Sefardi community in 1840, and the Liberal movement which is more like American Reform, which arose out the the Ashkenazi community in 1905. Almost the opposite development from the the US, interestingly enough.
Further there are Reform communities in Holland, France, Switzerland, Belgium, Spain, Austria, Hungary, Czechia, and strong movements are now growing all over the Former Soviet Union and in Germany. You also find Reform in all centers in South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and in South America like Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Curaçao, Aruba. These communities are joined together in the World Union for Progressive Judaism with its headquarters in Jerusalem, and in Arzenu (ARZA International), which is the Zionist political arm of the Movement, representing it in the World Zionist Organization and the Jewish Agency. You can find all the countries listed on the WUPJ website, with links to many of the communities' own homepages.
Reform also has a number of communities in Israel, where the growth of the Movement is made very difficult by the political system, where by it is hampered in most ways of performing the functions of most congregations and excluded from all government funding which in Israel normally pays for all rabbis and buildings and other expenses. Any ARZA representative in your neighbourhood can tell you more, or look at the IRAC website.
You should know that the Reform communities outside the US tend to be more traditional in several respects than is the American movement. This is partly due to the fact that the Conservative movement has very few constituents outside the Americas, for historical reasons. The Reform communities elsewhere therefore caters to a broader spectrum of Liberal views. When in Holland, for example, Conservative Jews tend to find themselves more "at home" than American Reform Jews. | <urn:uuid:1c452724-c290-4c35-beb1-308e4c819146> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.reformjudaism.org/there-such-thing-reform-judaism-outside-north-america-what-are-european-jews-reform-orthodox | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170434.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00513-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967654 | 628 | 2.671875 | 3 |
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Hormones and Hombres
October 25, 2018
Pregnancy is like what it’s made out to be, in movies and shows it’s so easy to get pregnant. Well in the real world it's not! In this article, we’ll show you a few possible reasons to why it’s so difficult to get pregnant.
Male Infertility Could be Tied to Air Pollution
We’ve heard about all the dangers of not going green: a planet that becomes one giant landfill, more people with asthma due to poor air quality, and sea levels high enough to drown out all of New York City. For the past few decades, the lingering threat of global warming from the excess of greenhouse gases in the environment has caused a frenzy from activists in hope of saving the Earth. A new study suggests that air pollution isn’t just killing our planet, though; air pollution could be hurting male fertility. With the United States’ fertility already on the decline, this could be a vital piece of the puzzle in figuring out why. Here’s a quick rundown of what we know:
Study Finds Link Between Air Pollution and Male Fertility
CFCs, Smog, and Contaminants… Oh, My!
A new study published in the Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine suggests that air pollution could have adverse effects on sperm quality in men. The study at the Chinese University of Hong Kong says that the threat of pollutants in the air is not only harmful to our lungs and the future of our planets but introduces a threat to the ability for men to procreate. Worst of all – they suggest that contaminated air can be found in almost every region of the world with human inhabitation. They suggest that the effects of pollutants are relatively low from a clinical point of view, but regarding the health of nations, we could have a serious problem on our hands in the future.
What Does Sperm Quality Refer To?
Healthy Sperm is Vital in Male Fertility
With this study suggesting that air pollutants can be harmful to male fertility, what exactly does this mean? In short – healthy sperm must be properly shaped, be able to move properly, and there must be enough sperm to fertilize an egg successfully. Men who are generally healthy (have a healthy BMI, exercise frequently, and eat a balanced diet) tend to have higher quality sperm. Since air pollution has clear ties to health issues in humans, it should not be much of a surprise that male fertility could be at risk as well. With about 10% of couples in Western countries already facing infertility, we should be trying to preserve fertility as much as possible.
How Can I Do My Part in Reducing my Carbon Footprint?
Going green for you and your family is easier than you think
Here are three simple tips to decrease your carbon emissions yourself:
1. Use Public Transportation – Cars are a huge source of air pollutants. If you live in an area where it’s possible to take a bus or train to work, utilizing public transit can be a great way to reduce your own carbon emissions.
2. Watch Your Diet – When it comes to fruits and vegetables, shop for locally-sourced produce as much as possible. There are less production and transportation costs and emission involved. If you’re really committed to reducing your carbon footprint: cut out red meat.
Although the treats of air pollution on male fertility may be minimal, taking steps towards a healthier planet can make a healthier you. Give it a shot and do your part; your planet and future baby will thank you. Of course, there are many possible reasons for male infertility here's another one, low sperm count.
We have all seen the flashing pop-up ads, promising that testosterone supplements will solve all our problems (spoiler alert: it won’t). Once and for all, does boosting testosterone levels through treatments and supplements actually increase male fertility?
In fact, too much testosterone can shut down sperm production and lead to harmful side effects such as:
Increased risk of heart attacks and strokes
Unless blood tests and symptoms prove that higher testosterone levels are necessary, boosting testosterone is not a wise choice.
What’s Going On
The hypothalamus is the part of the brain that controls male fertility. The hypothalamus produces gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), a chemical that sends a message to your pituitary gland to produce two different fertility hormones: the luteinizing hormone (LH) and the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). FSH causes the creation of sperm cells, while LH lets the testes know it is time to produce testosterone. When you take testosterone supplements, your hypothalamus thinks its job is done and slows down production of GnRH. This leads to decreased sperm production.
But if you have low testosterone levels, don’t give up hope! Check out our tips on how to naturally boost your fertility.
Keep Your Genital Area Cool: Heat near the genital area can decrease your sperm count. Avoid saunas and hot baths, and keep your laptop off your lap.
Lose Weight: Maintaining a healthy BMI weight can be crucial to your success in conceiving. Obese men have lower testosterone levels, as their fat converts testosterone to estrogen. Losing weight may boost your testosterone levels and increase your fertility.
Get Vitamin D: According to a 2015 study, men who have low levels of Vitamin D are more likely to have lower levels of testosterone. While sunlight is a good source of Vitamin D, prolonged exposure can increase your risk of cancer. Other good sources of Vitamin D include mushrooms, fatty fish, and fortified foods, like grain products or skim milk.
Avoid Drugs and Alcohol: Recreational drugs, such as marijuana, have been linked to low testosterone in men. Other drugs, like steroids and narcotics, can decrease sperm production. Alcohol can impair the secretion of LH and FSH hormones.
Quit Smoking: This should go without saying, but smoking can have a negative effect on your health. Specifically, it has been linked to lower reproductive hormone levels.
Exercise Frequently: Not only is exercise helpful in reducing stress and losing weight, but it can also boost your testosterone levels.
While taking testosterone supplements isn’t a safe or effective way of treating low-T levels, there are plenty of natural options to boost your levels. Through a combination of healthy lifestyle choices, you can increase your testosterone and your fertility.
Hormone Test Is Not Enough to Gauge Fertility In Women
Fertility experts say that an at-home blood test that measures a hormone related to the number of eggs in the ovaries does not give all information necessary to determine fertility.
In a recent article in the Journal of the American Medical Association, researchers based in North Carolina reported that their study of 750 women ages 30-44 found that low levels of the antimullerian hormone (AMH) in blood samples didn’t necessarily mean they would have more difficulty conceiving compared to women with normal levels. None of the women had fertility issues beforehand.
The samples were taken over six menstrual cycles during which women were trying to become pregnant. Even after 12 months, the researchers found that low AMH didn’t affect rates of pregnancy. AMH tests are available through fertility programs and can be purchased for about $100 online.
Health professionals often order AMH tests to try to help women become pregnant, but these tests are best interpreted by a doctor. A high level of AMH is related to the number of follicles that can produce eggs, so it’s used as a measure of what is called a woman’s ovarian reserve. It is important to fertility and it decreases with age. Since there are so many factors that go into fertility, this one thing isn't the complete picture as to what is going on.
If a woman finds out her AMH level is high, it might give her false assurance that she will have no problem conceiving. There may be other fertility factors involved, but the woman might delay seeking help.
On the other hand, a lower egg count doesn’t mean the woman can’t get pregnant. When a woman is over 35 and hasn’t conceived after six months of trying, they are advised to seek an evaluation. Pregnancy can become very difficult in your 40s because fertility starts to decline exponentially. After 43, pregnancy rates go close to zero. However, women in their mid to late 40s can use eggs from a young donor or their own eggs, frozen when they were younger.
In addition to the AMH test, a fertility evaluation includes checking fallopian tubes to make sure they are open and can carry the egg to the uterus. Other things can also affect fertility, such as thyroid issues.
A recent study published in the Journal of Endocrine Society found the chance of successful pregnancy in women with childhood-onset combined pituitary hormone deficiencies was increased when they were treated with adequate hormone replacement before ovarian stimulation. So what does this mean? Let’s break it down.
What is hypopituitarism?
Hypopituitarism is a rare disorder in which the pituitary gland doesn’t produce one or more of its hormones or doesn’t produce enough of them. The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain and produces hormones that influence nearly every part of the body’s functions, including reproduction, growth, and blood pressure.
Hypopituitarism is usually caused by a tumor of the pituitary gland, but it can also be the result of inherited disorders.
Loss of pubic hair
Decreased facial or body hair in men
Inability to produce milk in breastfeeding women
Consult your doctor if you experience these symptoms. Immediate medical care is required if you are also experiencing severe headaches, visual disturbances, or confusion in addition to these symptoms, as such signs could indicate bleeding of the pituitary gland.
What did we learn from this study?
In the study published by the Journal of Endocrine Society, five women with childhood-onset pituitary hormones deficiencies were evaluated. The women’s ages ranged from 25 to 37 years. The women were all given growth hormones before ovarian stimulation treatment. This was done through a regimen of oral estradiol valerate plus levonorgestrel replaced conjugated estrogen tablets, in addition to medroxyprogesterone acetate and oral contraceptive pills (with seven day intervals between cycles).
All of the women became pregnant. All of the births were singleton births, except for one set of identical twins. Three of the births were done through cesarean section, while the other two were vaginal deliveries. All of the babies were healthy, with only one infant being small for gestational age. None of the infants showed any signs of hypopituitarism.
What does this mean for women with hypopituitarism who want to conceive?
Women with hypopituitarism require a multidisciplinary team for management of their condition and fertility induction both before and during pregnancy. Still, with appropriate hormonal replacement, healthy pregnancy can occur, resulting in a happy and healthy infant. While this is a very recent study, it demonstrates the ability of women with hypopituitarism to have successful pregnancies. Talk to your physician about your options and before long, you might be on the road to parenthood!
Hormones and male fertility are just as important as your own struggles with pregnancy. Getting pregnant is tough for everyone involved. This complicated problem has many facets only a few of which we’ve tackled here. If you want any help or advice make sure we’re your first stop, we’ll be happy to help and support.
Also worth a read
State of Illinois to Pay for Egg Freezing in the Face of Disease
The diagnosis of cancer and/or another life threatening and changing disease can be devastating. Facing the loss of one’s health coupled with fear of the unknown, all the while needing to make decisions big and small about what best course of action is needed to achieve the best result, leaves little time for anything else...
For those of you who don't know, osteoporosis is a bone disease that can affect bone density and cause fractures. It isn't a disease that is commonly tested in young women, but you are at a higher risk if you have experienced eating disorders, arthritis or excessive steroid use... | <urn:uuid:a5af394f-851e-49da-a5c6-2ef78534d1b9> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.eivf.org/post/hormones-and-hombres | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578530176.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20190421040427-20190421062427-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.947915 | 2,633 | 2.640625 | 3 |
This bundle is my entire 3-week Oceanography Unit! It is literally everything you need to teach Oceanography (VA SOL 5.6)!
-Lesson Plans for 3 weeks (14 instructional days): each day has the sol objective, materials needed, procedure (including labels for anticipatory set, PPT slides that correlate, teacher input, guided practice, independent practice, and enrichment), closure questions, and any assigned homework
-PowerPoint - OVER 100 slides! This walks you through each day on the lesson plans. Each day of this 14 day unit has an "Objective" slide, a "Review" slide from previous day's material to activate their learning, and follows the progression of the lesson plans with instructional slides, interactive slides, activity slides, movement, and more, ending with a "Closure" slide. The PPT completely addresses every facet of the Oceanography 5.6 SOL standards, along with enrichment material for gifted (GATE) students; I teach GATE, but it would be very easy to alter or eliminate slides as you see fit if they are too challenging
-Worksheets: SONAR point plot with REAL SONAR coordinates (the kids love this) & WebQuest worksheet for learning about marine groups (plankton, nekton, benthos).
-Activity Materials: water movements labels for making flipbooks (waves, tides, currents), game board for Day 14 unit review (same as the one I also sell in my TPT store), Hot Seat cards (my kids flip over these!), food web cut-and-paste (for puzzle activity), marine groups memory cards (for human memory game - SO FUN!), puzzle activity, and necessary links for Internet resources
-Project Sheet: TicTacToe Oceanography (same as the one I sell in my TPT store, in case you want to preview). This is a cumulative review that students can structure themselves- they pick three activities in a line to complete by the due date. I've designed a variety of activities for this to address all learning styles: artistic, writing, technical, creative, linear, etc.
I have put a lot of blood, sweat, and tears into this unit and hope that you find it as useful and comprehensive as I have. Now, dive in! :) | <urn:uuid:69aff59f-c837-4529-807c-07421996450c> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Complete-Oceanography-VA-SOL-56-Unit-PPT-Plans-Activities-Games-WS-1666567 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376829399.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20181218123521-20181218145521-00300.warc.gz | en | 0.919598 | 472 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Bridges in Medford.
[Read before The Medford Historical Society.]
The bridge at Mistick.|
HE first bridge across Mistick river was built upon the location of the present Cradock bridge, it being the most easterly place, where the land on each side of the river afforded the best means of approaching thereto.
The date of its construction is unknown; it was the work of Governor Cradock
's agent, and was built of wood, 154 feet 5 inches long, and about 10 feet wide, and was raised about 3 feet above marsh level; its approach on the south side of the river over the marsh was by means of a causeway.
The town of Charlestown brought a suit against Governor Cradock
's agent for obstructing the river with a [p. 2]
bridge, to the hindrance of boats, and exacting toll for cattle that passed over the bridge, and appointed a committee to prosecute the suit, and also appointed parties to attend court as witnesses.
records say that on the 26th of the 10th month, 1638, It was ordered that Mr. Walter Palmer
and Richard Sprague
should follow the suit at the Quarter Court
against Mr. Cradock
's agent, for stopping up Mistick river with a bridge, to the hindrance of boats, and exacting toll (without any orders) of cattle that go over the bridge.
, Geo. Hutchinson
, and James Hayden
were appointed to be at the General Court next, to witness to the concerning of Mr. Cradock
No mention is made of this suit in the records of the General Court.
In 1879, when the old drawbridge was removed to prepare for the foundations of the present stone bridge, a portion of an ancient structure was found on the north side of the river, and the removal of this old structure disclosed the methods of its construction.
First, there was laid in the mud at right angles with the river, and a little below low-water mark, a quantity of brush nearly a foot in thickness, cut about four or five feet in length; then on this brush, laid lengthwise the river, were large elm logs.
Then on these logs was built the abutment of the bridge, composed of logs roughly squared by the axe, laid in courses, each course laid in an opposite direction from the one on which it rested.
This abutment was about 10 feet in width, and was found to be in a perfect state of preservation.
From what is known of the preservation of wood in tidal waters we may be justified in believing that this old structure was the work of Governor Cradock
's agent in those early days.
It is probable that the same method of construction was followed the entire length of the northerly abutment, as the bridge extended some 70 feet northerly from the [p. 3]
present line of the river, the river having been filled in since the bridge was built.
There is a remarkably soft bottom to the river on the westerly side of the bridge; in driving piles for the present stone bridge one was driven 64 feet below low-water mark, and it settled 6 inches under the last blow of the hammer.
This soft bottom runs diagonally across the river; while about one-third of the north abutment extends over this soft place, only about 6 feet of the pier is so situated, and there are no traces of it under the south abutment.
This bridge, as will be hereinafter shown, was both rude and weak in its construction, in need of frequent repairs, and, from the peculiar circumstances connected with its care and maintenance, a source of constant annoyance, not only to the inhabitants of Medford
, but also to the inhabitants of the neighboring towns, as well as to the Great
and General Court.
All printed authorities have heretofore fixed the date of the commencement of this bridge as being in the year 1638.
On a plan of Governor Winthrop
's Ten Hills farm, dated the 8th month (October), 1637, is shown a bridge across Mistick river at the place now occupied by the present bridge; there is a singular fact connected with the location of this bridge, which would seem to indicate that if not commenced earlier than the year 1637 (as we believe it to have been) it was at least in contemplation as early as the year 1631.
It was in that year that Governor Winthrop
received the grant of land known as the Ten Hills farm
, and the northwest corner of this grant was located exactly at the southeast corner of the bridge.
Could this have been accidental, or was it by design?
As early as the year 1629 there were settlers on both sides of the Mistick river.
On the north side Mr. Cradock
's men had established themselves, and on the south side Charlestown
's territory was being located [p. 4]
As these and other settlements in the Colony grew, it must have been early evident that the ford at Mistick, with the water in the river from o to 2 feet deep twice in 24 hours, would be inadequate to the wants of the growing towns, especially as Medford
was in the line of travel between the north and south shores of Massachusetts bay
It is entirely within the bounds of possibility to believe that the site of this bridge was selected as early as the year 1631, if not before.
The first reference to this bridge in the records of the General Court is in the year 1639:
‘At the General Court held in Boston
of the 3rd.
month (called May) 1639. Mr. Mathew Cradock
is freed of rates to the County
by agreement of the Court
, for the year ensuing from this day in regard to his charge in building the bridge, and the county is to finish it at the charge of the public, Mr. Davidson
and Lieut. Sprague
to see it done and to bring in their bill of charges.’
This action of the General Court shows that, although Mistick bridge was first commenced by Mr. Cradock
as a private enterprise, yet it so commended itself to the Court
as a public benefit that Mr. Cradock
was reimbursed for what he had previously done towards its construction, by freeing him from County rates for one year; and it was ordered to be finished at the public expense, and, as we shall see, the Court
ordered it to be repaired from time to time thereafter, at the expense of the Province.
The records of the General Court say that ‘Oct. 10th. 1641 it is ordered that Lieut. Sprague
and Edward Converse
should repair the bridge at Medford
over Mistick river, and the same be paid for out of the Treasury.’
17th. 1643. ‘Mr. Edward Tomlins
should have 22 pounds to repair Mistick bridge, to make it strong and sufficient, for which sum of 22 pound he hath undertaken it.’
‘At a General Court at Boston
, for elections the 6th. [p. 5]
of the 3rd.
and Edward Converse
are appointed to view tile bridge at Mistick, and what charge they conceive meet to be presently expended for the making it sufficient and prevent the ruin thereof, or by further delay to endanger it, by agreeing with workmen for the complete repairing thereof and to make their return to Mr. Willoughby
and Mr. Russell
and what they shall do herein to be satisfied out of the Treasury.’
March, 1647-8. ‘Capt. Ting
, Mr. Glover
, Willie Parker
and Edward Jackson
are appointed a committee, they or any of them to view Mistick bridge, and certify to the next Court, the two first named to give notice and three days warning to the rest.’
Of the duties of this committee, or of their report, we can only judge by the action of the Court
March, 1647-8. ‘It was voted by the whole Court that Mistick bridge, should be made and maintained by the County
at the public charge.’
This action of the General Court, placing upon the County
the charge of maintaining Mistick bridge, was not satisfactory to Mr. Cradock
's agent, as will be shown by the following action of the Court
Oct. 27, 1648. ‘In answer to the petition of Nic
in behalf of Mr. Cradock
for the repairing and maintaining of Mistick bridge by the County
, the said Mr. Davidson
being sent for, the evidence he can give being heard and examined with the records of the General Court, it appears that the General Court did engage for an exemption from rates for that year, and finishing the same on their own charges, which accordingly hath been done.’
That the troubles of Mr. Cradock
's agent in regard to a safe and convenient way across Mistick river did not cease by reason of his petition and the indefinite action of the Court
thereon, can be inferred by the record five years later.
May 18, 1653. ‘Upon a petition presented by Mr. Nicholas Davidson
in behalf of Mr. Cradock
, in reference to Mistick bridge, it is ordered by this Court and hereby declared that, if any person or persons, shall appear that will engage sufficiently to build, repair and maintain the bridge at Mistick, at his or their proper cost and charges, it shall be lawful, and all and every such person or persons so engaging, are hereby authorized, and have full power to ask, require, and receive of every single person passing over said bridge, one penny, and for every horse and man sixpence, for every beast two pence, and for every cart one shilling, and this to continue so long as the bridge shall be sufficiently maintained as aforesaid.’
Whether any person or persons availed themselves of the privileges above granted, or whether the bridge was kept in repair by the County
, we are unable to determine.
It is clear, however, from this time henceforth the County Court
had jurisdiction over Mistick bridge, for, three years later, April 1, 1656, the County Court
appointed a committee to erect Mistick bridge, and to levy the charges thereon upon the County
according to law, and on Dec. 30, 1656, a committee was appointed by the Court
‘to take into consideration the many defects of the bridges within the limits of this County, and to recommend the methods of keeping said bridges in repair, and the Court
order that all bridges already made, shall be repaired at the charge and care of the several towns and precincts wherein they lay.’
May 15, 1657, the committee reported in full upon the subject submitted to them, and we quote only such portions of the report as relate to Mistick bridge, as follows: ‘Only those two bridges, viz: at Billerica
and Mistick, to be finished at the County
's charge, and from time to come maintained by the towns and precincts in which they are.’
This return of the committee was accepted by the County Court
, and the same was presented to the [p. 7]
General Court for its approval, which was had on the 18th of the 3d month, 1657.
We find from this action of the Court
that the two bridges, viz., at Billerica
and Mistick, were the only ones to be rebuilt at the expense of the County
, the bridge at Mistick being already in progress of construction by a committee previously appointed for that purpose.
Under date of June 16, 1657, we find in the records of the County Court
the following order: ‘The County Court
being informed that the bridge over Mistick river, being now ready to be raised, is likely to be delayed for want of hands to carry on that work, which cannot be secured at the request of the undertakers thereof, do therefore order, that the committee already empowered by the Court
for that work, may impress carpenters and sawyers to be helpful therein, provided that due recompense be made them out of the Counties
pay, and that none be pressed exceeding one fortnights labor.’
The bridge at that time must have been built good and strong, for we find no further mention of it until July 17, 1668, when, according to the records of the town of Charlestown
, a meeting of a part of the Board of Selectmen
of that town, and commissioners from the towns of Woburn
, Reading, Malden
, and Medford
, took place to consider measures for a division of Mistick bridge among the several towns who were required by law to mend and maintain it. These commissioners agreed ‘that the towns of Woburn
, Reading, Malden
, should pay to the town of Charlestown
five pounds in good pay viz: in Corn, or the like, for the present amending of the southerly half of Mistick bridge, and that in the future, and for all time to come, the said southerly half of said bridge, being 77 feet 24 inches in length, should be mended and maintained by the said town of Charlestown
, and the northerly half thereof being of like length, should be mended and maintained by the other towns above named.’
It is a fact well attested by the many records that have been handed down to us that the four towns which assumed the care of the northerly half of the bridge made a division of the same, so that each town assumed a certain specified portion to keep in repair, and although there is no record of any such action, we are of the opinion that the commissioners representing these four towns must at that time have agreed as to the proportional part of said northerly half of the bridge that each town should care for. It is worthy of note at this time that some years after, Medford
and Reading appointed committees to search the records for some evidence of such division, and Woburn
inhabitants declared, in town meeting assembled, that what they had formerly done towards the repairing of Mistick bridge was only an act of charity to Medford
That a division was recognized by the several towns interested, and also by the County Court
, is made evident by the records of that Court.
June 18, 1672. ‘Malden
enjoined to repair Mistick bridge, before the Oct. term of Court on penalty of 100 pounds for default.’
Oct. 17, 1672. ‘Charlestown
reported that their part of the bridge was done, and Woburn
that they had taken effectual order for doing their part of the work.’
Sept. 6, 1687. ‘The Court
being informed that Mistick bridge is defective, order that it be forthwith repaired, and that there be rails on each side where they are wanted; by those towns that have been formerly enjoined to do the same, the towns concerned are Charlestown
, Reading and Woburn
, whose Selectmen are ordered to take effectual care and order for repairing the same, Charlestown
to appoint the times of meeting for surveying and completing the said work, and to make returns.’
Jan. 20, 1692-3. ‘The Court
order the Selectmen
and Reading be summoned to appear at the next adjournment of this Court, to answer to presentments for defects in their parts of Mistick bridge.’
Jan. 27, 1692-3. ‘The Selectmen of Medford
, Maiden, Woburn
and Reading, are called upon to repair the northerly half of Mistick bridge, as they have been wont to do, forthwith, and to make report at the next term of Court, on penalty of Five pounds in money, for each towns neglecting to attend to this order of the Court
Evidently but little attention was paid to this order of the Court
, for on Dec. 12, 1693, the Court
orders the respective towns to appear and answer to the defects in the northerly half of Mistick bridge.
Dec. 26, 1693. ‘The Selectmen of Medford
, appear in Court, to answer to their presentment respecting a defect in the Northerly half of Mistick bridge, and say that their part of the bridge is in very good repair.
The Selectmen of Woburn
, Reading and Malden
appear and say that they have nothing to do with the repairing of Mistick bridge, nor should concern themselves therewith.’
The above orders of the Court
appear to have caused great excitement in the three towns above-named.
a meeting of the inhabitants was called Jan. 10, 1693-4, to take the subject into consideration, and the said inhabitants declare, ‘that what they had formerly done towards the repairing of Mistick bridge, was only an Act of Charity to help Medford
when they were low and poor, and to help those men that had formerly engaged themselves to help repair the same, and now Medford
was much increased both in numbers and in estate, and those gentlemen that had formerly engaged themselves as aforesaid, being all dead, now therefore the said inhabitants once more voted, that as by law they were not engaged to help repair Mistick bridge, so that they would do nothing to the same.’
The town of Woburn
also voted to employ counsel for its defence, and the town of Reading
voted ‘not to repair Mistick bridge unless compelled to by law.’
also took similar action.
The town of Medford [p. 10]
appointed a committee ‘to attend the premises from Court to Court, until there should be a final determination and settlement of Mistick bridge.’
The Court of General Sessions
of the Peace answered this defiance of these towns in the following manner, Jan. 20, 1693-4: ‘Whereas there was an order of the General Court, referring the settlement of Mistick bridge, to the County Court
, and said Court ordering the repairs of said bridge to be by the respective towns of Charlestown
, Reading, Woburn
, Maiden and Medford
, according to their wonted manner, until the General Court make further provision, and the defects of said bridge having been presented to this Court, before the late law respecting bridges, the Court
order that the respective towns, do forthwith make sufficient repairs of the said defects of said bridge, upon pains and penalty of five pounds fine to their Majesties for their respective defaults of each of said towns, and then to make returns of their doings therein to the next General Sessions
of the Peace for Middlesex
, and that for the future it shall be left to the determination of the law.’
Jan. 23, 1693-4. ‘The Selectmen of Medford
appear in Court and answer that their part of the bridge is in good repair.’
This prompt order of the Court
had its effect upon the delinquent towns, for Woburn
, the leader in the controversy, appeared in Court, Dec. 15, 1694, and the record says, ‘That Woburn
's return in regard to repairs on the northerly half of Mystic bridge
, accepted by the Court
records also say, ‘That the bridge was sufficiently mended by Josiah Convers
, Sworn Surveyor, and returns made as aforesaid, and recorded.’
In obeying the order of the Court
without appeal, the three towns were doubtless influenced by the language of the Court
in saying that these defects in the bridge were brought to its notice before the late law respecting bridges, and also by the decision of the Court
that in [p. 11]
the future it should be left to the determination of the law. These towns based their hopes of avoiding in the future any expense on account of Mistick bridge upon the late law above referred to; how vain were their hopes will be hereinafter shown.
