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- Sufficiently compact for use on a journey.
- Make a journey, typically of some length.
- (Of an object or radiation) Move, typically in a constant or predictable way. “Light travels faster than sound”.
- To go from one place to another, as by car, train, plane, or ship; take a journey; trip.
- To proceed or advance in any way.
- To associate or consort: “He travels in a wealthy crowd.”
- (Informal) To move with speed.
- To pass, or be transmitted, as light or sound.
- Journeys; Wanderings.
- The coming and going of persons or conveyances along the way of passage; traffic.
Travail –> Travel.
Middle English; a variant of travail, and originally in the same sense.
(Shown in Notebook 1, page 51 – 52) | <urn:uuid:4e08fe24-0c03-4fb9-83a3-f4a4cf263439> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://srg-dev.com/phase-1/tier-2-research/travel/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221216475.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20180820140847-20180820160847-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.822624 | 201 | 3.34375 | 3 |
This paper documents that landscape change is a regional first oder climate forcing in the United States. For more recent studies on this subject from our research group (see).
Copeland, J.H., R.A. Pielke, and T.G.F. Kittel, 1996: Potential climatic impacts of vegetation change: A regional modeling study. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 7409-7418.
The abstract reads
“The human species has been modifying the landscape long before the development of modern agrarian techniques. Much of the land area of the conterminous United States is currently used for agricultural production. In certain regions this change in vegetative cover from its natural state may have led to local climatic change. A regional climate version of the Colorado State University Regional Atmospheric Modeling System was used to assess the impact of a natural versus current vegetation distribution on the weather and climate of July 1989. The results indicate that coherent regions of substantial changes, of both positive and negative sign, in screen height temperature, humidity, wind speed, and precipitation are a possible consequence of land use change throughout the United States. The simulated changes in the screen height quantities were closely related to changes in the vegetation parameters of albedo, roughness length, leaf area index, and fractional coverage.” | <urn:uuid:93a0c135-66da-4c23-b6fb-0bd40a580574> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://pielkeclimatesci.wordpress.com/2009/06/26/potential-climatic-impacts-of-vegetation-change-a-regional-modeling-study-by-copeland-et-al-1996/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719045.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00550-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.88919 | 271 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Visit the Virtual Treasury No one alive today has ever stepped foot in the Record Treasury destroyed a century ago — but now you can re-enter in Virtual Reality. The Record Treasury held seven centuries of Irish history and was destroyed in the Battle of the Four Courts on 30 June 1922. The high walls with their elegant windows,the long glass roof, and metal floors and bays of shelving — along with the hundreds of thousands of precious documents — were all lost. It was a great cultural tragedy of the Civil War. Now, it has been recreated.
Your tour starts outside the entrance of the Public Record Office of Ireland. The building is in two parts. Find out how one section survived while another was completely destroyed.
Around the outside of the building, learn about the events of 1922: the occupation of the Four Courts, the outbreak of the Civil War, and the terrible fire on 30 June 1922.
Click on the exhibition markers to find out more and see extraordinary photographs from the time.
Next, step through the front porch. You are re-entering the Public Record Office of Ireland, just as it looked before 1922. As you walk through the entrance door, stop and admire the ornate stairway.
Then, walk through the double-doors into the Reading Room. This is where the people sat to examine the historic documents, under the careful eye of the archivists at their desks.
Click on the exhibition markers to find out more about the people who worked here and how the room survived the fire of 1922.
Finally, go inside the wonderful Record Treasury. Look up and around at the high floors of shelving. There are treasures waiting to be discovered!
Right after the fire in 1922 the staff pulled a few rare damaged and burnt records from the rubble. Follow the waymarkers upstairs and search for some of these surprising survivors. Parcels of burnt records, wrapped in brown paper, damaged documents and books with bullet wounds are on the first few floors. Go up another level and you might find fragile pages that came out of the ruins, their burnt edges showing where the flames stopped.
Climb up to the top of the Treasury for a real treat. Directly under the huge glass roof are fragments of burnt pages — but what was written on them? Nobody knows. Our creative artist takes you on her creative journey to reimagine some of these fragments of a lost past. What do you think was written on the rest of the page before the flames ate it up leaving just this little piece?
On the ground floor of the Record Treasury you will see a model of the whole building. For a final surprise, why not open the entire building like a giant dolls-house? Click on the model to reveal the whole building.
Now you can find out how we have recovered documents lost 100 years ago! These are all replacement documents — duplicates, copies, and sometimes even photographs made before the fire.
Some documents are over 800 years old. As well as documents, there are beautiful maps of Ireland.
These replacement documents come from all around the country and the world. They are now back on the shelves of the Treasury, where they lived before the fire.
Each one is the start of a journey back into Ireland’s past.
Which one will you explore first? | <urn:uuid:f2a72397-8114-4152-ad4b-41e43037fb9a> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.virtualtreasury.ie/virtual-treasury | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227153053-20240227183053-00185.warc.gz | en | 0.956137 | 676 | 3.09375 | 3 |
From MCATs to LSATs to RN certs to writing requirements, testing in college isn’t always limited to what’s seen on the syllabus. Students who wish to become certified in their industry, for example, must first do wellon rigorous, nationally standardized tests, and many colleges even have their own standardized tests that are required for graduation.
But it’s all much easier said than done. Especially when students try to pass these tests alongside a full class load and even fuller life load. To help get you started, here are some of the major dos and don’ts of standardized testing, from the planning phase to test time.
Do schedule heavily. Don’t make the mistake of thinking that you can squeeze in studying for your standardized test on the bus, during meals, or as a “break” from your regularly scheduled studying. Doing well on standardized tests when you’re already extremely busy starts with careful and written-out planning.
Don’t set a numerical goal. Tests differ every year. As such, historical scores, percentiles, and averages never really mean anything for your particular testing year. So rather than setting numerical goals and getting caught up in the statistics, ease the pressure and up the motivation by simply setting study goals.
Do make a study guide. Chances are you’ve been preparing for your standardized test long before you even signed up for it. So separate what you already know from what you still need help on by making a brief list of topics. Then, find old class notes and read up in review books to freshen up on material and address weaknesses.
Don’t do it alone. These days, there are endless resources to help students study for certifications and tests. Check out local study groups, tutors, online videos, forums, and practice tests. If you need assistance in locating the very best and the most affordable resources for your test, contact your Student Assistance Program.
Do strategize. A good test strategy starts with researching the ins and outs and “rules” of your particular test. If there are sections you know you’ll be better at, for example, plan on answering those questions first. If you know that there is no penalty for wrong answers, be prepared to take educated guesses. Any information you can get on the test can be turned into an advantage for you.
Don’t forget to relax. It can’t be overstated how hard it is to study for standardized tests on top of your classes. Take a break whenever you need to, vent to others, and don’t rule out putting off your test until the next cycle. The last thing you want is for your desire to do well on your test to come at the expense of everything else you having going on.
Find ACI on Twitter at @ACISpecBenefits or on facebook, Google+, Pinterest, or YouTube. Also feel free to contact ACI Specialty Benefits at (800) 932-0034, or email [email protected] | <urn:uuid:5168ac0b-4e80-4154-838c-2a404c9a61dc> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://acihealthyu.wordpress.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500815050.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021335-00363-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938315 | 638 | 2.953125 | 3 |
RENO, Nev. - Navatar, a technology developed at the University of Nevada, Reno to help the blind navigate indoor environments, may become more usable, accurate and non-obtrusive using the popular wearable computing technology called Google Glass.
"As an extension of my research on wearable computing, we will develop a Navatar Glass App designed to give users a more efficient way to navigate indoor spaces," Eelke Folmer, researcher and assistant professor in the University's College of Engineering, said. Folmer received a prestigious $40,000 Google Research Award, one of 105 awards out of 550 applicants.
Folmer, his colleague Kostas Bekris of Rutgers University (formerly of University of Nevada, Reno) and doctoral student Ilias Apostolopoulous had previously developed Navatar, a low-cost indoor navigation system for users who are blind. Navatar allows for localization and navigation by using the physical characteristics of indoor environments, taking advantage of the unique sensing abilities of users with visual impairments, and utilizing minimalistic sensing achievable with low cost sensors available in smartphones.
Navatar will be modified to be used on Google Glass, a hands-free, head-mounted device that can be worn as eyewear. Using Google Glass will free up one of the user's hands while navigating, which may help with more accurately confirming the presence of landmarks along the provided path and improve the localization accuracy of the system.
"Our research is motivated by the belief that a disability can be turned into an innovation driver," Folmer, a computer-science and engineering department faculty member, said. "Similar to how Velcro was invented when mankind tried to put a man on the moon, I believe that when solving hard interaction design problems for users with unique, extreme abilities, such as blind users, there is a large potential for discovering solutions that may benefit anyone. Though Navatar was specifically developed for users with visual impairments, sighted users can also use it with a potentially higher localization accuracy."
Google Research Awards are one-year awards structured as unrestricted gifts to universities to support the work of world-class full-time faculty members at top universities around the world. Folmer's project was one of the three projects mentioned in the official announcement of these awards.
The Navatar on Glass project is a timely research project with a high social impact, as the number of blind people is expected to double in the next decade. This award will strengthen Folmer's collaborations with Google researchers and may open up internship opportunities for participating graduate students. Folmer's research is centered on human-computer interaction specifically focusing on assistive technology, wearable computing, haptics and video games.
For more information about Folmer's research visit his website at http://eelke.
Founded in 1874 as Nevada's land-grant university, the University of Nevada, Reno ranks in the top tier of best national universities. With nearly 19,000 students, the University is driven to contribute a culture of student success, world-improving research and outreach that enhances communities and business. Part of the Nevada System of Higher Education, the University has the system's largest research program and is home to the state's medical school. With outreach and education programs in all Nevada counties and home to one of the largest study-abroad consortiums, the University extends across the state and around the world. For more information, visit http://www. | <urn:uuid:0f375565-7374-4b08-ad55-69fa64af48dd> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-09/uonr-nga093013.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461861718132.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428164158-00090-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942106 | 699 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Global Warming and Poverty
Although global warming affects every single person in the world to some degree, the impact of global warming is much more severe for those people living in conditions of poverty for a number of reasons. This inequality in terms of the impact of global warming on the world’s poorest is ironic when you consider that, according to the United Nations, developing nations suffer 99% of the casualties caused by climate produced natural disasters whilst the poorest 50 countries only produce 1% of total the greenhouse gas emissions which it is believed causes global warming in the first place.
So why are poorer countries and people disproportionately impacted on by global warming? Here are a few of the reasons:
- Extreme weather conditions: Heat waves produce crop withering conditions. Water supplies dry up, plagues of insects and pests proliferate etc. – all of which results in much lower crop yields and inevitably higher prices.
- Extreme precipitation: Unnatural levels of precipitation lead to the flooding of massive areas of cultivated land which again reduces the levels of food produced in regions that already probably suffer from inadequate food supplies.
- Increased malnutrition: The result of decreasing food supplies is inevitably increasing levels of malnutrition in those areas affected by the adverse climatic conditions. In addition, extreme weather conditions can make it much more difficult to get relief supplies into the affected areas which further exacerbate the problem.
- Mass domestic migration: As areas are increasingly impacted by climatic variations, people are forced to move from their homes to other areas – very often into urban areas which are ill-equipped to take in large swathes of new inhabitants. This results in the growth of squalid slum conditions where disease spreads quickly and economic opportunities are scarce.
- Mass international migration: The poorest and most desperate are inevitably drawn to those countries which seem to offer the best economic opportunities – but those wealthier countries are often unable or unwilling to accept large numbers of economic migrants from other countries and cultures. This problem is then compounded by the addition of millions of refugees from war zones all of whom also want to migrate to developed countries. As a result we have seen the proliferation of refugees camps around the world where people live for long periods in very poor, primitive conditions.
- Interruption to education: The way out of the poverty trap is often through education but as the poorest (who already have the most limited access to education) are forced to migrate, their chances of getting any education at all diminish rapidly.
- Population growth: Poverty massively reduces access to any form of birth control and this leads to rising populations in areas which can least support those increases. The increased population adds increased stress on the environment and so the cycle continues.
As you can see, the impact of global warming is alarming. In developed countries people are encouraged to lower the thermostat in their houses and boil their kettles less but the consequences of global warming on those suffering from poverty is often a matter of life and death. | <urn:uuid:83df7b3f-0a5e-491a-b00d-041a979278c4> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.worldbusinessculture.com/Global-Warming-and-Poverty.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698544358.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170904-00008-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95872 | 594 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Exposure to women leaders decreases gender bias and improves women’s future electoral prospects.
Although women can vote and run for office in nearly every country, in 2013, they accounted for only 20.9 percent of parliamentarians worldwide and headed the government in only twenty-two countries. Consequently, more than 100 countries have introduced gender quota policies to increase the number of elected women in public office. In 1993, India introduced a constitutional amendment that required states to reserve one-third of all village council chief posts for women. While these policies have been effective in increasing female political representation, have they improved the chances of future female candidates? This study examines how exposure to female elected officials, as a result of the quotas, influences opinions about women leaders and informs voter preferences.
The authors found that the quota policy was implemented successfully; the elected seats reserved for women were indeed filled by female candidates. By comparing the election results and attitudes about female leaders in Indian villages randomly selected to have a quota and with those that did not, the authors found that repeated exposure to female elected officials improved the perceptions of female leaders and led to future electoral gains for women.
- More women ran for and won unreserved seats in villages that had experienced a total of ten years of seat reservations over the course of 2 election cycles. Women made up 18.5% of chief councilors in these villages, compared to 11% in villages that had never experienced reservations. These gains are not due to incumbents being reelected. In both election cycles, both reserved and unreserved positions faced similar incumbency disadvantages, with only 5.6% of incumbent officials being reelected in 1998 and even fewer in 2003.
- In villages with only one election cycle of reservations, male villagers rated female leaders 0.2 standard deviations below the average score of 5.1 (out of 10) on a four-item scale of leader effectiveness. Women’s perceptions of women leaders did not change.
- However, perceptions of women in leadership improved among both men and women in villages who experienced two cycles women leaders. After two cycles, voters rated women elected leaders with scores similar to that of male leaders.
- Nevertheless, both sexes still expressed distaste for female leaders relative to male leaders. Men in never-reserved villages rank male leaders 1.44 points higher on a 10-point scale while women in these villages rank male leaders 0.56 points higher, with strengthened negative feelings found among villages that had never had a gender quota.
In short, seat reservations for women elected officials make villagers more likely to associate women with leadership and vote for women in the future; however, bias and stereotypes are more difficult to change.
This study collected data from villages in six West Bengal districts, that were randomized to experience zero, one or two elections with seats reserved for female candidates. Additionally, the authors administered a survey to a random sample of villagers asking them to evaluate both the village council leader and their overall satisfaction with the availability and provision of public goods. A smaller group of randomly selected villagers were also tested regarding whether exposure to a female leader affected gender stereotyping.\
MLA: Beaman, Lori A., et al. Powerful women: does exposure reduce bias?. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 124.4, 2009.
APA: Beaman, L. A., Chattopadhyay, R., Duflo, E., Pande, R., & Topalova, P. (2009). Powerful women: does exposure reduce bias? (No. w14198). Quarterly Journal of Economics 124(4).
Chicago: Beaman, Lori A., Raghabendra Chattopadhyay, Esther Duflo, Rohini Pande, and Petia Topalova. Powerful women: does exposure reduce bias?. Quarterly Journal of Economics 124, 4. 2009. | <urn:uuid:67718375-685b-402b-b076-5f261626390f> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://gap.hks.harvard.edu/powerful-women-does-exposure-reduce-bias | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501174157.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104614-00126-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962326 | 780 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Porticus: the Roman adaptation of the Greek στοά, varying more or less in detail, but consisting in general of a covered colonnade formed by a wall and one or more parallel rows of columns, or less frequently by columns alone. There were two prevailing types, one enclosing a rectangular area, either open and laid out like a garden, or occupied by a temple, and the second a long gallery bordering on a street. In either case the porticus might be an independent structure, or attached to adjacent buildings. In the gardens of the rich Romans even the driveways seem to have been under such colonnades.
The earliest porticus known to us were built in 193 B.C. by two members of the gens Aemilia, but the period of rapid development in numbers and use began in the last century of the republic and continued in the Augustan era (Stuart Jones, Companion 108‑110). The earlier porticus were devoted mainly to business purposes, but during the empire they were intended primarily to provide places for walking and lounging that should be sheltered from sun and wind. For this reason the intercolumnar spaces were sometimes filled with glass or hedges of box. Within the porticus or the apartments connected with them, were collections of statuary, paintings, and works of art, as well as shops and bazaars. A porticus took its name from its builder, its purpose, the structure to which it was attached or of which it formed a part, or sometimes from some famous statue or painting preserved within it (e.g. Porticus Argonautarum).
The campus Martius was particularly well adapted to the development of the porticus, and by the second century there were upwards of twelve in Region IX, some of them of great size, and it was possible to walk from the forum of Trajan to the pons Aelius under a continuous shelter (Vitr. I.3.1; V.9.1‑5; Ann. d. Inst. 1883, 5‑22; DS IV.586; LR 447; Lanciani, Anc. Rome, 94).
Porticus Absidata: mentioned only in the Notitia (Reg. IV) and in the Ordo Benedicti of the twelfth century1 (Urlichs 81; Jord. II.664). The name indicates that it was built around the inner curve of an apse or exedra, perhaps that adjacent to the eastern end of the forum of Augustus, part of which is still in existence. If so, it formed a sort of pendant to the forum Transitorium (Jord. II.99‑100, 319, 474; HJ 328; Mél. 1889, 350; Mon. L. I.528‑530; for a similar use of the name in Dacia, see CIL III.7729).
Porticus Agrippiana: see Porticus Argonautarum.
Porticus Apollinis: see Apollo Palatinus, aedes.
Porticus in Aventino: see Porticus Aemilia.
Porticus Boni Eventus: either built or restored by a certain Claudius, prefect of the city in 374 A.D. (Amm. Marcell. XXIX.6.19), around the temple of Bonus Eventus (q.v.). Five large capitals of white marble, 1.70 metre high, found between the present church of S. Maria in Monterone and the Teatro Valle, may belong to this porticus and thus mark its position. This site was probably part of the area occupied earlier by the stagnum and horti of Agrippa (HJ 581; Hülsen, Thermen des Agrippa 33, 43; BC 1891, 224‑227; 1914, 388; LS III.127, 232).
Porticus in Capitolio: see Area Capitolina.
Porticus Catuli: built by Q. Lutatius Catulus next to his house on the Palatine, after his victory over the Cimbri in 101 B.C. Clodius enlarged the area of this porticus during Cicero's exile,2 but it was afterwards restored to its original dimensions by decree of the senate (Cic. de domo 62, 102, 114, 116, 137; de har. resp. 58; ad Att. IV.2.5; 3.2; Val. Max. VI.3.1; HJ 57, 58).
Porticus Claudia: see Divus Claudius, Templum.
Porticus Constantini: mentioned only in Not. (Reg. VII), but undoubtedly built by Constantine in connection with his Thermae (q.v.). Its exact location is uncertain (LF 15; HJ 460; Mon. L. I.474; BC 1914, 91).
Porticus Corinthia: see Porticus Octavia.
Porticus Crep(ereia?): possibly mentioned in one inscription (CIL VI.675 = 30810), but very doubtful.
Porticus Decii: * a possible porticus of the Emperor Decius, the existence of which is based on a conjectural restoration of a fragmentary inscription (CIL VI.1099; LF 21). This inscription was found between the end of the circus Flaminius and the Capitoline hill, together with some architectural remains which were not excavated (HJ 555).
Porticus Divorum: see Divorum Templum.
Porticus Europae: near the Saepta, mentioned only by Martial (II.14.3, 5, 15; III.20.12; VII.32.11; XI.1.11). It derived its name from a painting of Europa on its walls, or perhaps from a sculptured group by Pythagoras (Neapolis II.231‑253; AJA 1915, 483). Hülsen (HJ 458) identifies it with the porticus Vipsania, apparently because there is little room for a second porticus in this immediate vicinity. Martial's topographical descriptions show that it was not identical with the Porticus Pompei (q.v.).a
Porticus Fabaria: mentioned only in the Notitia in Region XIII. It was probably the headquarters of the dealers in beans, and situated in the district of the warehouses, south-west of the Aventine.
Porticus Gai et Luci: see Basilica Aemilia.
Porticus Gallieni: the Emperor Gallienus is said to have planned a porticus outside the porta Flaminia, that should extend to the pons Mulvius, but this plan was never carried out (Hist. Aug. Gall. 18).
Porticus Gordiani: a structure that Gordianus III is said to have intended building at the foot of the Pincian hill, 1000 feet in length, large enough to extend to the via Flaminia (Hist. Aug. Gord. 32). According to Domaszewski (SHA 1916, 7.A, 9), this is simply an invention (the length being taken from Suet. Nero 31), though the site corresponds to that of the templum Solis. Cf., however, Mem. L. 5.xvii.531.
Porticus Gypsiani: see Porticus Vipsania.
Porticus Herculea: see Porticus Pompei.
Porticus Ilicii: built in the fifth century by the presbyter Ilicius on the vicus Patricius, between the early church of S. Pudenziana and the site of the later S. Lorenzo in Fonte. Some remains still exist under the houses in the Via del Bambin Gesù (LR 393; HJ 340; BCr 1867, 53).
Porticus Iovia: see Porticus Pompei.
Porticus Iulia: see Basilica Aemilia.
Porticus inter Lignarios: built in 192 B.C. extra portam Trigeminam (Liv. XXXV.41.10) from the fines paid by convicted usurers, and evidently intended for those engaged in the trade of wood which was unloaded at this point on the river bank (HJ 174; Merlin 251).
Porticus Maximae: built about 380 A.D. along the street, possibly the Via Tecta (q.v.), leading from the theatre of Balbus to the pons Aelius (CIL VI.1184). Fragments of granite columns have been found in the Via dei Cappellari and near Piazza Farnese (Ann. d. Inst. 1883, 21; NS 1880, 81; LF 20; HJ 597) as well as in the Piazza del Pianto and the Via della Reginella, which may belong to these porticus (see also BC 1911, 88), and numerous columns and architectural fragments between the Corso Vittorio Emanuele and the Vie Sora and del Pellegrino (NS 191, 39‑40; 1923, 247; PT 62).
Porticus Metelli: built in 147 B.C. by Q. Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus around the temples of Jupiter Stator and Juno (q.v.), which he erected at the same time (Vell. I.11; II.1; Vitr. III.2.5). It was between the circus Flaminius and the theatre of Marcellus, and contained many works of art (Plin. NH XXXIV.31; XXXVI.42). It was removed to make room for the Porticus Octaviae (q.v.).
Porticus Miliarensis: see Horti Sallustiani.
Porticus Miliaria: built by Nero within the precincts of the domus Aurea (Suet. Nero 31: tanta laxitas ut porticus triplices miliarias haberet.) This reading seems to oblige us to suppose that the porticus was triple and a mile long, or that there were three porticoes, in each of which a walk of a mile could be taken (see Porticus Triumphi).
Porticus ad Nationes: built by Augustus, and given this name because it contained statues of all nations (Serv. Aen. VIII.721). A statue of Hercules stood before its entrance (Plin. NH XXXVI.39). Its location is unknown, unless it was connected in some way, as an addition or restoration, with the theatre of Pompeius (q.v.), in which were set up the statues by Coponius of the fourteen nations over which Pompeius had triumphed (Suet. Nero 46; Plin. NH XXXVI.41). It is, however, uncertain whether these fourteen statues stood inside the theatre, or outside in the Porticus Pompei (q.v.). The porticus ad Nationes of Augustus was probably a new building (HJ 525).
Porticus Octavia: built by Cn. Octavius in 168 B.C. to commemorate a naval victory over Perseus of Macedonia (Fest. 178; Vell. II.1). It stood between the theatre of Pompeius and the circus Flaminius, and was also called porticus Corinthia from its bronze Corinthian capitals (Plin. NH XXXIV.13), perhaps the earliest instance of the use of this order in Rome (for a possible identification with remains in the Via S. Nicola ai Cesarini, and representation in the Marble Plan (frg. 140), see BC 1918, 151‑155). Augustus restored the building in 33 B.C. (Mon. Anc. IV.3), and placed within it the standards which he had taken from Dalmatians (App. Illyr. 28: Cass. Dio XLIX.43, where there is confusion between this and the porticus Octaviae). It was called multo amoenissima (Vell. loc. cit.), but has left no traces (HJ 488‑489; AR 1909, 77).
Porticus Pallantiana: known only from one inscription (CIL VI.9719: olear(ius) de portic(u) Pallantian(a) Venitian(orum) parmul(ariorum?)). The building seems to have been devoted to commercial purposes, but there is no indication of its location.
Porticus Palmata: a portico near S. Peter's (porticus beati Petri quae appellatur ad Palmata, LP LXXII.3) which gave its name to the church of S. Apollinaris ad Palmatam (HCh 201).
Porticus Philippi: built without doubt around the temple of Hercules Musarum (q.v.) by L. Marcius Philippus, the stepfather of Augustus, at the same time that he rebuilt the temple, although this is not stated in so many words (Mart. V.49.11‑12; HJ 544‑545). It is represented on the Marble Plan (frg. 33), and is mentioned in Not. (Reg. IX). It contained some famous pictures (Plin. NH XXXV.66, 114, 144), and hairdressers' shops (Ov. AA III.168).
Porticus Pollae: see Porticus Vipsania.
Porticus extra Portam Fontinalem: see Porta Fontinalis.
Porticus extra Portam Trigeminam: see Porticus Aemilia.
Porticus Purpuretica: see Forum Traiani.
Porticus Quirini: built around the temple of Quirinus (q.v.), probably by Augustus when he restored the temple in 16 B.C. It is mentioned only once (Mart. XI.1.9), but was evidently very popular.
Porticus Saeptorum: see Saepta.
Porticus Severi: built by Severus and Caracalla but otherwise unknown (Hist. Aug. Sev. 21; Carac. 9). v. Domaszewski holds that it never existed and is an invention of the writer (SHA 1916, 7.A, 7; 1918, 13.A, 46).
Porticus post Spei: believed to have been built in 179 B.C. by the censor M. Fulvius Nobilior, at the same time as the porticus extra portam Trigeminam and the porticus post Navalia (Liv. XL.51.6; HJ 509). It would have extended from the Tiber to the temple of Apollo Medicus (q.v.), probably across the area afterwards occupied by the theatre of Marcellus; but its very existence depends on an alteration of the reading in the passage cited above (see also Navalia).
Porticus Thermarum Traianarum: mentioned in an inscription from Thrace (CIL III.12336), in which it is stated that a certain document was posted here in 238 A.D. This may be the same porticus as that which was connected with the scrinia, or archives, of the Praefectura Urbana (q.v.), and restored by a certain Junius Valerius Bellicius at some time in the fourth century (CIL VI.31959).
Porticus Tri(umphi): a porticus supposed to have stood near the porta Triumphalis and the Saepta, forming perhaps a part of the latter, on the evidence of two inscriptions recording 'porticus triumphi', one near Rome (CIL VI.29776) and the other at Baiae (EE VIII.374), which were evidently small private imitations of a public structure at Rome (NS 1888, 709‑714; BC 1889, 355‑358; Mitt. 1889, 268; LR 475; JRS 1921, 28‑29). In both of them the length is recorded, and the number of times necessary to go and return in order to complete a mile (or in the second case a little more). Cf. Atti Accad. Nap. 1924, 123‑126 (where 'porticus tri(plex)' is proposed); NS 1926, 229; CIL VI.29774‑29778.
For a similar inscription from Hadrian's Villa, relating to the so‑called Poikilé (really a huge gestatio in modum circi), in which, however, the name triumphi does not actually occur, see Jahrb. d. Inst. 1895, 140, and AA 234; AA 1896, 47. The insistence on a mile (or a little more) as a convenient measure for a walk (cf. Porticus Miliarensis, Porticus Miliaria) does not imply that the original porticus Triumphi was a mile long (though it may very well have been some fraction of a mile); and it may therefore quite well have been wholly included in the Villa Publica (Makin in JRS cit.).
1 Lib. Cens. Fabre-Duchesne, II.148. Benedict is simply borrowing the name from the Curiosum (Mitt. 1907, 429‑430).
2 He actually substituted his own name. For the situation of the porticus, see Cicero, M. Tullius, domus.
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The Clean Mobility in Schools Pilot Project is a new, two-year sustainability initiative that, under California Climate Investments (CCI), aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, strengthen the economy and improve public health and the environment.
El Monte Union High School District plans to replace diesel and gasoline vehicle usage with battery/electric; convert our existing Level 2 workplace chargers with our solar system; add new buses to service, reducing the pressure placed on families to find alternative ways for their children to get to school; and more holistic plans for multi-modal travel into and out of the schools.
The project also incorporates a large communications and training initiative, allowing us to spread the news of the project and its success within our community and throughout the world. The workforce training part of this project is significant, as the District will be shaping the minds of our students as well as those who seek placement services in our community—building awareness of zero-emission transportation and creating workforce pathways.
This project will take diesel and gasoline vehicles off the road and replace them with clean zero-emission vehicles. This project will increase transportation access for students, reducing pressure placed on working families in the community to find alternative ways to get their children to school. Lastly, the workforce training and development this project will be deploying will help train a new generation of leaders in electric vehicle and advanced energy technologies. | <urn:uuid:3315ca2d-c048-4f73-8006-d638908601a5> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://emuhsdmobility.com/about/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334871.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220926113251-20220926143251-00151.warc.gz | en | 0.93867 | 282 | 2.59375 | 3 |
- Crystal Dam
- Blue Mesa Dam
- Morrow Point Dam
The flows of the Gunnison River have always been a challenge since early settlers arrived in western Colorado. Low-lying valleys were often ravaged by spring floods, then by late summer, when irrigation was desperately needed it dwindled to a small stream. With the rapid settlement in the Uncompahgre Valley, farmers moved into the valley to capitalize on the opportunity to provide the necessary food supply for the mining industry. Irrigation began about 1875 to grow crops including the first crop of hay which was shipped to mines in southwestern Colorado. As early as 1890, settlement and agricultural needs expanded such that additional water supplies became necessary. Soon, active support was sought for driving a tunnel from Gunnison River to the Uncompahgre Valley to deliver additional water.
Construction of the Gunnison Tunnel began in 1905 and was completed in 1912 to divert water from the Gunnison River for irrigation needs. Initially called the Gunnison Project, it was later renamed to the Uncompahgre Project.
The Wayne N. Aspinall Unit on the Gunnison River was authorized as part of the Colorado Storage Project Act on April 11, 1956, as one of the four initial Colorado River Storage Project units and overlays part of the Uncompahgre Project. The Gunnison River, which originates in west central Colorado, is formed by the confluence of the Taylor and East rivers and is the fifth largest tributary of the Colorado River. Together, Blue Mesa Dam, Morrow Point Dam, and Crystal Dam developed the water storage and hydroelectric power generating potential along a 40-mile section of the Gunnison River while also regulating the flow of the river and in turn, assisting in the regulation the Colorado River. The three Aspinall Unit dams are located in the upper part of the Black Canyon of the Gunnison, one of the longest, narrowest, and deepest gorges in the world.
Originally named the Curecanti Unit, the name was changed in 1980 to honor U.S. Representative Wayne N. Aspinall from Colorado, a strong proponent of water resources development in Colorado and the western states. He served 24 years in the House of Representatives and was instrumental in the passage of the Colorado River Storage Project Act.
Looking for water data? WATER OPERATIONS
The capacity of the generating units in each of the Aspinall powerplants has been increased from the original capacity through the application of new technology and other work performed in the powerplants as repair or replacement of equipment occurred due to normal “wear and tear” and aging. The current combined nameplate capacity of the generating units in each powerplant is listed in the table below as well as the average annual generation.
|Facility||Construction Completion Date||Number of Generating Units||Capacity (megawatts)||Average Annual Generation (kilowatt hours)|
|Blue Mesa Powerplant||1967||2||86.4||264,329,000 (1968-2006)|
|Morrow Point Powerplant||1971||2||173.3||343,450,000 (1971 - 2006)|
|Crystal Powerplant||1978||1||31.5||167,771,000 (1978 - 2006)|
The initial operation of the Aspinall Unit focused on maximizing water storage, hydropower production, releases for water rights and agreements, and reducing flow variations in the Gunnison River below Crystal Dam. Primary water storage occurs in the uppermost and largest reservoir, Blue Mesa. Blue Mesa and Morrow Point Powerplants are operated primarily as peaking powerplants and Crystal Powerplant is generally base loaded to moderate downstream flows.
When Blue Mesa dam began operating in 1966, a minimum downstream flow of 100 cubic foot-per-second (c.f.s.) was established for the Gunnison River. The minimum was increased to 200 c.f.s. in 1976 as Crystal Dam was nearing completion. In 1985, based on studies to protect the Gold Medal trout fishery that had developed downstream of the Aspinall Unit, the minimum release was raised to 300 c.f.s. except for extreme drought, operational emergencies or other qualifying circumstances.
The Aspinall Unit was authorized and constructed upstream of the Black Canyon of the Gunnison which was designated the Black Canyon of the Gunnison Nation Monument (National Monument) in 1933 and given an un-quantified reserved water right. In 1982, this reserved water right was upheld and ordered for quantification by the Colorado Supreme Court. The National Monument became the Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park in 1999. Although there have been efforts to reach agreement on the water right and its use, the matter remains unresolved. The magnitude of the reserved water right has the potential to significantly affect the Aspinall Unit's operation and ability to meet the authorized purposes and could also affect water users in the Gunnison River Basin.
Endangered fish are found in the lower Gunnison River approximately 50 miles downstream of the Aspinall Unit reservoirs. The endangered fish habitats are being studied to help identify reservoir releases and other measures to benefit the endangered fish species. Reclamation initiated the preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) in 2004 on the operation of the Aspinall Unit. The EIS will describe and analyze environmental effects resulting from proposed operational changes. Although an EIS was initiated, it has been delayed pending progress on the National Park reserved water right.
The Aspinall Unit Working Group, formed to provide an open forum for information exchange on the operation of the Aspinall Unit, meets three times a year. Participants include Reclamation, other government agencies and public and special interest groups.
Upon completion of Blue Mesa Dam in 1965, Blue Mesa Reservoir began filling and soon became the largest body of water in Colorado. Blue Mesa Reservoir rapidly developed into a premier coldwater fishery for kokanee salmon and rainbow trout. After the later completion of Morrow Point Dam and Crystal Dam downstream, water began filling the narrow, rocky canyons forming Morrow Point Reservoir and Crystal Reservoir. Although Morrow Point and Crystal Reservoirs are difficult to access, the sheer cliffs surrounding these reseroirs provide unparalleled scenery. Nearly one million visitors enjoy the water-based recreation available at the Aspinall Unit reservoirs each year.
The Gunnison River downstream of the Aspinall Unit dams, has developed into a gold medal quality trout fishery due to the stable releases of cold water from deep in the reservoirs. Reclamation has acquired public fishing easements on the Gunnison River and Lake Fork of the Gunnison River to help replace stream fishing inundated by the reservoirs. The Gunnison and Cimarron State Wildlife areas were acquired and developed as the Aspinall Unit was constructed, to replace wildlife habitat lost with the filling of the reservoirs.
The endangered Colorado pikeminnow and razorback sucker are found in the lower portions of the Gunnison River 50 miles (approximately 80 kilometers) downstream of the reservoirs, and in the Colorado River where the temperatures have warmed. Endangered fish habitats are being studied as part of the Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program (Recovery Program) to determine reservoir releases that will benefit these species. The Recovery Program was established in 1988 as a coalition of federal, state and private organizations and agencies in Colorado, Utah and Wyoming, to recover the endangered Colorado River Basin fish while allowing for future water development for agricultural, hydroelectric and municipal uses.
Since 1965, the Aspinall Unit lands have been managed by the National Park Service as the Curecanti National Recreation Area (NRA), although Congress has not designated the area as such. The National Park Service and Reclamation are currently preparing a joint recommendation to Congress that includes designation of the area as the Curecanti National Recreation Area.
The NRA encompasses approximately 41,972 acres surrounding the three Aspinall Unit reservoirs on the Gunnison River and borders the Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park on the west. The NRA was established to provide for conservation of the scenic, natural, historic, archeological, and wildlife values of this area while providing for public use and enjoyment.
Unique aspects of the Curecanti NRA include the recent discovery of dinosaur fossils, a 5,000 acre archeological district, and traces of 6,000 year-old dwellings representing some of the oldest villages found in North America. Approximately one million visitors a year enjoy the scenery and recreation activities available in the NRA which include camping, hiking, fishing, hunting, sight-seeing, and water-based activities.
The unique character of each of the three Aspinall Unit reservoirs provides visitors a different boating experience. Twenty mile-long Blue Mesa Reservoir is the largest body of water in Colorado and one of the largest high-altitude bodies of water in the United States. It is also home to the largest kokanee salmon fishery in the United States. The three open basins, and several arms of Blue Mesa Reservoir, provide a diverse range of water recreation opportunities including sailboating, windsurfing, water skiing, and cold-water fishing. The Soap Creek, Cebolla, and Lake Fork arms offer visitors a wonderful remote boating experience.
The high-quality trout fishing and unique canyon environment found at Morrow Point and Crystal Reservoirs draw fishing enthusiasts from across the country. Morrow Point Reservoir is a popular location for canoeing and kayaking because of the spectacular canyon scenery and the journey which begins swiftly for the first half-mile and then becomes still and calm for the remaining 11.5 miles. Only hand carried water craft can be used on these two reservoirs because of limited access via canyon trails. The Pine Creek Trail leads visitors to the upper end of Morrow Point Reservoir and the upper end of Crystal Reservoir can be reached via Mesa Creek Trail located near Cimarron.
The National Park Service offers a 1.5 hour round trip pontoon boat tour beginning at Morrow Point through the upper Black Canyon of the Gunnison, guided by a park ranger. Up to 42 passengers can be accommodated on the tour which begins at the Pine Creek boat dock.
Construction on Crystal Dam began in mid-1973 and continued through August 1976 when the dam was topped out. Crystal Dam is a double-curvature, thin-arch concrete structure and is located six miles downstream of Morrow Point Dam, and approximately two miles above the eastern boundary of the Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park.
Crystal Dam serves an important function in stabilizing the flows of the Gunnison River to benefit the downstream environment, particularly the Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park, as well as the production of hydroelectric power. Crystal Dam can be seen from the end of the East Portal road which begins just past the south rim entrance station at Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park.
Crystal Dam stands 323 feet above the streambed, with a crest length of 635 feet and contains 154,400 cubic yards of concrete. Water from the reservoir is released through the turbines of the powerplant, but during flood periods when the reservoir level exceeds full pool at elevation 6,755, water can pass over the ungated spillway. Crystal Powerplant contains one generating unit with a total capacity of 32 megawatts.
Crystal Reservoir extends six miles to Morrow Point Dam, and covers an area of about 340 acres. When Crystal Reservoir is full, it has a capacity of about 26,000 acre-feet. Just downstream from Crystal Dam is the Gunnison Tunnel, the historic diversion for the Uncompahgre Project. The Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park is located immediately downstream from the tunnel, and stretches 14 miles along the Gunnison River.
|Location||Gunnison River, 6 miles downstream of Morrow Point Dam|
|Dam type||Double-curvature, thin-arch concrete|
|Crest length||635 feet (194 meters)|
|Structural height||323 feet (98 meters)|
|Volume of concrete||154,400 cubic yards (118,047 cubic meters)|
|Spillway type||Ungated ogee crest on right side of dam and plunge pool at toe|
|Powerplant||1 generation unit, 32 megawatt capacity|
|Reservoir length||6 miles (9.7 kilometers)|
|Surface area when full||340 acres (138 hectares)|
|Capacity when full||26,000 acre-feet (32 million cubic meters)|
|Depth of water at dam when full||227 feet (69.2 meters)|
Blue Mesa Dam, is located on the Gunnison River about 30 miles below Gunnison, and 1.5 miles below Sapinero, Colorado. Completed in 1966, the 390-foot tall [342 feet above streambed] zoned earth and rock-filled embankment is the uppermost dam on the Gunnison River. It contains three zones of selected rock, cobbles, sand, and clay totaling 3,093,000 cubic yards of materials and has a crest length of 785 feet. Blue Mesa Dam was the first to be built and is the largest of the three Aspinall Unit dams intended to store and control spring flows on the Gunnison River. Blue Mesa Reservoir is the largest body of water in Colorado stretching a distance of 20 miles with 96 miles of shoreline. When the reservoir is full at elevation 7,519 feet above sea level it has a total capacity of 940,800 acre-feet and a surface area of 9,180 acres.
Water is released from Blue Mesa Reservoir through large pipes called penstocks that extend through the dam and into the powerplant where the water turns turbines that generate electricity. Blue Mesa Powerplant contains two generating units with a total capacity of 86 megawatts. Additional water can be released through the outlet works and the spillway.
When potential dam sites were being investigated, cost studies indicated that it would be more economical to construct Blue Mesa Dam as an earthfill dam rather than a concrete dam. This resulted in a slight modification to the location the dam would be built at. It also had several additional benefits including reduced distance for hauling earthfill material, easier access to the powerplant, reduced embankment volumes, and better spillway alignment.
|Blue Mesa Dam|
|Location||Gunnison River, 30 miles below Gunnison, CO Uppermost of the three dams|
|Dam type||Zoned earthfill embankment|
|Crest length||785 feet (239 meters)|
|Structural height||390 feet (119 meters)|
|Volume of material||3 million cubic yards (2.3 million cubic meters)|
|Spillway type||Concrete intake strcuture, concrete lined tunnel and flip bucket|
|Spillway Capacity||34,000 cubic feet per second (254,320 gallons per second)|
|Powerplant||2 generation units, 86 megawatt capacity|
|Blue Mesa Reservoir|
|Reservoir length||20 miles (32 kilometers)|
|Miles of shoreline||96 miles (154 kilometers)|
|Surface area when full||9,180 acres (3,715 hectares)|
|Capacity when full||940,800 acre-feet (1,160 million cubic meters)|
|Depth of water at dam when full||333 feet (101.5 meters)|
Morrow Point Dam is located 12 miles downstream of Blue Mesa Dam in a steep and narrow reach of the Black Canyon. Completed in 1968, Morrow Point Dam was the first thin-arch, double curvature concrete dam built in the United States. Double-curvature means that the dam not only curves from left to right, it also curves from top to bottom. Morrow Point stands 468 feet high from the streambed, with a crest length of 724 feet, and contains 365,180 cubic yards of concrete.
The primary purpose for Morrow Point Dam is to store water for hydroelectric power generation but it also provides for irrigation, limited recreation, and flood control by regulating the river. The powerplant at Morrow Point was the first powerplant constructed underground by Reclamation and is one of only a few in the United States. The powerplant chamber is tunneled into the canyon wall in the left abutment about 400 feet (122 meters) below the ground surface. Morrow Point Powerplant contains two generating units with a total capacity of 165 megawatts.
The reservoir behind Morrow Point Dam is formed between the narrow canyon walls and extends to the powerplant discharge point at Blue Mesa Dam. When full, Morrow Point Reservoir’s elevation is 7,160 feet (2,182 meters) above sea level and has a capacity of 117,190 acre-feet (145 million cubic meters) and a surface area of 817 acres (331 hectares). When the capacity of the penstocks and outlet pipes is exceeded, water from the reservoir can be released through the four spillway openings near the top of the dam and fall freely more than 350 feet (107 meters) to the stilling basin at the base of the dam.
|Morrow Point Dam|
|Location||Gunnison River, 12 miles downstream of Blue Mesa Dam|
|Dam type||Double-curvature, thin-arch concrete|
|Crest length||724 feet (220 meters)|
|Structural height||468 feet (143 meters)|
|Volume of concrete||365,180 cubic yards (279,200 cubic meters)|
|Spillway type||4 orifice-type openings providing free-fall discharge|
|Spillway capacity||41,000 cubic feet per second (306,701 gallons per second)|
|Powerplant||2 generation units, 173 megawatt capacity|
|Morrow Point Reservoir|
|Reservoir Length||12 miles (19.3 kilometers)|
|Surface area when full||817 acres (313 hectares)|
|Capacity when full||117,190 acre-feet (145 million cubic meters)|
|Depth of water at dam when full||413 feet (125.8 meters)| | <urn:uuid:2a454867-eedf-421d-aab5-eee9ac526868> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.usbr.gov/uc/rm/crsp/aspinall/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794866733.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20180524170605-20180524190605-00411.warc.gz | en | 0.928994 | 3,723 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Any views expressed in this article are those of the author and not of Thomson Reuters Foundation.
Iranian scientists have coated a water filter with silver nanoparticles to prevent fungal infections in fish farmed indoors, in a step that they say could replace the direct release of nanoparticles into tanks — a process they have found is toxic to young rainbow trout.
The filter was developed following a study published in the Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, which concluded that the direct application of 'colloidal silver' nanoparticles should no longer be allowed for fish, not least for rainbow trout, for which Iran is the world's largest producer.
"We believe that the direct release of colloidal nanoparticles into the environment, especially in the aquaculture industry, must be prohibited," Mohammad Reza Kalbassi, associate professor of aquaculturebiotechnology at Tarbiat Modares University, Iran, and co-author of the study, tells SciDev.Net. "However, indirect use in a filter or via other instruments after scientific consideration may improve [the aquaculture] industry in future".
- Direct use of silver nanoparticles in water to treat a fungal disease is toxic to young trout
- But a filter made with nanoparticles increases survival and targets the fungus
- More research is needed to test the long-term effects of treated water
The use of the new filter, made from nanosilver-coated minerals commonly used as commercial adsorbents, increased the survival rate of rainbow trout when compared with the control, Kalbassi says.
"In contrast to the control group, where around six per cent of fish had an infection caused by the fungusSaprolegnia, no infections were observed during the incubation period in the incubators containing nanosilver-coated filters," he adds.
According to Kalbassi, the filter has been patented in Iran and details of its development will be published soon.
"I think that the silver nanoparticle filter has great potential for aquaculture," says Irina Blinova, senior scientist at the laboratory of environmental toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Estonia.
But she points out that silver nanoparticles are toxic and their adsorption depends on factors such as time and the chemical composition of water. She recommends more research on the long-term effects of treated water on both the target fungi and aquatic species such as fish before the filter is used commercially.
Graeme Batley, chief research scientist at the catchment chemistry and ecotoxicology programme at Australia's Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, adds: "The first challenge to the filter system is to contain the nanoparticles without loss as the water is passed through."
Batley says the passage of water is likely to cause a continuing release of low concentrations of ionic silver, whichmay lead to a "build-up of ionic silver that could become toxic with time".
Link to full paper in the IranianJournalofFisheriesSciences | <urn:uuid:18c9fba9-afff-4c47-89f1-9c40bb386710> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.trust.org/item/20130516164746-7c15d/?source=hptop | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131299877.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172139-00017-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948454 | 615 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Getting a new kitten can be very exciting - and sometimes our kitten clients ask why the kittens have to stay with us so long before going home with them. We used let them go at 12 or 13 weeks, but now we've pushed that to 14 weeks. Research shows that additional critical social development within the litter occurs between 12 and 14 weeks of age. Also, keeping the kittens to 14 weeks allows us extra time to fit in the second set of vaccines and for the kittens to have their spay and neuter surgery and fully recover from both before taking on the stress of a move. In this article we will provide some helpful information regarding the weaning process and why early removal of a kitten from his mother is not a good idea.
A kitten younger than 10 weeks of age is not fully weaned. The weaning process is so much more than the end of milk intake. If we look at cats in the wild, or even those living free in the outdoors (barn cats, strays, etc), we can see that the queen spends time not only nursing her kittens, but leaving them to go and hunt for food for herself. At a very young age she is introducing some of her killed prey (mice, rabbits, birds, etc) to them and eating it in front of them. They watch and learn, and by about 4 weeks of age they begin to taste it for themselves. Once they are eating solid food, they begin to require less milk from mom. She hunts more and feeds them more meat. Then she begins to bring the prey home injured, rather than dead. She teaches the kittens to kill their own prey in this way. Then, when the kittens are old enough to be able to travel with her, she teaches them how to hunt and catch their own food in addition to killing it. This can go on for as long as they remain a “pack” together. Once the queen comes back into heat and feels that she is competing with her own offspring for resources (male cats, food), she will discourage them from following her and thus the end to the weaning and socialization cycle. By this point they have learned so much more than to just not rely on milk as a food source.
A semi-parallel scenario happens in a cattery situation. The queen eats her food (brought to her by us) in front of her kittens for a few weeks before they venture out of the nest box to taste it for themselves. The learning is two fold: they are learning that they can eat solid food like mom does, but they also learn to trust that the human bringing the food is friendly and reliable and that mom likes the human very much, so he/she must be good/safe.
In addition to learning to eat solid food and interact with humans during this early phase, the kittens are also watching mom go in and out of her litter box and soon they are climbing in to see what’s going on in there. By 4 or 5 weeks old, they too are eliminating in the litter box just as mom does. Same goes for playing with the toys or interacting with other queens and kittens in group settings. They learn to growl, play, show fear (puffed up kittens are the cutest!!!), and chase each other around the house. The learning and socialization goes on in our cattery until the minute a kitten is picked up by his new family. Even in that moment he is learning to trust in his new adventure, when he watches the family petting his mom and he sees her trying to climb inside the travel carrier to go with them (as ours often do!)…
Our kitten buyers sometimes express concern that a 14 week old kitten will not bond well with them. This is totally untrue. In fact, the opposite is true: a kitten separated from his mother and litter too young may not learn to bond properly with humans at all. The time between six and fourteen weeks of age is a crucial time for a kitten’s emotional and mental development. Cat play with mom and littermates promotes proper socialization with humans – by watching mom and the others interact with the human companions for an extended period of time, he learns that (most) humans are safe and kind -- most very young kittens don’t pay attention to the humans around them much at all. Even if the kitten is rehomed to a house where there is a mature cat willing to “mother” the kitten or “show it the ropes”, studies have proven that kittens learn the quickest when they observe their mother compared to when they observe other cats. It teaches them to love and bond with the humans that the rest of the cats trust and love. So it’s best to leave the human bonding exercise up to mom while the breeder interacts with her and the litter repeatedly during the first 14 weeks of his life. Rest assured that cats are happy and able to bond with new humans at any time through their lives, even well into old age.
It’s also during this period that the kitten learns the body language used by other cats during cat play. How they react to other cats and to the humans in their lives is largely defined by what they see and mimic during this stage. This can’t be learned from humans, despite the human’s best efforts to “speak cat” or mimic cat play. Cat language during the first 14 weeks of life teaches them to interact with other cats, when to enter and leave a situation with the other cats and which cats (or humans, for that matter) to avoid all together.
Cat play also teaches the consequences of biting and rough housing too much during cat play – they feel the same pain inflicted on them from their litter mates as they are inflicting on them. It’s not likely that you will bite and chew on your kitten while you play with him (although it’s tempting at times!) to teach him how unpleasant it feels to be bitten. They need to learn these limits and to experience (safe) pain/fear within the “cat community” for a good long period of time before venturing out into their new home with new cats and humans. I’m guessing most people would rather have a kitten who has already learned to chew on toys and not hands by the time he comes to live with them. If you’re reading this and have a kitten from us who still nibbles, I apologize profusely – we honestly did our best while we had him. I know there have been one or two over the years who were quite passionate about nibbling toes!
By age twelve weeks, the mother-kitten bond is beginning to break naturally. This is when we notice our queens discouraging a kitten that is moving close to nurse for comfort. She will get up and walk away or growl at the kitten, telling him to leave her alone and go find his lunch elsewhere. She will sometimes follow the kitten to the food plate and gently continue to groom him – to show him that she loves him, but needs him to fend for himself 100% of the time now.
At this time the second set of vaccines is administered, and then a week later the kitten has its spay/neuter and microchip done. These things take time for recovery and proper healing. Our vet highly recommends (and we agree) that leaving a week between 12 week vaccines and surgery is beneficial in that it allows the body to undergo one stressor at a time, rather than be overloaded with both at once. When we feel a kitten client’s urgency in getting his or her kitten home as soon as possible, we try to explain all of these benefits and detriments to them in an effort to move us all onto the same page, which is to give the kitten the best possible launch into life with his forever family.
In summary, a kitten separated from his mother and siblings before the weaning process is fully complete may have lifelong problems interacting with other cats, may be fearful, skittish or shy, and may never be able to bond with humans properly. None of these behaviours are desirable in a companion animal that you are hoping to spend the next near couple of decades with. In short, give us a little more time with them now, and reap the benefits of that time for years to come.
Munkevica, Maris Munkevics, Signe. “At What Age Can a Kitten Leave Its Mother and Littermates.” PET, 23 May 2016, www.pet-happy.com/at-what-age-can-a-kitten-leave-its-mother-and-littermates/.
Pets4Homes. “How Old Should Kittens Be before They Leave Their Mother?” Pets4Homes, Pets4Homes, 13 Feb. 2014, www.pets4homes.co.uk/pet-advice/how-old-should-kittens-be-before-they-leave-their-mother.html.
The International Cat Association, TICA. Tica.org, 31 July 2018, tica.org/phocadownload/lookingforakitten.pdf .
Vilmure, Kathleen. “In the Wild, Mother Cats Usually Leave Their Kittens When They Are Adults to Hunt by Themselves, but in Cities, Mother Cats Live with Their Kittens. Why?” Quora, 18 May 2017, www.quora.com/In-the-wild-mother-cats-usually-leave-their-kittens-when-they-are-adults-to-hunt-by-themselves-but-in-cities-mother-cats-live-with-their-kittens-Why.
Carmen Klassen, Owner of Jewelspride Bengals | <urn:uuid:4ba6eef6-55ba-4f4c-ac58-5029607595d3> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.jewelspridebengals.org/bengalcatarticles/archives/07-2019 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649293.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603133129-20230603163129-00751.warc.gz | en | 0.972336 | 2,065 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Science and know-how is the spine of world development. The Society for Social Studies of Science members also embody authorities and industry officials involved with analysis and improvement as well as science and technology policy; scientists and engineers who want to higher understand the social embeddedness of their professional apply; and residents involved in regards to the influence of science and technology in their lives.
It’s actually a agency within the small town of Port Coquitlam, in B.C. Located here is the International Submarine Engineering Ltd., a gaggle of ten select corporations who’ve been competing for submersible contracts around to globe, and who have over 250 of those autos beneath their belts, promoting to Naval and scientific businesses in 20 international locations, together with Japan and the United States.
Functions where the specified quality of laser diodes is their capacity to generate extremely-brief pulses of sunshine by the technique referred to as “mode-locking” include clock distribution for prime-efficiency built-in circuits, excessive-peak-energy sources for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy sensing, arbitrary waveform era for radio-frequency waves, photonic sampling for analog-to-digital conversion, and optical code-division-a number of-access programs for safe communication.
Based in 1975, the Society for Social Studies of Science , initially supplied scholarly communication amenities—including a journal (Science, Know-how, and Human Values) and annual conferences—that have been mainly attended by science research scholars, but the society has since grown into an important skilled affiliation of science and technology studies scholars worldwide.