In 1698 the town of Medford
was again complained of for defects in the northerly half of Mistick bridge, and it voted ‘to empower a lawyer, referring to answer a presentment for defect in Mistick bridge.’
March 8, 1698. ‘Lieut. Peter Tufts
, Stephen Francis
, and Thomas Willis
, appear in Court, to answer for defects in the north end of Mistick bridge, and inform the Court
that their part of the bridge is in good repair, and that the defect is in the part appertaining to Reading, Woburn
, and Malden
, whereupon the Court
order that those towns appear and show reason why they should not repair their part of said bridge according to former usage.’
The town of Medford
, fearing that its interests might be imperilled at this time, voted, March 28, 1698, ‘to empower Mr. John Leverett
for the further defending the town, referring to Mistick bridge, in case there be need.’
April 8, 1698.
The County Court
again say: ‘The northerly half of Medford
, alias Mistick, bridge having been presented to the Court
as defective and dangerous, and the respective towns of Woburn
, Reading, and Maiden, that were formerly and from time to time wont to repair the same, having been summoned to appear in Court and show cause why said part of said bridge, should not be repaired by them according to former usage, and the said towns having been heard, the Court
order that the said towns make speedy and sufficient repairs on said northerly half of said bridge, in proportion according to former usage, upon penalty of Five pounds fine, for each towns default, and that they make returns to this Court.
, and Reading appeal.’
The defendant towns claimed before the Court of Appeal
that they were not by law compelled to assist in the repairing of Mistick bridge, and referred to a law passed by the General Court in 1693 compelling towns to choose, annually, one or more surveyors of highways, who should take care that all highways, private ways, causeys, and bridges lying within the limits of such towns, should be kept in repair at the expense of the town wherein they were situated; it was provided, however, that this law should only apply to cases where it was not otherwise settled.
The decision of the Court
was, that in the case of Mistick bridge the law of 1693 did not apply, as it had been otherwise settled as to how said bridge should be repaired, and the defendant towns were obliged to submit.
Dec. 26, 1701. ‘The Selectmen of Woburn
appear in Court to answer to their presentment for deficientcy in the northerly part of Mistick bridge in which they were concerned, and say that they do not deny to mend the bridge, the Court
thereupon order that the towns of Woburn
, Reading and Malden
do mend said bridge, and make it safely passable and to perfect the same, and make it sufficient by the next term of Court, and report their doings on the same, upon penalty of five pounds for each of said towns default.’
Dec. 15, 1702. ‘The Selectmen of Woburn
, Reading and Malden
appear in court and say the north end of Mistick bridge is repaired and safe.’
Jan. 16, 1704-5. ‘One of the Selectmen
appeared in Court to answer to a presentment by the Grand Jury
concerning a defect in the northerly half of Mistick bridge, and informed the Court
that the greatest defect in the said north end of said bridge, is not in their part thereof, and if their part is not in such good repair as it should be, yet they will do it as soon as the season will permit.’
Sept. 18, 1705. ‘It was ordered that Eleazer Wyer [p. 13]
and Samuel Brooks
, surveyors of highways for the town of Medford
, forthwith cause the northerly half of said bridge, to be well and sufficiently repaired and to make return to the Court
, of the cost and charges thereof, who will apportion the charges to the several towns that have time out of mind mended and repaired said north end of Mistick bridge.’
The surveyors of Medford
attended to this duty and made their returns to the Court
, as will appear by the following record, dated Dec. 15, 1705: ‘The surveyors of highways of the town of Medford
, who pursuant to the order of the Court
, having brought in their account, which according to allowance thereof, amounted to the sum of ten pounds, ten shillings and four pence, of which sum the Court
order the towns of Woburn
, Reading, and Malden
, shall each pay to the said surveyors, three pounds in money, and the town of Medford
thirty shillings in money.’
July 5, 714. ‘The Court
upon the appearance of the several towns to answer to the matter of Mistick bridge, appoint a committee to view the same, and consider how and in what way it may be repaired out of hand, that it may be safe for his Majesties subjects, and to make their report at an adjourned meeting of the court, to be held on the 13th day of July.’
On the day above mentioned the Committee
report, ‘That the bridge is not passable till some string pieces be put on for safety for the present, and that it be new built as soon as possible.’
accepted the report and appointed John Bradshaw
and Aaron Cleveland
to provide timber and wood, ‘and when they have done the work, to lay the cost and charges thereof before the Court
June 16, 1715. ‘The Court
pursuant to their late order, apportioning the building of Mistick bridge, amounting to 135 pounds and three shillings. The Court
order the same to be paid by the respective towns of Charlestown
, Maiden, Woburn
, and Reading, [p. 14] Charlestown
to pay to Aaron Cleveland
sixty-four pounds and fourteen shillings, and Medford
and Reading to pay to John Bradshaw
seventeen pounds twelve shillings and three pence each, and that an order be issued that the several sums be paid within two months, upon penalty of being proceeded against for contempt in making default.
, and Reading appeal, and are put under bonds to prosecute their appeal.’
Medford at that time chose a committee, to prosecute the whole matter to its final settlement.
It is impossible to tell upon what grounds these towns based their appeal; the decision of the Court
was against them, and we hear but little complaint in regard to Mistick bridge for some years; they, however, were not easy under their burden of repairing the bridge, and made several ineffectual efforts to rid themselves of the charge.
appointed a committee to go before the General Court with a petition ‘that they be eased of the burden of Mistick bridge, or have liberty of a landing-place at the river.’
And Reading voted ‘to try to get clear of mending Mistick bridge in future.’
In 1725 the town of Charlestown
sold to Aaron Cleveland
and Samuel Kendall
a piece of upland and marsh, situated on the corner of the great road leading to Charlestown
and the way leading to the Ford
; the way to the river on the upper side of the bridge was also included in the sale, and one of the conditions of the sale was that the grantees should forever maintain and keep in repair the southerly half of Mistick bridge and the causey adjoining.
The records of the County Court
say that ‘March 15, 1736, the towns of Medford
, Reading and Malden
by their respective agents appear in Court, to answer to their presentment for not repairing Mistick bridge, and the said towns plead not guilty, and move to be tried by the Court
thereupon order that Francis Foxcroft
, Joseph Mason
, and [p. 15] Ephraim Williams
, Esqrs., be a committee to repair the bridge mentioned in presentment, view the circumstances, and state the divisional line; consider on which side of the line the defect is, and report to the Court
at their adjournment, and that the bridge be forthwith repaired by Capt. Aaron Cleveland
, and the charge borne as the Court
shall order, and that the committee give reasonable notice of their coming.
The committee report that the said bridge, except in one particular, in the hollow work, is in such circumstances as that his Majesties subjects may pass over the same with safety, and that the divisional line is, and ought to be, where the two spear or king posts stand, in about the middle of the hollow work or arch of the bridge, and that the defect is in the part that Charlestown
ought to maintain, ordered: that the said town of Charlestown
pay a fine of five shillings, and pay fees and costs taxed at thirteen pounds eight shillings, and two pence.’
In 1754, by the annexation of that part of Charlestown
situated on the south side of the river to the town of Medford
, the southerly half of Mistick bridge and the causey adjoining became a charge to the town of Medford
(the town tried in vain to secure the help of other towns in caring for the said south part of said bridge), and Samuel Brooks
, Lieut. Stephen Hall, Jr.
, and Joseph Tufts
were chosen a committee to manage affairs relating to the said southerly half of Mistick bridge and the causey adjoining.
Medford town records say that July 25, 1757,‘Samuel Brooks
, Stephen Hall, Esq.
, and Capt. Caleb Brooks
, be a committee to agree with suitable persons to rebuild the south side of Medford
great bridge with wood or stone.’
We are now to consider the measures taken to place the whole charge of maintaining Mistick bridge upon the town of Medford
, it being evident that the methods then existing were most unsatisfactory.
At a town-meeting held in Woburn
, July 21, 1760, a committee was chosen to agree with the town of Medford
upon [p. 16]
a sum of money, by the payment of which the said town of Woburn
might be finally discharged from any further care of Mistick bridge.
The towns of Malden
and Reading also chose committees for the same purpose.
At a town-meeting held in Medford
, May 13, 1761, a committee was chosen ‘to treat with Woburn
, Reading, and Malden
, concerning Medford bridge, and to acquit any of them that shall comply: from all further charge, and also to treat with the General Court if there be reason.’
was discharged in consequence of the above vote by paying the sum of 26 pounds 13 shillings and 4 pence lawful money.
Reading paid 14 pounds lawful money and Malden
16 pounds 13 shillings and 4 pence lawful money.
Agreements were drawn up between Medford
and the three towns above named.
They were similar in form; we submit that with Woburn
In 1789 the town of Medford
proposed to widen the bridge and pave the market-place, and the General Court was petitioned to grant a lottery for these purposes.
The petitioners were given leave to withdraw.
In 1794 a number of the inhabitants of Medford
petitioned the Selectmen
to insert an article in the warrant for the annual town-meeting, ‘To see if the town will build a draw in the Great bridge
, or give liberty to certain proprietors to do it, upon obtaining permission from the General Court,’ and at the meeting held March 3, 1794, a committee was chosen to confer with the petitioners.
Nothing, however, was done towards building a draw until March 5, 1804, when the town chose a committee to examine the bridge, and report in what manner it should be repaired, and April 2, 1804, the committee report, ‘that it is expedient that a new bridge be built, and recommend that it be 30 feet in width, also that it should have four piers of white oak timber of seven spoils each, the two outside piers to be set 20 feet from each other, to have an arch in the center of 26 feet in the clear, and a draw the width of the arch, provided individuals will be at the expenses of it, also that the south abutment should be taken up, so as to make the water-course 66 feet wide, the north abutment being very good to remain as it is, but strengthened by a pier to be placed in a proper position, and the new bridge to be raised three feet higher than the old one,’ the cost of rebuilding without a draw, and including the cost of a temporary bridge was estimated [p. 18]
at 1,000 dollars. The committee say that a draw bridge would very much promote the interests and increase the trade of the town.
The town accepted the report, rechose the committee, and authorized them to contract for a new bridge; private parties subscribed $280 as a contribution towards the building of a draw, but the sum was found to be insufficient, and on May 3, 1805, the town instructed the committee to go on and finish it.
May 20, 1807, the town votes that 12 1/2 cents be charged for opening and closing the draw, and May 20, 1809, the town fixes the price of opening the draw at 10 cents for a lighter, and 20 cents for a larger vessel.
On April 7, 1817, the town appointed a committee to take into consideration the subject of a drawbridge, and report as to method of hoisting and keeping
the draw in repair, and May 12, 1817, this committee report, ‘that at the time of building the first draw, certain individuals subscribed $280 towards it, but it cost considerable more, and parties failed to subscribe the balance, that the tackle and apparatus was out of order, and that it would cost $100 to put them in proper repair, and they recommend that the draw be fastened up, and no more raised until a sufficient sum be raised [p. 19]
by individuals, and paid over to the agent or agents of the town.’
The town accepted the report, and it is presumed that sufficient funds were forthcoming, as it is evident that the draw was soon afterwards in use. On March 2, 1829, ‘A committee was appointed to see if the draw in the Great bridge
could be dispensed with, and closed, and on what terms, also what repairs are needed, or whether a new draw must be made.’
This committee reported, May 4, 1829, ‘that having consulted eminent counsel, they are advised that the town is under no legal obligation to make, or maintain a drawbridge, but may build without a draw as heretofore, they also say that they are not aware of any interests that the town has in a draw of sufficient moment to justify the expense of it, they therefore recommend that the draw be closed, and the bridge made permanent, unless individuals should be willing to secure the town against the cost and expense of building and maintaining it, also, that the bridge be rebuilt, and that it be built as wide as the street leading to it from the market place, and with walks on the sides, railed in, for foot passengers.’
This report was accepted by the town, and a committee was chosen to repair the old bridge, or build a new one, as shall appear to them to be for the best interests of the town.
This decision of the town to leave the building of a drawbridge to the discretion of a committee did not prove satisfactory to quite a number of the inhabitants of the town, for at a meeting held May 16, 1829, only twelve days later, the town voted to instruct the committee in charge of rebuilding the bridge to build with a draw.
This decision of the town to build with a draw was no doubt influenced by the fact that a shipyard had already been established above the bridge, and as early as the year 1815 a ship of 370 tons burden had been built there.
The register of vessels built in Medford
shows that prior to 1829 some 13 vessels had been built above the bridge, and their construction must have [p. 20]
given employment to quite a number of mechanics and laboring men, as the demands of commerce from time to time called for a larger class of vessels; so the demands of the parties interested in shipbuilding caused the town to vote to widen the draw in the Great bridge
In 1833 Mr. George Fuller
built at his yard above the bridge a ship of 440 tons burden, and was obliged to make changes in the draw in order to allow her a passage down the river.
The town reimbursed Mr. Fuller
for his expense, and in 1834 authorized the Selectmen
to widen the draw when they should find it necessary to do so. Under this vote the draw was widened, and answered all purposes until 1838, when, in answer to petitions, the town appointed a committee to investigate the subject of widening the draw.
In April, 1839, this committee reported in favor of widening the draw 3 feet, and the town accepted their report.
In 1845 Mr. Paul Curtis
had upon the stocks at his shipyard near the Winthrop
-street bridge a ship of 850 tons burden, it being the largest vessel built in Medford
up to that [p. 21]
This ship was too wide to pass through the draw, and the town was again petitioned to widen the draw, and March 12, 1845, chose a committee to repair according to their discretion; under this vote the bridge was rebuilt, the width of the draw increased to 40 feet, and the north abutment relaid.
In 1872, the shipyards above the bridge having been abandoned, and there being no further demand for the opening of the draw to navigation, the Selectmen
petitioned the General Court for a permit to build a level bridge, which petition was granted, with the proviso that it should be so constructed as to allow a section 40 feet in width to be removed for the passage of vessels up and down the river.
No action was taken to rebuild until 1879, when the General Court was again petitioned by sundry inhabitants of the town, asking that the proviso requiring a movable section be repealed.
This petition was granted, and the present stone bridge was built in 1880.
The bridge at the wears.
The first mention of a bridge at the wears is in the town records, March I, 1699, ‘Put to vote whether the town will give Mr. John Johnson
, three pounds towards building a sufficient horse bridge over the wears, said bridge being railed on each side, and the said bridge raised so high, as there may be a fit passage for boats and rafts up and down said river.
Voted in the affirmative.’
No doubt a bridge was built at that time, but it must have been a frail affair, and of short duration, for in December, 1721, the towns of Charlestown
were complained of for not maintaining a bridge at the wears.
The town chose a committee to make answer before the Court
, and the complaint was dismissed.
Again in December, 1736, May, 1738, and in May, 1743, the said towns were indicted by the Grand Jury
for neglecting to erect a bridge at the wears.
The defence of Medford [p. 22]
was that the ford was easy and convenient, and that Medford
people seldom or never travelled that way. Each time the towns were found not guilty.
In 1746 a petition was presented to Governor Shirley
and the General Court, by a number of inhabitants of several towns in Middlesex County
, asking for a bridge across Mistick river, at the wears.
The town of Medford
was notified of this petition, and at a meeting held May 19, 1746, a committee was chosen to draw up an answer thereto.
At an adjourned meeting held May 25, 1746, the committee reported; the town accepted their report and voted an answer, in accordance with said report, as follows: ‘To His Excellency William Shirley Esq. Captain General
and Governor in chief, in and over His Majesties Province of the Massachusetts Bay
in New England
, to the Honorable His Majesties Council
and House of Representatives in General Court assembled at Boston
on Thursday 29th of May, 1746.
The town taking into deliberate consideration the beforementioned petition, humbly beg leave to suggest, that inasmuch as the inhabitants of many of the towns, do pass and repass said place much oftener than the inhabitants of Medford
, it being out of our way of marketing, etc. and but seldom used by any of us, we having and helping to maintain a bridge over Mistick river, in the road leading most directly to Boston
And even the inhabitants of the westerly part of Medford
, who are nearest to the Wears, rarely travel that way, nor would if there was a bridge.
Besides it may be worthy of consideration, that although the town of Medford
be one of the smallest in the Province, both as to lands, as well as inhabitants, yet its charges as to the gospel ministry, a grammar school and a representative, are perhaps equal to almost any of the large and wealthy towns about us: therefore and for other reasons (for we would not be tedious) we pray that if your Excellency
and Honors, should in your great wisdom, order a bridge to be erected at the place abovementioned, the charge of building and maintaining [p. 23]
it, may be laid, either on the County of Middlesex
, or proportioned among the inhabitants of a considerable number of towns, who will most use it.’
chose a committee to oppose the building of a bridge.
The General Court granted the petition for a bridge, and the towns of Medford
were ordered to build and maintain one over the wears, and each pay one-half of the expense.
August, 1747, the General Court ‘order that Samuel Danforth
, William Brattle
, and Edmund Trowbridge
, Esqrs., be a committee of said Court, empowered and directed, to cause a good and sufficient bridge, to be erected over the place called the Wears, between Medford
Nov. 4, 1747, Andrew Hall, Ebenezer Brooks, and Francis Whitmore, Jr.
, were appointed a committee on behalf of the town of Medford
to build one-half of the bridge.
Two hundred pounds old tenor was raised to pay for it.
May 12, 1760, the Selectmen
were chosen a committee to divide the bridge with the town of Charlestown
From this vote it seems that the bridge was, up to that time, under the joint charge of these towns, and that it was now deemed desirable that each town should care for that portion within its limits.
This bridge has been several times rebuilt; it assumed its present shape in 1892; its care and maintenance is now a charge to the city of Medford
and the town of Arlington
Gravelly bridge is located in Salem street over Gravelly creek
, and as the flow of the tide at that point was sufficient to prevent the passage of teams at high water it is more than probable that the first bridge over this creek must have been built in the early days of the settlement of the town.
April 27, 1716, Deacon Thomas Willis
, John Whitmore
, Jonathan Tufts
, Ebenezer Brooks, and John Willis
were chosen a committee to view and consider what method may be most proper [p. 24]
for the repairing of Gravelly bridge, and to report at the next meeting.
June 11, 1716, the town voted to raise five pounds to repair the meeting-house and mend Gravelly bridge; in 1751 the town voted to rebuild Gravelly bridge with stone.
The bridges over Marble or Meeting-house
brooks in High street were by order of the town rebuilt of stone in 1803; these brooks where crossed by the street are not affected by the flow of the tide.
All of the bridges above mentioned were originally built so as to allow fording-places at their sides for the purpose of watering horses and cattle, and they have since been enlarged and extended so as to cover the entire width of the streets.
The bridge over Gravelly creek
at Riverside avenue was built in 1746, by private parties, for the purpose of making a convenient way to the tide-mill; and by agreement with the owners of the land over which this way was laid the bridge was built of stone.
The bridge over Mystic river
, at Harvard avenue, was built in 1856; it is situated in the city of Medford
and town of Arlington
, and by a vote of the town of Medford
in 1857 was named ‘Usher
The bridge at Winthrop street was built in 1857 and named ‘Winthrop bridge.’
The decree of the County
Commissioners required that it should be built with a draw, or with a movable section so as to allow for the passage of vessels.
The bridge at Boston avenue was built in 1873; it is situated in the cities of Medford
, and its abutments and piers are the same that supported the aqueduct of the Middlesex canal
, which crossed the river at that point.
The bridge at Auburn street was also built in 1873.
Middlesex-avenue bridge was built in 1873, by the County of Middlesex
; it is situated in the cities of Medford
, and is maintained at the joint charge of those cities; the care of the bridge and the [p. 25]
appointment of draw-tender devolves upon the city of Medford
The bridge over the Boston & Lowell Railroad at College avenue was built in 1861, by the town of Medford
, and is the only bridge over that railroad whose maintenance is chargeable to Medford
The bridge over this railroad at Winthrop street was originally built eighteen feet in width.
When the County
Commissioners laid out this way as a county way, they ordered the bridge to be widened to twenty-five feet. The railroad company contended that it was not liable for any expense in widening the bridge, and the matter was settled by the town assuming the expense in widening, and the company assuming its care and maintenance so long as it should be needed for the said company's convenience.
In addition to the railroad bridges above mentioned, there is one at Harvard street, where the street passes under the railroad, and one each at North and Grove streets, where those streets pass over said railroad.
Mention should be made of those bridges that once existed in our streets over the Middlesex canal
There was one over the branch canal at Mystic avenue near Swan street, and one each over the main canal at Main street near Summer street, at Winthrop street near West street, at North street at its junction with West
, Cotting, and Auburn streets, and at High street at its junction with Boston avenue.
The abutments of the bridge over the canal, where crossed by the Boston & Lowell Railroad, may still be seen near the Chemical Works
, on Boston avenue in the city of Somerville
Number previously reported, 226.
, George E.
, Charles B.
, Charles F.
, G. S. T.
, Mrs. Mary
, Harry B.
, Mrs. Hattie
Start, Mrs. Philena | <urn:uuid:919124cb-30dd-4b82-a679-1783fa320220> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2005.05.0002:chapter=1&ie_sort=token | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170614.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00318-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97518 | 10,272 | 2.671875 | 3 |
An active fault running under reactors 1 and 2 at the Tsuruga nuclear plant in Fukui Prefecture is much longer than previously thought and could trigger a 7.4-magnitude earthquake, larger than earlier projections, according to a team of government-affiliated researchers.
“The worst-case scenario should be taken into consideration” as the Urasoko fault, now thought to extend at least 35 km, could activate faults on the south side of the Tsuruga plant, warned Yuichi Sugiyama, leader of the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology’s research team.
The government’s Earthquake Research Committee and Japan Atomic Power Co., which runs the Tsuruga plant, have estimated that the Urasoko fault, combined with other faults connected to it, was 25 km long and capable of triggering a 7.2-magnitude quake.
But the research team’s latest findings suggest that is an underestimate, possibly as Japan Atomic Power did not take oceanic faults into account when assessing the Tsuruga plant’s safety.
The research team analyzed sonic survey and other data from Japan Atomic Power and found that multiple faults exist 2 to 3 km from the Urasoko fault, according to Sugiyama, who is also on an expert panel of the Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency.
The faults are highly likely to be activated in combination, extending the length of the Urasoko fault to 35 km and magnifying its power, Sugiyama said.
Applying a computational formula to calculate the length of a fault based on its displacement, the Urasoko fault extends to 39 km, supporting the length estimated from the sonic survey data, Sugiyama said. | <urn:uuid:9b82ae5f-6f1e-4c44-b49a-e8990909e528> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2012/03/07/news/tsuruga-nuke-plant-sits-atop-major-fault/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609530895.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005210-00263-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92797 | 353 | 3.15625 | 3 |
As a name that is known worldwide, Helen Keller is a symbol of courage and hope. Yet, she is much more than a name or a symbol. She was a woman of astounding intelligence, unwavering determination, unbelievable courage and insurmountable achievement. She dedicated her entire life to the betterment of others, helping people see the potential in their own lives, as well as the lives of people around them. She became the first blind-deaf person to effectively communicate with the sighted and hearing world. In so doing, she became an international celebrity from the age of eight, even before the era of mass communications.
Helen Adams Keller was born on June, 27, 1880 to Arthur H. Keller and Kate Adams Keller in the small, north Alabama town of Tuscumbia. When she was only 19 months old, she contracted a fever that would leave her both deaf and blind. At almost seven years of age, her mother and father took her to see the famous inventor, Dr. Alexander Graham Bell, who advised them to hire a governess for the child.
On March 3, 1887, Anne Mansfield Sullivan, a partially blind, twenty-one year old woman, arrived in Tuscumbia to be Helen’s teacher. With patience, understanding and love, Miss Sullivan was able to save Helen from her “double dungeon of darkness and silence”.
With the help of her beloved teacher, Helen quickly and eagerly learned to read and write. After attending high school at the Perkins School for the Blind in Boston, Massachusetts, Miss Sullivan helped Helen enroll in Radcliffe College, formerly the all-male Harvard College’s coordinate institution for female students. With remarkable determination, Helen graduated Cum Laude in 1904, becoming the first deaf-blind person to graduate from college. At that time, she announced that her life would be dedicated to the amelioration of blindness.
After graduation, Helen Keller began her life’s work of helping blind and deaf-blind people. She appeared before state and national legislatures and international forums. She regarded herself as a “world citizen”, visiting 39 countries on five continents between 1939 and 1957. She published 14 books and produced numerous articles. Not only was she out-spoken on the needs and issues affecting her fellow deaf and deaf-blind comrades, Helen was also a valiant supporter of women’s suffrage, civil rights, and the labor union movement, as well as many other worthwhile and important causes.
Helen Keller’s pilgrimage from Tuscumbia, Alabama to worldwide recognition is an inspiring story that took her from silence and darkness to a life of vision and advocacy. Against overwhelming odds, she waged a seemingly impossible battle to re-enter the world she had lost. She is one of the most powerful symbols of triumph over adversity our era has produced, leading Winston Churchill to call her, “The greatest woman of our age”.
Helen Keller won numerous honors, including several honorary university degrees, the Lions Humanitarian Award, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the French Legion of Honor and election to the Women’s Hall of Fame. She also met every President of the United States, from Calvin Coolidge to John F. Kennedy.
Helen died on June 1, 1968 at the age of 87. She was laid to rest in St. Joseph’s Chapel, at the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C. Her legacy reminds us that with faith and courage, we can overcome obstacles in our own lives. With endurance and determination, we can help to better the lives of those around us. With love and patience, we can leave this world a better place.
In 1968, Senator Lister Hill eulogized her as “One of the few persons not born to die”. She will always be known as “The first lady of courage”.
View photos of Helen Keller and those she touched. | <urn:uuid:8b6ec673-5726-4985-af00-9417e13d0512> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://helenkellerfoundation.org/helen-keller/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608936.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20170527094439-20170527114439-00315.warc.gz | en | 0.973929 | 810 | 3.484375 | 3 |
According to a research done by an US university it was found out that at least 10,000 steps a day are necessary for an adult to stay fit. I am sure by now you must be actually calculating the amount of walking you do. It may come as a surprise to many of us, but it should be understood that humans were also primitively nothing less than animals.They used to walk, run, hunt, climb and travel just by the foot. Our genes have pretty much remained the same since then, I guess.
Today with the ease of travelling through cars, motorbikes, buses, etc. it’s really a question about the amount of walking we actually do. Simply speaking, the amount of energy that our body has to disburse everyday is not happening.This in turn leads to a sedentary lifestyle and then obesity and then chronic diseases. People who have read my previous post will better understand this. Well if we are not involved in any other form of workout, then this is really a matter of concern.
This particular study was done using pedometers and they have laid down certain classifications depending on the number of steps:
1. Less than 5000 steps/day – Sedentary Lifestyle
2. 5000 – 7499 steps /day – Low Physical Activity
3. 7500 – 9999 steps/day – Somewhat Active
4. 10,000 steps and a bit more per day – “Active“
5. 12,500 steps and more – Highly Active
Just have an approximate estimate of the amount of walking you actually do. I know a couple of my friends who start from their house in a car, reach the office premises, take an elevator, reach to their respective cubes, spend the entire day in front of their laptops and go home pretty much by the same route and they don’t even workout !! I am really worried for them.
Are you also like one of my friends ? If yes then you should also start worrying about yourself. I think majority of the lifestyle related diseases like diabetes, heart blockages, hypertension come because simple we don’t do any walking, nor are we involved in any form of workouts. So better start walking wherever possible. Walk when you talk on mobile phones, use stairs whenever possible, don’t stay for ever at your office desk. take a break, walk around and come back. Grab a pair of new sports shoes, get excited, wake up early and have a brisk walk around the park. Make sure you take those 10,000 steps a day to stay healthy. | <urn:uuid:19c26473-9dae-410a-86bd-31f1bcd76b93> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.theprimehealth.net/tag/pedometers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549425117.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170725082441-20170725102441-00434.warc.gz | en | 0.956685 | 527 | 2.546875 | 3 |
If it isn't testable, it isn't science.
The present controversy over evolution is often portrayed as the latest battle in a centuries-old war between science and religion. According to this stereotype, Darwin's theory was a milestone in scientific progress, based on evidence that is now overwhelming, and its principal opponents were--and still are--religious fundamentalists committed to a literal interpretation of Genesis chronology.
That stereotype, however, is false.
First, the "warfare" metaphor is historically inaccurate. With rare exceptions, such as the Galileo affair, science and religion got along just fine before Darwin.
Second, the problem is not "evolution"--which means many things--but rather Darwin's theory that all living things are descendants of a common ancestor that have been modified by random variations and natural selection.
Nobody doubts that variation and selection can produce minor changes within existing species, or "microevolution." But Darwin claimed much more: namely, that microevolution leads to the origin of new species, organs and body plans--"macroevolution."
Yet despite the title of his 1859 book, The Origin of Species By Means of Natural Selection, Darwin didn't have evidence for natural selection. All he could do was "give one or two imaginary illustrations." He called his book "one long argument," which took the following form: The features of living things are "inexplicable on the theory of creation" but are fully explicable as products of unguided natural forces. Since Darwin lacked sufficient evidence for the latter, he ruled out the former by declaring that only natural explanations are "scientific."
Before 1859 science meant (and still means, for most people) testing hypotheses by comparing them with the evidence. For Darwin and his followers, however, "science" is the search for natural explanations. Such explanations should be plausible--that is, they cannot blatantly contradict the facts--but instead of being based on evidence they are based on the assumption that everything can be explained materialistically.
According to Georgia State University historian Neal C. Gillespie, "it is sometimes said that Darwin converted the scientific world to evolution by showing them the process by which it had occurred." But "it was more Darwin's insistence on totally natural explanations than on natural selection that won their adherence."
The Darwinian revolution was thus philosophical rather than scientific.
Darwin's followers now claim that they have "overwhelming evidence" for their theory, but despite 150 years of research no one has ever observed the origin of a new species by natural selection--much less the origin of new organs and body plans.
Not even modern genetics has solved the problem. No matter what we do to the genes of a fruit fly embryo, there are only three possible outcomes: a normal fruit fly, a defective fruit fly or a dead fruit fly. Darwin's claim that microevolution leads to macroevolution has never been empirically corroborated. Indeed, there is growing evidence that the claim is false.
Third, chronology as it is described in Genesis was not a major factor in the 19th-century controversies over Darwinism, because most Christians had by then already accepted geological evidence for an old Earth.
In fact, Darwin's strongest critics were scientists, and the theologians who criticized him objected mainly to his philosophical insistence on natural causes and his denial of design--which Princeton's Charles Hodge regarded as "tantamount to atheism." Even today, many critics of Darwinism are not religious fundamentalists, and a growing number of critics are credentialed scientists.
Darwinism is now facing a serious challenge from intelligent design, or ID, the theory that some features of living things are explained better as the work of an intelligent cause than by unguided natural processes.
Darwin's defenders portray ID as religious fundamentalism in disguise, but ID is based on evidence and logic, not the Bible or religious doctrines. ID does not even claim that one can know through science that the designer is God.
Nevertheless, since ID opens the door to non-materialistic causes, Darwinists oppose it regardless of the evidence. "Even if all the data point to an intelligent designer," wrote Kansas State University biologist Scott Todd in 1999, "such an hypothesis is excluded from science because it is not naturalistic."
Science follows the evidence wherever it leads, but Darwinism does not. So the present controversy over evolution is not a war between science and religion. It is primarily a war between Darwinism and evidence--and the evidence will win.
Jonathan Wells, who holds a doctorate in theology from Yale and a doctorate in biology from Berkeley, is the author of Icons of Evolution and The Politically Incorrect Guide to Darwinism and Intelligent Design. He is currently a senior fellow at the Discovery Institute in Seattle. | <urn:uuid:0909c854-d205-413b-b4e3-475a9b83f977> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.discovery.org/a/9061 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661640.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00233-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966166 | 977 | 2.796875 | 3 |
An allergic reaction occurs when the immune system overreacts to a normally nonthreatening substance. There are many types, causes, and symptoms of allergic reactions. Different areas of the body can be affected depending on the allergic trigger. Some allergic reactions can be life threatening and require emergency medical attention. Allergy treatments include avoiding the triggers of an allergic reaction, medications, and desensitizing shots.
Your doctor can diagnose allergies or you may be referred to a doctor that specializes in allergies. An allergist can perform tests to find out what you are allergic to and how severe your allergic reaction is. The doctor will make several minor scratches on your skin and apply a small sample of a possible allergen. If you are allergic to the allergen, your skin will react to form a small itchy red bump. Your blood may be tested for antibodies.
Am I at Risk
Risk factors may increase your likelihood of developing allergies, although some people that develop the condition do not have any risk factors. You should tell your doctor about your risk factors and discuss your concerns.
Risk factors for allergies:
_____ Some people are born with a family tendency for allergies. If your parents or close relatives have allergies, you have an increased risk for developing them.
_____ If you have one allergic trigger, you are more likely to have another.
_____ You may be at risk for allergies if you have certain medical conditions including asthma, eczema, lung problems, and nasal polyps.
_____ Frequent ear, respiratory, and sinus infections are associated with an increased risk of allergies.
_____ If you have sensitive skin you may have an increased risk for allergies.
Copyright © - iHealthSpot Interactive - www.iHealthSpot.com
This information is intended for educational and informational purposes only. It should not be used in place of an individual consultation or examination or replace the advice of your health care professional and should not be relied upon to determine diagnosis or course of treatment.
The iHealthSpot patient education library was written collaboratively by the iHealthSpot editorial team which includes Senior Medical Authors Dr. Mary Car-Blanchard, OTD/OTR/L and Valerie K. Clark, and the following editorial advisors: Steve Meadows, MD, Ernie F. Soto, DDS, Ronald J. Glatzer, MD, Jonathan Rosenberg, MD, Christopher M. Nolte, MD, David Applebaum, MD, Jonathan M. Tarrash, MD, and Paula Soto, RN/BSN. This content complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information. The library commenced development on September 1, 2005 with the latest update/addition on February 16, 2022. For information on iHealthSpot’s other services including medical website design, visit www.iHealthSpot.com. | <urn:uuid:1ec6c66e-f5f9-468e-886d-75f62aef7a7d> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.accordmedicalgroup.com/patient-education/allergies-586 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710685.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129031912-20221129061912-00430.warc.gz | en | 0.91075 | 614 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Sharol Nelson Embry has worked at Crab Cove Nature Center for 18 years. Now the park’s supervising naturalist, her job is to engage the public with the nature center’s many educational events. During a walk along the shoreline last week, she told In Alameda what it’s like to have her professional back yard hit by oil.
How she learned about the spill: I heard there had been “an accident” on the morning of October 30th. But we didn’t get all the details right away. First we heard it was 50 to 100 gallons of oil. Then they said a couple hundred. Then we heard it was 400 to 800 gallons and the slick was 1.5 miles long.
What it’s like having ground zero in front of your office: It was pretty eerie to pull into the parking lot in the morning and see all these people in white toxic suits on my beach. That’s not what we usually have here.
Why the timing was bad: Just 10 days earlier we had a big wave of dunlins, sandpipers, and dowitchers fly in. They were sitting ducks for the oil.
Why locals can’t really help: Oil spill clean up has become very specialized, because the oil is so toxic. And there’s always a risk that untrained volunteers will unintentionally stress birds that are already stressed by being oiled. So the agencies tend to rely on volunteers who have already been trained. Unfortunately, most people aren’t inspired to get trained until there’s an emergency.
How to get trained if you’re so inspired: You can learn how to get training through the Oiled Wildlife Care Network website.
What the hidden blessing of this spill was: The oil came straight across the Bay and mostly struck a sandy beach. That makes it relatively easy to clean up.
What the worst kind of spill is: When oil hits marsh and rocky shoreline areas it’s really hard to clean up. You have to get out there and scrub the rocks by hand and scoop it out from in between plants.
What other environmental problems threaten Alameda’s shorelines: The endangered California clapper rail population at Elsie Roehmer bird sanctuary and around the Bay is plummeting, as an unexpected consequence of eradicating the invasive spartina. Unfortunately, this population was already very fragile.
What she’d like to say to Crab Cove alum: I know a lot of parents bring their children out when they’re very young. I hope that after the kids graduate from Crab Cove the parents are still taking their children out to experience nature. And keep checking our programs — we’re offering more programs for older kids now.
Why so few people visit the beach: I don’t know. It always amazes me that with the exception of super hot days, so few people are out here. Our shoreline provides wonderful access to the San Francisco Bay.
Favorite time to be at Crab Cove: Any time I can get out of the office and enjoy nature and the seasonal variations in Bay wildlife — from the shorebirds migrating in for fall and winter, to the red wing blackbirds nesting at the pond in spring — those are the times I most like to be at Crab Cove. And I love seeing all the families and school kids enjoying their parks and learning about nature any time of the year. | <urn:uuid:6541fb82-e4a5-42c3-b995-fef13ee7f807> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://blog.sfgate.com/inalameda/2009/11/16/sharol-nelson-embry-on-the-dubai-star-oil-spill/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988650.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00100-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963959 | 711 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Passionflower is an American plant that grows from Texas to Florida and up through the lower Midwest to Pennsylvania. The fruits may pop when stepped on, and so they are also called Maypop. The Cherokee in the Tennessee area call it Ocoee, and the Ocoee river valley is named in its honor. The vines, leaves, and flowers make good sleep and anti-anxiety medicine. These fruits are deliciously sweet and tart! I drive home from the farm and eat one or two slowly, carefully removing the pulp from around each little seed.
Passionflower was so named by Spanish missionaries as a teaching tool to explain the passion of Christ - with many of the flower parts representing elements of Jesus's last days and crucifixion (10 petals and sepals = 10 faithful apostles; 5 stamens = 5 wounds; 3 stigmas = 3 nails; corona = crown of thorns; etc.)
Passionflower nectar is abundant at the center of the crimped, disc-like corona, so honeybees, carpenter bees, and fritillary butterflies squeeze under one of the five stamens, getting a good pollen rub-down on their way in. At the next flower, the pollen will be received as they brush past one of the three stigmas. Pollination!
Also known as Maypop, Passion Flower, Passion Vine, Ocoee.
Days to maturity: perennial - flowers in second year
Seeds per pack: 20
Below standard germination: 35% (the germination lab did not use the methods listed below - you should have better success if you follow our planting notes! That said, if you get 35% germination, you will get at least 7 vigorous passionflower plants,which will yield bountiful harvests over the years).
Planting / harvesting notes
Passionflower seeds are known to be difficult to germinate. Here are a few methods to try: Place seeds in a moist paper towel in the refrigerator for one month before planting into warm, well draining soil. Alternatively, try soaking in warm water for 2 days and then nicking slightly with a blade before planting. Germination can take at least one month. Another method is to plant the seeds in the fall and allow them to overwinter in freezing temperatures for germination in the spring. This is a spreading perennial, and if it likes where it has been planted, it could grow long roots underground, popping up in nearby beds in coming years. Choose its home wisely and you will be graced with bountiful vines, blooms, and fruits!
Seed keeping notes
Seeds are ripe when the fruits become soft and perhaps slightly yellowed. Either suck the pulp off the seeds, or ferment the pulp and seeds in water for a few days and decant the pulp off the seeds. | <urn:uuid:61efbab4-ec73-4bb1-a1e5-6cee49857f9b> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://trueloveseeds.com/products/passionflower | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608062.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123011418-20200123040418-00321.warc.gz | en | 0.944456 | 582 | 2.75 | 3 |
Hi friends , I have 2 programs ... and i want u to help me on solving them !
1. Write a c++ (or c) program that input 3 numbers and print the type of a Triangle ! (of course if the triangle can be made ! Otherwise print it can not be a Triangle )
and 2. write a program that input a number , if it's a Multiple of 4 print (1/4) that number ... otherwise print (2^n) (n is inputed number) (Without using of if,:?,*,%,/)!!
am waiting for ur answers ... TNX !! | <urn:uuid:f60439f8-4c9a-4b18-b58a-372b7b2cefc0> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://cboard.cprogramming.com/cplusplus-programming/151922-2-programs-programming.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394678697956/warc/CC-MAIN-20140313024457-00046-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.866672 | 126 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Most pediatricians, and the American Academy of Pediatrics, recommend introducing solid foods to babies when they are between ages 4 and 6 months.
Can my 4 month old eat baby food?
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends exclusive breast-feeding for the first six months after birth. But by ages 4 months to 6 months, most babies are ready to begin eating solid foods as a complement to breast-feeding or formula-feeding.
How much Gerber should a 4 month old eat?
By now your baby should be drinking about 6-8 ounces per feeding and be taking about 4 feedings per day.
Is Gerber good for 4 months baby?
Stage 1: Age 4 to 6 Months
Gerber 1st Foods.
Is Gerbera safe for babies?
Are there benefits to commercially prepared baby foods? Gerber formulates its foods in a way that ensures that they are free of disease-causing microorganisms. So the next time fruit is implicated in a salmonella outbreak, you can rest assured that your store-bought jars are safe.
What foods can I introduce to my 4 month old?
4 to 6 months old
- Pea purée. Share on Pinterest. …
- Banana purée. Often called a “perfect” food, bananas are rich in potassium and fiber. …
- Baby brown rice cereal. Rice cereal is one of the most common foods to introduce because it’s less allergenic and easily digested. …
- Avocado purée. …
- Baked sweet potato purée. …
- First carrots purée.
Can a 4 month old have water?
When your 4-6 month old baby is learning to use a cup, giving him a few sips of water a couple of times a day (no more than 2 ounces per 24 hours) is fine and fun. Once baby starts solids, you might want to give him a few sips of expressed milk or water with his solids – some babies need this to prevent constipation.
How many jars of baby food should a 4 month old eat?
According to the AAP, babies should be eating about 4 ounces of solids — about one small jar of baby food — at each of their meals.
How Much Should 4 month old eat?
At 4 months, babies usually take 4 to 6 ounces per feeding. At 6 months, babies may be taking up to 8 ounces every 4 to 5 hours.
How much rice cereal do I put in a 4 month old bottle?
4 to 6 months: 3 to 4 tablespoons of cereal once a day, and 1 to 2 tablespoons of a vegetable and fruit 1 or 2 times a day. 7 months: 3 to 4 tablespoons of cereal once a day, 2 to 3 tablespoons of a vegetable and fruit twice a day, and 1 to 2 tablespoons of a meat and protein food once a day.
Which cerelac is best for 4 months baby?
CERELAC Rice – Recommended from 4 months and when your baby is developmentally ready to start solid foods. CERELAC Oats – Recommended from 6 months. CERELAC Oats with Prune – Recommended from 6 months.
What baby food should I introduce first?
Getting Started With Solids
Solid foods may be introduced in any order. However, puréed meats, poultry, beans and iron-fortified cereals are recommended as first foods, especially if your baby has been primarily breastfed, since they provide key nutrients.
Can I give my 4 month old Stage 2 baby food?
According to Laracuente, babies are usually ready for Stage 2 between 6 and 8 months old — but make sure your little one has honed his Stage 1 skills before making the leap. “Once your baby has done well with Stage 1 solids and has tried multiple foods, it is safe to advance to Stage 2 baby food,” says Dr.
What’s wrong with Gerber baby food?
Arsenic, toxic metals found in baby food including Walmart, Gerber, Beech-Nut brands, according to new report. A congressional investigation has found levels of arsenic, lead and other toxic metals that can harm brain development in many popular baby foods, including organic brands.
What is the healthiest baby food?
Best Baby Food to Introduce Baby to Solids
- Beech-Nut Naturals.
- Earth’s Best Organic Baby Food.
- Serenity Kids.
- Little Spoon.
- MeWe Baby.
- Ella’s Kitchen.
- Mama Bear Organic.
- Once Upon a Farm.
4 янв. 2021 г.
What is the safest baby food?
10 Best Organic Baby Food Brands, According to Moms and Babies
- Happy Baby Organics Pouches & Jars (Pack of 16) …
- Little Journey Pouches. …
- Organic Pouches & Jars. …
- Organics Pouches (Pack of 18) …
- Organic Pouches & Freshful Start (Pack of 18) …
- Organic Baby Food Pouches (Pack of 12) …
- Organic Pouches & Jars (Pack of 12)
4 дня назад | <urn:uuid:22353827-be32-4c63-8bc2-e47465bbefef> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://chloetoesboutique.com/little-baby/question-can-my-4-month-baby-eat-gerber.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585518.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20211022181017-20211022211017-00009.warc.gz | en | 0.908975 | 1,104 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Here is the official trailer for the E-ELT, the telescope which will soon be the world’s biggest eye on the sky.
The European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT) will be a ground-based optical/infra-red telescope with a 42m diameter mirror larger than all the current ground-based telescopes combined. This huge mirror will be built from 984 hexagonal segments. It will use Adaptive Optics to compensate for blurring of images caused by the Earths atmosphere, capturing images up to 10 times sharper than the Hubble Space Telescope. The giant telescope will allow us to study Earth-like planets orbiting stars outside our solar system. | <urn:uuid:13d7b671-c776-43e6-bdb5-6f8224596521> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.geeksaresexy.net/2011/10/13/the-european-extremely-large-telescope-the-worlds-biggest-eye-on-the-sky/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891811830.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20180218100444-20180218120444-00604.warc.gz | en | 0.84131 | 138 | 2.625 | 3 |
Stigmatizing attitudes toward people with HIV/AIDS may play an important role in determining whether South African women and men get tested for HIV. According to data from 469 participants in a study on HIV testing behaviors,1 attitudes toward HIV testing are also linked to people's decisions to get tested and, once tested, to obtain their results.
To investigate the ways in which attitudes toward HIV testing and toward infected people are related to testing patterns, the researchers conducted surveys at 12 public locations in a primarily black township in Cape Town. Participants completed self-administered questionnaires that collected data on their demographic characteristics, HIV testing history and risk behaviors, and assessed their knowledge of HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment. The questionnaires also asked respondents whether they agreed or disagreed with a number of statements about how getting tested affects people's lives and about common negative attitudes toward people with HIV/AIDS.
Of the 276 women and 224 men surveyed, 98% were black, 67% were married, 52% had finished high school and 61% were unemployed; their median age range was 21-25 years. Forty-four percent of all respondents had been tested for HIV, 53% had never been tested and 3% refused to supply this information. Of those who had had an HIV test, 33% had been tested once, 29% twice and 19% three times; 53% reported that their most recent test had been negative, 9% positive and 38% did not know. Participants who refused to indicate whether they had been tested were excluded from the final sample, as were those who had tested positive. Analyses were based on data from the remaining 469 respondents, of whom 25% had tested negative, 18% did not know their results and 57% had never been tested.
HIV risk factors were generally high across testing groups: Overall, more than 40% had had two or more partners in the last three months, 17% had never used a condom, more than 10% had received food or money in exchange for sex, 34% had been diagnosed with a sexually transmitted infection (STI) and 13% had had a genital ulcer. Compared with those who had never been tested for HIV, a significantly lower proportion of respondents who had been tested reported that they had never used a condom (5-7% vs. 26%). However, all participants displayed high levels of knowledge about the prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS (mean score, 83%), and scores did not differ significantly according to testing history.
Multiple logistic regressions that controlled for age, gender, education and survey venue indicated that participants who had been tested for HIV were significantly more likely than those who had never been tested to have a history of STI diagnosis (odds ratio, 1.7). They were also significantly less likely than those not tested to report that they had injected drugs or had never used a condom. In addition, participants who had been tested and obtained their results were significantly less likely than those who had been tested but did not know the outcome to report that they had either given or received compensation for sex (0.4 and 0.2, respectively).
The analyses also revealed significant associations between respondents' attitudes toward HIV testing and their testing status. Those who been tested for HIV were significantly more likely than those who had not been tested to agree with two statements asserting that HIV testing has a positive impact on people's lives (odds ratios, 2.2 and 2.9). Among respondents who had gotten an HIV test, those who had obtained their results had lower odds than those who had not of agreeing with three statements expressing negative views of testing (0.3-0.4). In addition, respondents who had had an HIV test were significantly less likely than those who had not been tested to endorse stigmatizing attitudes toward people with HIV/AIDS (0.3), and significantly more likely to support equal status for them (1.9). Knowing the results of one's test was not linked to the odds of holding stigmatizing attitudes.
The researchers acknowledge that their study is limited by being based on cross-sectional data from a nonrepresentative sample. They point out that although attitudes toward HIV testing may affect testing behaviors, most people who have not had an HIV test are aware of the benefits of testing. Therefore, they say, the social stigma attached to HIV/AIDS may be a more powerful deterrent to testing than attitudes toward testing itself. The researchers suggest that prevention and education programs seeking to improve testing patterns should continue to focus on reducing social stigma against people with HIV/AIDS. They conclude that "only through these efforts will AIDS stigma in South Africa be reduced and the goals of voluntary counseling and testing be realized."
1. Kalichman SC and Simbayi LC, HIV testing attitudes, AIDS stigma, and voluntary HIV counseling and testing in a black township in Cape Town, South Africa, Sexually Transmitted Infections, 2003, 79(6):442-447. | <urn:uuid:18c782dc-dfee-4475-82e4-6b2e499bce99> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.guttmacher.org/journals/ipsrh/2004/06/stigma-against-people-infected-hiv-poses-major-barrier-testing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100686.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207185656-20231207215656-00188.warc.gz | en | 0.988989 | 1,003 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Insecticide resistance is threatening the effectiveness of insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor insecticide sprays to control adult mosquito vectors, and so more sustainable integrated management strategies that use optimal suites of control tactics are needed.
These are the arguments of Willem Takken from the Wageningen University and Research Centre in The Netherlands and colleagues in this week's PLoS Medicine.
Experience in agriculture suggests that such integrated approaches can provide more effective and durable pest management, say the authors, which will require increased investment in research and translational science. Failure to act risks a resurgence of malaria and erosion of community support and donor commitment, argue the authors.
Thomas MB, Godfray HCJ, Read AF, van den Berg H, Tabashnik BE, et al. (2012) Lessons from Agriculture for the Sustainable Management of Malaria Vectors. PLoS Med 9(7): e1001262. doi:10.1371/ journal.pmed.1001262 | <urn:uuid:81fe8777-60b6-440c-85b0-94df140c0544> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://medicalxpress.com/news/2012-07-sustainable-vector-strategies-malaria.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542680.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00125-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.813905 | 199 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Characterization Of Araby Essay, Research Paper
Characterization in “Araby”
Characterization is a major part in many short stories. The
characters in a short story shape the story to make it more interestingto read. The main character of a story usually has human
personalities that are familiar to the reader. All boys have a “crush”on an older girl when they are young. In “Araby”, James Joyce showsall the feelings and emotions of a young boy’s love for his friend’solder sister.
The story takes place in Dublin, Ireland in the young narrator’shouse. A deceased priest had once owned the house and left behindsome books which the young boy enjoys reading. The boy takes thestories that he reads and applies them to his own life. At the
beginning of the story the reader is told of the narrator’s fondness ofMangan’s sister. His quest for her affection is much like that of themedieval knight’s quest for the Holy Grail. As he walks through thestreets of Dublin, “he imagines that he bares his chalice safely
through the throng of foes.” The narrator also imagines Mangan’s
sister as the holy Madonna. At one point, his love for Mangan’s sisteroverwhelms him, and he presses his palms together and begins to
chant “O Love! O Love!”. The narrator’s view of love is idealistic.
He has set Mangan’s sister upon a pedestal, and his expectations of
love are too unrealistic.
At the end of the story, the narrator is bitter. He realizes thathis view of love is idealized and unrealistic. Sordid reality is
epitomized by the fair. The young boy goes to Araby with the
romantic goal of buying a gift for Mangan’s sister, but the bazaar is
dismal and dreary; it fulfills none of the narrator’s expectations. Hisdisappointment in Araby fills him with anger. Along with his
disappointment in Araby, the narrator’s romantic view of love is
destroyed. The destruction of his fantasy of love brings about his
epiphany. He begins to dislike himself because he discovers that his
quest for love was a folly that has wasted his time and made him feel
foolish. He associates this disillusionment of his love with religion. In the end, he is left with a dark emptiness in his soul and bitternessin his heart. At the beginning of the story the reader can see that the narratoris fond of Mangan’s sister. The story ends with the narrator beingbitter as he is disappointed with Araby. The outcome of the story isnot tragic, although the narrator is bitterly disappointed. James Joycedid a great job throughout the story showing the young narrator’sinfatuation for a friend’s older sister. | <urn:uuid:9ba190b0-0801-448d-bd22-9d6e93327630> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://mirznanii.com/a/100655/characterization-of-araby-essay-research-paper-characterization | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376824525.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20181213054204-20181213075704-00206.warc.gz | en | 0.958744 | 644 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Merit badge requirements
- 1. Describe precautions you should take to safely use basketry tools and materials.
- 2. Do the following:
- a. Show your counselor that you are able to identify each of the following types of baskets: plaited, coiled, ribbed, and wicker.
- b. Describe three different types of weaves to your counselor.
- 3. Plan and weave each of the following projects:
- a. a square basket;
- b. a round basket; and
- c. a campstool seat.
Source: 2007 Boy Scout Requirements (33215)
Please visit The Country Seat's FAQ's pages for lots of great information about basket weaving and chair seat weaving. If you can't find your questions, let us know and we'll get an answer for you. | <urn:uuid:7ce6edcd-f022-4a90-83cf-1240136e5c55> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.meritbadge.org/wiki/index.php?title=Basketry&oldid=3659 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609533121.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005213-00199-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.872764 | 175 | 2.96875 | 3 |
If you’ve ever felt swelling on the side of your neck, you probably had swollen glands, also known as swollen lymph nodes. Doctors call it lymphadenopathy.
Swollen lymph nodes are a sign that your immune system is fighting off infection or illness. Swollen lymph nodes are more likely to be benign than malignant.
Benign means the lymph nodes don’t contain cancer cells. Malignant means they do contain cancer cells.
Keep reading to learn more about benign versus malignant lymph nodes and signs that you should see a doctor.
When all is well, it can be rather difficult to locate your tiny lymph nodes. But when lymph nodes near the surface swell, you can easily feel them with your fingers. You might even be able to see them. Lymph nodes that are located deeper in the body can swell without you noticing.
If you do have swollen lymph nodes, it means they’re fighting off illness. As for whether they’re benign versus malignant, you can’t tell by looking at them or feeling them. However, there are other signs that may provide some clues.
Signs of potentially benign lymph nodes
Here are some signs that swollen lymph nodes are likely benign:
- You have other symptoms, such as coughing, body aches, or nausea that indicate a viral infection or other illness.
- The swollen lymph nodes are located near an infected body part, such as the throat, ears, or mouth.
- The swelling is going down as you recover from infection or illness.
Signs of potentially malignant lymph nodes
Lymph nodes are always fighting off invaders, so a few cancer cells may not be enough to cause noticeable swelling. Signs that swollen lymph nodes should be examined by a doctor include:
- You have no obvious illness or infection.
- You have fever and night sweats.
- You’ve recovered from an illness, but your lymph nodes remain tender or swollen for more than 2 weeks.
- The lymph nodes are getting bigger or are hard and immoveable.
- The area around your lymph nodes is red, feels warm to the touch, or is leaking pus or other fluids.
- You’re currently in treatment or recently completed treatment for cancer.
If your lymph nodes are swollen, your doctor will likely start by feeling some of your lymph nodes and looking for other signs and symptoms of illness.