As soon as we do mankind just would possibly have the ability to like that saying “boldly go where no man has gone earlier than.” It’s to this end that the Science and Expertise directive give attention to bringing collectively the remainder of the international group and different industrialized nations in creating an International House Exploratory Federation using all of the out there aerospace contractors and inspiring extra countries to offer sources so that extra alternatives in growing newer technologies will allow mankind to have the availability to satisfy our ultimate future. | <urn:uuid:2c45a95d-6b91-4c5a-b04e-6336290d1cbf> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://www.1ofakindjewelrymall.net/adama-science-and-know-how-college.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998376.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20190617043021-20190617065021-00448.warc.gz | en | 0.929595 | 433 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Information Literacy Programs in the Digital Age:Educating College and University Students Online,
arts colleges, and community colleges are well repre-sented throughout the book, with the Lessons Learnedcompiled by Alice Daugherty and Michael F. Russo.Chicago: Association of College and Research Libraries,2007. 278p. $48.00. ISBN 978-0-8389-8444-4.
In Information Literacy Programs in the Digital Age:Educating College and University Students Online, Louisi-ana State University information literacy librarians AliceDaugherty and Michael F. Russo solicit academiclibrarians to describe the emergence, implementation,and appraisal of their online bibliographic instructionprograms. The resulting twenty-four case studies of for-credit courses, discipline-integrated classes, and gen-eral and subject-specific tutorials serve as a resource forinstitutions with Web-based instruction, as well asthose considering initiating programs.
Academic librarians are challenged with teachingbasic information seeking skills to students who arewriting college-level research papers, navigating aca-demic libraries, and taking online classes for the firsttime and must consider that personality traits shapestudents' reactions to Web-based pedagogy. Thosewho enjoy personal interactions feel more comforta-ble in the real-time classroom, while others with self-discipline and independence thrive in asynchronous,online environments. Programs should be crafted withthe audience in mind: consider how the informationneeds and experience differ between on-campusundergraduates and distance education adults. Offer-ing physical and digital options responds to a widerrange of learning styles and better promotes libraryservices.
Online information literacy programs enable colla-borative teaching models and community building,especially because stakeholder support is vital to theirsuccess, because programs are shaped by institutionalcircumstances, mandates, and facilities. In OnlineInformation Literacy Course at UIS: Standing the Testof Time, librarians Pamela M. Salela, Denise D. Green,and Julie Chapman write, As our student populationbecomes increasingly diverse, as well as dispersedacross time, space, and cultural perspectives, it willbecome increasingly important to devise ways ofenabling community building in the online classroom(p. 70). This burgeoning environment develops dynamicrelationships between librarians, IT staff, and faculty.
In Sophisticated Simplicity in e-Learning: OnlineInstruction at UNC-Chapel Hill, librarians SuchiMohanty, Lisa Norberg, and Kim Vassiliadis discoverthree principles applicable to any online program:simplicity of design, focus on key issues, and reusable,scalable modules. Since content is updated continuouslydue to the constantly shifting information environment,the delivery system must be intuitive and flexible torespond to changes without reprogramming.
Online information literacy programs assist studentsin understanding the multifaceted, iterative nature ofinformation retrieval and the strategies and competen-cies involved. Information searching is an intellectualprocess that remains similar despite institution, disci-pline, or academic level. Research universities, liberalhome, could be hiding the fact that they have difficultyreading. Ideally in these circumstances, the librarianwould be able to recommend easier reading materialsthat still convey the essential information regarding thepatron's health concern. Such exchanges require greattact as well as a commitment to a thorough referenceinterview; in one chapter Karyn Prechtel, of the PimaCounty Public Library System in Tucson, AZ, offersexcellent suggestions for how to accomplish both.
The book offers four sections: an overview of healthliteracy (including a thorough literature review); exam-inations of how concern with health literacy manifestsitself with particular populations, such as senior citizensand teenagers; a particular focus on health literacysupport in public and hospital libraries; and finallysome suggestions about how more librarians canbecome involved in this important area. Every chapterhas something to offer, and like all good reference
January 2009 99section of each essay offering strategic planning adviceunique to school and program types. In readingInformation Literacy Programs in the Digital Age: Educat-ing College and University Students Online, academiclibrarians will discover an institution and curriculumthat fits their needs and receive essential counsel fordeveloping and implementing a bibliographic instruc-tion program that serves their students.Margot Note,Information Manager and Archivist, World Monu-ments Fund, 95 Madison Avenue, 9th Floor, New York,NY 10016 .
The Medical Library Association Guide to HealthLiteracy, edited by Marge Kars, Lynda M. Baker, andFeleta L. Wilson. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers,Inc., 2008. 314 p. $75.00. ISBN 978-1-55570-625-8.
Health literacy is essential to effective navigation ofcomplex health care systems, but people are often lesshealth literate than they care to admit. Even well-educated individuals grapple with unfamiliar terms andconcepts; functionally illiterate people are essentiallycast to sea in a health care system that assumes moreknowledge than many people possess. Librarians,particularly in hospital or public libraries, can play avital role in improving the ability of all patients tounderstand their health. With this ability, hopefully,people's health care outcomes will improve.
The Medical Library Association Guide to HealthLiteracy, a compilation of insights from librarians withvaried expertise in this field, is a practical and thoroughresource for librarians who would like to improve theirknowledge of health literacy; enhance their collectionsto meet the needs of specific populations; and under-stand how to identify the signs of low literacy that mayimpact the ability of people to absorb health informa-tion. People who always have a companion, or complainthat they can't read because they left their glasses at | <urn:uuid:fd605844-0c3b-4a5c-85b0-10a08f40b7eb> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://docslide.net/documents/information-literacy-programs-in-the-digital-age-educating-college-and-university.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578760477.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20190426053538-20190426075538-00528.warc.gz | en | 0.883687 | 1,218 | 2.625 | 3 |
Consumer Product Safety Commission
About The Consumer Product Safety Commission
The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission is charged with protecting the public from unreasonable risks of injury or death from thousands of types of consumer products under the agency's jurisdiction. The CPSC is committed to protecting consumers and families from products that pose a fire, electrical, chemical, or mechanical hazard or can injure children. The CPSC's work to ensure the safety of consumer products - such as toys, cribs, power tools, cigarette lighters, and household chemicals - contributed significantly to the 30 percent decline in the rate of deaths and injuries associated with consumer products over the past 30 years.
Recently, the CPSC made available its database on consumer reported safety problems for the general public. The launch date was March, 2011.
Access the Data
Main website for the CPSC: http://www.saferproducts.gov/
Contents of the Data
Crowd-sourced complaints about the safety of consumer products. | <urn:uuid:ca08d8c6-e05a-44de-8d3f-715c00217094> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://www.researchpipeline.com/mediawiki/index.php?title=Consumer_Product_Safety_Commission | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823009.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20181209185547-20181209211547-00057.warc.gz | en | 0.937286 | 200 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Families and dentists in the Dallas-Fort Worth and Houston areas trust the team at Children 1st Dental to handle the unique needs of pediatric patients. We recognize the importance of emotional comfort for every child who visits the dentist, and we combine friendly care with safe sedation practices to foster the most pleasant experiences for our valued patients.
What is Tooth Extraction?
Tooth extraction is the procedure performed to remove a tooth or teeth. An extraction may be necessary if there is disease, trauma or overcrowding.
Reasons for a Tooth Extraction
Crowding – Tooth crowding presents functional and general health problems for patients. When teeth overlap, there is an increased risk for plaque and tartar buildup in tight crevices. These forms of biofilm harbor bacteria that cause bad breath and that weaken enamel and the soft tissue of the gums. Crowding may make it difficult for a child to chew or speak clearly, if malocclusion is severe. The position of teeth could lead to frequent biting of lips or cheek. Finally, primary teeth that do not fall out may inhibit the proper development of permanent teeth.
Infection – Early care for infection in a tooth is ideal. When infection extends to the deepest part of the tooth, pulpotomy may be performed to remove infected pulp tissue without affecting the integrity of the roots of that tooth. When infection becomes severe, surrounding structures become vulnerable, as well, and the appropriate protocol may be to remove the origin of infection, the damaged tooth.
There are two methods used to extract teeth. They are referred to as simple and surgical extractions. A simple extraction removes a tooth that can be seen above the gum line. An instrument called an elevator is used to gently loosen the tooth, which then allows for removal with forceps. In general dental practices, simple extractions are performed with local anesthetic only. At Children 1st, care is performed with the appropriate sedative.
Surgical extractions involve a minor incision in the gum line in order to reach the tooth that has either broken below the gum line or which has not fully erupted. Patients do not feel pain during tooth extraction due to the use of local anesthetic, which numbs the nerves in the treatment area. Sedation further enhances pain tolerance, so the only sensation to occur is slight pressure. However, patients that are sedation typically feel nothing at all, nor do they remember their procedure.
Tooth Extraction Recovery
Recovery from simple extractions is typically quite easy. Patients may feel slight soreness or tenderness for a few days. Pain medication may be used to manage comfort. Surgical extractions tend to produce more significant soreness than simple extractions. Your dentist may prescribe pain medication to manage post-operative discomfort. Most patients fully recover from tooth extraction within one to two weeks.
Eating After an Extraction
After having a tooth pulled, soft foods are preferable, at least for a few days. After the initial period of healing, patient tolerance can dictate dietary habits. One caveat to eating after tooth extraction is that patients should NOT drink from a straw. Doing so may inhibit clot formation, or disturb the clot that has formed in the socket.
Tooth Extraction Care
- Administer medication as instructed by your dentist.
- Provide soft, nutritious meals and snacks, as well as water.
- Rinse your child’s mouth with lukewarm salty water the day after extraction.
- Keep a watchful eye on your child, and remind them to avoid touching their mouth with their
- hands, or the socket with their tongue.
- Contact us or your general dentist if you have any questions.
Schedule a Consultation
If you would like more information, contact our Dallas, TX office today! Call (855) 422-0224 to schedule a consultation today. | <urn:uuid:022bb397-ca86-4700-ae3d-ce2ac0f34079> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://en.children1stdental.com/our-services/extractions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125937016.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20180419184909-20180419204909-00391.warc.gz | en | 0.936623 | 789 | 2.78125 | 3 |
“ABA is the only therapy or treatment endorsed by the United States Surgeon General (2000) and is considered by many to be the standard approach for individuals with autism” (Wolfe & Neisworth, 2005).
Applied Behavior Analysis is defined as the use of knowledge gained for improvement of behaviors that are socially important (Baer, Wolf, & Risley, 1968) and is based upon more than 50 years of scientific investigation with individuals affected by a wide range of behavioral and developmental disorders (Leaf & McEachin, 1999). Behavior analysis looks at the interaction between antecedents and consequences to plan the skills that will be targeted and make changes to the programming (Alberto & Troutman, 2006). Manipulating environmental conditions and implementing behavior principles such as reinforcement build the foundation for behavior change and programs (Simpson, 2001).
Analyzing data on a regular basis allows the client's team to ensure interventions are having the desired effects and make changes to the program as necessary (Steege et al., 2007). This will include looking at target responses and analyzing the effects of manipulating antecedents and consequences. Two components are incorporated into programming to ensure success. The first is assessment of behavior in the educational context and the second is intervention based upon the assessment to improve academic, vocational, life-skills, and social behavior (Steege et al., 2007).
Behavior analysis uses a wide range of strategies that include precision teaching, shaping, generalization, chaining, discrete trial teaching (DTT), modeling, and maintenance (Dillenburger et al., 2004). These methods are used to support persons with developmental disabilities in at least 5 ways: “a) to teach new skills, b) to reinforce and maintain previously acquired skills, c) to generalize behavior from one situation to another, d) to restrict or narrow conditions under which interfering behaviors occur, and e) to reduce interfering behaviors by discontinuing their reinforcement and reinforcing competing replacement behaviors” (Steege et al., 2007).
Alberto, P. A., & Troutman, A. C. (2006). Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers (7th ed). NJ: Pearson Education.
Baer, D.M., Wolf, M.M. & Risley, T.R. (1968). Some current dimensions of applied behavior analysis. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1, 91-97.
Leaf, R. & McEachin, J. (1999). A Work in Progress. New York: DRL Books.
Simpson, R.L. (2001). ABA and students with autism spectrum disorders: Issues and considerations for effective practice. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 16(2), 68-71.
Steege, M.W., Mace, F.C., Perry, L., & Longenecker, H. (2007). Applied behavior analysis: Beyond discrete trial teaching, Psychology in the Schools, 44(1), 91-99.
Wolfe, P. & Neisworth, J.T. (2005). Autism and applied behavior analysis. Exceptionality, 13(1), 1-2. | <urn:uuid:6b6c4538-199c-4af4-a7c8-99f8ad2cf40c> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://newhorizonstherapy.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=23 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424721.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170724042246-20170724062246-00653.warc.gz | en | 0.887029 | 655 | 3.8125 | 4 |
Student Conduct and Discipline, Rights & Responsibilities
The home and school share the responsibility to instill within our youth, the responsibilities of self-discipline and citizenship in the school environment. A positive learning atmosphere cannot prevail unless these tenets are understood and practiced.
The Board of Education directs the administration to develop and administer appropriate rules, regulations and standards with respect to conduct at school. A brochure explaining standards for behavior is mailed to every family and is available at every school.
The Student Conduct Handbook is available for download here: | <urn:uuid:9148570c-8dfa-43a8-998a-5d333c550042> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.cherrycreekschools.org/Page/4104 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363337.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20211207075308-20211207105308-00427.warc.gz | en | 0.940989 | 109 | 2.9375 | 3 |
What was once considered a rare disease may not be anymore. And what's scary, you could have it and not even know it.
Health officials say Lyme Disease--caused by infectious tick bites--is more prevalent than they thought.
The Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta anticipates 300,000 people will get Lyme Disease this year.
That's a 10% increase in cases based on a new study.
Symptoms include but aren't limited to fatigue, migraine headaches and fever, maybe even arthritis and much more severe symptoms if left untreated.
"I was sick. I had migraines, I had vertigo, right sided numbness, my right eye was drooping," says Melanie Garner.
Handfuls of doctors diagnosed Garner with handfuls of conditions.
But even the doctors "would always say the criteria doesn't exactly fit, but that's the best we can come up with," she says.
Garner researched her symptoms, talked with people who had experience with Lyme Disease and realized her symptoms were similar.
"That was probably a year before I even considered that possibility."
But she's not alone.
CDC officials believe--nationwide--there are people who have Lyme Disease who aren't being reported--making the number of cases much higher than statistics show.
Even the state of Alabama's numbers have jumped from nearly nothing to 25 in the last couple years.
"We're counting more cases now than we have in the past. Perhaps that's because of some efforts to shed light on what causes Lyme Disease," says Dee Jones, a veterinarian for the Alabama Department of Public Health.
"Bottom line is there needs to be more testing, you know more research," adds Garner.
Garner is part of a statewide association trying to get the word out about this growing disease. She plans to advocate and speak publicly when she finishes her treatment.
"For me it has made me realize you can't take tomorrow for granted. You might wake up tomorrow and not be able to walk."
Copyright 2013 WSFA 12 News. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:dde0b7ea-c08d-43fd-84ab-43381964c3aa> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://www.wbrc.com/story/23199756/lyme-disease-gains-prevalence-in-alabama | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863109.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619173519-20180619193519-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.979678 | 425 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Digital Science Hackbreaks: The SureChem Mobile App
September 19, 2012
Scientific Literature Survey using Machine Vision
Earlier this year, a group of Digital Science engineers decamped to a holiday home in Norfolk for three days of intensive hacking. This blog posting is about one of the applications developed at the Hackbreak: SureChem Mobile, a smartphone application to help chemists learn more about chemical compounds in printed matter. To recognize the compounds in photographs taken on the smartphone, we used a combination of Keymodule's CLiDE machine vision tool plus several custom image pre-processing steps.
Here’s a video of the prototype SureChem mobile application in action. This first version links out to widely used, general purpose chemistry databases. In a future version we'll be adding support for the more specialized data available in SureChem patent documents:
The aim of the application is to provide a new workflow for scientific survey:
- Use a mobile phone camera to take a photograph of a chemical structure
- Upload the picture to the SureChem server for image processing and analysis
- After successful recognition, retrieve resulting data from the server, including the Molfile and SMILES representation of the chemical structure, and chemical meta-data such as a generated name.
- Query external chemistry resources to learn more, such as detailed chemical information from ChemSpider and Journal articles from the Royal Society of Chemistry that refer to the compound
The idea is to make it easier for a researcher to learn more about a compound after seeing it in a publication.
The prototype mobile application was created over three days (and nights) in the holiday home shown below, by team J - that is, Jan Wedekind (expert in all things image processing), Jim Siddle (SureChem back end guru), and Jose Airosa (SureChem API master).
We used the PhoneGap toolkit to develop the mobile app, and a Sinatra server application was used to receive the queries and return the results via a RESTful API. Incoming images were preprocessed using the HornetsEye Ruby library and conversion of the chemical image to a searchable chemical structure was performed using Keymodule’s CLiDE. Chemical meta-data was generated using the ChemAxon JChemBase toolkit.
Below, we’ve included a series of images that together describe the preprocessing algorithm that identifies and isolates a chemical compound in an image. This algorithm is applied to images before they are passed to CLiDE for chemical recognition.
|The initial image. An enlarged version of the area marked by the red rectangle is shown in the top-right corner of the image.|
|A dilated version of the input image. This is used as an estimate of the local background brightness.|
|The difference of the (greyscale) input image and the dilated image serves as a basis for thresholding.|
|Otsu's method is used to reduce the data to a binary image.|
|The input image is dilated and the connected components are identified.|
|A weighted histogram is used to find a large component close to the centre of the image.|
|The selected component of the dilated binary image and the initial binary image are used to extract the graphical representation of the chemical structure.|
|The result is ready to be processed with optical structure recognition software.|
Here’s a larger version of the input photograph, side-by-side with the image we pass for chemical recognition.
That's all for now, but keep an eye out for future articles where we'll describe other experiments and prototypes from Digital Science hackbreaks. | <urn:uuid:c1aa2cb0-8338-443a-8a12-71d7fe7fb5e3> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.digital-science.com/blog/posts/digital-science-hackbreaks-the-surechem-mobile-app | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702525329/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516110845-00035-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.883424 | 752 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The Schloßberg is the site of ancient fortress in the centre of the city of Graz, Austria. The hill is now a public park and enjoys extensive views of the city. The fortification of the Schloßberg goes back to at least the 10th century. In the mid-16th century, a 400 m long fortress was constructed by architects from the north of Italy. There are records of a cable-hauled lift being in use between 1528 and 1595 to move construction materials for the fortifications. The castle was never conquered, but it was largely demolished by Napoleonic forces under the Treaty of Schönbrunn of 1809. The clock tower (the Uhrturm) and bell tower (the Glockenturm) were spared after the people of Graz paid a ransom for their preservation.
The remains of the castle were turned into a public park by Ludwig von Welden in 1839. The park contains the Uhrturm, the Glockenturm, a cistern and two bastions from the old castle. The Uhrturm is a recognisable icon for the city, and is unusual in that the clock's hands have opposite roles to the common notion, with the larger one marking hours while the smaller is for minutes. The Glockenturm contains Liesl, the heaviest bell in Graz.
Near the Uhrturm there is a café with views over the old town. Additionally, on the western side of the Schloßberg, there are two small cafés, one with table service and the other one with self-service. Next to the terminus of the funicular railway there is a hilltop restaurant with views of western Graz. In what was once the cellar of one of the ruined bastions is the Kasemattenbühne, an open-air stage for concerts and performances.
Below the Schloßberg hill is an extensive system of tunnels, which were created during the second world war to protect the civilian population of Graz from aerial bombing. Some of these tunnels are still accessible, including a passage from Schloßbergplatz to Karmeliterplatz, and a grotto railway for children. Also in the tunnel complex is the Dom im Berg, which was expanded in 2000 to provide a venue space for up to 600 people.References:
German crusaders known as the Livonian Brothers of the Sword began construction of the Cēsis castle (Wenden) near the hill fort in 1209. When the castle was enlarged and fortified, it served as the residence for the Order's Master from 1237 till 1561, with periodic interruptions. Its ruins are some of the most majestic castle ruins in the Baltic states. Once the most important castle of the Livonian Order, it was the official residence for the masters of the order.
In 1577, during the Livonian War, the garrison destroyed the castle to prevent it from falling into the control of Ivan the Terrible, who was decisively defeated in the Battle of Wenden (1578).
In 1598 it was incorporated into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Wenden Voivodship was created here. In 1620 Wenden was conquered by Sweden. It was rebuilt afterwards, but was destroyed again in 1703 during the Great Northern War by the Russian army and left in a ruined state. Already from the end of the 16th century, the premises of the Order's castle were adjusted to the requirements of the Cēsis Castle estate. When in 1777 the Cēsis Castle estate was obtained by Count Carl Sievers, he had his new residence house built on the site of the eastern block of the castle, joining its end wall with the fortification tower.
Since 1949, the Cēsis History Museum has been located in this New Castle of the Cēsis Castle estate. The front yard of the New Castle is enclosed by a granary and a stable-coach house, which now houses the Exhibition Hall of the Museum. Beside the granary there is the oldest brewery in Latvia, Cēsu alus darītava, which was built in 1878 during the later Count Sievers' time, but its origins date back to the period of the Livonian Order. Further on, the Cēsis Castle park is situated, which was laid out in 1812. The park has the romantic characteristic of that time, with its winding footpaths, exotic plants, and the waters of the pond reflecting the castle's ruins. Nowadays also one of the towers is open for tourists. | <urn:uuid:79b62513-ef57-4fb6-9108-2352e4895e3f> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.spottinghistory.com/view/6595/schlossberg/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038460648.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20210417132441-20210417162441-00133.warc.gz | en | 0.972147 | 944 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Wars, Depression & Confederation
© 2020 (Do not copy or redistribute this document without permission)
The 20th Century
In a Census conducted in 1901, Bareneed had a population of 410 and the Dock had 132 giving a combined population of 542 which was a continuation of a slow decline which had started in the 1880s.
In 1901 the Labrador fishery (see preceding section) was still the primary source of employment for Bareneed and the Dock. The Census of 1901 recorded that there were 130 men, 31 women and 9 children employed in the Labrador fishery. The total population of Bareneed and the Dock was 542. Bareneed alone had 100 men employed in the Labrador fishery which was an increase from 82 in 1884 despite the fact that the population was higher in 1884.
The Census of 1901 recorded that there were three vessels from Bareneed engaged in the Labrador fishery (none from the Dock) with a total tonnage of 124. Two of these were small with a combined tonnage of 49 and the third was 75 Tons. This was the only vessel over 60 Tons on the Port de Grave Peninsula.
Ten years later in the Census of 1911 there were no schooners from Bareneed engaged in the Labrador fishery. This may seem surprising since there were still 89 men and 24 women from Bareneed engaged in the Labrador fishery. This was possible since by the end of the nineteenth century there was a regular coastal boat service operated and subsidized by the Newfoundland government that carried fishermen to Labrador each summer. Vessels like the S.S. Home, S.S. Kyle and other coastal boats ferried fishermen and their families back and forth from St. John’s, Bay Roberts, Harbour Grace and Carbonear to Indian Harbour, Rigolet, Battle Harbour and other ports in Labrador. In those days [1930s] 20,000 men fished for cod along Labrador and the Kyle transported them all. As a boy c 1960 I can remember the Kyle docked at Bay Roberts loading fishermen and their motor boats for Labrador.
Once the fishermen had arrived at their Rooms in Labrador they would catch and process the cod for export. As part of the rush to markets, exporters chartered steamers to go to the Labrador coast to ship direct from the coast to European markets with exporters competing with each other to get there first. This fish came primarily from Conception Bay fishermen who travelled each summer to Labrador as passengers on other vessels and who fished from “rooms” they owned on the Labrador coast. For exporters and their agent buyers, it was cheaper to buy fish from Labrador and ship by steamer from there because it was closer to European markets.23 The markets for this fish were Italy, Greece, Spain, and Portugal. ( Melvin Baker, Challenging the “Merchants’ Domain”: William Coaker and the Price of Fish, 1908–1919)
The total Labrador catch for 1900 was 4413 quintals for Bareneed and 747 for the Dock (in 1907 Conception Bay buyers were offering $3.50 per quintal) .
My immediate family’s connection to the Labrador fishery ended after my great grandfather (John Newell) died in 1908. At that time my grandfather Albert, who was living in Cape Breton, sold the family fishing Rooms at Rovers Island in Indian Tickle, Labrador (for more information see Labrador Connection page under Newell family section of this web Site). Other families from Bareneed including the Richards and Hennebury had connections to Indian Tickle. For info on life at a Labrador Fishing Room see Our Life on Lear’s Room, Labrador
In the midst of a very difficult period for the fishermen and fisherwomen of Bareneed there was some good news. In late November, 29, 1915 the schooner, ‘Swallow’ sailing out of Bay Robert’s, was assumed lost. The crew of 16 included “Beatrice Batten, Chas Batten and Henry Batten of Bareneed. However, on December 1, 1915, the Governor received a telegram informing him that “The crew and passengers of The Swallow were saved and landed at Stornoway (Scotland) by the Norwegian Steamer Hercules. The ‘Swallow’ had been battered by the storm of the night of November 16. They were adrift for a number of days before they were spotted by a Norwegian Steamer. The crew abandoned, the ‘Swallow’ and transferred to the Norwegian Steamer Hercules. The Norwegian vessel later landed the crew at Stornoway, Scotland (Source: Archival Moments Web site).
Catches started to decrease in the 1920s but this was initially offset by increased prices; however, by the 1930s a combination of decreasing catches and depressed prices was making the Labrador fishery less viable. By 1950 the market for salt fish was “drying up” and the outlook for the traditional Labrador fishery was bleak (see below).
Before the start of the 20th Century the Seal Fishery had transitioned from being prosecuted by small (100 ton) sailing vessels operating out of ports, like Bareneed to an industry based on steam powered steel ships owned by large Mercantile Establishments in St. John’s, Harbour Grace and Brigus. Men from Bareneed continued to go to the seal fishery each spring but only as crew members for these large sealing ships. This employment helped to pay the bills. After the introduction of the steamer, however, the profits to be made from the export of these commodities were controlled by a few St. John’s firms with home offices in the “Old Country”. Furthermore, as the number of sealers declined and the total population increased, the seal fishery which had been such a significant factor in the growth of the island throughout the nineteenth century gradually diminished in importance (Sanger, 1973).
The decoupling of the Seal Fishery from the Schooner fleet had a secondary effect on the Labrador Cod fishery. Prior to this the cost of outfitting a schooner was partially justified by its use in the seal fishery. After this the cost of outfitting the schooner fell on the fishery alone. This had no impact on individual fishermen since they were now paid by the large merchants who owned the Sealing Ships but the schooner owners now had to finance the cost of the voyage to Labrador based solely on income from the Labrador fishery.
Despite the larger and more powerful ships the landings of seals were on a downward trend during the first half of the 20th century (see G.A. Rose, 2003, Fig 5). This likely reflected the depletion of seal stocks due to over exploitation. The start of WWII marked the end of the Seal Fishery as a major factor in the Newfoundland economy.
Even with these larger steel ships sealing continued to be a dangerous occupation and there were several major sealing disasters in the first half of the 20th century. The largest of these was what is now known as the 1914 Sealing Disaster. This refers to two separate tragedies that spring. A raging blizzard was the catalyst that led the SS Southern Cross and SS Newfoundland to suffer a combined loss of 251 men. To the best of my knowledge no men from Bareneed were lost in this or other 20th century sealing disasters.
The book The Last of the Ice Hunters An oral history of the Newfoundland seal hunt (edited by Shannon Ryan, 2014) includes interviews (conducted in 1987) with several residents of Bareneed who were involved in the Seal Hunt. These were:
- Clarence Bartlett (b. 1909)
- Roland Batten (b.1916)
- Jack Allen Beecham (b. 1903)
- Robert Boone (b. 1911)
- William Boone (b. 1909)
The following are some of their comments:
Clarence Bartlett of Bareneed (pp. 130-135) says he got his first berth in 1926, celebrating his 17th birthday at the ice.
Roland Batten of Bareneed (pp. 135-137) was at the ice (sealing) four seasons. The first year I think, 1935, I was on the Imogene. Billy Beecham [also from Bareneed], Bill Christopher and me, we slept in one Bunk.
Jack Allen Beecham (pp.137-138) I was on the dole in 1930 when I got a berth to the ice on the Viking with Captain Badcock. That was a good year [$43.24 per man]. Captain Badcock gave me a berth the following year on the Ranger.
William Boone of Bareneed (p. 298) was bridgemaster (see below) for Captain Abram Kean for six springs.
My father (John Robert) told me the story of his only sealing voyage. In 1930, the year before the Viking Disaster (see below),he went to the ice in the Viking (the same year as Jack Allen Beecham from Bareneed, see above). He never went into detail about his experience but he took other directions after this. When the ship returned home that spring he went to Toronto looking for carpentry work with my Uncle Ted (his older brother). This period was near the peak of the Global Depression of the 1930s so Canada was restricting immigration from Newfoundland but they got in since they were born in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia. Uncle Ted became established as a carpenter in Toronto and remained there; however, my father returned to Newfoundland.
The Viking Disaster
On the night of Sunday, March the 15th 1931 a serious explosion occurred on board the sealing steamer “Viking” which was then in the ice about 9 miles from Horse Islands, White Bay. The men in the cabin, galley, engine-room, and on the bridge were all either killed or badly injured whilst those comprising the majority of the crew whose quarters were forward were able to get out on to the ice. Of the 153 men carried in “Viking” 26 lost their lives at the time of the disaster and one died in “Sagona” on the way back to port. Five of the crew were from Bareneed, all survived.
- Harold Batten (see below) Bareneed Sealer
- Wm. R. Boone Bareneed Sealer
- Isaac Efford Bareneed Sealer
- Walter Batten Bareneed Sealer
Voyages to the Arctic with Captain Bob Bartlett
In addition to sealing voyages several men from Bareneed including William Boone, George Richards and Harold Batten (see crew Viking 1931 above) sailed to the Arctic as crew with Captain Bob Bartlett on the schooner Morrissey.
For twenty summers the Morrissey, sailing out of New York City, carried expeditions to the frozen north, sometimes sailing past eighty degrees north latitude (within 600 miles of the north pole). “Captain Bob” took both students and scientists with him on his trips under the auspices of the American Museum of Natural History, the Museum of the American Indian, the National Geographic Society, the Smithsonian Institution, Explorers Club of New York and others. http://www.archive.ernestina.org/history/1931.html
William Boone of Bareneed sailed on the 1930 voyage of the Morrissey (see crew list below). Before this voyage he was on the Sealer Viking.
George Richards and Harold Batten are on the Crew list for a voyage of the Morrissey in 1931 (see below). Both had served on sealing vessels that spring; Harold on the Viking (see above) and George on the Ranger.
George and Harold are also on the Crew list for a voyage to Greenland in 1932. On this voyage they built a memorial to Robert Peary at Cape York.
George and Harold are in a photo taken at Cape York, in 1932 (see below).
George and Harold were also on the 1933 Bartlett-Norcross Expedition (see below). Captain Bob’s nephew J. Angel was on several of these voyages during the 1930s. In the 1980s I had an opportunity to spend several afternoons discussing these voyages with Jack Angel (in 1930s he was a university student who joined his uncle on summer voyages). He fondly remembered George and Walter.
George and Harold were back again in 1936 (see below):
In 1940 the Morrissey set a record for furthest north at 80 degrees 22 minutes North Latitude, only 578 nautical miles from the North Pole. Harold Batten was not on that voyage but George Richards was Boatswain (see below).
The Charlie Batten on this voyage was also from Bareneed (see ref to his wife in crew list for 1938 voyage of Morrissey).
George Richards died a few years later and is buried in Bareneed: George RICHARDS / a noble seaman, / a gentleman unafraid / who lived up to the best traditions of the sea / Born Dec 31st 1899 / Died April 15th 1942 ( St. Mark’s Anglican Cemetery, Bareneed)
Growing up in Bareneed, I would visit Harold Battens house (he was father of my friend) and as a small boy was always confused by the photo on the wall of men with guns standing around a hairy cow [Muskox]! This was a photo of Harold with various rich Americans who Captain Bob took on hunting expeditions to pay for some of his voyages.
I suspect that there were other men from Bareneed who sailed with Captain Bob but I can’t find evidence. These include Sam Batten and John Bartlett (of Bareneed) who was a distant relative of Captain Bob.
The first Newfoundland Census of the 20th Century was conducted in 1911 and this is the first Newfoundland Census where we have easy access to family level information. The combined population continued to decrease and was now 517; however, there was a slight increase in the population of the Dock (354 Bareneed + 162 the Dock) .
The following Table shows the breakdown by Occupation for Bareneed and the Dock in the 1911 Census. The data is separated by sex. Occupation is given for most male adults but is almost never given for women classified as Wife; the one exception was the Post Mistress. However, a surprising (for the time) number of unmarried adult women (daughters, sisters) are classified as having occupations. Domestic Servant and Housework are the most common for women; however, 5 women were classified as teachers. Given the size of the population in Bareneed many of these were likely working elsewhere but home for the summer holidays. For males 78% were classified as working in the Labrador fishery and 13 % were classified as Fishermen (Inshore). Other local occupations for men were Storekeeper, Farmer and Blacksmith; however, the 2 Coal Miners were almost certainly working in the Cape Breton, Coal Mines and the 2 Carpenters were possibly working elsewhere (see Mining below). The Coal Miners recorded had either just returned from Cape Breton or were home for the summer to help with the fishery.
|Labrador Cod Fishery||90||4||94|
By contrast, in the 1891 Census 98% of Males were employed in the fishery (only exceptions were a teacher, 2 shopkeepers and one unclassified) and the only occupation for women was curing fish.
In the 1890s many men from Bareneed and the Dock left to work in the Coal Mines of Cape Breton N.S. or the Iron Mines on Bell Island, Conception Bay. Most of these, like my Grandfather Albert Newell, were living away at the time the census was compiled and were not counter.
In 1898 my grandfather Albert worked as a ship’s carpenter on a ship called the Cap Breton out of Montreal. In December, 1899 he married Clara Andrews of Port-de-Grave and moved to Sydney Mines, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia
Sydney Mines, Cape Breton, N.S. http://ltbksmns.blogspot.ca/
Albert did well in Cape Breton, becoming a foreman in the mines and building and renting several houses which he built. In 1912 Clara traveled to Bareneed to purchase a house from the estate of Isaac Richards , a local merchant and the family moved back to Bareneed in 1916. After moving to Bareneed Albert bought two schooners used for importing coal from Cape Breton, NS. One schooner, the F. B. Wade later sank at its moorings in a storm and the other was sold to pay off debts.
In 1921, 10.9% of the population of Sydney, NS was born in Newfoundland. The following Table shows the increasing number of Newfoundland born residents residing in Cape Breton between 1891 and 1921 (source: Crawley, 1988 ):
The working conditions for most workers at the steel mill or coal mines were demanding and dangerous. They worked eleven to thirteen hours per day, at least six and often seven days per week. Immigrant laborers were generally given the most menial and dangerous of work, and Newfoundlanders were singled out by the North Sydney Herald for enduring the most accidents: Fatal accidents have been too numerous at the works and collieries this summer , and in most cases the victims were Newfoundlanders. Almost every week a coffin is forwarded to some point of Newfoundland by the “Bruce” containing the remains of some unfortunate laborer whose life was cut short in some terrible manner
A.D. McLennan of Whitney Pier offered his own explanation of the high accident rate among Newfoundlanders: If a foreman tells a Cape Bretoner to go to a dangerous work place he will not go, come what may. If a Newfoundlander is asked to go to work in dangerous places he will go whether he sees the danger or not, and in nine cases out of ten the Newfoundlander meets death… (Source Crawley, 1988)
Among the miners who died was John C. Bartlett of Bareneed, who was killed at Sydney Mines, NS in an accident from fall of coal on June 17 1908. This John was the father of John R. Bartlett (b 1898) of Bareneed (see next section).
Another major source of employment for residents of Bareneed during this period were the Iron Ore Mines on Bell Island in Conception Bay. Commercial mining began on Bell island in the summer of 1895 and by 1905 the mines were extending under the sea floor of Conception Bay and by 1951, miners were working three miles out under the sea . Until the 1950s, Bell Island was the sole source of iron for the Sydney [Cape Breton, N.S.] steel mills (Source: Heritage Newfoundland and Labrador Web Site).
The following Table list individuals born at Bareneed who were living on Bell Island in 1921 (Source: 1921 Census).
|Surname||Given Name||Relation||Status||Born Yr||Where Born|
Edwardian era began after Queen Victoria’s death in 1901. During the Edwardian Era the people of Newfoundland saw themselves as part of the British Empire and considered it their patriotic duty to defend the Empire.
In 1900 the Newfoundland Government formed the Newfoundland Royal Naval Reserve to train Newfoundlanders for service in the Royal Navy. In 1902 the H.M.S. Calypso was purchased by the Newfoundland Government to train and instruct members of the Naval Reserve. In February 1916 it was renamed the HMS Briton to free the name Calypso for a new ship being built. The newly named Briton continued training men until the end of the World War I.
After the start of the War these Naval Reservist were some of the first to go to War. Among these were a significant number from Bareneed:
The Guardian newspaper – Bay Roberts Friday, November 20, 1914 Bareneed Notes: List of Naval Reserves gone to the front are:
William BARTLETT [joined Nfld. Regiment, see below]
Robert GARDINER, son of Wm. and Mary Ann Gardiner [Navy see below]
Samuel PETTEN, son of Jacob and the late Grace Petten [Navy see below]
Isaac RICHARDS, son of the late Wm. and Mary Richards [Navy see below]
Albert BARTLETT, son of John and Elizabeth Ann Bartlett [Navy see below]
Chesley BATTEN, son of Thomas George and the late Thryphena Batten [Navy Born Bareneed, address listed as Gloucester, MA] .
Not all volunteers got to serve: MAX BARTLETT, son of Mr. Sam Bartlett, of Port de Grave, also volunteered and had all but got past the Examiners when he unfortunately opened his mouth and disclosed a set of dentist’s teeth. Max did his duty though he had to remain behind. Guardian newspaper – Bay Roberts, Dec. 18, 1914
The following sons of Bareneed served in the Navy during WWI:
|Service #||Name||Address Given|
|2012X||Bartlett, John B.||Bareneed|
|739X||Bartlett, William H.||Bareneed|
|628X||Bartlett, Albert||PDG, born Bareneed|
|626X||Batten, Chesley||Gloucester, MA, born Bareneed|
|1992X||Batten, Cyril||Detroit, born Bareneed (see below)|
|535X||Gardener, Robert||St. John’s, born Bareneed|
Cyril Batten, born Bareneed, son of Robert T. Batten served in the Royal Navy (see following article published in Western Star Newspaper (Corner Brook, N.L.), 1949-07-22. Cyril moved to Detroit after the War and became a US citizen.
The following served in the Newfoundland Regiment, five of which died while in service.
|Name||Community||Age at Enlistment||Occupation||Active Date||Fatality|
|NEWELL, Clement Leslie||Dock, Bareneed||23||Clerk||1917||Yes|
|NEWELL, Kenneth S.||Bareneed||21||School teacher||1915||Yes|
|NEWELL, Victor Perrin||Dock, Bareneed,||19||Munition worker||1917||Yes|
|SEALEY, Frederick||Dock, Bareneed,||19||Machinist||1916||Yes|
|NEWELL, Richard Lewis||Bareneed||18||Farmer||1915||No|
|RICHARDS, John Edwin||Bareneed,||19||Fisherman||1914||No|
|BATTEN, Allan S||Bareneed, (St. John’s)||19||1915||No|
- Note #1 The Newell family section of this Web Site has more information on the Newells from the Dock who served and died in WWI.
- Note #2 Allen Batten is listed as St. John’s in the Rooms database which is where he was living with his parents in 1915 but he was born in Bareneed the son of Abraham Batten of Bareneed & Harriet Furneaux of PDG. He is buried in St. Mark’s Cemetery, Bareneed: Allan BATTEN / Private / Royal Nfld. Regt. / 21 July 1959 / Age 64.
Even among those who survived there were scars. Harold Batten was wounded in the right arm but recovered without a disability. John Richards lost use of his right hand due to injuries at the battle of Beaumont–Hamel. When offered support finding employment with his disability after his discharge he chose support to further his education so he could become a teacher (see below). He later became a school principal in St. John’s.
The following served in the Canadian Army: CURLEW, GEORGE Private, 35th Battalion, The York Rangers, 1st American Regiment Number: 404313 Volunteered April 12, 1915, Toronto Letter Carrier, Toronto; Born Sept. 3, 1886 at Bareneed Dock, Newfoundland (Source: CANADA POST HERITAGE).
The following sons of Azariah and Julia Stevens of Bareneed served in the Canadian Army; both died in France. Ballington was recorded as born in New Glasgow, N.S. where his father was working as a Coal Miner and Maxwell was recorded as born in St. John’s.
Ballington Stevens: Word was received on Saturday that Pte. BALLINGTON STEVENS, of the Canadian Regt., was killed somewhere in France sometime ago. Pte. Stevens was the son of Julia and the late Azariah Stevens, formerly of Bareneed, but for a number of years residing in New Glasgow, N.S [Coal Miner]. Another brother, Maxwell, [Also died in France 1918] is also with the Canadians at the Front. Bay Roberts Guardian Newspaper, Friday, July 27, 1917.
Likewise the following may have been born in Bareneed:
- Finlay McNeal Richards born c. 1896
- William Richards
The Great Depression
The Great Depression, beginning in 1929, struck Newfoundland hard. Total exports fell in value from $40 million in 1930 to $23 million in 1933. The value of fishery exports alone fell from $16 million in 1928 to $6.5 million in 1932. The number of people receiving the dole, or able-bodied relief, of six cents a day rose sharply. During the winter of 1932-33, one-quarter of the population depended on the government for the necessities of tea, flour, pork and molasses.
In 1933, during the Great Depression, the Newfoundland legislature voted itself temporarily out of existence, ending 79 years of responsible government. The following year, Newfoundland accepted a constitution similar to those in place in the directly-controlled Crown colonies. Under this constitutional arrangement, there was a governor and six commissioners, all appointed by the United Kingdom. By law, three of the commissioners were British and three were Newfoundlanders.
A Census conducted in 1935 demonstrates that Bareneed had changed significantly since 1911. In the intervening 24 years the population decreased from 517 to 341, a decrease of 34%. The statistics on occupation (see below) also show also show significant changes with a 59.6% decrease in the number of men employed in the Labrador fishery and a 31.3 % decrease in men working in the Inshore fishery. These decreases are even more significant since the working male population only decreased by 7.5%. The overall population was decreasing at a faster rate due to an aging population with a lower birth rate and fewer children..
|Labrador Cod Fishery||27||11||38|
Economic factors caused by the Global Depression combined with decreasing fish stocks were likely driving the decrease in the fishery. The men of Bareneed adjusted by moving into farming as a fallback. This increase is partially for subsistence but was also likely driven by agricultural programs sponsored by the Commission of Government.
There was also an increases in men employed as teachers, seamen / sailors, carpenters, and machinist. During this period the number of male teachers increased by 267%. Bareneed could not support this number of teachers so they were likely working elsewhere and were at home on summer break.
The Depression had a more negative impact on the employment prospects of women. The only group to increase was Domestic Helper but this was described as living at home helping to look after the family. There was one other significant change since 1911 which was a new category called “Income-gov’t”. The people receiving this income were all over 65 so it was support for seniors. In 1911 Newfoundland established the first state-operated old age pension scheme in Canada, more than two decades before such a program was adopted in any of the Maritime Provinces (Snell, Acadiensis 23, 1, 1993).
Based on the statistics and information from my father I think that Bareneed fared better than many other areas of Newfoundland. There was some potential for agriculture in Bareneed and the level of education and skill sets allowed people to find employment outside the fishery.
When WWII broke out men from Bareneed were among the first to volunteer; however, the total recruitment from Bareneed was less than in WWI. There were several reasons for this including :
- the population of young men in Bareneed was lower;
- the image of War had changed after the slaughter of WWI;
- the eagerness to volunteer for Britain was reduced.
- BOONE, Isaac Bareneed, C.B.
- RICHARDS, Herman Bareneed, C.B.
John Edwin Richards (1922 – 2013) Veteran WWII Royal Navy
Harvey Richards (see below) served in the Royal Navy.
WWII Merchant Marine
William Ernest BOONE / Merchant Navy WW2 / 1909-1991 / St. Mark’s Anglican Cemetery Bareneed
The Government of Newfoundland made a decision not to raise an Infantry Regiment as they did in WWI but instead raised two Newfoundland Artillery Regiments. These Regiments served in North Africa and Europe. I have not identified any men from Bareneed who served in these Regiments. but would appreciate any information.
Victor Raymond French born 1918 the son of William Thomas French of The Dock , KIA over Germany 10 SEPT 1942. Sergeant 405 (R.C.A.F.) Sqdn, Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve. Served as wireless operator/air gunner. Service #798590.
The American Bases
The start of WWII brought a measure of improvement to the Newfoundland economy. Under its Leased Bases Agreement with Britain, the United States had obtained permission in 1941 to establish military bases in Newfoundland in exchange for 50 of its aging destroyers. The first American troops arrived at St. John’s in January 1941. In the months following, Newfoundland and Labrador became one of the most highly militarized places in North America as the United States spent more than $100 million to build military bases in St. John’s, Argentia, and Stephenville (http://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/politics/american-presence-newfoundland-labrador.php). In 1940 a airfield and Canadian base (for RAF ferry command) was established at Gander which employed more than 1500 civilians and in 1941 a Canadian base was opened in Goose Bay.
My sister Shirley indicates that our father was working as a carpenter at the US Air Base near St. John’s when he married and later he worked at the base in Stephenville and was working at the base in Gander when I was born.
The Newfoundland economy improved after the WWII as Newfoundlands strategic position in the North Atlantic resulted in continued Cold War spending on bases by both the American and Canadian Governments. This upturn in the economy again opened the door for either a return to Responsible Government or joining either Canada or the United States. Making this decision required two referendums in 1948.
Conception Bay tended to lean towards a return to Responsible Government so Districts like Port de Grave (Bareneed in this District) became hotly contested.
My father John Robert was a big supporter of Smallwood and Confederation during the campaign and I remember Smallwood stopping at our house when he visited Port de Grave in the late 1950s and 1960s. However, there was one secret that my father kept until late in his life. In the Poll Booth he had second thoughts worrying about the impact of Canadian imports on a chicken farm he just started so he voted against Confederation. This caused a bit of confusion when the Poll results for Bareneed were released since everyone knew every persons leanings and the expected result but the numbers did not match the expected outcome.
Voting (%): Second Newfoundland Referendum 1948
|Port de Grave District||50.965%||49.04%|
On March 31, 1949, Newfoundland officially became part of Canada, and on the following day, Joey Smallwood was sworn in as the first premier.
Continued in History 1949-1969 | <urn:uuid:ca34dea4-b247-4750-b161-630f84812f1b> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://johnpnewell.com/bareneed/history-1901-1948/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348492427.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20200605014501-20200605044501-00285.warc.gz | en | 0.966429 | 6,711 | 3.578125 | 4 |
This is the second major section of harmfuleconomics.org. It presents articles that explain harm and how a productive + harmful society works.
The principal article is Understanding exploitation.
Harm and productive + harmful systems explains harm (Obtaining income through harm) and the operation of a productive + harmful economic and social system (Staying in power—Struggle for control) as they appear on the website. (See the topics in the category listing on the right-hand side of each page.)
Measuring harm This section presents measurements of the types of harm included in our website. It will show how various types of harm (and inequality, a concept related to harm) have been measured. These measurments of harm do not have the same methodology by any means. This section will only give an approximate idea of harm and its components, one that certainly could be refined and discussed. What will emerge is at least a first look at the issue and a better perspective on its importance.
Important damaging effects of harmful economic systems on the ordinary person in developing countries are explained in How ordinary people in developing countries are harmed by the political-economic system.
Vested Interests and the Common People in Developing Countries: Understanding Oppressive Societies and Their Effects
Harmful Economic Systems and Economic Development | <urn:uuid:9b073604-9548-466e-b49d-c4549702fb87> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://harmfuleconomics.org/understanding-harm/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655900335.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200709131554-20200709161554-00582.warc.gz | en | 0.925056 | 267 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Most organisms inhabit environments that vary in time and space, often showing dramatic seasonal variation. Consequently, organisms have evolved mechanisms that enable them to track the variation in their environment and exploit critical resources effectively.
The timing of reproduction in birds, which varies considerably within populations and is often under strong natural selection, is an excellent model for studying individual responses to the environment. Individual timing within years is dependent on a range of environmental factors in addition to having an additive genetic basis.
In vertebrates, an increasing amount is known about the molecular basis for variation in biological timing. For example, the Clock gene includes a variable poly-glutamine ('po ly-Q) repeat influencing behaviour and physiology. Recent work in birds and insects has demonstrated associations between Clock genotype and latitude, which match latitudinal variation in breeding time.
The aim of this study is to address the within-population fitness consequences of variation of clock genes in wild bird populations, with particular reference to the timing of reproduction.
The main hypothesis is that within populations, clock gene variation should be under stabilising selection, but that the form of selection will depend upon specific features of the environment, such that variation within populations is maintained by spatial and temporal heterogeneity.
The project thus matches detailed molecular genetic work with well-characterised ecologic al models, and the work has potential implications for our understanding of the maintenance of genetic variation in populations, local adaptation, and adjustment to changing environments.
The fellows profile and the hosts expertise complement each other very well, since they match molecular genetic and ecological approaches to variation in wild systems. Thus, this project is offering a high degree of interdisciplinary and international interaction.
Call for proposal
See other projects for this call | <urn:uuid:5c43267a-f1a1-450a-8369-7459967a016c> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/40639 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780060877.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20210928153533-20210928183533-00343.warc.gz | en | 0.927913 | 346 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The care information provided in this section represents the kind of practical advice is available for all the plants in this web site if you subscribe to the monthly customized newsletter Yardener’s Advisor.
For information on products see the file on Watering Equipment.
Normal rainfall usually provides adequate water for well-established juniper shrubs. However, they do benefit from supplemental watering when they are first planted and in the late fall just before the ground freezes. Although junipers have considerable drought tolerance, they may need watering during prolonged periods of drought. At such times, water junipers deeply and slowly once every week or ten days. Drip irrigation such as a porous hose system is ideal for these low growing shrubs because the water can reach the soil directly. For information on products see the file on Choosing Watering Equipment
Junipers are not heavy feeders. Fertilize them once a year in the fall. Sprinkle a handful of fertilizer on the soil under each shrub out to a foot or so beyond the tips of the branches. Do not allow the fertilizer to touch shrub stems or foliage. For more information see the file for Fertilizer Products
While the young creeping juniper plants are getting established, spread a layer of some organic material such as chopped leaves, wood chips or dried grass clippings on the soil around their stems. This 2 to 3 inch thick mulch will keep the soil moist and discourage weeds. Keep the mulch about 6 inches away from the trunk to avoid stem rot and rodent damage. As these shrubs mature and spread to form a dense carpet, mulch will not be necessary. For more information see the file on Using Mulch
Most junipers respond well to pruning. However, low growing creeping junipers intended to form a groundcover do not need routine pruning. Only when they reach the edge of their area will their spreading branches need to be trimmed. The best time to prune junipers is in late winter or early spring. Pruning Shrubs and Choosing Pruning Tools | <urn:uuid:adee4679-0993-4bf8-8aa3-2020a7c03ef0> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://gardening.yardener.com/Caring-For-Creeping-Juniper | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738662022.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173742-00224-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91762 | 417 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Diagnosis Writing Assignment Details:
Your writing assignment for this semester will be about a psychological disorder of your choice. Now that we have discussed what behavioral disorders are, along with some examples of such, I am tasking you with choosing one of them to write about. Once you have chosen a disorder, please find 1 peer-reviewed journal article about that disorder, read the article, and then write about what you have learned. I want this to be interesting for you, so feel free to describe why you chose the disorder you did if you would like. However, this needs to be in APA formatting and college-appropriate, so keep things at least a bit professional.
Grading Breakdown (Each worth up to 10 points):
- Word Length – 300 to 400 words
- Use 1 peer-reviewed journal article
- Use APA formatting style.
I already choose the journal article and attached below | <urn:uuid:1eef7a6b-9d25-4ada-95fc-1465249ff264> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://classassignmentwriters.com/diagnosis-writing-assignment-details-your-writing-assignment-for-this-semester/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300533.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220117091246-20220117121246-00526.warc.gz | en | 0.935512 | 186 | 2.6875 | 3 |
1. When a bug lands in your soda, do you:
- Throw the can away.
- Think to yourself, “Wow, I need to look that up in my insect identification book!”
2. Your daughter comes into the house covered in dirt. Do you:
- Order her to take off her shoes and head to the nearest bathtub.
- Have her collect a sample of soil from the floor and rub it between her fingers to check the texture.
3. The news channel warns of an impending tornado. Do you:
- Go to the basement or an interior room.
- Grab your camera and head outside.
4. You turn your back for five minutes and your 3-year-old son has mixed flour, cinnamon, Kool-Aid, and something else into an unidentifiable goo. He is now holding the bowl in one hand and smearing this mixture on the walls with the other. Do you:
- Immediately throw the bowl in the trash.
- Let him test his hypothesis that the goo will stick to the walls before you take his bowl away.
5. You are reading this survey and imagining these scenarios actually taking place. Do you:
- Feel an immense sense of relief that this isn’t happening at your house.
- Wish the survey was longer so you’d have more ideas to try. ;-) | <urn:uuid:8f395bff-845d-45a3-878f-2d9c690b5833> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://mamajoules.blogspot.com/2008/12/silly-quiz-do-you-think-like-scientist.html?showComment=1283350131975 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541773.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00136-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951999 | 290 | 2.625 | 3 |
Transcribing Civil War History Lesson Plan
Length of Time: Approximately four 45-minute class periods
The students will understand that historians use primary sources to research historical events and that everyday people effect and are affected by history.
1. Given a historical document, the students will correctly transcribe the content of the document.
2. Given a historical document, the students will write a “modern” version, a version in present day terms.
3. Given the student’s modern day transcription, they will present this transcript orally to their peers.
1. Civil War era primary sources
2. Writing supplies and appropriate reference materials (dictionaries, maps, textbooks, etc.); computers with word-processing and internet capabilities.
3. Magnifying glass for reading difficult print
4. Copies of the “Transcription Procedure” Handout for students
5. Copies of the “Transcription Rubric” for students
Ask your students if they can think of what life was like during the time of the Civil War. Do they think it was like life today? What are some of the similarities and what are some of the differences?
Prior to starting this lesson, the classroom teacher should determine how students will be paired for this cooperative learning activity. We have found that students are more successful when they are paired with others of like ability and learning style.
Period 1: Lesson Introduction; Start Verbatim Transcriptions
1. Show students how to access copies of the primary historical documents they will use for this lesson or provide copies to student pairs.
2. Provide folders for pairs to store their primary documents and transcription work in.
3. Distribute copies of the “Transcription Procedure” Handout (see below) to all students and discuss the directions for doing a verbatim transcription of their primary sources.
4. Show students reference materials (or acceptable Internet sites) that are available for their use during the transcription process (dictionaries, maps, textbooks, etc.).
5. Allow time for student pairs to start their verbatim transcriptions of their primary documents.
6. Collect the folders of documents and save the verbatim transcriptions at the end of the period.
Period 2: Finish Verbatim Descriptions; Start Modern Transcriptions
1. Distribute folders to student pairs.
2. Review the procedures listed on the “Transcription Procedure” Handout (see below) for both the verbatim transcription and modern transcription of their primary sources.
3. Remind students of the reference materials (or acceptable Internet sites) that are available to them during the transcription process.