Diagnostic testing may include:
- blood tests to check for infection and underlying conditions
- imaging tests, such as X-ray, CT scan, MRI, or ultrasound to get a better look at the lymph nodes
The only way to know for certain if your lymph nodes are benign versus malignant is to perform a lymph node biopsy. Your doctor may recommend this if:
- Physical examination and diagnostic testing can’t determine the cause.
- You’ve recently been treated for cancer or you’re currently in treatment.
A biopsy involves getting a sample of tissue from the lymph nodes. This can be done with a needle, or the lymph nodes can be removed during surgery. The tissue samples will go to a laboratory where a pathologist will use a microscope to look for cancer cells.
A biopsy often follows a cancer diagnosis, even if the lymph nodes appear normal.
Treatment depends on the cause. For example, a doctor might prescribe antibiotics for a strep infection or antivirals for a serious case of the flu. If it’s due to an immune disorder, you’ll need treatment for that specific condition.
Lymph nodes that swell due to infection or illness should return to normal size as you recover. In the meantime, here are a few other things you can try:
- drink plenty of fluids
- apply a warm compress several times a day
- avoid squeezing or poking at swollen lymph nodes
- take over-the-counter (OTC) pain relievers or anti-inflammatories
Speak with your doctor before giving OTC medicines, especially aspirin, to a sick child.
If a biopsy confirms cancer cells in the lymph nodes, you may need more tests. That’s because you’ll want to know more about the cancer and how far it may have spread. Lymph node involvement is a key factor in cancer staging and treatment.
Cancer that has spread from the primary site to lymph nodes means there’s a higher risk it will return following surgery. This means you might need additional treatment, such as:
- targeted therapies
Removing lymph nodes can sometimes make it difficult for lymph fluid to drain properly, causing it to back up. This condition is called lymphedema, and it can lead to visible swelling in the affected area. The more lymph nodes that are removed, the more likely it is to become a problem. Lymphedema can become chronic.
The lymph system is part of the immune system. It’s a network of lymph vessels and lymph nodes. There are approximately 800 lymph nodes scattered throughout your body, with more than a third located in the head and neck.
Lymph fluid, which contains white blood cells to fight infection, travels through lymph vessels. The lymph nodes act as filters for germs and foreign substances. When you have an infection, injury, or cancer, lymph nodes swell up as they filter out problem substances.
When your lymph nodes are swollen, you know there’s something going on. But swelling alone isn’t enough to tell you exactly what it is.
Single vs. generalized lymphadenopathy
There’s usually a single area of swollen lymph nodes, such as the neck, underarm, or groin. Sometimes, there are multiple areas of swollen lymph nodes, which is called generalized lymphadenopathy.
Multiple causes of swollen lymph nodes
You can have swollen lymph nodes for many reasons, such as strep throat, an ear infection, or an immune system disease.
Cancer can also cause swollen lymph nodes. Lymphoma is a type of cancer that starts in the lymph nodes. But cancer cells can also spread from another part of the body to lymph nodes, usually the ones that are closest to the primary tumor.
For example, breast cancer may spread to the lymph nodes under the arm or near the collarbone. Once in the lymph system, cancer cells can move through the lymph vessels to distant parts of the body, where they can form new tumors (metastasis).
When it comes to benign versus malignant lymph nodes, you can’t tell by sight or touch alone. But other symptoms can offer clues. Swollen lymph nodes are typically the result of your immune system working hard to fight off infection or illness. They should return to normal as you recover.
You can only determine if the lymph nodes are malignant through biopsy. Results from a biopsy help doctors confirm and stage cancer, as well as determine the best treatment options.
Don’t hesitate to see a doctor if you have any concerns about your lymph nodes or if they’re enlarged for more than 2 weeks. | <urn:uuid:5bbb80fa-f6fc-4550-b322-8d09677d6c11> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.healthline.com/health/cancer/benign-vs-malignant-lymph-node | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100399.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202105028-20231202135028-00406.warc.gz | en | 0.937022 | 1,462 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Water: Nonpoint Source Success Stories
Arizona (Section 319I - 1994)
Arizona's nonpoint source program is partnership oriented. It seeks to find entities that are able and willing to work toward nonpoint source management goals and foster cooperation to get the job done. The Chino Winds Project is an example of the strides that can be made when diverse parties develop and carry out a coordinated plan to improve water quality.
Partnership Develops Multiple Pasture Grazing System
Grazing in arid Arizona, much like in the rest of the Southwest, tends to concentrate around water sources. This leads to overgrazing damage around rivers, streams, and lakes. As a result, vast amounts of grazable lands are untouched and unused. Damage to watersheds includes erosion, sediment, and nutrient loading into streams that seriously affects water quality. Another problem in Arizona is the multiple or checkerboard pattern of land ownership, made up of an alternating mixture of publicly and privately owned lands. Add to this the multiple jurisdictions and responsibilities of a host of federal, state, local, and private agencies and interests, and you have what could be deadlock in planning and using innovative technology to remedy the situation.
The Chino Winds Demonstration Project, located on the Yavapai Ranch 26 miles south of Seligman, is proving that these obstacles are far from insurmountable. Through the cooperation of 11 agencies and the private owner, the state currently has a project to test a holistic grazing system on multiple ownership lands to improve water quality. The project also evaluates alternative ways to measure watershed conditions and quality in arid regions that lack year-round water flows.
The project sets up a system of rotational grazing on a 110,000-acre ranch with a checkerboard of public and private lands. Deferred rotational grazing divides the land into numerous fenced paddocks where cattle graze - intensely for short periods of time--from 2 to 30 days-- before being moved on to another paddock. The grazed area is then allowed to regenerate for an entire growing season. This system requires a fencing network across the entire land and a distribution system to supply water to each pasture. The distribution of water promotes more uniform rangeland use and, accompanied by the traditional management systems, reduces the extremes of over and under use.
Phase I of the project started in FY 1990 and was completed in September 1993. A coordinated resource management plan was developed over 18 months by numerous groups with diverse and vested interests. Agencies - responsible for developing the plan included the U.S. Forest Service, Arizona State Land Department, SCS, and Arizona Department of Environmental Quality. Also included were the University of Arizona School of Renewable and Natural Resources, Cooperative Extension, Chino Winds Natural Resource Conservation District, and the Arizona Department of Game and Fish.
Phase I, funded by a $90,000 section 319 grant, included installing fencing, pipelines, and a water distribution system for both livestock and wildlife. In-kind services such as labor, equipment, and computer mapping were provided by state, local, and private sources. The university provided watershed monitoring, and conservation groups and private citizens are converting existing fencing to fencing that does not restrict the movement of wildlife. A Phase II, $87,000 section 319 grant has been approved.
Another component of the project is to develop a surrogate system to measure water quality impacts. Because the flow of surface water on Arizona rangelands is intermittent, changes in water quality are difficult to determine. Therefore, measurable improvements from BMPs may be impossible to document. This project correlates coverage vegetation to sediment discharges and extrapolates water quality information by measuring the amount and biodiversity of the vegetation.
The project is being monitored during the implementation phase to ensure that BMPs are properly installed. Baseline data was collected on initial vegetation and frequency of plant species. A survey was conducted to - determine public attitudes and perceptions of grazing management efforts to improve water quality. Although the complete results of the demonstration may not be seen for 10 years, this project provides an important opportunity to demonstrate the effectiveness of BMPs on arid lands.
Public Education Tackles Tourist Burden
Quartzsite is a small desert community of about 1,900 residents, mostly retired. Its economy is supported by a January through February gem show, which each year attracts as many as a million visitors, many of whom are campers. This seasonal influx has caused a great burden on the upper groundwater aquifer, compounding an existing problem of improperly maintained septic systems. A study to determine the effects of this seasonal burgeoning on groundwater quality, begun in August 1987 by the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality (ADEQ), found high levels of nitrates in the groundwater of the shallow aquifer. In March 1991, an exhaustive study found that the contamination was caused by illegal dumping of waste and septage from recreational vehicles. This led to an agreement between the state agency and the town to conduct the Quartzsite Educational and Technical Transfer Program.
The program was designed to help the community develop a strategy for educating its population about the reason the aquifer was contaminated, point out the resulting illness from high nitrate levels in the drinking water, and develop a solution to the problem. A 319 grant supplied the $32,400 used to fund the program in 1991 and 1992.
The program created an advisory council to oversee activities, collect and evaluate existing groundwater data, and establish a public information campaign that includes brochures, guest speakers, and presentations at local fairs and public meetings. The effectiveness of the public education program was measured through two surveys--one taken three months into the program and the second, one month before its end. The findings showed a 245 percent increase in public meeting attendance and a 185 percent increase in public knowledge about the problems of high nitrate levels. As a result, 95 percent of the community supported the concept of a wastewater treatment facility.
After discussing a number of alternatives at public meetings, the community decided to address the problem by building a regional wastewater treatment system. It will include creating several recreational vehicle dump - stations around the community. This solution will allow ADEQ to lift a ban on further development, in effect for more than three years, enabling the community to benefit from housing and commercial development. | <urn:uuid:05b96798-9c77-4b53-8ff9-aedd537e52d5> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/nps/success319/success319i-az.cfm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131297281.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172137-00189-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951921 | 1,282 | 2.921875 | 3 |
The Difference Between Watts and Lumens
The wattage of a light bulb refers to the power consumed to burn the bulb. Lumens refer to the brightness of the bulb.
Wattage = Power consumed by the bulb | Lumens = How bright the bulb will be
We’re used to buying light bulbs based on their wattage; we know a 100-watt light bulb is brighter than a 60-watt bulb because it uses more power to produce light and heat.
However, in 2012, light bulb packages started showing us lumens in addition to watts. Remember, lumens measure light output. Also in 2012, the federal government started phasing out traditional, incandescent bulbs. Watts are not an accurate measure of light output for the compact fluorescent light bulbs, LEDs and halogens that replaced them.
So when you're standing overwhelmed or confused in the light bulb aisle, remember these tips:
With the emergence of LED bulbs, we want to provide you with some basic tips to help decipher what you need to know so you can be confident in your purchase!
Tip #1 | Start with Wattage/Lumens
When we used to buy incandescent bulbs we knew how much light we would get out of a 25 watt bulb vs. a 100 watt bulb. However, we can no longer compare wattage because LED is much more efficient. What we need to compare are the lumens. On average an incandescent bulb puts out 78 lumens per watt.
Example: A 25 watt incandescent bulb would give you about 325 lumens vs. a 5 watt LED would give you about 390 lumens. The higher the lumens the brighter the light; fewer lumens means it's a dimmer light.
Tip #2 | Kelvins (K)
Kelvins refer to the light's appearance or color temperature. The lower the Kelvin (K) the warmer the color; the higher the K the cooler the color.
Example: Candlelight is approximately 1500K
Example: Grocery store or hospital fluorescents could best be more than 4500-4500k
Tip #3 | Fixtures/Dimming
Be sure it has the right base to fit your light (standard base/candelabra/bi pin etc.) If you are wanting to dim it make sure its noted as "dimmable" on the box. | <urn:uuid:162a4f8e-faf9-4e52-ad37-6c51cb7b7ae8> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.rosieonthehouse.com/faqs/what-is-the-difference-between-watts-and-lumens | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056902.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20210919220343-20210920010343-00416.warc.gz | en | 0.921012 | 493 | 3.734375 | 4 |
AP Style holds that “air force” should be capitalized when it is referring to U.S. Forces. For example,
- The U.S. Air Force is a branch of the military.
- The Air Force has requirements for entry.
- Air Force rules and regulations are strict.
Do not use the abbreviation USAF.
In 1941, the U.S. Congress established the Army Air Forces (note the “s”). Prior to this, the air arm was known as the U.S. Army Air Corps. The U.S. Air Force (no “s”) was created as a separate service in 1947.
AP Style holds that you should use lowercase for the forces of other nations. For example,
- The Israeli air force gave aid to the U.S. troops.
This approach has been adopted for consistency because many foreign nations do not use “air force” as the proper name of their specific branches of military. | <urn:uuid:13f77dc1-dc09-4761-8f01-d2816ad8c8ae> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://writingexplained.org/ap-style/ap-style-air-force | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376829997.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20181218225003-20181219011003-00411.warc.gz | en | 0.958981 | 208 | 3.390625 | 3 |
By Technology Editor Ian Bush
PHILADELPHIA (CBS) – It’s the way we get into our phones, email, social networks, and just about everything else on the web, but there are big problems with passwords and even innovations aren’t immune from being compromised.
With dozens of sites to access, how do you keep your credentials straight?
“The problem is people are choosing really simple passwords because we have so many to keep track of,” says writer Rachel Swaby. “We end up using things we can remember, and those things that we can remember are also things that are easily hackable.”
You need only look to Zappos and LinkedIn for recent evidence of password attacks on popular sites.
Swaby, in an article published this month in The Atlantic, says touch screens have changed the game for smartphone logins.
“For instance, Android devices have an option to draw a pattern across a 3×3 grid, and that pattern can get you into your phone,” she explains. “Microsoft has come out with a picture password system: you pick a picture — your family, your cat — and then you connect some key points in that picture with your finger.”
But even the finger-drawn login for mobile devices can be “reverse smudge engineered;” yes, that’s a thing.
“Someone can see the pattern you draw across your phone if you do it often enough,” Swaby says.
Swaby says the Department of Defense is looking at the way people touch and swipe; your individual way of interacting with a computer or site – your clicking or typing rhythm, for example – could be turned into a kind of active authentication.
“Kind of like your bank does when you go to Europe and it recognizes that’s strange and it locks you out of your account,” Swaby says. “We all approach these things individually, so it would constantly be monitoring if you’re the one on your machine.”
Also in development, using tablet tech to capture finger speed, shape and distance as it spins a digital dial — biometrics that don’t involve scanning your fingerprint. | <urn:uuid:0efb9369-beb2-47b4-a8c3-49badb255bdd> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2012/09/30/the-problem-with-passwords/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687833.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20170921153438-20170921173438-00197.warc.gz | en | 0.944263 | 465 | 2.625 | 3 |
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and are bound to administer the law of nations and to reject provisions of their municipal laws contrary to the law of nations. In this connection, The Maria (1 C. Rob., 340), The Recovery 6 C. Rob. 341), and The Fox (Edw. 312), all of which were decided by Lord Stowell, are frequently referred to, for the proposition that a prize court is an international court, bound to administer the law of nations.
On the other hand, decisions of American prize courts are not wanting to the effect that, international in theory, prize courts are in fact municipal. Thus, in the case of the Amy Warwick (2 Sprague 123), it was said:
Prize courts are subject to the instructions of their own sovereign. In the absence of such instructions their jurisdiction and rules of decision are to be ascertained by reference to the known powers of such tribunals and the principles by which they are governed under the public law and the practice of nations."
There can be no doubt that a court in which the rights of various nations, their subjects or citizens are determined should act in accordance with that law common to the parties, not by that law prescribed by one of them. In other words that international, not municipal, law should be administered. But it is believed that nothing is gained by claiming that prize courts are international courts when in fact they are municipal in location and composed of judges of the country in which they are situated, bound by their oath to obey the laws of their land. The proper thing to do is to create an international court of prize, as was recommended by the Second Hague Conference, to operate at The Hague and to be composed of judges of different nations, sworn to administer the law of nations, not the law of any one of them. Then will the views of Sir James Mackintosh, laid down by him in the case of The Minerva, be a statement of fact rather than a generous aspiration:
Undoubtedly the letter of the instructions was a sufficient warrant for His Majesty's officers for detaining ships which appeared to offend against it; but as to the doctrine that courts of prize were bound by illegal instructions, he had already in a former case (that of the Erin), treated it as a groundless charge by an American writer against English courts. In this case (which had hitherto been, and he trusted ever would continue, imaginary) of such illegal instructions, he was convinced that English courts of admiralty would as much assert their independence of arbitrary mandates as English courts of common law. That happily no judge had ever been called upon to de
5 Quoted from Moore's Int. Law Dig., Vol. VII, p. 600.
termine, and no writer had distinctly put the case of such a repugnance. He had, therefore, no direct and positive authority; but he never could hesitate in asserting, that in such an imaginary case, it would be the duty of a judge to disregard the instructions, and to consult only that universal law to which all civilised princes and states acknowledge themselves to be subject, and over which none of them can claim any authority.
JAMES BROWN SCOTT.
THE INTERNATIONAL HIGH COMMISSION ON UNIFORMITY OF LAWS
The first general meeting at Buenos Aires, April 3-12, 1916, of the International High Commission on Uniformity of Laws created by the First Pan American Financial Conference was an event of supreme significance. Its great possibilities of service in laying the foundations for an effective international organization of the Republics of the Western Hemisphere make a striking appeal to the imagination.
The First Pan American Financial Conference was held in Washington May 24-29, 1915, in response to the invitation of the United States Government. All the American Republics were represented, except Mexico and Haiti. Its purpose was well set forth by the Honorable W. G. McAdoo, Secretary of the Treasury, in the following words:
The outbreak of the European War accentuated many of our problems, and brought clearly home to the American Republics the danger of complete dependence upon the great European states for their economic development and commercial security. All of them, including the United States, face at the beginning of the war the possibilities of appalling disaster. That experience clearly shows the imperative necessity for closer relations between the American states themselves and a more enduring organization of their own life in order that they may work out their destinies, freed as far as possible from the dangers which constantly menace their economic development through European complications. It was essential in these circumstances that the American nations should take measures for their own protection; that they should reconstruct, as far as practicable, their commercial and financial relationships for the security of their own interests and the welfare of their people.
The discussions of this conference centered about three main topics: (1) The granting by United States bankers and business men of ample credits to Latin America and the provision of the necessary organization and facilities for this purpose; (2) The prompt establishment of adequate
6 Life of the Right Honourable Sir James Mackintosh, Vol. I, pp. 317–319; Phillimore's Int. Law, Vol. III, p. 656.
steamship facilities between the leading ports of the United States and South America; and (3) Uniformity of laws concerning currency, exchange, merchandise, commercial travellers, patents, postal rates, etc., etc.
It was apparent that a permanent organization was necessary in order to give effect to the conclusions and recommendations of this conference. The International High Commission created for this purpose is a body consisting of nineteen national sections, each in turn consisting of nine jurists and financiers under the chairmanship of the Minister of Finance. Its object is to devise means of adjusting and harmonizing principles and procedure of commercial law and administrative regulation in the American Republics, and to work for the solution of legal problems in the fields of banking and public finance. It will hold biennial meetings and the work of the national sections will be coördinated and directed by a Central Executive Council of which the Secretary of the Treasury acts as President. In the words of Secretary McAdoo,
The work of the International High Commission will be the connecting link between the successive Pan American Financial Conferences which, for my part, I earnestly hope may become a part of the permanent policy of the Ar an states. If such a financial conference shall be held every two years, with the International High Commission as the intermediate working body to carry into effect the conclusions of these conferences, we will no longer live in the realm of theories, but will make practical results of every conference certain.
The United States Section of the International High Commission has been duly authorized by Act of Congress, and is composed of the following members:
William G. McAdoo, Secretary of the Treasury, Chairman.
Leo S. Rowe of the University of Pennsylvania is Secretary of the Section, and Messrs. J. Brooks, B. Parker, and C. E. McGuire, Assistants to the Secretary General.
The United States Section left Hampton Roads on the armored cruiser Tennessee, March 8, 1916, visiting Haiti, Trinidad, Rio Janeiro, and Montevideo en route for Buenos Aires, which was reached April 1st. The formal sessions of the High Commission lasted from April 3 to April 12. The Commission was the object of lavish hospitality and the many festivities included an official reception by the President of the Argentine Republic, a banquet by the United States Ambassador, Frederick J. Stimson, a farewell banquet by Dr. José Luis Murature, Minister for Foreign Affairs, and a luncheon by the United States Section in honor of the Argentine Minister of Finance, Dr. Francisco J. Oliver. Leaving Buenos Aires on April 15th, the United States Section visited Chile, Peru, Panama, and Cuba, returning to Hampton Roads and Washington on May 4th. It was everywhere received with marked courtesies and cordiality.
The work of the International High Commission was divided among seven committees, whose reports and resolutions contain a wealth of data and findings on matters of vital importance for the welfare of the American Republics. It is obviously impossible to do more than summarize the more important features of this meeting.
The Commission recommended among other matters, the adoption of a “money of account” of a uniform standard; uniform legislation assuring the legal status of credits arising from the sale of merchandise; the publication by the Pan American Union of a commercial nomenclature and compendium of tariffs; uniform regulations for commercial travellers; and the calling of a special conference to consider the means of making uniform the maritime law of the American states.
Special mention should be made of the recommendation of the Commission that the American nations should adopt the convention on international commercial arbitration entered into by the Chamber of Commerce of Buenos Aires and Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America.
This project was originally presented by Dr. R. C. Aldao of the Argentine Republic at the First Pan American Financial Conference in Washington, 1915. Providing as it does for readily accessible and effective means for the immediate adjustment of international commercial disputes, it should prove a powerful agency for the avoidance of friction and the encouragement of that confidence and good will on which the intercourse of nations must depend.
The High Commission decided that a Pan American Financial Conference should be held every two years, designating 1917 for the next conference, and Washington again as its place of meeting. The Commission also created the Central Executive Council already alluded to, "whose duty it shall be to centralize and coördinate the labors of the Commission, to keep the several Sections in constant touch with one another, to carry out the conclusions of the International High Commission and the Pan American Financial Conferences, and to prepare the program, reports and all other material necessary for the holding of the second meeting of the International High Commission."
History, both recent and remote, should conclusively demonstrate that international harmony cannot depend on good will alone, or on what Lord Haldane characterized as sittlichkeit. It rests ultimately on the just regulation of mutual interests. There can be no international peace where these interests are not clearly recognized, duly respected and legally protected. There can be no possibility of international organization until common understandings exist concerning the practical problems arising out of the normal intercourse of nations. There is perhaps a danger in exaggerating the influence of economic factors in history, but there can be no doubt that human affairs cannot be regulated by sentiment alone.
The International High Commission on Uniform Laws is thus a most memorable step towards the elimination of misunderstandings and the establishment of intimate cordial relations between the nations of the Western Hemisphere. The United States Constitution owed its inception to an unofficial conference of delegates at Annapolis to consider the mutual economic interests of the States of the Confederation.
May we not reasonably hope that the Pan American Financial Conferences and the International High Commission may prove the logical first steps towards an effective organization of the American nations which shall be based, not on sentiment alone, but on solid interests clearly defined and protected by uniform legislation?
PHILIP MARSHALL BROWN.
THE SECRETARY OF STATE ON THE VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
IN THE EUROPEAN WAR AS THEY AFFECT NEUTRALS
For the first time since his appointment as Secretary of State of the United States, on June 23, 1915, Mr. Lansing delivered an address, on June 3, 1916, before the Jefferson County Bar Association at Watertown, New York. The occasion was remarkable, in that it was a meet | <urn:uuid:72c530da-4558-4a6c-b9ce-ebae2c8452a8> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://books.google.com.qa/books?id=5YALAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA569&vq=%22that+whosoever+of+the+citizens+of+the+United+States+shall+render+himself+liable+to+punishment+or+forfeiture+under+the+law%22&dq=editions:STANFORD36105002500119&lr=&hl=ru&output=html_text | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949387.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20230330194843-20230330224843-00178.warc.gz | en | 0.958754 | 2,390 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Compact disc8+ T cells are specific cells of the adaptive immune system system able of finding and eliminating pathogen-infected cells. protein-coupled receptors, although Compact disc8+ Capital t cells of unconnected specificity are also hired to groupings. By merging numerical modeling and data evaluation, we suggest that formation of clusters is driven by improved recruitment of T cells into bigger clusters mainly. We further display several loss of life phenotypes of the parasite, which follow extended interactions between contaminated hepatocytes and Compact disc8+ T cells typically. These results tension the require for intravital image resolution for dissecting the great systems of virus identification and eliminating by Compact disc8+ Testosterone levels cells. types to 7 chemical with liver organ levels, the systems by which they discover contaminated cells in the liver Iguratimod organ, as well as the vital variables needed for parasite eliminating, such as the accurate amount and length of time of parasitized cell-CD8+ T-cell connections, are unclear still. Therefore considerably, eliminating of liver organ levels by Compact disc8+ Testosterone levels cells provides been visualized just in vitro, and the lone reported event demonstrated that Compact disc8+ Capital t cells removed the contaminated hepatocyte in much less than 10 minutes (2). In vivo, Compact disc8+ T-cell effector function offers just been scored not directly by calculating the capability of Capital t cells to decrease liver organ parasite burden. Using this technique we possess discovered that eradication by Compact disc8+ Capital t cells. Intravital microscopy offers previously been utilized to measure effector Compact disc8+ T-cell function in lymphoid cells and peripheral body organs. An early research calculating the lysis of peptide-pulsed M cells in lymph nodes using two-photon microscopy shown focus on cell eliminating by Compact disc8+ Capital t cells in much less than 20 minutes (5). In comparison, it was approximated that 6 h of cognate Compact disc8+ T-cell get in touch with had been needed to induce apoptosis of growth cells in vivo (6). In research with vaccinia trojan, liver organ levels in 48 l (1, 13) provided us an optimum possibility of image resolution the occasions encircling virus reduction by these cells. Outcomes Clustering of Endogenous Compact disc8+ Testosterone levels Cells Around Contaminated Hepatocytes in Defense Rodents. To imagine the connections between turned on Compact disc8+ Testosterone levels cells CITED2 and sporozoites (radiation-attenuated sporozoites (RAS). To imagine Compact disc8+ Testosterone levels cells, Phycoerythrin (PE)-conjugated -Compact disc8 antibodies had been being injected into the rodents 24 h after an infection. The rodents had been after that instantly anesthetized and put through to medical procedures to orient the liver organ for image resolution. In RAS-immunized rodents most organisms had been encircled by groupings of Compact disc8+ cells, frequently increasing over a radius of around 40 meters (Fig. 1provides complete information of versions). If groupings shaped as a result of arbitrary relationships between Capital t cells and an contaminated hepatocyte we would anticipate Capital t cells to enter groupings at a continuous price and keep groupings at a price proportional to the quantity of Capital t cells in the bunch. Steady-state distribution of the quantity of Compact disc8+ Capital t cells encircling a provided parasite in this case corresponds to a Poisson distribution (Fig. 1(and and Fig. H1 recommended that groupings had been most likely to possess shaped by the density-dependent recruitment of Capital t cells rather than Iguratimod by opportunity or by density-independent departure of Capital t cells (Fig. Infected and S1 Hepatocytes. In the earlier tests antigen-specific Capital t cells had been noticed to type groupings around contaminated hepatocytes. To determine whether Iguratimod and and Film Beds1), recommending that it might end up being feasible to assess parasite reduction in this functional program. Devastation of Organisms by Antigen-Specific Compact disc8+ Testosterone levels Cells. To further define parasite reduction by Compact disc8+ Testosterone levels cells we performed time-lapse image resolution of the connections of and Film Beds2). The second DP (4 of 11) comprised of a modern attrition of the Mire long lasting hours (Fig. 3 and Film Beds3). One parasite shown a dramatic phenotype (DP3) in which parasite materials blebbed from the coloring cell (Fig. 3 and Film Beds4). Iguratimod This is normally the same phenotype as that noticed originally (Fig. 2G and Film Beds1). Finally, 3 of 11 organisms passed away in a very similar way to those in control rodents (i.y., with comprehensive reduction of GFP indication in <5 minutes) (DP4; Fig. 3 and Film Beds5). General, in rodents that received Compact disc8+ Testosterone levels cells, we noticed one parasite loss of life every 4 l of association between contaminated hepatocytes and Compact disc8+ Testosterone levels cells (Fig. T6), which issues the idea that Compact disc8+ Testosterone levels cell-mediated eliminating is normally a fast event. Compact disc8+ T-Cell Bunch Development and Parasite Eradication Depend on G Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling. Our mathematic modeling and powerful image resolution data recommended that triggered Compact disc8+ Capital t cells shaped groupings via a positive responses cycle, with antigen-specific Capital t cells prospecting additional triggered Capital t cellsboth particular and nonspecificto the site of disease. Activated Iguratimod Capital t cells communicate high amounts of chemokines and their related G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which could become included in this procedure. To check this speculation we utilized pertussis contaminant, which prevents GPCR signaling by causing ADP ribosylation of G necessary protein and stopping their connections with GPCRs (16). Sporozoites and Effector. As proven in. | <urn:uuid:d2c8bebe-2ca9-4b17-b519-124b64793aa9> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://www.immune-source.com/2017/11/compact-disc8-t-cells-are-specific-cells-of-the-adaptive-immune/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867220.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20180525215613-20180525235613-00309.warc.gz | en | 0.91736 | 1,269 | 2.578125 | 3 |
HEPIALIDAE , HEPIALOIDEA
(Drawing: courtesy of the Department of Agriculture, Tasmania)
These Caterpillars live underground, feeding on the roots of Grass ( POACEAE ).
The adult moths of this species have brown forewings with a dark pattern of splotches. The hindwings are plain brown.
The species is found in
Further reading :
Ian F.B. Common,
Moths of Australia,
Melbourne University Press, 1990, pp. 47, 145, 149.
Gerald F. Hill,
The Tasmanian Grass Grub, Oncopera Intricata Walker.
A Preliminary Report on Its Life History, and Methods of Control,
Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pamphlet no. 11, 1929.
The ecology of Oncopera intricata Walker and Oncopera rufobrunnea Tindale (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae),
Research Bulletin, No. 3 (1960), Department of Agriculture, Tasmania
(updated 24 May 2010) | <urn:uuid:1097c727-d11c-477b-9f41-476a87bf94cb> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://lepidoptera.butterflyhouse.com.au/hepi/intric.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657113000.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011153-00139-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.702712 | 226 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Also called celiac sprue, celiac disease is an autoimmune disease that is actually inherited, and it hurts the small intestine if one consumes gluten. The protein that is in wheat that helps dough to be elastic is what gluten is. It’s also something that is present in barley and rye. Celiac disease may be caused by oats in certain individuals, as well. Now that we know what, exactly, this disease is, let’s go over some of the potential natural remedies for celiac disease.
4 Natural Remedies for Celiac Disease
Olive Leaf Extract
If olive leaf is taken orally it can help to protect the immune system from more assaults, and it also helps to foster the immune system and make it stronger. The extract of the olive leaf herb has become increasingly used as an alternative for antibiotics that are synthetic in nature.
Reading Food Labels
You are prone to having gluten, unless you read each food label before you buy your food. Gluten is generally found in both food and non – food items. Prevent yourself from consuming any foods which contain gluten, including, although perhaps not restricted to: barley, oats, rye, wheat, grain vinegars, textured vegetable protein, hydrolyzed plant protein, modified food starch, some soy sauces, binders, fillers, and hydrolyzed vegetable protein. When you become conscious of dangerous foods and prevent them from being a part of your diet, a diet that is free of gluten can recover small intestine function within as short as a few weeks to as long as several months. To see a complete list of foods that contain gluten, click here.
Properly Chew Your Food
One of the greatest things anybody with celiac disease can do to remedy the disease is to completely chew their food before they swallow. What this does is that it enhances the consumption of nutritional elements so that they can become absorbed more effectively.
Goldenseal and Echinacea
Echinacea and goldenseal can help accelerate this process of healing immensely. These two herbs help to boost the immune system, and they are frequently combined in capsules since they work so well together. You might also find goldenseal and echinacea mixed together with marshmallow, geranium, slippery elm, and quite a large variety of herbs, really. This particular mixture is created by numerous companies since it is so popular. The digestive tract is helped immensely by this formula by making a favorable layer of slime that helps to aid digestive tissues in the body. Most online and local shops should carry a combination herb of this nature due to its popularity.
Goldenseal and echinacea are valuable herbs for remedies since they have anti inflammatory and antibacterial properties. One note of caution about these, though: Usually, 2 weeks on and 2 weeks off for a period of time of up to 2 months is recommended for these 2 herbs. You should never take them for overly long periods of time without a break. | <urn:uuid:ac5fcc6e-f52b-47da-ad29-870af631b07a> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.naturalalternativeremedy.com/four-natural-remedies-for-celiac-disease/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119648146.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030048-00064-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962573 | 604 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Finding prime numbers is something that is pretty well explained out there, so I'll explain a bit more about how you should be thinking in order to work out the solution. Like that, I hope you'll be better able to answer such problems yourself in the future.
To start with, you've got two problems here. One problem is how to discover if a particular number is a prime number, and another problem is how to find all the prime numbers in a given range. These two are indeed linked: we can use the solution to one to solve the other. Let's start by doing that. (This is pseudocode, not Tcl!)
# Start at 2; 1 is defined to be a non-prime
for every i in 2 up to 100
if (isPrime i)
print i, " is prime"
print i, " is not prime"
Next, we need a mechanism for that
isPrime. It's something that's best written as a named subprogram (a procedure in Tcl). We'll use the simplest technique here, a primality test by simple-minded trial division.
function isPrime (integer x) : boolean
# Note, when x is 2, this loop does *zero* steps
for every i in 2 up to x-1
if (x mod i = 0)
# Early exit from function; we know the answer to do more work!
That's not efficient (you can stop earlier, you can keep a cache of what smaller primes have already been found and only check against those, etc.) but it will work. Now all you need to do is convert the above to Tcl. There's a pretty straight-forward one-to-one conversion strategy.
But the important part is to break the overall challenge down into simpler pieces that you can solve in a way that is so simple you can't get it wrong.
Side note: you should also brace your expressions in Tcl! Not doing so is occasionally useful in advanced programming, but it's almost always just a bug waiting to happen. It has the benefit of allowing the built-in compiler to turn the expression into fast code. | <urn:uuid:75118a60-a55a-4579-9e41-a9c6523a856f> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://stackoverflow.com/questions/10902546/print-all-prime-numbers-in-range | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430458535897.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501053535-00029-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945596 | 448 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Ear deformities can be a real source of embarrassment and even trauma, particularly in children who are teased for their protruding ears. Many adults with this condition also feel self-conscious and are tired of living with the hassle of constantly trying to minimize or cover up their ears. For these reasons, many children and adults undergo otoplasty each year to reshape or reconstruct the ears. Otoplasty is a safe cosmetic surgical solution to protruding ears in both children and adults. At the Plastic Surgery Institute (PSI) of Miami and Coral Gables, FL our surgeons take pride in helping our patients to improve the appearance of their ears and regain their confidence and self-esteem. Our expert surgeons have the experience and knowledge needed to properly diagnose and treat our patients, ensuring beautiful and lasting results.
What Is Otoplasty?
Otoplasty or ear sculpting/reshaping is a common cosmetic and reconstructive surgery designed to improve the cosmetic appearance of the ear or to treat defects resulting from injury. It is most often used to correct prominent ears that stick out from the sides of the head in children as well as in adults. Patients frequently report psychological trauma associated with having protruding ears and otoplasty can remove this source of emotional distress.
What Does Otoplasty Help With?
Otoplasty is used to reshape one or both ears as a result of a natural birth defect or injury. It has the capability of removing excess cartilage from the ear, correcting ear deformities, such as microtia (underdeveloped ear), and reconstructing the skin and cartilage for burn and laceration victims. The procedure can also:
- Reduce ear and earlobe size
- Bring ears closer to face so they are not “protruding”
- Remove excess skin and cartilage from the ear as necessary
If you are considering otoplasty for you or your child, a consultation with our PSI Miami team is the first step to determining candidacy for the procedure.
Great bed side manners, easily explained things so that I understood. Staff is excellent!
Who Is a Good Candidate?
The best candidates for otoplasty are children over the age of 4 (after the ears have matured) with protruding ears. Having the surgery done early in life will help to avoid psychological problems later on from teasing and bullying. Otoplasty early in life also makes the operation easier overall, as the ear cartilage is softer and more pliable during childhood. However, many people that did not have the procedure done as children choose to do so as adults. While most people with prominent or disfigured ears can be candidates for otoplasty, it is not for everyone. Good candidates for the procedure include:
- Children age 4 and older with stable ear cartilage.
- Children or adults without untreated chronic ear infections.
- Children or adults able to follow instructions and do not object to surgery.
- Children or adults that do not have life-threatening medical conditions which could impair healing.
Only an expert can determine individual candidacy. This assessment is conducted during the initial consultation.
The consultation is a key first step in any otoplasty procedure. This step is important because it allows the surgeon to advise patients on whether or not otoplasty is the best solution for their individual needs. Our PSI Miami specialists also begin to create a treatment plan during the consultation and encourage patients to ask any questions they may have.
Once determining whether or not the patient is a good candidate, the surgeon will discuss the surgery procedure with the patient. This includes things like anesthesia, medical history, costs, etc. At this point we discuss benefits as well as possible risks. The goal of the consultation is to help patients get all the information they need to make the decision that is right for their individual needs.
The otoplasty techniques our surgeons use depends entirely on the diagnosis of the patient. We use a variety of procedures in order to treat different diagnoses. In all cases, we start with either local anesthesia, local anesthesia with sedation, or general anesthesia depending on the patient’s preference and the techniques that will be used..
If the patient’s diagnosis is a lack of an antihelical fold, then we use a procedure known as the “Mustarde” process. This operation restores the antihelical fold by making a small incision in the back of the ear and placing three sutures to pin back the ear.
On the other hand, if the diagnosis is excess cartilage, we use the “Davis” process which removes the excess cartilage to restore the normal anatomy of the ear.
Often times, however, the diagnosis is a combination of the two: excess cartilage and no antihelical fold. In this case, we use combine both processes to treat the patient.
Can I Expect Results Right Away?
Yes. Ear surgery provides nearly immediate results following the removal of the bandages covering the ears. A new shape will have formed during the beginning stages of healing. The ears at this point should be positioned closer to the head and any scars should be well hidden inside the natural ear crease.
Some discomfort is normal directly following surgery. This can be controlled with pain medication prescribed prior to the procedure. You may have an itchy feeling underneath the bandages but leaving the bandage intact is important to ensure proper healing. During your visit, we will provide specific protocol and answer questions such as how long to leave the bandages on, when stitches will be removed, and when to resume normal activity and exercise. Many patients feel well enough to return to normal non-strenuous activities. Some activities will need to be postponed for several weeks after.
Ear Surgery Risks
Having plastic surgery is always a personal decision as you have to weigh the possible benefits as well as risks. Ear surgery is extremely safe when performed by a licensed board-certified surgeon. However, as with every surgical procedure, cosmetic ear surgery involves risks. These risks include infection, blood clots, overcorrection, loosening of sutures, and reversal of the treatment. By choosing a board-certified plastic surgeon, you keep these risks to a bare minimum. Our doctors will be happy to address any concerns you have, and explain their processes for minimizing risks as much as possible.
How to Prepare for Otoplasty
In preparation for otoplasty, you may need to undergo medical evaluation by our specialists, stop smoking before surgery, and avoid taking certain anti-inflammatory drugs as they can possibly cause increased bleeding.
Our office will provide you with specific instructions which outline exactly what to do before and on the day of surgery. It will detail anesthesia use during your procedure, as well as post-operative care, including a follow-up appointment.
What Can I Expect the Day of the Procedure?
Once you have arrived to the office for your procedure, you will be given local or general anesthesia. Your doctor will recommend the option best for you depending on the specifics of your procedure.
The second step is the incision which is almost always made on the back of the ear. When performed on the front of the ear, they are placed within the folds to hide them. Next, sutures are used to secure the cartilage in place.
Then, stitches close the incision. A skilled surgeon will use extreme care and discretion so as to not distort other structures on the ear and to avoid an unnatural look.
What Happens After Surgery?
If you plan to have ear surgery performed as an outpatient, you will need to arrange to have someone drive you home after surgery. It is ideal if they can stay with you for at least one night after surgery, as having help and support will allow you to focus on initial recovery.
After surgery, your ears are wrapped in a bandage to protect them from any trauma and to support proper healing and recovery. Your PSI Miami surgeon will give you specific instructions for proper aftercare, including medications to take orally or to be applied topically which may reduce any risk of infection and ease any pain symptoms. Children must be monitored carefully during the recovery process to ensure proper healing.
How to Choose a Trustworthy Plastic Surgeon
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EST and Mitochondrial DNA Sequences Support a Distinct Pacific Form of Salmon Louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis
- First Online:
- Cite this article as:
- Yazawa, R., Yasuike, M., Leong, J. et al. Mar Biotechnol (2008) 10: 741. doi:10.1007/s10126-008-9112-y
Nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid sequences from approximately 15,000 salmon louse expressed sequence tags (ESTs), the complete mitochondrial genome (16,148bp) of salmon louse, and 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) genes from 68 salmon lice collected from Japan, Alaska, and western Canada support a Pacific lineage of Lepeophtheirus salmonis that is distinct from that occurring in the Atlantic Ocean. On average, nuclear genes are 3.2% different, the complete mitochondrial genome is 7.1% different, and 16S rRNA and COI genes are 4.2% and 6.1% different, respectively. Reduced genetic diversity within the Pacific form of L. salmonis is consistent with an introduction into the Pacific from the Atlantic Ocean. The level of divergence is consistent with the hypothesis that the Pacific form of L. salmonis coevolved with Pacific salmon (Onchorhynchus spp.) and the Atlantic form coevolved with Atlantic salmonids (Salmo spp.) independently for the last 2.5–11 million years. The level of genetic divergence coincides with the opportunity for migration of fish between the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean basins via the Arctic Ocean with the opening of the Bering Strait, approximately 5 million years ago. The genetic differences may help explain apparent differences in pathogenicity and environmental sensitivity documented for the Atlantic and Pacific forms of L. salmonis.
KeywordsSalmon liceLepeophtheirus salmonisExpressed sequence tags (ESTs)Mitochondrial genome16S rRNACytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene
The salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, is an economically important ectoparasite of farmed and wild salmon throughout the northern hemisphere (see reviews by Pike and Wadsworth 1999; Johnson and Fast 2004; Johnson et al. 2004; Boxaspen 2006; Costello 2006). Indirect and direct annual losses due to L. salmonis in the global salmonid aquaculture industry are estimated to exceed US$ 100 million (Johnson et al. 2004). In addition, elevated abundances of sea lice on wild salmon smolts in coastal waters occupied by salmon aquaculture have led to the hypothesis that wild populations of Atlantic salmonids have been negatively impacted by parasites derived from farmed salmon (Costello 2006). Uncertainty concerning the transmission of L. salmonis between farmed and wild salmon populations in British Columbia, Canada, has led to considerable research effort and scientific debate.
The development of the parasite includes two nonparasitic nauplii stages that facilitate dispersal in the plankton, an infective copepodid stage, four chalimus stages that are tethered to the host by a frontal filament, two preadult stages, and one adult stage. Preadults and adults are not tethered and are mobile on the surface of the fish. Following mating, adult females produce eggs that hatch to complete the life cycle (see reviews by Johnson and Fast 2004; Boxaspen 2006; Costello 2006). L. salmonis has become an important model for the study of ectoparasitic infestations on salmon. Disease due to L. salmonis on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and sea trout (S. trutta) results from the feeding behavior and the secretion of bioactive compounds by the parasite (Pike and Wadsworth 1999; Dawson et al. 1997; Fast et al. 2007). The parasite feeds on mucus, epidermal cells, and underlying tissues causing physical damage, changes in the composition of blood electrolytes, physiological stress, immune dysfunction, impairment of swimming ability, and possibly death (see reviews by Johnson and Fast 2004; Boxaspen 2006; Costello 2006; Tully and Nolan 2002). However, physiological and immunological studies of L. salmonis remain limited (see review by Wagner et al. 2008).
Innate resistance to the salmon louse varies among the various species of salmon and trout (Jones 2001; Johnson and Albright 1992; Fast et al. 2003, 2006). Laboratory studies show that the heaviest infestations and greatest impacts are observed on sea trout (S. trutta) and Atlantic salmon (S. salar) followed by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), chinook (O. tshawytscha), and coho salmon (O. kisutch; Dawson et al. 1997; Johnson and Albright 1992; Fast et al. 2002). More recently, pink salmon (O. gorbuscha) were shown to rapidly reject L. salmonis and avoid the clinical consequences of infestation (Jones et al. 2007). Morphological and protein data suggest that the development of an inflammatory reaction, both systemically and at the site of parasite attachment, is a distinguishing feature of Oncorhynchus spp. that is not observed in the more susceptible Atlantic salmonids (e.g., S. salar; Fast et al. 2002). The kinetics of these inflammatory processes suggests they play a role in parasite rejection.
Oncorhynchus and Salmo species have been geographically isolated since the Miocene, approximately 18 to 30 million years ago (Devlin 1993; McKay et al. 1996). In light of differential responses of salmon species to lice, the question arises as to whether Atlantic and Pacific parasites such as L. salmonis have coevolved with Atlantic salmon and Pacific salmon, respectively, as distinct populations. Earlier L. salmonis microsatellite data based on six loci identified significant differentiation (fixation index = 0.0595) between one Pacific population and Atlantic forms but noted that only 6% of the overall variation was across oceans (Todd et al. 2004). In addition, a study of four mitochondrial genes noted clear differences between samples from a Japanese population and six Atlantic populations but excluded analysis and reporting of the Japanese data because of reduced length and numbers of sequences (Tjensvoll et al. 2006). In the present study, we examine the mitochondrial genome of the Pacific L. salmonis and compare it to the Atlantic form.
Genomic characterization of Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout (Rexroad et al. 2003; Rise et al. 2004; Govoroun et al. 2006; Adzhubei et al. 2007, Wynne et al. 2008) has enabled an expanded capacity for exploring the salmonid response to infectious disease and other environmental impacts (Rise et al. 2004; von Schalburg et al. 2005). In contrast, the present availability of sequence data from fewer than 200 salmon louse genes (GenBank: Nov 2007) limits our ability to measure and characterize parasite responses prior to and during infection. In the present study, we report on an expression sequence tag (EST) analysis of L. salmonis collected from salmon in the Pacific Ocean as part of a larger effort to improve our understanding of the coincident expression of host and parasite genes during infection.
Materials and Methods
Salmon Lice Samples
mRNA Isolation and Construction of cDNA Libraries
Total ribonucleic acid (RNA) was extracted from frozen samples using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen) and Poly(A) + RNA purified by using Poly(A) Purist™ (Ambion). The non-normalized complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) libraries for different developmental stages (copepodid, chalimus I, III, and IV, preadult male, preadult female, adult male, and adult female) were constructed using pBluescript II XR cDNA Library Construction Kits (Stratagene). To obtain enough RNA, particularly from the early stages, several hundreds of individuals were pooled. Poly(A) + RNAs of 2.5 to 5μg were used for each cDNA library following methods previously described (Rise et al. 2004). A normalized library containing equal amounts of RNA from all eight developmental stages was also constructed (Evrogen).
Sequencing, Sequence Analysis, and Contig Assembly
cDNA libraries were manually arrayed in 384-well microtiter plates, and glycerol stocks of overnight cultures were prepared. Plasmid DNAs were extracted and sequenced on an ABI 3730 DNA analyzer (Applied Biosystems) with M13 Reverse or Forward primers. The resulting ESTs were assembled with CAP3 (Huang and Madan 1999) with default parameters. The assembled total contigs (clusters + singletons) were annotated using RPS-BLAST or BLASTX comparisons with the Conserved Domain Database (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=cdd) or SWISSProt (Bairoch and Boeckmann 1992). The best BLAST match (E value threshold of 1e−10) was used to identify contigs. Contigs not meeting this threshold were annotated as unknown.
Genomic Characterization and Annotation for the Pacific Sea Lice mtDNA
The Screening for Sequence Variation in COI and 16S Genes
Total DNA extracts were obtained from fresh or ethanol-fixed samples as described above. The partial gene sequences of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) genes were amplified with the following primer sets: the 16S rRNA, LsPc-16S-F, and LsPc-16S-R; COI gene, LsPc-COI-F and LsPc-COI-R. PCR amplification was performed using 1.0μL of L. salmonis genomic DNA with an initial denaturation step of 5min at 95°C and then 40 cycles as follows: 30s of denaturation at 95°C, 30s of annealing at 55°C, and 2min of extension at 72°C. The PCR products were purified with QIAquick PCR purification kit (Qiagen) and directly sequenced with the internal sequencing primers, respectively. All primers used in this study are shown in Supplemental Table 1.
The partial sequences of the Pacific L. salmonis 16S rRNA (total of 67 samples) and COI gene (total of 63 samples) were obtained by the PCRs described above (for 16S rRNA: LsBa; 11 samples, LsSi; two samples, LsSo; five samples, LsUc; five samples, LsBs; 14 samples, LsJu; three samples, LsPm; eight samples, LsPk; seven samples, LsJp; 12 samples. For COI gene: LsBa; nine samples, LsSi; two samples, LsSo; five samples, LsUc; five samples, LsBs; 14 samples, LsJu; three samples, LsPm; seven samples, LsPk; six samples, LsJp; 12 samples; Fig. 1). The 16S rRNA and COI gene sequences that were originally identified by Tjensvoll et al. (2006) were used for the Atlantic form of L. salmonis sequences (16S rRNA [GenBank: AY602770-AY602949] and COI gene [GenBank:AY602587-AY602766]). All sequences were trimmed to the same length (16S rRNA; 796bp, COI gene; 1,300bp) and aligned using CLUSTALW (Higgins and Sharp 1988). Distance matrices (Kimura two-parameter) and data for the phylogenic tree were generated by the PHYLIP program package (Felsenstein 1989) using the neighbor-joining and unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) methods. For simplifying the phylogenic trees, identical sequences were grouped into clusters. The phylogenic trees were generated by NJplot software (Perrire and Gouy 1996).
Results and Discussion
cDNA Libraries and ESTs
Independent cDNA libraries were constructed for copepodids, chalimus I, III, and IV stages, male and female preadult, and male and female adult stages of L. salmonis. Several hundreds of individual copepodid and chalimus stage individuals were pooled to obtain sufficient RNA quantities. One hundred to 900 sequence reads were obtained from each library and assembled into contiguous sequences (contigs). An analysis of these contigs showed that more than 30% of the sequences were rRNA gene transcripts indicating very active protein translation. There was also a very high level of transcript redundancy making random sequencing strategies far too inefficient. To obtain the broadest possible representation of genes, equal amounts of messenger RNA from the different life stages listed above were combined, and a normalized cDNA library was constructed. Inserts of 5,760 random clones from this normalized library were sequenced from both the 5′ and 3′ ends resulting in 11,252 total sequences. In the normalized library, the average contig had 1.33 sequences with the largest contig consisting of ten individual sequence reads. A combined total of 14,994 EST sequences from all of the libraries were assembled into 5,256 unique contigs, of which 1,407 were composed of single sequences, 3,849 composed of two or more sequences, and 1,326 of three or more sequences. Contigs were annotated by RPS-BLAST or BLASTX comparisons to known protein domain profiles and protein entries in public databases (Conserved Domain Database; www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=cdd, and SWISS-PROT; Bairoch and Boeckmann 1992). Of the 5,256 contigs, 2,557 matched at least one entry in the databases, and the others remain unidentified. EST sequences are available in GenBank (EX475086–EX486337) and contigs along with their proposed annotation are available through the cGRASP website (www.uvic.ca/cbr/grasp). The identification of 5,256 unique contigs provides a novel resource with which to study sea louse biology, as well as serving as the basis for a cDNA microarray. Efforts are currently underway to build a sea louse microarray that will complement existing salmonid microarrays (Rise et al. 2004; von Schalburg et al. 2005) to enable profiling of both host and parasite gene expression during infection.
Comparison of Atlantic and Pacific Form L. salmonis Genes
A total of 155 of the 5,256 contigs from Pacific L. salmonis matched (BLAST E value < 1e−100) at least one of the approximately 200 nuclear gene sequences from the Atlantic form of L. salmonis available in the public databases. These comparisons showed an average of 96.8% identity over an average of 765bp (data not shown). The importance of a 3.2% difference is difficult to determine without knowledge of gene duplications or establishing natural population variation for each gene, and as contig comparisons include 5′ (presumably genic) and 3′ (3′ untranslated region) sequences, they provide only a very rough estimate of overall sequence similarity. However, nuclear gene sequence comparisons do show clear genetic differences between Atlantic and Pacific forms of L. salmonis.
Nineteen of the 5,256 EST contigs were identified as mitochondrial sequences and spanned approximately 80% of the complete 14.5-kb mtDNA genome of a previously described Atlantic isolate (GenBank: AY625897; Tjensvoll et al. 2005). The EST contigs for Pacific L. salmonis mtDNA genes differed from Atlantic mtDNA by an average of 8%. Similar differences in mitochondrial contigs from the Pacific form were also apparent in comparisons to ATPase subunit 6, COI, cytochrome b, and 16S rRNA mtDNA gene sequences from 180 Atlantic Ocean isolates (Tjensvoll et al. 2006).
Characterization of the Pacific Form L. salmonis mtDNA Genome
The summary of nucleotide and protein differences between Pacific and Atlantic form
In nucleic sequence
In deduced amino acid sequence
Identities (amino acid residues)
12S ribosomal RNA
16S ribosomal RNA
Similar to ATPase 8
ATP synthase F0 subunit 6
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit II
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit III
NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1
NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2
NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3
NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4
NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4L
NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5
NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6
Distribution of Pacific Form of L. salmonis
The divergence of 16S rRNA and COI genes in and between Pacific and Atlantic forms of L. salmonis
16S rRNA (%)
Atl vs. Pac
Atl vs. Pac
The 68 Pacific L. salmonis samples precluded a robust analysis of population structure in the biogeographical distribution of alleles. The evidence for structure among samples collected from the Atlantic was not found in an earlier study (Tjensvoll et al. 2006). The overall average divergence between individuals within the Pacific population is 0.14% in the 16S rRNA locus and 0.62% in the COI gene locus. The intraspecific divergence values from the Pacific samples are consistently lower than those seen in the Atlantic form (Table 2) and indicate lower genetic variability within the Pacific salmon louse population. In general, these values are consistent with intraspecific variation found in many other species (Hebert et al. 2003). It is interesting to note that the two most distinct individuals were found at distant locations in the Pacific (LsBs: the mid-Bering Sea and LsBa; Broughton Archipelago, British Columbia; Fig. 4). These two Pacific sea lice individuals differ by 1.8% from each other and by 3.4% from the other 61 Pacific isolates at the COI locus, which indicates the possibility of population structure. A more extensive sampling from various Pacific locations is required to determine the existence of population structure.
Ranges of divergence based on Kimura two-parameter distance and crustacean molecular-clock calibrations
Distance (K2P, %)
Divergence range (Myr)
Distance (K2P, %)
Divergence range (Myr)
The level of separation between Pacific and Atlantic salmon lice mitochondrial genomes, the estimated time of Pacific and Atlantic salmon louse separation coinciding with the opening of the Bering Strait, and the reduced overall variation found within the 16S rRNA and COI genes from Pacific salmon lice all support an Atlantic Ocean origin of L. salmonis followed by a limited introduction into the Pacific Ocean coincident with the opening of the Bering Strait, approximately 5 million years ago. Parallel coevolution of salmon lice on their respective hosts in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans has resulted in nuclear and mitochondrial genetic changes that may help to explain apparent phenotypic differences observed between these forms. In recent work using Scottish L. salmonis specimens, Bricknell et al. (2006) provided evidence of reduced tolerance of copepodids for low salinity in comparison to similar studies using lice specimens from British Columbia (Johnson and Albright 1992). Similarly, Saksida et al. (2007) documented a lower incidence of disease and a reduced need to treat farmed S. salar for L. salmonis in British Columbia compared with farmed S. salar in Scotland and Norway. More research is required to test these hypotheses. The high level of sequence divergence between the Pacific and Atlantic L. salmonis indicates that a taxonomic revision of these forms may be warranted.