4. Allow time for student pairs to finish their verbatim transcriptions of their primary documents and to start their modern transcriptions.
5. Collect the folders and save all transcriptions at the end of the period.
Period 3: Finish Modern Transcriptions: Further Research; Prepare to Present
1. Distribute folders to student pairs.
2. Explain that students should finish their modern transcriptions during this period, do additional research related to their primary sources and prepare to give an oral presentation of their modern transcription.
3. Discuss the “Transcription Rubric” (see below) you will use to evaluate student work.
4. Allow time for student pairs to finish their modern transcriptions of their primary sources.
5. Allow time for student pairs to research concepts that relate to their primary source and their transcriptions.
6. Allow time for students to determine how they will share the responsibility of presenting their modern transcriptions orally during the next lesson period and practice for this presentation.
7. Collect the folders with primary sources and verbatim transcriptions at the end of the period. (You may want to allow students to keep their modern transcriptions to prepare for their presentations.)
Period 4: Transcription Presentations/Evaluations
1. Review the “Transcription Rubric” (see below).
2. Allow pairs of students to present the modern transcriptions of their primary sources. Consider having students present their transcriptions in chronological order if their primary sources are part of a collection.
3. Discuss topics addressed in the primary sources that interest students or relate to classroom studies.
4. Collect the folders with primary sources and both transcriptions at the end of period.
Ask the students if they thought transcribing documents was hard. Did they enjoy doing the work of a historian?
Students will successfully complete the transcription and a version in their own terms. They will then present a historically accurate transcription orally to the class.
- For students with difficulties in reading or writing, think about pairing them with a student who could help them read or write the letter.
- Think about having different media for writing the letter, such as typing it or writing with a marker.
- Offer the option to draw a picture related to the letter. | <urn:uuid:1c2630fd-2989-47ab-90fb-f14841ce4fcd> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.civilwar.org/education/teachers/lesson-plans/transcribing-civil-war-history-lesson-plan/transcribing-civil-war.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049278091.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002118-00162-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917527 | 1,022 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Comet ISON Meteor Shower
April 19, 2013: Anticipation is building as Comet ISON plunges into the inner solar system for a close encounter with the sun in November 2013. Blasted at point-blank range by solar radiation, the sungrazer will likely become one of the finest comets in many years.
When NASA's Swift spacecraft observed the comet in January 2013, it was still near the orbit of Jupiter, but already very active. More than 112,000 pounds of dust were spewing from the comet's nucleus every minute.
It turns out, some of that dust might end up on Earth.
Veteran meteor researcher Paul Wiegert of the University of Western Ontario has been using a computer to model the trajectory of dust ejected by Comet ISON, and his findings suggest that an unusual meteor shower could be in the offing.
"For several days around January 12, 2014, Earth will pass through a stream of fine-grained debris from Comet ISON," says Wiegert. "The resulting shower could have some interesting properties.
According to Wiegert's computer models, the debris stream is populated with extremely tiny grains of dust, no more than a few microns wide, pushed toward Earth by the gentle radiation pressure of the sun. They will be hitting at a speed of 56 km/s or 125,000 mph. Because the particles are so small, Earth’s upper atmosphere will rapidly slow them to a stop.
"Instead of burning up in a flash of light, they will drift gently down to the Earth below," he says.
Don’t expect to notice. The invisible rain of comet dust, if it occurs, would be very slow. It can take months or even years for fine dust to settle out of the high atmosphere.
While the dust is “up there,” it could produce noctilucent clouds (NLCs).
NLCs are icy clouds that glow electric-blue as they float more than 80 km above Earth's poles. Recent data from NASA's AIM spacecraft suggests that NLCs are seeded by space dust. Tiny meteoroids act as nucleating points where water molecules gather; the resulting ice crystals assemble into clouds at the edge of space itself.
This is still speculative, but Comet ISON could provide the seeds for a noctilucent display. Electric-blue ripples over Earth's polar regions might be the only visible sign that a shower is underway.
Wiegert notes another curiosity: "The shower is going to hit our planet from two directions at once."
When Earth passes through the debris stream, we will encounter two populations of comet dust. One swarm of dust will be following the Comet ISON into the sun. Another swarm will be moving in the opposite direction, pushed away from the sun by solar radiation pressure. The streams will pepper opposite sides of Earth simultaneously.
"In my experience, this kind of double whammy is unprecedented," says Wiegert.
Bill Cooke, lead scientist at NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office, says there's little danger to Earth-orbiting spacecraft. "These particles are just too small to penetrate the walls of our satellites, and they don't stand a chance against the heavy shielding of the ISS." However, he adds, mission operators will be alert around January 12th for possible anomalies.
Sky watchers should probably be alert, too. The odds of seeing anything are low, but Comet ISON could prove full of surprises.
Comet of the Century? -- ScienceCast video about Comet ISON
NASA's Swift Sizes Up Comet ISON -- press release
The NASA Comet ISON Observing Campaign -- get involved! | <urn:uuid:c27a82ab-2da9-4966-a2d0-205c240a0ff8> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2013/19apr_isonids/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499831.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130232547-20230131022547-00631.warc.gz | en | 0.93791 | 768 | 4.34375 | 4 |
Aftermath of the Civil War
Reconstruction Era 1865-77*
A. Issues of Reconstruction
- Main Issue – Because the Constitution did not deal with the issue of secessionism, it did not address the issue of how a state may “reenter” the Union or who was responsible for reconstructing the South.
- Readmission of the Southern States to the Union
- Treatment of Ex-Confederates, those who had taken up arms against the US
- Civil Rights of Black citizens, most of whom were former slaves.
- Make-up of the New State Governments
B. Goals of Reconstruction
- Northern politicians hoped to reconstruct Southern Society, so that rights for former slaves were insured, and a political base for the Republican Party could be formed.
- Lincoln hoped to produce a speedy recovery for the South
a. If the South were part of the Union, a crippled South would cripple the nation.
b. A political realist, he also hoped to attract former Whigs, pro-Unionists and newly enfranchised Blacks into Republican ranks.
- Presidential Reconstruction — Ten Percent Plan
a. Abraham Lincoln did not recognize a states’ right to leave the Union and proceeded to determine the policies of reconstruction based on these liberal secessionist views .
b. By Jan 1864, Tennessee, Louisiana and Arkansas offered loyal state governments on the basis of Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan.
- Congressional Reconstruction – Congress assumed that reconstruction was a legislative prerogative, not of the executive branch, because statehood was under their jurisdiction
a. Congressional beliefs
(1) Many Congressmen believed that the South should be more severely punished for bringing the war to the nation and should be made to pay war costs.
(2) While agreeing with Lincoln that mass executions for treason were not in order, they did not want key Confederate political or military leaders to emerge as leaders of post-war South.
b. Wade-Davis Bill
(1) Congress, led by Sen. Benjamin Wade of Ohio and Rep. Henry Davis , passed a much harsher plan of reconstruction (Wade-Davis Bill).
(2) The plan required a total of fifty percent of the number of voters in 1860 before a new government could be formed, while exempting most Ex-Confederates from participation.
(3) State constitutions had to repudiate Confederate debts and prohibit slavery.
c. Although the bill passed Congress, it was within two weeks of adjournment and was therefore pocket vetoed by Lincoln.
- Brutal Mistake for the South
a. Lincoln’s plan would have produced a speedy recovery for the South, and would have provided Federal funding for rebuilding the South, but unfortunately, Lincoln was assassinated on 14 Apr 1865 at Ford’s Theater, by John Wilkes Booth
b. Booth was himself allegedly shot in a barn on 26 Apr near Bowling Green VA.
C. Struggle Between the Legislative and Executive Branches over Reconstruction
- Presidential Reconstruction Under Andrew Johnson
a. As a Southern Democrat, he was known to despise Southern aristocratic plantation owners and favored the 13th amendment, proposed by Congress in Feb 1865.
b. Lincoln’s death temporarily shifted momentum to Congress, many of whom waited to see what the new President would do, hoping he would favor a harsher plan, similar to the Wade-Davis Bill
c. Johnson’s Plan
(1) Because Congress was adjourned when Lincoln was killed, Johnson offered reconstruction to Southern states which soon revealed that he favored a plan much like Lincoln’s 10% Plan.
(2) When Congress reconvened in December, all Southern states had accepted the President’s requirements except Mississippi sending all-white delegations to congress for roll call, including representative Alexander Stephens (GA), former Confederate vice-president.
(3) Johnson also granted amnesty to thousands of ex-rebels, barring only those with sizable property holdings from taking oaths of allegiance (although many wealthy CSA supporters were pardoned after directly petitioning Johnson)
d. Johnson Governments
(1) Many new Southern governments placed restrictions on former slaves
(a) Denying blacks (males) the right to vote.
(b) Not allowing for the education of former slaves.
(c) Taking steps to keep blacks from acquiring real property.
(d) Black Codes (1865-66) in many cases resembled the former slave codes with the name “freedman” written in where the word “slave” had been.
i) The codes did recognize black marriages.
ii) They also permitted blacks to sue and to testify in court in some cases.
iii) In some cases blacks could obtain certain types of property.
(2) These “Reconstructed Governments” left former slaves in little better condition than as slaves, reducing them to a subordinate role and into sharecropping as a way of life for most.
- Congressional Response — Radical Reconstruction
a. Congressional Makeup
(1) Radical Republicans – wanted Southern states treated more like conquered provinces, to insure that Blacks had certain civil rights, especially the vote.
(2) Senator Charles Sumner (1811-74) MA (Senator from 1851 until his death) – desired immediate racial equality and punishment for the South.
(3) Rep. Thaddeus Stevens (1796-1868) – Whig from PA (1848-52) and Republican (1859 until death) – favored Federal protection for freedmen and punishment for the South
(2) Demoralized Democratic minority – size greatly reduced by the South’s defection
(3) Small conservative Republican faction – desired a quick return to normalcy
(4) Large moderate Republican faction – provided the crucial swing vote.
b. Rise of Radical Republicans – Johnson’s inflexibility cost him crucial support of the moderate Republican faction
(1) Legislative Acts Challenged by Johnson
(a) Extension of the Freedman’s Bureau Feb 1866 (established as a branch of the War Department under Gen. Oliver O. Howard to provide assistance to thousands of refugees, white Unionists, and former slaves).
i) Johnson vetoed it because it strengthened the powers of the bureau, giving more jurisdiction over anyone who deprived Blacks of their rights
ii) When sticking to a constitutional argument, that federal jurisdiction should not be expanded into states, not yet restored to the Union nor represented in the National Congress, Johnson was supported by moderates
iii) By clarifying that freedmen should by their own merits and exertions “manage for themselves,” he lost moderate Republican support, and Congress overrode his veto.
(b) Civil Rights Act Apr 1866
i) It granted full citizenship to all persons born on US soil (except Indians, not taxed) with full rights of the civil laws to which any citizen were entitled.
ii) It gave black citizens the same rights as whites, and prohibited the states from restricting the rights of Blacks to testify in court or to hold court.
iii) Johnson’s veto along constitutional lines claimed that it diminished a states’ right to make its own laws and weakened the limits on Federal power.
iv) But a further explanation that it would provide “security for the colored race, safe-guards which go infinitely beyond any that the General Government has ever provided for the white race,” again lost him crucial moderate support in Congress, which again overrode his veto (the first major piece of vetoed legislation overridden by Congress).
(c) Fourteenth Amendment – To preserve the principles in the Civil Rights Act 1866
i) To insure that none of it could be declared unconstitutional or removed by a later law Congress proposed an amendment which stated that all persons born in the US or naturalized a US citizen could not be deprived of “life, liberty or property without due process of law.”
ii) It further stated that
(1) any state that limited the voting rights of a segment of its population might have their Congressional representation reduced.
(2) former Confederate officials were banned from holding elective office without a 2/3 Congressional pardon.
(3) Confederate War debts were repudiated.
iii) Johnson’s opposition to this further alienated Congressional moderates
(2) Bi-Elections of 1866
(a) Waving the bloody shirt – Radical Republicans reminded voters with this tactic that the Democrats were the party of rebellion.
(b) Johnson toured the nation promoting the National Union party to offset Thaddeus Stevens and Radical Republicans.
i) Radical Republicans won 2/3 of the seats in both houses of Congress, every contested Governor’s seat and control of all Northern legislatures
ii) Congress was now veto-proof, fully controlled by Radical Republicans who proceeded to control policies of Reconstruction along their ideas.
- Radical Reconstruction
a. First Reconstruction Act 2 Mar 1867
(1) Except for TN, who had accepted the 14th amendment in 1866, the rest of the Confederacy was divided into five military districts, each governed by a major general, appointed by the President, empowered to bring offenders to trial and to punish them in order to maintain order.
(2) Each state was to call new constitutional conventions, elected by all adult males, excluding ex-Confederates
(a) When at first, Southerners refused to call such conventions, the military was empowered to register voters for the election of delegates to the constitutional conventions (Second Act Mar 67).
(b) Congress had required a majority of registered voters to approve the new constitutions (Third Act 1868), but after Southerners refused to vote, it was amended to require only a majority of those who voted.
(3) New state constitutions had to guarantee the vote to blacks and to prevent ex-Confederates from voting who did not obtain a Congressional pardon.
(a) If Congress approved the constitution, the state legislature had to approve the 14th amendment before final readmission.
(b) 7 states were readmitted by 1870 with Federal troops remaining in SC, FL and LA.
b. Additional Congressional Acts
(1) Command of the Army Act 2 Mar 1867
(a) To insure that President Johnson did not interfere with the major generals in each military district, all military orders from the President must go through the General of the Army, who was US Grant at this time.
(b) The President, although Commander-in-Chief, was forbidden from dealing directly with the military governors in the South.
(2) Tenure of Office Act Mar 1867
(a) The President was further prohibited from removing any official from office who had been approved by Congress, without Congressional approval.
(b) Believing that this act was unconstitutional, Johnson decided to test it in the courts by attempting to fire a holdover from Lincoln’s cabinet.
(c) Johnson fired Secretary of War Edwin Stanton , who consistently sided with Congressional Radical Republicans, agreeing that military governors were answerable to the Commander of the Army and then to the House of Representatives, not the President
(d) Although adjourned when Johnson fired Stanton, a reconvened Senate did not approve US Grant’s appointment as War Secretary by a vote of 35-7.
(e) Johnson fired Stanton a second time, thereby confronting Congress.
c. Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Feb 1868
(1) By a simple majority, the House voted to impeach Johnson for high crimes
(a) He was charged with 11 counts (9 relating to the Tenure of Office Act; 2 related to his behavior toward Congress).
(b) He never appeared at the trial, but was represented by former AG Henry Stanberry .
(2) The Senate trial lasted from 5 Mar – 26 May, Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase presiding.
(a) The Senate vote 35-19 (7 Republicans/ 12 Democrats) failed by 1 vote to convict and remove Johnson.
(b) The deciding vote was cast by Republican Senator Edmund G. Ross (KS), which ruined his political career.
(3) Stanton resigned as soon as the trial ended and Congress adjourned.
(4) Johnson finished his term ineffectively after which he returned to the US Senate (1875), although he died after 5 months into its term.
D. Grant Administration (18th President)
- Election of 1868
(1) Republicans in Chicago nominated the Civil War hero, Ulysses S. Grant (OH) for president on the 1st ballot and Radical Republican Schuyler Colfax (IN) for Vice-President.
(2) Democrats in NY nominated ex-governor Horatio Seymour (NY) for President and Unionist Francis P. Blair, Jr (KY) for Vice-President
(1) Republicans again “waved the bloody shirt” and campaigned on a platform which called for Radical Reconstruction, condemned the actions of President Johnson and Democrats, advocated paying the national debt in gold but did not fully endorse the tariff or Negro suffrage
(2) Democrats attacked Radical Reconstruction and endorsed paying the national debt in greenbacks (Ohio Idea of George H. Pendleton ).
c. Results — Grant carried 26 of 34 states, receiving 3,013,427 popular (214 electoral) votes to Seymour’s 2,706,829 popular (80 electoral) votes.
d. Significance – As Radical Republicans had hoped, Grant’s 309,000 vote plurality was provided by over 1/2 million Blacks who voted for the first time and mostly voted Republican which provided a two-party system for the South
e. Grant Himself
(1) A West Point graduate and veteran of the Mexican War
(2) While a good military strategist, Grant, a poor judge of character, surrounded himself with inept and corrupt officials.
(3) Knowledge of a major scandal involving railroad construction surfaced just prior to the election of 1872, although Grant was not linked directly to it.
(4) Grant, a problem drinker with a passion for cigars, died of throat cancer age 63
- Credit Mobilier Scandal
a. Transcontinental Railroad May 1869
(1) Union Pacific Railroad went west from NV and Central Pacific east from Sacramento CA.
(2) The two railroads met at Promontory Point UT with a special ceremony on May 10 at which a gold spike with a silver hammer was driven in.
(3) Symbolic gold and silver spikes were sent to the ceremony by five states.
(1) This construction company was organized in 1864 by promoters of the Union Pacific Railroad to build the railroad.
(2) Several stockholders of the construction company also owned stock in the railroad companies which allowed the construction company to overcharge for its building – $73 million for $50 million worth of work.
(3) When Congress threatened to investigate the Union Pacific scandal in 1868, Oakes Ames , member of the House of Representatives and stockholder of the railroad construction company, sold company stock to key Congressmen.
(a) After the NY Sun broke the story, Ames was censored by the House of Representatives
(b) Vice-President Colfax, also connected to the scandal, was politically ruined.
- Election of 1872
(1) Republicans renominated Grant, the railroad scandal having come too late to hamper him, but added Henry Wilson for Vice-President
(2) Republican Liberal faction in Cincinnati
(a) Favoring civil service reform and shocked by scandals in Grant’s administration, they nominated Horace Greeley for president and B. Gratz Brown for vice-president
(b) Under the banner of the Liberal Party, they pushed civil service reform, a return to specie payments and reserving the public domain for actual settlers
(3) Democrats in Baltimore, hoping to unify opposition to Grant and the Republicans, reluctantly endorsed the Liberal ticket.
b. Results — Grant received a popular majority of 763,000 votes and 286 electoral votes to 66 for Greeley who died before the electoral votes were cast.
c. Significance – The first Black delegates to a national convention were seated at the Republican National Convention.
- Other Scandals
a. Salary Grab Act 3 Mar 1873
(1) On the day before inauguration, Congress doubled the President’s salary (to $50,000) and the salaries of Supreme Court justices.
(2) Hidden in the salary increases was a 50% increase for congressmen.
(3) Public indignation forced Congress to rescind their salary increases.
b. Whiskey Ring
(1) A conspiracy of revenue officials and distillers formed in St. Louis to defraud the government of the internal tax on whiskey.
(2) Chief among those implicated in the scandal, after an investigation ordered by Treasury Secretary Benjamin H. Bristow, was Grant’s appointee John McDonald and his own private secretary, Gen O.E. Babcock , for whom Grant intervened.
(3) In May 1875, 238 persons were indicted, but few were convicted.
c. Trading Post Scandal
(1) After the House investigated a scandal involving the selling of trading posts rights, Secretary of War William W. Belknap (1829-90) was implicated in corruption.
(2) Belknap resigned to avoid being impeached for receiving bribes.
- Election of 1876
a. Bi-Elections of 1874 – Because of Grant Administration corruption, Democrats regained control of the House of Representatives and several state houses, and gained strength in the Senate.
(1) Republicans in Cincinnati
(a) Rutherford B. Hayes , honest, courageous as Governor of Ohio twice, former General in the Union army and Congressman, was nominated for President on the 7th ballot and William A. Wheeler (NY) for Vice-President.
(b) Their leading candidate, James G. Blaine (ME), had been discredited by a railroad scandal, having been implicated by James Mulligan.
(2) Democrats in St. Louis – Samuel J. Tilden (NY), a reform politician who favored civil service reform and had aided in the fall of William Marcy (“Boss”) Tweed, was nominated for President and Thomas A. Hendricks (IN) was nominated for Vice-President.
(a) Tilden received 4,300,000 votes to Hayes’ 4,034,000, but disputed returns in OR and the three unreconstructed Southern states (LA, FL and SC ), denied Tilden the needed majority of 185 electoral votes by 1.
(b) Tilden carried NY, NJ, CN, IN and the South except where disputed.
(c) Republicans had clearly carried Oregon whose votes went to Hayes, but white Southern conservatives had made a fair vote impossible by intimidating blacks, while Republican control of those states made a fair count virtually impossible.
(4) Electoral Commission
(a) Congress selected an election commission to certify the election results.
i) Five each from the House, Senate and Supreme Court were selected to resolve the dispute over the election of 1876 (7 Republicans/ 7 Democrats/ one claiming neutrality)
ii) Before the Commission completed its work, David Davis , neutral justice, resigned to accept an appointment as Senator from Illinois.
iii) His replacement — Supreme Court Justice Republican Joseph Bradley (NJ).
(b) The disputed returns were accepted in favor of the Republicans by a vote of eight to seven in each case, and Hayes was declared the winner by one vote, earning him a nickname of His Fraudulency and Old 8 to 7 .
- Compromise of 1877
a. To gain the support of Southerners for the decision of the electoral commission, on 26 Feb 1877, a meeting at the Wormley Hotel produced a compromise.
b. In return for the South’s support and for Southern guarantees of Black civil rights, Hayes agreed to four things, which became known as the Compromise of 1877.
(1) No second term.
(2) Remove remaining federal troops from SC, LA and FL
(3) Make a fair number of appointments to federal positions from among Southerners, including at least one Cabinet post.
(4) Spend fairly federal funds for internal improvements in the South.
c. Hayes appointed David Key (TN) as Postmaster General and kept the other promises, retiring after one term in 1881 (dying in 1893).
d. While president, Hayes allowed no liquor at White House functions. His wife was known as “Lemonade Lucy”.
*The Reconstruction Timetable and Information – Teach PDLaw’s Civil War | <urn:uuid:69d76d4d-b313-4cf4-b7a4-800f16d09935> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://historic-lamott-pa.com/aftermath-of-the-civil-war/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875143963.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200219000604-20200219030604-00503.warc.gz | en | 0.959221 | 4,311 | 4.21875 | 4 |
Douglas R Witt did a Public Service Alliance of Canada Mask Workshop and made some pretty amazing masks made from cardboard. I wanted to share because I know that you could certainly appreciate it.
This may not be a project for your children to complete, but one you could make and the children could use in dramatic play.
Making an even sided mask template is an easy thing to do.
1.) Use a piece of paper and draw out the shape of the mask you want and then cut it out.
2.) Hold the paper mask up to your face to make sure it sits on the bridge of your nose comfortable. While holding the template to your face, tap on the front of the mask to find the eyes. With a felt pen, mark where the eyes are roughly.
3.) Remove from face. Draw in eye shapes and cut it out with a pen knife exacto blade.
4.) Put the template up to your face. Pick a side you like best. You never get the template exactly correct the first time.
5.) Cut the mask in half. Keep the side you like.
6.) Using the the half of the template you like, trace that side onto cardboard. Flip the piece over and trace the other side. This way you masks will all be symmetrical. If you forget to flip the mask over you will end up with two left eyes or right eyes 🙂
7.) Take another full sheet of paper and fold it in half, and repeat the same trick as before to create symmetry with your mask so that your mask will have the same size ears or whatever features you want to make for your mask.
8.) Basically what he did as shape the test templates and fit them together and glued the mask together with hot glue to see how the end mask will look. You will see over the next few photos how that was done.
9.) He added some funny looking tags to the snout piece as you can see in the bottom right corner. He did this because he folds them under the snout and use them to attach the face part of the mask and the nose.
10.) Now he traces all the template pieces onto cardboard and its time to cut out the final mask pieces
11.) He gently curves all the face pieces. You do this by hand, on the edge of a table or by using a broom handle. Keep in mind do this carefully… you only want a slight curve and you don’t want to mangle all your hard work.
12.) He assembled the mask with a hot glue gun… using as little glue as possible.
13.) He made to little slits in the corners of each ear so that he could use them to hot glue the ears to the mask.
Here are all the masks he created using this method. As you can see, you can make just about any type of mask for your play area.
After the masks are created, you add a stick to the back and paint them.
Pretty cool, huh? | <urn:uuid:321fe93d-41dc-4230-959e-17f59797f56f> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://www.nuttinbutpreschool.com/how-to-make-an-animal-mask/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655906934.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200710082212-20200710112212-00118.warc.gz | en | 0.932437 | 614 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Last modified: 2008-04-26 by ivan sache
Keywords: sainte-ode | bridge (white) | daffodil (yellow) | fosset |
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Municipal flag of Sainte-Ode - Image by Arnaud Leroy, 11 November 2007
The municipality of Sainte-Ode (2,305 inhabitants on 1 January 2007; 9,787 ha) is located west of Bastogne. The municipality of Sainte-Ode was formed in 1976 by the merging of the former municipalities of Amberloup (administrative seat of the new municipality), Lavacherie and Tillet, and named after the St. Ode hospital, which belonged previously to the municipality of Flamierge (the rest of Flamierge was incorporated in 1976 to the municipality of Bertogne).
The three-arched bridge of Fosset over the river Laval, portrayed by
the famous symbolist painter Fernand Khnopff (1858-1921), whose family had a vacation house in Fosset, is the official symbol of the municipality of Sainte-Ode.
St. Ode / Chrodoara is venerated in Amay, where her sarcophagus was discovered in 1977.
Amberloup was an important administrative and religious center, with a
castrum, a villa and a temple, in the Gallo-Roman times. Destroyed
during the Great Invasions in the late IIIrd-early IVth centuries,
Amberloup was rebuilt in the late VIIth-early VIIIth centuries. The
first St. Hubert abbey is believed to have been founded in Amberloup by
Bréglise, supported by Pepin of Herstal.
In the Middle Ages, the villages of Amberloup, Sainte-Ode, Wigny and
Tonny formed the Municipality of Amberloup, part of the Provostship of
On 1 October 1823, the former municipality of Tonny was incorporated into Amberloup.
Lavacherie, located in the valley of the Western Ourthe, is rich in ancient remains: Neolithic flints, shelters from the Age of Iron, a Gallic bronze statuette and several Gallic, Roman and Merovingian tombs.
The domain of Sainte-Ode was formed in 1609 on the border with the
Provostship of La Roche; it was an early and important center of iron industry in Luxembourg. In 1764, the forges still employed 250 workers. In 1947, the Fédération des Anciens Prisonniers de Guerre (FNAPG, Federation of the Former Prisonners of War) opened the Belgica
sanatorium in Montana (Switzerland), where 1,800 were healed until
1960. When the sanatorium was sold, the FNAPGA and associations of war
veterans purchased the domain of Sainte-Ode, whose castle (Le Celly)
was revamped to house 47 people repatriated from the Montana
sanatorium. The Belgica Pavilion, built in 1954 and renamed Belgica
Sanatorium in 1962, became a unit of health care for ex-prisoners
suffering from heavy after-effects of captivity. Scientists from the
Universities of Brussels, Liège and Leuven contributed to the project
and presented their results in an international symposium held in 1976.
They showed that ex-prisoners exhibited early signs of senescence and
that they sufferred more from physic and psychic disorders than the
average population of the same age. It was further shown that the
younger prisoners were the most affected by early sencescence. These
results prompted the set up of a better care for ex-prisoners, with
specific treatmants rather than a general, long-term care.
In 1987, the hospital experienced money problems while the number of its patients dramatically diminished because of ageing. In 1998, the hospitals of Sainte-Ode and Libramont were merged as the Centre Hospitalier de l'Ardenne.
Ivan Sache, 1 November 2007
The municipal flag of Sainte-Ode, as communicated by the municipal administration, is white with the municipal logotype in the middle.
The municipal logotype is a blue shield showing the three-arched bridge of Fosset over a white wavy stripe and a green terrace, on which Ste-Ode is written in yellow letters. A yellow daffodil (Narcissus) flower covers the upper part of the shield, its two lower floral leaves overlapping the bridge and its upper floral leaf "leaving out" the shield.
However, Armoiries communales en Belgique. Communes wallonnes, bruxelloises et germanophones says that Sainte-Ode does not have a municipal flag.
Pascal Vagnat, 11 November 2007 | <urn:uuid:0fb5e395-d7a9-4a2f-b17a-b7fa0fae4c16> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://www.signa-fahnen.de/fotw/flags/be-wlxso.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655896374.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20200708031342-20200708061342-00148.warc.gz | en | 0.935101 | 1,057 | 2.859375 | 3 |
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)(Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Drill cuttings are the broken bits of solid material removed from a borehole drilled by rotary, percussion, or auger methods. Boreholes drilled in this way include oil or gas wells, water wells, and holes drilled for geotechnical investigations or mineral exploration.
Drill cuttings are produced as the rock is broken by the drill bit advancing through the rock or soil; the cuttings are usually carried to the surface by drilling fluid circulating up from the drill bit. Drill cuttings can be separated from liquid drilling fluid by shale shakers, by centrifuges, or by cyclone separators, the latter also being effective for air drilling. In cable-tool drilling, the drill cuttings are periodically bailed out of the bottom of the hole. In auger drilling, cuttings are carried to the surface on the auger flights.
One drilling method that does not produce drill cuttings is core drilling, which instead produces solid cylinders of rock or soil.
Management of drill cuttings
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Drill cuttings carried by mud (drilling fluid) are usually retrieved at the surface of the platform where they go through shakers or vibrating machines to separate the bits and pieces of the cuttings from the drilling fluid, this process allows the circulating fluid to renter the drilling process. cuttings are then studied by mud engineers and well loggers before proper disposal.
Disposal as waste
Burial is the placement of waste in man-made or natural excavations, such as pits or landfills. Burial is the most common onshore disposal technique used for disposing of drilling wastes (mud and cuttings). Generally, the solids are buried in the same pit (the reserve pit) used for collection and temporary storage of the waste mud and cuttings after the liquid is allowed to evaporate. Pit burial is a low-cost, low-tech method that does not require wastes to be transported away from the well site, and, therefore, is very attractive to many operators.
Burial may be the most misunderstood or misapplied disposal technique. Simply pushing the walls of the reserve pit over the drilled cuttings is generally not acceptable. The depth or placement of the burial cell is important. A moisture content limit should be established on the buried cuttings, and the chemical composition should be determined. Onsite pit burial may not be a good choice for wastes that contain high concentrations of oil, salt, biologically available metals, industrial chemicals, and other materials with harmful components that could migrate from the pit and contaminate usable water resources.
In some oil field areas, large landfills are operated to dispose of oil field wastes from multiple wells. Burial usually results in anaerobic conditions, which limits any further degradation when compared with wastes that are land-farmed or land-spread, where aerobic conditions predominate.
Application to land surfaces
The objective of applying drilling wastes to the land is to allow the soil's naturally occurring microbial population to metabolize, transform, and assimilate waste constituents in place. Land application is a form of bioremediation are described in a separate fact sheet.
Several terms are used to describe this waste management approach, which can be considered both treatment and disposal. In general, land farming refers to the repeated application of wastes to the soil surface, whereas land spreading and land treatment are often used interchangeably to describe the one-time application of wastes to the soil surface. Some practitioners do not follow the same terminology convention, and may interchange all three terms. Readers should focus on the technologies rather than on the specific names given to each process.
Optimal land application techniques balance the additions of waste against a soil's capacity to assimilate the waste constituents without destroying soil integrity, creating subsurface soil contamination problems, or causing other adverse environmental impacts.
The exploration and production industry has used land farming to treat oily petroleum industry wastes for years. Land farming is the controlled and repeated application of wastes to the soil surface, using microorganisms in the soil to naturally biodegrade hydrocarbon constituents, dilute and attenuate metals, and transform and assimilate waste constituents.
Land farming can be a relatively low-cost drilling waste management approach. Some studies indicate that land farming does not adversely affect soils and may even benefit certain sandy soils by increasing their water-retaining capacity and reducing fertilizer losses. Inorganic compounds and metals are diluted in the soil, and may also be incorporated into the matrix (through chelation, exchange reactions, covalent bonding, or other processes) or may become less soluble through oxidation, precipitation, and pH effects. The attenuation of heavy metals (or the taking up of metals by plants) can depend on clay content and cation-exchange capacity.
Optimizing Land Farm Operations: The addition of water, nutrients, and other amendments (e.g., manure, straw) can increase the biological activity and aeration of the soil, thereby preventing the development of conditions that might promote leaching and mobilization of inorganic contaminants. During periods of extended dry conditions, moisture control may also be needed to minimize dust.
Periodic tillage of the mixture (to increase aeration) and nutrient additions to the waste-soil mixture can enhance aerobic biodegradation of hydrocarbons. After applying the wastes, hydrocarbon concentrations are monitored to measure progress and determine the need for enhancing the biodegradation processes. Application rates should be controlled to minimize the potential for runoff.
Pretreating the wastes by composting and activating aerobic biodegradation by regular turning (windrows) or by forced ventilation (biopiles) can reduce the amount of acreage required for land farming (Morillon et al. 2002).
Drilling Waste Land Farm Example: In 1995, HS Resources, an oil and gas company operating in Colorado, obtained a permit for a noncommercial land farm to treat and recycle the company's nonhazardous oil field wastes, including drilling muds. At the land farm, wastes mixed with soil contaminated with hydrocarbons from other facilities are spread in a layer one foot thick or less. Natural bacterial action is enhanced through occasional addition of commercial fertilizers, monthly tilling (to add oxygen), and watering (to maintain 10–15% moisture content). Treatment is considered complete when hydrocarbon levels reach concentrations specified by regulatory agencies; not all agencies employ the same acceptability standards. Water and soil are monitored periodically to confirm that no adverse soil or groundwater impacts have occurred, and records of the source and disposition of the remediated soil are maintained. Estimated treatment costs, which include transportation, spreading, amendments, and monitoring, are about $4–5 per cubic yard. When the treated material is recycled as backfill, net costs are about $1 per cubic yard. Capital costs (not included in the treatment cost estimates) were recovered within the first eight months of operation (Cole and Mark 2000).
Implementation Considerations: Advantages of land farming include its simplicity and low capital cost, the ability to apply multiple waste loadings to the same parcel of land, and the potential to improve soil conditions. Concerns associated with land farming are its high maintenance costs (e.g., for periodic land tilling, fertilizer); potentially large land requirements; and required analysis, testing, demonstration, and monitoring. Elevated concentrations of hydrocarbons in drilling wastes can limit the application rate of a waste on a site.
Wastes containing salt must also be applied to soil only with care. Salt, unlike hydrocarbons, cannot biodegrade but may accumulate in soils, which have a limited capacity to accept salts. If salt levels become too high, the soils may be damaged and treatment of hydrocarbons can be inhibited. Salts are soluble in water and can be managed. Salt management is part of prudent operation of a land farm.
Another concern with land farming is that while lower molecularweight petroleum compounds biodegrade efficiently, higher molecular weight compounds biodegrade more slowly. This means that repeated applications can lead to accumulation of high molecular weight compounds. At high concentrations, these recalcitrant constituents can increase soil-water repellency, affect plant growth, reduce the ability of the soil to support a diverse community of organisms, and render the land farm no longer usable without treatment or amendment. Recent studies have supported the idea that field-scale additions of earthworms with selected organic amendments may hasten the long-term recovery of conventionally treated petroleum contaminated soil. The burrowing and feeding activities of earthworms create space and allow food resources to become available to other soil organisms that would be unable to survive otherwise. The use of earthworms in Europe has improved the biological quality of soils of some large-scale land-reclamation projects.
When considering land farming as a waste management option, several items should be considered. These include site topography, site hydrology, neighboring land use, and the physical (texture and bulk density) and chemical composition of the waste and the resulting waste-soil mixture. Wastes that contain large amounts of oil and various additives may have diverse effects on parts of the food chain. Constituents of particular concern include pH, nitrogen (total mass), major soluble ions (Ca, Mg, Na, Cl), electrical conductivity, total metals, extractable organic halogens, oil content, and hydrocarbons. Oil-based muds typically utilize an emulsified phase of 20 to 35 percent by weight CaCl2 brine. This salt can be a problem in some areas, such as some parts of Canada, the mid-continent, and the Rocky Mountains. For this reason, alternative mud systems have emerged that use an environmentally preferred beneficial salt, such as calcium nitrate or potassium sulfate, as the emulsified internal water phase.
Wastes that contain significant levels of biologically available heavy metals and persistent toxic compounds are not good candidates for land farming, as these substances can accumulate in the soil to a level that renders the land unfit for further use (E&P Forum 1993). (Site monitoring can help ensure such accumulation does not occur.) Land farms may require permits or other approvals from regulatory agencies, and, depending on soil conditions, some land farms may require liners and/or groundwater monitoring wells.
In land treatment (also known as land spreading), the processes are similar to those in land farming, where natural soil processes are used to biodegrade the organic constituents in the waste. However, in land treatment, a one-time application of the waste is made to a parcel of land. The objective is to dispose of the waste in a manner that preserves the subsoil's chemical, biological, and physical properties by limiting the accumulation of contaminants and protecting the quality of surface and groundwater. The land spreading area is determined on the basis of a calculated loading rate that considers the absolute salt concentration, hydrocarbon concentration, metals concentration, and pH level after mixing with the soil. The drilling waste is spread on the land and incorporated into the upper soil zone (typically upper 6–8 inches of soil) to enhance hydrocarbon volatization and biodegradation. The land is managed so that the soil system can degrade, transport, and assimilate the waste constituents. Each land treatment site is generally used only once.
Optimizing Land Treatment Operations: Addition of water, nutrients, and other amendments (e.g., manure, straw) can increase the biological activity and aeration of the soil and prevent the development of conditions that might promote leaching and mobilization of inorganic contaminants. During periods of extended dry conditions, moisture control may also be needed to minimize dust. Periodic tillage of the mixture (to increase aeration) and nutrient additions to the waste soil mixture can enhance aerobic biodegradation of hydrocarbons, although in practice not all land treatment projects include repeated tilling. After applying the wastes, hydrocarbon concentrations may be monitored to measure progress and determine the need for enhancing the biodegradation processes.
Implementation Considerations: Because land spreading sites receive only a single application of waste, the potential for accumulation of waste components in the soil is reduced (as compared with land farming, where waste is applied repeatedly). Although liners and monitoring of leachate are typically not required at land treatment sites, site topography, hydrology, and the physical and chemical composition of the waste and resultant waste-soil mixture should be assessed, with waste application rates controlled to minimize the possibility of runoff.
Experiments conducted in France showed that after spreading oil-based mud cuttings on farmland, followed by plowing, tilling, and fertilizing, approximately 10% of the initial quantity of the oil remained in the soil. Phytotoxic effects on seed germination and sprouting were not observed, but corn and wheat crop yields decreased by 10%. Yields of other crops were not affected. The percentage of hydrocarbon reduction and crop yield performance will vary from site to site depending on many factors (e.g., length of time after application, type of hydrocarbon, soil chemistry, temperature).
Land spreading costs are typically $2.50 to $3.00 per barrel of water-based drilling fluids not contaminated with oil, and they could be higher for oily wastes containing salts (Bansal and Sugiarto 1999). Costs also depend on sampling and analytical requirements.
Advantages of land spreading are the low treatment cost and the possibility that the approach could improve soil characteristics. Land spreading is most effectively used for drilling wastes that have low levels of hydrocarbons and salts. Potential concerns include the need for large land areas; the relatively slow degradation process (the rate of biodegradation is controlled by the inherent biodegradation properties of the waste constituents, soil temperature, soil-water content, and contact between the microorganisms and the wastes); and the need for analyses, tests, and demonstrations. Also, high concentrations of soluble salts or metals can limit the use of land spreading.
When evaluating land spreading as a drilling waste management option, several items should be considered. These include area-wide topographical and geological features; current and likely future activities around the disposal site; hydrogeologic data (location, size, and direction of flow for existing surface water bodies and fresh or usable aquifers); natural or existing drainage patterns; nearby environmentally sensitive features such as wetlands, urban areas, historical or archeological sites, and protected habitats; the presence of endangered species; and potential air quality impacts. In addition, historical rainfall distribution data should be reviewed to establish moisture requirements for land spreading and predict net evaporation rates. Devices needed to control water flow into, onto, or from facility systems should be identified. Wastes should be characterized during the evaluation; drilling wastes with high levels of hydrocarbons and salts may not be appropriate for land spreading.
Some cuttings are being beneficially reused. Before the cuttings can be reused or recycled, it [is|may be necessary to follow steps to ensure the hydrocarbon and chloride content is lowered within the governing bodies standards for reuse.
Reuse of cuttings through road spreading is permitted in some areas. However it depends on permission from not only the governing agency, but also the land owner.
Drill cutting can also be recycled for use as a bulk particulate solid construction materials such as road base for site roads and pads. The cuttings must first be screened and dried, before being processes in a pugmill or similar type mixing method.
Drilling wastes can also be recycled for use as a major constituent of mixes for making substantially monolithic specialized civil engineering concrete structures of large size, such as roads and drilling pads.
- http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/Display.cfm?Term=cuttings Schlumberger: Oilfield Glossary
- Callahan et al. 2002
- (Smith et al. 1999
- Bansal, K. M., and Sugiarto, 1999, "Exploration and Production Operations - Waste Management A Comparative Overview: U.S. and Indonesia Cases", SPE 54345, SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference, Jakarta, Indonesia, April 20–22, 1999.
- Callahan, M. A., A. J. Stewart, C. Alarcon, and S. J. McMillen, 2002, "Effects of Earthworm (Eisenia Fetida) and Wheat (Triticum Aestivum) Straw Additions on Selected Properties of Petroleum-Contaminated Soils", Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol. 21, No. 8, pp. 1658–1663.
- Cole, E., and S. Mark, 2000, "E&P Waste: Manage It Cost Effectively through Land Farming", World Oil, August Vol. 221, No. 8.(subscription required)
- E&P Forum, 1993, "Exploration and Production (E&P) Waste Management Guidelines", Report No. 2.58/196, September.
- Morillon, A., J. F. Vidalie, U. S. Hamzah, S. Suripno, and E. K. Hadinoto, 2002, "Drilling and Waste Management", SPE 73931, presented at the SPE International Conference on Health, Safety, and the Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production, March 20–22, 2002.
- Smith, M., A. Manning, and M. Lang, 1999, "Research on the Re-use of Drill Cuttings Onshore" , November 11, 1999 | <urn:uuid:0b43fb5b-36be-4622-91f9-4c46460a8f5e> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill_cuttings | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463615105.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170530124450-20170530144450-00495.warc.gz | en | 0.916179 | 3,675 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Germany has a ton of Roman ruins scattered about, and Trier is no exception. We spent three days in this quaint little city. You could barely throw a stone in any direction without hitting some Roman ruins. One of our favourite sites was the Imperial Roman Baths.
The meager entry fee of €3.00 (the 2015 admission price; now it’s €4.00) made us think the site wouldn’t be all that impressive. We kept our expectations low, but wow, this place blew us away. It’s no wonder that it’s listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site under the grouping of “the Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St. Peter and Church of Our Lady”.
The Imperial Roman Baths (or Kaiserthermen in German) were built in the 4th Century AD. They were one of the largest Roman bath complexes outside of Rome itself. So why were the baths so impressive? Trier was an important trading center and one of the largest cities during the height of the Roman Empire. In fact, it was often referred to as “Second Rome”. Emperor Constantinus Chlorus started the baths project sometime after 293 AD when the Tetrarchy was formed. The work continued under his son, Constantine the Great, but work stopped when he left Trier in 316.
The baths sat unfinished for 50 years, until Gratian started the project back up in 367. But instead of continuing work on the baths, he had a military garrison built on the site. With changing leadership and political priorities taking precedent, the baths were never fully completed.
One of the coolest things about our visit was that we could walk through the maze of extensive underground tunnels. The state of preservation was remarkable.
Not all of the tunnels were open to the public, but it definitely gave us an impression of just how much work went into this project. Below is the maintenance clearance tunnel under the cold water baths or frigidarium. Romans tended to start in the frigidarium, then moved to the tepidarium (warm room), before ending in the caldarium (hot room). The ritual ended back in the warm room for a massage with oils and a good scraping with a metal instrument called a strigil. (Whoa, my university archaeology classes are coming back to me!)
The Romans used hypocausts to raise the floor in order to heat them from underneath:
This is the eastern apse of the hot water bath (caldarium). The walls are still up to 19m high! The site was undergoing restoration/preservation at the time of our visit, hence the scaffolding.
The site of the Imperial baths went through numerous stages of what we would term today as “adaptive re-use”. The De Castello family used the caldarium and boiler house as a castle stronghold in the Middle Ages. The church of St. Gervaise was built in the center of the courtyard not long after. During the Frankish period, settlers built their houses inside the walls encircling the baths. And in 1295, the monastery church of St. Agnes was built the the northwest former spa complex. Both the church of St. Gervaise and the monastery church of St. Agnes were dismantled around 1802-1803 due to secularization.
All of this constant activity greatly contributed to its preservation today.
Just look at the intricate brickwork. This really is a beautiful building, even without plaster and paint, as it would have had once completed:
The caldarium from another angle:
To give some idea of the immense size of the site, here is a photo overlooking the palaestra, where athletes once worked out.
There is also a small museum on site, but the baths and its two stories of maintenance tunnels are the main event here. We loved exploring the winding tunnels and imagining what life must have been like at the height of the Roman Empire. We spent nearly two hours here and could have easily spent even longer! | <urn:uuid:47457da0-d6f7-4899-ab93-58bb4285bd71> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://thirstyjourneys.com/imperial-roman-baths-trier/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812788.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219191343-20180219211343-00359.warc.gz | en | 0.974933 | 833 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Planning Strategy for Rural Northern Ireland
Regional Planning Policies: Policy CON 6 Archaeological Sites and Monuments
|Policy CON 6 Archaeological Sites and Monuments|
This policy has been superseded by: PPS 6-Planning,Archaeology and the Built Heritage
To safeguard features of the historic landscape including archaeological sites and monuments and their settings.
Archaeological remains can provide evidence, sometimes the only evidence, of thousands of years of human activity and settlement in Northern Ireland. They are all individually important, and can have group value as an area of historic landscape. Some are distinctive landmarks, others are scarcely visible except to the trained eye or are no longer visible above ground but survive beneath modem fields and settlements. They are fragile, and vulnerable to damage and destruction. They are a finite and diminishing resource which, once destroyed, cannot be replaced. Every archaeological site or monument which is destroyed means loss of part of the record of our past.
The work of scheduling historic monuments continues. The fact that an archaeological site or monument has not received specific statutory protection does not diminish its individual archaeological importance, or its significance as an element in the historic landscape.
Development plans will contain policies for the protection and, where appropriate, the enhancement of archaeological sites and monuments and their settings, and will, where appropriate:
Development plans may also designate Areas of Significant Archaeological Interest, for example, as around Navan Fort outside Armagh. Such areas will defme the overall setting within which a number of individual and related monuments are located, or areas of historic landscape. The potential effect of proposals on specific sites and their settings, as well as on the integrity, or the overall character of the area, will be a major consideration in determining applications for development.
Great weight is attached to the protection and preservation, and, where appropriate, the enhancement of sites of archaeological interest and their settings. In all cases the desirability of preserving an archaeological site or monument and its setting, whether scheduled or otherwise, is a material consideration in determining planning applications. There will be a presumption in favour of the physical preservation of archaeological sites, monuments and remains and their settings.
Development which would be likely to alter, damage or destroy individual sites or monuments, or result in inappropriate change to the settings of such sites or monuments or to the essential character of an Area of Significant Archaeological Interest or to the historic landscape will not normally be permitted.
In assessing the archaeological implications of a development proposal, the potential impact of the proposal on the site or monument and its setting, or on buried remains, will be considered and in particular, whether the development would cause damage or whether the existing quality of the site or monument, and its setting, will be retained.
Developers should seek to identify the existence of archaeological remains which may be affected by their proposals so that appropriate strategies to deal with the archaeological implications can be designed at an early stage. Where development proposals are acceptable, but archaeological mitigation is appropriate, consideration will be given to:
Planning permission will not be granted for a development which would destroy archaeological remains which ought to be preserved in situ, even if the developer offers to facilitate excavation.
Where a decision is taken to permit development which will result in archaeological destruction, planning permission will normally be conditional on the completion of a licensed excavation and recording of remains, before development commences. In such cases an agreement may be made under Article 40 of the Planning Order (NI) 1991. Planning permission may be refused if archaeological mitigation or protection measures cannot be agreed upon.
In situations where significant remains are discovered after approved development has commenced, the Department will consider whether or not it is expedient to schedule the remains and may, if necessary, revoke the planning permission. In most cases it should be possible to reach an agreed solution with the developer.
Where an archaeological site or monument or its setting or an Area of Significant Archaeological Interest might be prejudiced by development permitted under the Planning (General Development) Order (NI) 1993 the permitted development rights may be withdrawn.
Archaeological research continues and new and exciting discoveries are made. The discovery of archaeological remains, which have not been previously known, may represent a material change which can affect the nature of the development which will be permitted in respect of an area within a development limit, or within the countryside. | <urn:uuid:66859803-b53f-463d-a913-568fcc7c84e7> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.planningni.gov.uk/index/policy/policy_publications/rural_strategy/psrni_regional_policies/psrni_conservation/psrni_con06.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267866191.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20180624024705-20180624044705-00355.warc.gz | en | 0.927788 | 877 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Some of the most important risks faced by humankind today are environment-related: extreme weather, biodiversity loss, natural hazards, and human-made environmental disasters. In large part, the rising risks are the result of environmental degradation occurring worldwide due to increased human activity. However, these risks can be reduced through working with nature rather than against it; a concept known as nature-based solutions.
This guide aims to give practical, how-to-do information on setting up and implementing nature-based solutions (NbS), especially for disaster risk reduction (DRR), but also for climate change adaptation (CCA). It is designed to help implement the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 (hereafter referred to as the Sendai Framework). The Sendai Framework recognizes that environmental degradation can cause hazards and that disasters also have an impact on the environment. It recognizes that environmental management is a key component that can reduce disaster risk and increase resilience (United Nations, 2015; PEDRR, 2016):
- Poor land management, unsustainable use of natural resources and degrading ecosystems are highlighted as underlying drivers of disaster risk;
- Environmental impacts of disasters are recognized;
- Countries are explicitly encouraged to strengthen the sustainable use and management of ecosystems for building resilience to disasters. | <urn:uuid:574395d6-e07e-442a-9ee3-bd0978216a80> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://reliefweb.int/report/world/words-action-nature-based-solutions-disaster-risk-reduction | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154302.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20210802012641-20210802042641-00644.warc.gz | en | 0.941249 | 257 | 3.578125 | 4 |
The 10 Commandments in the New Testament
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The 10 Commandments in the New Testament: Part 9
The Ninth Commandment is referenced in the book Ephesians. It is God’s desire for every one of us to tell the truth.
[Steve Myers] We’ve been talking about the commandments found in the New Testament. And we’ve zeroed in on Ephesians in the last few. And I’d like to have you notice, the Ninth Commandment also referenced in Ephesians. And in Ephesians chapter 4 and verse 25, the apostle Paul wrote to Ephesus, “Put away lying. Let each one of you speak truth with his neighbor, for we are members of one another.” Now, what we find here is the apostle Paul is getting down to the fact that it’s not just avoiding lying. And all too often I think we fall into that aspect in our lives, that we think if we just avoid evil that we’re doing okay.
And yeah, of course, that’s good. But that’s not what we’re shooting for. It’s more than just avoiding evil. We must do good. And that’s where Paul zeroes in on our responsibility. It’s not just about not lying. We have to be truth-tellers. That’s God’s honest desire for every one of us, that we tell the truth.
And in fact, there is an amazing Hebrew word for “truth” – this is a variation of it, “emet” – that encapsulates something that’s kind of interesting when you think about truth-telling, being one who is truthful.
This word for “truth” in Hebrew – they have an interesting aspect to it. It has what would be the first letter, which is the very first letter of the Hebrew alphabet. The “m” as it’s transliterated is the middle letter of the Hebrew alphabet. And you’ll never guess what is transliterated as a “t” for us is in the Hebrew alphabet – it’s the last letter. And so it’s been noted that the word for “truth” should be something that we take to heart at the beginning, at the middle, and at the end.
It encompasses the first things we do, the middle things that we do, and the last things that we do. Kind of realizing that everything we do in our life must be wrapped around the truth. That gets to the real spiritual intent behind “Don’t bear false witness”.
All right, that’s BT Daily. We’ll see you next time. | <urn:uuid:13b6bcb9-540e-467f-a108-da385a8c4915> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.ucg.org/beyond-today/beyond-today-daily/the-10-commandments-in-the-new-testament-part-9 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648245.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20230602003804-20230602033804-00548.warc.gz | en | 0.946364 | 621 | 2.671875 | 3 |
There has been talk for decades of making government, both at the federal and state levels, more efficient and effective. But has anything happened?
In some states, yes. Nineteen have joined a program called Results First, which is run by The Pew Charitable Trusts and the MacArthur Foundation and applies a cost-benefit approach to government decisions, especially spending, in eight areas around education, justice and health. In short, the goal is to assess whether government programs are fulfilling their intent, not in some vague way but based on measurable outcomes. Programs that are not should be eliminated or restructured. Additional resources should be targeted to those programs that show large returns on investment.
Maine is not part of the Results First, but it should be. The program accepts three or four new states each year.
A 2014 Pew report on evidence-based policymaking shows how the practice can direct government funding away from ineffective programs into more promising investments. In Connecticut, the state’s Results-Based Accountability system determined that a $20 million annual investment in early reading programs was having no positive effect on children’s reading skills. The Appropriation Committee denied funding for the program and analyzed it to identify potential solutions. The resulting study found that the reading specialists central to the initiative lacked sufficient training and that schools often used the funding to support early reading efforts for other purposes. Based on this information, Connecticut began to use other approaches, such as adding reading instruction-related graduation requirements for education degrees and implementing techniques based on a reading program in Norwalk that had proven successful.
The Iowa Department of Corrections used a method developed by Pew and MacArthur called Results First to assess the return on investment of numerous jail programs. It found that cognitive therapy, both in jail and in the community, was the most cost-effective, returning $37.70 in benefit for each $1 spent. Drug treatment also had a positive return on investment. The department plans to adjust its adult programming based on these findings to save money and reduce jail admissions.
Texas participates in Results First but also has a long-standing government review committee. The Texas Sunset Advisory Committee reviews 130 state agencies on a rolling basis. It questions the need for each agency, looks for duplication and new, innovative ways to deliver services. Since it began in 1977, 79 agencies have been abolished or remade with state spending reductions of more than $945 million.
In Maine, the job of reviewing state programs falls to the Office of Program Evaluation and Government Accountability. Its director, Beth Ashcroft, said she has for years made a seemingly simple request: a list of state programs and agencies. She hasn’t received one. Sadly, this isn’t unusual, according to Gary VanLandingham, director of Results First.
The closest thing Maine has to a comprehensive list of state programs and agencies and their missions, she said, is the state government annual report, compiled by the Bureau of the Budget. The document focuses more on a department’s spending and general tasks than measuring its performance based on a set of standards or outcomes.
For example, the Bureau of Alcoholic Beverages and Lottery Operations “continues to meet its goal of transferring the maximum profit to the General Fund for both the spirits and lottery businesses of the State as well as revenue generated from the collection of excise tax on malt and wine and the licensing of distribution and sale of alcoholic beverages.” How do we know? What are those maximum profit goals? By what measure is the bureau meeting them?
These types of questions could be repeated for agency after agency. The first step for evidence-based decision making is to have well-defined — and measurable — outcomes for each department.
Many states, including Maine, measure performance based on how many people are served by a program or how much a program saved, VanLandingham said in an interview. To get to the next level, states should compare programs and services to national models. Results First helps states do this work through a clearinghouse of national evidence-based programs.
Lawmakers recently approved $6.7 billion in state spending for the next two years. They and taxpayers should want to know that this is money well spent. Using evidence-based budgeting and governing strategies, which have worked to improve programs and save money in other states, would be a good place to begin to ensure it. | <urn:uuid:bd023eea-abe7-4f76-ac78-ffd53cb51886> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://bangordailynews.com/2015/09/08/opinion/editorials/government-efficiency-doesnt-happen-by-itself-maine-should-join-national-effort/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743216.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20181116214920-20181117000316-00011.warc.gz | en | 0.96793 | 890 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Trade and Travel | Towns and Villas | The Army | Forts and Fortresses
The Roman invasion led to a great increase in British trade with the outside world. They had traded internally using the barter method (as tribes had different coinage and some had no currency at all). After the invasion of Emperor Claudius in 43 AD, once Britain was becoming Romanised, trade increased massively. As all countries in the Empire used the same Roman currency, it was easier for the Britons to trade with other Roman countries than it had been before. Previously, the Britons had insisted on trade on a goods-for-goods basis rather than a goods-for-money basis. The famous Roman roads, which still criss-cross the country today, made trade a great deal faster.
Before the invasion, there was internal trade between the Celtic tribes of Britain, especially in metals and pottery. There was also external trade, some with the Roman world, and later (after the invasion) with Scotland and Ireland. The Romans and Celts sent pottery, glass, bronze and iron objects, and wine to Scotland. In return they received slaves, cattle, hides and furs, animals, and possibly wool. The Romans increased production of minerals, particularly lead, but also silver, gold, and tin. These were mainly purchased by the Empire rather than by private citizens. Also, British woollen products were considered the best in the Empire and were much sought after as fashionable goods.
Until the Britons learned Roman techniques, and for some time after, one of the most imported products was pottery, whether cheap or high quality such as Samian ware. A great deal of wine was also imported, particularly from the Loire valley. Fine quality silverwork was imported, as were high quality brass products and glassware. The glass came from Syria, Alexandria, and later from the Rhineland and Gaul1.
Once the road network was established, making travel much faster, it was possible for perishable foods such as figs to be imported, and British oysters exported.
After the invasion, internal trade also increased, both locally and further afield. For example, crops from the agriculturally-superior south might be traded with other goods from the north or west.
The famous Roman roads were one of the biggest innovations the conquest brought to the Britons. Previously, their 'roads' had been dirt tracks that had developed organically on the paths that people travelled. These roads did not always take the straightest route, and had potholes and other hazards to injure the unsuspecting traveller or damage his cart. A countrywide, efficient network did not exist because this would have required engineering skill that the Britons did not possess, not to mention money and cooperation between the tribes, which was highly unlikely as they were so frequently at war with one another.
After the conquest in 43 AD, the Romans set about building roads between towns, linking them to regional capitals, legionary fortresses, and harbours. They were often very long. For instance, Ermine Street went from York to London. Many roads today still follow the route of Roman roads, such as the A46, which follows part of the Fosse Way, a road running from Lincoln to Exeter.
Roman roads were always as straight as possible, except where they skirted around hills and other obstacles to avoid the difficulty of building over them, or where a minor correction had to be made to the course of the road. The first stage of construction was to send out assistants to place markers along the approximate route of the road. Then a surveyor would stand on a high point with a groma, an instrument that had plumb lines at either end, and would look through the plumb lines to ensure that they were in line with the markers both in front and behind him. If necessary, adjustments would be made.
Once the line of the road was accurately marked out, teams began to build it. Originally the builders were the army. The new roads, once finished, made travelling times both for the army and for civilians much shorter. This was obviously of great benefit to trade, whether in Britain or on the continent – roads weren't just built in the province of Britain but over the whole empire, again with the primary purpose of quick movement of troops. There were more than 53,000 miles of road in the Empire.
Roman roads were built with great care. Roads often linked sites of about a day's march apart (10-15 miles). While the Romans sometimes repaired or improved earlier roads, they usually built their own. If, for example, they wanted to build a 30-feet-wide road, an area approximately 90 feet wide would be cleared. Along the length of the road, the edge of the cleared area would be marked by two parallel ditches. Then two more ditches would be dug in the centre of the cleared area, maybe 30 feet apart, which would mark the width of the actual road. An embankment called an agger was built between the two inner ditches. The actual composition of the roads varied because they were built using local materials, but generally, on top of the agger large local stones would be piled, packed with sand and gravel. The surface of the road was provided by compacted small stones or an early form of concrete. They would then be marked with milestones giving the distances and directions to the nearest towns.
As well as joining towns and forts, roads sometimes joined Roman posting stations known as mansions. These were almost like hotels where Roman officials could stay overnight, although use had to be controlled by the issuing of travel warrants, as the service was very expensive to run. They had stables, kitchens, and bedrooms. The weary officials could rest and use a new horse in the morning. They were often used by messengers carrying the post, and sometimes taxes were stored there.
Other Entries in the h2g2 Roman's in Britain Series
A Brief History | Minerals | Pottery | Trade and Travel | Agriculture | Art | Trade and Travel | Towns and Villas | The Army | Forts and Fortresses | <urn:uuid:9f46f530-8cc8-43c6-bfc6-cd38b2ec80de> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.h2g2.com/edited_entry/A3473967 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446709929.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20221126212945-20221127002945-00175.warc.gz | en | 0.986529 | 1,269 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Titus Livius or Livy (59 BCE - 17 CE): Roman historian, author of the authorized version of the history of the Roman republic.
A large part of Livy's History of Rome since the Foundation is now lost, but fortunately we have an excerpt, called the Periochae, which helps us reconstruct the general scope. This translation was made by Jona Lendering.
From Book 6
[6.1] Itnote[Book 6.] contains an account of successful wars against the Volscans and Aequans.
[6.2] [387 VC] Four voting districts were added, Stellatina, Tromentina, Sabatina, and Arniensis.
[6.3] [384 VC] When Marcus Manlius, who had defended the Capitol against the Gauls, liberated those suffering from debts and paid their debts, he was condemned for the crime of aspiring to monarchy and thrown down from the rock.note[The Tarpeian Rock.]
[6.4] A senatorial decree was made, that no member of the Manlius family was to be called Marcus again.
[6.5] [376 VC] Two tribunes of the plebs, Gaius Licinius and Lucius Sextius, proposed a law that one of the consuls might be a plebeian - they had [until then] been chosen from the patricians- and this law was after much struggle and in spite of patrician opposition, in which the tribunes were the sole magistrates for five years, finally accepted; [366 VC] the first plebeian consul was Lucius Sextius.
[6.6] Another law was passed, that no one was permitted to possess more than five hundred iugera of land.
From Book 7
[7.1] [366 VC] Two new magistracies were created, the praetorship and the curulian aedileship.
[7.2] The people suffered from a plague, and the most important man to die was Furius Camillus.
[7.3] The best remedy and the end of the plague were found in a new religious spectacle, and for the first time a theatrical festival was organized.
[7.4] [362 VC] When Lucius Manlius was summoned to appear at court by tribune of the plebs Marcus Pomponius because he had harshly conducted the levy and had sent his own son Titus Manlius to the country, although he had done nothing wrong, the young man himself, whose relegation was being used against his father, entered the bed room of the tribune with his sword drawn, and forced him to swear in words he dictated him not to continue the prosecution.
[7.5] [362 VC] At this time, many precious objects were thrown into a large chasm in the city of Rome.
[7.6] Armed and seated on his horse, Curtius jumped into it, and it closed again.note[The Lacus Curtius.]
[7.7] [361 VC] The young Titus Manlius, who had relieved his father from prosecution by the tribunes, fought against a Gaul who had challenged any Roman soldier to a duel; having overcome his opponent, Manlius took his golden torque, which he was to carry afterwards, and he was therefore surnamed Torquatus.
[7.8] [357 VC] Two new districts were created, Pomptina and Publilia.
[7.9] Licinius Stolo was condemned because he had broken the law which forbade people to own more than five hundred iugera of land.
[7.10] [350 VC] Military tribune Marcus Valerius killed a Gaul, by whom he had been challenged, while a raven perched on the Roman's crest and attacked his opponent with his beak and talons; therefore, Valerius accepted the surname Corvus, the raven. Because of his valor, he was made consul in the next year, when he was twenty-three.
[7.11] [348 VC] A treaty of friendship was concluded with Carthage.
[7.12] [343 VC] The Campanians, who were hard pressed by the Samnites in a war, asked the Senate for help against them, and when they did not receive it, they surrendered their towns and country to the Roman people.
[7.13] Because of this and to defend that what was Roman, it was decided to go to war against the Samnites.
[7.14] When consul Aulus Cornelius had led his army into a difficult position and was in great danger, it was saved by the valor of military tribune Publius Decius Mus,
[7.15] who occupied a hill above the pass that had been blocked by the Samnites, which offered the consul an opportunity to withdraw to a more favorable position; and although Decius was encircled by enemies, he broke through.
[7.16] [342 VC] When Roman soldiers, who had been left as garrison in Capua, conspired to seize the city and, fearing punishment when their crime was detected, revolted from the Roman people, they were brought to their senses by dictator Marcus Valerius Corvus, who restored them to their country.
[7.17] Itnote[Book 7.] also contains accounts of successful wars against the Hernicians, Gauls, Tiburtines, Privernates, Tarquinians, Samnites, and Volscians.
From Book 8
[8.1] [340 VC] The Latins defected with Campania and sent envoys to the Senate to tell, that if the Romans wanted peace, one of the consuls had to be a Latin.
[8.2] When this embassy had discussed its objective, their leader Annius fell from the Capitol and died.
[8.3] Consul Titus Manlius [Torquatus] punished his son, who had fought against the Latins without permission, and had him, although he had fought successfully, executed with an ax.
[8.4] The Roman army fought with great difficulty and Publius Decius [Mus], who was consul with Manlius, devoted himself to the gods to save his army; seated on his horse, he threw himself amidst of his enemies, was killed, and his death gave victory to the Romans.
[8.5] The Latins surrendered.
[8.6] No young men came out to greet Titus Manlius when he returned to the city.
[8.7] [337 VC] The Vestal virgin Minucia was condemned because of unchastity.
[8.8] [328 VC] When the Ausonians were defeated and their capital had been captured, colonies were founded in Cales and Fregellae.
[8.9] [331 VC] Several married women were convicted for poisoning, and many of them perished immediately by drinking their own medicine.
[8.10] For the first time, a law on poisoning was passed.
[8.11] [328 VC] The defeated Privernates, who had revolted, received citizenship.
[8.12] [326 VC] The surrender of the Neapolitans, who were defeated in war and after a siege, was accepted.
[8.13] Quintus Publilius, who had besieged them, was the first to see his powers prolonged and received a triumph as a proconsul.
[8.14] The poor were freed from debt slavery because of the libiduous passions of a creditor named Lucius Papirius, who demanded a dishonorable act from his debtor Gaius Publilius.
[8.15] [325 VC] When dictator Lucius Papirius Cursor had left the army to go back to the city for renewing the auspices, his master of horse Quintus Fabius, seeing a favorable opportunity, successfully -but without permission- fought against the Samnites.
[8.16] Because of this, the dictator wanted to execute the master of horse, but Fabius escaped to Rome, and received a pardon after the people had begged for it.
[8.17] Itnote[Book 8.] also contains an account of successful wars against the Samnites.
[9.1] [321 VC] When consuls Titus Veturius and Spurius Postumius had maneuvered their army in a difficult position in the Caudine Forks, and there was no hope of escaping, they concluded a treaty with the Samnites and gave six hundred Roman knights as hostages, so that the army could be led away, although all were sent under the yoke. On the initiative of consul Spurius Postumius, the consuls were, together with two tribunes of the plebs and several others who had guaranteed the treaty, surrendered to the Samnites, because they were responsible for the disgraceful treaty, and because in this way the Senate was not obliged to ratify it. The Samnites refused to accept them.
[9.2] [320 VC] Not much later, they were defeated by Papirius Cursor and sent under the yoke, and the six hundred knights that served as hostages were recovered, so that the shame of the earlier disgrace was removed.
[9.3] [318 VC] Two new voting districts were established, called Oufentina and Falerna.
[9.4] [313 VC] Colonies were founded in Suessa and Pontia.
[9.5] [312 VC] Censor Appius Claudius built an aqueduct and constructed a road that is called Via Appia; he accepted the sons of freedmen as senators.
[9.6] Because of this, the senatorial order appeared to be polluted with unworthy people, and the consuls of the next year convoked the Senate as it had been under the preceding censors.
[9.7] Itnote[Book 9.] also contains accounts of successful wars against the Apulians, Etruscans, Umbrians, Marsians, Paeliginians, Aequans, and Samnites, with whom the treaty was renewed.
[9.8] [304 VC] The scribe Gnaeus Flavius, born as son of a freedman, was made curulian aedile by the Forum Party, which had thrown into confusion the elections and the Field [of Mars] and dominated with its enormous strength. Therefore, censor Quintus Fabius divided it [the city] into four voting districts, which were called "urban".
[9.9] Because of this, he was called Fabius Maximus, "the Great".
[9.10] This book also mentions Alexander [the Great], who lived at about this age,note[336-323 BCE.] and an evaluation of the power of the Roman people at that time, and it is concluded that if Alexander had crossed to Italy, he would not have been able to overcome the Roman people in the same way as he had been able to subdue the people of the east.
From Book 10
[10.1] [303 VC] The colonies of Sora, Alba, and Caesioli were founded.
[10.2] 302 VC] The surrender of the Marsi was accepted.
[10.3] [300 BCE] The college of seers was expanded. From now on, there were nine; it used to be four.
[10.4] Murena, consul for the third time, carried a law on appeal to the people.
[10.5] [299 BCE] Two voting districts were added, Aniensis and Terentina.
[10.6] [298 BCE] War was declared on the Samnites, and they were frequently defeated.
[10.7] [295 BCE] With Publius Decius [Mus] and Quintus Fabius as leaders, the Roman army was fighting against the Etruscans, Umbrians, and Gauls;note[The battle of Sentinum.] it was in great trouble, but Publius Decius, following his father's example, devoted himself to the gods, sought death to save his army, and gave victory to the Roman people.
[10.8] [293 BCE] Papirius Cursor descended upon and routed a Samnite army that had sworn to fight to the very last of its powers.
[10.9] The people were registered and the lustrum ceremony was performed.
[10.10] 272,320 citizens were registered. | <urn:uuid:91419b73-544a-43e1-a8f5-0725810988bd> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.livius.org/sources/content/livy/livy-periochae-6-10/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912201953.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20190319093341-20190319115341-00041.warc.gz | en | 0.98909 | 2,686 | 2.796875 | 3 |
- Why is Vincent van Gogh called a Post Impressionist?
- Who is the father of Impressionism?
- What was the most popular subject in Impressionism?
- Who Is the two foremost post impressionist?
- What is the difference between impressionism and expressionism?
- What is the difference between impressionism and surrealism?
- Who are the two most famous post impressionist?
- Is Van Gogh a surrealist?
- What are the similarities and differences in expressionism and abstractionism?
- Is Van Gogh an abstract artist?
- Who is one of the most popular post impressionist artist?
- Who painted Starry Starry Night?
- Is Van Gogh an impressionist?
- What’s the opposite of surreal?
- What is Post Impressionism style?
Why is Vincent van Gogh called a Post Impressionist?
They wanted to express their meaning beyond the surface appearance; they painted with emotion, intellect, and the eye.
The post-impressionism painters stressed their personal view of the visual world and had a freely expressive use of color and form to describe emotions and movement..
Who is the father of Impressionism?
Claude Monet“Every day I discover more and more beautiful things. to do everything, my head is bursting with it.” Claude Monet was born on November 14, 1840 in Paris, France.
What was the most popular subject in Impressionism?
Answer. Explanation: The Impressionists emphasized the practice of plein air painting, or painting outside.
Who Is the two foremost post impressionist?
and Vincent van Gogh.
What is the difference between impressionism and expressionism?
While the paintings are based on the real world, Impressionists paint the scene as if they had only glanced at it for a moment. Expressionism is directly focused on the emotional response of the artist to the real world, using disproportionate sizes, odd angles, and painted in vivid and intense colors.
What is the difference between impressionism and surrealism?
Surrealism is smooth, while impressionism has a loose, choppy style with thick globs of paint. Surrealism deals with something that cannot be seen in this world, and impressionism is often a landscape, or at least a subject that is physical.
Who are the two most famous post impressionist?
Post-Impressionism is a term used to describe the reaction in the 1880s against Impressionism. It was led by Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh and Georges Seurat.
Is Van Gogh a surrealist?
Vincent Van Gogh – Surrealism. intense portraits and self-portraits were all expressive and emotive in colour, with thick and energetic brushwork.
What are the similarities and differences in expressionism and abstractionism?
is that expressionism is a movement in the arts in which the artist did not depict objective reality, but rather a subjective expression of their inner experiences while abstractionism is the creation, principles, or ideals of abstractions, in particular art .
Is Van Gogh an abstract artist?
Post Impressionism as practiced by Paul Gauguin, Georges Seurat, Vincent van Gogh and Paul Cézanne had an enormous impact on 20th-century art and led to the advent of 20th-century abstraction. The heritage of painters like Van Gogh, Cézanne, Gauguin, and Seurat was essential for the development of modern art.
Who is one of the most popular post impressionist artist?
Henri de Toulouse-LautrecHenri de Toulouse-Lautrec – The Master of the Poster Art and Depictions of the Paris Night Life. Born in an aristocratic family and physically disabled due to a genetic disorder, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec is one of the most famous post-impressionism artists.
Who painted Starry Starry Night?
Van GoghVan Gogh painted The Starry Night during his 12-month stay at the Saint-Paul-de-Mausole asylum near Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, France, several months after suffering a breakdown in which he severed a part of his own ear with a razor.
Is Van Gogh an impressionist?
From the above, it’s clear that Van Gogh was a post-impressionist painter rather than an impressionist painter. … Van Gogh was called by Roger Fry, an art critic, as a “Post-Impressionist” since his styles and methods clearly separate him from other impressionists.
What’s the opposite of surreal?
What is the opposite of surreal?balancedconventionalsounduncrazycalmcollectedcompos mentisreasonableserious1 more row
What is Post Impressionism style?
What is Post-Impressionism? Post-Impressionism is an art movement that developed in the 1890s. It is characterized by a subjective approach to painting, as artists opted to evoke emotion rather than realism in their work. | <urn:uuid:f23e16f9-ba55-4a77-a269-808af8b88a4c> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://lovelockgalleryandgifts.com/2021/01/09/quick-answer-is-van-gogh-an-impressionist-or-expressionist/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038879374.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20210419111510-20210419141510-00482.warc.gz | en | 0.942123 | 1,080 | 2.703125 | 3 |
The operating system takes care of memory management. It does this in 4 different ways:
Virtual memory: Part of the hard drive and used when the computer doesn’t have enough RAM to hold all the data and programs being used at that time. It stores the least used programs and data in the virtual memory which can still be accessed, but is slower. Adding more RAM reduces the use of virtual memory and makes the performance of the computer better. The operating system must keep track of which applications are in use, and relocate them appropriately.
Peripheral management and device drivers: A peripheral device is hardware that interacts with the computer like a mouse of keyboard. The operating system must ensure that peripheral devices work together correctly by downloading device drivers, updating them regularly and storing them appropriately so they work correctly.
Defragmentation: Data is scattered on the hard drive. Defragmentation software provided by the operating system reorganises the data so it is easier to access and is quicker to navigate by storing parts of programs and data close to each other.
Multitasking: An operating system must make sure that it is easier for multiple programs to be used at the same time as well as optimising individual programs to run faster by making sure that the CPU is in use as much as possible. When there are several processes sharing one processor they are given different priorities depending on how much CPU power each program needs. | <urn:uuid:e732ac3b-dc25-48ed-9ade-cb2a35750d3d> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://computinghub.uk/SPEC/2.1.3/operatingsystem.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221210735.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20180816113217-20180816133217-00709.warc.gz | en | 0.961201 | 283 | 4.09375 | 4 |
3:14 p.m., Oct. 10, 2008----University of Delaware researchers will lead an international team to explore deep-sea hydrothermal vents in the Pacific Ocean next month, and middle- and high-school classrooms worldwide are invited to “dive in” with them.
Registration is now open for classrooms around the globe to participate in “Extreme 2008: A Deep-Sea Adventure,” an exciting virtual field trip to the ocean's depths presented by UD with support from the National Science Foundation. Classroom registrations will be accepted on a first-come, first-served basis until Friday, Oct. 31, at [www.expeditions.udel.edu/].
From Nov. 10-30, scientists and graduate students from UD, the University of Colorado, University of North Carolina, University of Southern California, J. Craig Venter Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and the University of Waikato, New Zealand, will travel to underwater geysers in the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of California (Sea of Cortés) to learn more about the microscopic organisms that thrive in these extreme environments of scalding heat, high pressure, toxic chemicals and total darkness.
The scientists' focus will be marine viruses and other tiny life called protists. These organisms prey on bacteria, the primary food for vent dwellers ranging from ghost-white vent crabs to bizarre-looking tubeworms.
“For many years, the vents have been explored with little to no attention to viruses and protists,” says Craig Cary, professor of marine biosciences in the UD College of Marine and Earth Studies. “Yet because these organisms eat bacteria, they have the most dramatic effect on the bacterial communities that support the vent system. Our research programs are among the first to focus on these remarkable scavengers.”
Cary, who is a veteran of more than 20 deep-sea research cruises, is the chief scientist on the expedition, which will set sail aboard the 274-foot research vessel Atlantis and periodically dive nearly 2 miles to the ocean floor in the submersible Alvin. Both vessels are owned by the U.S. Navy and operated by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
Eric Wommack, an associate professor with joint appointments in both the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources and the College of Marine and Earth Studies, will join Cary in leading the UD contingent. Wommack, who is based at the Delaware Biotechnology Institute, is an expert on marine viruses and will be deploying specialized equipment to capture them for analysis in the shipboard lab.
“As a group, viruses are the most abundant biological entities on Earth and contain its largest reservoir of unknown genes,” Wommack notes. “We know that bacteria at the deep-sea hydrothermal vents are intimately associated with relatively abundant populations of viruses. Our goal is to explore the wilderness of viral genes existing at the vents.”
David Caron, professor of biological sciences at the University of Southern California, will lead a research team that will be examining single-celled organisms called protists. Caron is an expert in the ecology of these species, which include the microalgae and protozoa, and will be conducting ground-breaking work to understand the species diversity and activities of these creatures at the vents.
“Protists are important consumers of bacteria and other microorganisms in all other aquatic environments,” Caron said. “We believe that they serve as an essential link in the bacterial-based food webs of hydrothermal vents, but surprisingly little work has been performed in deep-sea ecosystems to document and understand the activities of these species.”
As the scientists work at sea, they will be connected to students via an interactive Web site, where blogs, dive logs, video clips, photos and interviews will be posted daily. Students also will be able to write to the scientists, design experiments and participate in a virtual science fair.
A capstone experience for selected schools will be a “Phone Call to the Deep,” linking classrooms with researchers working live in the submersible Alvin on the seafloor.
Teachers need to register their classrooms now for the popular educational program in order to receive the free curricula, study guides, and other educational activities designed to boost students' understanding of the ocean and the process of scientific discovery.
The program, coordinated by the Office of Communications & Marketing, is the sixth in UD's popular “Extreme” series, which has won state and national awards for public education.
Article by Tracey Bryant | <urn:uuid:9a2cbf56-2de3-4cdc-adcc-50c582ece281> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.udel.edu/udaily/2009/oct/dive101008.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609537754.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005217-00274-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931197 | 954 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Evaluating traumatic life events: An assessment of the health and delinquent outcomes of youth exposed to trauma
MetadataShow full metadata
Traumatic life events that occur early in life can result in a number of negative outcomes for youth, including, but not limited to effects on physical health, mental health, behavioral health, and delinquency. While there is much evidence to support the aforementioned relationships, research also suggests that the delinquent outcome is likely mediated by the negative mental health and behavioral outcomes attributed to early traumatic experiences. This particular area of focus requires further development, because current research regarding youth exposed to traumatic life events tends to focus on singular forms of criminal victimization (e.g., violent victimization, sexual victimization, or bullying) and often neglects to account for other traumatic experiences. Likewise, research in this area tends to focus on one instance in time (e.g., in the short-term or in the long-term). As a result, it is important to further examine how mental health and behavioral outcomes that stem from various traumatic experiences operate as mediating effects, and assess how these problems affect delinquency at various points in time.
This dissertation relies on propositions from Agnew’s (1992) general strain theory to assess the negative outcomes of youth who experienced various traumatic life events. The mental health (i.e., depression) and behavioral health (i.e., risky health behaviors) of youth exposed to traumatic circumstances are analyzed along with the delinquent outcomes (i.e., violent crimes, property crimes, and substance use) commonly associated with negatively affected youth. These effects are examined for youth who experienced criminal victimization (i.e., violent and/or sexual assault, bullying, and victim of a burglary) and other traumatic incidents (i.e., vicarious victimization, death of a close family member, and the incarceration of a close family member).
To examine the aforementioned causal processes, data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97) were used to test a number of hypotheses. The overall results from this dissertation support Agnew’s (1992) general strain theory and suggest that the effect of multiple traumatic experiences influence various deleterious outcomes. More concisely, traumatic life events that occur early in life have both short- and long-term consequences for mental health, behavioral health, and delinquent outcomes. The mental health and behavioral health outcomes also mediate the relationship between traumatic life experiences and delinquency at various points in time. The results highlight a complex relationship between all of the aforementioned factors, and future research that focuses on youth exposed to traumatic events needs to account for the confounding effects of multiple traumas when assessing the negative outcomes of harmed individuals. | <urn:uuid:d9817fd2-ecea-4915-9861-f962899d227c> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://digital.library.txstate.edu/handle/10877/5591 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499934.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20230201112816-20230201142816-00242.warc.gz | en | 0.928039 | 558 | 2.765625 | 3 |
✔ Having an electric car can save you £11,700 over its lifetime
✔ You can drive a typical electric car from London to Leeds on a single charge
✔ Electric vehicles saved 2.8 million tonnes of CO2e in 2019
Buying an electric car is one of the quickest ways to reduce your carbon footprint and fight climate change – but as with any new technology, you want to know that it’ll be worth it.
We’ve got you covered with all the latest statistics.
What’s on this page?
What’s the most popular electric vehicle?
The most popular electric vehicle is currently the Tesla Model 3.
From April 2019 to March 2020, UK drivers registered twice as many of these Elon Musk creations as any other electric vehicle, according to the government’s vehicle licensing statistics.
Do more people own electric vehicles now?
Yes. Britain has seen a massive rise in electric vehicle ownership over the past two decades.
From 2000 to 2009, the number of electric vehicles rose from a mere 400 to 62,800 – a 15,700% increase.
In the 2010s, this figure jumped from 83,900 to 758,200. That represents a massive 904% upward shift.
And the good news doesn’t stop there. Every year since 2010, the annual increases in electric models have gone up.
And they’ve rapidly surged in popularity over the past few years. There were 108,000 more electric models registered in 2017 than the previous year – and in 2018, this figure rose to 132,000.
In 2019, there were another 166,000 electric vehicles on these shores. For now, this is a rollercoaster that only goes up.
Are electric vehicle owners fighting climate change?
In 2019, electric drivers in the UK stopped the climate from being exposed to 2.8 million tonnes of CO2e*.
That’s how much CO2e would have been released if the country’s 758,200 electric vehicles were powered by fossil fuels instead.
But as long as electric drivers signed up to one of the many 100% renewable energy plans currently available, their vehicles wouldn’t contribute to carbon emissions, giving them an emissions total of zero.
That means that unlike drivers who use fossil fuels, each electric driver will save 54.15 tonnes of CO2e over their vehicle’s typical 150,000-mile lifetime.
If every vehicle currently registered in our country – all 31,888,400 of them – was electric, we could save 1.73 billion tonnes of CO2e over the course of those vehicles’ lifetimes.
If you drive a petrol, diesel, or gas-powered vehicle, enter how many miles you drive per year below, and we’ll tell you how many tonnes of CO2e you release annually. The average is 3.7 tonnes.
*carbon dioxide equivalent, a measurement that converts all greenhouse emissions into CO2 terms
Driving carbon emissions calculator
How much CO2e would be saved if everyone drove electric vehicles?
Road traffic in the UK released 118 million tonnes of CO2e over the year, which could be eradicated entirely.
All it would take is everyone driving an electric vehicle that’s charged with green energy – and that’s completely feasible.
You can now sign up to 100% renewable plans with everyone from Octopus to Big Six energy suppliers like Npower and E.ON.
How far can you drive an electric vehicle without charging?
The average electric vehicle can travel for 198 miles on a full charge.
If you were driving north from the centre of London, you could make it to Leeds, Liverpool, or Manchester with some juice left in the tank.
And if you wanted to go south, you could get to Exeter and even Plymouth without needing to recharge – and if you’re looking westwards, Swansea is well within range.
Cast your eye over all the destinations within your reach on just a single charge – and remember that if you travel to Europe on a ferry, your electric vehicles will go even further into the continent than this map suggests.
Cost of owning an electric vehicle vs a petrol car
And the latest vehicles can beat this figure, with the Nissan Leaf e+ costing just 3.7p per mile, according to our calculations.
This figure stacks up nicely against petrol cars, which cost 11.8p per mile – three times more than Nissan’s model.
How much will you save over an electric vehicle’s lifetime?
A car will generally clock up around 150,000 miles across its lifetime, which means that even though electric models can be more expensive initially, they can save you several bucket loads over the years.
If you buy an average electric vehicle, you’ll spend £6,000 on charging it.
In contrast, a petrol car will cost £17,700 to go the same distance over its lifetime, which is £11,700 extra.
And of course, you’ll spend even less if you buy a home charger.
How many public charging points are there in the UK?
There are 17,947 public charging points for electric vehicles in the UK, as of April 1st 2020, according to the Department of Transport.
3,107 of these are rapid chargers, which will do the same job at anywhere from two to 14 times the speed of other charging points.
Has the number of public chargers grown over time?
It very much has. Since 2015, the number of public chargers has increased by 402%.
From 2018 to 2019, the number rose by 61% – and then from the start of 2019 to the start of 2020, it grew by another 55%.
The current figure of 17,947 is more than twice the number of petrol stations, of which there are now just 8,406, according to the UK Petroleum Industry Association’s 2019 report.
The first quarter of 2020 saw another 1,436 public chargers installed, and though COVID-19 will slow the industry down a touch, there’s every reason to think it’ll pick up again in 2021.
How many electric vehicles are there per public charger?
This number has fallen precipitously over the past few years, from 75 vehicles per public charger in 2015, to just 46 per charger in 2019.
Ideally, you want there to always be a free public charger when you pull up to a refuelling station. These numbers mean you’ll have to share with fewer drivers, despite the huge rise in electric vehicle ownership.
How about the other way round?
Let’s flip it round: in 2015, there were 13 charging points for every 1,000 electric vehicles.
Just a few years later, in 2019, there were 22 charging points per 1,000 electric vehicles.
That means the likelihood that there’ll be a charger when you need one has skyrocketed by 69% in just four years – and there’s every reason to think that trend will continue.
The electric vehicle industry is well-placed to keep gaining on its fossil fuel-powered counterpart at a rapid pace.
With models getting better and better, charging points becoming a more common sight with every passing year, and electricity already significantly cheaper than petrol, it’s clear that electric vehicles are the future.
If you want to embrace progress and take advantage of the government’s Electric Vehicle Homecharge Scheme to get £350 off the cost of a home charging point at the same time, just fill in this form. | <urn:uuid:ac6fb59e-aeef-4a5d-84ca-774966dcd672> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.theecoexperts.co.uk/electric-vehicles/ev-statistics | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703531702.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20210123001629-20210123031629-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.956312 | 1,585 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Bangladesh & Myanmar
The World’s Largest Group of Stateless People.
More than four years after the inter-ethnic violence which erupted in Rakhine state of Myanmar/Burma in 2012, over 120 000 people remain displaced. The vast majority of them are Rohingyas, staying in camps.
The Rohingya crisis is a human rights crisis with serious humanitarian consequences. In Myanmar/Burma, the Rohingya have very limited access to basic services and viable livelihood opportunities due to strict movement restrictions.
Rakhine State in Western Myanmar/Burma is home to at least 800 000 Muslims, most of whom self-identify as Rohingya. For decades they have suffered legal and social discrimination. While there are historical economic relations with the Buddhist Rakhine community, there are also long-standing tensions between the two groups. The 1982 Citizenship Law stripped Rohingyas of their citizenship and even the right to self-identify. They were effectively barred from voting in the last general elections in November 2015 and are left without political representation. The Rohingya are also subject to many restrictions in day to day life: banned from travelling without authorization and prohibited from working outside their villages, they cannot marry without permission and, due to movement restrictions, they lack sufficient access to livelihood opportunities, medical care and education. Due to restrictions to the number of children per couple, thousands of children are left with no birth registration documents, further restricting their access to basic services and decreasing the chance for a decent life.
A deadly assault on three border guard posts in northern Rakhine State on 9 October 2016 triggered a series of violent incidents and military operations resulting in the suspension of humanitarian activities. As a result, more than 150 000 people in Rakhine State are currently deprived of much-needed regular assistance with further tens of thousands displaced. These events have re-ignited simmering tensions between Buddhist and Muslim communities and some 25 000 Rohingya are believed to have fled across the Naaf River into Bangladesh in search for protection and assistance.
The initial influx of Rohingyas to Bangladesh dates back to 1978, with a large arrival in 1991-1992. Presently, 32 958 are living in two official camps managed by the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR source) in Nayapara and Kutupalong. While these are recognized by the Government of Bangladesh as refugees, the others are labelled “Undocumented Myanmar nationals” and have no legal status in Bangladesh. The refusal of the authorities to register Rohingya at birth or provide marriage certificates and other civil documentation makes it difficult to assess the scale of the humanitarian needs of these people in Bangladesh, many of whom live in difficult conditions with inadequate food intake and diet diversification, or access to health care. Without legal status they are also unable to pursue education and formal employment opportunities, and remain vulnerable to exploitation and serious protection risks.
Tens of thousands of Muslim Rohingya have fled Myanmar, many crossing by land into Bangladesh, while others take to the sea to reach Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. The latest surge in refugees was prompted by a long-building crisis: the discriminatory policies of the Myanmar government in Rakhine state, which have caused hundreds of thousands of Rohingya to flee since the late 1970s.
In the last few years, Thailand became a major transit point for refugees and migrants, many trying to reach Malaysia. Since 2013 Thai authorities have arrested and detained over 2000 Rohingya in Immigration Detention Centres, police stations or social welfare facilities. However, a crackdown on human smugglers and traffickers in 2015 has reduced the flow of refugees transiting through the country. As of November 2016, 316 Rohingyas remained in detention throughout Thailand, according to the International Organisation for Migration (IOM).
The latest United Nations report on the Rohingya minority shocked the world yet again with descriptions of the kind of atrocities that the Myanmar security forces are perpetrating.
From children cut to death, to women raped and whole villages burned, these brutal acts have been justifiably characterized as most likely amounting to crimes against humanity.
The future for the Rohingya refugees children of Myanmar looks bleak. They will receive, at most, a high school education. Under the current system, a child would be lucky to complete the fourth grade.
The vast majority – 60 percent – have never even been to school because their families are too poor. An estimated 80 percent of Rohingya are illiterate. Authorities in Dhaka have demanded that Myanmar repatriate tens of thousands of Rohingya Muslims who crossed the border to escape what they say is persecution, and are now living illegally in Bangladesh.
Myanmar says it will accept a small fraction of the refugee population now in Bangladesh, but the Rohingya themselves say they are unwilling to go back to Myanmar’s Rakhine state.
Bangladeshi officials’ estimates of the Rohingya population vary, but most contend there are 350,000 to 500,000 Rohingyas living in Bangladesh, over 90 percent of whom are illegal refugees.
“If Bangladesh says we must go back, we shall kill ourselves. But we will not return to Myanmar,” the Rohingya woman added. | <urn:uuid:1d6832f8-602b-4fac-a9ba-0148d2f3d140> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://rajmayukhdam.com/rohingya-refugee-crisis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027317688.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822235908-20190823021908-00282.warc.gz | en | 0.950677 | 1,039 | 3.484375 | 3 |
NIST lamely tried to explain the symmetrically (sic) collapse as follows:
WTC 7’s collapse, viewed from the exterior (most videos were taken from the north), did appear to fall almost uniformly as a single unit. This occurred because the interior failures that took place did not cause the exterior framing to fail until the final stages of the building collapse. The interior floor framing and columns collapsed downward and pulled away from the exterior frame. There were clues that internal damage was taking place, prior to the downward movement of the exterior frame, such as when the east penthouse fell downward into the building and windows broke out on the north face at the ends of the building core. The symmetric appearance of the downward fall of the WTC 7 was primarily due to the greater stiffness and strength of its exterior frame relative to the interior framing.
NIST can’t have it both ways. If the exterior frame was so stiff and strong, then it should have stopped the collapse, or – at the very least – we would have seen a bowing effect where tremendous opposing forces were battling each other for dominance in determining the direction of the fall. See also this .
In real life, the thick structural beams and “stiff [and strong]” exterior frame used in the building should have quickly stopped any partial collapse, unless the support columns were all blown. At the very worst, we should see a 1 or 2 floor partial collapse.
NIST said that WTC 7 fell at 40% slower than freefall speed. But it collapsed alot faster than it would have if the structural supports were not all blown away at the same instant. 40% slower isn’t very impressive — that’s like arguing that a rock falling through concrete 40% slower than a rock falling through the air is perfectly normal.
Again, why did the building collapse at all, given that the thick structural beams should have quickly stopped any partial collapse?
Fires Knocked Down Steel-Frame Buildings
NIST said fires alone brought down Building 7, but other office fires have burned longer and hotter without causing collapse.
No Explosive Sounds
NIST also said:
“No blast sounds were heard on the audio tracks of video recordings during the collapse of WTC 7 or reported by witnesses.”
Moreover, as discussed below, high-tech explosives don’t necessarily make the same loud “booms” that dynamite make.
High-Tech Explosive Residues
Molten and Partially Evaporated Steel
And the New York Times wrote that partly EVAPORATED steel beams were found at WTC 7. But normal office and diesel fires are not NEARLY hot enough to evaporate steel. Hydrocarbon fires fueled by diesel (which was apparently stored at WTC 7) and normal office materials cannot evaporate steel. Steel does not evaporate unless it is heated to at least 5,000 degrees Fahrenheit . Everyone agrees that fires from conventional building fires are thousands of degrees cooler than that.
And why didn’t NIST address what these experts say?:
- The former head of the Fire Science Division of the government agency which claims that the World Trade Centers collapsed due to fire (the National Institute of Standards and Technology), who is one of the world’s leading fire science researchers and safety engineers, a Ph.D. in mechanical engineering (Dr. James Quintiere), called for an independent review of the World Trade Center Twin Tower collapse investigation. “I wish that there would be a peer review of this,” he said, referring to the NIST investigation. “I think all the records that NIST has assembled should be archived. I would really like to see someone else take a look at what they’ve done; both structurally and from a fire point of view. … I think the official conclusion that NIST arrived at is questionable.
- Two professors of structural engineering at a prestigious Swiss university (Dr. Joerg Schneider and Dr. Hugo Bachmann) said that, on 9/11, World Trade Center 7 was brought down by controlled demolition (translation here ).
- Kamal S. Obeid, structural engineer, with a masters degree in Engineering from UC Berkeley, of Fremont, California, says :
“Photos of the steel, evidence about how the buildings collapsed, the unexplainable collapse of WTC 7, evidence of thermite in the debris as well as several other red flags, are quite troubling indications of well planned and controlled demolition”
- Ronald H. Brookman, structural engineer, with a masters degree in Engineering from UC Davis, of Novato California, writes :
“Why would all 47 stories of WTC 7 fall straight down to the ground in about seven seconds… ? It was not struck by any aircraft or engulfed in any fire. An independent investigation is justified for all three collapses including the surviving steel samples and the composition of the dust.”
- Graham John Inman, structural engineer, of London, England, points out :
“WTC 7 Building could not have collapsed as a result of internal fire and external debris. NO plane hit this building. This is the only case of a steel frame building collapsing through fire in the world. The fire on this building was small & localized therefore what is the cause?”
- A Dutch demolition expert (Danny Jowenko) stated that WTC 7 was imploded
- A prominent physicist with 33 years of service for the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, DC (Dr. David L. Griscom) said that the official theory for why the Twin Towers and world trade center building 7 collapsed “does not match the available facts” and supports the theory that the buildings were brought down by controlled demolition
Editor’s Note: One week ago the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) held a press conference to announce that the “reason for the collapse of World Trade Center 7 is no longer a mystery…” They issued long-awaited results of their findings as to the cause of collapse of World Trade Center 7, the third building destroyed on 9/11. Nearly seven full years (and untold millions of dollars) later, the federal governmental agency responsible for safety of Americans in our buildings (and other structures) came to the groundbreaking conclusion that, in an “unprecedented event,” fires and inoperative sprinklers caused a 47-story steel and concrete building to collapse neatly into a pile in a matter of 9 seconds. In addition to a press conference and release of the printed report, NIST has kindly created a video to help us understand the unfathomable NEW mystery they created … that office fires are capable (though as they note, never before and never since 9/11/01 has this happened to this type of structure) of causing this kind of complete destruction. The more significant mystery NIST has now created is how in this world this agency–with this kind of money and resources, and this kind of time–could possibly have managed to ignore so much information, so much evidence, and so many whistleblowers and witnesses in order to come up with this kind of report. Astounding.In the last week, a number of individuals have posted responses to the NIST report. As a convenience to our readers, 911truth.org has compiled four of those here. In addition, we posted information about and links to the Architects and Engineers for 9/11 Truth press conference (audio here) immediately following the NIST conference, an interview of NIST’s Dr. Sunder by NoLiesRadio.org, and the technical briefingA hosted by NIST earlier this week.
We refer readers also to Kevin Ryan’s excellent and unsettling article of July 2, 2008, “The Top Ten Connections Between NIST and Nano-Thermites” and physicist Dr. Steven Jones’ well-known paper, Why Indeed Did the WTC Buildings Completely Collapse?“
Questions Asked at NIST’s WTC7 Briefing
by Professor Steven Jones 8/26/2008
NIST’S WTC 7 technical briefing took place this morning (Ed: NIST briefing was 8/21/2008). A number of good questions were asked, it seemed they came mostly from the 9/11-truth-seeking community. I asked (and these got through but were somewhat re-worded by the fellow “reading” the questions):
1. Did NIST have available to it samples of dust from the WTC catastrophe, and if so, did NIST examine the dust for red/gray chips as described by Dr. Steven Jones (physicist)? Note that over a dozen WTC-dust samples were examined by the US Geological Survey, and these were presumably available to NIST.
2. NIST discusses the fall time for WTC 7 on page 40 of their summary, where we find the significant assumption: “Assuming that the descent speed was approximately constant…” However, observations by Dr. Frank Legge and others of the descent speed shows that it is accelerating, not constant at all. Why did NIST assume “that the descent speed was approximately constant” when observation shows otherwise?
On 1, Shyam Sundar did not answer my questions at all — he simply replied that they found some hypotheses “not credible,” without doing the relevant experiments. Not a very scientific answer, IMO. PS — they didn’t look…
The NIST report disappointingly ignores our papers published in established, peer-reviewed journals:
The Open Civil Engineering Journal: http://www.bentham-open.org/pages/content.php?TOCIEJ/2008/00000002/00000…
But by so doing, NIST loses credibility, in not dealing with the issues raised and published in peer-reviewed venues.
I have heard from a number of scientists and engineers who are swayed by our arguments…
On question 2, Sundar and John Gross hemmed and hawed a bit, admitted that acceleration was probable and finally said the report probably needed to be corrected. If they make the needed correction, it should of course change their calculated fall time which was evidently based on the assumption that the descent SPEED was approximately constant… We will be watching.
My third question, about the high-temperature corrosion and sulfidation of a WTC 7 steel member– reported in Appendix C of the FEMA report — was not read… AFAIK — I say this because, after my second question was read and answered, the feed of the Briefing to my computer failed, and I could not get re-connected… Sundar spoke about this beam briefly in remarks, but I found he represented Barnett’s explanation that gypsum COULD possibly have caused sulifdation as a given, rather than an untested hypothesis.
In other words, THAT hypothesis was taken as completely credible without experimental tests, no problem… What has happened to science and critical thinking?
Note that my paper with colleagues on the red-gray chips found in the WTC dust has been submitted to an established journal (a couple of weeks ago) and is going through the peer-review process prior to possible publication.
NIST claims “fire” had better chance of knocking down tower than planted explosives in bizarre response to interview question
NIST has finally released their final report into the collapse of Building 7 , which collapsed inexplicably on 9/11 . The New York Times quoted Sunder who said, “[The] reason for the collapse of World Trade Center 7 is no longer a mystery … It did not collapse from explosives or fuel oil fires.” Earlier, Sunder was scratching his head, saying, “We’ve had trouble getting a handle on Building No. 7 .” Similarly, the collapse baffled FEMA who lamely concluded, “The specifics of the fires in WTC 7 and how they caused the building to collapse remain unknown at this time. Although the total diesel fuel on the premises contained massive potential energy, the best hypothesis has only a low probability of occurrence .” In other words, despite the fact that FEMA claimed a diesel fuel explosion would have been improbable , NIST is now asserting that mere “fires” knocked down WTC 7? As NIST admits, this would be the ” first known instance of fire causing the total collapse of a tall building .” A 9/11 blogger named Buru Dragon comments on NIST’s press conference saying:
[A] reporter appeared to temporarily stump Sunder with a very basic but perfect question. Throughout the presentation Sunder spoke about building seven as if it were particularly susceptible to collapse by even moderate fires because of the design. However Sunder would later go on to explain that it would require a very large amount of explosives to bring it down by demolition… ” if the buildings were so vulnerable to collapse due to regular fires alone, wouldn’t they also be equally vulnerable to failure with just a small number of explosives? ” Sunder… proceeded to stumble through some convoluted explanation for why only fire could be responsible… [seeming] caught off guard and uncomfortable.
If this wasn’t bizarre enough, NIST took 7 years to reach this conclusion. Jim Hoffman commented in response to FEMA’s original report:
People who have seen buildings implode in controlled demolitions are unlikely to be as challenged as FEMA’s team in understanding the cause of Building 7’s collapse. They will notice, upon watching the videos , that Building 7’s collapse showed all of the essential features of a controlled demolition .
Because of this, many are openly disputing NIST’s explanation. Raw Story explains that ” As federal agency declares ‘new phenomenon’ downed WTC 7, activists cry foul “:
Richard Gage, founder of Architects & Engineers for 9/11 Truth and a member of the American Institute of Architects, doesn’t believe a word of the theory. His group, which has swelled to over 400 architectural and engineering professionals, immediately responded to the Institute’s claim in a press conference…. ” Tons of [molten metal] was found 21 days after the attack ,” said Gage in an interview with a Vancouver, Canada television station. “Steel doesn’t begin to melt until 2,700 degrees, which is much hotter than what these fires could have caused.” “There are holes in this story that you can drive a truck through,” Gage added during the press conference. His group asserts that thermite, a steel cutting agent, was used to bring the building down.
The press conference by Architects and Engineers for 9/11 Truth is available on their website . In an article entitled, Conspiracy theorists ‘not swayed’ by WTC7 explanation , Raw Story also quotes Richard Gage who explains that molten metal was ignored by the NIST report:
FEMA found [molten metal] … Dr. Steven Jones found it, in the dust that landed in the entire area of lower Manhattan. And he finds it in the chunks of previously molten metal [from the towers].
Jim Hoffman’s website 9/11 research addresses this phenomenon of molten steel mentioned in the FEMA report (but completely ignored and omittedin the new NIST report), writing:
The results of the examination are striking. They reveal a phenomenon never before observed in building fires: eutectic reactions, which caused ‘ intergranular melting capable of turning a solid steel girder into Swiss cheese .’ The New York Times described this as ‘perhaps the deepest mystery uncovered in the investigation .’
NIST has solved the mystery of WTC 7, explaining that a brand “new phenomenon” was discovered, namely, that ” thermal expansion “… NIST also discovered another new phenomenon it calls ” fire “. (NIST explained that fire is hot)… which led to the “thermal expansion”.
How impressive could this “thermal expansion” be to explain the collapse of WTC 7? We can only turn to NIST who explain helpfully, ” At any given location the combustibles needed about 20 minutes to be consumed .” To put this in perspective, WTC 7 collapsed at 5:20 p.m., many hours after the fires were started . The collapse was not entirely a surprise apparently, as some news organizations were reporting it collapsing before it collapsed .
Quoting expert opinions and contradictions in NIST’s explanation, George Washington also writes:
NIST said fires alone brought down Building 7, but other office fires have burned longer and hotter without causing collapse… NIST [said]: ‘No blast sounds were heard on the audio tracks of video recordings during the collapse of WTC 7 or reported by witnesses.’… What about this , this , this , this , this and this ?… why were there residues for high-tech explosives at ground zero (and see this )?… what about the pools of molten metal at ground zero for months ? And why was the at and under the ground at the site of WTC 7 as hot as the ground under WTC 1 and 2? why didn’t NIST address the obvious pre-knowledge (and see this ) by everyone around and well in advance that 7 was going to come down?
With the release of the NIST final report on Building 7 we can safely say that the government remains committed to the ongoing cover-up, and that crucial evidence was simply ignored… Most relevant to the WTC7 building investigation is that all of the steel [which they now attempt to use computers to simulate…] was disappeared from history, and melted down in Asia — ILLEGALLY — and without any justification whatsoever. Bad Faith is that NIST deliberately misled the public by claiming that “140 decibel” explosives would have been required to take out support columns, knowing full well that evidence of incendiary material (thermate) was found, which produces no such noise .
How indeed could a building be more likely to collapse from small offices fires than from pre-planted explosives? Further to this observation, the New York Times, quoting WTC 7 building owner Larry Silverstein explained that like most modern structures, WTC 7 was reinforced to survive structural damage: “We built in enough redundancy to allow entire portions of floors to be removed without affecting the building’s structural integrity .”
Barry Jennings, who was in WTC 7 on 9/11, claimed that he was stuck inside of the building after a massive explosion and that firefighters tried to get him out of the building before either of the twin towers collapsed .
Responses from other 9/11 researchers should be expected in the coming days.
Bad Faith: WTC 7 and the Official Lies
by John Doraemi August 22, 2008 Crimes of the State
With the release of the NIST final report on Building 7 we can safely say that the government remains committed to the ongoing cover-up, and that crucial evidence was simply ignored, fairy tales were manufactured, and that’s good enough for a lot of media. Perhaps a super-majority of media.
As media, “the press,” will not perform its function as society’s government watchdog, and will not pursue the gaping holes in this wizard’s curtain, it’s basically left to us — you and me — to clear up this matter for our fellow citizens. We are at a serious disadvantage, and yet the task is not so daunting as rabid “debunkers” would have you believe.
Let’s defer to one of their own, the former head of NIST’s Fire Science Division (the federal government organization which produced the sham report linked above).
Dr. James Quintere Ph.D. certainly meets the criteria of “expert” as well as “specialist” and “insider.” Here’s what he had to say about NIST’s 7 year farce investigating the 9/11 building “collapses.”
“I have over 35 years of fire research in my experience. I worked in the fire program at NIST for 19 years, leaving as a division chief. I have been at the University of Maryland since. I am a founding member and past-Chair of the International Association for Fire Safety Science–the principal world forum for fire research.”
“In my opinion, the WTC investigation by NIST falls short of expectations by not definitively finding cause, by not sufficiently linking recommendations of specificity to cause, by not fully invoking all of their authority to seek facts in the investigation, and by the guidance of government lawyers to deter rather than develop fact finding .”
Alan Miller reports:
“Dr. Quintiere made his plea during his presentation, ‘Questions on the WTC Investigations’ at the 2007 World Fire Safety Conference. ‘I wish that there would be a peer review of this,’ he said, referring to the NIST investigation. ‘I think all the records that NIST has assembled should be archived. I would really like to see someone else take a look at what they’ve done; both structurally and from a fire point of view .’”
“’ I think the official conclusion that NIST arrived at is questionable ,’ explained Dr. Quintiere. ‘ Let’s look at real alternatives that might have been the cause of the collapse of the World Trade Towers and how that relates to the official cause and what’s the significance of one cause versus another.’”
” ‘I hope to convince you to perhaps become ‘Conspiracy Theorists’, but in a proper way,’ he said.”
— Former Chief of NIST’s Fire Science Division Calls for Independent Review of World Trade Center Investigation, By Alan Miller, August 21, 2007, Oped News
This degree of honesty and risk to one’s reputation and career is seldom seen from high-level government officials. We must take these warnings and revelations seriously. Much more seriously than NIST has done, considering their best guess is that a “new phenomenon” brought Building 7 down, even though much hotter and longer-lasting fires have never had a similar effect on other high rise buildings in all of history. “Global collapse” just does not happen to steel framed skyscrapers due to fire. It has not happened anywhere in the world before or since that one September day.
I called this article “Bad Faith,” and here is why. As Dr. Qunitere has indicated, the investigation was hindered by “government lawyers,” and thus is clearly tainted. Its conclusions are suspect, and a true independent investigation and “truth and reconciliation” must occur if this matter is to be truly solved: if we are to ever have justice for the crimes of September 11th 2001.
Bad Faith was the White House stalling for 444 days before acquiescing to calls for a 9/11 investigation at all. Witholding millions of documents and access to key witnesses was also indication of cover-up and of acting in “bad faith” rather than as a “good faith” source of information.
Bad Faith is ignoring the many whistleblowers, like Sibel Edmonds, Indira Singh, Colleen Rowley, Harry Samit, Robert Wright and even the sitting Senator Bob Graham who told PBS about the “foreign governments” who were part of the 9/11 plot. But Graham was unable to disclose these “governments” for fear of imprisonment!
Most relevant to the WTC7 building investigation is that all of the steel [which they now attempt to use computers to simulate, as if that was an acceptable forensic substitute] was disappeared from history, and melted down in Asia — ILLEGALLY — and without any justification whatsoever.
Bad Faith is that NIST deliberately misled the public by claiming that “140 decibel” explosives would have been required to take out support columns, knowing full well that evidence of incendiary material (thermate) was found, which produces no such noise. Further, on-scene witnesses heard many, many explosions and reported those, but this is not allowed to factor in to the NIST cover-up.
Bad Faith is also trying to dismiss “conspiracy” at every opportunity, by attempting to argue that because of a particular claim regarding this particular building, no “conspiracy” could have occurred on 9/11 at all. This is ludicrous reasoning on its face.
Even the government’s official story is a conspiracy theory. We are duty bound to investigate the extent and reach of this conspiracy — as in what really happened that day, what preceded the day which allowed it to occur, and what was blatantly covered-up after the fact.
People who don’t trust the Bush regime to tell them the truth about anything else you could possibly name suddenly lose all capacity for critical thought once the “sacred” topic of 9/11 is touched. If these people could just acknowledge that a cover-up exists, that would be the first step to demanding the actual truth.
Perhaps there’s a 12 step process involved in escaping Plato’s cave. One must accept the possiblity of a cover-up, given the blatant and overwhelming evidence of its existence. To deny this is infantile and a clear example of cognitive dissonance.