We would like to particularly acknowledge the efforts of Dr. Jim Seeb, Douglas Eggers, Dick Wilmont, and Mark Witteveen in collecting sea lice samples from all over Alaska, Professor Kazuo Ogawa, Kouki Miura, and Kazuya Nagasawa for samples from Japan, and Fisheries and Oceans for samples from the Bering Sea, western Vancouver Island, and Broughton Archipelago. We would also like to thank the Sequencing Team at the Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, for sequence support. Funding for this study was provided by Genome British Columbia, the province of British Columbia, Microtek International, Mainstream, Marine Harvest, and Grieg Seafoods.
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. | <urn:uuid:a5b274bb-f0de-4e9c-805a-a3c554f470b6> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10126-008-9112-y | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721606.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00278-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.900846 | 4,478 | 2.875 | 3 |
Manitoba History: On Stage: Theatre and Theatres in Early Winnipeg
by James B. Hartman
Number 43, Spring / Summer 2002
Theatrical presentation, Winnipeg, 1911.
In 1870 there were only about one hundred residents of what three years later would become the City of Winnipeg, a tiny population living in a cluster of wooden structures stretched along the public highway. The following year, however, the population of the city more than doubled and over the next six decades it grew at a phenomenal rate, reaching approximately 213,000 inhabitants by 1930. This rapid population growth, and the accompanying economic development of the area that began in the 1880s and continued throughout the early years of the twentieth century, was reflected in the growth of theatrical entertainment in the young city. This article will chronicle the highlights of the theatre phenomenon—both buildings and events—from its beginnings to the late 1920s.
Red River Hall
The early settlers soon tired of the simple delights of social intermingling and the anecdotes told by raconteurs at a hotel owned by “Dutch George” Emmerling; they craved more elaborate theatrical entertainment. The earliest record of such activity is when a group of enthusiastic young men of the Red River Settlement formed an amateur dramatic society in the fall of 1867. They obtained the upper story of a building that contained several shops on the lower level, brought in benches for seats, set up a miniature stage with a curtain and oil lamps for footlights, and called their new space Red River Hall. This simple unadorned frame building had a precipitous outside staircase at one end of the building that served as the only entrance and exit to the theatre area. Winter heating was supplied by a couple of stoves, but the building, of course, was not fireproof.
The opening performance began with a pantomime, followed by an original farce supposed to take place at Emmerling’s hotel. Since it was believed that the fragile theatre structure would not withstand foot stamping by the patrons, before each performance members of the audience were cautioned against this form of expression and applause was discouraged. The proprietors of the stores on the main floor used long poles to prop up the ceiling to prevent its potential collapse. A later store owner discontinued the theatrical performances on account of this risk. Red River Hall made a spectacular blaze when it was destroyed by fire in 1874.
Red River Hall, 1867. The building was destroyed by fire in 1874.
Theatricals were a British army tradition for many years, and regiments at the outposts of the Empire in Canada relieved the tedium of garrison duty by presenting amateur productions that amused both the soldiers and the local populace. British soldiers who arrived in the 1840s and occupied both Upper and Lower Fort Garry performed farces imported from London for enthusiastic audiences inside the forts.
The officers and men of the First Ontario Rifles Musical and Dramatic Association, consisting of troops assigned to maintain order following the Riel Rebellion, decided to give a dramatic presentation. On 16 December 1870 they offered an opening performance in their new Theatre Royal, a renovated space at the rear of a store on McDermot Street owned by A. G. B. Bannatyne. They spent about $1,000—considered extravagant at the time—on elaborate decorations, staging, scenery, and accessories for a space that could accommodate over 200 people. The printed program described the event as “the first entertainment under the distinguished patronage of His Honour the Lieut.-Governor and Lady.” It began with comic songs and featured a dramatic presentation, The Child of Circumstances, or The Long-Lost Father, described as “A New Sensational Burlesque, in Three Acts, Never Before Played on Any Stage.” Various members of the dramatis personae were identified as “Monarch of all he surveys,” “a faithful follower,” “an interesting young man,” “a purser, and a villain,” “a child of circumstances,” “damsel,” “Tabby Feline, a real Cat, 20 years old,” “Soldiers, Sailors, Etc.” The program was repeated before crowded houses throughout the winter of 1870-71; patrons paid two shillings for box seats (armchairs) and one shilling for the pit (backless benches). There was general disappointment when the theatre closed following the last performance by the Ontario Rifles on 24 April 1871 as the regiment prepared to depart. Several private individuals who hoped to start a new theatre purchased the entire property, but their plans were not fulfilled, and the material was either sold or rented to visiting performers.
Lower Fort Garry
The Quebec Rifles, who were stationed at the Lower Fort, also provided entertainments for residents of the area. On 18 February 1871 the Variety Club of the regiment offered a drama, The Gypsy Farmer, and a farce, Barney and the Baron, to an audience that had travelled from the Upper Fort and its vicinity. Performances took place in an old boathouse and these continued for a number of years. Two of the participants became professionals: one went to the United States, where he organized the Nathal Opera Company, which he brought to Winnipeg for a season in 1880 to present a widely performed work, The Chimes of Normandy; another joined the Babes in Toyland Opera Company.
Manitoba Hall / Opera House
Another makeshift theatre was Manitoba Hall, a frame building on the north side of Bannatyne Street east of Main Street. Renamed the Opera House, the ground floor space was used for dances and public entertainments, with dwelling apartments upstairs. When it opened on 3 January 1872 the Manitoba Variety Club performed Box and Cox and a melodrama, Robert Macair. In spite of stormy winter weather, people travelled considerable distances from Portage and Pembina, as well as from the Lower Fort and the Red River Settlements by dog train, to attend. The Albino Minstrels also appeared in the same month.
The Immigrant Building, located on a point of land at the junction of the Red and Assiniboine rivers, was fitted up for a minstrel performance toward the end of February 1873. In preparation for the event, building partitions were removed, planks on trestles were provided for seating, and a stage with movable scenery was erected. Six large stoves provided heating; it was a standing joke that the mud floor, at least, was fireproof! A newspaper critic praised the performance as a “tip-top affair” but complained about the lack of attention to the stove fires and the manner of reserving seats.
The Garrison Theatre at the Upper Fort, erected in connection with Fort Osborne Barracks in 1871-72 and operated by the soldiers, was the scene of many amateur performances during the winters of 1872-73 and 1873-74, sometimes as many as three a month. These consisted of light comedies and farces with such enticing titles as Cousin Pipes, The Limerick Boy, The Artful Dodger, The Double-Bedded Room, The Irish Tiger, Villikins and his Dinah, and Boots at the Swan. One member of the cast, Captain Thomas Scott, who had a role in Poor Pillicoddy in 1873, was described in a newspaper report as “one of the finest performers in the Nor’West.” Corporal C. N. Bell played leading lady roles many times. At the outset men played women’s parts, but this changed in the second and last season when women became the new favourites.
The Second Theatre Royal
The second Theater Royale opened in the winter of 187576, housed in a decrepit old shack with a false front on Main Street south. (It was originally built by William Hespeler as the Mennonite Hotel and later known as the Lorne House.) A section of the building stood on posts over a depression in the ground at the back of the theatre that was often used as a stable. It was not unusual for the animals being sheltered there to be heard during the quieter passages of theatrical performances taking place above, sometimes temporarily halting the proceedings to the amusement of the audience. (The artist’s drawing includes what appears to be a cow under the end of the building). In spite of the physical shortcomings of the facilities, the resident troupe of amateurs presented several ambitious plays, including Colleen Bawn and the perennially popular Ten Nights in a Bar Room.
In 1877 the recently formed Winnipeg Literary and Dramatic Association opened Dufferin Hall, which was a restoration of the remaining frame of Trinity Church that had been damaged by a cyclone in 1868 while still under construction and now was used as a warehouse. The Association’s first entertainment was a one-act comic drama, The New Footman. The cast of characters included Mr. Capsicum, Bobby Breakwindow, Miss Sourcrout, and Polly Picnic, and others with less quirky aliases. C. N. Bell, who had starred in female roles at the Garrison Theatre in the preceding year, now played one male part. The fevered anticipation of the eager crowd assembled for the oversold performance was so great that doorkeepers and ushers were pushed aside in the rush; many of the patrons who had paid for their tickets in advance were excluded, so considerable money had to be refunded.
City Hall Theatre
The upper story of the City Hall, completed in 1876, provided seating accommodation for about 500 people. This pretentious building was ideal for public entertainments such as dances, concerts, and other amusements, although it was far from being a particularly elegant locale. The building had hot-air heating and was lighted by oil lamps but it lacked emergency exits and there were no ordinary safeguards against fire.
In March 1876 the City Hall Theatre opened with a charity concert in aid of the General Hospital. Cool Burgess, the first professional actor to appear in Winnipeg, and his troupe performed there on 24 July 1877 and on several following nights. It is probable that Lord and Lady Dufferin and their attendants were in the audience on the first night along with other “classes” of society. Other touring attractions included a magician-illusionist and a troupe of troubadours.
In the spring of 1878 the first theatrical advance agent to visit Winnipeg arrived from New York. The earliest theatrical production at the City Hall Theatre was on 17 May 1878 when a touring company led by Eugene McDowell from Montreal offered Lester Wallack’s Rosedale, followed by a series of farce comedies and musical extravaganzas. Some favourite offerings included East Lynne, The Shaughraun, Our Boys, Colleen Bawn, Mary Warner, The Two Orphans, and Uncle Tom’s Cabin. The McDowell Company was one of the most popular theatrical organizations to visit Winnipeg and they returned on several occasions; their Shakespearian productions always played to packed houses. The Marble Dramatic Troupe presented many old-time favourites during a week in March 1880. By 1883 the City Hall was deemed unsafe and in danger of collapse due to bulges in the walls, so the upstairs entertainments were discontinued, thus terminating another era in Winnipeg’s stage history.
In addition to “legitimate” (spoken drama) theatrical events there were a number of so-called “variety theatres” attached to bars or saloons patronized by men; they featured vaudeville shows and other entertainments. Variety theatres offered employment for women performers, many imported from the United States, but they were denounced in the press as “shops of harlotry” that should be suppressed on account of the women’s off-stage duties in enticing men to buy liquor in the attached bars or wine rooms. City clergymen and groups such as the Women’s Christian Temperance Union were also united in their opposition to variety theatres on this account. A city bylaw prohibiting the sale of liquor in places of amusement diminished the profitability of variety theatres, causing them to close.
Princess Opera House
Winnipeg was not deprived of a place of theatrical amusement for long because the erection of the Princess Opera House had been under way for some time. The brick veneered wooden structure was three stories in height with the main auditorium on the second floor; several stores occupied the ground floor. The impressive building and its furnishings cost about $75,000; it had a seating capacity of 1,378, including 278 plush chairs in the orchestra and eight private boxes with upholstered divans. A Winnipeg newspaper bragged that it was the finest and most commodious opera house west of Chicago, with the exception of a new structure in St. Paul. The visiting Hess Opera Company from Minneapolis inaugurated the hall on 14 May 1883 with a performance of Flotow’s Martha, followed by several other operettas on succeeding days.
Over a period of a few weeks after the theatre’s opening, several newspaper articles commented on the matter of appropriate behaviour by theatre patrons. Men were advised to observe such proprieties as not smoking, not wearing hats, not hanging their feet over balcony railings, and not returning tipsy after a few drinks between acts; women were asked to refrain from wearing large hats during performances. Theatre policy discouraged prostitutes from attending by withholding ticket sales for prominent and expensive seats; eventually they were segregated in a special curtained section of the theatre.
A dramatic entertainment later in the inaugural month was a six-day “Grand Shakespearian Event” consisting of Richard III, Othello, Hamlet, Macbeth, and The Merchant of Venice, featuring Thomas W. Keene, the popular tragedian, with a supporting company of actors. Many famous stage artists performed in succeeding months. A local stock company, employing actors and actresses hired from New York, was connected with the Princess in 1887; it could not sustain its initial success beyond the first season and the manager left Winnipeg in 1890.
Although the main heating of the auditorium was from an inadequate hot-air furnace, in very cold weather several wood stoves were put into operation. It was the custom of patrons to huddle around these heaters to warm up between acts, and an employee was assigned to keep a careful watch on them whenever they were used, given the risk of fire. Even the lighting system was primitive; it involved pumping kerosene to the lamps by a special apparatus. In spite of various precautions the building was completely destroyed by fire on 1 May 1892 — headlined “Firey Finale” in next day’s Manitoba Free Press — following a performance of Uncle Tom’s Cabin by a visiting company. An editorial in the same newspaper two days later described the demolished hall as a “life-trap,” a “good-riddance,” and repeated earlier complaints about the unsafe design and construction of the building that had been ignored.
Bijou Opera House
Victoria Hall was built in 1882; this brick veneered wooden building had several stores on the ground floor and an all-purpose concert and dance hall above. In 1890 it was renamed the Bijou Opera House — sometimes referred to as the Bijou Theatre in newspaper advertisements—when a local entrepreneur, Frank Campbell, renovated it to house a stock company that he had brought to Winnipeg. He built a new raised stage and added a narrow gallery to increase the seating capacity to about 800. The centre section of the main floor was raised but the side sections were left flat, thus effectively prohibiting good sight lines from the rear of the hall. Awkwardly placed pillars on each side of the stage supported an old-fashioned drop curtain that came down with a thump that shook the house at the conclusion of each act.
William Seach, the former manager of the destroyed Princess Opera House, took charge of the Bijou in 1892 and produced Romeo and Juliet, among other plays. Although students at St. Boniface College had presented a comedy by Moliere in 1891, interest in dramatics lagged, and entertainment turned more to music and professional offerings in larger theatres. The Bijou was home to the Winnipeg Operatic Society during the 1890s. Stanley Adams, who was active in the Society, wrote, acted, and staged plays; two of his popular comedies were Merciful Powers and Quits. When Adams and his wife left for England in 1901, many festivities took place in their honour.
Grand Opera House
William Seach operated the Bijou until 1896, when he and his former partner at the Princess, Charles Sharp, rebuilt Wesley Hall, an old church property, to provide a theatre space above several stores, and called it the Grand Theatre. It opened on 26 October 1896 when a local cast presented Verdi’s Il Trovatore. The flimsy structure burned down on 17 January 1897. Seach and Sharp then acquired an old brick veneered warehouse on McDermot Street and converted it into a hall seating 800 people, calling it the Grand Opera House. This building was unique at the time because it was the first theatre with its auditorium on the main floor and was lighted with electricity. Stage presentations included a repertory of standard plays from the Metropolitan Opera House New York. However, it was not a profitable venture because the managers were unable to obtain enough suitable attractions of good quality, and C. P. Walker (see below) was providing much competition by his bookings through New York, so the theatre closed in 1900.
In 1897 Corliss Powers Walker (1853-1942) and his wife, Harriet, a former musical comedy actress on the New York stage, moved to Winnipeg from Fargo, North Dakota, at the suggestion of the president of the Northern Pacific Railway who understood Walker’s business aspirations in the field of theatre. Winnipeg’s position as the northern terminus of the rail line made the city America’s gateway to the Northwest. This provided opportunities for extending Walker’s Red River Valley Theatre Circuit, associated with the Theatre Syndicate in New York, which included several theatres he owned in North Dakota (his “Breadbasket Circuit”). Now Winnipeg theatregoers could enjoy the latest Broadway shows soon after they opened in New York, as well as international celebrities in operas and concerts. Walker’s financial arrangements made it possible for him to bring attractions to Winnipeg that otherwise would never have gone beyond St. Paul.
Walker promptly leased the old Bijou—then owned by Confederation Life—and opened the renamed Winnipeg Theatre on 6 September 1897. The inaugural performance featured the tragedian Louis James in Spartacus, the Gladiator, described as the “biggest production of a classic play in this country, and one of the largest of any kind.” Four other major plays, including several by Shakespeare, were presented in the following days. The inaugural program announcement boasted that in terms of its size, stage, scenic equipment, and lighting, the theatre was superior to anything west of Chicago. Balcony seats were 50¢; main floor, $1.50; and boxes seating five, $10.00.
The theatre auditorium, which could seat 1,000 persons, remained on the second floor, an arrangement that was strongly condemned by the local newspapers on the grounds of safety considerations in case of fire. This controversy extended even through the year 1904, when several reports on safe theatre accommodation resulted in both city and provincial enactments. However, due to a technicality these regulations could not be made retroactive in the case of the Winnipeg Theatre. Newspaper editorials debated the question of the suitability of the building, arguing that it should be closed or the law changed, for city aldermen might be liable to an indictment if a disastrous fire should occur. However, the fact that the second-floor theatre, located over stores, was admittedly not wholly fireproof did not prevent its active use. The theatre burned down on 23 December 1926, taking the lives of four firemen.
During its relatively short life, the Winnipeg Theatre sponsored presentations by various dramatic and operatic touring companies. The tragedian Thomas Keene performed again, and audiences welcomed such popular plays as The Gay Matinee Girl, The Widow Goldstein, and Tennessee’s Pardner with “new and magnificent scenic effects.” The Winnipeg Theatre Company, a dramatic stock company, also played there, along with the Permanent Players, another local stock company connected with the Dominion Theatre.
In 1901 Winston Churchill gave a public lecture on the Boer War.
The Dominion Theatre opened on 12 December 1904; it was intended for “high-class” vaudeville “such as ladies and children may properly patronize.” The solid brick building had a 1,100-seat auditorium on the main floor, and both its balcony and gallery were equipped with steel fire escapes. It had a self-contained electric lighting system and a steam heating apparatus, features that complied with new public safety regulations. The theatre was home to the Permanent Players, a stock company that was popular in the period 1910-1912. Soon after it opened the theatre joined an extensive circuit of vaudeville theatres in the United States. Over the years it also sponsored many amateur performances; it hosted a musical stock company and the John Holden Players. The Dominion also served as a movie theatre and eventually became the home of the Manitoba Theatre Centre. In 1968 it was demolished to make room for two major downtown buildings.
Another vaudeville playhouse in Winnipeg was a new theatre named the Bijou, which opened on 15 January 1906. Its owners had a large circuit of vaudeville houses in the United States. The initial performances — three shows daily — for the opening week of this “family theatre” for “refined vaudeville” consisted of comedy acrobats, a wire act, stunts, and a one-act comedy, The Silk Stockings, featuring the Four Ellsworths. For a popularly priced playhouse it was unusual for the interior to be decorated with plaster relief figures and trimmed with gold. The solid brick building had an interior fireproof wall and was heated by steam. The theatre was considered to be one of the best-conducted and most popular amusement places in the city. Later it became one of Winnipeg’s first movie theatres.
While he was still manager of the Winnipeg Theatre, C. P. Walker decided to build a safer, more modern, and imposing playhouse that would comply with the very stringent requirements of the new Public Buildings Act. (Safeguards against fire had become an important consideration following a theatre holocaust in Chicago that killed 602 people on 30 December 1903, which some blamed on the greed of its syndicate.) Even before his lease for the Winnipeg Theatre expired he acquired the site for the building still known as the Walker Theatre. He visited other cities in the fall of 1905 to get ideas on contemporary theatre design. He also consulted with Howard C. Stone, a well-known Montreal architect, who also inspected the best theatres in the United States before beginning work on the plans. Construction began in March 1906 and was completed by the end of the year in spite of labour disruptions and delays in materials and fixtures. Walker had scheduled several bookings for late December that could not be cancelled without losses to him and the companies. Accordingly, several performances went ahead, including one by the Pollard Australian Lilliputian Opera Company on 17 December 1906, even though many things were incomplete at the time, making it the first performance in the new theatre.
Announced as the “Finest Play-house in the Dominion—Absolutely Fireproof,” the physically imposing building had a strikingly original interior. The ornate vaulted ceiling, sixty feet in maximum height, and the megaphone-shaped interior space contributed to excellent acoustics, well suited for the quality live entertainment for which the building was designed. There were no posts or pillars supporting the two balconies, so all upper-level seats had a clear view of the stage. Several rows of seats in the upper balcony, known as the “gods” and reached through a separate staircase, were priced at 250 for school children and patrons of modest means who could not afford the top-priced $2.50 seats for the carriage trade on the lower levels. The 1,798-seat auditorium, lobby, and lounges had a luxurious splendour that surpassed anything in the entire West: Italian marble, intricate plasterwork, gilt trim, velvet carpets, silk tapestries, murals, crystal chandeliers, and other amenities. When completed, the building alone cost over $250,000; about fifteen years later Walker estimated the total cost of his enterprise at $400,000.
The theatre’s official opening on 18 February 1907 was a gala social occasion; the Lieutenant Governor, the Provincial Premier, and the City Mayor gave dedicatory speeches. The audiences, many in full evening dress, enjoyed a triple production of Puccini’s Madame Butterfly in English, just three years after the opera had opened in La Scala, Italy. Walker brought to Winnipeg the finest old and new plays, musicals, operas, and symphony concerts from New York, Boston, Chicago, and London. Among the outstanding productions that played at the Walker in its early years were Sappho, Carmen, Chu Chin Chow, The Ginger-bread Man, Mrs. Warren’s Profession, Peer Gynt, The Blue Bird, Peter Pan, Pygmalion, Comin’ Through the Rye, Little Women, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Blossom Time, Maid of the Mountains, and Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm, along with The Dumbells and the D’Oyly Carte Opera Company. The Quinlan Grand Opera Company from London stayed at the theatre and presented fifteen large-scale operas by major composers in a two-week period. The Stratford-Upon-Avon Players paid frequent visits. Shakespearian actors such as Robert Martell, Sir Johnstone Forbes-Robertson, and the perennial favourite Sir John Martin-Harvey also appeared. Other theatre celebrities included Sir Harry Lauder, Wee Georgie Wood, Ed Wynn, May Robson, Grace George, William S. Hart, Victor Moore, Blanche Bates, singers Feodor Chaliapin, Nellie Melba, Madame Clara Butt, Madame Ernestine Schumann-Heink, and many more. Over the years the Walker Theatre sponsored the most famous artists of the English-speaking world in plays, grand and light operas, concerts, and pantomime.
The theatre’s spacious stage could handle large, spectacular productions, such as a thrilling performance of the epic Ben Hur that ran for six days beginning on 8 March 1909, announced as “a mighty play staged on a scale of unparalleled splendour.” The touring company carried a special orchestra and 200 people were involved in the production. The highlight was the re-creation of a chariot race involving twelve horses pulling three chariots on treadmills before an enormous moving background depicting spectators. An ecstatic review of the event in the Manitoba Free Press appeared on the following day:
Other animal performers that appeared in Walker Theatre productions included horses in Old Kentucky and Mazeppa, a cat in Kindling, bloodhounds in Uncle Tom’s Cabin, spaniels in The Barretts of Wimpole Street, camels in Kismet, and both goats and camels in The Garden of Allah.
Much of the credit for the fine entertainment was due to the efforts of Walker’s wife, Harriet, who encouraged amateur productions, notably university drama groups and the Winnipeg Kiddies, a popular children’s vaudeville show that toured North America for several years. She also aided her husband in booking music and drama productions for the Red River Valley Circuit. She wrote intelligent and well-informed press material on theatre topics for all Winnipeg newspapers; she was also a member of the Canadian Women’s Press Club. The Walkers’ daughter, Ruth Harvey, later published a detailed and entertaining collection of reminiscences about life with her parents (“papa” and “mamma”) at the Walker Theatre.
The Walker Theatre was also used for important social and political events, such as the 1912 debate on women’s rights between Premier Rodmond Roblin and suffragist Nellie McClung, a personal friend of Harriet Walker. In 1914 McClung had the starring role in The Women’s Parliament, a parody on the Manitoba Legislature dealing with men’s right to vote, in which she played the premier. These events advanced women’s suffrage and helped defeat Roblin’s government in a later election.
The Walker Theatre flourished until the 1920s when the Theatre Syndicate’s touring system collapsed. Walker compensated by bringing in British and American companies and by sponsoring local amateur productions and miscellaneous touring shows. Now the movies were becoming a more popular form of public entertainment; early motion pictures at this playhouse included Birth of a Nation and Intolerance. Walker closed his theatre in 1933 and the City of Winnipeg acquired it in lieu of taxes in 1936; it was then sold to a family that converted it wholly to a movie theatre. After serving as a cinema for several decades, following renovations it opened again for live theatre on 1 March 1991. Later that year the Government of Canada designated the Walker Theatre a site of national historical and architectural significance.
The Orpheum Theatre, one of the chain of Orpheum theatres in the United States, opened on 13 March 1911 with the Lieutenant Governor and his party in the audience. The opulently decorated and furnished auditorium could seat 2,000 people. Audiences paid from 100 to 500 for afternoon shows and from 150 to 750 for evening performances and they enthusiastically welcomed the twice-daily shows. The Orpheum became one of the leading vaudeville stages in Winnipeg, along with the Dominion, the Walker, and the Pantages. Among the top American entertainers that performed there were Ed Wynn, W. C. Fields, the Marx Brothers, Fannie Brice, Harry Houdini, Jack Benny, and Eddie Cantor; foreign performers included actress Sarah Bernhardt and British music hall star Marie Lloyd. Performances continued for thirty-five years.
On 8 February 1914 Alexander Pantages, the wealthy American promoter from Los Angeles, opened the newest theatre of his continental chain of theatres, also devoted to vaudeville. He hoped that this would be one of several he planned to acquire through Western Canada to expand his circuit. Initially the Pantages Theatre presented three performances each day, trying to outdo the two-a-day schedule at the Orpheum Theatre, which turned out to be a profitable tactic. Actor Spencer Tracy and comedians Stan Laurel and Buster Keaton were among those that played there. The heavyweight fighter Jack Dempsey challenged members of the audience to go a few rounds with him on stage. The theatre survived for nine years before closing in June 1923, opening again in the fall as the Playhouse for stock performances.
The End of the Theatre Era
A number of factors contributed to the demise of professional theatre: escalating travel and production costs, unions’ demands for increased compensation for actors and technicians, and radio information and entertainment. Also, as indicated above, during the early 1900s the movies increasingly became the preferred form of popular entertainment, supplanting vaudeville shows and legitimate theatre; the first sound-synchronized “talkies” were screened in Winnipeg’s Metropolitan Theatre on 26 October 1928. Going to movies was cheaper, less formal, and more convenient than the theatre. However, something has been lost, as Ruth Harvey, writing in the late 1940s, explains:
Moreover, during the late 1920s the cinema chain Famous Players Canada Limited purchased legitimate theatres and vaudeville houses as they came on the market. To protect its investments in talking pictures, Famous Players
banned live performances in all its outlets, a move that effectively terminated theatrical touring in Canada. It was not until the creation of the Manitoba Theatre Centre in 1963 that Winnipeggers once again could enjoy theatrical presentations of the same quality they had experienced during the first two decades of the twentieth century.
1. For an account of part of this period see Carol Rose Budnick, “For Pleasure and Profit: Amusement and Culture on the Frontier, Winnipeg 1880-1914” (MA thesis, University of Manitoba, 1983).
2. Joseph James Hargrave, Red River (Montreal: Printed for the Author by John Lovell, 1871), 419. Hargrave’s account is embellished by Irene Craig, “Grease Paint on the Prairies,” in Papers Read Before the Historical and Scientific Society of Manitoba, Series III, Number 3, ed. Clifford Wilson (Winnipeg: Advocate Printers, 1947), 38. This paper is not documented, but one of its sources probably is: An Old Timer, “The Early Playhouses of Winnipeg,” a booklet provided for the formal opening of the Walker Theatre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, 18-19 February 1907. (It is believed that “Old Timer” was C. P. Walker, who often used this nom de plume.) This latter publication is the primary source of information for much of this article. The booklet is in the Archives of Manitoba, file P2184-A f2. A supplementary source of information is E. Ross Stuart, The History of Prairie Theatre: The Development of Theatre in Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan 1833-1982 (Toronto: Simon & Pierre, 1984), 17-78.