Why would you accept Bad Faith excuses from a lying, despotic, war criminal regime?
It truly boggles the mind.
Further debunking of the new NIST WTC7 report:
Debunking NIST’s Conclusions about WTC 7: Easy as Shooting Fish in a Barrel , George Washington’s Blog
Crimes of the State Blog http://crimesofthestate.blogspot.com/
NIST WTC 7 Investigation Finds Building Fires Caused Collapse Report and Recommendations for Improving Building Safety Released for Comment http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/wtc082108.html#docs
Former Chief of NIST’s Fire Science Division Calls for Independent Review of World Trade Center Investigation http://www.opednews.com/maxwrite/print_friendly.php?p=genera_alan_mil_070820_former_chief_of_nist.htm
PBS News Hour, IMPROVING INTELLIGENCE, December 11, 2002 http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/congress/july-dec02/intelligence_12-11.html
Debunking NIST’s Conclusions about WTC 7: Easy as Shooting Fish in a Barrel http://georgewashington2.blogspot.com/2008/08/debunking-nists-conclusions-about-wtc-7.html | <urn:uuid:de31c8f7-1272-43af-b79a-8694b9a36d6e> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://911truth.org/debunking-nists-conclusions-wtc-7/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154321.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20210802141221-20210802171221-00033.warc.gz | en | 0.961254 | 5,591 | 2.78125 | 3 |
|Latin name||Apolemichthys arcuatus - (Gray, 1831)|
|Common name||Banded angelfish|
|Family||Pomacanthidae - Apolemichthys|
|Origin||East Pacific, Central/West Pacific|
|Max length||18.0 cm (7.1")|
As aquarium fish
Difficult to keep
It is recommended that this species be kept by experienced aquarists as it requires specialized food for its continual survival.
Can nibble at clams
This species sometimes nibbles at clams including Tridacna species.
Sensitive during transportation
This species is very sensitive during transportation and acclimatizing into the aquarium.
Needs dimmed light at first
Out in wild this species is used to faint light, so to acclimitize it, it is advantageous to dim the light at first and gradually increase it to normal.
Acclimitises best as a juvenile
This species will better acclimatize to the aquarium`s condition if introduced, when young.
Very small individuals can be very delicate.
This species requires places to hide, especially when newly introduced into the aquarium.
This species can be very shy when first introduced into a new aquarium.
More aggressive fish can be introduced after this species has acclimatized.
Tips for keeping Angelfish
It is possible to keep various different sizes of Angelfish in the same aquarium, but it means that one must choose species with care and that the conditions in the tank are optimum.
Here are some suggestions to increase the chances of success:
Choice of species
It is important not to choose species that are too similar, the greater the variance, the larger the chance of success. It is also advantageous to choose fish of different sizes. Two young Angelfish of the same same size and pattern for example are a bad idea. One should of course avoid the most aggressive species.
Order of introduction
It is a good idea to make a wishlist and choosing the order so, that the least aggressive are introduced first. When adding similar sized Ange fish it works best if they are introduced simultaneously.
There should be enough space in the aquarium, but it is difficult to give specific advice. Of course there are exceptions to the table below as to just how big a tank should be in order to stand a good chance of success. Space itself is not enough, there should also be sufficient hiding places so the fish do not have to fight over these.
100 gal (400 liters): Several small Angelfish (<15cm) can live together.
240 gal (900 liters): Several medium Angelfish (< 20cm) can live together.
400 gal (1500 liters): Several large Angelfish (<25cm) can live together.
Food and water quality
It is always helpful to give the fish a varied diet, so they can withstand the occasional stress situation when for example new fish are introduced. Water quality must also be very high, so that the fish do not get stressed for that reason either.
Corals suitable for an aquarium with Angelfish
It can be a challenge to keep corals together with Angelfish, since the latter eat most soft corals and LPS. Especially Zoathus are swiftly eaten by the larger species.
It is however possible to build up a mixed coral aquarium with Angelfish. If some of the following corals are choosen there is a good chance the Angelfish will leave them alone; Hammer corals, Bubble corals, Star polyps, Disc anemones and others.
Most of the SPS corals can be kept with Angelfish.
Genus description (Apolemichthys)
The Apolemichthys genus contains a series of medium sized Angelfish which all have completely different needs. Some species are very hardy and ideally suited to aquaria, whereas others do not do well in captivity, because they have very specific food needs.
These fish are not known to be reef safe, so they are not suited to coral aquaria.
The species in this genus are, on the whole less aggressive than Holacanthus and some of the Pomacanthus species.
Family description (Pomacanthidae)
Angelfish (Pomacanthidae) are known as some of the most colourful and impressive fish on the reef.
Many species are not reef safe, as they especially target the soft corals and LPS. But by choosing your corals carefully, or by getting specific species of Angelfish, they can be kept in coral aquariums.
There are Angelfish suitable for most aquarium sizes, from Dwarf Angelfish which are well suited to smaller aquaria, to the larger of the species which can be impressively displayed in a larger aquarium.
The demands of the individual species can vary widely. Some are food specialists and require therefore special food, while for others can be difficult to acclimatize, as they live in deep water in the wild. It is recommended that one has a reasonably good knowledge of the different types of food and of treatments of illnesses, if one wishes to keep the larger species.
|Distribution||Eastern Central Pacific: Hawaiian and Johnston islands.|
|English common names||Black-banded angel, Bandit angelfish|
|Danish common names||Bandit-kejserfisk|
References and further reading
Niels K. 2014. Private conversation - saltvandsforum.dk - (Danish)
Scott W. Michael. 2004. Angelfishes and Butterflyfishes (Reef Fishes Series Book 3) - TFH Publications / Microcosm Ltd. - (English)
Bob Fenner. Marine Angelfishes, Family Pomacanthidae - Wet Web Media - (English)
Bob Fenner. The Best Angelfishes For Marine Aquarium Use - Wet Web Media - (English)
Bob Fenner. The Ultimate Angelfish Aquarium; An amazing and challenging collection of marine angelfishes - Wet Web Media - (English)
Collection of links to additional information - Wet Web Media - (English)
Reef Central. 2009. Keeping more than one emperor angelfish together - (English)
Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2014. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.fishbase.org, version (08/2014).
|docile shy, eats tridacna, angel, tag_kejser| | <urn:uuid:e5a75de8-8a66-47a9-a813-f7215911a9da> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://reefapp.net/en/lex/details/apolemichthys-arcuatus | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806708.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122233044-20171123013044-00121.warc.gz | en | 0.899607 | 1,349 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Through stories told to me by my grandma when I was young, I learned that my family was descended from Mary Queen of Scots and her son James Stuart. With the 400th anniversary of the King James Version (KJV) of the Bible, I recently made the connection that James Stuart was the same King James associated with the Bible! Feeling so humbled to have such an ancestor, I have been curious to learn what kind of man he really was and how the KJV came about.
When James was 13 months old, his mother, Mary Queen of Scots, was forced to abdicate in order to allow him to become King James VI of Scotland. Then when his much older Tudor cousin, Elizabeth I died in 1603, he became King James I of England, Scotland, and Ireland. He was also King of France in name only.
While James was not known for his good looks, he was a family man, scholar, linguist, and poet. With a fascination for biblical texts, his Latin motto was beati pacifi or “blessed are the peacemakers.”
Because of this fascination with biblical texts, he held a conference of religious scholars in 1604, shortly after his coronation, to discuss the call for a new translation of the Bible, since he felt the current ones were inadequate. He had been inspired by William Tyndale, who had been burned at the stake for heresy in 1536, due to his first English translation and publication of the Bible for the common man. In Tyndale’s last words, he prayed for “the king of England’s eyes to be opened.”
Though William Tyndale’s martyrdom took place 68 years before King James held this conference, King James felt such a powerful statement was meant for him. King James then found 54 of the best translation scholars to improve the Bible. Much of what these scholars used to make the KJV Bible was taken from the Tyndale Bible. According to Tyndale’s biography, experts say that 83 percent of the Tyndale translation was used in creating the KJV New Testament and 76 percent of his translation was used in KJV Old Testament. By 1611, the translators’ work was complete as they dedicated the Good Book to King James, thus the King James Version was born.
While Mormons are known for reading The Book of Mormon, we are also Christians who read the Bible and hold it as holy scripture. I recently finished reading the Bible for the umpteenth time and especially love the Gospel of John as well as the teachings of the Apostle Paul. Isaiah is a favorite too.
Where would the Christian world be today without the sacrifice of William Tyndale and King James I? It is hard to imagine a time when the Bible was not available to anyone who wanted to read it. While I am still learning about King James, I am grateful I don’t have to learn Greek or Hebrew to read the Bible. It is a great blessing to have an English translation that all can enjoy. Hopefully, in another 400 years, people will still hold the KJV Bible as the treasure that we do today. | <urn:uuid:428a3db6-846b-4597-bc2a-0e3547822dad> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://blog.chron.com/mormonvoice/2011/09/celebrating-400-years-of-the-king-james-version/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982935910.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200855-00270-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.986262 | 655 | 2.84375 | 3 |
By Zeeshan Hasan
Climate change is usually pictured in terms of rising sea levels and increased storm and drought; but science has revealed that it bears further threats. These previously unknown dangers of climate change are the focus of Peter D. Ward’s book, “Under a Green Sky: Global warming, the mass extinctions of the past, and what they can tell us about our future”. Ward is a professor of biology and earth and space sciences at the University of Washington at Seattle, and also works at Nasa. He is one of the biologists whose analysis of the fossil record has helped scientists understand what caused the numerous mass extinctions that have occurred during the history of life on earth.
The most famous of earlier mass extinctions was the one which wiped out the dinosaurs; thirty years ago, scientists confirmed it was the result of an asteroid hitting the earth. Following that great discovery, scientists for years assumed that all the other mass extinctions were similarly the result of asteroid impacts. However, geologists were ultimately unable to find any evidence for those supposed asteroids. Apparently, the extinction of the dinosaurs was unique, and a different explanation was necessary for the remaining mass extinctions. This was ultimately found to be global warming due to excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. It turns out that large quantities of carbon dioxide can be released by volcanic activity; this is especially likely in major tectonic events such as when the Indian subcontinent collided with Eurasia (creating the Himalayas).
Ward’s book investigates the mechanism by which global warming caused mass extinctions such as the end-Permian extinction event, which destroyed 95% of life on earth 250 million years ago. Scientists have found that most mass extinctions were marked by the release of huge amounts of hydrogen sulphide gas, which is the smelly, poisonous gas released by rotten eggs. The hydrogen sulphide would have been created by an oxygen-free “Canfield ocean” (named after the scientist who discovered it), a condition similar to that which now exists in the Black Sea. Canfield oceans occur when global warming melts too much polar ice, releasing so much cold water that the normal ocean currents which circulate water from deep to shallow and keep the oceans oxygen-rich are disrupted. Once this happens, the oxygen-breathing fish and other sea creatures quickly consume all the oxygen left in the water and then suffocate. The remaining oxygen-free water can sustain only anaerobic purple bacteria which require no oxygen to live; by filling up the ocean, these bacteria would also turn the ocean purple.
Anaerobic purple bacteria in a Canfield ocean produce massive quantities of hydrogen sulphide gas, which then bubbles to the surface and poisons animals on land. Hydrogen sulphide also damages the ozone layer, exposing the remaining animals and plants to deadly levels of ultraviolet rays from the sun (as a minor side effect, hydrogen sulphide from a Canfield ocean would also turn the sky green; hence the title of the book). Thus global warming has caused mass extinctions on both land and sea which can only be described as apocalyptic.
How far away is this? We don’t know exactly how much polar ice has to melt to create a Canfield ocean and another mass extinction, but we do know the following:
“Using [current carbon dioxide emission] rates, which work out to about 120 parts per million per century, we might expect carbon dioxide levels to hit 500 to 600 parts per million by the year 2100. That would be the same carbon dioxide levels that were most recently present sometime in the past 40 million years — or more relevant, it would be equivalent to times when there was little or no ice even at the poles.” (Pages 164-5)
In other words, by the year 2100, within two or three generations, carbon dioxide levels will be high enough to virtually ensure another polar melt. This could possibly set into motion a Canfield ocean and mass extinction which humanity may not survive.
Our only chance to avoid this apocalyptic future is to stop using fossil fuels like coal, petroleum and gas, and replace them completely within a few decades with nuclear, wind and solar. This is the only way to prevent further polar ice melting and a Canfield ocean-created mass extinction. Unfortunately politicians and the public are in a state of scientific ignorance and denial of climate change. Anyone who cares about the survival of humanity beyond the next century needs to take action to stir the public from it’s state of inertia. | <urn:uuid:9cb2a80d-688c-47a7-a7e5-bf1f4a2add42> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://xrblog.org/2019/02/28/global-warming-and-mass-extinction-of-life-on-earth/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912206677.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20190326220507-20190327002507-00029.warc.gz | en | 0.957535 | 920 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Posted on May 12, 2013 by Bob Berwyn
Coral reef ecosystems are facing serious threats from global warming as well as local impacts. Photo courtesy Renata Ferrari.
Study says concerted global and local action required
By Summit Voice
SUMMIT COUNTY — A detailed new study supports the idea that protecting coral reefs from local impacts like over-fishing and polluted runoff is a key part of any strategy to try and bolster reefs in the face of climate change.
The researchers concluded that, even though coral reefs are in decline, their collapse can be avoided with concerted global and local action.
“People benefit by reefs’ having a complex structure—a little like a Manhattan skyline, but underwater,” said Peter Mumby, of The University of Queensland and University of Exeter. “Structurally complex reefs provide nooks and crannies for thousands of species and provide the habitat needed to sustain productive reef fisheries. They’re also great fun to visit as a snorkeler or diver. If we carry on the way we have been, the ability of reefs to provide benefits to people will seriously decline.” Continue reading
Filed under: biodiversity, climate and weather, coral reefs, Environment, global warming | Tagged: biodiversity, coral reefs, Environment, global warming, University of Exeter, University of Queensland | Leave a comment »
Posted on September 17, 2012 by Bob Berwyn
New global assessment predicts significant damage to majority of reef ecosystems unless greenhouse gases are curbed drastically
Staghorn coral. Photo courtesy NOAA.
By Summit Voice
SUMMIT COUNTY — Most coral reefs are likely doomed unless humankind acts quickly to curb greenhouse gas emissions, according to a new global assessment of global warming impacts published last week in Nature Climate Change.
“Our findings show that under current assumptions regarding thermal sensitivity, coral reefs might no longer be prominent coastal ecosystems if global mean temperatures actually exceed 2 degrees Celsius above the pre-industrial level,” said lead author Katja Frieler, of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research. “Without a yet uncertain process of adaptation or acclimation, however, already about 70 percent of corals are projected to suffer from long-term degradation by 2030 even under an ambitious mitigation scenario.”
The threshold for protecting at least half the world’s coral reef ecosystems is estimated at 1.5 degrees Celsius, according to the study conducted by scientists from Potsdam, the University of British Columbia in Canada and the Universities of Melbourne and Queensland in Australia. Continue reading
Filed under: biodiversity, climate and weather, coral reefs, Environment, global warming | Tagged: Coral bleaching, coral reefs, Environment, global warming, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, University of Queensland | 1 Comment »
Posted on December 18, 2011 by Bob Berwyn
A 1 degree change in ocean temps could force some species to move hundreds of miles to find suitable habitat
Marine species are facing serious challenges as global temperatures rise.
By Summit Voice
SUMMIT COUNTY — an increasing number of ocean-dwelling species are responding to global warming by changing their distributions and the timing of life cycle events such as breeding, spawning and migrations.
And marine life may need to relocate faster than land species, as well as speed up changes in the timing of major life cycle events — despite the fact that global land surface temperatures are increasing three times as fast as ocean temperatures.
“Analyses of global temperature found that the rate at which marine life needs to relocate is as fast, or in some places faster, than for land species,” said Dr Elvira Poloczanska from the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation’s Climate Adaptation Flagship. Continue reading
Filed under: biodiversity, climate and weather, endangered species, Environment, global warming, Marine biology, Summit County news | Tagged: climate change, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, CSIRO, Environment, global warming, marine biology, University of Queensland | 1 Comment »
Posted on October 18, 2011 by Bob Berwyn
A new study suggests hurricanes come in clusters. IMAGE COURTESY NOAA.
Findings could help forecasters, insurance agencies and resource managers
By Summit Voice
SUMMIT COUNTY —A study of hurricane tracks during the past 100 years suggests that tropical storm activity is clustered rather than random, with short intense periods of hurricanes followed by relatively long quiet periods. The trend was most pronounced in the Caribbean, with strong clustering in Florida, the Bahamas, Belize, Honduras, Haiti and Jamaica.
The findings, published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, could have profound implications for hurricane forecasting and for monitoring impacts of tropical storms to coastal ecosystems and human populations. Continue reading
Filed under: climate and weather, Environment, Hurricanes, Summit County news | Tagged: Caribbean, climate, coral reefs, hurricanes, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Summit County News, University of Exeter, University of Queensland, weather | 1 Comment »
Posted on April 18, 2011 by Bob Berwyn
Researchers say their study shows cultural transmission not unique to humans
Humpback whale songs are shared among populations worldwide. PHOTO COURTESY NOAA.
By Summit Voice
SUMMIT COUNTY — Humpback whale songs change over time, and move across oceans in distinctive patterns, according to Australian researchers, who recently published their findings in the online journal, Current Biology.
At any given time within a population, male humpbacks all sing the same mating tune. But as the pattern changes, catchy versions of the song spread across the ocean, almost always traveling from west to east.
“Our findings reveal cultural change on a vast scale,” said researchers Ellen Garland. Multiple songs moved like “cultural ripples from one population to another, causing all males to change their song to a new version.” This is the first time that such broad-scale and population-wide cultural exchange has been documented in any species other than humans, Garland added. Listen to some humpback whale songs documented by the researchers here. Continue reading
Filed under: biodiversity, Environment, Marine biology | Tagged: Current Biology, Environment, French Polynesia, Humpback whale, humpback whales, marine biology, Pacific Ocean, Summit County News, University of Queensland, Whale song | 1 Comment » | <urn:uuid:e0d65fff-a2f5-4b5f-add1-86c398a0ff53> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://summitcountyvoice.com/tag/university-of-queensland/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375090887.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031810-00151-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.898635 | 1,315 | 2.84375 | 3 |
New York University Hospital has reportedly lost thousands of laboratory mice to Hurricane Sandy, a research setback that could take years to correct, according to scientists.
The New York Daily News, citing an unnamed source, reported that thousands of mice perished when the storm flooded the hospital's Smilow building. Power failure in the building also took out freezers and refrigerators, likely destroying other biological research materials, the source reported.
NYU phone systems remained down on Oct. 31 with nonessential staff ordered to stay home, and LiveScience was unable to confirm the number of mouse deaths. However, if the reports are true, outside scientists say the consequences for medical research could be far-reaching.
"It's really, really devastating," said Jacco van Rheenen, a medical physicist at the Hubrecht Institute in the Netherlands who has worked with laboratory mice. The problem may go beyond NYU, van Rheenan told LiveScience.
"Some mice are unique, they're just made for certain research," he said. "So if [the researchers] didn't send it out to other labs, that line is just lost." [On the Ground: Hurricane Sandy in Images]
Making a lab mouse
Mice can breed several times a year, and they reach maturity quickly. But that doesn't mean that it's easy to keep a colony of lab mice going. Scientists use genetic engineering techniques to create and breed what are called transgenic mice — strains where certain genes are "knocked out" or otherwise altered so researchers can pinpoint genetic variables in development and disease.
Creating these transgenic lines can take years. It starts with lab work to target a specific gene, said Ashley Seifert, who researches tissue regeneration at the University of Florida in Gainesville. Next, researches have to insert the altered genes into mice blastocysts (early embryos) and then implant those embryos into mother mice that can gestate the new strain. Then the researchers have to make sure the genetic alterations made it through development and into the sperm and egg of the baby mice so that they can breed and pass on these changes.
Simply knocking out one gene so that it doesn't function in the body takes about a year, Seifert told LiveScience. Many transgenic mice are more complex than that, however, and additional genetic alterations require crossbreeding or manipulating multiple genes. That can take two or three years.
How to rebuild
It's the kind of time a doctoral student might not have, Seifert said. A Ph.D. student working for three years to create a transgenic mouse strain for her research could find herself back to square one in what's supposed to be a five- or six-year program.
"If I were to lose all my mice in one fell swoop, I'm basically starting from scratch and have lost three years of work," Seifert said. It's the equivalent of the only copy of a typewritten novel burning in a house fire, he added. [Gallery: The Art of Biomedical Research]
Not to mention three years of funding. Research money is hard to come by, and grants are competitive, said Erich Jarvis, a neurobiologist at Duke University. And in an academic climate of "publish or perish," early-career researchers who suffer a setback can be in trouble.
"Graduate students and postdocs, their careers depend on publishing successful scientific research, and if they lose their animals that's going to set them back," Jarvis told LiveScience. "I'm making it sound dire here, but it probably is."
Once the power is on and the damage cataloged, NYU researchers will have to rebuild, scientists said. If researchers have shared their mouse strains with other scientists, they'll be able to call their colleagues and ask for replacements, Jarvis said — a type of scientific sharing that may save some researchers in the wake of this disaster.
"If somebody sent me something from NYU and they called me up, I would say, 'I'll breed you more animals,'" Jarvis said.
But some strains may be unique to NYU, either because their creators chose not to share them or because they're too new. Those researchers will have no choice but to scrape that line of work or start all over again. Graduate students will likely require extensions of deadlines to complete their work.
"One thing I would not do is, I wouldn't give up," Jarvis said.
Related on LiveScience: | <urn:uuid:25021d26-33e8-4486-8904-340763055232> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.mnn.com/green-tech/research-innovations/stories/sandy-wipes-out-nyu-lab-mice-a-huge-setback-for-medical-rese | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189244.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00587-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961818 | 913 | 3.25 | 3 |
Research, Photos, and a Blog about the Karankawa Peoples of the Gulf Coast
The photos below are intended to show the diverse environment the Karankawa people inhabited. The problem is that the environment the Karankawa lived among more than a hundred years ago is quite different today. Cattle driving, channel building, and invasive plants have done their fair share to transform the Gulf Coast. But an ever-changing environment is a trend the world has followed since its beginning. The Karankawa were participants themselves. When viewing these photos maybe it would be best not to think that this was the exact land lived upon by the coast people of Texas but rather, this is what became of the land they lived on.
As a note: All the original photos, paintings, and maps on this website are free to be used by anyone and everyone.
Brazoria Wildlife Refuge and San Bernard Wildlife Refuge
Visiting an artificial oyster reef
With Dr. Hanke and fellow UH SURFer, Erin Miller.
Kayaked from Port O’Connor to Matagorda Island
Took pictures of where La Salle made camp before establishing Fort St. Louis and also to took photos of the aquatic environment that the Karankawa relied on for their survival.
UH Coastal Center
Even though the UH Coastal Center is located outside the typical range of the Karankawa, the sometimes swampy and marshy environment is a great representative of the Karankawas locale during the summer.
Garcitas Creek & Fort St. Louis
La Salle’s Fort St. Louis and Garcitas Creek | On this excursion we took pictures of the area around and near the Fort St. Louis site, including Garcitas creek which to my surprise looks more like a river than a creek.
Shy Pond, Indian Point, La Salle Monument, and Aransas National Wildlife Refuge | <urn:uuid:f4388fb5-4501-48ff-acfb-86965f5a08c6> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://karankawas.com/karankawa-photography/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572516.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20190916080044-20190916102044-00488.warc.gz | en | 0.953567 | 388 | 3.015625 | 3 |
The XXth Olympic Games were held in Munich, Germany in 1972. Tensions were high at these Olympics, because they were the first Olympic Games held in Germany since the Nazis hosted the Games in 1936. The Israeli athletes and their trainers were especially nervous; many had family members who had been murdered during the Holocaust or were themselves Holocaust survivors.
The first few days of the Olympic Games went smoothly. On September 4, the Israeli team spent the evening out to see the play, Fiddler on the Roof, and then went back to the Olympic Village to sleep. A little after 4 a.m. on September 5, as the Israeli athletes slept, eight members of the Palestinian terrorist organization, Black September, jumped over the six-foot high fence that encircled the Olympic Village.
The terrorists headed straight for 31 Connollystrasse, the building where the Israeli contingent was staying. Around 4:30 a.m., the terrorists entered the building. They rounded up the occupants of apartment 1 and then apartment 3. Several of the Israelis fought back; two of them were killed. A couple of others were able to escape out windows. Nine were taken hostage.
By 5:10 a.m., the police had been alerted and news of the attack had begun to spread around the world. The terrorists then dropped a list of their demands out the window; they wanted 234 prisoners released from Israeli prisons and two from German prisons by 9 a.m.
Negotiators were able to extend the deadline to noon, then 1 p.m., then 3 p.m., then 5 p.m.; however, the terrorists refused to back down on their demands and Israel refused to release the prisoners. A confrontation became inevitable.
At 5 p.m., the terrorists realized that their demands were not going to be met. They asked for two planes to fly both the terrorists and the hostages to Cairo, Egypt, hoping a new locale would help get their demands met. The German officials agreed, but realized that they could not let the terrorists leave Germany. Desperate to end the standoff, the Germans organized Operation Sunshine, which was a plan to storm the apartment building. The terrorists discovered the plan by watching television. The Germans then planned to attack the terrorists on their way to the airport, but again the terrorists found out their plans.
Around 10:30 p.m., the terrorists and hostages were transported to the Fürstenfeldbruck airport by helicopter. The Germans had decided to confront the terrorists at the airport and had snipers waiting for them. Once on the ground, the terrorists realized there was a trap. Snipers started shooting at them and they shot back. Two terrorists and one policeman were killed. Then a stalemate developed. The Germans requested armored cars and waited for over an hour for them to arrive.
When the armored cars arrived, the terrorists knew the end had come. One of the terrorists jumped into a helicopter and shot four of the hostages, then threw in a grenade. Another terrorist hopped into the other helicopter and used his machine gun to kill the remaining five hostages. The snipers and armored cars killed three more terrorists in this second round of gunfire. Three terrorists survived the attack and were taken into custody.
Less than two months later, the three remaining terrorists were released by the German government after two other Black September members hijacked a plane and threatened to blow it up unless the three were released.
Israel is taking measures to make sure that another slaughter of their Olympians does not happen.
Agents from Israel’s elite intelligence organisation, Mossad, are hunting Iranian-backed terrorists in Europe, who are allegedly planning an “anniversary” attack 40 years after the Munich massacre, Britain’s The Sunday Times reports.
The fears come as tensions rise over the International Olympic Committee refusal to commemorate the killing of 11 Israeli athletes and coaches by Palestinian terrorists on September 5, 1972.
In preparation for an Olympic terror assault, panic rooms for VIPs and spectators have been set up beneath London’s Olympic Stadium to protect them from being taken hostage or killed, according to The Sunday Times.
The paper also claims that if an attack occurred on the stadium, security forces would “invacuate” key people, rushing them to safety inside the attack zone.
An estimated 50,000 VIPs will attend the Games, including a reported 140 heads of state, 200 government ministers, 100 royals and 150 members of the International Olympic Committee.
A ring of steel has been set up to protect the Games, including snipers on the stadium roof and lighting towers and airborne radiation detecting equipment.
The world watched in horror in 1972 when Palestinian terrorists scaled the fences of the Athletes Village in Munich and killed two Israeli athletes and took another nine hostage.
After German forces bungled an ambush at the military airport, the terrorists shot the athletes and threw a grenade into their helicopter to ensure they were dead.
A global campaign – backed by US president Barack Obama – has pushed for a minute of silence during London’s Opening Ceremony to honour the victims.
But IOC president Jacques Rogge rejected the proposals, saying that it was inappropriate to commemorate the deaths at the Olympics.
“We feel that the Opening Ceremony is an atmosphere that is not fit to remember such a tragic incident,” he told a press conference.
He added that some IOC delegates would attend a memorial on September 5 at the German military airport of Furstenfeldbruck where the killing took place.
“We are going to pay a homage to the athletes, of course, as we always have done in the past and will do in the future,” he said.
That’s alright, President Rogge. The world still remembers.
And, we’ll be watching…and praying. | <urn:uuid:fd3de380-07d7-4b0d-b958-df9541256dcb> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://kingsjester.wordpress.com/2012/07/23/munich-72-london-12-a-warning-from-50-years-ago/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218187690.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212947-00497-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979479 | 1,186 | 3.328125 | 3 |
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The fontanelles ("soft spot") are two* areas on the head of an infant where the skull bones do not completely cover the brain. There is a larger, diamond-shaped one on the top of the head, slightly towards the front (anterior fontanelle). This is the "soft spot" people speak of. There is another smaller, triangular (posterior) fontanelle at the upper rear portion of the head. It is difficult to find after a month or two. Lying just beneath the anterior, or larger, more forward diamond-shaped fontanelle is a large vein. The pulsations of the heart can usually easily be seen or felt when the baby is quiet.
The posterior fontanelle is no longer palpable by the fourth month, but the larger anterior fontanelle can be felt until 9-16 months of age (although it can be seen on xray for a few more months).
Fontanelle facts and fallacies:
* OK, there are two more tiny lateral fontanelles on the side of the head that I have never felt; they are really only visible on xray. | <urn:uuid:7c660ca2-00a8-4974-baf0-9e17054f3615> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.drhull.com/EncyMaster/F/fontanelle.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398445219.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205405-00331-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.889315 | 260 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Energy & Environment
In the thermal, nuclear and renewable energy fields, environmental water and flue gas treatment and industrial infrastructure, including chemical plants, MHI offers optimal solutions beneficial to society.
The U.S. is the world's largest economic power, but its huge energy consumption means equally huge CO2 emissions. MHI's CO2 capture technology is helping with this problem.
MHI's CO2 capture technology uses significantly less energy than any other system, and with the world's highest performance level, leads the industry in contributing to the preservation of the global environment.
Greenhouse gases are considered the primary cause of global warming. The U.S., one of the world's largest energy consumers, also emits huge amounts of CO2, and the Federal Government has come up with measures to strengthen greenhouse gas emission regulations at thermal power plants.
In response to this initiative, MHI's CO2 capture system was selected for a Japan-US Joint Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Project in July 2014 (Note). The system will be annexed to a coal-fired power generation plant in Texas and will have a CO2 capture efficiency of 90 percents with the world's highest CO2 capture capacity of 4,776 metric tons per day. The captured CO2 will be compressed and then injected into a nearby oil field to boost crude oil production. This advanced solution-type project meets global environment and energy challenges, accelerating the move toward a low-carbon society.
(Note) The system will be delivered to Petra Nova CCS I LLC, a joint venture between JX Nippon Oil & Gas Exploration Corporation and NRG Energy, Inc., a major independent power producer in the U.S.
The Ministry of Electricity of Iraq has commissioned Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems (MHPS) to refurbish Unit 4 at the Hartha (gas and oil-fired) Thermal Power Station. Originally delivered by MHI in 1980, the plant has played a vital role in providing power to the region, but with war damage and gradual degradation, major components of the boilers, steam turbines and power generator need to be replaced. These improvements and the latest distributed control system (DCS) for instrumentation devices will enhance the plant's reliability. Moreover, Unit 4 is now operating at only some 40 percents of its rated capacity, but at completion of the refurbishment work in May 2017, 200 megawatts of rated operation will be available. Through the restoration of stable power supplies and by enhancing power generation efficiency, MHPS is contributing to Iraq's economic and social recovery.
MHPS received an order from the Spanish power company, HIDROELÉCTRICA DEL CANTÁBRICO, S.A., for the high-performance DeNOx systems at the company's Power Station Aboño Unit 2 and Soto de Ribera Unit 3. The systems reduce NOx emissions by more than 80 percents and are scheduled to go into operation in 2016 and 2017, respectively.
MHI, Mitsubishi Corporation and GAP Insaat Yatirim ve Dis Tiscaret A.S., a Turkish construction company, jointly received an EPCC (engineering, procurement, construction, and commissioning) contract for a large-scale ammonia and urea fertilizer production plant using natural gas from Turkmenistan. The plant built for a state-owned chemical company will start operation in June 2018.
In addition to the Energy & Environment domain featured in this issue, the business and products of all MHI domains serve an active role throughout the world. | <urn:uuid:d1e8822f-256e-4d63-9452-38e0aaf416ec> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.mhi-global.com/discover/graph/179/ourtechnologies.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170609.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00560-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933661 | 728 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Romantic relations can develop at any stage of life, but they are usually considered as hallmark of adolescence (Giordano et al., 2006). Although, once adolescents’ romantic relationships were considered trivial, superficial, transitory and as a product of social dysfunction, now they are considered important or significant for their development (Collins, 2003; Collins et al., 2009; Furman & Shaffer, 2003; Furman & Collins, 2008). Recent studies have shown that romantic relationships have significance for the well-being of the adolescents (Collins, 2003; Collins et al., 2009; Giordano et al., 2006). These relationships have not only mental health benefits for adolescents but also provide them social support, improve their self-esteem, prepare them for adult relationships and develop intimacy (Collins, 2003; Connolly & Goldberg, 1999).
As the aforementioned literature shows the importance of romantic relations in the lives of adolescents, it also reported the existence of expectations in romantic relations. According to Burgoon (1995), expectations are a natural phenomenon, and in every culture, people have certain expectations about others’ behaviour. In romantic relations, people also have certain expectations regarding romantic partner’s behaviour. When people are in love, they expect that their partner will take them as a special person, will take care of them, will have time for them, will give them gifts and will help them in case of problems (Kokab & Ajmal, 2012). Literature also shows that in romantic relations, there are expectations of social companionship, emotional closeness, relationship positivity (Fuhrman et al., 2009), pleasant personality and physical attractiveness (Eggermont, 2004). In a qualitative study conducted in Pakistan, it was found that adolescent girls had variant expectations in romantic relations. The study found that the girls expect love, care, attention and time or companionship from their boyfriends while the boys expect time or companionship and sincerity from their girlfriends. Furthermore, the boys also expected that their girlfriend will give them importance (Cheema & Malik, 2021). Literature also shows that there are expectations of having sexual relations as reported by Brown et al. (1999) stating that there are expectations of eventually, if not now, having sexual relations in romantic relationships.
Although in the west, people accept the romantic relationships of adolescents and consider these relations important in the development of adolescents (Collins, 2003; Collins et al., 2009; Furman & Shaffer, 2003; Furman & Collins, 2008), in non-western cultures like Pakistan, the situation is quite different. Although attraction for opposite gender individuals is normal but it is not accepted (Ali, 2011). The majority of the population is Muslim and premarital relationships are not allowed in Islam hence romantic relations are considered “haram” (forbidden). Additionally, in the prevailing collectivist culture, family is given importance and adolescents have lesser autonomy for taking decisions related to the choice of life partner leaving no room for acceptance of romantic relations. Although there is a scarcity of literature on the romantic relations of adolescents and nothing can be said about the prevalence of romantic relations of adolescents living in Pakistan, it cannot be denied that adolescents living in Pakistan have a concept of romantic relations as discussed in a qualitative study conducted by Cheema and Malik (2021).
The literature evidenced the existence of expectations in romantic relations (Brown et al., 1999; Cheema & Malik, 2021; Eggermont, 2004; Fuhrman et al., 2009; Kokab & Ajmal, 2012) and the association of adolescents’ romantic relations with their well-being (Collins, 2003; Collins et al., 2009; Giordano et al., 2006) but the question that how the adolescents’ expectations in romantic relations are related to their psychological well-being remained unexplored. As Pakistan is a religious, collectivist and conventional society where relationships between opposite gender individuals are not accepted or appreciated (Ali, 2011), it can be assumed that expectations regarding romantic relations are discouraged. Hence, it can be assumed that the romantic relationships or expectations regarding romantic relationships will have negative effect on the psychological well-being of adolescents. In the present study, it was hypothesized that expectations in romantic relations and psychological well-being of the adolescents have a negative association.
Love and romantic relations may become important during adolescence. On the other hand, family, especially parents, and peers remain the main sources of support for adolescents. Research on adolescents showed that parents remained a major source of support for adolescents even when the peer support became more important for them (Youniss & Smollar, 1985) and often parental support remained important throughout their college years (Furman & Wehner, 1997). Parker and Benson (2004) found that the high parental monitoring and parental support during adolescence were related to high self-esteem. It has also been found that parental support and friends’ support is related to greater well-being and social adjustment (Lee & Goldstein, 2015). In a study conducted by Hussey et al. (2013), the researchers found that parental support was an important predictor of psychological well-being of the adolescents, both male and female. Parental support is not only related to psychological well-being of the adolescents, but it is also related to their social adjustment and well-being in social relations. It fosters adjustment and well-being in social relationships, particularly in romantic relationships (Lee et al. 2015; Mounts et al., 2006).
Like all other relationships, romantic relationships are also rooted in social networks hence their functioning is influenced by their social network members e.g., by friends and parents (Felmlee, 2001). Friends’ and parents’ positive opinion about romantic relations and their support is very important for adolescents and found to be related to the initiation and maintenance of these relationships (Etcheverry et al., 2008). Acceptance of romantic relationships by these social networks leads to their support (Etcheverry & Agnew, 2004). Sprecher and Felmlee (1992, 2000) found in their longitudinal study that perceived support from family and friends predicted commitment and satisfaction. Parents’ support promotes the maintenance of romantic relationship and absence of their support may lead to the end of these relationships. The aim of present study was to test the direct effect of parental support on psychological well-being of adolescents in Pakistan. Further it was hypothesized that parental support moderates the relationship between expectations in romantic relations and psychological well-being.
Following the literature, the present study conceptualised a moderation model. It is hypothesized that expectations in romantic relations have a negative association with psychological well-being of adolescents, whereas perceived parental support has a positive association with psychological well-being. Further it is hypothesized that parental support acts as a moderator to counter the negative impact of expectations in romantic relation on the psychological well-being of adolescents.
To measure the adolescents’ perception of expectations in romantic relations, the Romantic Relations Scale for Adolescents (RRS-A), developed by the authors of this study, was used. The scale has three-dimensions i.e., Intimacy, Passion and Distrust. The Intimacy dimension has seven factors including Sincerity, Expectations, Sharing, Closeness, Understanding, Pleasure and Significance. The Passion dimension consists of three factors including Motive to love, Physical Attraction, and Companionship. While the Distrust dimension has three factors namely Disloyalty, Negative Dating Attitude, and Lack of Commitment. For the present study only the expectations factor of the Intimacy dimension was used. It measures adolescents’ perception of expectations of love, care, attention, trust, understanding and sincerity in a romantic relationship. It has six items with six response categories that range from completely disagree (0) to completely agree (5). Scores on all items are summed up to get the total score that ranges from 0 to 30. The total score of the Expectations factor was taken as an indicator of the adolescents’ perception of expectations in romantic relations. The higher the score the higher the perception of expectations in romantic relations. Its Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient was .71.
Psychological Well-being of adolescents was measured by using the 12-item Well-being Questionnaire (Bradley, 2000) that consisted of three sub-scales i.e., Negative Well-being (4 items), Energy (4 items) and Positive Well-being (4 items). The scores of three sub-scales were summed up to get the psychological well-being score. A higher score on this questionnaire showed a higher level of psychological well-being. It is a four-point rating scale with a Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient of .87 (Sagduyu et al., 2003). In the present study, the Urdu version of W-BQ12 was used.
Perceived parental support was assessed by using the Perceived Parental Support Scale-PPSS. The scale measures the adolescents’ perception of their accessibility to general support from their parents (Kristjansson et al., 2011). It is a five-item scale having four response categories which are very difficult (1), rather difficult (2), rather easy (3) and very easy (4). The score on the scale ranges from 5 to 20. A higher score on this scale indicates a higher perception of parental support. Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient was found to vary from .77 to .87 in different studies (Kristjansson et al., 2010; Kristjansson et al., 2011). In order to administer the scale in Urdu language, the scale was translated and adapted by the authors of the present study by using the “Forward translation and back translation” method.
A sample of 647 adolescents (boys = 285, girls = 362) was taken from different public (n = 416) and private (n = 231) colleges of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Participants included students of the 11th grade (n = 361) and the 12th grade (n = 286). The age range of the students was 16 to 18 years (M = 17.19 years, SD = .77). Family system distribution showed that 33.7% of the adolescents were coming from a joint family system, a family system where three generations i.e., grandparents, parents and grandchildren were living together (Akhtar et al., 2017), while 66.3% were from a nuclear family system. Adolescents whose fathers were self-employed constituted 36.5% of the sample, adolescents having fathers who were employed in public sector composed 35.5% of the sample, fathers of 23.6% adolescents were employed in private sector whereas fathers of remaining 3.4% adolescents had been retired from different organizations. Mothers of the majority of the sample i.e., 93% were housewives and only 4.6% mothers of the adolescents were employees in a public sector whereas 1.1% adolescents have mothers employed in a private sector. The remaining 1.2% adolescents’ mothers were self-employed.
After receiving formal permission from the principals/directors of colleges and parents of the students and informed consent of the adolescents, scales/questionnaires were administered. Only those adolescents who were students of the 11th or 12th grade in a public or private college and of whom both of the parents were alive were included in the study. They were informed about the purpose of the study and they were assured that all information taken from them would be used only for this particular research and would be kept confidential. Written as well as verbal instructions were provided by the researcher of this study. All the participants completed scales/questionnaires during their college time, in the presence of the researcher of the study. They took approximately 15 to 20 minutes to complete the measures. After data collection, scores were calculated, and data was analysed.
Data was analysed using IBM-SPSS version 21. Descriptive statistics of the study variables and Pearson correlations between all variables i.e., study variables and demographic variables, were computed as a preliminary analysis. To investigate gender differences in the study variables, t-tests were used. Finally, moderation analysis was conducted to test the moderation hypothesis. Moderation was tested using the Process Macro (Hayes, 2013).
Descriptive statistics of the study variables such as mean, standard deviation, Cronbach’s Alpha, range, skewness, and kurtosis were calculated which are displayed in Table 1. Skewness and kurtosis values are in the acceptable range. The Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients of the PPSS, W-BQ12 and the Expectations factor of the Intimacy sub-scale of RRS-A are .73, .74 and .75, respectively.
|VARIABLES||NO. OF ITEMS||M||SD||CRONBACH’S ALPHA||RANGE||SKEWNESS||KURTOSIS|
The results of Pearson correlations between all variables i.e., study variables and demographic variables (See Table 2), indicate that there is a significant negative correlation between perception of expectations in romantic relations and psychological well-being of the adolescents (r = –.12, p < .01) and a significant positive correlation between perceived parental support and psychological well-being (r = .31, p < .01). But the correlation between perception of expectations in romantic relations and perceived parental support is nonsignificant. For demographic variables, age is found to be positively correlated with expectations (r = .13, p < .01) while father’s and mother’s education are found to be positively correlated with perceived parental support (r = .16, p < .01 for father’s education, r = .21, p < .01 for mother’s education). To rule out the influence of these variables, they were controlled for the moderation analysis.
|2. Father’s education (FYS)||–||.56**||.37**||.04||.16**||.02|
|3. Mother’s education (FYS)||–||.25**||.04||.21**||.02|
|4. Monthly income||–||–.01||.01||–.00|
|6. Parental support||–||.31**|
|7. Psychological Well-being||–|
The results of t-tests show that there are significant gender differences on expectations (t = –3.17, p < .01) and psychological well-being (t = 4.71, p < .01) while no gender differences are found on perceived parental support (See Table 3). The results indicate that girls scored higher than boys on expectations while boys scored higher than girls on psychological well-being.
(n = 285)
(n = 362)
|t (645)||p||95% CI||COHEN’S d|
Moderation analysis was conducted by controlling age, father’s education, mother’s education, and monthly income (for moderation analysis see Table 4). Results indicate that perceived parental support significantly moderates the association between adolescents’ expectations in romantic relations and their psychological well-being (B-interaction = .04, p < .05).
The moderation model explains a total of 12% variance (R2 = .12) in psychological well-being. The moderation graph (Figure 1) shows that the slopes for low level of perceived parental support (B = –.29, p < .01) and medium level of perceived parental support (B = –.16, p < .01) are significant while the slope for high level of perceived parental support (B = –.03, p > .05) is non-significant.
Expectations are universal and people in all cultures have certain expectations when they interact with other people (Burgoon, 1995). It is very rare to interact with other people without having some expectations regarding their behaviour (Miller & Turnbull, 1986). Like all other human interactions and relationships, there are certain expectations in romantic relations. Previous literature shows that in romantic relations, there are expectations of care, love, attention, companionship, sincerity (Cheema & Malik, 2021), social companionship, emotional closeness, relationship positivity (Fuhrman et al., 2009), pleasant personality, physical attractiveness (Eggermont, 2004), and sexual relations (Brown et al., 1999). In the current study, expectations in romantic relations were considered as a main predictor of psychological well-being of adolescents. The study was designed to investigate the negative association between expectations in romantic relations and psychological well-being and also to test the moderating role of perceived parental support in this association.
The results of both correlation analysis and moderation analysis showed that there was a negative association between expectations in romantic relations and psychological well-being of the adolescents. It means that adolescents who had high expectations in romantic relations, reported low psychological well-being and vice versa. Although, no previous research has investigated the association of expectations in romantic relation of adolescents and their psychological well-being, the association of adolescents’ romantic relations with their psychological well-being has been studied. Previous literature shows that the romantic relationships have significance for the well-being of adolescents (Collins, 2003; Collins et al., 2009; Giordano et al., 2006). And although, there is limited research on the romantic relationship of adolescents and their well-being, these studies suggest that there is a positive correlation (Demir, 2008). In this study, the negative association between expectations in romantic relations and psychological well-being may be due to the fact that Pakistani society is a conventional society where romantic relationships between opposite gender individuals are not publicly accepted and appreciated. Although the attraction between opposite gender individuals is natural, it has no acceptance in Pakistan (Ali, 2011). As most of the people in Pakistan have a religious orientation, and the Islam does not allow romantic relations, so individuals may have negative views about these relations. They like the concept of romantic relations and romantic love in literature, songs, and movies but they are not ready to accept adolescents’ romantic relations due to their religious and social values. Although, literature seems silent about occurrence of romantic relations of adolescents in Pakistan, in a recent study conducted in Pakistan (Cheema & Malik, 2021), it was found that adolescent girls not only have a clear perception of romantic relations, but they also have some expectations in romantic relations. And despite the fact that norms of society are against romantic relations or love affairs, people still have these relations (Kokab & Ajmal, 2012). As romantic relations are not accepted in the religious collectivist culture of Pakistan so adolescents’ expectations in romantic relations negatively influence their psychological well-being.
This study also explored the effect of perceived parental support on psychological well-being. The results of both correlation analysis and moderation analysis showed that perceived parental support had a positive association with psychological well-being. It means that adolescents who have high perceived parental support score are also high on psychological well-being and vice versa. Our results are in line with previous literature which shows that parental support is an important predictor of psychological well-being of the adolescents (Hussey et al., 2013). Literature also supports that parental support promotes adjustment and well-being in social relationships, especially in romantic relationships (Lee et al., 2015; Mounts et al., 2006).
Finally, the findings of the moderation analysis indicated that the perceived parental support significantly moderated the negative association between adolescents’ expectations in romantic relations and their psychological well-being. Simple slope analysis indicated that there was a significant negative slope for adolescents with low or medium level of perceived parental support while the slope was non-significant for adolescents with high level of perceived parental support. These results indicated that high perceived parental support could counter the negative association of expectations in romantic relations and psychological well-being in adolescents. The declining steepness in pattern of slopes showed that the negative relationship between expectations in romantic relations and psychological well-being decreased with increasing parental support. It means parental support acts as an effective support system against the negative impact of expectations in romantic relations on psychological well-being of the adolescents.
The results of correlation analysis and moderation analysis clearly show that perceived parental support is very important for the adolescents living in a religious collectivist society of Pakistan. As they are dependent on their parents, hence parents’ support has great meaning for them. It does not only directly affect their psychological well-being but also moderates the negative association of expectations in romantic relations and psychological well-being. The results of t-test analysis show that there was no significant difference between boys and girls on perceived parental support. It means parental support is equally important for adolescent boys and girls living in a religious collectivist society as they are totally dependent on their parents for their financial and emotional needs.
The present study has some limitations. First, the study was cross-sectional in nature, longitudinal studies are needed to understand the temporal associations of the variables over time. Second, the perceived parental support scale, used in this study, measures the perception of general support provided by the parents. In future studies, we can also assess parental support for romantic relations. Third, only the adolescents who were 16 to 18 years old were included in the sample that is a very limited age group. In future studies age range should be expanded.
This study will provide a theoretical base for future studies in which these factors will be included. It will also help to understand the effect of expectations in romantic relations and perceived parental support on psychological well-being of adolescents.
This study will also help parents and professionals to understand that as the adolescent’ romantic relations are not the normative and acceptable interpersonal relations in a religious collectivist society, these relations and expectations in these relations are natural and part of adolescent’s normal development and influence the psychological well-being of adolescents. As findings of this study show that parental support can moderate the negative association of expectations in romantic relations and psychological well-being, professionals should include parents if they plan some intervention to improve adolescents’ well-being.
The authors have no competing interests to declare.
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Sprecher, S., & Felmlee, D. (1992). The influence of parents and friends on the quality and stability of romantic relationships: A three-wave longitudinal investigation. Journal of Marriage and Family, 54, 888–900. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/353170
Sprecher, S., & Felmlee, D. (2000). Romantic partners’ perceptions of social network attributes with the passage of time and relationship transitions. Personal Relationships, 7, 325–340. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2000.tb00020.x | <urn:uuid:c951083a-507c-452e-a0a2-f855561aa4df> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.psychologicabelgica.com/articles/10.5334/pb.556/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780053918.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20210916234514-20210917024514-00531.warc.gz | en | 0.918034 | 6,537 | 2.984375 | 3 |
ESA astronaut Thomas Reiter wearing ESA’s Eye Tracking Device during his six-month Astrolab mission to the International Space Station in 2006.
How do astronauts in space cope when the inner ear can no longer rely on gravity? How well do astronauts focus on a computer screen when floating by, and how do they judge speed?
To investigate these questions, a team led by Professor Andrew Clarke based in Berlin, Germany, designed a series of experiments to measure astronauts’ eye movements as they worked on the International Space Station.
Researchers needed a robust method to track the eyes without interfering with the astronaut’s normal work. The answer came in the form of a helmet feeding high-performance image-processing chips similar to those found in consumer cameras. | <urn:uuid:dd6d51b1-1c24-4a9f-b0ac-224dce9c7427> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2014/11/Thomas_Reiter_with_tracking_device | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371886991.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20200410043735-20200410074235-00481.warc.gz | en | 0.936228 | 154 | 3.484375 | 3 |
The Soot Enshrouded End of a Sun-like Star
December 15, 2004
Image (96 KB)
Object: Planetary Nebula BD +303639
Telescope: Subaru (Effective Aperture 8.2 m), Cassegrain Focus
Instrument: Coronagraphic Imager with Adaptive Optics (CIAO)
Filters: J(1.25 microns), H(1.65 microns), K(2.2 microns)
Color Composition: J=Blue, H=Green, K=Red
Observation Date: July 9, 2001 (UT)
Exposure Time: 30 sec in each filter
Filed of View: 10'' x 15''
Image Orientation: Top is North, Left is East
Position: alpha=19h35m45.23s delta=+30deg 30'58.9'' (J2000)
Constellation: Cygnus (the Swan)
The Coronagraphic Imager with Adaptive
Optics (CIAO) on the Subaru telescope captured this near-infrared
(wavelengths of 1.25 - 2.2 microns) image of a star at
the end of its life. BD +303639 is a planetary nebula,
similar to the
Ring Nebula in the constellation Lyra, the Harp. It
is about five thousand light years from Earth in the direction
of the constellation Cygnus, the Swan. The surface of
the star in the center of the nebula sizzles at a temperature
of forty two thousand degrees Kelvin, and shines fifty
thousand times brighter than our Sun.
At the end of their lives, comparatively lightweight stars like our Sun shed dust and gas which pile around the star. BD +303639 rapidly puffed off its outer layers about nine hundred years ago. This material, weighing almost a quarter of the Sun, has now expanded into a shell one hundred times more extended than the Solar System. The central star illuminates the material which looks like a life preserver from our point of view.
With visible light we can only see the light from the central star scattering off the dust. In infrared light, we can also see light emitted by the dust itself. CIAO used a technique called adaptive optics, which removes the twinkle of light due to turbulence in Earth's atmosphere, to obtain an extraordinarily sharp image of the dust surrounding the star. (Note 1)
Spectra of the central star from the Subaru telescope's High Dispersion Sepctrogrtaph indicates that the sizzling at the star's surface is generating large quantities of carbon. This carbon is a likely ingredient of the dust surrounding the star.
Shedding of material is an integral part of the life of stars. "Although astronomers have been studying the dust and gas surrounding stars of different ages and types, we are only beginning to be able to observe and understand detailed structures such those in BD +303639," says Dr. Koji Murakawa, an astronomer at the Netherlands Foundation for Research in Astronomy. Murakawa adds that "images like these give us precious insight into the last moments in a stars life." | <urn:uuid:f7cdacbb-82f8-46f7-8cd0-541ad6d92cfa> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.subarutelescope.org/old/Pressrelease/2004/12/15/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499700.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20230129044527-20230129074527-00312.warc.gz | en | 0.877649 | 675 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Whether you need to crunch numbers for sales, inventory, information technology, human resources, or other organizational purposes and departments, the ability to get the right information to the right people at the right time can create a powerful competitive advantage. After all, the world runs on data more than ever before and that's a trend not likely to change, or even slow down, any time soon. But with so much data available and being created on a nearly constant basis, the ability to make sense of that data becomes more critical and challenging with every passing day.
You already know how to get Microsoft® Office Excel® to perform simple calculations and how to modify your workbooks and worksheets to make them easier to read, interpret, and present to others. But Excel is capable of doing so much more. To gain a truly competitive edge, you need to be able to extract actionable organizational intelligence from your raw data, and present it in a visual format that enables decision-makers to view key trends and conclusions at a glance. And that's exactly what this course aims to help you do.
This course builds upon the foundational knowledge presented in the Microsoft® Office Excel® 2016: Part 1 course and will help start you down the road to creating advanced workbooks and worksheets that you can use to create dashboards. The ability to analyze massive amounts of data, extract actionable intelligence from it, and present that information to decision makers is the cornerstone of driving a successful organization that is able to compete at a high level.
Lesson 1: Using Names in Formulas and Functions
- Topic A: Examine Dashboards
- Topic B: Use Range Names in Formulas
- Topic C: Use Specialized Functions
Lesson 2: Automating Workbook Functionality
- Topic A: Apply Data Validation
- Topic B: Work with Forms and Controls
Lesson 3: Applying Conditional Logic
- Topic A: Use Lookup Functions
- Topic B: Combine Functions
Lesson 4: Visualizing Data with Basic Charts
- Topic A: Create Charts
- Topic B: Modify and Format Charts
Lesson 5: Using Advanced Charting Techniques
- Topic A: Create Dual-Axis Charts and Trendlines
- Topic B: Create Sparklines
Lesson 6: Analyzing Data with PivotTables, PivotCharts, and Slicers
- Topic A: Create a PivotTable
- Topic B: Analyze PivotTable Data
- Topic C: Present Data with PivotCharts
- Topic D: Filter Data by Using Slicers | <urn:uuid:bfc87314-8323-4ee8-81d1-72e33e20b522> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://lantecctc.com/course/excel-2016-dashboard-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337244.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20221002021540-20221002051540-00485.warc.gz | en | 0.886386 | 548 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Fat Intake Related to Aggression
A study published online on March 5, 2012 reports that dietary trans fatty acid intake is associated with irritability and aggression in adults. The majority of dietary trans fats come from an industrial process that partially hydrogenates unsaturated fatty acids to stabilize the oil and prolong shelf life.