3. Red River Hall was situated on the east side of Main Street on the site of the Lombard Building.
4. Stuart, The History of Prairie Theatre, 21.
5. Craig, “Grease Paint on the Prairies,” 41.
6. Although the name of this building, like others similarly labelled “opera house,” suggested that it was intended chiefly for operatic performances, this did not exclude other forms of entertainment. In fact, the custom was to use the term “opera house” to designate any theatre.
7. Stuart, The History of Prairie Theatre, 23.
8. For a detailed account of variety theatres see Carol Budnick, “The Performing Arts as a Field of Endeavour for Winnipeg Women, 1870- 1930.” Manitoba History (Spring 1986): 16-17; and “Theatre on the Frontier: Winnipeg in the 1880’s,” in Theatre History in Canada 4(1) (Spring 1983): 28-31.
9. A stock company can be defined as a group of actors with several different plays in its repertory, established in one theatre on a fairly permanent basis. This can be distinguished from a touring company, which travels from place to place performing its repertory of plays.
10. For a comprehensive account of Walker’s theatrical enterprises see Reg Skene, “C. P. Walker and the Business of Theatre: Merchandizing Entertainment in a Continental Context,” in The Political Economy of Manitoba, ed. James Silver and Jeremy Hall (Canadian Plains Research Centre, University of Regina, 1990), chap. 6.
11. Ruth Harvey, Curtain Time (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1949).
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Commissioned in 1945, the Naval Amphibious Base, Little Creek grew out of four bases constructed during World War II--the Amphibious Training Base, the Naval Frontier Base, and Camps Bradford and Shelton. It consisted of three annexes named for the former owners of the property--Shelton on the east, Bradford in the center, and Whitehurst to the west. A Secretary of the Navy letter in July 1945 disestablished the separate bases and established the Naval Amphibious Base, Little Creek with a commissioning date of July 30, 1945. In 1946 Little Creek was designated a permanent base.Today the facility is comprised of four locations in three states, including almost 9,000 acres of real estate within which 15,000 military and civilian employees work together. Outlying facilities of the Amphibious Base include a 6,013-acre Naval Gunfire Support Range located at Bloodsworth Island, Maryland, 80 miles north in the Chesapeake Bay. Approximately 350 acres at Camp Pendleton, sandwiched between Dam Neck and the commercial section of Virginia Beach, make up Little Creek's only property with direct access to the open ocean. Twenty-one acres known as Radio Island at Morehead City, North Carolina, are used as an amphibious embarkation/debarkation area for United States Marine Corps units at Camp Lejeune, NC. Port facilities are leased at the Commercial Terminal in Morehead City, NC, near Radio Island. The 61 piers surrounding Little Creek Channel provide docking facilities for approximately 30 Navy ships homeported at Little Creek. The Little Creek site includes woodland training areas in support of amphibious operation. Sandy beaches and mudflats provide a realistic scenario for other hands-on training. Also included are three miles of beach on the Chesapeake Bay and 3/4 of a mile of beach on the Atlantic Ocean. Navy, Army, and Marine Corps reserve personnel have use of the training facilities. Their training is coordinated through the Naval and Marine Corps Reserve Readiness Center at Little Creek. Some 4,500 reservists train here yearly. More than 75 tenant and/or supported activities live here, most of which are directly involved in amphibious operation. The base has three primary training commands. The Fleet Training Unit is responsible for refresher and underway training of Navy and Coast Guard ships. The mission of Expeditionary Warfare Training Group Atlantic is to provide instruction and training for personnel and units of the US Atlantic Fleet, reserve components, and allied military personnel in order to achieve and maintain an optimum state of readiness for amphibious operations; to provide training in shipboard engineering, naval gunfire support, naval science, and seamanship, conduct training for the total force in the doctrine, tactics and techniques of amphibious, Maritime Prepositioned Forces (MPF), and waterborne operations, with emphasis on landing forces matters for the Atlantic Fleet. | <urn:uuid:0d4463db-ce74-415b-9177-19fa4c2c4d54> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://fas.org/man/dod-101/fac/port/little_creek.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549428300.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20170727142514-20170727162514-00262.warc.gz | en | 0.94677 | 577 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Differentialities between Humans and Cyno
There are some differences in the immune cell populations of human and cynomolgus Macaques. Although both species have high IgG and low numbers of B-cells, cynomolgus Macaques have higher levels CD31 than humans. They are, in fact, the most widely used monkey species today in research labs. Learn more about the differences between humans and Cyno.
Although they are endangered, the Maldives’ cynomolgus Macaques remain a part of their culture. Macaques were originally found on the Indonesian islands of Sumatra, but their range has expanded to include the border with China and southern Bangladesh. Their genetic diversity is very low and their habitats are restricted. Despite these challenges, Macaques have been a popular addition in animal sanctuary facilities across the globe.
While rhesus macaques tend to be more frequently used in preclinical toxicology research, the cynomolgus monkey is a great model for developmental or reproductive toxicology, particularly in research that involves locally administered drugs. Researchers tested eight adult female Macaques in this study. Additionally, the researchers tested them for four major diseases and certified their houses by the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International.
IgG Constant Domains
The IgG structure binds to various types of FcRn. We identified three types FcRns in a recent study and their constant domains. These domains allow IgG bind to both FcRna b and a. A model of IgG/FcRn interactions supports our findings. These domains are described and discussed in detail.
The Fab domain and Cyno are the two most popular IgG molecule structures. The Fab domain is a monomer made up of three light chains. Each light chain contains one Cyno as well as one IgG constantdomain. The common Fab domain sequence makes these domains related. This structural analysis is important for understanding Fc and FcRn interactions and the domains that influence them.
IgG Hinge Regions
Four major subclasses in IgG differ in terms of the number of disulfide bond formations in their hinge areas. The classical A- and B isomers of each of these isomers can be referred to. Both are connected by a disulfide bonds that links the carboxyterminal cysteine in light chain to the cysteine position 220 in heavy chain.
The hinge region acts as a link between the Fab arm and Fc portion of IgG molecules. The conformations of the Fab arms can be affected by this region, which differs between subclasses. The hinge exon in IgG1 is composed of 15 amino acid and is very flexible. IgG2’s hinge region only contains 12 amino acids. It also lacks double Glycines (position 235-6). This hinge region is encoded in the CH2 region.
Virus Burden In Cynomolgus Macaques
Recent research examined the role of immune system in determining viral burden among cynomolgusian Macaques. There are many ways to acquire viruses, including serial in-vivo passage. Viruses are capable of reproducing and infecting macaques at different rates, depending upon their host species. This study investigated whether different viruses could cause different immune responses in macaques.
The virus content was assessed in the nasal wash of infected Rhesus macaques. At two days after infection, the amount of viral DNA in both species reached its peak. It rose to between 2.9 x107 and 4.8×107 cDNA copy/ml by 11 day, and fell to 1.8×104 cDNA copy/ml at 18 day. The nasal wash of cynomolgus monkeys was found to have a higher level of RNA than the rhesus macaques. | <urn:uuid:f57b0c7f-0093-4e04-af1b-9088adfab161> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://cheaterboss.com/cyno/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506329.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922034112-20230922064112-00081.warc.gz | en | 0.928633 | 800 | 3.171875 | 3 |
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Physiology of Exercise: Theory to Application provides a comprehensive view of the human body’s response to exercise and is ideal for use by undergraduate students in the areas of exercise science, kinesiology, physical education, and related fields. Case questions incorporated throughout each chapter encourage users to relate and apply information. Diagrams, graphs, and tables are included to supplement text information.
This online edition of Hooked on Books: Language Arts and Literature in Elementary Classrooms scaffolds preservice and practicing teachers, in the same way, that they should, in turn, teach elementary students. With double the content, literature suggestions, and resources for differentiated instruction, this 3rd edition of Hooked on Books was written to cover best practices and teacher competencies for language arts pedagogy.
Teaching Students with Special Needs: A Guide for Future Educators is written for a specific audience and may appear a bit different than some other popular and excellent textbooks on special education. It has tailored design, content, and writing style for an audience of aspiring educators who need a text to give them a solid foundation rather than an exhaustive summary.
Author(s): Gulsat Aygen
Included with your eBook purchase, you will also receive access to KHQ, Kendall Hunt’s exclusive custom study app. Designed for today’s fast-paced environment, KHQ features chapter quizzes and flashcards that empower students to learn on the go!
English Grammar: A Descriptive Linguistic Approach is a prescriptive English grammar text designed to be a classroom textbook as well as a self-study book. It may also be used as a grammar reference for relevant grammatical English phenomena.
In the first edition of The Administration and Supervision of Special Programs in Education (2001), Gwen Schroth and Mark Littleton wrote:
Reclaiming Social Studies for the Elementary Classroom is a new text that defines the core philosophy of viewing social studies from the cultural anthropological perspective. This perspective allows children to bring their own prior knowledge and experiences from their home culture to the social studies curriculum. This curriculum is a logical place to allow students the freedom to demonstrate learning through the arts. It is also a place where people show their cultural identities in celebration of traditions, ideals, rituals, and creative products.
Author(s): Andrew L. Shim
Exploring the Field of Kinesiology has the resources that students need to obtain and survive a promising career in the field of kinesiology. This textbook assists students in determining their goals, and in selecting the right specialization or field of study. Beginning with the identification of kinesiology, this text invites students to look at the different career opportunities that are within this field and aids in preparation for their early career.
Author(s): Steven Witt
Our educational world is in a constant battle. Teachers race through the day in an attempt to race to the top. They struggle for quality time with their students and are constantly being second guessed by politicians and parents. School days are organized around assessments and punctuated by frequent interruptions.
Opportunities: Transforming Educational Research and Teaching Practices is a learning journey for all teachers and educational leaders who want to transform their practice.
The Exercise Physiology, Study Guide, Workbook, & Lab Manual offers students an all-inclusive resource to help navigate an Advanced Exercise Physiology course. The 7th edition of this text offers a well-organized and easy to follow guide through a two semester course which focuses on system-based exercise physiology (semester one) and clinical and applied applications related to the field (semester two). The text is organized into two main Sections, with five primary Units in section one and four in section two. | <urn:uuid:0c0c9d2a-9f3d-483e-878c-ca3e408427e2> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://he.kendallhunt.com/product-listing?f%5B0%5D=field_discipline%253Aparents_all%3A20517&f%5B1%5D=field_product_format%253Afield_copyright%3A463&f%5B2%5D=field_product_format%253Afield_format%253Afield_producttype%3A3436&f%5B3%5D=field_product_format%253Afield_copyright%3A3173&f%5B4%5D=field_product_format%253Afield_copyright%3A34&f%5B5%5D=field_product_format%253Afield_copyright%3A3312&f%5B6%5D=field_product_format%253Afield_copyright%3A21333&f%5B7%5D=field_product_format%253Afield_format%253Afield_producttype%3A3435&f%5B8%5D=field_product_format%253Afield_copyright%3A31&f%5B9%5D=field_product_format%253Afield_copyright%3A3359&sort_order=ASC&page=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662531352.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220520030533-20220520060533-00398.warc.gz | en | 0.945691 | 770 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Defining 'Fair' in Obama's 'Paying a Fair Share' Rhetoric
The ink was not even dry on the emergency debt-ceiling bill Congress passed last month and President Obama was back in front of the teleprompter wordsmithing an appeal to reform the tax code so that the "wealthiest" Americans and biggest corporations pay their "fair share" of taxes.
It also means reforming our tax code so the wealthiest Americans and biggest corporations pay their fair share and it means getting rid of taxpayer subsidies to oil and gas companies and tax loopholes that help billionaires pay a lower tax rate than teachers and nurses.
What could be more reasonable than this? I mean, everybody should pay their "fair share," right? And who wants billionaires to have tax loopholes at their disposal? The word "loophole" alone suggests something illicit and dishonest.
Unfortunately for America, millions nod approvingly at these specious words, feeling informed as they return to their union jobs, university tenure, or government employment. We need a "balanced" approach to our national debt crisis, he says. Fewer "harsh" spending cuts and more revenue increases. The words are carefully chosen. The logic is compelling; soothing even.
President Obama's biggest political strength is a keen understanding of human nature. He knows that if he says something over and over that sounds good, the vast majority of his supporters who vote for a living but pay little or no taxes and even less attention to the issues will walk into the voting booth a year from now with a radically skewed perception of political reality. He's betting on it. Sadly, it's not a bad bet.
One thing you will never hear our president explain is precisely what he means when he uses the word "fair." The word actually means "free from bias, dishonesty, or injustice." What Obama means, however, is something quite different. What he is saying is that it is not fair that somebody earns more than another, owns more than another, or has more wealth than another. And he intends to make it "fair."
Take for example two hypothetical neighbors -- the Williamses and the Joneses -- living in neighboring houses, with the same number of cars, the same number of children attending community schools, and the same demand for public services. The Williamses have a household pre-tax income of $500,000 while the Joneses earn only $50,000. The Williamses pay $100,000 in annual federal and state income taxes while the Joneses pay no income taxes after deductions, child tax credits, and an earned income tax credit. Is this situation fair?
Some would argue that it is not fair because the Williamses pay a lot of federal income taxes while the Joneses pay none at all. Others would argue that it is not fair for a completely different reason: The Williamses earn so much and could pay a lot more in taxes than they do. Our president looks at things this way.
He has been taught and truly believes that the higher wage-earning neighbor has "no skin in the game" and is not paying his "fair share." He has announced that he will not balance the budget on the back of the Jones family and he has not hidden the fact that he intends to make life more "fair" by confiscating more of what the Williamses earn and giving it to the Joneses -- either directly, as he has done through tax credits, or through social services, free health care, a "stimulus," Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, "affordable" housing programs, tax credits, or other entitlements.
It is true, and redistributionists like our president often counter, that federal income taxes are just a small part of the overall tax picture. There are still property taxes, state income taxes, payroll taxes, sales taxes and excise taxes, hotel taxes, rental car taxes, airport taxes, etc., just to name a few. But let's be frank: whatever the Joneses pay in these other forms of taxes, surcharges, and fees, the Williamses pay ten times that amount. Is that fair?
Let's assume that the father in the Jones family works for a small business owned by the father in the Williams family. It is true, as redistributionists claim, that about half of those who do not pay income tax are still paying the so-called FICA 7.65% payroll tax. But not so fast. Under the Federal Insurance Contributions Act, 12.4% of earned income up to an annual limit must be paid into Social Security, and an additional 2.9% must be paid into Medicare. Who pays it? Jones pays only half of his FICA bill (6.2% for Social Security plus 1.45% for Medicare), and that half is automatically withheld by Williams, who invests the time and manpower necessary to pay it to the government on Jones' behalf. | <urn:uuid:850bc568-d4c7-4ed2-91af-513589caf9c1> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://pjmedia.com/blog/defining-fair-in-obamas-paying-a-fair-share-rhetoric/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608773.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170527040600-20170527060600-00162.warc.gz | en | 0.966744 | 1,002 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Chaga is increasing in popularity as more and more people discover its powerful healthy benefits. With Chaga available to the everyone, it is important to be aware of its place within the ecosystem and its sustainability. This mushroom grows in and is harvested from birch trees, but will Chaga grow back?
The answer to this question is more complicated than yes or no. To fully understand the answer, you need to understand the life cycle of Chaga. Chaga can take as long as twenty years to mature. It begins growing on the inside of the birch tree and then, protrudes making the burnt looking conk at maturity. Because Chaga typically grows on trees that have been injured or weakened somehow, it is unknown whether the Chaga kills the birch tree or the birch dies of other causes with Chaga present. That said, it is possible for Chaga to grow back once it has been harvested, but it is hard to know how long a birch tree hosting Chaga will continue to live.
Size to Harvest
ChagaHQ suggests that to ensure the Chaga continues to grow after being harvested, only grapefruit sized chunks or larger should be removed. ChagaHQ also recommends leaving 15-20% of the Chaga on the tree. This allows the Chaga to grow back and prevents any damage to the tree itself. It is important to avoid cutting into the tree or damaging it in any way. This could accelerate the decline of the tree and make it less likely for the Chaga to grow back before the tree dies.
When To Harvest
It is ideal to harvest Chaga during the winter when the tree is dormant. During this season the nutrients that make Chaga so healthy are at their peak. Also, refraining from harvesting in the spring can prevent the tree from being damaged in a way that would prevent further growth.
Avoid Dead Trees
Chaga should not be harvested from dead trees. It will not have the same nutritional value. It may also create off flavors or a particularly bitter taste when used for tea.
How Much Chaga?
While Chaga is relatively rare, it is challenging to know exactly how much Chaga is growing in the wild. We only see and harvest the towards the end stages of Chaga growth. However, any number of trees could be hosting Chaga that is growing unseen underneath the bark of the birch tree. There is no way to know how much Chaga will or won’t be available in the future.
Ultimately, Chaga can grow back. In an ideal situation it could be harvested several times, in intervals of a few years, from a relatively healthy trees. However, there is no guarantee that the tree will not die preventing the Chaga from regenerating. Chaga can be harvested carefully and sustainably so that it can be used year after year without damage or trauma to the host tree. At Chaga Natural we source our Chaga from sustainable harvesters in Russia. This Chaga has been removed responsibly from a region where both birch trees and Chaga are abundant. While Chaga is ideal for good health, it is important to remember that it is a natural part of our environment and we must care for it if we want to continue enjoying its benefits. | <urn:uuid:c0caa1d7-d103-49c7-951b-3bc6ae541d1d> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://chaganatural.com/will-chaga-grow-back/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737168.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200810175614-20200810205614-00007.warc.gz | en | 0.958595 | 664 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Publication Type:Book Chapter
Source:Diversität in der Kulturellen BIldung (Diversity in Arts Education), transcript, Bielefeld (2015)
Interculturality and transculturality have been the focus of scientific discourse for some time now. However, there is still very little emphasis on “internationality” in arts education. Analogous to the increasingly international names of the protagonists found in school books, we now need to look at whether shifts are occurring in the artistic repertoire of arts education. Does the quarter tone scale play a greater role in communicating music, alongside the whole-tone scale? Or are the books of Iranian authors as relevant in literature projects with children and young people as those by German authors?
To facilitate an initial assessment of current practice, the Academy of Arts Education investigated 459 arts education projects within the scope of an exploratory empirical study. It examined how international the focus of these projects is in terms of the artistic repertoire, the topics discussed and their references to lifeworld. The results showed that only a quarter of the projects made reference to works of art or lifeworld from other countries. At the same time, a strong eurocentricity was observed. It is clear that facilitators in the practice of arts education draw primarily upon their own cultural influences.
The article "Internationality in arts educational practice. An explorative empirical study" (2015) by Susanne Keuchel looks at the impact of international diversity in projects and initiatives in arts education. Examining examples from arts education in Germany, study asks whether and to what extent they include so-called diversity-related subjects. Based on the assumption that arts educational practice should address and reflect de facto social diversity in Germany, the author compares art education projects in terms of thematic focus and players with and without a migration background, and undertakes a comparative analysis of the individual results.
Interculturality, diversity and internationality
According to the author, the ways "to create diversity-related references in arts educational projects" are "varied and complex" (Keuchel, 2015, p. 134). Nevertheless, the explorative study takes on this methodical challenge and describes the "characteristics of diversity-conscious arts education projects on various multi-dimensional levels" (ibid., p. 136) according to concept, subjects, perspectives and references to diversity. Accordingly, the perspective, in other words the underlying philosophy of projects in arts education, can relate to cultural diversity or have a polycultural, intercultural or transcultural focus. The author describes the characteristics of "diversity-related references" as "international", "milieu-specific", "generation-specific" and "art as an unfamiliar perspective on aspects of everyday life", whereby the research question focuses on the first-mentioned: "Which international artistic and thematic subjects can be found in national arts education projects?" (ibid.)? Diversity in arts education therefore concentrates on the question of country-specific references in arts education projects, for example international artists, country-specific art forms and works of art. However, the author notes that the concept of diversity actually reflects the "special interaction between cultures (…), exchange and entanglement" (ibid., p. 135).
To take into account the topicality of the subject of diversity and interest in current developments, the survey examined 459 arts education projects that were carried out between 2012 and 2014 (the projects started in this period). The sample was taken from a double-digit number of projects with an even distribution of the projects across Germany.
To determine the international diversity-related subjects, as described, the content of the project descriptions was assessed, based upon the assumption that if such subjects are included, they are explicitly mentioned in the description.
The study also looked at whether or not the players mentioned in the project description have a migration background. In the first step, the "names in connection with their professions (…) were googled and researched in Facebook in order to obtain biographical information" (ibid, p. 139). In the comparison of projects in which artists and arts educators with and without a migration background participated, the author considers not only data records that contain the names of the participants, she also compares the number of projects with participants with an (assumed) migration background with the other projects. This was done on the assumption that the participation of artists and art educators has a profile-raising effect, like the thematic focus, and that as a result they are more likely to be included in project descriptions (ibid., p. 149).
The author acknowledges that the conclusion that first and second names "definitely not common in Germany" imply a migration background involves a certain vagueness, but that this is ultimately due to the explorative nature of the study.
Finally, a focus on cultural diversity was also included as a separate category in the assessment because such a thematic focus probably suggests the inclusion of international diversity-related subjects (ibid, p. 138f).
Outcomes and outlook
The study comes to the following conclusions, which could be an interesting basis for further investigations:
- In city states, but also in the "new" federal states, the investigated project descriptions tend to contain more international diversity-related subjects or a focus on cultural diversity in general. According to the author, the first instance may be to do with the demographic makeup of city states, the second may be attributable to greater sensitivity to (international) diversity (ibid., p. 141f)
- Between 2012 and 2014, a "marked decline in the number of diversity-related subjects" (p. 141f) is observed, a trend the author attributes to thematically overlapping, similarly focused and/or concurring subject areas (ibid.)
- Only a small proportion of projects with international diversity-related subjects deal with non-German artists and/or works of art from countries other than Germany. However, in projects that focus explicitly on countries / artists outside Germany, a strong Eurocentric trend is in evidence.
- Depending on method of investigation and comparison, the proportion of projects involving players with a migration background is 31% or 20%. This drops to 18% or 11% if the total number of artists and arts educators is considered irrespective of the individual projects.
- The number of players with a migration background, differentiated according to project start, declines slightly during the investigation period
- The proportion of participating arts mediators with a migration background is highest in metropolitan areas and city states. This is explained by the overall population makeup (ibid., p. 150).
- The participation of persons with a migration background correlates with international diversity-related subjects in arts education projects.
- The genre-based evaluation reveals a relatively high proportion of international diversity-related subjects in theatre and film projects, with dance projects recording a high percentage of mediators with a migration background, although they have no specific thematic focus on diversity. This could be explained by the specific nature of the movement-based art form (ibid., p. 153f).
Given the process of ongoing globalisation and internationalisation, the author stresses the importance of systematically including international subjects in arts education practice. Diversity and internationality should not be a niche area of arts education practice but should become normality (ibid., p. 156). | <urn:uuid:c8a9d80a-552a-4f5d-90e8-a871f20154a9> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.eno-net.eu/publications/internationalit%C3%A4t-der-kulturellen-bildungspraxis-eine-explorative-empirische-studie | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376826856.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20181215105142-20181215131142-00087.warc.gz | en | 0.938872 | 1,500 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The federal government is an expert at destroying things, which it does extremely well. It has destroyed our liberty, our privacy, our money, Iraq, Afghanistan, Yemen, Libya, Latin America, and much more. Therefore, the notion that the federal government should be charged with protecting the environment is laughable.
It is not a coincidence that the federal government’s construction of the Interstate Highway System, which warped America’s transportation system and artificially encouraged the production of millions of automobiles, its socialist ownership of almost 30 percent of land in the United States, and its vast ownership or control over American waterways are where most of the environmental destruction is rooted.
The best stewards of the environment are private owners, especially because they have the incentive to take care of what they own. All one has to do is compare the condition of privately owned homes to government-owned homes (i.e., public housing), privately owned ranches to public parks, and privately owned waterways to publicly owned waterways to recognize that a private-property order is the best way to protect the environment.
Moreover, the EPA is one of the most tyrannical agencies in U.S. history. It has destroyed the lives, liberties, and lands of all too many Americans.
The Framers of the Constitution provided a means by which Americans could peacefully resolve disputes, including those involving pollution — not regulation but rather the courts, where people can seek injunctions and damages for such things as trespass, nuisance, negligence, and intentional torts.
Among the worst things that Americans could ever do is trade their liberty to the federal government for the pretense of environmental security. If Americans do that, they will inevitably find themselves with both a loss of liberty and a very polluted nation.
Categories: Jacob Hornberger | <urn:uuid:ff6e844c-1732-4758-9e84-22cadea588c2> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://thelibertyherald.com/2020/02/09/jacob-hornberger-the-best-stewards-of-the-environment-are-private-owners/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487648373.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20210619142022-20210619172022-00122.warc.gz | en | 0.960608 | 360 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Canadian Treaty Series
E101589 - CTS 1999 No. 34
PROTOCOL BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AMENDING THE 1916 CONVENTION BETWEEN THE UNITED KINGDOM AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA FOR THE PROTECTION OF MIGRATORY BIRDS IN CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES
The Government of Canada and the Government of the United States of America,
REAFFIRMING their commitment to achieving the purposes and objectives of the 1916 Convention between the United Kingdom and the United States of America for the Protection of Migratory Birds in Canada and the United States;
DESIRING to amend and update the Convention to enable effective actions to be taken to improve the conservation of migratory birds;
COMMITTED to the long-term conservation of shared species of migratory birds for their nutritional, social, cultural, spiritual, ecological, economic, and aesthetic values through a more comprehensive international framework that involves working together to cooperatively manage their populations, regulate their take, protect the lands and waters on which they depend, and share research and survey information;
AWARE that changes to the Convention are required to ensure conformity with the aboriginal and treaty rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada;
ACKNOWLEDGING the intent of the United States to provide for the customary and traditional taking of certain species of migratory birds and their eggs for subsistence use by indigenous inhabitants of Alaska; and
AFFIRMING that it is not the intent of this Protocol to cause significant increases in the take of species of migratory birds relative to their continental population sizes;
HAVE AGREED as follows:
In order to update the listing of migratory birds included in the terms of this Convention in a manner consistent with their current taxonomic (Family and Subfamily) status, Article I of the Convention is deleted and replaced by the following:
The High Contracting Powers declare that the migratory birds included in the terms of this Convention shall be as follows:
1. Migratory Game Birds:
Anatidae, or waterfowl (ducks, geese and swans); Gruidae, or cranes (greater and lesser sandhill and whooping cranes); Rallidae, or rails (coots, gallinules and rails); Charadriidae, Haematopodidae, Recurvirostridae, and Scolopacidae, or shorebirds (including plovers and lapwings, oystercatchers, stilts and avocets, and sandpipers and allies); and Columbidae (doves and wild pigeons).
2. Migratory Insectivorous Birds:
Aegithalidae (long-tailed tits and bushtits); Alaudidae (larks); Apodidae (swifts); Bombycillidae (waxwings); Caprimulgidae (goatsuckers); Certhiidae (creepers); Cinclidae (dippers); Cuculidae (cuckoos); Emberizidae (including the emberizid sparrows, wood-warblers, tanagers, cardinals and grosbeaks and allies, bobolinks, meadowlarks, and orioles, but not including blackbirds); Fringillidae (including the finches and grosbeaks); Hirundinidae (swallows); Laniidae (shrikes); Mimidae (catbirds, mockingbirds, thrashers, and allies); Motacillidae (wagtails and pipits); Muscicapidae (including the kinglets, gnatcatchers, robins, and thrushes); Paridae (titmice); Picidae (woodpeckers and allies); Sittidae (nuthatches); Trochilidae (hummingbirds); Troglodytidae (wrens); Tyrannidae; (tyrant flycatchers); and Vireonidae (vireos).