The subjects included 945 adults not currently taking lipid medications who did not have LDL-cholesterol extremes and did not have diabetes, HIV, cancer or heart disease. The subjects completed a dietary survey at the beginning of the study. The researchers also assessed the subjects using several questionnaires including Overt Aggression Scale Modified-Aggression subscale, Life History of Aggression, Conflict Tactics Scale and self-rated impatience and irritability.
The researchers collected data regarding age, sex, ethnicity, education, alcohol intake and smoking status.
The investigators found that greater dietary trans fatty acid intake was associated with greater aggression. Furthermore, dietary trans fatty acid intake was a more consistent predictor of aggression than the other aggression predictors evaluated.
Even after adjusting the data to account for confounders such as sex, age and ethnicity, the correlation remained significant.
The investigators concluded that this study provides the first evidence linking dietary trans fatty acids with behavioral irritability and aggression.
Golomb BA, et al. PLoS One. 2012;73:e32175.
trans fat is made when hydrogen is added to vegetable oil, to help the food last longer.Adding hydrogen increases “bad” cholesterol levels and lowers “good” cholesterol levels, increasing heart disease risk. | <urn:uuid:39e4c412-4afd-4ed7-a2be-bb73818339e3> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.worldhealth.net/forum/topic/640/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645280.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20180317174935-20180317194935-00452.warc.gz | en | 0.919089 | 321 | 2.625 | 3 |
“Neoplasm” literally means “new growth”—a fibroepithelial neoplasm is a growth comprised of fibrous and epithelial tissue.
They are most often found in the breast or ovary; they can sometimes occur in the tissue of the male breast or testes.
Three common types of this mass are a phyllodes tumor of the breast, fibroadenoma of the breast, and the Brenner tumor of the ovary.
Signs & Symptoms
Signs and symptoms can vary from patient to patient depending on the type of tumor.
For the phyllodes tumor, the most obvious sign is a large, noticeable mass in the affected area that a doctor may detect when performing a breast exam. These masses can grow very rapidly (even in the benign stage), but are usually painless. These tumors have malignant properties, so they should be examined and treated immediately.
Fibroadenomas are usually single lumps, but a small percentage of women develop a number of lumps in both breasts. These masses are characterized by:
- Easily moveable under the skin
- Brenner tumors are largely asymptomatic, although some women experience postmenopausal bleeding.
Diagnosis & Treatment
A phyllodes tumor is often mistaken for a fibroadenoma. The key difference between the two is that the phyllodes tumor often occurs in women in their 40’s; fibroadenomas typically appear in women in their 30’s. Both types of tumors are similar in appearance and texture, but the phyllodes tumor is found much less rarely.
Approximately 60 to 70 percent of phyllodes tumors are benign. A phyllodes tumor can be diagnosed through a number of tests: physical exam, ultrasound, MRI, and biopsy are the most frequently prescribed exams.
A phyllodes tumor is normally treated through excision, as chemotherapy and radiation have both been found to be ineffective. Some women opt for a full mastectomy to ensure the tumor is removed completely.
Fibroadenomas are diagnosed through a breast ultrasound or mammogram. A biopsy is commonly prescribed to make a definitive cancer diagnosis. Younger women may not need a biopsy, as the lump sometimes goes away on its own or does not change in size.
If the mass is definitely a fibroadenoma, it will likely not need to be removed. The patient’s physician will typically observe the mass and conduct periodic ultrasounds or mammograms to ensure it has not changed in size or become malignant.
Brenner tumors can be diagnosed by a number of tests, among them a CT or CAT scan, ultrasound, or biopsy for a definitive diagnosis. These tumors usually grow very slowly and can take years to diagnose—if a physician suspects this type of tumor is present, he may observe it to see if it changes in size or texture. If it is determined to be a Brenner tumor, the physician will likely remove the mass completely.
A patient’s outlook depends on the size, locations, and stages of the respective tumors. Women with fibroadenomas run a slightly higher risk of developing breast cancer later in life. Phyllodes tumors may recur, either in the original location or in surrounding tissue if the woman had a mastectomy.
These types of tumors are very rare, so physicians explore possible treatment options with patients on an individual basis. Patients with Brenner tumors usually have an excellent prognosis, even those with a malignant form of the disease. Although rare, this form of cancer is usually highly treatable. | <urn:uuid:fb860214-f657-4ca7-b8eb-e39c0834acf6> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.knowcancer.com/oncology/fibroepithelial-neoplasms/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705305291/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115505-00027-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947742 | 746 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Rare diseases are the diseases which affects only small population as compared to general population. One of such rare diseases is Prurigo nodularis, an uncommon skin disorder which causes numerous persistent, intensely pruritic nodules on arms and legs, and may also develop on the trunk, face, neck, and even scalp. Prurigo nodularis results from chronic mechanical irritation of the skin or intractable pruritis that is difficult to treat. The disease shows female predominance and also commonly seen in HIV-infected individuals or sometimes associated with hepatitis C virus. In prurigo nodularis, extremely pruritic nodules are formed before the itching begins and can only be alleviated by steroids.
Factors Affecting the Treatment for Prurigo Nodularis
Rare diseases like prurigo nodularis is very difficult to treat and diagnose as many doctors are not familiar with every one of the thousands of rare conditions. The patient-physician relationship may not fit with the traditional assumptions of medical care. Many healthcare professionals lack expertise for rare diseases which often results into improper treatment coupled with psychological challenges and greater geographical distances. Due to the absence of expertise and low prevalence of diseases like prurigo nodularis, sometimes patients are forced to become more knowledgeable about their disease.
Due to poor knowledge of prurigo nodularis, physicians cannot act as a technical experts that limits the understanding of the disease, therapeutic options, and appropriate healthcare provision. Furthermore, rarity in the occurrence of such diseases puts the patient’s life at risk which also includes enormous wastage, delays, various medical consultations, and inappropriate and even harmful prescriptions of drugs and treatments. As there are limited information and knowledge about the disease, accurate diagnosis and treatment are often delayed. Hence, only some of the symptoms of prurigo nodularis could be recognized and treated.
Furthermore, emergency units are not able to encounter or treat prurigo nodularis due to the absence of correct diagnosis. As drugs have been developed for small population, they are not commercially attainable without economic incentives and thereby resulting into ineffective treatment. Moreover, scarcity of specific research methodologies remains a major challenge for the development of drugs of prurigo nodularis treatment. However, in the recent years, patient and families of patients with rare diseases have created various organization to improve or advance the research and treatment for diseases like prurigo nodularis. Each new case or patients of a rare disease also provides information and evidence which are useful for development of medication and treatments.
Request Report Sample@ https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/sample/rep-gb-3339 | <urn:uuid:eddabf27-a9cc-41a7-9b2f-14333dd1a33f> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.fmiblog.com/major-challenges-faced-in-prurigo-nodularis-treatment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160142.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20180924031344-20180924051744-00178.warc.gz | en | 0.949939 | 545 | 3.234375 | 3 |
What is a conduit? In the world of electricians, it has the following definition:
Conduit (noun): a tube, pipe or duct for protecting electric wires or cables.
Types of conduits
There are many different types of conduits available, which are used depending on the specific electrical installation needs. In this website we describe many different types of conduits in the “Conduit types” category, or from the following list:
Why use conduit to protect electrical wires
You may ask yourself, why go thru the trouble of enclosing electrical wires when most of the time they already have plastic insulation? The reason conduit is used is to provide an extra layer of protection against the elements. Since electrical energy can be dangerous, it is important to protect the wire well.
Some hazards that the conduit protects againsts:
- Rodents or insects that may bite the wire insulation and cause the metal to become exposed.
- Accidental pulling of the wires.
Want more information about conduits?
Check out the rest of this site for great tools and information regarding conduit selecting, sizing, and more! | <urn:uuid:9f77c91f-4e91-41a3-8f9c-810d68c806da> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://conduitfillcalculator.com/conduit-definition/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202188.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20190320004046-20190320030046-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.817214 | 230 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Many consumers may be unknowingly consuming dangerous fish from China.
In many supermarkets you may find in the frozen food section, bulk packages of fish fillets. These bulk packages include common varieties such as pollock, cod, and orange roughy.
A recent trip to the supermarket revealed something quite alarming. The prominent labeling on many of these bulk packages was that the fish was from Alaska. For example, the label may say on the front in bold print: “Alaskan Cod.” Surprisingly, if you flip over these packages and read the small print, in most cases you will see they are a product of China.
Even if you do not purchase these products from the supermarket, your favorite restaurant may. Be sure to ask what the country of origin is of the fish that you are eating. Even so, the labeling is so confusing that the restaurant may in good faith not realize they are buying Chinese processed fish.
Samples of fish products from China have revealed contamination from dangerous substances such as formaldehyde, malachite green, sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid.
These substances are used to preserve the food, hide spoilage, and treat fish for parasites.
Why do the Chinese use these dangerous chemicals? One reason is that the country lacks the infrastructure that the United States has. Their road system is primitive, there is widespread lack of cold storage, and in the entire country, according to A. T. Kearney, there are only 30,000 refrigerator trucks for transporting food.
Another very important reason for the use of these chemicals is that a market economy is relatively new to China. Collectively, the Chinese simply do not understand how important trust is to the functioning of a market economy.
Under socialism, trust means nothing. Under socialism, power, political connections, and coercion is everything. Thus to some Chinese “businessmen,” violating trust and committing fraud to increase profits seems like an acceptable thing to do.
In time the Chinese marketplace will evolve. In the meantime, buyer beware! | <urn:uuid:e288e6d4-f509-48ac-8899-9ab5b9f74078> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://givingupcontrol.wordpress.com/2007/06/28/health-alert-part-three-%E2%80%9Calaskan-fish%E2%80%9D-from-china/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084893300.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20180124030651-20180124050651-00585.warc.gz | en | 0.94887 | 416 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Whale rider gender essay
Whale rider essaysthe film whale rider by niki caro, is a popular film highly rated among many critics across the globe it has been nominated for many prestigious awards including best actress. Essay on the whale rider gender roles have determined how man and women act, dress, their choice of occupations, interactions with each other, their thought . Conclusion: cultural and gender assumptions this framework the supernatural elements of a maori worldview contained within whale rider are therefore merely a . View this essay on whale rider -- traditions vs however when looking at the story based on traditional and modern values we can also see that there is a transition.
Religious themes through the whale rider essay sample within the movie whale rider, a mythic and sacred story is represented through a girl’s struggle in becoming a leader by breaking tradition. Whale rider essay whale rider essay after first whale rider of the new put-downs and try and show people to look past gender and just see the great . Analysis of the whale rider the film’s plot follows the story of paikea apirana (“pai”)[in the book, her name is kahu, short for kahutia te rangi], a 12-year-old girl who is the only living child in the line of the tribe’s chiefly succession following the death of her twin brother and mother when she was born.
The whale rider directed by niki caro and written by witi ihimaera shares the same components of the story of antigone by sophocles though written in two different time periods and different settings, both stories have elements of gender inequality. Gender issues are still a major factor in our current society get even a better essay we will write a custom essay sample on whale rider topics specifically for you. The film “whale rider” talks about maori society that lived in northern new zealand it reveals the cultural life of maori society in the past years the movie reflects mostly on the theme of culture evolution and hopes among the young generation. The essay is wonderful but, i don't like the conclusion so much, because it is very repetative you can just say, in conclusion, it is clear that the film, whale rider gives you an in depth glance toward the leadership of the maori, the difference in gender that seperates boy from girl, man from woman. The whale rider study guide contains a biography of author witi ihimaera, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis.
Whale rider is an excellent study on gender and how it affects relationships much can be learned by studying how the film portrays the changing role of women, the importance of cultural identity (within her tribe) and challenging stereotypes. View this essay on whale rider -- traditions vs whale rider -- traditions vs essay length: 5 pages when she finally realizes it is because of her gender . “whale rider” is a contemporary re-telling of the 1000-year-old legend about legendary first ancestor named paikea this film combines elements of.
Whale rider gender essay
Below is an essay on whale rider from anti essays, your source for research papers, essays, and term paper examples gender citations . Papers whale rider a+ pages: the whale rider by witt alhambra has many important themes that are represented by several characters in the text such as koru . The whale rider – whiti ihiamera 1 book 11 genre this book is a realistic fiction, which is a genre that consists of stories, which happens in the present or in the recent past (in modern times), and could have actually occurred to real people in a very believable setting.
The tradition of the famous whale-riding ancestor paikea inspired the film whale rider the word paikea often refers to humpback whales , but was the name of an individual whale in the most famous whale riding legend. Benefits of the movie: whale rider offers young people the opportunity to learn about a different culture and to examine the difficulties that many traditional groups experience in facing change students can examine their own concepts of gender roles as they watch entrenched sexism diminish through the course of the film.
One of the final tasks to be named the tribe leader is to retrieve a whale’s tooth from the sea by riding the back of a whale out to sea, hence the name of the film being whale rider after watching this film, i feel that the director niki caro is trying to explore the ways that gender and power are exemplified in certain cultures around the . Subject: film, gender university/college: we will write a custom essay sample on whale rider analysis and whale rider is a film that definitely does not . Essays whale rider whale rider 9 september 2016 whale rider or any similar topic specifically for you it should not matter what gender you are, these are . Whale rider question 111213 whale rider, while theatrical, takes an important look into the culture of the maori people main concepts presented throughout the film are the ideas of gender role and relations, legends regarding the whales, and the overall view towards nature. | <urn:uuid:77f2704b-b320-43db-a202-8ea704d99d48> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://hgessayozno.streetgeeks.us/whale-rider-gender-essay.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510754.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016134654-20181016160154-00311.warc.gz | en | 0.953146 | 1,053 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Friedrich Nietzsche and his typewriter - a Malling-Hansen Writing Ball
The most prominent owner of a writing ball was probably the German philosopher, Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900). In 1881, when he was almost blind, Nietzsche wanted to buy a typewriter to enable him to continue his writing, and from letters to his sister we know that he personally was in contact with “the inventor of the typewriter, Mr Malling-Hansen from Copenhagen”. He mentioned to his sister that he had received letters and also a typewritten postcard as an example.
Nietzsche received his writing ball in 1882. It was the newest model, the portable tall one with a colour ribbon, serial number 125, and several typescripts are known to have been written by him on this writing ball. We know that Nietzsche was also familiar with the newest Remington typewriter (model 2), but as he wanted to buy a portable typewriter, he chose to buy the Malling-Hansen writing ball, as this model was lightweight and easy to carry — one might say that it was the "laptop" of that time.
Unfortunately Nietzsche wasn't totally satisfied with his purchase and never really mastered the use of the instrument. Until now, many people have tried to understand why Nietzsche did not make more use of it, and a number of theories have been suggested such as that it was an outdated and poor model, that it was possible to write only upper case letters, etc. Today we can say for certain that all this is only speculation without foundation.
The writing ball was a solidly constructed instrument, made by hand and equipped with all the features one would expect of a modern typewriter.
You can now read the details about the Nietzsche writing ball in a book, "Nietzches Schreibkigel", by Dieter Eberwein, vice-president of the International Rasmus Malling-Hansen Society, published by "Typoscript Verlag". In it, Eberwein tells the true story about Nietzche's writing ball based upon thorough investigation and restoration of the damaged machine.
Friedrich Nietszche was not aware that his trouble in using the machine was caused by damage to it during transportation to Genoa in Italy, where he lived at the time. And when he turned to a mechanic who had no typewriter repair skills, the mechanic managed to damage the writing ball even more. In his book, Dieter Eberwein presents all the typescripts Nietzsche ever wrote on his machine (about 60) and reveals the true story concerning the damages. Nietzsche also did not know how to change the direction of the colour ribbon, so that he had to ask the mechanic to help him each time the ribbon was out.
Eberwein's conclusion is that Nietzsche's problem using the writing ball was caused by damages — not because the writing ball itself was an outdated model. Actually, the Hansen writing ball was an outstanding invention. It was simple to use and, unlike the Remington typewriter, worked almost silently. Both the Remington and the Hansen writing ball were exhibited at the World Exhibition in Paris in 1878, and the writing ball received a gold medal, but the Remington typewriter, according to a letter Malling-Hansen wrote that year, received only a silver medal. So, in the jury's eyes, the writing ball was judged to be of better construction.
In "The Illustrated Paris Universal Exhibition" of the 5th of October 1878, the journalist compares the writing ball and the Remington typewriter like this: "
"In the year 1875, a quick writing apparatus, designed by Mr. L. Sholes in America, and manufactured by Mr. Remington, was introduced in London. This machine was superior to the Malling-Hansen writing apparatus; but the writing ball in its present form far excels the Remington machine. It secures greater rapidity, and its writing is clearer and more precise than that of the American instrument. The Danish apparatus has more keys, is much less complicated, built with greater precision, more solid, and much smaller and lighter than the Remington, and moreover, is cheaper."
It is true that the Remington typewriter won the commercial competition and outdid the writing ball on the market, but to understand why, one must seek the reasons elsewhere than in the quality of the machines. The American investor, James Densmore, bought the patent rights to the Remington from the inventors, Sholes and Glidden, and invested tens of thousands of dollars to improve the machine. In 1873, the Remington factory, a producer of weapons and sewing machines, agreed to manufacture the improved typewriter. It is difficult to know exactly how many machines of this model were sold, but a realistic number is 1,650 in the period 1873-1882/83. Some sources claim 5,000 were sold during 1873-1878, but these numbers are uncertain, and unfortunately the different authors copy each other, and when a mistake has once occured, it is often repeated in many places. A new Remington model was launched in 1878, and during the 1880s-90s its sales began to increase. What is sure, is that the Remington machine benefited greatly from the already existing number of agents and stores, and a Remington machine could be exhibited in every Remington store around the U.S.A. and Europe.
Rasmus Malling-Hansen worked hard to try to raise enough capital to establish production of the writing ball on a larger scale, but unfortunately did not succeed. Therefore nobody could go to a store to take a look at a writing ball. Every machine had to be ordered from Copenhagen from the establishment of Malling-Hansen's mechanic, who didn't have many employees. It is obvious that Malling-Hansen's invention couldn't win under these very unequal conditions, and the reason he lost the commercial competition should be obvious: lack of capital! Where were the Danish investors, and why didn't any of them support one of their most brilliant fellow countrymen and his great invention? We don't know the answer to this. Had a Danish investor, or the Danish authorities recognized the true potential of the writing ball, and ensured that the necessary capital was raised, we might all have been writing on round keyboards today instead of the qwerty keyboard, which was designed to prevent the keys from jamming because of the writing speed — while the writing ball keyboard was designed to provide the fastest writing possible.
Today the writing balls are among the most sought-after items among typewriter collectors, and a writing ball was reported to be sold for more than 100,000 Euros not long ago by the Köln Auction Team. Many collectors find the quality of the writing ball to be truly impressive!
Free download of Dieter Eberwein's book about the restoration of Friedrich Nietzsche's writing ball:
The poem in English translation:
“THE WRITING BALL IS A THING LIKE ME: MADE OF IRON
YET EASILY TWISTED ON JOURNEYS.
PATIENCE AND TACT ARE REQUIRED IN ABUNDANCE
AS WELL AS FINE FINGERS TO USE US."
(Friedrich Nietzsche, on February 16th 1882) | <urn:uuid:8212dec7-e28b-4177-ac57-b08e4344d2e4> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.malling-hansen.org/friedrich-nietzsche-and-his-typewriter-a-malling-hansen-writing-ball.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223202774.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032002-00029-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977145 | 1,521 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Rutherford Bichard Hayes Essay, Research Paper
Rutherford B. Hayes (19th president)
Rutherford Bichard Hayes was not a well know president. He was not president that had the opportunity to lead us through a war. He was not a president that would draw much attention to the public eye. He was however one of the presidents that had a great triumph over a major U.S. problem, economics and civil rights following a war. The United States was just coming out of the Civil War and was in need of a new president. They were in need of one that could lead them into a booming economic system, start the process of paying off the national debt, and show them the benefits of a nation-wide unification of the North and the South.
On October 4th 1822, Sophie Bichard Hayes gave birth to Rutherford Bichard Hayes. His father Rutherford Hayes passed away two months prior to Rutherford Jr. being born. Along with his 4 other siblings, Rutherford was raised in Ohio by his mother for most of his life. Rutherford went to school in Norwalk, Ohio and Middletown, Connecticut. In 1842 he graduated from Kenyon College, in Gambier, Ohio, valedictorian of his class. After a year of study in a Columbus law office, he entered Harvard Law School and received his degree in 1845. Hayes began his practice in a small town called Lower Sandusky. Not finding many opportunities here, he left for Cincinnati in 1849 where he became a successful lawyer.
In 1952, Hayes married Lucy Ware Webb, a graduate from Wesleyan Women s College. She would later become the first wife of a President to have graduated from college.
When the Civil War began, Hayes offered his services to the State of Ohio. Knowing the Governor, William Dennison, he became the major in the 23rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry. Throughout his career in the army, he rose to the rank of major general. While still in the army, he was elected into congress in 1864. He did not take his seat until the Union had won the war. In 1866 he was reelected into congress and in the proceeding years became the Governor of Ohio. At the end of his second term, 1872, he decided to retire to his home in Fremont. But in 1875 he came back and was elected into a third term as Governor of Ohio. In the election of 1876 Republicans voted Hayes as their presidential candidate. After a dispute over electoral votes, Hayes became the 19th President of The United States. Due to the tension surrounding his election, Hayes secretly took oath into office on Sunday March 4th, 1877, in the Red Room of the White House.
Some of the decisions made by Hayes that stuck out during his presidency were things like sending remaining troops to Southern Courthouses to protect African Americans in their economical, civil and political rights and signing a bill to finally allow female attorneys to appear in a U.S. Supreme Court. President Hayes was also concerned with minorities, the poor, and immigrants. He believed that education and manual training would help all people achieve better lives.
Rutherford Hayes honesty and commitment renewed the life and expectations that should appear in a president and became a role model to the following presidents. Honoring his commitment not to accept a second term, Hayes retired to his home, Spiegel Grove, in Fremont, Ohio after his presidential term. From here, Hayes continued to give of his time helping veterans to receive their pensions, improving conditions in prisons, and promoting universal education. Rutherford Bichard Hayes died of heart failure at Spiegel Grove January 17, 1893, at the age of seventy. | <urn:uuid:6d536fd1-d072-4110-985e-76fd06eca53d> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://mirznanii.com/a/104516/rutherford-bichard-hayes-essay-research-paper-rutherford | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886939.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20180117122304-20180117142304-00565.warc.gz | en | 0.991399 | 753 | 3.453125 | 3 |
The public is yearning for scientific knowledge, and scientists wish to make their findings and expertise available to the world at large. Despite these intersecting goals, the public often struggles to find clear, comprehensible scientific information. Meanwhile, the scientific community often finds its work tightly guarded behind paywalls, or drowned in the sea of media options available today.
The Wiki Education Foundation launched the Wikipedia Year of Science to harness the power of our Classroom Program toward tackling the challenges of science communication. We’re connecting with instructors who assign students to take their learning to the public through Wikipedia. They master science communications skills, and improve the quality of free, open scientific knowledge available on Wikipedia.
Please join us online on Friday October 7, 2016 from 10:00-11:00 a.m. Pacific time. We’ll explore how the Wiki Education Foundation is helping to make scientific knowledge more widely available and breaking down the barriers between expertise and access.
When students contribute to Wikipedia as part of their coursework, they make reliable information available to a wider audience and learn how to be better communicators themselves. Throughout the Year of Science, we’ve made a special push to support courses in STEM and the Social Sciences. We want to improve science content on Wikipedia, but also create a cohort of students who can accurately digest, assess, and communicate scientific knowledge. We’re halfway through the Year of Science, and it’s already been a huge success.
So far, our Year of Science courses have added over two million words to more than 2,300 articles in STEM fields and the social sciences. They’ve improved a wide range of content, ranging from forensic photography to Blue Carbon and from Caffeine Induced Anxiety Disorder to Soviet Rocketry.
Join us as we explore how our students are using Wikipedia to narrow the gulf between the scientific community and the public at large.
- What: Webinar, “Inquiring Minds Want to Know: How Wikipedia is Unlocking Scientific Knowledge.”
- Host: The Wiki Education Foundation
- When: Friday, October 7, 2016, 10:00-11:00 a.m. Pacific time
Click here to register for our upcoming webinar and learn how the Wikipedia Year of Science is changing the face of public knowledge. | <urn:uuid:25baecf7-6f46-4de0-9634-54bb3c5b88c1> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://wikiedu.org/blog/2016/09/07/join-our-webinar-on-unlocking-scientific-knowledge-on-wikipedia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891815544.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20180224092906-20180224112906-00781.warc.gz | en | 0.914127 | 474 | 3.234375 | 3 |
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
“Habit” is a settled disposition or tendency to act in a certain way, especially one acquired by frequent repetition of the same act until it becomes almost or quite involuntary, a settled practice or established and regular standard of behaviour.
Banking habit as used in this study, refers to the settled practice or acquired tendency of patronizing the Banks by frequently utilizing the various services offered by banks and a widespread banking awareness.
Controlling of customer’s account as known today evolved from a rather humble beginning when the goldsmith discovered that only a small proportion of the money kept with him for safe custody was infact required by the depositors at any one time.
He therefore developed a system of controlling the amount left with him and the amount led to other people. The banking system which later inherited this found out that controlling is a major aspect of the management of customer’s account.
In view of the above, the Commercial Bank’s Customers account and later seeking ways to see if the standards are being operated as prescribed is known as controlling aspects for customers account.
Indeed, commercial banks have been and are likely to remain the document financial intermediaries in Nigeria for they at present account for over 51% of the resources of the financial system tot he economy. They therefore occupy a strategic position in the economy and are more than most other units or sub-sectors able in all respects to influence the course of development.
No wander, notwithstanding the deregulation of the economy, banking is still one of the most controlled or regulated industry in Nigeria.
In the amendment to the monetary policy circular No. 21 of January, 1987, the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) stated that “in order to further enhance and achieve a more efficient resources allocation, the following changes were made ….. all controls on interest rates were removed in line with the emphasis on deregulation of the economy. This goes further to show the importance of commercial banks in the economic growth of the country, because inspite of the deregulation the entire economy, the banks are still constantly kept in guidelines of the Monetary Authorities.
The 1957 report of J.B. Loynes of the Bank England paved the way for the establishment of the Central bank of Nigeria.
This act was passed on 15th May, 1958 and the bank began operation on the 1st of July, 1959 with an authorized capital of N1.5million of which N1.25million was paid up.
STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS
Organizations are formed to achieve some of the organizational goals. In a private or profit making as much s possible while public enterprises are mainly created to render services tot he public. which ever role, the organization is set to achieve, it must need some resources to go about it. Those resources includes money, man, material and machine.
Usually, these resources are entrusted in the hands of some employees of the organization.
The tendency is that some of the resources are misappropriated and the policy, rules and legal requirements not complied with.
As a check on this, management may set up a controlling aspect, which will be charged with the responsibility of monitoring the activities of the employees and effecting management control.
The application or to what extent these roles are carried out by the controlling arm of management is hence the problem which this work is set to investigation. The study also centres on finding out how to improve the bank controlling policies of customer’s account as a means of increasing the chances of average Nigerians in opening an account with the commercial banks.
In summary, the problem of this research is to find out the extent to which the sample back (CIB) has installed an adequate controlling system over customer’s account as a means of guarantee customers trust and patriotism.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
This research work studies the controlling of customer’s Account by the commercial bank using Citizens International Bank as a case study. More specifically, the objective of the study are: -
To find out the roles which management can play in controlling of customer’s account.
To find out the ways that the bank operates various customer’s account..
To find out the effect of not having a good management policy for controlling customer’s account.
SIGNIFICANCE TO THE STUDY
The significance of the study is that it will highlight the importance and consequences of not having an adequate design of controlling thing principles by the commercial bank.
Some of the benefits that may accrue from this research work are as follows: -
Banks will benefit from this study through the increase in patronage of their services to their various customers.
The banks are in business to make profit and will face immediate collapse if their services are not patronized. This study, by seeking the means of increasing patronage of the various bank services through improved controlling policies therefore has a lot of significance to the banking industry.
The masses will equally benefit from this study because implementations of the findings and recommendations in this study will ultimately lead to improved standard of controlling customer’s account which will make the masses to have trust on the commercial banks.
SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This study basically covers the controlling policies of commercial banks. However, the researcher being a student combining this research with other academic work and also as a result of other constraints such as communication barrier, time factor, money and so on, the scope of this study has been limited to only CIB Ltd.
The researcher believes that the findings and recommendations made herein will be applicable to other commercial banks in Nigeria because the commercial banks of study has some features which are representative of a typical commercial bank in Nigeria.
The researcher was faced with a number of problems in the process of carrying out this research study and much obstacles had contributed to the limitations of the entire research work. Some of the constraints encountered includes:
(a). SECRECY AND RELUCTANCE OF RESPONDENTS:
The unwillingness of the Bank officials to disclose some piece of information that are vital to this study which they classified as being secret. They reminded the author of the professional and promised secrecy in their business ethics.
The researcher tried many times to ascertain various piece of information from the bank but was turned back on the condition from Onitsha central the head office for south east 2.
The researcher visited that branch and Enugu branch and this solved the problem to an extent.
(b). TIME FACTOR:
Time was one of the greatest limiting factor in carrying out this research work because the research had be to carried out concurrently with the normal lecture hours.
Availability of funds certainly contributed in determining the researchers area and spread of investigations, obviously, the number of visits to the bank’s branch offices. Secondly, prices of all materials needed for the work and its production had sky-rocked to almost 12 times their prices in the recent past due to inflation.
(d). LOW LITERATURE RATE:
Banking education being relatively new in Nigeria, not much work has been done directly in the area of this study. As a result, the researcher mainly relied on personal interview marathon lectures. Inspite of all these constraints, it is hoped that this research study will make meaningful contributions into the controlling policies of customers account in Nigeria.
Do the control of customers account help the customers in any way?
Does it have any effect on the side of the bank?
Do you think that the measure mapped out by the commercial banks will help in any way to control or curtail fraud and irregularities in the bank?
Which of the measures – like the cuterial control, operations, customers services unit etc. do you think will be best for this control.
What are the hindrances to the commercial banks in controlling the customer account?
There is one major hypothesis that forms the root of this study. The findings will lead to acceptance or rejection of these hypothesis i.e. Null hypothesis (Ho) which will be rejected or accept the alternative hypothesis (Hi). For the purpose of this study the under listed statement of hypothesis will be tested.
(i). Null hypothesis (Ho): The control of customers account do not help the customers.
(ii). Alternative hypothesis (Hi): Control of customers account helps the customers.
B(i): Ho: The controls has an effect on the side of the bank
Hi: The controls has no effect on their side.
ASSUMPTION OF THE STUDY
In compiling the findings from this study, it is assumed that all the information supplied by the people interviewed and that the responses are true and fair representation of their opinion about the issue raised.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. BANK: It is an establishment which deals with money, receiving it on deposit from customers honouring customer’s drawing against such deposit on demand, collecting cheques from customers and lending or investing surplus deposits until they are requested for payment.
2. CBN: Central bank of Nigeria
3. CIB: Citizens International Bank Limited
4. ICAEW: Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales.
Can't find what you are looking for? Hire An Eduproject Writer To Work On Your Topic or Call 0806-703-7559.
Proceed to Hire a Writer » | <urn:uuid:9e863657-af2f-49f1-83e5-7eff0d9ffcf4> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://eduprojects.ng/business-administration/a-study-of-controlling-of-customers-account-by-the-commercial-banks/latest-project-topics-materials-and-research-ideas | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488257796.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20210620205203-20210620235203-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.955442 | 1,909 | 2.890625 | 3 |
LIFEPAC History and Geography Set 0315
Introduce your 3rd grader to his United States with the LIFEPAC 3rd Grade History & Geography Set. From New England to the Pacific states, ten consumable worktexts take your child on a fun-filled tour of each region and its characteristics, including geography, climate, resources, historical events, industries, government, and more. A teacher's guide is included.
Learning the difference between each region of America is easy with the LIFEPAC 3rd Grade History & Geography homeschool curriculum. This outstanding history course from Alpha Omega Publications reinforces a biblical world view as it presents engaging homeschooling lessons on the geography, industry, and culture of areas in America with ten student-directed worktexts. Your child's knowledge of American history will be enhanced as he learns about key historical events, famous individuals, and places of interest from the New England, mid-Atlantic, southern Atlantic, and southern states to the Great Lakes, midwestern, mountain, and Pacific states.
That's not all. Each easy-to-follow worktext also includes periodic reviews and one unit test to assess your child's performance, giving you peace of mind that your child is grasping the unique characteristics that define each region in America. What's more, to encourage more fun and creativity, we have included a helpful teacher's guide that directs your student's learning according to his specific interests and needs. This essential teaching resource includes teaching notes and tips for each unit, a complete answer key, and information about additional resources and learning activities.
We Also Recommend | <urn:uuid:aa1cbc82-c7fc-4dff-80ff-52b43956f486> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://learningplus.ph/products/aop-lifepac-history-and-geography-set-0315 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370496227.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329201741-20200329231741-00478.warc.gz | en | 0.942415 | 329 | 3.359375 | 3 |
By Elana Rusnak, SRC masters student
The global aquarium trade is a multimillion dollar business, moving over one billion freshwater and marine organisms annually. In many countries, regulations are put in place in order to manage both the type of species, as well as the number of individuals that cross each border. However, there are illegal activities plaguing the trade, including in businesses within the United States. In other countries however, there are frequently fewer and/or less regulated laws that dictate the sale and trade of marine organisms. Between 2010-2012 in the Ceará state in Brazil, researchers worked together with the Brazilian Institute of the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA) and the Brazilian Post and Telegraph Company (ECT) to comb through packages sent via the postal service, and confiscate those containing live or dead aquarium organisms. It is illegal in Brazil to sell or trade organisms outside of pre-sanctioned shipping companies, and the researchers aimed to assess where inspections need to be strengthened in order to prevent continued criminal activities.
In total, there were 57 confiscated packages, with roughly half going to Ceará, and half going to other Brazilian states, with no international shipping. The majority of the packages going to and leaving from Ceará state were going to the southeastern region of the country, with the leading state being São Paulo. This is likely because it is the richest and most populous state, which would incur a demand for aquarium species in both the legal and illegal trade.There were a wide range of both native and non-native marine and freshwater species being smuggled, with corals and freshwater fish being represented the most. In the confiscated packages, they found specimens that came from both natural (wild) and aquaculture (captive breeding) sources. A large proportion of the species also came from non-native sources, which raises the issue of invasive species and introducing foreign diseases and pathogens into unprepared environments. The high occurrence of exotic species can be partially attributed to hobbyists releasing fish they can no longer take care of into the environment. Moreover, many of the species confiscated were also classified as Vulnerable or Endangered, which should only be collected for either scientific or conservation purposes. This provides very strong evidence that Brazilian environmental authorities need to increase the strength and enforcement of regulations and inspection efforts in order to protect species at risk.
However, in response to confiscation of illegal packages and consequently, sending out fines, smugglers’ efforts decreased. Future management suggestions include increasing the training for spotting suspect packages and having management officers familiarize themselves with the species they encounter so they are better identified and logged. They also suggest increasing the fines that smugglers have to pay for each specimen, as the penalty is not high enough to deter illegal activities.
Awareness and training can go a long way, and hopefully with the proper motivation, can discourage the illegal aquarium trade to such an extent that it will one day cease to exist. Until then, small steps like those taken in Ceará state will encourage its decline and provide evidence that the smuggling of aquarium species could be mitigated in Brazil.
Gurjão, L. M., Barros, G. M., Lopes, D. P., Machado, D. A., & Lotufo, T. M. (2018). Illegal trade of aquarium species through the Brazilian postal service in Ceará State. Marine and Freshwater Research, 69(1), 178-185. | <urn:uuid:eab5e166-4388-4e87-a655-54cf0d81d9ba> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://sharkresearch.rsmas.miami.edu/tag/aquariums/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178358976.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20210227144626-20210227174626-00016.warc.gz | en | 0.961809 | 703 | 3.046875 | 3 |
John Boyd | English 101
Third Writing Project
In her “Foreword” to The Bluest Eye, Morrison poses some questions that motivated her in writing the novel, and she also expresses concern about how successful she was in portraying the devastating events that occur in Pecola’s life. For our third writing project, I’d like you to use Morrison’s reflection as a framework for understanding and coming to terms with the novel. Here’s the task:
Choose one of the passages below from Morrison’s Foreword (or another passage that seems important to you), and use that as a starting place for an essay about the novel. In the passage you choose, what problem or question does Morrison raise for herself as an author, and how does she work through that problem or question in the characters and events of the novel?
Some passages you might consider:
When I began writing The Bluest Eye, I was interested in something else. Not resistance to the contempt of others, ways to deflect it, but the far more tragic and disabling consequences of accepting rejection as legitimate, as self-evident. (ix)
The reclamation of racial beauty in the sixties stirred [my] thoughts, made me think about the necessity for the claim. Why, although reviled by others, could this beauty not be taken for granted within the community? Why did it need wide public articulation to exist? (xi)
One problem was centering the weight of the novel’s inquiry on so delicate and vulnerable a character could smash her and lead readers into the comfort of pitying her rather than into an interrogation of themselves for the smashing. (xii)
In your approach to this assignment, keep in mind the conventions of literary analysis that we’ve discussed in class. Your own argument should be driven by an observation about Morrison’s project in writing the novel, and you should draw carefully and explicitly from the text of the novel to develop your perspective.
The completed essay should be 4-5 pages in length, double-spaced, and written in a standard font (Iike Times New Roman or Cambria, 12 point), with standard page margins (1 inch or 1.25 inch). Please use MLA style documentation for this essay. Although you will only be making use of two sources – the Foreword and the novel itself – you should still include a Works Cited page with entries for each source. For a guide to MLA format, you can refer to any good writing handbook (like Diana Hacker’s A Writer’s Reference) or you can use the free resources at the following web site: http://www.dianahacker.com/resdoc/p04_c08_o.html.
* One effective way to begin work on this assignment would be to reflect on our class discussions and blog entries concerning the novel so far. As you choose the passage you’d like to work with, you might also consider how some of the key words and concepts from Rewriting might apply to Morrison’s perspective on her own novel.
* An initial rough draft (at least 2 pages) is DUE and should be posted to your blog by Wednesday, November 14, at 5:00pm.
* For class on Thursday, November 15, please bring three printed copies of your draft. We’ll spend the class session reviewing the drafts together.
* The final draft of the essay will be DUE to me on Monday, November 19th, by 5:00pm. Final drafts should be emailed to me at [email protected]. Attach your draft as a Word document titled Yourlastname_Essay 3.doc.
You’ll receive detailed feedback from me on your completed essay, and by the end of the semester, you may choose to return to this assignment for further revision as part of your final portfolio. In evaluating your essay, I’ll consider four factors:
Development of thesis: Your third essay should be driven by an observation or perspective that adds something to what Morrison offers in her Foreword. How is your understanding of the novel changed by the concerns she brings up there?
Careful, close reading of the novel and use of the text: Your essay should focus on specific details and passages from the novel as a means of supporting your thesis. This will require that you quote from the novel and that you follow up on quotations with interpretation and discussion of your own.
Sophistication of thinking: Above all, your essay should show that you are working with Morrison’s text in a thoughtful and critical way. Your own discussion should move beyond a summary of the novel to a discussion of how the novel addresses the problems Morrison raises in the Foreword.
Effective presentation: Your final draft should demonstrate a purposeful and deliberate use of language, a logical organizational plan, and an understanding of the standard conventions of English grammar, usage, and mechanics. | <urn:uuid:833f9100-abfc-4aea-bc00-77cb9ca8218b> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://writingfaculty.wordpress.com/2013/01/28/workshop-sample-john-boyd/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698543434.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170903-00227-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948839 | 1,028 | 3 | 3 |
NASA / Ames / JPL-Caltech / T. Pyl
Kepler-186f: A Second Earth
The artist’s concept depicts Kepler-186f, the first validated Earth-size planet orbiting a distant star in the habitable zone—a range of distances from a star where liquid water might pool on the surface of an orbiting planet. Kepler-186f resides in the Kepler-186 system about 500 light-years from Earth in the constellation Cygnus. The discovery of Kepler-186f confirms that Earth-size planets exist in the habitable zone of other stars and signals a significant step closer to finding a world similar to Earth.
via The Habitable Zone of Inhabited Planets | The Planetary Society.
Interesting drawings of the human body here.
Michael Reedy Portfolio Drawings Paintings.
The supernova in M82
Credit: UCL/University of London Observatory/Steve Fossey/Ben Cooke/Guy Pollack/Matthew Wilde/Thomas Wright
The M81-M82 galaxy pair live in Ursa Major near the Big Dipper.
Credit: Sky and Telescope.
Try to spot it!
astropixie: supernova calling.
On July 19, 2013, in an event celebrated the world over, NASA’s Cassini spacecraft slipped into Saturn’s shadow and turned to image the planet, seven of its moons, its inner rings — and, in the background, our home planet, Earth.
via Space Images: The Day the Earth Smiled – NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
Maybe the reason that kids suffer ADHD more than anything else, lets not solve the problem but treat the symptoms.
Food In the Classroom: Teachers Speak Out.
Newly discovered comet could be spectacular sight in fall 2013. Located beyond Jupiter’s orbit now. Heading for close encounter with our sun next year.
via Big sun-diving Comet ISON might be spectacular in 2013 | Space | EarthSky.
Artist’s impression of the first planet discovered orbiting the star Alpha Centauri B, a member of the triple star system that is the closest to Earth. The planet was found in 2012 with the HARPS spectrograph on the 3.6-m telescope at ESO’s La Silla Observatory in Chile.
ESO/L. Calçada/N. Risinger (skysurvey.org)
This image is posted under a Creative Commons Attribution license. You may reuse it for any purpose as long as you include the above credit.
First Planet Discovered in Alpha Centauri System
Launch to space station @ 8:35PM ET Oct 7, 2012
SpaceX | Launch Central.
Andromeda, otherwise known as M31, is among our nearest neighbors, “only” 2.5 million light-years away. Its line-of-sight speed has been known for a long time (from Doppler measurements), but until now we didn’t know whether its actual direction of motion is more toward us or more tangential to us.
The answer: Andromeda is coming at us, and will “collide” with the Milky Way in about four billion years. I put the word “collide” in quotes because while the collision will have a dramatic effect on the appearance of both galaxies, physical encounters between stars (and the planets they contain) will be really rare, because there is so much empty space between stars. Our solar system will most likely be unaffected by the collision, and will be having greater problems at that time due to our Sun’s behavior; that’s roughly the same time it’s estimated that the Sun will expand into a red giant.
Artist's views of a night sky transformed by a galaxy merger | The Planetary Society.
We at The Planetary Society are aware of how Neil Armstrong’s first step onto the Moon sparked so many of our Members’ lifelong interest in space. We invited them to share their stories about how Armstrong affected the course of their lives.
Neil Armstrong, donned in his space suit, poses for his official Apollo 11 portrait. Armstrong began his flight career as a naval aviator. He flew 78 combat missions during the Korean War. Armstrong joined the NASA predecessor, NACA (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics), as a research pilot at the Lewis Laboratory in Cleveland and later transferred to the NACA High Speed Flight Station at Edwards AFB, California. He was a project pilot on many pioneering high speed aircraft, including the 4,000 mph X-15. He has flown over 200 different models of aircraft, including jets, rockets, helicopters, and gliders.
In 1962, Armstrong was transferred to astronaut status. He served as command pilot for the Gemini 8 mission, launched March 16, 1966, and performed the first successful docking of two vehicles in space. In 1969, Armstrong was commander of Apollo 11, the first manned lunar landing mission, and gained the distinction of being the first man to land a craft on the Moon and the first man to step on its surface. Armstrong subsequently held the position of Deputy Associate Administrator for Aeronautics, NASA Headquarters Office of Advanced Research and Technology, from 1970 to 1971. He resigned from NASA in 1971.
Died: August 25, 2012, Cincinnati
Born: August 5, 1930, Wapakoneta
Memories of Neil Armstrong | The Planetary Society.
Need to take photos of this, not sure that the sky will be clear enough tonight though.
Some descriptions of the hardware on the Curiosity Rover.
Sampling Mars, Part 1: The Hardware | The Planetary Society.
The best 360-degree rotatable version of the sol 3 Mastcam panorama I’ve seen yet. This one requires Flash. For those of you on iOS devices, your best option is this one.
via Curiosity sol 9 update | The Planetary Society.
The full-resolution MARDI images are just as great as we anticipated. As of the moment that I write this, there are 110 full-resolution frames on the ground out of the roughly 1500-image sequence. Most of these are separated in time by several seconds, but among the recently returned data are the first 42 frames, inclusive; we’re on our way to getting the full-resolution movie speaking both in terms of temporal and spatial resolution. Of the first 42 frames, the first 26 are dark, taken before the heat shield separated. This is the 27th. I animated these and the subsequent ones, aligning them all (without rotating them) on a crater at the bottom center of the visible Martian surface, and was really quite amazed at how smooth the descent of the heat shield was. This version is at half the full resolution.
Credit: NASA / JPL / MSSS / Emily Lakdawalla. | <urn:uuid:bee7c8ee-af56-494f-ad8c-498a645f4a6c> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | http://blog.aaronwalton.org/tag/science/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107880038.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20201022195658-20201022225658-00530.warc.gz | en | 0.925034 | 1,412 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Many Of USA’s Radiation Detectors Were Out Of Service After Japan Leak
SAN FRANCISCO (AP) — Part of the nation’s radiation warning system was out of service as the U.S. braced for possible exposure to the fallout from Japan’s nuclear crisis.
Although no dangerous levels of radiation have reached American shores, the test of the monitoring network is prompting some lawmakers to ask if it can safeguard the country against future disasters.
Federal officials use the monitors’ readings to confirm the impact of nuclear incidents, then alert local governments and the public.
In California, the Environmental Protection Agency says four of its 11 stationary monitors were offline for repairs or maintenance last week.
Officials did not immediately say why. But the monitors weren’t fixed until days after low levels of radiation reached the mainland U.S.
About 20 monitors out of 124 nationwide were out of service earlier this week.
(© Copyright 2011 The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.) | <urn:uuid:17ce9c8e-79d1-479f-80f5-2c431f284585> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2011/03/25/many-of-usas-radiation-detectors-were-out-of-service-after-japan-leak/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394009968414/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305085928-00034-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.913577 | 218 | 2.53125 | 3 |
- Where is gold most likely to be found?
- What rocks are associated with gold?
- How deep is gold usually found?
- Is gold found in metamorphic rock?
- What river has the most gold?
- Is Black Sand valuable?
- How can you tell a gold vein?
- Where can you mine gold for free?
- Is there gold in every river?
- What does Black Sand symbolize?
- How do you find gold in creeks?
- Where does gold settle in a stream?
- Is black sand a sign of gold?
- What are the signs of gold in the ground?
- What type of rock is gold most commonly found in?
Where is gold most likely to be found?
Gold is usually found embedded in quartz veins, or placer stream gravel.
It is mined in South Africa, the USA (Nevada, Alaska), Russia, Australia and Canada..
What rocks are associated with gold?
In auriferous quartz lodes the minerals most commonly associated with gold are iron and copper pyrites, zinc blende, galena, and tetradymite. Tellurides of gold are very widely distributed. Other minerals occurring with gold are tourmaline, calcite, uranium ochre, roscoelite, vanadinite, crocoite, wollastonite, gypsum.
How deep is gold usually found?
Other gold mines use underground mining, where the ore is extracted through tunnels or shafts. South Africa has the world’s deepest hard rock gold mine up to 3,900 metres (12,800 ft) underground. At such depths, the heat is unbearable for humans, and air conditioning is required for the safety of the workers.
Is gold found in metamorphic rock?
Gold concentrations in metamorphic rocks decrease systematically with increasing metamorphic grade. Amphibolite facies rocks commonly contain between 50 and 80% less gold than their unmetamorphosed protolith rocks.
What river has the most gold?
river GoulburnGold is most frequently found in the river Goulburn.
Is Black Sand valuable?
Conclusion. The worth of black sand concentrates found in placer deposits depends entirely on its components. In some places, you will be able to retrieve valuable particles such as gold, silver, and platinum. However, such valuable elements are not always present in black sands found in every placer deposits.
How can you tell a gold vein?
Look for quartz in the rock veins you’ve found. It is a very heavy and strong crystalline-looking mineral that usually occurs in white, though it may also be clear, pink or gray. Set your metal detector to find gold and slowly wave it back and forth over the veins of quartz.
Where can you mine gold for free?
10 Free Gold Panning Areas in CaliforniaAuburn State Recreation Area. … Butte Recreation Area. … Columbia State Historic Park. … Keyesville Recreational Mining Area. … Malakoff Diggins State Historic Park. … Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park. … Merced River. … South Yuba River State Park.More items…
Is there gold in every river?
Every river in the world contains gold. However, some rivers contain so little gold that one could pan and sieve for years and not find even one small flake. … After rigorous chemical analyses, rocks that are found to contain gold in levels where only one part in one million is gold can be professionally mined.
What does Black Sand symbolize?
Black sands are used by miners and prospectors to indicate the presence of a placer formation.
How do you find gold in creeks?
The first step is finding the right spot in the river where the gold might collect, such as a crook in the bedrock, idle pools, log jams, inside corners of rivers or spaces between boulders. Then start digging, filling your pan with gravel. From there, continuously weed out the bigger rocks and pebbles.
Where does gold settle in a stream?
Gold is transported in a stream principally during periods of high water, such as during the yearly spring runoff. Because gold is heavy and tends to settle in cracks and crevices at the bottom of a river, the speed of a runoff current has to be very great in order for transportation to occur.
Is black sand a sign of gold?
Black sands (mostly iron) can be and usually is an indicator of gold, but not always. Rule of thumb is you will generally find black sand with gold, but not always gold with black sand. However if you are finding gold and getting black sands with it, it would be worthwhile to try some and see what happens.
What are the signs of gold in the ground?
Lighter Colored Rocks: If you notice out-of-place colors in a group of rock formations, it can be a gold indicator. Acidic mineral solutions in gold areas can bleach the rocks to a lighter color. Presence of Quartz: Quartz is a common indicator that gold MAY be nearby.
What type of rock is gold most commonly found in?
quartz rockGold is most often found in quartz rock. When quartz is found in gold bearings areas, it is possible that gold will be found as well. Quartz may be found as small stones in river beds or in large seams in hillsides. | <urn:uuid:a3054275-6bba-420b-977e-2f34def45dd0> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://meire-brazil.com/qa/question-where-do-you-find-gold-in-a-creek.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038461619.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20210417162353-20210417192353-00141.warc.gz | en | 0.934351 | 1,124 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Corticosteroids. Corticosteroids, such as prednisone, can be helpful in reducing inflammation. Sometimes steroids are used for a few weeks until other slower medications can become effective. Because of their many side effects, the lowest possible dose should be used for the shortest length of time. Usually a corticosteroid is given by mouth as a pill or liquid. However, some forms can be given as an injection into the joint or muscle, or as an IV into a vein. It is important to slowly stop (taper off) steroids instead of stopping them suddenly.
An antibody, produced by B cells in response to an altered autoantigen on one type of the body’s own cells, that attacks and destroys these cells. Autoantibodies are the basis for autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes mellitus. Several theories exist about why autoantibodies are formed. The most common theory proposes that AAbs develop as the result of a combination of hereditary and environmental risk factors that cause an autoantigen to be falsely recognized as alien by B cells; as a result, antibodies are produced for its destruction.
There are over 200 disorders that impact connective tissue. Some, like cellulitis, are the result of an infection. Injuries can cause connective tissue disorders, such as scars. Others, such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Marfan syndrome, and osteogenesis imperfecta, are genetic. Still others, like scleroderma, have no known cause. Each disorder has its own symptoms and needs different treatment.
As with all autoimmune conditions, lupus is a disease of the immune system. Your immune system has a very sophisticated mechanism for keeping you safe that it uses to identify the foreign substances that you come into contact with every day, such as allergens, toxins, infections, and even food. If your immune system deems anything dangerous, it will produce antibodies to ward off the harmful intruders.
In recent years, mycophenolate mofetil (CellCept) has been used as an effective medication for lupus, particularly when it is associated with kidney disease. CellCept has been helpful in reversing active lupus kidney disease (lupus renal disease) and in maintaining remission after it is established. Its lower side-effect profile has advantage over traditional immune-suppression medications.
There have also been case reports of patients with severe refractory SLE in which off-label use of rituximab showed benefits with tolerable safety profiles. [120, 121, 122] For example, in a retrospective study of 115 patients with severe or refractory SLE, 40% of patients had a complete response and 27% had a partial response, as measured by BILAG scores recorded 6 months after the first rituximab treatment.
It can be very scary to receive a lupus diagnosis, have your life disrupted and cause you to become uncertain about the future. The good news is that strides are continually being made in the discovery of better diagnostic tools and more effective medications. With the combination of correct treatment, medication, and living a healthy lifestyle, many people with lupus can look forward to a leading a long and productive life.
Corticosteroids and immune suppressants: Patients with serious or life-threatening problems such as kidney inflammation, lung or heart involvement, and central nervous system symptoms need more “aggressive” (stronger) treatment. This may include high-dose corticosteroids such as prednisone (Deltasone and others) and drugs that suppress the immune system. Immune suppressants include azathioprine (Imuran), cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan), and cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune). Recently mycophenolate mofetil has been used to treat severe kidney disease in lupus – referred to as lupus nephritis.
A healing lupus diet can help improve gut health in those with lupus by preventing allergies, reducing deficiencies and slowing down free radical damage. In fact, due to how autoimmune disorders develop, a low-processed lupus diet high in antioxidants is usually key for managing any autoimmune-related symptoms, including those due to arthritis, thyroid disorders, etc., which often overlap with lupus symptoms.
Studies from around the world have documented a higher prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in patients with SLE, compared with the general population, especially in conjunction with obesity. [108, 152, 153, 154, 155, 110] Studies from Australia, France, the Mediterranean region, and Taiwan —but not from Mexico —have shown an association between serum vitamin D levels and SLE disease activity.
While most infants born to mothers who have SLE are healthy, pregnant mothers with SLE should remain under medical care until delivery. Neonatal lupus is rare, but identification of mothers at highest risk for complications allows for prompt treatment before or after birth. In addition, SLE can flare up during pregnancy, and proper treatment can maintain the health of the mother longer. Women pregnant and known to have anti-Ro (SSA) or anti-La antibodies (SSB) often have echocardiograms during the 16th and 30th weeks of pregnancy to monitor the health of the heart and surrounding vasculature.