3. Other Migratory Nongame Birds:
Alcidae (auks, auklets, guillemots, murres, and puffins); Ardeidae (bitterns and herons); Hydrobatidae (storm petrels); Procellariidae (petrels and shearwaters); Sulidae (gannets); Podicipedidae (grebes); Laridae (gulls, jaegers, and terns); and Gaviidae (loons).
Article II of the Convention is deleted and replaced by the following:
The High Contracting Powers agree that, to ensure the long-term conservation of migratory birds, migratory bird populations shall be managed in accord with the following conservation principles:
To manage migratory birds internationally;
To ensure a variety of sustainable uses;
To sustain healthy migratory bird populations for harvesting needs;
To provide for and protect habitat necessary for the conservation of migratory birds; and
To restore depleted populations of migratory birds.
Means to pursue these principles may include, but are not limited to:
Monitoring, regulation, enforcement and compliance;
Co-operation and partnership;
Education and information;
Incentives for effective stewardship;
Protection of incubating birds;
Designation of harvest areas;
Management of migratory birds on a population basis;
Use of aboriginal and indigenous knowledge, institutions and practices; and
Development, sharing and use of best scientific information.
1. Except as provided for below, there shall be established the following close seasons during which no hunting shall be done:
(a) The close season on migratory game birds shall be between March 10 and September 1, and the season for hunting shall be further restricted to such period not exceeding three and one-half months as the High Contracting Powers may severally deem appropriate and define by law or regulation; and
(b) The close season on migratory insectivorous birds and other migratory nongame birds shall continue throughout the year.
2. Except as provided for below, migratory birds, their nests, or eggs shall not be sold or offered for sale.
3. Subject to laws, decrees or regulations to be specified by the proper authorities, the taking of migratory birds may be allowed at any time of the year for scientific, educational, propagative, or other specific purposes consistent with the conservation principles of this Convention.
4. Notwithstanding the close season provisions in paragraph 1 and the prohibition on the taking of eggs in Article V, and respecting aboriginal and indigenous knowledge and institutions:
(a) In the case of Canada, subject to existing aboriginal and treaty rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada under Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982, and the regulatory and conservation regimes defined in the relevant treaties, land claims agreements, self-government agreements, and co-management agreements with Aboriginal peoples of Canada:
(i) Migratory birds and their eggs may be harvested throughout the year by Aboriginal peoples of Canada having aboriginal or treaty rights, and down and inedible by-products may be sold, but the birds and eggs so taken shall be offered for barter, exchange, trade or sale only within or between Aboriginal communities as provided for in the relevant treaties, land claims agreements, self-government agreements, or co-management agreements made with Aboriginal peoples of Canada; and
(ii) Migratory game and non-game birds and their eggs may be taken throughout the year for food by qualified non-aboriginal residents in areas of northern Canada where the relevant treaties, land claims agreements, self-government agreements, or co-management agreements made with Aboriginal peoples of Canada recognize that the Aboriginal peoples may so permit. The dates of the fall season for the taking of migratory game birds by qualified residents of Yukon and the Northwest Territories may be varied by law or regulation by the proper authorities. The birds or eggs taken pursuant to this sub-paragraph (ii) shall not be sold or offered for sale.
(b) In the case of the United States:
(i) Migratory birds and their eggs may be harvested by the indigenous inhabitants of the State of Alaska. Seasons and other regulations implementing the non-wasteful taking of migratory birds and the collection of their eggs by indigenous inhabitants of the State of Alaska shall be consistent with the customary and traditional uses by such indigenous inhabitants for their own nutritional and other essential needs; and
(ii) Indigenous inhabitants of the State of Alaska shall be afforded an effective and meaningful role in the conservation of migratory birds including the development and implementation of regulations affecting the non-wasteful taking of migratory birds and the collection of their eggs, by participating on relevant management bodies.
5. Murres may be taken by non-aboriginal residents of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador for food, subject to regulation, during the period from September 1 to March 10, but the murres so taken shall not be sold or offered for sale. The season for murre hunting shall be further restricted to such period not exceeding three and one-half months as the proper authorities may deem appropriate by law or regulation.
Article III of the Convention is deleted and replaced by the following:
The High Contracting Powers agree to meet regularly to review progress in implementing the Convention. The review shall address issues important to the conservation of migratory birds, including the status of migratory bird populations, the Status of important migratory bird habitats, the effectiveness of management and regulatory systems and other issues deemed important by either High Contracting Power. The High Contracting Powers agree to work cooperatively to resolve identified problems in a manner consistent with the principles underlying this Convention and, if the need arises, to conclude special arrangements to conserve and protect species of concern.
Article IV of the Convention is deleted and replaced by the following:
Each High Contracting Power shall use its authority to take appropriate measures to preserve and enhance the environment of migratory birds. In particular, it shall, within its constitutional authority:
(a) seek means to prevent damage to such birds and their environments, including damage resulting from pollution;
(b) endeavour to take such measures as may be necessary to control the importation of live animals and plants which it determines to be hazardous to the preservation of such birds;
(c) endeavour to take such measures as may be necessary to control the introduction of live animals and plants which could disturb the ecological balance of unique island environments; and
(d) pursue cooperative arrangements to conserve habitats essential to migratory bird populations.
Article V of the Convention is deleted and replaced by the following:
The taking of nests or eggs of migratory game or insectivorous or nongame birds shall be prohibited, except for scientific, educational, propagating or other specific purposes consistent with the principles of this Convention under such laws or regulations as the High Contracting Powers may severally deem appropriate, or as provided for under Article II, paragraph 4.
This Protocol is subject to ratification. This Protocol shall enter into force on the date the Parties exchange instruments of ratification, shall continue to remain in force for the duration of the Convention and shall be considered an integral part of the Convention particularly for the purpose of its interpretation.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned representatives, being duly authorized by their respective Governments, have signed the present Protocol.
DONE at Washington, this 14th day of December, 1995, in duplicate, in the English and French languages, both texts being equally authentic.
FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA
FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | <urn:uuid:89aaa71b-1323-470f-ad03-5507df5cfdb3> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | http://www.commonlii.org/ca/other/treaties/CATSer/1999/38.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304570.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220124124654-20220124154654-00368.warc.gz | en | 0.912233 | 2,513 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The Standard Model of particle physics predicts the existence of glueballs, which are particles made from gluons. Gluons are force particles that hold quarks together. Without them, the nuclei of atoms would fall apart. Scientists are pretty sure that gluons could come together themselves to form these glueballs, but thus far, none have been found. The best way to prove their existence would be to search for and analyze their decay, and some research teams are doing just that. However, because no one knows what exactly to look for, the hunt for glueballs is a difficult one.
Key Facts In This Video
Glueballs are subatomic particles made from gluons, which typically keep the nuclei of atoms together. 00:50
The existence of glueballs is predicted by the Standard Model of particle physics, and observing them would help to confirm that the model is correct. 03:08
There are a couple particles that scientists have analyzed that could be glueballs, notably f0 (1500) and f0 (1710). 05:29
Wake up with the smartest email in your inbox.
Our Best Articles Daily | <urn:uuid:b9445d28-99f7-4524-a08e-cdf878a38e0d> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://curiosity.com/topics/glueballs-are-the-next-big-discovery-in-particle-physics-curiosity | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743963.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20181118031826-20181118053826-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.961687 | 235 | 3.96875 | 4 |
What is Information Architecture?
It’s often hard to define abstract, rudimentary and ubiquitous practices. Design is one such example which I’d touched upon earlier.
Information Architecture (IA) belongs to a similar territory.
Information architecture is the practice of deciding how to arrange the parts of something to be understandable.
Information architecture models are everywhere — printed material, digital documents, websites and even physical spaces (not typically thought of as information). It wouldn’t naturally occur that someone might have worked hard to make sense of mess to enable understanding and use.
When it comes to defining information architecture, IAI’s take is a good start. It attempts to describe IA through a specific activity. Several online references take a similar approach i.e. describing IA as an activity that involves “drawing boxes”, arranging parts or organising, structuring, and labelling. This approach makes the definition a bit narrow and incomplete.
Instead, taking a broader approach here’s an attempt to define Information Architecture—
Information Architecture is the thoughtful, deliberate practice of achieving a shared mental model, and further applying it to make something understandable. Thoughtful, because it involves shedding biases and unseeing things as they appear (or are presented).
Deliberate, because it involves making carefully considered and well-reasoned decisions.
Practice, because it involves application of principles, theories, tools and processes towards a purpose.
Shared, because it involves reaching parity in understanding of ideas and thoughts.
Mental Model, because it involves representing assumptions, structures and arrangements people carry in their minds.
Hope this adds to how we all understand IA. | <urn:uuid:cc1abd82-54e8-475c-a58b-f3beec7af96b> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://miranj.in/blog/2018/what-is-information-architecture | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150264.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20210724094631-20210724124631-00062.warc.gz | en | 0.922342 | 343 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Sunday, 2 April 2017 | Julie Ruggins, Medical Herbalist
Menopause denotes the cessation of menstruation. It usually occurs between the ages of 40 - 55 years, although this can vary either side of these years. A duration of between 6 - 12 months without menstruation is generally accepted as the menopause. Perimenopausal is referred to as the time period up to the menopause and postmenopausal is the time after the menopause. | <urn:uuid:085d896a-5513-49aa-b08f-5935efb9e606> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.sophiaschoice.co.uk/news/health-and-wellbeing.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812405.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219052241-20180219072241-00568.warc.gz | en | 0.95136 | 97 | 2.71875 | 3 |
||The understanding of the spatio-temporal distributions of the species habitat in the marine environment is central to effectual resource management and conservation. Here, we examined the potential habitat distributions of Japanese common squid (Todarodes pacificus) in the Sea of Japan during a four-year period. The seasonal patterns of preferential habitat were inferred from species distribution models, built using squid occurrences detected from night-time visible images and remotely-sensed environmental factors. The predicted squid habitat (i.e., areas with high habitat suitability) revealed strong seasonal variability, characterized by a reduction of potential habitat, confined off of the southern part of the basin during the winterâspring period (DecemberâMay). Apparent expansion of preferential habitat occurred during summerâautumn months (JuneâNovember), concurrent with the formation of highly suitable habitat patches in certain regions of the Sea of Japan. These habitat distribution patterns were in response to changes in oceanographic conditions and synchronous with seasonal migration of squid. Moreover, the most important variables regulating the spatio-temporal patterns of suitable habitat were sea surface temperature, depth, sea surface height anomaly, and eddy kinetic energy. These variables could affect the habitat distributions through their impacts on growth and survival of squid, local nutrient transport, and the availability of favorable spawning and feeding grounds. | <urn:uuid:02d9f2d8-a459-4311-850d-e2c97f5b2b81> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://alandb.darksky.org/search.php?sqlQuery=SELECT%20author%2C%20title%2C%20type%2C%20year%2C%20publication%2C%20abbrev_journal%2C%20volume%2C%20issue%2C%20pages%2C%20keywords%2C%20abstract%2C%20address%2C%20corporate_author%2C%20thesis%2C%20publisher%2C%20place%2C%20editor%2C%20language%2C%20summary_language%2C%20orig_title%2C%20series_editor%2C%20series_title%2C%20abbrev_series_title%2C%20series_volume%2C%20series_issue%2C%20edition%2C%20issn%2C%20isbn%2C%20medium%2C%20area%2C%20expedition%2C%20conference%2C%20notes%2C%20approved%2C%20call_number%2C%20serial%20FROM%20refs%20WHERE%20serial%20%3D%201551%20ORDER%20BY%20author%2C%20year%20DESC%2C%20publication&client=&formType=sqlSearch&submit=Display&viewType=&showQuery=0&showLinks=1&showRows=5&rowOffset=&wrapResults=1&citeOrder=&citeStyle=APA&exportFormat=RIS&exportType=html&exportStylesheet=&citeType=html&headerMsg= | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376825029.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20181213171808-20181213193308-00524.warc.gz | en | 0.922235 | 267 | 2.875 | 3 |
- The critical incident technique can be used as the basis of a questionnaire or interview
- It has been extensively used in health library and knowledge service (LKS) impact studies
Using the technique
- Users provide details of a specific instance or use of a service
- They then answer questions relating to the instance or use
- In this way LKS staff collect details of specific rather than general impacts
Example of the technique
It has been used to collect data on how information from a literature search was used.
For example, “We recently sent you information on the use of honey for preventing infection post-surgery. May I ask how you have used this information?”
The information could be provided in a descriptive manner. Alternatively you could use specific outcome measures, for example:
Did you use the information for:
a) a particular patient?
b) service planning?
c) developing clinical guidelines?
Other uses of the technique
This approach is used for
Yeoman , A , Cooper , J , Armstrong , C , Fenton , R , Lonsdale , R , Spink , S , Urquhart , C , Thomas , R , Barker , A & Light , A (2003). Critical incident technique and explicitation interviewing in studies of information behaviour. Library and Information Science Research, 25(1): 63-88. , 10.1016/S0740-8188(02)00166-4 https://cadair.aber.ac.uk/dspace/handle/2160/170 | <urn:uuid:d8e0c9dd-ebd1-40d3-bf2b-a27f8b3ef80a> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://kfh.libraryservices.nhs.uk/value-and-impact-toolkit/tools/critical-incident-technique/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178369523.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20210304205238-20210304235238-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.797486 | 318 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Complex Care FAQs
The kidneys, stomach, lungs, heart, pores and skin and central nervous system are generally affected. Involvement of the kidneys might lead to kidney dysfunction and associated symptoms similar to low urine production and high blood pressure (hypertension). Asherson’s syndrome is a severe variant of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), an autoimmune disorder by which blood clots happen in relation to the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies in the body. Antibodies are specialised proteins produced by the physique’s immune system to battle infection. In APS and Asherson’s syndrome, antibodies mistakenly attack certain proteins that bind to phospholipids, which are fat molecules which might be concerned within the correct operate of cell membranes.
Provisional evaluation of current studies on well being results of particulate matter publicity. In addition to being of food- or waterborne origin, infectious illness could be airborne, arthropod-borne (spread by mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, and so forth.), or zoonotic (spread by rodents, dogs, cats, and different animals). Arthropod-borne diseases, including Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain noticed fever, and West Nile virus, can be contracted from sure ticks and mosquitoes that acquire micro organism or viruses by biting infected mammals or birds.
Infectious diseases are acute illnesses caused by bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and viruses. Food and water contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms are the most important environmental sources of gastrointestinal sickness. In response, scientists continue to discover the position that the publicity to environmental contaminants may play, along with different attainable risk elements, within the initiation and improvement of cancer.
You may also be diagnosed as pre-diabetic in case your body is beginning to show warning signs of the illness. Chronic lung illness, similar to COPD, impacts a staggering number of American’s yearly. There isn’t any treatment for chronic lung illness, but it is manageable with life-style modifications and medicine.
Resources – Chronic Disease
Estimating the prevalence of disabilities in the Region continues to current major challenges primarily as a result of there is little consistency in the standards for measuring them. However, the 2010 spherical of censuses provides an correct estimate of the prevalence of disabilities and of nation-to-country comparisons (Figure 1). Women have a better rate of disability than men, especially women over 60, who are more likely to have well being problems and infrequently become disabled; this inhabitants also often lacks resources and access to reasonably priced assist services.
Someone who is incapacitated (unable to perform regular every day activities, similar to going to high school or working) for more than three days additionally has a severe well being situation, however provided that the individual requires continuing treatment from a healthcare supplier. The three days must be consecutive, but they can embrace weekends and holidays; they don’t have to be business days. Conditions requiring an overnight stay at a hospital facility (e.g, hospice, or residential care facility) are automatically considered a critical health situation under the FMLA. An employee can use FMLA go away for the time spent receiving inpatient care and for any interval of incapacity or subsequent treatment connected to that care. As a result of this, waste from the blood stays within the body and will result in other health problems.
The analytics provide insights and implications that suggest ways for the healthcare system to better handle inhabitants health. Inactive individuals are at larger danger for severe health problems like heart illness, kind 2 diabetes, obesity, and a few cancers. The annual financial prices associated with insufficient physical exercise are $117 billion. Obesity can result in coronary heart disease, sort 2 diabetes, hypertension, stroke, some kinds of most cancers, high cholesterol, and lots of other health situations and diseases. | <urn:uuid:730b3aa6-a2f0-46e3-a6a5-5e1f8568dbed> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.starprogram.net/5-of-the-worlds-most-ultra-rare-diseases-3.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334974.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20220927002241-20220927032241-00757.warc.gz | en | 0.943633 | 787 | 2.6875 | 3 |
With President’s Day coming here’s a look at some of the men and women who proved pivotal to the administrations of the Presidents of the United States. Many of those Secretaries may not be household names here in the 21st Century but they would definitely stand out on any staff. Here is an examination of sixteen such figures in chronological order. Figures like James G Blaine, William Seward, and Henry Kissinger are so well-known that they are not included on this list.
Served under: Presidents George Washington and John Adams
Noted for: Conspiring with Alexander Hamilton to undermine some of the policies of the Washington and Adams administrations. When Adams discovered this he ordered Pickering to resign, but Pickering refused, forcing Adams to fire him. Pickering remains the only Secretary of State to officially be fired by the President.
2. HENRY CLAY (1825-1829)
Served under: President John Quincy Adams
Noted for: Fighting a duel with Senator John Randolph, one of Clay’s critics who felt he had struck a “corrupt bargain” with Adams to get this prized cabinet position. Also for completing the first commerce treaties between the young United States and the various nations in Scandinavia and Latin America.
3. JOHN FORSYTH (1834-1841)
Served under: Presidents Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren
Noted for: Obtaining long-disputed reparations from France for U.S. commercial losses suffered during the Napoleonic Wars. Also for threatening to resign early in Van Buren’s administration before his relationship with the new president improved. Continue reading | <urn:uuid:5321d76d-f901-4b0b-815e-c76488f15ed6> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://glitternight.com/tag/secretaries-of-state/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607407.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122191620-20200122220620-00227.warc.gz | en | 0.931587 | 343 | 3.234375 | 3 |
The 1900s were a time of great innovation, when technology was taking off and every decade had its own iconic fashions. With everything changing so quickly, the people of our past speculated about what the future would look like. Here are some predictions they made about the 21st century.
Predictions from the 1930s
Panthetone Weekly, a 1930s British cinemagazine, ran an episode predicting the advanced fashions people could expect to wear in the year 2000. Sadly, the electric headlight headpieces never caught on.
Predictions from 1967
A 1967 Philco-Ford production titled “Year 1999 A.D.” had high (and rather accurate) expectations of a home computer system in the future.
Predictions from the 1980s
This 1980s news report discusses the predicted world of television, which they call “Telefuture.”
Students at Perkett Elementary School in Minot, North Dakota in 1985 show off their predictions for life in 15 years—on Earth, the Moon, and even Jupiter.
Predictions from the 1990s
AT&T’s 1993 ad series with the tagline “You Will” had some surprisingly accurate predictions for technology in the future, including e-books, offline faxes, and video calls. | <urn:uuid:16788662-620b-4997-b76d-711ec5699318> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/48846/late-movies-yesteryear-imagines-future | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570901.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809033952-20220809063952-00181.warc.gz | en | 0.961714 | 269 | 2.5625 | 3 |
- CC image used courtesy of BookMama
[tweetmeme source=”Strng_Dichotomy” only_single=false]When sharing or communicating information most of us take for granted how easy it is to see the content, hear the audio, or tell another person what we have learned. Most of us never give a second thought to how this simple act might affect people with disabilities trying to disseminate information or share content. Thankfully with advances in technology these limitations no longer pose the hurdles and roadblocks they once did.
Libraries have always been early adapters for this portion of the community to provide access for people with different abilities through assistive technology and staff interaction. The very basic and beginning services such as having a staff member who can communicate through ASL, Braille collections, Braille transcription services, special playback equipment for use with recorded cassettes, books and magazines on recorded cassettes, Audiobooks, descriptive videos (DVS) Large Print materials, Mail-A-Book programs, and request lists for library customers that are accepted by mail, phone, fax, and e-mail. for the homebound are great examples of this.
Technology has started to add to these existing services in ways that we could have only dreamed of 20 or even 2 years ago. Now we have screen readers like JAWS (Job Access With Speech) and the speech function on Gale (listen to an example). Efforts are being taken to create more services like Access Keys for the Omeka archives, creating screencasts, adding closed captioning to videos on Youtube and Vimeo, the use of image services like Flickr and Picasa, and even more innovative devices like the EyeWriter initiative.
Take the time to learn the resources that your library offers this portion of the community and expand upon them. Remember that is our duty to connect people with information and help them convey what they have learned no matter the medium. | <urn:uuid:c6b07b29-465f-4f98-8acb-f6da08725611> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://librariesandtransliteracy.wordpress.com/tag/media-literacy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662522556.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20220518215138-20220519005138-00058.warc.gz | en | 0.945369 | 397 | 3.25 | 3 |
As I mentioned in a previous post I am reading through Charlotte Mason’s six volumes on her educational philosophy. I have slowly begun to read A Philosophy of Education which is the sixth and final volume of Miss Mason’s series.
I am a reader who loves to settle in with a good book and binge read for hours. Life does make that a bit difficult now but these writings are not ones to gulp down but to sip slowly. Savor. Let the words and thoughts and ideas settle in a bit.
Chapter One is on Self-Education. I have actually read this chapter twice, marked passages with my book darts, and finally copied them in my journal.
The love of learning is something I hope that all of my children will have by the time they leave my home. Actually I want them to have a love of learning long before they leave my home. That love of acquiring knowledge, learning something new, diving into a book and walking away with a deeper understanding…I want them to have that.
In my mind, self-education results in that love of learning. Self-education is when the child takes ownership and responsibility. She understands the importance of learning or knowledge. There is a desire to learn something new or to comprehend something better. Even in the face of hard work or challenges, that desire to learn makes the struggle worth it.
“A person is not built up from without but from within, that is, he is living, and all external educational appliances and activities which are intended to mould his character are decorative and not vital.” A Philosophy of Education p 28
We can set up a reward system for work completed. Offer a prize when a skill is mastered. Take them for ice cream when a math text is completed. This is all trying to build up from without and in the end will not result in that love of learning. If we must always have a prize or reward or pat on the back for our learning and accomplishments, then we are just puppets. Controlled by whatever or whoever will give us the most praise or the highest reward.
If the child understands the benefit and beauty of knowledge and learning, then it becomes a part of them, of her character. She knows to seek out information, to dive into a book, to practice for herself. Not for a sticker or a good mark on a transcript. Then self-education is born.
“The teacher who allows his scholars the freedom of the city of books is at liberty to be their guide, philosopher and friend; and is no longer the mere instrument of forcible intellectual feeding.” A Philosophy of Education p 32
Self-education does not mean leaving the child on her own. Instead of making a list of what must be learned, rewarding what appears to be mastered, and moving on down the list, you walk alongside the child. Helping her find information, discover the beauty around her that inspires, providing good, living books, and discussing those things that engage them.
I want to stress that I don’t see self-education as leaving the child to learn alone or to struggle through difficult concepts without help. I am walking beside them, discussing, helping, supporting, and often struggling right alongside them. Perhaps one day I will master higher math, eh? But I want them to own their education. Value it. See the purpose.
I always enjoy seeing what books will come home from the library with my children. An old edition of a book of poetry, a cookbook on grilling, a survival guide, or a how-to book on pressing flowers. Always stacks of literature; new and old.
Hopefully the love of learning will continue. This self-education will be a life long pursuit. The wonder of new ideas and beautiful stories and endless possibilities will never die.
What are your thoughts on self-education? I would love to hear them. Thanks for listening to my rambling thoughts.
**Please note that this post contains affiliate links. This means that when you click on a link and make a purchase, I earn a very small percentage. It is no ways effects your shopping experience. Thank you! | <urn:uuid:2160bda5-d9fb-46cc-b185-54f3d8548125> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://burroughstribe.com/tag/charlotte-mason/page/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999263.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20190620165805-20190620191805-00176.warc.gz | en | 0.964116 | 849 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The ARSB gene provides instructions for producing an enzyme called arylsulfatase B, which is involved in the breakdown of large sugar molecules called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Specifically, arylsulfatase B removes a chemical group known as a sulfate from two GAGs called dermatan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate. Arylsulfatase B is located in lysosomes, compartments within cells that digest and recycle different types of molecules.
More than 130 mutations in the ARSB gene have been found to cause mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (MPS VI). Most of these mutations change single DNA building blocks (nucleotides) in the gene. All of the mutations that cause MPS VI reduce or eliminate the function of arylsulfatase B. It usually cannot be determined whether a certain mutation will cause severe or mild MPS VI; however, mutations known to result in the complete absence of arylsulfatase B activity cause severe signs and symptoms.
The lack of arylsulfatase B activity leads to the accumulation of GAGs within lysosomes. Conditions such as MPS VI that cause molecules to build up inside the lysosomes are called lysosomal storage disorders. The accumulation of GAGs within lysosomes increases the size of cells, which is why many tissues and organs are enlarged in this disorder. Researchers believe that the buildup of GAGs may also interfere with the functions of other proteins inside lysosomes, triggering inflammation and cell death.
- arylsulfatase B isoform 1 precursor
- N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate sulfohydrolase | <urn:uuid:fa9849eb-29c8-4aef-ba36-78f0f32fe863> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/ARSB | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171078.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00640-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.8819 | 362 | 3.53125 | 4 |
The problem with the World Bank is much bigger than its president, Paul Wolfowitz.
The publicity around Wolfowitz’s ethical lapses in securing a salary raise for his girlfriend obscures what’s really wrong with the World Bank. One need only look at the world’s 3 billion people who live on less than $2 per day to see that as far as its stated mission of eradicating poverty around the world goes, the World Bank has failed miserably.
All over Latin America and in poor countries in other parts of the world, the World Bank and its sister lender, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), are seen as instruments of U.S. foreign policy–not as defenders of the poor. Both now face a crisis of legitimacy.
Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez announced last month that his country would pay off its remaining loans to the World Bank five years early–saving Venezuela an estimated $8 million in interest. Although the South American country has not taken out any major new World Bank loans since Chavez took office in 1999, it had a previous outstanding debt of $3.3 billion. Not any more.
Venezuela even went a step further and pulled out of the World Bank and the IMF entirely–an unprecedented move in the institutions’ 62-year history.
Ecuador’s new President Rafael Correa recently told the lead World Bank representative in his country to leave, and declared him persona non grata. Correa accused the World Bank of blackmail.
Although Ecuador is South America’s second-largest oil exporter, most of its population lives in poverty. Unfortunately, the majority of Ecuador’s oil income for several years has been paying off debt owed to international lenders, including the World Bank and the IMF.
In an effort to increase government spending on health and education, Correa, when he was finance minister in 2005, asked the Ecuadorian congress to modify a law that would allow him to tap into Ecuador’s oil revenue. As a result, the World Bank canceled a previously approved $100 million loan.
Argentina and Brazil–the largest economic powers in South America–have also made attempts to redefine their relationships with the institutions. Both have paid off their debts to the IMF, and are collaborating with their neighbors on establishing alternative financing mechanisms.
One such mechanism is the Bank of the South–a new development bank funded and operated by the countries of South America. The Bank of the South is an attempt by the South American nations to not only distance themselves from the global financial institutions, but also to break the region’s historical dependence on Washington. Other initiatives include an alternative regional trade agreement and a South American “union,” both of which exclude the United States.
The Bank needs to do some serious soul searching. Otherwise, the institution itself, like Wolfowitz, may need to find another job. | <urn:uuid:a69ba029-b23a-4bd8-8562-9227f2127a8a> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://fpif.org/siesta_time_for_the_world_bank/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794869732.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20180527170428-20180527190428-00508.warc.gz | en | 0.964603 | 594 | 2.65625 | 3 |
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