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a multisystem inflammatory disease that is often difficult to diagnose. Before the diagnosis can be established, four of 11 clinical and laboratory criteria must be met. Antinuclear antibody titer is the primary laboratory test used to diagnose systemic lupus erythematosus. Because of the low prevalence of the disease in primary care populations, the antinuclear antibody titer has a low predictive value in patients without typical clinical symptoms. Therefore, as specified by the American College of Rheumatology, this titer should be obtained only in patients with unexplained involvement of two or more organ systems. Pa tients with an antinuclear antibody titer of 1:40 and characteristic multiorgan system involvement can be diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus without additional testing; however, patients with an antibody titer of 1:40 who fail to meet full clinical criteria should undergo additional testing, including tests for antibody to doublestranded DNA antigen and antibody to Sm nuclear antigen. While an antinuclear antibody titer of less than 1:40 usually rules out systemic lupus erythematosus, patients with persistent, characteristic multisystem involvement may be evaluated for possible antinuclear antibody–negative disease.
Jump up ^ Cortés‐Hernández, J.; Ordi‐Ros, J.; Paredes, F.; Casellas, M.; Castillo, F.; Vilardell‐Tarres, M. (December 2001). "Clinical predictors of fetal and maternal outcome in systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective study of 103 pregnancies". Rheumatology. 41 (6): 643–650. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/41.6.643. PMID 12048290. Archived from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
How an autoimmune disease affects you depends on what part of the body is targeted. If the disease affects the joints, as in rheumatoid arthritis, you might have joint pain, stiffness, and loss of function. If it affects the thyroid, as in Graves’ disease and thyroiditis, it might cause tiredness, weight gain, and muscle aches. If it attacks the skin, as it does in scleroderma/systemic sclerosis, vitiligo, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), it can cause rashes, blisters, and color changes.
Combination treatment: Health care providers may combine a few medications to control lupus and prevent tissue damage. Each treatment has risks and benefits. Most immune-suppressing medications may cause side effects and require close monitoring. Side effects of these drugs may include a raised risk of infections as well as nausea, vomiting, hair loss, diarrhea, high blood pressure, and osteoporosis (weak bones). Rheumatologists may lower the dose of a drug or stop a medicine because of side effects or when the disease goes into remission. As a result, it is important to receive careful and frequent health exams and lab tests to track your symptoms and change your treatment as needed.
If your doctor suspects you have lupus, he or she will focus on your RBC and WBC counts. Low RBC counts are frequently seen in autoimmune diseases like lupus. However, low RBC counts can also indicate blood loss, bone marrow failure, kidney disease, hemolysis (RBC destruction), leukemia, malnutrition, and more. Low WBC counts can point toward lupus as well as bone marrow failure and liver and spleen disease.
In healthy conditions, apoptotic lymphocytes are removed in germinal centers (GC) by specialized phagocytes, the tingible body macrophages (TBM), which is why no free apoptotic and potential autoantigenic material can be seen. In some people with SLE, accumulation of apoptotic debris can be observed in GC because of an ineffective clearance of apoptotic cells. In close proximity to TBM, follicular dendritic cells (FDC) are localised in GC, which attach antigen material to their surface and, in contrast to bone marrow-derived DC, neither take it up nor present it via MHC molecules.
Lupus, a chronic autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation, creates a wide range of signs and symptoms. Systemic lupus erythematosus, the most common form of the condition, can potentially involve any major organ system of the body, says Neil Kramer, MD, co-medical director at the Institute for Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases at Overlook Medical Center in Summit, New Jersey. “Therefore, the first signs and symptoms vary from patient to patient.”
Aseptic meningitis is a disease caused by the inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord known as the meninges. Unlike other forms of meningitis, aseptic meningitis is not caused by infection and cannot be spread person-to-person. Instead it can be caused by lupus, cancers, certain drugs, head injury, and brain surgery, among others. Meningitis is characterized by a sudden onset of fever, headache, and stiff neck. It is often accompanied by other symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, photophobia (sensitivity to light), and altered mental status (confusion).
The ACR recommends ANA testing in patients who have two or more unexplained signs or symptoms listed in Table 2.2,20,21 [Reference2—Evidence level C, consensus/expert guidelines] Because of the high rate of false positive ANA titers, testing for systemic lupus erythematosus with an ANA titer or other autoantibody test is not indicated in patients with isolated myalgias or arthralgias in the absence of these specific clinical signs.45 Under most circumstances, a persistently negative ANA titer (less than 1:40) can be assumed to rule out systemic lupus erythematosus.41
One main type of lupus, cutaneous lupus erythematosus, is limited to skin symptoms, including a rash and lesions. That means people with cutaneous lupus, which does not progress and become systemic lupus erythematosus, only experience skin symptoms. People with cutaneous lupus most commonly develop a discoid rash. It appears as round, raised, red patches and can cause scarring, Dr. Caricchio explains. “It’s often confined to small areas above the neck, such as the ears and scalp,” he says. The rash usually does not itch or cause discomfort.
As many as 70% of people with lupus have some skin symptoms. The three main categories of lesions are chronic cutaneous (discoid) lupus, subacute cutaneous lupus, and acute cutaneous lupus. People with discoid lupus may exhibit thick, red scaly patches on the skin. Similarly, subacute cutaneous lupus manifests as red, scaly patches of skin but with distinct edges. Acute cutaneous lupus manifests as a rash. Some have the classic malar rash (or butterfly rash) associated with the disease. This rash occurs in 30 to 60% of people with SLE.
Drug-Induced Lupus Erythematosus, like SLE, can affect many parts of the body. However, Drug-Induced Lupus is caused by an overreaction to certain medications. Studies have shown that removal of the medication may stop disease activity. Drugs most commonly connected with drug-induced lupus are those used to treat chronic conditions, such as seizures, high blood pressure or rheumatoid arthritis.
The authors reviewed the influence of nutritional factors on systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and discussed an alternative treatment option. The autoimmunity and inflammatory process of SLE are related to the presence of dyslipidemia, obesity, systemic arterial hypertension, and metabolic syndrome, which should be properly considered to decrease cardiovascular risk. A diet with moderate protein and energy content, but rich in vitamins, minerals (especially antioxidants), and mono/polyunsaturated fatty acids can promote a beneficial protective effect against tissue damage and suppression of inflammatory activity, in addition to helping the treatment of those comorbidities. Diet therapy is a promising approach and some recommendations may offer a better quality of life to patients with SLE.
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate. This blood test determines the rate at which red blood cells settle to the bottom of a tube in an hour. A faster than normal rate may indicate a systemic disease, such as lupus. The sedimentation rate isn't specific for any one disease. It may be elevated if you have lupus, an infection, another inflammatory condition or cancer.
Please Note: The material on this site is provided for informational purposes only and is not medical advice. Always consult your physician before beginning any diet or exercise program.
Copyright © livehopelupus.org | <urn:uuid:b22033af-71ab-4d1b-9a89-fb88f59f07d8> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.livehopelupus.org/what-are-the-4-types-of-lupus-can-lupus-patients-drink-alcohol.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583684033.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20190119221320-20190120003320-00356.warc.gz | en | 0.931371 | 3,033 | 2.90625 | 3 |
5 Ways to Cultivate Empathy for OthersBy Elizabeth Seward
Humans are social beings. We want to understand the people we interact with in our daily lives and we want to be understood. Whether we're receiving it or dishing it out, empathy enhances our communities and helps us to function more effectively—and happily–alongside each other.
This broad benefit of empathy is just the beginning of all that we can reap from zeroing in on others’ emotions. The science of empathy is expansive. We know that empathetic people have more satisfying relationships and perform better in the workplace. We know that people who are actively listened to feel as though they are finally understood and we know that patients do better with empathetic physicians.
We also know that empathy levels appear to be decreasing among young adults for some reason. A 2010 study from the University of Michigan analyzed data from 1979 to 2009 and found that students over that span were experiencing a drop in empathy. The researchers found that empathy had decreased a whopping 40% since the study began, with the biggest dip occurring shortly after the year 2000. One explanation for the decline is that exposure to media that contains negative messages or violence might lead to detachment and apathy regarding the pain of others.
So why is this concerning? Because a lack of empathy in anyone can have an impact on everyone. We do better in all of our endeavors when we're both giving and receiving empathy. Although we don’t all start with the same baseline capacity for empathy, we can actually work to increase our empathy levels. The following tips will help you to do just that.
Empathy Booster #1: Indulge in Fiction
A 2013 study out of The Netherlands revealed some fascinating data about people who let their minds wander around the fictional worlds of written stories: they tend to be more empathetic. It isn’t just that people who are already more empathetic are drawn to reading fiction, either. Researchers found that the act of engaging in fictional narratives actually increases empathy levels. This is because of something called narrative transportation theory. Basically, if a person becomes lost in a story, that person will experience a change in attitudes, ideas, and behaviors that reflect perspective gained from the story. Our imagination is like a muscle—the more we work it, the stronger it will become. If we can imagine ourselves in the position of another person, we can increase empathy.
So grab that new Murakami novel and get lost in it! Becoming absorbed in the fiction is essential: the researchers believe that empathy levels will only change when individuals find themselves emotionally transported into the world of the story.
Empathy Booster #2: Spend Time Helping Others
If you feel a spring in your step after helping someone out, there’s a reason for that. Researchers at the London School of Economics have found that people who volunteer are happier. Volunteering increases empathy and empathy increases life satisfaction. Creating social bonds with those outside of our immediate social circle and working to enhance the lives of others helps us to keep the well-being of all people at the forefront of our thinking.
So, mentor students through Big Brothers Big Sisters of America, organize a drive for the American Red Cross, or deliver dinners to the elderly through Meals on Wheels—or reach out to an individual you know who's in need. No matter how you go about devoting some spare time for another, altruistic actions will help to increase your empathy.
Empathy Booster #3: Become an Active Listener
It’s too bad we aren’t all taught active listening from the get-go—turns out the form of listening we usually offer and receive is more passive than it should be. While passive listening allows a person to hear and react on cue, active listening involves a person listening to each word, imagining the driving emotions behind what is being said, and regularly feeding back what is being heard to the person speaking. Active listening encourages us to tune in—and in doing this, we can connect more deeply.
The more you practice active listening, the better you’ll be at reading a person’s emotions through their words, tone, and micro expressions. Micro expressions are the tiny but telling facial expressions that occur during a fraction of a second. Becoming an active listener increases empathy levels, but it also helps to create positive feelings in the person who's communicating with us. A University of New Brunswick study found that people who previously reported feeling misunderstood or not heard found more fulfillment when speaking with a person practicing active listening.
Empathy Booster #4: Practice Compassion Meditation
We know that general meditation is beneficial, but meditating specifically on compassion helps us to become more empathetic people. A University of Wisconsin-Madison study showed that our brains can be rewired over time to be more empathetic through compassion meditation. Compassion meditation is a form of meditation that asks you to focus your thoughts on wishing well-being for others.
Empathy Booster #5: Cultivate Your Curiosity
Remember when you asked "Why?" to almost everything you heard as a kid? Children are famously curious, but as they grow older, many kids are taught to stop asking so many questions. While it’s true that too many pressing questions can feel like an interrogation, being kindly inquisitive can help you increase your empathy levels. It turns out that people who are highly empathetic are also curious about strangers. The more we encourage our own curiosities, the more likely it is that we will expand our network of acquaintances and, in doing so, acquire a wider understanding of varying perspectives.
Be curious with the people you meet. The more you learn about how other people live and think, the more tools you’ll have available to you for harnessing empathy.
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INFOGRAPHIC: Why Being Generous is Good for You | <urn:uuid:f1acd259-6f46-4a06-8539-cec35e9de8de> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.happify.com/hd/5-ways-to-cultivate-more-empathy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267162809.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20180926002255-20180926022655-00261.warc.gz | en | 0.940653 | 1,248 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Which of the following was not an element of the "war on crime" outlined in 1965 by the President in his message to the 89th Congress?
A. Increased federal law enforcement efforts
B. Assistance to local law enforcement efforts
C. A comprehensive, penetrating analysis of the origins and nature of crime in modern America
D. All of these were outlined as elements of the "war on crime."
The recommendations of the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice were disappointing because
A. studies by noted criminologists such as Sutherland and Wilson tended to
minimize the poverty-crime connection.
B. it was naive to reason that by simply spending enough money and energy America could abolish crime.
C. they said nothing that was really new and innovative.
D. All of these
The majority of historical and scholarly evidence suggests that poverty
A. and crime tend to increase at the same time.
B. may serve to perpetuate crime but is not a major cause of crime.
C. and crime are totally unrelated.
D. and crime rates stand in an inverse relationship.
Those scholars who had spent their lives studying crime were acutely disappointed with the President's suggestion that poverty was one of the most important causes of crime and therefore should be a target of the "war on crime." Why?
A. They believed that organized crime should be the major topic.
B. Youth crime could not be linked with poverty.
C. Drug use had been attributed to youths from affluent families.
D. They knew that the root causes of crime could not be found in any simplistic equation involving only the disadvantaged segments of society.
The President's "war on crime" resulted in the passage in 1968 of a major piece of federal legislation. What was it?
A. Law Enforcement Assistance Act
B. Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act
C. Harrison Act
D. The Model Penal Code
Which federal agency was created to lead the "war on crime?"
A. Office of Law Enforcement Assistance (OLEA)
B. Bureau of Drug Abuse and Control (BDAC)
C. Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA)
D. Task Force on Organized Crime (TOC)
The LEAA was most effective in
A. reducing the crime rate.
B. determining the causes of crime.
C. reducing the size of jail populations.
D. establishing criminal justice education programs.
The ________________ was a piece of federal "law and order" legislation that was viewed by many as a political maneuver aimed at allaying fears of crime rather than bringing about criminal justice reform.
A. Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act
B. Posse Comitatus Act
C. President's Commission on Law and Order
D. Law Enforcement Education Act
As early as 1930, the U.S. Supreme Court began the process of the "nationalization" of the ________________ in order that the rights provided by this document may also be extended to state defendants.
A. Bill of Rights
C. Declaration of Independence
D. Emancipation Proclamation
Political scientist James Q. Wilson targeted the peculiarity of the poverty-crime nexus in his phrase
A. "Poverty as such is not an important cause of crime."
B. "Crime amidst plenty: the paradox of the sixties."
C. "Civil rights law is a law against crime."
D. "Money for schools is money against crime."
In the 1960s, the Warren Court announced a number of decisions that were in accord with the due process model of the criminal justice system; one decision after another led toward the incorporation of the Bill of Rights through the _______________________ clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
A. crime control
B. police control
C. due process
In contrast to the Warren Court, the Burger Court appeared to support a (an)
A. due process model.
B. crime control model.
C. corrections model.
D. inmates model.
Since the early 1970s, the number of female inmates has
C. remained the same.
D. increased, but women have remained in their traditional roles when participating in crimes.
Appeals for "law and order" were cries for
A. a return to the morality of previous decades and a rallying slogan against the anarchy that appeared to prevail in the streets.
B. tougher sentencing guidelines for convicted criminals.
C. the nationalization of the Bill of Rights.
D. reform of corrupt police departments.
The assassination of President Kennedy, the murders of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman, and the accusations of child molestation against Michael Jackson are similar because of the _______________ of the individuals involved.
The main criticism targeted against the LEAA was that it overemphasized the funding of a technological war on crime.
True or False? | <urn:uuid:860a6ea8-c5a3-4c78-825e-82c189a1d42e> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | https://quizlet.com/13734112/chap-1-exam-review-questions-flash-cards/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737935954.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221855-00192-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956124 | 1,010 | 3.125 | 3 |
Your Online Resource for CPT Code Information
Current Procedural Terminology (CPT®), Fourth Edition (CPT-4), is a listing of descriptive terms and identifying codes for reporting medical services and procedures. The purpose of CPT is to provide a uniform language that accurately describes medical, surgical, and diagnostic services, and thereby serves as an effective means for reliable nationwide communication among physicians, and other healthcare providers, patients, and third parties.
CPT descriptive terms and identifying codes currently serve a wide variety of important functions. This system of terminology is the most widely accepted medical nomenclature used to report medical procedures and services under public and private health insurance programs. CPT is also used for administrative management purposes such as claims processing and developing guidelines for medical care review.
The uniform language is likewise applicable to medical education and research by providing a useful basis for local, regional, and national utilization comparisons.
The American Medical Association (AMA) first developed and published CPT in 1966. The first edition helped encourage the use of standard terms and descriptors to document procedures in the medical record; helped communicate accurate information on procedures and services to agencies concerned with insurance claims; provided the basis for a computer oriented system to evaluate operative procedures; and contributed basic information for actuarial and statistical purposes.
The first edition of CPT contained primarily surgical procedures, with limited sections on medicine, radiology, and laboratory procedures. The second edition was published in 1970, and presented an expanded system of terms and codes to designate diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in surgery, medicine, and the specialities. At that time, a five-digit coding system was introduced, replacing the former four-digit classification. Another significant change was a listing of procedures relating to internal medicine.
In the mid to late 1970s, the third and fourth editions of CPT were introduced. The fourth edition, published in 1977, represented significant updates in medical technology and a system of periodic updating was introduced to keep pace with the rapidly changing medical environment. In 1983, CPT was adopted as part of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), formerly Health Care Financing Administration's (HCFA), Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS). With this adoption, CMS mandated the use of HCPCS to report services for Part B of the Medicare Program. In October 1986, CMS also required state Medicaid agencies to use HCPCS in the Medicaid Management Information System. In July 1987, as part of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act, CMS mandated the use of CPT for reporting outpatient hospital surgical procedures.
Today, in addition to use in federal programs (Medicare and Medicaid), CPT is used extensively throughout the United States as the preferred system of coding and describing health care services.
The Administrative Simplification Section of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 requires the Department of Health and Human Services to name national standards for electronic transaction of health care information. This includes; transactions and code sets, national provider identifier, national employer identifier, security, and privacy. The FinalRule for transactions and code sets was issued on August 17, 2000. The rule names CPT (including codes and modifiers) and HCPCS as the procedure code set for:
All health care plans and providers who transmit information electronically are required to use established national standards by the end of the implementation period, October 16, 2003. In addition, all local codes have been eliminated and national standard code sets must be used after October 16, 2003.
The CPT Editorial Panel is responsible for maintaining the CPT nomenclature. This panel is authorized to revise, update, or modify the CPT codes. The Panel is comprised of 17 members. Of these, 11 are physicians nominated by the AMA; one physician each nominated from the Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association, the Health Insurance Association of America, the American Hospital Association, and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), and the co-chair and a representative of the Health Care Professionals Advisory Committee. The AMA’s board of trustees appoints the Panel members. Of the eleven AMA seats on the panel, 7 are regular seats, having a maximum tenure of two 4-year terms, or a total of 8 years for any one individual. One of these seats is designated for a physician who can represent the managed care viewpoint. The 4 remaining seats, called rotating seats, have one four-year term. These rotating seats allow for diverse specialty input.
Five members of the Editorial Panel serve as the panel’s Executive Committee. The Executive Committee includes the Editorial Panel chairman and co-chairman, and three panel members-at-large, as elected by the entire panel. One of the three members-at-large of the executive committee must be a third-party payer representative.
Supporting the CPT Editorial Panel in its work is a larger body of CPT advisors, the CPT Advisory Committee. The members of this committee are primarily physicians nominated by the national medical specialty societies represented in the AMA House of Delegates. Currently, the Advisory Committee is limited to national medical specialty societies seated in the AMA House of Delegates and to the AMA Health Care Professionals Advisory Committee (HCPAC), organizations representing limited-license practitioners and other allied health professionals. Additionally, a group of individuals, the Performance Measures Advisory Committee (PMAC), who represent various organizations concerned with performance measures, also provide expertise.
As the designated standard for the electronic reporting of physician and other health care professional services under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), CPT codes are updated annually and effective for use on January 1 of each year. The AMA prepares each annual update so that the new CPT books are available in the fall of each year preceding their effective date to allow for implementation.
Category I vaccine product codes, Category II, and Category III codes are typically “early released” for reporting either January 1 or July 1 of a given CPT cycle. In order to comply with HIPAA requirements, the effective dates for these codes have been altered to become effective six months subsequent to the date of release following code set updates. As a result, codes released on January 1st are effective July 1st, allowing 6 months for implementation, and codes released on July 1st are effective January 1st. | <urn:uuid:3aa64ad4-2768-4e84-9b9e-391be68dd6f4> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://cptcodingbooks.com/codes/information.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578529898.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20190420160858-20190420182858-00123.warc.gz | en | 0.95124 | 1,296 | 2.78125 | 3 |
As a driver in Tennessee, you may feel as though tractor trailers threaten your safety on the road. You may, in fact, be justified in feeling this way. The national truck accident fatality rate has increased steadily from 3,211 deaths in 2009 to more than 3,906 deaths in 2013, according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. As a result, several government agencies have enacted laws and implemented guidelines regulating truck drivers and trucking companies. One recent rule requires the installation of electronic stability control systems on certain large buses and heavy trucks.
The rule was passed in 2015, and applies to buses and tractor trailers that have a total weight of more than 26,000 pounds, as reported by USA Today. Electronic stability control technology detects when a vehicle begins to lose traction, or its ability to grip the road. When these massive trucks lose stability and begin to skid, they run the risk of rolling over or spinning out. ESC helps by preventing vehicles from veering off course when they encounter an emergency situation, like bad weather conditions, poorly maintained roads or hazardous drivers.
You may already own a car, motorcycle or light truck that is equipped with an electronic stability control system, since this technology is common in smaller vehicles. ESC has already helped to save thousands of lives, and officials predict that the mandatory use of this technology in larger trucks will help to prevent more than 1,700 large truck accidents each year.
This information is only intended to educate and should not be taken as legal advice. | <urn:uuid:df53c6e6-e4da-4878-b7ab-c4e7f91f9c70> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.pfph-law.com/blog/2016/01/can-esc-systems-lower-the-number-of-large-truck-accidents/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039398307.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20210420122023-20210420152023-00448.warc.gz | en | 0.961956 | 303 | 2.765625 | 3 |
CSLA Launches Free Web 2.0 Professional Development Resources
The California School Library Association (CSLA) has launched new teacher professional development resources focused on strengthening 21st century teaching skills. All of the resources are free.
The new resources are presented as online, self-paced tutorials composed of modules and activities that are designed to improve familiarity with Web 2.0 tools and their use in classroom settings. They include Classroom Learning 2.0 and School Library Learning 2.0.
Both Classroom Learning 2.0 and School Library Learning 2.0 include activities spread out over nine weeks. They include exercises, tutorials, and other activities and resources. Both focus on Web 2.0 tools and developing skills that can be used in the classroom. Further information on Classroom Learning 2.0 can be found here. Further information on School Library Learning 2.0 can be found here.
In addition to the Web 2.0-centered resources, CSLA has also launched one covering assistive technologies. It includes five modules covering:
- Learning about disabilities;
- An exploration of hardware assistive technologies;
- Software-based assistive technologies;
- Awareness and etiquette; and
- Curriculum resources and recommended reading.
Further information on Discovering Assistive Technology can be found here.
CSLA has also launched a new resource aimed specifically at middle school students: Learning 2.0 for Teens. It provides teens with 10 activities designed to help them learn the use of Web 2.0 tools to help them with their studies. Activities are spread over eight weeks and include learning about copyright, using Google docs, creating videos, and setting up a blog.
Further information on Learning 2.0 for Teens can be found here. | <urn:uuid:cd6b92c4-6011-4049-8942-fe0330f66e6a> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | https://thejournal.com/articles/2009/09/10/csla-launches-free-web-2.0-professional-development-resources.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049276543.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002116-00157-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941146 | 358 | 2.859375 | 3 |
When you honor protocol it creates rewards of access and advancement. Protocol is a code of conduct or standard of procedure to access properly higher levels of authority. It is to be taught to proteges for the purpose of communicating importance of people, position, and power. It establishes the necessity of submission to authority to guarantee cohesiveness in government and ultimately protects the institution.
Every level of leadership has a code of conduct for accessing it and remaining in it. Learn it, study it, and apply yourself to honor it till its not just something you do outwardly but you respond from your heart. Attitude creates atmospheres in the room. A husband and wife gets into a heated argument before you stop by to visit, but they put on the fake smile during your visit, however you can feel the tension in the air. Attitude is the unspoken but yet conveyed language in any environment. In other words, if you want to excel up in leadership, then be genuine inside and outside.
Honoring protocol will take you further than intelligence. Your intelligence is an ability but honoring protocol is an attitude. It’s also a choice which requires me to sacrifice my personal ambitions that conflict with the one above me. By doing so I prove to that person I am a team player and not a selfish maverick who can’t be trusted. Ignoring protocol will destroy one’s favor extended to me and will diminish any influence I might have had if I would have honored protocol.
When I honor protocol I can eliminate stagnation and non-movement in my growth of responsibility and influence. It as well will remove embarrassment and unnecessary labels that produce stigmas attached to my name when leadership above me communicate. It’s easier to maintain a good name than rebuild one once it’s been tainted.
Familiarity breathes the temptation to break protocol. It has a tendency to devalue the person and position. Showing honor demands discipline, effort, and diligence. Government depends and works on protocol to be efficient. A breakdown in protocol creates confusion and a breeding ground for insubordination.
Protocol maintains your position. If an athlete in a game such as baseball, American football, or European football, gets out of position then the team is weakened and mistakes happen. It’s imperative for him to be in his position to give his team the optimum chance at winning. This is the importance of protocol in government and leadership protégés. Usurping another’s position of authority and circumventing protocol will ultimately weaken the structure and remove the effectiveness of the system. Being a team player is more valuable than being a lone maverick. One insures longevity and a positive legacy while the other becomes a shooting star which dies in obscurity. Keeping protocol is that important to one’s own personal life as well as the life of an organization or government.
What to do?
Assess and learn the expectations of each level before attempting to enter. When I honor protocol, it documents my acknowledgment of the authority and importance of the one and office that is above me. Honoring protocol will get me in the room, but my attitude will keep me there. | <urn:uuid:ff9c1b9a-7959-4e84-a313-122d4a82e388> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://leadingnations.com/2015/02/02/honor-acknowledges-protocol/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823710.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20181212000955-20181212022455-00427.warc.gz | en | 0.938718 | 652 | 2.546875 | 3 |
What would cause a dog to bleed from the nose and mouth?
While there are many causes of epistaxis in dogs, the most common causes are trauma and nasal tumors. Other serious conditions that can cause epistaxis include: inflammation from an unknown cause. rodenticide (rat poison)
What does it mean when a dog sneezes blood?
But when your dog is sneezing blood, it’s time to have them checked for an underlying cause, such as debris like grass awns or foxtails stuck in their snout. Fungal diseases, bacterial infections or even nasal tumors are all possible causes of bloody noses as well.
What causes nose bleeds in an older dog?
Nasal Cancer. Nasal tumors are a common cause of chronic nose bleeding in older dogs. The nose bleed is from one nostril only. If your dog is bleeding from one nostril, watch out for other symptoms, such as facial swelling, bad breath, frequent sneezing, and difficulty breathing.
What happens when a dog bleeds from the mouth?
Excessive bleeding is a serious condition which can cause your dog to go into shock. A bleeding dog with a clotting disorder may need to have an emergency blood transfusion. Compare Pet Insurance & Wellness Plans Save up to $273 per year Compare plans Why Bleeding from the Mouth Occurs in Dogs Laceration on the Dog’s Tongue or Mouth
What should I do if my dog has a bloody nose?
Remember that a dog with a bloody nose will likely swallow a great deal of blood. This may lead to a black stool ( melena) or vomit that contains blood clots ( hematemesis ). After an episode of epistaxis, these findings are common and do not necessarily indicate bleeding in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. How is epistaxis diagnosed?
What causes nose bleed from only one nostril?
Typically, unilateral bleeding, that is bleeding from only one nostril, is indicative of a tooth infection, a growth associated with the bleeding side, or a foreign object in the bleeding side. Bilateral bleeding, or bleeding from both nostrils, is typically seen with clotting disorders, upper respiratory and/or fungal infections, or trauma.
What are the causes of dogs nose bleeding?
Unilateral (only form one nostril) nosebleeds are most likely to be caused by: A foreign object such as a foxtail, or blade of grass stuck in the nostril irritating the nasal passage. An infection such as a root tooth abscess may cause nose bleeding along with a swollen area under the eye, or in the bridge of the nose area. Nasal tumors or polyps in the nose.
Why does my dog keep getting bloody noses?
Tick-borne infections such as canine ehrlichiosis and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever can also cause nose bleeding in dogs. Vitamin K deficiency , commonly caused by ingestion of anticoagulant rat poisons, is another cause of spontaneous nose bleeding in dogs. Some medications, such as aspirin products, can make a dog more prone to bleeding.
What causes blood in dogs mouth?
The gums may be bleeding and the dog’s saliva will turn red. If the dog swallows the blood, he may vomit this back, as the stomach may not tolerate the blood. The bleeding gums may be caused by various problems: Gingivitis and periodontal disease, which is caused by a poor dental hygiene.
What causes a dog to have a bloody nose and vomiting?
Vomiting blood may be caused by minor conditions such as: esophagus irritation nosebleeds swallowing blood tear in the esophagus due to chronic coughing or vomiting swallowing a foreign object | <urn:uuid:e0ebb3c8-84d2-4480-bb31-cb81166c2549> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://lyotomachida.net/2019/11/13/what-would-cause-a-dog-to-bleed-from-the-nose-and-mouth/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510481.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929022639-20230929052639-00079.warc.gz | en | 0.909794 | 770 | 2.90625 | 3 |
The Trump administration announced on Tuesday it plans to scrap the program giving temporary legal immigration status to people who arrived in the US illegally as children. Attorney general Jeff Sessions said the US would end the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (Daca) policy in March 2018, throwing almost 800,000 people who currently benefit from the program into a state of turmoil and fear. Congress now has up to six months to find a legislative alternative, after Sessions announced that new applications will no longer be accepted. But what is Daca, who are the people affected (known as “Dreamers”), and what will happen to them?
What is Daca?
Daca is a federal government program created in 2012 under Barack Obama to allow people brought to the US illegally as children the temporary right to live, study and work legally in America. Those applying are vetted for any criminal history or threat to national security and must be students or have completed school or military service. If they pass vetting, action to deport them is deferred for two years, with a chance to renew, and they become eligible for basics like a driving license, college enrollment or a work permit.
NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY & CULTURE | WASHINGTON, DC
The National Museum of African American History and Culture is the only national museum devoted exclusively to the documentation of African American life, history, and culture. It was established by Act of Congress in 2003, following decades of efforts to promote and highlight the contributions of African Americans. To date, the Museum has collected more than 36,000 artifacts and nearly 100,000 individuals have become charter members. The Museum opened to the public on September 24, 2016, as the 19th and newest museum of the Smithsonian Institution. (Biography.com). | <urn:uuid:cdefb2fe-43c4-45f3-9f38-1aa42c70d944> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://www.kolumnmagazine.com/2017/09/15/daca-dreamers-guardian/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202704.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20190323000443-20190323022443-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.962177 | 365 | 3.453125 | 3 |
This is a short demonstration of how the angle of illumination affects the look of an object, for assignment 1.1 in David Hobby’s Lighting 102 course. The duck was placed in the center of a round table, and it and the camera were fixed in position. The flash was swept around the perimeter of the table but kept pointing towards the center of the table at a constant height. I’ll have to redo this when I get some light stands and can modify the height of the flash as well.
Note to Ang: Yeah, I still have this duck kicking around, though it has become a cat toy in recent months. | <urn:uuid:2a10b50c-9e2f-4d95-9061-e3a8d7595723> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.cibomahto.com/2009/04/lighting-a-rubber-duck/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705195219/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115315-00023-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96937 | 131 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Also found in: Thesaurus, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.
Related to Falange: Falange Española
Falange(ˈfælændʒ; Spanish faˈlanxe)
(Government, Politics & Diplomacy) the Fascist movement founded in Spain in 1933; the one legal party in Spain under the regime of Franco
Faˈlangist n, adj
Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014 © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014
Fa•lange(ˈfeɪ lændʒ, fəˈlɑn heɪ)
the fascist party in power in Spain during the Franco regime.
[< Sp, short for Falange Española Tradicionalista Traditionalist Spanish Phalanx]
Fa•lan′gist (-ˈlæn dʒɪst) n.
Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary, © 2010 K Dictionaries Ltd. Copyright 2005, 1997, 1991 by Random House, Inc. All rights reserved.
A right-wing Spanish political party founded by José Primo de Rivera (1903–36) in 1933 and taken over by Franco as the ruling and legislative body.
Dictionary of Unfamiliar Words by Diagram Group Copyright © 2008 by Diagram Visual Information Limited | <urn:uuid:5aa10267-b16c-4187-843a-dfb4c678b3c2> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Falange | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587608.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024235512-20211025025512-00300.warc.gz | en | 0.680791 | 297 | 2.671875 | 3 |
It's National Stress Awareness Day today, and #NationalStressAwarenessDay is trending on social media.
Stress is a huge issue in the UK. Government figures showed that almost half a million people suffered workplace-related stress, depression or anxiety last year.
Figures from the TUC show someone falling ill from stress in Britain every two minutes. They’ve published this guide in a bid to promote stress management best practice.
TUC general secretary Frances O’Grady said: “People don’t get ill from stress because they are weak, but because employers aren’t doing enough to remove or control the causes of the stress.”
The International Stress Management Association are the organisation behind National Stress Awareness Day, spokesperson Chris Clarke said: “National Stress Awareness Day is a day for recognising the insidious effect of stress on every aspect of our lives. Whether in the workplace or in our personal lives, stress reduces our effectiveness, our ability to respond and react and undermines our self-belief and confidence. This results in lower performance, loss of resilience and reduced sense of wellbeing and confidence. Recognising how stress affects each one of us personally has a major benefit in improving our health and effectiveness”
If you’re feeling strung out, try to take control with some of these tips to combat stress:
1) Deep breathing: Breathe in and out slowly in a regular rhythm - in through your nose and out through your mouth, counting from one to five. Do this for 3 - 5 minutes 2 or 3 times a day or whenever you’re stressed.
2) Muscle relaxation: Spend 20 minutes sitting or lying down quietly. While breathing deeply as above, tense your muscles for a count of five before letting them go floppy, so you can feel the difference - start with the forehead, then the face, then down through the neck and shoulders, and so on through arms and hands, stomach and legs all the way to the feet.
3) Exercise: Physical activity produces endorphins - the chemicals in the brain that act as natural painkillers - and also improve the ability to sleep, which in turn reduces stress. Aim for 150 minutes of exercise per week - a brisk walk or swimming, anything that raises the heart rate.
4) Have a laugh: Research from the Mayo Clinic shows that laughter can boost our oxygen intake, stimulate the heart, lungs and muscles and release endorphins.
For more information about stress and anxiety, visit www.nhs.uk | <urn:uuid:eba7eaaa-2117-4bb5-9077-00db39d0d561> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.morpethherald.co.uk/news/national-stress-awareness-day-trending-on-twitter-four-ways-to-combat-stress-1-7552276 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583660258.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20190118172438-20190118194438-00574.warc.gz | en | 0.915608 | 520 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The rising of the sun, the journey it makes across the sky, and its setting in the west is a cosmic mystery. Because this cycle is repeated every day, traditional Māori considered it the basic principle of the world. The sun represents the birth and growth of mana (power) in the world. The birth, rise and death of the sun came to be the primary model for all existence – all of life should in some way give expression to this pattern.
When an orator rises to speak on a marae, he will often announce himself by saying:
Ki te whaiao, ki Te Ao Mārama
The breath, the energy of life
To the dawnlight, to the world of light
The words refer to a world constantly emerging from darkness into light.
The orator’s speech is considered to be a re-enactment of Tāne separating earth and sky, the means by which light came into the world. Tāne was the father of humankind. When he separated his parents, Papatūānuku (the earth mother) and Ranginui (the sky father), the sun was able to shine into the world that was created. If the orator’s words offer guidance and wisdom, he brings his audience out of the ‘night’ of conflict and into the ‘day’ of peace and resolution. This occurs when mana (a spiritual force) enters the person – just as the sun illuminates and brings forth the new day.
Looking back on history, we try to imagine the world view of the people of that time. Inevitably we see the past, or a traditional philosophy of life, through the lens of our own knowledge and experience. A people’s world view is complex and dynamic.
The world view of Māori changed immediately after they arrived in New Zealand. Encounter with European settlers brought further change. It is not possible to say that there is a single viewpoint in Māori culture today. The ideas set out here are only an attempt to understand the world view of Māori before Europeans arrived.
In traditional Māori knowledge, as in many cultures, everything in the world is believed to be related. People, birds, fish, trees, weather patterns – they are all members of a cosmic family.
This linking was explained in tātai (genealogies) and kōrero (stories), collectively termed whakapapa (meaning to make a foundation, to place in layers). Experts recited the whakapapa of people, birds, fish, trees and the weather to explain the relationships between all things and thus to place themselves within the world. This helped people to understand the world, and how to act within these relationships.
The entire world was seen as a vast and complex whānau (family). In the Māori story of creation, the earth and sky came together and gave birth to some 70 children, who eventually thrust apart their parents and populated the world. Each of the children became the god of a particular domain of the natural world. Their children and grandchildren then became ancestors in that domain. For example, Tangaroa, god of the sea, had a son called Punga. Punga then had two children: Ikatere, who became the ancestor of the fish of the sea, and Tūtewehiwehi, who became the ancestor of the fish and amphibious lizards of inland waterways.
Whakapapa (genealogies and stories) express our need for kinship with the world. They describe the relationships between humans and the rest of nature. In one tradition, some tribal groups and the fish of the sea claim descent from Tangaroa, the god of the sea.
Whakapapa also explain the origins of animals, plants and features of the landscape. To tell a story about the origin of a bird, for example, is to invoke its true essence or character.
Although many of the stories are myths, they also have a practical function. They can pass on knowledge about the natural world, such as where to find kererū (New Zealand pigeons) and how to harvest them.
Although science is another way of understanding the natural world, the traditional principle of interconnectedness is still important and meaningful to Māori. For example, the genealogy of fish and sea animals makes clear the kinship of people and other creatures. It also points out values that guide people’s interaction with other species, teaching respect and correct conduct.
As the sun rises each morning and sets each evening, the world follows a daily cycle of light (Te Ao) and darkness (Te Pō). Māori creation stories emphasise this movement from nothingness and darkness to the world of light – Te Ao Mārama. It is said that the world itself is created each morning with the rise of the sun.
In traditional Māori belief there is something beyond the world of everyday experience: we do not live in a closed system where what we see is all there is. This other world or dimension is known as Te Kore, the ‘void’, in most tribal traditions.
Cleve Barlow has suggested that Te Kore means chaos – a state which has always existed and which contains ‘unlimited potential for being’. 1 Māori Marsden, a Tai Tokerau elder and Anglican minister, had a similar belief. He said that Te Korekore (a variant of Te Kore) was ‘the realm between non-being and being: that is the realm of potential being.’ 2
Some believe that Te Kore is where the ultimate reality can be found. Others think that it is where Io, the Supreme Being, dwells. The idea of Te Kore is central to notions of mana (status), tapu (sacred and restricted customs) and mauri (life force).
Until the arrival of Europeans in the late 1700s, Māori held a world view that originated in their Polynesian homeland. This grew and changed according to life in the new land. The Polynesian influence is still widely evident, although it is challenged by some.
Some iwi (tribes) hold that their ancestors did not come from over the sea, but sprang from the New Zealand landscape. For example, the Ngāi Tūhoe people claim that their ancestor is Hinepūkohurangi, the mist that dwells in the valleys of the Urewera Ranges. Similarly, Ngāti Whātua tradition states that their ancestor, Tuputupu-whenua, came up from beneath the ground. Some Whanganui traditions speak of the inland mountains as their place of birth.
The world is a vast family, and humans are children of the earth and sky, and cousins to all living things. Such unity means that nature is the ultimate teacher about life.
Traditional knowledge is inspired by heritage, passed down the generations by word of mouth. There is no alternative – to ensure success in fishing, long journeys, or handling life’s challenges, you have to trust your ancestors, who include the entire natural world.
Humans are born of the earth and achieve fulfilment when the earth speaks through the human community. True tangata whenua (people of the land) can speak authoritatively about the world they inhabit – the animals, plants, weather patterns and natural rhythms of life. Tangata whenua are descendants of other tangata whenua, and know the histories of their forebears and how life spoke through them.
According to this world view, when people are asked about their identity, they do not mention themselves directly. They refer to their mountain, their river, and their esteemed ancestor. For example, a Ngāti Tūwharetoa person from the Taupō region would respond in this way:
Ko Tongariro te maunga
Ko Taupō te moana
Ko Te Heuheu te tangata.
Tongariro is the mountain
Taupō is the waterway
Te Heuheu is the person.
Mana refers to an extraordinary power, essence or presence. This applies to the energies and presences of the natural world. There are degrees of mana and our experiences of it, and life seems to reach its fullness when mana comes into the world.
The most important mana comes from Te Kore – the realm beyond the world we can see, and sometimes thought to be the ‘ultimate reality’.
Certain restrictions, disciplines and commitments have to take place if mana is to be expressed in physical form, such as in a person or object. The concepts of sacredness, restriction and disciplines fall under the term tapu. For example, mountains that were important to particular tribal groups were often tapu, and the activities that took place on these mountains were restricted.
Mauri is an energy which binds and animates all things in the physical world. Without mauri, mana cannot flow into a person or object.
The idea that mana can flow into the world through tapu and mauri underpinned most of Māori daily life. For example, sacred stones possessing mauri were placed in fishing nets, where they were able to attract fish. The stones were placed in bird snares for the same purpose. When fish arrived in the nets or birds in the snares, Māori saw something more than just the creatures before them – they saw energy within these physical forms. The harvest of fish was the arrival of Tangaroa, god of the sea, which meant the arrival of mana.
Mauri stones were also used to prepare people who would receive mana. In the traditional whare wānanga (school of learning), small pebbles (whatu) were used in a student’s initiation ceremony. It was believed that when the student swallowed the pebbles, the mauri in them was taken into the stomach, establishing the conditions whereby mana in the form of knowledge and learning could come into the person. This is the theory behind Māori meditation practices, known as nohopuku (to dwell inwardly, in the stomach).
Taniwha are ferocious creatures or guardians, representing the life force (mauri) of a place in physical form. They were seen as a constant presence in waterways, ensuring that fish and other resources remain plentiful.
Tohunga (priests and other experts) were able to harness mauri and cause it to enter a boulder, a tree or a fish. This had such a powerful effect that the object seemed to take on a life of its own. There are many stories of trees moving against river currents and having a supernatural aspect, leading to a belief that these objects were taniwha.
Taniwha were closely linked to the local chief, who was also known as a taniwha. The fertility of a region was seen as directly linked to the mana of that land and its chief, who would control the taniwha in the river. This is important in the concept of tangata whenua (people of the land). Only tangata whenua could control the mauri, and therefore the fertility, of their region.
Barlow, Cleve. Tikanga whakaaro: key concepts in Māori culture. Auckland: Oxford University Press, 1994.
Marsden, Māori. ‘God, man and universe: a Maori view.’ In Te ao hurihuri: aspects of Maoritanga, edited by Michael King, 118–138. Auckland: Reed, 1992.
Marsden, Māori. The woven universe: selected writings of Rev. Māori Marsden, edited by Te Ahukaramū Charles Royal. Ōtaki: Estate of Rev. Māori Marsden, 2003. | <urn:uuid:82c3298b-b176-4076-85eb-929e0ee3a3e7> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://teara.govt.nz/en/te-ao-marama-the-natural-world/print | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146033.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20200225045438-20200225075438-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.966078 | 2,466 | 3.09375 | 3 |
WHAT ARE SELF-ESTEEM ACTIVITIES?
Developing a healthy self-esteem in a special needs child.
It is not necessary to always do specific self-esteem activities with your child, but rather incorporate activities into your everyday life that
will build your childs self-esteem without it having to seem like work.
Lets start off by learning exactly what self-esteem is...
If you are encouraged and helped in something that you want to do, and you succeed, your self-image
will grow considerably.
- Self-esteem is liking yourself. Not in the way of being conceited or boastful, but believing in what you do and who you are.
- Self-esteem is also about knowing who you are as a person, and knowing that there are things you can do well.
- Part of having a good self-image, is finding your place in the world where you belong - that you are part of a family where you matter.
It is knowing that you have roots and having confidence in your futur.This can be a problem for children who have been part of a family break-up, and are split
from part of their family and its history.
- Self-esteem is about what is important to you. If you want to be good at art, but everyone tells you that you are good at sport, it will
not help your self-esteem at all.
HOW IS SELF-ESTEEM DEVELOPED?
- Very young babies don't really have a sense of themselves, so they don't really have a self-image as such. Over time they do learn that they are loved and
lovable because people care for them gently, look after them when they cry and smile at them consistently. When this happens it lets the baby know:
"You matter to me!"
- As infants grow to become toddlers, they still don't have a complete understanding of themselves. Very young toddlers still don't understand that all
of their body and mind belong to them. Every time they learn a new skill or self-esteem activity that they add to their sense of being able to do things and learning who they are.
- When toddlers say "No" this is what they are actually saying: 'I am learning that I am my own person, and this is very exciting and important to me!'
- Toddlers can learn allot about themselves by learning what they look like, what they can do and where they belong. They may find it difficult
to share because they are still learning who they are and what belongs to them.
- Toddlers see themselves through their parents' eyes. If their parents treat them as special and lovable and show them and tell them often,
they will develop a healthy self-esteem. If children get the message that they are not lovable or a nuisance they will develop a low self-esteem.
- By the age of three your special needs child should start learning that their minds and their bodies are their own. They will start managing time away from
their parents because they have a sense of self and feeling safe with who they are. At this point they will still learn their self-esteem in fairly physical ways,
by comparing themselves with others, e.g. who is tallest.
Primary school children
- Your child may struggle with their self-esteem when they start school, and have to go into a strange new situation with lots of new children and new
rules to learn.
- During the primary school years, your childs self-esteem depends allot on how they manage their learning tasks, how well they do at sport,
how they look and make friends with other children.
- Stress at home, such as parents fighting, can have a serious negative effect on your child.
- So can problems at school,
such as struggling with school work, being bullied or not having friends. You may have to see a professional with your child, who gives you self-esteem activities to do at home,
that will help your child through this difficult period.
WHAT CAN PARENTS DO?
Most parents will, at some time, worry about their child's self-esteem.
Here are some self-esteem activities you can do to help nurture and develop your child's self-image:
- Tell your children often that you love them and let them know that you are glad they are part of your family.
- Show your children that you love them by spending time with them. Listen to their point of view, and be willing to help them achieve their goals, like
driving them to various activities and staying to support and watch them.
- Support their school work; take an interest without taking control. Support school activities, such as cake sales or volunteer to work in the tuck
shop if you can.
- Encourage friendships get to know your childs friends and make them feel welcome in your home.
- Give your children help with school work, but don't only focus on what they are not good at - children need to practise
what they are good at to feel successful.
- Stay in touch with your childs teacher good relationship between home and school is very important.
- Get involved in your childs hobbies, and help them explore what they are interested in.
- Make sure your child knows that they are needed in the family. Let them do chores, such as feeding pets, setting the table or washing up, these are excellent self-esteem activities. Make sure
the tasks let them contribute to the family and are not only about cleaning up their own messes.
- Let your child help you out with something - They probably are better than you at figuring out how to use the TV and DVD player!
- When playing games with your younger children, make sure they win ocassionally.Children who win, often find it easier to be good losers.This is the most importan self-esteem activity you can teach your child.
- Involve them in your wider family; this will help them to get to know their relatives, your family and their history.
- Keep all mementos, such as certificates, trophies and prizes of their success and important milestones.
- Develop little family rituals, like story a story at bedtime, a special goodbye kiss or other special things that are unique to your family.
- Always celebrate all achievements and successes.
- Dont solve all your childs problems or fight all their battles for them. Teach them problem-solving skills and let them learn to manage situations
for themselves. This will show your child that you have faith in him.
- If there have been allot of changes in your childs life, such as moving house or parents separating keep a picture diary of where they've been and keep
them in touch with people and places from the past. This will make the transition easier for them, and not damage their self-worth or their self-image.
Self-esteem activities are essential for any special needs child.
Helping them develop a good self-image from an early age, will also help them cope with their disabilities
in a more positive and productive way.
Incorporating these activities into your everyday life, will guarantee a higher level of success for raising a child with a good sense of self.
Get involved in any self-esteem activities that will boost your child's self confidence, and remeber that your child learns from you.
If you have a healthy self-image, so will your child.
Return from Self-esteem activities back to Home page
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Government shutdown has chilling effects on Antarctic research
The U.S. Antarctic research program relies on government-funded planes, ships and tractors to transport scientists and equipment across the frozen ice and seas.
Mon, Oct 07, 2013 at 05:29 PM
Photo: Michael Studinger/NASA
Scientists who risk their lives for Antarctic research fear their entire field season may be canceled because of the ongoing government shutdown.
The U.S. Antarctic research program relies on government-funded planes, ships and tractors to transport scientists and equipment across the frozen ice and seas. After the Oct. 1 government shutdown, all travel stopped, except for flights to supply people already at McMurdo Station in Antarctica. And the summer research program, originally scheduled to kick off Oct. 3, is on hold until the congressional standoff ends.
Last week, contractor Lockheed Martin told researchers by email that a decision would be made this week of whether to shut down the three Antarctic research bases and leave behind a skeleton crew, Nature News reported. Lockheed Martin contracts with the National Science Foundation (NSF) to support the United States' Antarctic research program.
As of today (Oct. 7), no one has heard directly from the NSF about the fate of individual projects or the entire Antarctic program. [Weirdest Effects of the Shutdown]
But even if the shutdown ends soon, some key Antarctic projects are already in jeopardy. Among the affected projects is NASA's IceBridge campaign, which tracks yearly changes in the polar ice sheets. Because of the furlough, NASA workers can't install equipment on the IceBridge research plane to prep for its Antarctic trip, scheduled for late October.
"If this situation continues, it will eventually cancel the mission for 2013," said Eric Rignot, a senior research scientist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, Calif., who is involved with IceBridge. JPL is run by a private contractor, the California Institute of Technology, and is still open during the shutdown. The lead scientist for IceBridge, Michael Studinger, is at NASA's Goddard Lab and is on furlough.
IceBridge is a six-year campaign to monitor how glaciers, sea ice and ice sheets respond to climate change. Scientists use an instrument-laden DC-8 aircraft to make a year-to-year comparison, as well as to investigate new regions. IceBridge fills the gap between the defunct ICESat satellite and the planned ICESat-2, scheduled to launch in 2016.
Interrupting year-to-year projects like IceBridge wreaks havoc on the accuracy of scientist's data sets, said Robin Bell, who is involved in the IceBridge project.
"We would lose important data points in measuring how the ice sheets are changing," said Robin Bell, a senior scientist at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University in New York. "It is as if we decided it was a good idea to skip the annual physical," Bell told LiveScience.
"It is very valuable to have a continuous unbroken data series," added Andrew Fountain, a glaciologist at Portland State University in Oregon who works in Antarctica's Dry Valleys and is not involved with IceBridge. "Having a gap in the data makes the analysis of trends — such as warming/cooling and growing/shrinking — that much more difficult and the statistical analysis more challenging," Fountain told LiveScience by email.
Outright canceling the summer field season would be especially devastating for early-career scientists and graduate students, who may rely on a single project for their data and funding.
"If we can't get to our sites, it will be another year before we have any data to work with, drastically impeding progress on our research," said Samantha Hansen, a geophysicist at the University of Arizona. Hansen planned to collect data from a network of seismometers set out on the ice last year. The project will reveal Antarctica's hidden geologic structures.
"Additionally, some stations are deployed in regions with high snow-accumulation rates, and if left unattended for another year, they could be buried completely — making them irretrievable," Hansen told LiveScience by email. "I've lost a lot of sleep worrying about this situation."
Other major projects that could be lost this year include WISSARD, the return to Lake Whillans, where microbial life was discovered last year in a buried Antarctic lake. Researchers also planned to drill ice cores to investigate climate change, study penguins and seals, and observe space from a South Pole telescope.
Email Becky Oskin or follow her @beckyoskin. Follow us @livescience, Facebook & Google+. Original article on LiveScience.
Related on Livescience and MNN: | <urn:uuid:a36145cf-4364-4174-9f7b-6fce8a3631ed> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/wilderness-resources/stories/government-shutdown-has-chilling-effects-on-antarctic | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131298020.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172138-00035-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945033 | 979 | 2.546875 | 3 |
“The ocean is so acidic that it is dissolving the shells of our baby oysters,” says Diani Taylor of Taylor Shellfish Farms in Shelton, Washington. She and her cousin Brittany are fifth-generation oyster farmers, and are grappling with ocean waters that are more acidic and corrosive than their fathers, grandfathers, and great-grandfathers knew.
This “ocean acidification” is one planetary response to humans’ burning of fossil fuels, which releases carbon dioxide that is absorbed by the oceans. According to the National Climate Assessment, oceans currently absorb about a quarter of human-caused carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere, leading to ocean acidification that will alter marine ecosystems in dramatic yet uncertain ways.
To learn more about ocean acidification, go tohttp://www.NCA2014.globalchange.gov | <urn:uuid:21927b60-c2cc-4c8e-99bb-a5d81a729626> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://saltwatersoldiers.net/2014/05/08/commercial-fishing-video-of-the-day-taylor-shellfish-and-ocean-acidification/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057584.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20210924231621-20210925021621-00378.warc.gz | en | 0.926373 | 176 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Hourly mass and snow energy balance measurements from Mammoth Mountain, CA USA, 2011–2017
- 1Earth Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-3060, USA
- 2Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
- 3Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5131, USA
Correspondence: Edward H. Bair ([email protected])
The mass and energy balance of the snowpack govern its evolution. Direct measurement of these fluxes is essential for modeling the snowpack, yet there are few sites where all the relevant measurements are taken. Mammoth Mountain, CA USA, is home to the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory and University of California – Santa Barbara Energy Site (CUES), one of five energy balance monitoring sites in the western US. There is a ski patrol study site on Mammoth Mountain, called the Sesame Street Snow Study Plot, with automated snow and meteorological instruments where new snow is hand-weighed to measure its water content. There is also a site at Mammoth Pass with automated precipitation instruments. For this dataset, we present a clean and continuous hourly record of selected measurements from the three sites covering the 2011–2017 water years. Then, we model the snow mass balance at CUES and compare model runs to snow pillow measurements. The 2011–2017 period was marked by exceptional variability in precipitation, even for an area that has high year-to-year variability. The driest year on record, and one of the wettest years, occurred during this time period, making it ideal for studying climatic extremes. This dataset complements a previously published dataset from CUES containing a smaller subset of daily measurements. In addition to the hand-weighed SWE, novel measurements include hourly broadband snow albedo corrected for terrain and other measurement biases. This dataset is available with a digital object identifier: https://doi.org/10.21424/R4159Q.
The mass and energy balance of the snowpack govern its evolution. Direct measurement of the variables that comprise these balances is critical to our understanding of the snowpack. Monitoring of the snowpack energy and mass balance has broad utility as the timing and rate of snowmelt affect over 60 million people in the western US (Bales et al., 2006) and a billion people worldwide (Barnett et al., 2005). Yet, direct measurement of all necessary variables is rare, especially at high-altitude sites. Additionally, there are some variables, such as the broadband snow albedo, which require substantial and nontrivial adjustments that require detailed information on measurement location. This partly explains why high-quality datasets of snow albedo, a driver for snowmelt for many parts of the world (e.g., Marks and Dozier, 1992; Painter et al., 2018; van den Broeke et al., 2011), are rare.
In the western US, there are five such sites where the full energy balance is monitored (Bales et al., 2006). One of these sites is the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory and University of California – Santa Barbara Energy Site (CUES). CUES has many unique features and, over the decades, has been home to numerous snow hydrology and snow avalanche studies. Bair et al. (2015) describe the history of CUES, summarize current measurements, and provide three case studies using these measurements. We provide here an expansive dataset, with hourly measurements of all the variables required to model the snow mass and energy balance.
CUES (37.643∘ N, 119.029∘ W) is located at 2940 m, midway up Mammoth Mountain, CA USA (Fig. 1). The Sesame Snow Study Plot (37.650∘ N, 119.042∘ W, elevation 2743 m), hereafter called Sesame, is located just above the Main Lodge at Mammoth Mountain (Fig. 1). Mammoth Pass (37.612∘ N, 119.032∘ W, elevation 2835 m), hereafter called MHP, is located near McCloud Lake, just to the south of Mammoth Mountain (Fig. 1). Mammoth Mountain is a silica dome cluster (Hildreth, 2004) in the central Sierra Nevada. It is an active volcano with eruptions as recent as 300 to 700 years ago, based on evidence from radiocarbon-dated samples of charred wood (Bailey, 1989). There are several active fumaroles on Mammoth Mountain, and its surface is covered by volcanic deposits. As it relates to snow hydrology and albedo degradation, large portions of Mammoth Mountain are coved by tephra or pumice. In fact, prior to being named Mammoth Mountain, it was rumoured to have been called Pumice Mountain by local inhabitants. Strong winds often blow pumice onto the snow surface and this significantly degrades its albedo (Sterle et al., 2013).
One of the largest ski areas in North America, Mammoth Mountain currently has 28 ski lifts, including a gondola that operates nearly year-round, making CUES highly accessible relative to other high-altitude scientific research sites, including the Senator Beck (Landry et al., 2014) and Reynolds Creek (Slaughter et al., 2001) sites. With an average peak SWE of 128 cm, CUES also has a much deeper snowpack than the five long-term energy balance sites in the western US, although its snow climate is not strictly maritime due to infrequent winter rain (Bair, 2013).
The CUES site itself is located on a small plateau, with a year-round roped-off perimeter to prevent disturbance. Vegetation consists of loosely spaced trees, mostly Whitebark and Lodgepole Pine, with some shrubs in the understory that are usually buried after the first significant snowfall. The loosely spaced trees and its topography give CUES exposure to most of the sky, but also expose the site to strong winds that make accurate measurement of precipitation with typical weighing gauges impossible. Instead, snow depth sensors and snow pillows are used. For precipitation, we use data from Sesame (Bair, 2013) and MHP. Unlike CUES, Sesame is located in a small opening in a Whitebark Pine forest, also with a roped-off perimeter when there is snow cover. The understory here also consists of small shrubs. Ground cover is also predominately tephra. MHP is also located in a Whitebark Pine forest with similar understory and ground cover to Sesame.
The automated hourly measurements in this dataset from Sesame are air temperature; relative humidity; snow depth; and SWE. Sources (e.g., measured or interpolated) are given for each automated measurement. The manual measurements include new (24 h) snow, new SWE, rainfall observations, and notes.
Hand-weighed snowfall measurements every 24 h at Sesame (Fig. 2) are made on a white wooden board that is cleared daily each time enough snow falls to be accurately weighed (a few centimeters). At least two cores are made and the average is taken. We provide all the manual Sesame measurements (Table 1) for days with precipitation, based on the morning daily weather observations, posted as the “Storm Summaries” on http://patrol.mammothmountain.com. Rounding to the nearest hour, these measurements are almost always recorded at 07:00.
Sesame also has two automated precipitation gauges, a Met One 385 Rain Gauge tipping bucket and a Sutron Total Precipitation weighing gauge, both with 1 min readings. The measurements from these gauges have large gaps from times when they were not working, making them unsuitable for a continuous hourly dataset. Specifically, the Met One 385 had repeated heating problems that required replacement of the heating element and the Sutron showed noise and undercatch problems. Sesame has two ultrasonic Judd snow depth sensors also, one for the 24 h board and one to measure the total snow depth. We provide the total depth here, as the automated 24 h board snow depth measurements are more useful for operational purposes and can be difficult to interpret, for instance when the board is being cleared. A snow pillow was installed by the California Department of Water Resources (DWR) and the first author in October 2013. It has had continuous measurements since then, except for a period starting sometime around February 2017 when the pressure transducer failed, presumably because of the exceptional weight of the snowpack. The transducer was replaced in July 2017. Likewise, a Lufft WS600-UMB Smart Weather Sensor was installed at Sesame in January 2012. This sensor is equipped with a Doppler radar and uses a mass fallspeed relationship to estimate precipitation rates. For liquid precipitation this method works quite well (Löffler-Mang et al., 1999), but for solid precipitation, this method requires assumptions about the snowflake mass and other properties, giving an inaccurate snowfall rate (Matrosov, 2007). We have noted inaccurate results when comparing the WS600 estimates to the hand-weighed estimates at Sesame. Additionally, the WS600 shows many false positives for precipitation when no precipitation occurs. The WS600 is useful at Sesame because it contains a sonic anemometer that measures wind speed, and this wind speed measurement can be used to correct for undercatch in the precipitation gauges (Goodison et al., 1998). Comparisons of hand-weighed and automated measurements at Sesame show an undercatch of 9 % on average.
Since Sesame is an operational ski area site, precipitation measurements during the summer are generally not taken. We suggest this is not a significant problem given our focus on snow mass and energy balance measurements. Also, summer rainfall in the Sierra Nevada is a small fraction of total precipitation. In the Sierra Nevada, October through May precipitation accounts for about 95 % of annual precipitation (NOAA National Climatic Data Center, 2017). Nonetheless, we emphasize to the reader that reliable precipitation estimates from Sesame only comprise periods starting with the season's first snowfall, usually in October, prior to the opening of the ski area, until the ski area closes, usually between 31 May and 4 July.
The automated hourly measurements in this dataset from MHP are snow depth; SWE; and precipitation. Sources (e.g., measured or interpolated) are given for each automated measurement.
Mammoth Pass (Fig. 3) is one of the older snow course locations in the area. The Los Angeles Department of Water and Power started weighing snow cores here in 1926.
Automated daily measurements are available here back until 1989, with hourly measurements back to 1998. Currently, there is a heated tipping bucket precipitation gauge, an air temperature sensor, an ultrasonic snow depth sensor, and a snow pillow. Data are collected hourly via a satellite modem. Manufacturer, model, and other instrument metadata were not available to us. Mammoth Pass measurements are available in the California Data Exchange Center (California Department of Water Resources, 2018) using station code MHP.
The automated hourly measurements in this dataset from CUES are uplooking broadband radiation; uplooking direct solar radiation; uplooking diffuse solar radiation; direct broadband snow albedo; uplooking longwave radiation; wind speed; wind direction; ground temperature; air temperature; relative humidity; air pressure; snow depth; and SWE. Sources (e.g., measured or interpolated) are given for each automated measurement.
As with Sesame, mass balance measurements are focused on the snow accumulation and ablation season at CUES (Fig. 4). The site operates year-round, but as discussed earlier, there are no reliable precipitation gauge measurements, as the site is too windy for reasonable catch efficiencies. As with Sesame, a Lufft WS600-UMB was installed at CUES in October 2011, but given the inaccuracies and our experience with this sensor described in Sect. 2.1 and since its measurements do not cover the entire study period, we have not included its measurements in this dataset.
A snow pillow was installed by the DWR in September 2012 and CUES has hosted experimental fluidless and other snow pillows in the past. Snowfall is measured most consistently at CUES using ultrasonic snow depth sensors (Table 2). Currently, there are three sensors at the site. For this study, an ultrasonic Judd depth sensor located directly above the DWR snow pillow was used (Table 2).
To aggregate sub-hourly measurements to 1 h, we employed forward-looking averages, meaning that the average for say 12:00 contains the average of all measurements from 12:00 to 12:59. This is important to note, as data loggers often employ a reverse-looking average; e.g., for this case the 12:00 average would contain all measurements from 11:00 to 11:59. The two methods can be easily converted between by adding or subtracting 1 h from the “DateTime” field. All of the hourly measurements were aggregated this way in the database, but the MHP measurements were only available as reverse-looking averages; therefore, they were shifted by 1 h forward to match.
3.1 Energy balance measurements
The full suite of energy balance measurements come from CUES. Some of these measurements, such as the incoming radiation, are available going back to 1992 at http://www.snow.ucsb.edu.
3.1.1 Air temperature, relative humidity, ground temperature, and air pressure measurements
Air temperature and relative humidity are measured at CUES and Sesame simultaneously using radiation-shielded Campbell HMP 45C sensors (Table 1 and Table 2). Ground temperature is measured at CUES using a buried thermistor string. The highest depth, labeled “0 cm”, was used, which corresponds to the soil layer just beneath the surface. Atmospheric pressure is measured at CUES using a Met One 092 barometer pressure sensor.
3.1.2 Wind speed and direction measurements
Wind speed and direction are measured at CUES using three anemometers: an RM Young 81000 Ultrasonic Anemometer, a Lufft WS600 UMB, and an RM Young 5103. The RM Young 81000 measures the 3-D wind vectors at a high sampling rate (10 Hz) for application of the eddy covariance method (e.g., Reba et al., 2009) to estimate sensible and latent heat fluxes. Because of the high sampling rate, the time series of the 3-D wind components is large, 52 GB. Processing this massive time series over the entire study period is impractical and therefore beyond the scope of this study. Because of the size of those data, unlike almost all the other raw measurements from CUES, they are not available at http://www.snow.ucsb.edu, but are available upon request.
3.1.3 Radiation measurements
At CUES, uplooking broadband solar radiation, both diffuse and direct, is provided in this dataset by the Sunshine Pyranometer SPN-1. Incoming longwave radiation is measured via an Eppley Precision Infrared Radiometer (PIR). The broadband and near-infrared (nIR) snow albedos are measured using uplooking and downlooking radiometer pairs, with the downlooking radiometers on a fixed boom prior to September 2016 and on an adjustable boom thereafter.
3.2 Energy balance filtering
3.2.1 Air temperature, relative humidity, ground temperature, and air pressure filtering
Air temperature, relative humidity, ground temperature, and air pressure were the simplest variables to process. Hourly averages were queried from the database containing measurements at 1 min temporal resolution. Visual examination of plots of these data revealed a few out-of-bounds measurements that were set to missing values. As with all the measurements, there were gaps of an hour to a few weeks, mostly in the summer, when instruments were removed for calibration or had failed. We arbitrarily chose a gap threshold of 12 h, and then used three approaches for gap-filling. For gaps below the gap threshold, a spline interpolation was performed. For gaps at or above the threshold, measurements were preferentially filled using a regression from two nearby sites with long-term measurements. All of the gaps in the air temperature, relative humidity, and air pressure were filled using these two methods. For air temperature and relative humidity, a site in the town of Mammoth Lakes was used as the other sensors on Mammoth Mountain suffered data losses during the same time periods at CUES/Sesame and MHP does not have a relative humidity sensor. The site is C2998, its station ID on Mesowest (http://mesowest.utah.edu, Horel et al., 2002). A regression for the matching times at each site was developed for both air temperature and relative humidity, with r2 values ranging from 0.53 to 0.91 (Table 4). The C2998 station did not have reliable pressure readings, so a regression from the local airport, called KMMH on Mesowest, was used (Table 4). Air temperature and relative humidity from KMMH were not used to gap fill as the airport is located in a rain shadow and in a flat valley with cold air pooling. These characteristics did not affect the air pressure as much, as the r2 value for the air pressure regression was 0.91. Because of the operational nature of the Sesame site, there were many more gaps that needed to be filled (N=6758–6868) compared to gaps at CUES (N=418–652). For ground temperature, the longer gaps had to be filled with climatology, given no other nearby measurements, while the gaps < 12 h were interpolated.
3.2.2 Wind speed and direction filtering
Wind speed and direction were queried from the database as average hourly values from 1 min samples. The Yamartino (1984) approach was used to average wind directions, consistent with the 1 min averaging that takes places on the data loggers with the raw measurements. CUES has three different wind sensors, but only the RM Young 5103 and the Lufft WS600-UMB provide reliable 1 min averages (Table 2). The RM Young 5103 and the WS600 are about 2 m apart in height, with the 5103 being at the platform height of about 6 m above the bare ground. The WS600 is mounted higher, about 3 m above the platform surface. Both of the wind sensors had periods of missing data or high readings, e.g., > 60 m s−1 for an hourly average. Thus, the RM Young 5103 values were preferentially used, with the WS600 measurements used to fill gaps using simple replacement. After this step, there were some small remaining gaps that were interpolated with a spline or filled with climatology using the same 12 h gap threshold. The measurement instrument and type of processing (i.e., measured, interpolated, or climatology) are recorded in the data table.
3.2.3 Uplooking radiation filtering
The direct B↓ and diffuse D↓ broadband radiations were queried from the database as average hourly values from 1 min samples. Direct broadband radiation values where transmittance T was above 0.95 were adjusted such that T=0.95 on the assumption that the absolute measurement errors for direct radiation are greater than for diffuse radiation.
where θ0 is the solar zenith angle, S=1367 W m−2 is the solar constant and Rv is the radius vector. These values can all be determined using location, date/time, and Ephemeris estimates, e.g., from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Solar Calculator (https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/grad/solcalc/).
Periods of time with missing uplooking radiation were filled in with radiation from the nearby Dana Meadows, California Data Exchange Center (California Department of Water Resources, 2018), code DAN, at 37.897∘ N, 119.257∘ W at 2987 m. Comparisons of total solar radiation from CUES and DAN show decent though not excellent agreement, r2=0.85, RMSE = 133 W m−2. When DAN was the incoming solar radiation source, direct and diffuse components were estimated using an empirical method (Erbs et al., 1982) with a high-altitude modification (Olyphant, 1984). The uplooking SPN-1 is heated, so snow covering the radiometer was not observed, but the DAN radiometer is not heated. Without reliable co-incident downlooking measurements, it is difficult to flag these snow-covered periods, but we suggest that any snow cover on the radiometer is a minor issue given that DAN measurements during snowfall only comprise 0.26 % of the hourly uplooking measurements. Finally, there were a few periods left when neither CUES nor DAN had working uplooking broadband radiometers. These periods were multiple days in length, so climatology was used to estimate the incoming solar radiation. After plotting the gap-free dataset, there were some obvious spikes at night or around sunrise/sunset; therefore, all uplooking solar measurements are set to zero when cos θ0≤0; that is when the Sun was below the horizon. This will zero out some of the low-energy diffuse radiation at these times, but they are so small as to be insignificant to the energy balance.
The uplooking longwave radiation was relatively error free and required almost no filtering. There were gaps in the measurement record however that were filled using an empirical approach (Marks and Dozier, 1979) based on air temperature, and relative humidity when these ancillary measurements were available. We note that this approach is optimal for clear skies and produces low biased values, but it was only used for < 1 % of the uplooking longwave measurements. If these ancillary measurements were not available, climatology was used.
3.2.4 Snow albedo filtering
The snow albedo estimates were by far the most complicated to process. In summary, snow albedo was calculated by (1) measuring the snow surface slope and aspect with a lidar; (2) using those slope and aspect measurements along with uplooking and downlooking radiometer measurements to create terrain-corrected direct broadband and near-infrared albedo measurements on clear days around solar noon; (3) bias correcting those observed albedos using theoretical maximums by season to account for different sensor configurations and other biases; (4) inverting the broadband and near-infrared albedos to estimate grain size and impurity content using a radiative transfer model; (5) interpolating the grain size and impurity content across non-clear days; and (6) creating an hourly direct broadband albedo, accounting for the solar geometry using the same radiative transfer model, run as a forward model.
For snow albedo measurement at CUES, there are four downlooking radiometers: a clear and nIR Eppley PSP on a fixed boom, and a clear and nIR Eppley PSP on an adjustable boom. In theory, these measurements can be used in conjunction with the uplooking radiometers to measure snow albedo. In practice, there are many biases and steps that need to be taken to obtain accurate measurements. Potential sources of error include a sloped snow surface such that the level uplooking radiometers do not receive the same amount of solar radiation as the snow; shadows cast by trees or other objects that can affect the uplooking and downlooking radiometers at different times; non-snow objects in the radiometers' field of view; an inability of the downlooking radiometers to distinguish diffuse radiation from the sky from that from the snow; direct solar radiation reaching the downlooking radiometers at high solar zenith angles; and imperfect cosine response and other instrument biases in the radiometers (Wilcox and Myers, 2008), especially at the higher solar zenith angles. To address the issue of non-snow objects in the downlooking radiometers' field of view, an adjustable boom was installed in September 2015. The boom is kept about 1 m above the snow surface to eliminate non-snow objects from the radiometers' field of view. Thus, for water years 2016 and 2017, the adjustable downlooking boom measurements were used, while for all other years, only the fixed boom downlooking measurements could be used. We could not find a good relationship between the fixed boom and downlooking boom radiation values to correct the prior years. Instead, we used a bias correction based on the maximum observed annual albedo, explained below.
Because of the issue of not being able to discriminate diffuse radiation from the sky versus diffusion radiation from the snow and problems with measurements at high solar zenith angles, albedo measurements were only used 1 time a day during clear-sky conditions, , around solar noon. In addition, to eliminate problems with shadows, only the maximum downlooking daily values were retrieved. Thus, the database was queried to find the maximum daily downlooking broadband radiation values during clear-sky conditions and to return the associated time, uplooking broadband/nIR measurement, and downlooking nIR measurement. Queries were further restricted to times when at least 30 cm of snow was measured on the ground and direct solar radiation was > 400 W m−2 to ensure that only sunny days with broad snow cover were selected. The uplooking direct and nIR measurements were then corrected to the snow surface using a correction factor c (Bair et al., 2015; Painter et al., 2012):
with θ as the local solar illumination angle such that the albedo α is the ratio of the reflected solar radiation D↑ and the terrain-corrected direct and diffuse solar radiation, with the diffuse being uncorrected assuming a negligible terrain effect on it:
For the uplooking near-infrared measurements, the diffuse fraction was not known, so we assumed that all of the radiation was direct based on atmospheric scattering being small at these wavelengths.
To compute θ, the slope and aspect of the snow surface must be measured. To do this we used a Reigl Z390i laser scanner that operates automatically on a schedule at CUES that has varied over the study period from every 15 min to every hour. A point cloud from the scan nearest the albedo acquisition was selected. Then, a 2 m2 bounding box within both the fixed and adjustable downlooking radiometers' fields of view was used to filter this point cloud. This filtered point cloud was then fit with a plane to determine the local slope and aspect. There were periods when the laser scanner was not working properly or times prior to its installation in February 2011. For these times, the modal aspect (north) and slope (4∘) were used for the terrain correction. Because the albedos were measured near solar noon and the slope of the terrain is low, c is significantly less than 1 only during times when θ0 is high; those are times around solar noon during the accumulation season. From mid-April through melt-out, c is close to 1, making the terrain correction negligible.
From the corrected albedos, for each season, the maximum value for that season was compared with a theoretical maximum of 0.89 for a broadband albedo and 0.74 for an nIR albedo (Dozier et al., 2009). Values were then adjusted up or down by the difference between the observed and theoretical maxima on an annual basis. The average annual correction was +5.1 % for the broadband albedo and −3.9 % for the nIR albedo. These values suggest that trees, which are darker in the visible spectrum but brighter than coarse grained dirty snow in the nIR, were often in the downlooking radiometers' field of view, especially later in the season. A minimum theoretical albedo was not used for correction as this will vary from season to season (e.g., Painter et al., 2012) depending on the concentration of impurities on the surface of the snowpack.
The assumption behind our maximum albedo correction is that the annual calibration or swapping of some of the instruments that occurs at CUES each fall could explain the bias, and that this bias is scalar in nature. The latter assumption is unlikely to be true, but we decided it was the best correction given the documented radiometer biases (Wilcox and Myers, 2008). We note that WY 2017 required a negligible correction since the adjustable downlooking boom was used. Curiously, albedos from WY2016 required a negative correction even though this was the first year that the adjustable downlooking boom was installed. Our explanation is that between WY 2016 and WY 2017 the downlooking boom design changed such that aluminum from the downlooking boom was visible to the radiometers on the downlooking boom in 2016 but not in 2017. Reflected light from the aluminum boom caused the downlooking radiometers to have high biased measurements. Also, we note that the spectral range of the SPN-1 and the PSP are different, 0.400 to 2.700 vs. 0.285 to 2.800 µm (Table 2); however, because of different documented biases (Wilcox and Myers, 2008), especially at higher solar zenith angles, the SPN-1 shows 2.5 % more broadband radiation on average than the PSP. This sort of unanticipated bias further supports our approach of using a theoretical maximum albedo to bias correct our measurements.
For the times when the uplooking radiometers at CUES were not working, albedos were estimated using a multivariate regression based on time since last snowfall (of at least 2.54 cm/1 inch) and θ. This approach showed similar accuracy to what was expected from a simple statistical model based only on snowfall and solar geometry, r2=0.62, RMSE = 7.0 %. Other variables such as new snow density and total snow depth were added to the regression but did not improve its accuracy. We note that this RSME value is only slightly larger than the average annual bias correction of 5.1 %, illustrating the uncertainties associated with in situ snow albedo measurement.
From these broadband and near-infrared albedos, the grain size and impurity content of the snowpack were estimated using a two-stream radiative transfer model where grain size and impurity content are solved simultaneously using nonlinear optimization (Meador and Weaver, 1980; Moré, 1977). The grain sizes and impurity content were then interpolated from the daily to hourly times across the study period. This grain size interpolation likely overestimates grain sizes on days with new snowfall that were cloudy, as no albedo measurements were taken on these days. One approach would be to use a constant value for new snow albedo, which is done for age-based models (e.g., Dickinson et al., 1993; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1956); however, on the days with new snowfall of greater than 2.54 cm/1 in. that were sunny and therefore had albedo measurements around solar noon, there was substantial scatter in the new snow albedo, ranging from 0.60 to 0.89, illustrating the pitfalls of using a constant new snow albedo.
The interpolated grain sizes and impurity content were then fed back into the model varying by θ0 with each hour as the solar zenith changed. The assumptions of this approach are that (1) the grain size changes relatively less than the albedo throughout the diurnal cycle; and (2) the daily albedo cycle is more accurately modeled than measured, which is based on our experience at CUES. Assumption (1) is the weaker assumption as grain size decay or growth can be rapid in the first day or two after snowfall (Flanner and Zender, 2006), but for snow that is older than a day or two, which is most melting snow, the assumption is reasonable.
3.3 Mass balance
3.3.1 Automated snow depth/SWE and manual precipitation measurements
The mass balance measurements come from all three sites. We provide snow depth from ultrasonic sensors at each site over the entire period of record. We also provide snow pillow measurements for all three sites, but only over the entire period of record at MHP. At CUES, the snow pillow measurements start with the installation of the pillow in September 2012 and are provided continuously through September 2017. At Sesame, snow pillow measurements start in October 2013 and are provided continuously up until February 2017, when the pressure transducer failed. At CUES and Sesame, the ultrasonic depth sensors are located directly above the snow pillows. At MHP, the depth sensor is mounted on a boom adjacent to the pillow. Heated tipping bucket measurements were taken at Sesame and MHP over the entire period of record; however, only the MHP tipping bucket measurements are provided because of gaps and quality problems with the Sesame gauges discussed in Sect. 2.1. The MHP tipping bucket measurements were not without problems, including undercatch, data gaps, and spurious precipitation during times when it was not precipitating. These problems are discussed below.
3.3.2 Automated snow depth/SWE and manual precipitation measurement filtering
The snow depth measurements from the ultrasonic depth sensors at all three sites required extensive filtering and interpolation, which is common. For the Sesame site, the raw depth measurements were taken every minute. At CUES, the depth measurements were taken every 15 min from October 2010 until September 2012. From September 2012 onwards, the depth measurements were taken every 5 min. All of these depth readings are actually averages, as each depth pinger samples at once a minute or more frequently. At MHP, depth measurements are only available hourly, also presumably as averages rather than instantaneous measurements.
Ultrasonic snow depth measurements suffer from both drops and spikes, but spikes are more prevalent, especially at CUES, where blowing snow can reflect the sound, thereby causing the snowpack to appear to be at or near the sensor height. Thus, the aggregation used the minimum depth at CUES and Sesame over each hour to limit spikes. The aggregated data were then plotted and inspected visually. First, snow-free periods were identified manually based on visual inspection of the measurements and ancillary knowledge of the snow accumulation season, e.g., Sesame manual measurements. These manually identified periods were set to zero depth. Likewise, a snow-covered period was created as the opposite of the snow-free period. Values of zero during snow cover were set to a missing value. Other large spikes over extended periods of time, such as during sensor maintenance, were set to a missing value. An outlier filter (Hampel, 1974) was used to reduce spikes and drops further. Missing values were then interpolated using a shape-preserving piecewise cubic spline. The interpolated data were then smoothed using a smoothing spline to reduce high-frequency noise. This method tended to produce very small values (≪ 0.1 cm) rather than zeros at times. These small values were set to zero.
The snow pillow measurements at all three sites were quite clean in comparison to the snow depth measurements. The same snow-free periods used for the depth sensors were used to set the pillows to zero, usually to eliminate high-frequency noise during the snow-free season. Likewise, values of zero during snow cover were set to a missing value. Missing values were interpolated also using cubic splines. High-frequency noise was smoothed with a spline and values < 0.6 cm were set to zero.
Measurements from the heated tipping bucket at MHP showed many problems. They were given as accumulated precipitation over the water year and converted to hourly precipitation intensity values using a forward-looking difference. There were many time gaps with missing measurements, possibly because the modem could not transmit or because of power losses to the sensor or its heater. In the case of a gap, any increase in precipitation since the last measurement time was interpolated linearly across the length of the gap. This approach assumes a data transmission failure where the logger provides the correct accumulated precipitation value after the gap. Then, there were five measurements with rates above the maximum rate Pmax, assumed to be 1 in./2.54 cm per hour, based on our experience with measuring precipitation at Sesame. We assumed these were due to clogging of the orifice or a heater failure; thus, we spread the high values Phi out over N hours such that the precipitation rate Pt at time t is
Comparison of the hourly Sesame heated tipping bucket precipitation during times when the tipping bucket was working (approx. November–May, 2013–2017) and the hourly MHP heated tipping bucket measurements shows a low r2=0.08, although accumulated precipitation was closer, with Sesame showing 92 % of the accumulated precipitation of MHP. Further analysis shows many times when the Met One tipping bucket was not recording precipitation but the MHP precipitation bucket was recording small values (0.1 cm). Given that we are more confident in the limited tipping bucket measurements from Sesame based on our experience with the site, we suggest that there was a heater problem at MHP that caused the tipping bucket there to accumulate snow during storms and melt it afterwards. Because of the above problems, we caution against using the MHP tipping bucket measurements for hourly precipitation, as they are more accurate for accumulated sums over longer time periods.
The manual Sesame measurements were checked visually for errors and edited to be consistent from year to year and adjusted to conform to operational standards (American Avalanche Association, 2016), but no major adjustments were made. We have kept the measurements in Imperial units to preserve how they were taken and how the notes refer to the measurements. Minor adjustments included altering the table to show “Trace” amounts of new snow in a consistent way and some formatting changes. For example, null or blank values that were not applicable such as new snow density on days with rain only were converted to “NaN” (not a number). Also, we note that the reported “density” is not sampled from the snowpack, but is simply a measure of the weighed SWE/height of new snow. Given mixed precipitation, the SWE measurements sometimes contain liquid water leading to high densities, e.g., 90 % on 19 October 2015. Also, snow is only recorded to the nearest 0.5 in., which for small snowfall events can also led to unrealistic densities due to the lack of measurement precision.
As mentioned several times, CUES is the only site where the full energy and mass balance is measured on Mammoth Mountain; therefore, it is ideal for a full mass/energy balance simulation. Because precipitation measurements at CUES are uncertain, we ran the SNOWPACK model under three different precipitation forcings: (a) hourly tipping bucket precipitation measurements from MHP with a rain–snow discrimination based on wet bulb temperature; (b) snow depth from CUES using the empirical new snow density model in SNOWPACK; (c) all available information. For each of the model runs, the period from September 2012 to September 2017 was used to match times when snow pillow measurements of SWE are available from CUES. The following measurements were provided to SNOWPACK: upward-looking broadband solar radiation; ground temperature (just beneath the snow–soil interface); uplooking longwave radiation; air temperature; relative humidity; wind speed; and reflected radiation (albedo × upward-looking broadband). The model was run at a 15 min time step with hourly outputs. Neutral stability was assumed given the moderate to high wind speeds at CUES, an assumption made for similar sub-alpine environments (Lehning et al., 2002; Mitterer and Schweizer, 2013). Other parameters shared among model runs were left at default values.
4.1 Model run using hourly tipping bucket precipitation (a)
In addition to the hourly precipitation, we elected to provide the solid precipitation percentage using an empirical wet bulb formula from over 9700 stations (Sims and Liu, 2015). The other option would have been to use the default air temperature based rain–snow discriminator (1.2 ∘C) in SNOWPACK, which has been shown to be a less accurate discriminator than the wet bulb temperature (Sims and Liu, 2015).
4.2 Model run using hourly snow depth only (b)
For this model run, we relied on an empirical new snow density relationship computed by SNOWPACK (Zwart, 2007) which uses air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. Using snow depth only is in fact the way SNOWPACK was designed to be run for the IMIS weather stations in Switzerland, which like CUES, have snow depth (although not SWE) sensors but not precipitation gauges because of wind-related problems (Lehning et al., 2002).
4.3 Model run using all available information (c)
In this model run, we combined the changes in hourly snow depth with measured new snow density to derive a precipitation rate. The forward-looking difference in snow depth was computed. Then, for all positive changes in snow depth, a manually measured new snow density from the nearest time was applied, i.e., nearest neighbor interpolation of densities. We also accounted for rainfall by adding tipping bucket measurements from MHP during times when the snow depth was not increasing but the tipping bucket was recording precipitation. Solid precipitation percentage was supplied as in (a).
We have selected five different measurement areas for comparison: snow depth and air temperatures at Sesame and CUES; albedo cycle at CUES; wind climatology at CUES; and uplooking longwave radiation at CUES. Then, we compare the mass balance predictions from the three model runs against our measured SWE at CUES.
5.1 Data comparison
5.1.1 Snow depth
Overall, the snow depth at both sites agrees well (Fig. 5), with CUES having a later melt-out date, explained by its higher elevation and slightly north-facing terrain, while Sesame had slightly greater snow depths in the wet years, i.e., 2011 and 2017, possibly because the snow under the depth sensor at CUES was removed by wind transport during the big storms.
The 2011 to 2017 water years show a tremendous diversity in snow accumulation. At Sesame, where precipitation records go back to the 1983 water year, 2017 was the wettest year on record, with 255 cm of precipitation, while 2015, with 55 cm of precipitation, was the driest. We stress that the measurements from Sesame do not cover the entire water year and do not always cover consistent time periods from year to year, depending on when the ski resort opened and closed. An examination of the nearby MHP snow course, with records back to 1928, shows 2 years with greater maximum SWE on the ground: 220 cm of SWE on 27 March 1969 and 216 cm on 25 April 1983. Water year 2017 was third, with 208 cm of SWE on the ground on 31 March 2017. There are no reliable precipitation gauges with record lengths > 40 years in the area around Mammoth Mountain. The closest is Huntington Lake, lower at 2134 m elevation, where 2017 ranks fifth among water years going back to 1912.
In terms of maximum snow depth, 2015 was the lowest on record, with 75 cm at Sesame and 112 cm at CUES. Despite having the most precipitation, water year 2017, with peak snow depths of 526 cm at Sesame and 543 cm at CUES, did not have the deepest snow depths recorded at either site. At Sesame, 2006, with a 610 cm peak snow depth, and 1995 with a 561 cm peak snow depth, both had more snow on the ground than 2017. At CUES, reliable snow depths only go back to 2001, but snow depth was over 600 cm in 2006 when the downlooking boom was buried. Subsequently, it was raised up to the top of the railing from the platform floor.
5.1.2 Air temperature
The Sesame site is slightly warmer than CUES, with an average annual temperature of 4.88 ∘C vs. 4.50 ∘C, although the November through May temperatures, which correspond to the average period when snow is on the ground, are equivalent to within the instrument uncertainty with both sites at −0.11 ∘C. Comparing midwinter temperatures at both sites (Fig. 6), we see that above-freezing temperatures are common and that the diurnal range is considerably narrower at CUES, which follows given its mid-mountain and exposed location in comparison to Sesame's location near a valley, with Seame subject to longwave heating from the trees and cold air pooling at night.
The broadband snow albedo at CUES is usually above 0.80 for much of the accumulation season, with values reaching above 0.90 for the highest solar zenith angles. When the albedo stops being refreshed by new snow and the old snow is covered with pumice, the albedo drops dramatically. In every season, minimum albedo values were < 0.60. A large diurnal variation in albedo of > 20 % is evident for days late in the melt season due to the range of solar zenith angles (Fig. 7). Although there is little energy reaching the snowpack in the early morning and late afternoon, when the solar zenith angles and albedo are highest, the illumination angle effect on albedo is significant and should be included in all snowmelt models nonetheless.
A wind rose for CUES (Fig. 8) shows wind speeds in the range of previously published measurements from an anemometer mounted on top of Main Lodge (Bair, 2013). As with all mountain areas, there is substantial variability in the wind speed. For example, the average ridge top wind speeds are at least 50 % greater than these (Bair, 2011) and the highest reliably recorded wind gust from the top of Mammoth Mountain was measured at 82.3 m s−1.
5.1.5 Uplooking longwave radiation
To illustrate the importance of measuring incoming longwave radiation rather than modeling it using the more commonly available temperature and relative humidity measurements, we have plotted modeled values against measured values for clear-sky conditions during the day (Fig. 9). The model (Marks and Dozier, 1979) is optimal for clear-sky conditions, with clear conditions defined the same as for direct albedo measurement: . There is a strong negative bias of −40 W m−2 or −17 % of the mean measured value. The RMSE of 43 W m−2 is within the ranges reported in Marks and Dozier (1979), and they also report a similar negative bias.
5.2 Snow mass balance simulation using SNOWPACK
The modeled versus measured SWE (Fig. 10) was clearly closest for model run b (snow depth only). Mean errors (modeled–measured) were −25.5, −1.7, and −11.3 cm for model runs a–c. All the runs underestimated SWE on average; however, the direction of the bias for model runs b and c (all available information) depended on the year, while model run a (MHP precipitation) was low biased for all years. Model runs a and c were much lower biased than model run b, so we discuss possible explanations for the bias in those two runs first.
SWE was severely underestimated by the tipping bucket at MHP, which is not surprising given how much more snow accumulates on the snow pillow at CUES than at MHP, 128 vs. 82 cm for the 2013 to 2017 average annual maximum, as well as the timing problems with the MHP tipping bucket measurements (Sect. 3.3.2). The greater accumulation at CUES is almost entirely due to wind redistribution, as the pillow sits just past a cluster of trees that act as a snow fence, causing deceleration of the wind and increased deposition (Tabler, 1980). Since model run c used snow depth measured directly above the pillow, one might have expected it to perform similarly to model run b where only depth was used. We suggest that differences in the new snow density models can explain most of the difference. Essentially, the new snow density was underestimated by using the manual measurements at Sesame because that site is subject to much lower wind speeds than CUES. Winds fragment snow crystals (Fierz et al., 2009; Seligman, 1936) so that they pack more tightly, causing higher density new snow. Wind speed is accounted for in the empirical new snow density model used by SNOWPACK (Zwart, 2007), but the manual density measurements made at CUES do not account for this wind packing effect. We suggest this is the main reason for the much more negative bias in model run c than in model run b. Had we used Sesame as the target site for the model runs, we speculate that model run c would have produced excellent agreement with the pillow measurements. However, we lack the radiation measurements needed to force a full energy balance model at Sesame.
The low bias overall by both model runs b and c and the changing sign of the bias are more difficult to explain. Often the rain snow line is just above Sesame, but below CUES, so it is possible that density is overestimated sometimes by the manual measurements at Sesame during mixed rain–snow events. Likewise, the Zwart (2007) density model by SNOWPACK has inherent errors, which is why SNOWPACK offers five different new snow density models.
These data are available at http://www.snow.ucsb.edu with https://doi.org/10.21424/R4159Q (Bair et al., 2018). They consist of four large comma-separated tables, uncompressed in ASCII format with one-line headers. The tables are the daily Sesame Snow Study Plot manual precipitation and weather with notes; the hourly Sesame Snow Study Plot air temperature, relative humidity, snow depth, and SWE; the CUES hourly radiation, snow albedo, wind speed, air temperature, ground temperature, relative humidity, air pressure, snow depth, and SWE; and the hourly Mammoth Pass precipitation, snow depth, and SWE.
In order to provide hourly mass and energy balance measurements that can be used to test and validate snow models, we have created a carefully filtered dataset using instruments at three sites on Mammoth Mountain, CA. We then tested these measurements in a snow model to estimate snowpack mass balance. The model run using measured snow depth only from CUES matched the measured SWE from the snow pillow there very well with a −1.7 cm bias on average. These years comprise the wettest year since 1983 and the driest year on record. Unique measurements include hand-weighed daily snow measurements from the Sesame Snow Study Plot and terrain-corrected broadband snow albedo. This dataset only comprises a fraction of the measurements available on Mammoth Mountain. We encourage interested researchers to explore the raw measurements available on the CUES website at http://www.snow.ucsb.edu if this dataset does not meet their modeling needs.
The supplement related to this article is available online at: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-549-2018-supplement.
EHB performed most of the data production, analysis, and authoring of the manuscript. JD wrote the radiative transfer incoming solar filtering code. He and RED, who both edited the manuscript, have kept CUES funded and running in its current location for almost 30 years.
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
This article is part of the special issue “Hydrometeorological data from mountain and alpine research catchments”. It is not associated with a conference.
We thank three anonymous reviewers for their critical insights. This work
was supported by NASA awards NNX12AJ87G and NNX15AT01G and U.S. Army Cold
Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory award W913E5-16-C-0013.
Edited by: Danny Marks
Reviewed by: three anonymous referees
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Zwart, C.: Significance of new-snow properties for snowcover development, M.Sc. Thesis, University of Utrecht, 78 pp., 2007. | <urn:uuid:90d9c03e-d507-4634-a2fe-e2974424979b> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/10/549/2018/essd-10-549-2018.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588246.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028003812-20211028033812-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.928174 | 13,885 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The answer to this question comes from the very definition of measurement. In plain words, by definition, when you measure the state of a system you interact with that system and therefore perturb its state. This is known and is very well documented.
Take the double-slit experiment for example:
Your setup is an electron beam that you fire towards a wall with two slits. In front of the wall there is a screen where the impact of every electron is registered. If you do this experiment without determining (measuring) wich slit the electrons go trough, you will get an interference pattern like this one:
This pattern can be explained if the electrons behaved as wave so that you get maximums and minimums depending on wether you get constructive or destructive interference by the superposition of the wave coming trough slit 1 and the one coming trough slit 2.
If you, in the other hand, measure which slit each electron went trough, you will end up with this:
From this experiment we conclude that the mere act of "looking" (measuring) the electrons immensely affects their distribution on the screen. Clearly, their state is modified when one watches them. This is the very quantum mechanical principle that states that measurements interfere with the states of microscopic objects.
It's not possible to determine the state of something without measuring it, but it's not possible to measure the state of something without interacting with it. When we are not measuring the state of a system, you can only say that it is in a superposition of all its possible configurations/states, and it is only when you measure it that your interaction makes the system collapse to one particular configuration/state. | <urn:uuid:a1c489b3-5ca0-46d8-92cf-71397dc9df05> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/65113/is-it-possible-to-determine-the-state-or-values-of-something-without-measuring-i | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010527022/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305090847-00031-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939503 | 340 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Women More Collaborative in Workteams
Jobs, Teamwork, Women and Men
Women tend to prefer egalitarian norms while men favour hierarchical structures in work groups
When it comes to leadership in the workplace, work teams made up mostly of women tend to share leadership roles more than teams dominated by men, says a University of Toronto organizational behaviour expert.
"Women tend to prefer egalitarian norms in work groups whereas men favour hierarchical structures," says Jennifer Berdahl, business professor at U of T's Rotman School of Management and lead author of the study published in the March issue of Group Dynamics: Theory, Research and Practice. This, in turn, influences how men and women work together on teams, she adds.
Berdahl and co-author Professor Cameron Anderson, of New York University, examined the leadership behaviour of 169 students enrolled in an organizational behaviour course. Students were divided into three types of groups: work teams made up mostly of men, teams with equal numbers of men and women and teams that were predominantly female. Each group chose an organization to study, present a proposal to the rest of the class and write a project paper, which was graded by the instructor. They also answered a questionnaire about their preferences for egalitarian or hierarchical structures in groups.
For work teams that were predominantly male or female, the researchers found that both groups started off with leadership concentrated in one person. Over time, however, teams with mostly women became more egalitarian while teams with mostly men continued taking direction from one person. They also found that teams who centralized their leadership received poorer grades. "In a creative project team, it's really important to ensure there is equal opportunity for participation," says Berdahl.
The study was funded by a research grant from the University of California at Berkeley.
By Suelan Toye | <urn:uuid:3b44feee-5dff-4c07-8365-2bb5d0139df6> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.emaxhealth.com/38/3264.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823445.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20181210212544-20181210234044-00428.warc.gz | en | 0.976531 | 366 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Cupping (Ba Guan Zi) are an integral part of Traditional Chinese Medicine since ancient times.
In general, they are in the form of small glass vials that are placed on the skin after expelling the air to
create a depression. This method draws blood to the surface of the body and facilitates the movement. Cupping is painless but will sometimes mark the skin with a dark stain may remain several days.
In Traditional Chinese Medicine, cupping is used to hunt corp Cold, Wind, Humidity and heat and to improve and accelerate blood circulation.
The suction cups have demonstrated their effectiveness in cases of various joint and muscle pain. They may also be used in the abdominal or stomach pain.
Generally, the exposure time is between five and fifteen minutes to ten suction cups. One can also make
massages with plungers turning and moving on the body. These massages, usually done along the meridian of the bladder (each side of the spine), it possible to decongest the blood and the heat release from the surface of the skin.Similarly, these massages stimulate the nerves and thus rebalance the nervous system.
The installation of suction does not occur randomly but based on points and acupuncture meridians and major laws China’s energy.
According to the symptoms it is recommended for a specific care recommancer a meeting ten to fifteen days later; and as preventive a meeting before each change of season. | <urn:uuid:0a9357c4-e251-4b6e-8b28-063bcfdef3b7> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://lanqi-spa.com/en/vacuum/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998238.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20190616122738-20190616144738-00521.warc.gz | en | 0.937503 | 298 | 3.046875 | 3 |
The sculptures are arranged around an oval water feature, illuminating it at night.
The overall landscape design’s development and structure was determined by its functional objectives: the movement of delivery and transport trucks through the site and of pedestrians between the various buildings.
The jewel of the puritan garden, its focal point, is the water feature illuminated by the lens sculptures. The light given off by the integrated fixtures is reflected and scattered by the lenses cleaved in three. The direction of the scattered light can be controlled with the spatial arrangement of the lenses.
The design specifies frost-resistant glazed clay mass as the material from which the identical lenses can be serially manufactured. Platinum paint baked onto the glazed surface creates the light-reflective surface.
Assigned material: frost proof glazed chamotte
Sizes: lens D=80cm | <urn:uuid:101bcfa4-aaec-40f1-83c4-cd07cadd592d> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://editszabo.com/illuminated-lens-sculptures | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998298.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20190616202813-20190616224813-00048.warc.gz | en | 0.933213 | 173 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Henry Craik, ed. English Prose. 1916. Vol. III. Seventeenth Century
By Alexander Pope (16881744)
From Preface to Shakespeare
IT is not my design to enter into a criticism upon this author, though to do it effectually and not superficially would be the best occasion that any just writer could take, to form the judgment and taste of our nation. For of all English poets Shakespeare must be confessed to be the fairest and fullest subject for criticism, and to afford the most numerous, as well as most conspicuous instances, both of beauties and faults of all sorts. But this far exceeds the bounds of a preface, the business of which is only to give an account of the fate of his works, and the disadvantages under which they have been transmitted to us. We shall hereby extenuate many faults which are his, and clear him from the imputation of many which are not; a design which, though it can be no guide to future critics to do him justice in one way, will at least be sufficient to prevent their doing him an injustice in the other.
I cannot, however, but mention some of his principal and characteristic excellencies, for which (notwithstanding his defects) he is justly and universally elevated above all other dramatic writers. Not that this is the proper place of praising him, but because I would not omit any occasion of doing it.
If ever any author deserved the name of an original, it was Shakespeare. Homer himself drew not his art so immediately from the fountains of Nature; it proceeded through Egyptian strainers and channels, and came to him not without some tincture of the learning, or some cast of the models, of those before him. The poetry of Shakespeare was inspiration indeed; he is not so much an imitator as an instrument of Nature; and it is not so just to say that he speaks from her as that she speaks through him.
His characters are so much Nature herself, that tis a sort of injury to call them by so distant a name as copies of her. Those of other poets have a constant resemblance, which shows that they received them from one another, and were but multipliers of the same image; each picture, like a mock rainbow, is but the reflection of a reflection. But every single character in Shakespeare is as much an individual as those in life itself; it is impossible to find any two alike; and such as from their relation or affinity in any respect appear most to be twins, will upon comparison be found remarkably distinct. To this life and variety of character we must add the wonderful preservation of it, which is such throughout his plays, that, had all the speeches been printed without the very names of the persons, I believe one might have applied them with certainty to every speaker.
The power over our passions was never possessed in a more eminent degree, or displayed in so many different instances. Yet all along there is seen no labour, no pains to raise them; no preparation to guide our guess to the effect, or be perceived to lead toward it; but the heart swells, and the tears burst out, just at the proper places. We are surprised the moment we weep; and yet upon reflection find the passion so just, that we should be surprised if we had not wept, and wept at that very moment.
How astonishing it is, again, that the passions directly opposite to these, laughter and spleen, are no less at his command! that he is not more a master of the great, than of the ridiculous in human nature; of our noblest tendernesses, than of our vainest foibles; of our strongest emotions, than of our idlest sensations!
Nor does he only excel in the passions; in the coolness of reflection and reasoning he is full as admirable. His sentiments are not only in general the most pertinent and judicious upon every subject; but by a talent very peculiar, something between penetration and felicity, he hits upon that particular point on which the bent of every argument turns, or the force of each motive depends. This is perfectly amazing, from a man of no education or experience in those great and public scenes of life which are usually the subject of his thoughts: so that he seems to have known the world by intuition, to have looked through human nature at one glance, and to be the only author that gives ground for a very new opinion, that the philosopher, and even the man of the world, may be born, as well as the poet.
It must be owned that with all these great excellencies, he has almost as great defects; and that as he has certainly written better, so he has perhaps written worse, than any other. But I think I can in some measure account for these defects, from several causes and accidents; without which it is hard to imagine that so large and so enlightened a mind should ever have been susceptible of them. That all these contingencies should unite to his disadvantage seems to me almost as singularly unlucky, as that so many various (nay contrary) should meet in one man, was happy and extraordinary.
It must be allowed that stage poetry, of all other, is more particularly levelled to please the populace, and its success more immediately depending on the common suffrage. One cannot therefore wonder if Shakespeare, having at his first appearance no other aim in his writings than to procure a subsistence, directed his endeavours solely to hit the taste and humour that then prevailed. The audience was generally composed of the meaner sort of people; and therefore the images of life were to be drawn from those of their own rank: accordingly we find, that not our authors only, but almost all the old comedies, have their scene amongst tradesmen and mechanics; and even their historical plays strictly follow the common old stories or vulgar traditions of that kind of people. In tragedy, nothing was so sure to surprise and cause admiration as the most strange, unexpected, and consequently most unnatural events and incidents: the most pompous rhymes, and thundering versification. In comedy, nothing was so sure to please as mean buffoonery, vile ribaldry, and unmannerly jests of fools and clowns. Yet even in these our authors wit buoys up, and is borne above his subject; his genius in these low parts is like some prince of a romance in the disguise of a shepherd or peasant; a certain greatness and spirit now and then break out, which manifest his higher extraction and qualities.
It may be added, that not only the common audience had no notion of the rules of writing, but few even of the better sort piqued themselves upon any great degree of knowledge or nicety that way; till Ben Jonson, getting possession of the stage, brought critical learning into vogue. And that this was not done without difficulty, may appear from those frequent lessons (and, indeed, almost declamations) which he was forced to prefix to his first plays, and put into the mouth of his actors, the Grex, Chorus, etc., to remove the prejudices, and inform the judgment of his hearers. Till then, our authors had no thoughts of writing on the model of the ancients: their tragedies were only histories in dialogue; and their comedies followed the thread of any novel as they found it, no less implicitly than if it had been true history.
To judge therefore of Shakespeare by Aristotles rules, is like trying a man by the laws of one country, who acted under those of another. He writ to the people, and writ at first without patronage from the better sort, and therefore without aims of pleasing them: without assistance or advice from the learned, as without the advantage of education or acquaintance among them: without that knowledge of the best models, the ancients, to inspire him with an emulation of them: in a word, without any views of reputation, and of what poets are pleased to call immortality: some or all of which have encouraged the vanity, or animated the ambition, of other writers.
Yet it must be observed, that when his performances had merited the protection of his prince, and when the encouragement of the court had succeeded to that of the town, the works of his riper years are manifestly raised above those of his former. The dates of his plays sufficiently evidence that his productions improved, in proportion to the respect that he had for his auditors. And I make no doubt this observation would be found true in every instance, were but editions extant from which we might learn the exact time when every piece was composed, and whether writ for the town or the court.
Another cause (and no less strong than the former) may be deduced from our author being a player, and forming himself first upon the judgments of that body of men whereof he was a member. They have ever had a standard to themselves, upon other principles than those of Aristotle. As they live by the majority, they know no rule but that of pleasing the present humour, and complying with the wit in fashion; a consideration which brings all their judgment to a short point. Players are just such judges of what is right, as tailors are of what is graceful. And in this view it will be but fair to allow, that most of our authors faults are less to be ascribed to his wrong judgment as a poet, than to his right judgment as a player.
By these men it was thought a praise to Shakespeare that he scarce ever blotted a line. This they industriously propagated, as appears from what we are told by Ben Jonson in his Discoveries, and from the preface of Heminges and Condell to the first folio edition. But in reality (however it has prevailed) there never was a more groundless report, or to the contrary of which there are more undeniable evidencesas to the comedy of the Merry Wives of Windsor, which he entirely new writ, the History of Henry VI., which was first published under the title of the Contention of York and Lancaster; and that of Henry V., extremely improved; that of Hamlet, enlarged to almost as much again as at first, and many others. I believe the common opinion of his want of learning proceeded from no better ground. This, too, might be thought a praise by some, and to this his errors have as injudiciously been ascribed by others. For, tis certain, were it true, it could concern but a small part of them; the most are such as are not properly defects, but superftations; and arise not from want of learning or reading, but from want of thinking or judging: or rather (to be more just to our author) from a compliance to those wants in others. As to a wrong choice of the subject, a wrong conduct of the incidents, false thoughts, forced expressions, etc., if these are not to be ascribed to the aforesaid accidental reasons, they must be charged upon the poet himself, and there is no help for it. But I think the two disadvantages which I have mentioned (to be obliged to please the lowest of people, and to keep the worst of company), if the consideration be extended as far as it reasonably may, will appear sufficient to mislead and depress the greatest genius upon earth. Nay the more modesty with which such a one is endued, the more he is in danger of submitting and conforming to others, against his own better judgment. | <urn:uuid:35a0449c-42d9-45e3-b884-488e895fcfd9> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://bartleby.com/209/699.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644066017.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025426-00248-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.985496 | 2,354 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Triangle on parabola
On the parabola y = x2/k, three points A(a, a2/k), B(b, b2/k) and C(c, c2/k) are chosen.
Let F(K, X) be the number of the integer quadruplets (k, a, b, c) such that at least one angle of the triangle ABC is 45-degree, with 1 k K and -X a b c X.
For example, F(1, 10) = 41 and F(10, 100) = 12492.
Find F(106, 109). | <urn:uuid:f8694d45-dadd-4fd2-b8bf-576ab6f5a033> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://projecteuler.net/problem=397 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510257966.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011737-00400-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.67086 | 135 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Canadian National Institute for the Blind Building
1609 Blanshard Street, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W, Canada
Links and documents
Listed on the Canadian Register:
Statement of Significance
Description of Historic Place
The two-storey Canadian National Institute for the Blind Building is a striking Modernist structure, recognizable for its curvilinear forms and strong horizontal rooflines. It is located mid-block in a commercial area of Blanshard Street.
Built in 1951, the Canadian National Institute for the Blind (CNIB) Building is one of the outstanding examples of the development of a local stream of the Modern movement in Victoria. Designed to resemble a coastal ferry, the front facade incorporates a rounded window capped by a canopy with curved, upturned edges, that visually anchors the building and provides the composition with a strong focal point. The rear portion of the building exhibits strong references to the International style with its plain walls, angular edges and ribbon windows. The use of horizontal massing, contrasting material and continuity between the interior and exterior demonstrates an affinity for the contemporary work of American architect Frank Lloyd Wright.
The CNIB Building is a significant and early example of the work of architect John Di Castri (1924-2005), who played a seminal role in establishing modern architecture in Victoria during the early postwar years. Designed during a brief partnership with F.W. Nicholls, the CNIB Building illustrates Di Castri's interest in the development of a personal brand of modernism. His work remains distinctive for its regionalist expression - a rich fusion of materials and complex, eccentric forms that demonstrates Di Castri's interpretation of Wrightian motifs including horizontal planes, manipulated volumes and irregular geometry.
This building is additionally significant for its association with the presence of the CNIB in Victoria. The CNIB was founded after the First World War in 1917 to offer Braille books to veterans who had lost their eyesight. This building was constructed as one of twenty-one buildings commissioned between 1940 and 1955 as part of the CNIB's expansion to provide residences and service centres for veterans in major cities across Canada.
Source: City of Victoria Planning and Development Department
Key elements that define the heritage character of the Canadian Institute for the Blind Building include its:
- mid-block location, built close to the front property line
- institutional form, scale and massing as expressed by its irregular, multi-storey plan of separate square, rectangular and curved components, capped with flat, floating roof planes
- masonry construction such as: concrete construction; contrasting red combed brick and light-coloured stucco cladding; angled concrete entry pier with circular cut-outs; and stepped red combed brick wall adjacent to the entry
- Modernist style details such as: plain walls with angular edges and curved glazed walls; ribbon and corner windows with horizontal muntins; projecting flat window and door hoods; projecting, multi-angled steel-sash stair window; stucco exterior soffits with recessed pot lights; and upturned curved roof edges at the front
- surviving original interior features such as curved interior soffits in front area and a top floor skylight
- associated landscape features such as a curved brick planter at the front and an angled concrete planter at the entry
Local Governments (BC)
Local Government Act, s.954
Community Heritage Register
Theme - Category and Type
- Building Social and Community Life
- Education and Social Well-Being
Function - Category and Type
- Commerce / Commercial Services
- Eating or Drinking Establishment
- Special or Training School
Architect / Designer
Location of Supporting Documentation
City of Victoria Planning and Development Department
Cross-Reference to Collection | <urn:uuid:fd34a180-a45d-448a-b3f4-0d201e5a785d> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=10286&pid=0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104675818.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20220706151618-20220706181618-00557.warc.gz | en | 0.904396 | 924 | 2.640625 | 3 |
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