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Developed in the 'Silicon-based ultra-compact cost-efficient system design for mm-wave sensors' ( Success) project, the device is the most complete silicon-based 'system-on-chip' (SoC) package for radar operating at high frequencies beyond 100 GHz.
'As far as I know, this is the smallest complete radar system in the world,' says Prof. Christoph Scheytt, who is coordinating the project on behalf of IHP in Frankfurt, Germany. 'There are other chips working at frequencies beyond 100 GHz addressing radar sensing, but this is the highest level of integration that has ever been achieved in silicon.'
Measuring just 8 mm by 8 mm, the chip package is the culmination of three years of research by nine academic and industrial partners across Europe, supported by EUR 3 million in funding from the European Commission. The team drew on expertise from every part of the microelectronic development chain to develop the groundbreaking technology, which is expected to be put to use in commercial applications in the near future.
Operating at 120 GHz - corresponding to a wavelength of about 2.5 mm - the chip uses the run time of the waves to calculate the distance of an object up to around three metres away with an accuracy of less than one millimetre. It can also detect moving objects and calculate their velocity using the Doppler effect.
From a commercial perspective, the technology is also extremely cheap: manufactured on an industrial scale, each complete miniature radar would cost around one euro, the project partners estimate.
That gives it the potential to replace ultrasonic sensors for object and pedestrian detection in vehicles, to be used for automatic door control systems, to measure vibration or distance inside machines, for robotics applications and a wide range of other uses. It could even find its way into cell phones.
To develop the miniaturised radar system, the team had to overcome a range of technical challenges, not least integrating and ensuring the reliability of the tiny antenna.
'In this area, size matters a lot,' Prof. Scheytt notes. 'The main motivation for using high frequencies rather than lower ones is that the antennas can be smaller.'
While an FM radio has an antenna that's about one metre long and a WiFi router's antennas are about 10 cm in length, at mm-Wave frequencies (between 30 GHz and 300 GHz) the antennas can also be at the millimetre scale. Given the increasing miniaturisation of modern devices - from cell phones to robotics components - working in the millimetre range is therefore a significant advantage.
A novel substrate to solve attenuation
However, at high frequencies unwanted electromagnetic radiation and high attenuation are serious problems. 'The higher you go in frequency the more the wiring radiates: modelling this interface was a big challenge,' the project coordinator says.
The Success team addressed the issue through precise modelling, a novel technique for antenna integration, and using a polyamide substrate for the antenna.
'The project partners researched and tested a lot of different substrates for the antenna to find one that was the least lossy. Then they used a technique to print the antenna on it and connect it through solder bumps,' Prof. Scheytt explains. 'The antenna itself is planar, meaning it is mounted flat on top of the chip. This is completely different to the packaging technology of other millimetre-wave systems, which usually have bulky antennas with tube-like conductors. The advantage is that the whole "system-in-package" is a lot smaller.'
Another issue with high frequency devices is testing that they work as they are designed to. Current testing techniques are expensive and ill-suited to the high-volume testing necessary if the device is to be manufactured commercially. To address this, the Success team took the unusual step of including self-testing features built in to the chip package.
'Built-in self-testing is quite common for cell-phone chips that work at much lower frequencies, but it is something quite novel for millimetre-wave chips,' Prof. Scheytt says. 'Our industrial partners put a lot of emphasis on including this as it makes no sense to have a chip that can be manufactured for a euro and then have to spend 30 or 40 euro to test each one.'
The built-in test features enable technicians to easily and cheaply test if the antenna is connected correctly, the transmit power of the device and if it is operating in the right frequency range. And, because there is no radio frequency interface to deal with, integration onto a printed circuit board is similarly cheap and easy.
'Since all the high-frequency circuitry is in the package you have only low-frequency interfaces to work with,' Prof. Scheytt notes.
He points out that an application engineer can handle the chip, because it is a standard surface-mount package, in much the same way they would fit an ultrasonic sensor or microcontroller.
'Users can solder the chip onto their standard circuit boards and receive low-frequency signals that can be processed without difficulty,' says Prof. Thomas Zwick, head of IHE at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), a project partner.
The different partners in the Success consortium are now looking to use the technology commercially. Bosch, for example, is investigating deployment possibilities, seeing major potential for low-cost radar operating at high frequencies, while other partners, such as Silicon Radar in Germany, Selmic in Finland and Hightec in Switzerland are also expected to incorporate the work carried out in Success into their industrial processes.
Success received research funding under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7).
Links to projects on CORDIS:
- FP7 on CORDIS
- Success project factsheet on CORDIS
- European Commission's Digital Agenda website | <urn:uuid:0c5eb7b9-e977-448b-ac1d-9bc89c50f005> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | https://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/en/news/low-cost-finger-nail-sized-radar | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375098990.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031818-00115-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934251 | 1,193 | 3.046875 | 3 |
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S&T policy: rhetoric and reality
During the American rule in the Philippines, science and technology policy was outwardly benevolent and paternalistic but implicitly colonial in purpose. The early articles in the first issues of the Philippine Journal of Science were mostly aimed at investigating the country's natural resources, which were extremely useful to the colonizers. There were inventories of flora and fauna in various places, analyses of local minerals, taxonomy, geologic explorations, and tropical medicine. There was practically no "frontier" research in which the motive was simply to discover and elaborate the laws of nature. The Filipino scientists generally served as apprentices to the American researchers.
The scientist as classifier, data-gatherer, and taxonomist became the model of the Filipino students. Many of the first American-trained Filipino scientists were cast in this image. The scientist as a technician rather than a discoverer became a tradition which persists up to the present time. This is the taxonomy tradition in science in the Philippines. Its non-biological equivalents are, for example, the irradiation of various local materials, the chemistry of Philippine natural products, and the geology of various sites in the country.
There was no serious attempt to introduce industrial technology in the Philippines. The first colleges were the College of Agriculture (1909) and the College of Medicine (1910). Industrial technology was introduced later, in 1926, with the establishment of the Philippine School of Arts and Trades. Although a College of Engineering was established at the UP in 1910, engineering was not actively promoted, with the exception of civil engineering, which was needed for the construction of public facilities and for the surveying and mapping of the country. It was perhaps for this reason that the Philippines today has significant capability in this field. Philippine construction and surveying firms are carrying out projects in other countries.
The recognition of the importance of science and technology in the Philippines has not been wanting. In the 1935 Constitution, there is a provision (Article XII, section 4) which affirms: "the State shall promote scientific research and inventions." In the 1973 Constitution, the provision even clarified the role of S&T in development. Article XV, section 9(1), states: "The State shall promote scientific research and invention. The advancement of S&T shall have priority in national development. "
The first concrete step in the implementation of the constitutional policy on science and technology was the enactment of the Science Act of 1958 (Republic Act 2067). It reaffirmed, in no uncertain terms, the belief in S&T as a tool for national development.
However, the picture that emerges from the actual allocation of government resources belies these good intentions. Upon its creation, the National Science Development Board was given a lump appropriation for five years. During this period, the growth rate in R&D expenditure was apparently a healthy 12.3 per cent. However, the average growth rates of all other government expenditure at that time was 13.0 per cent. Thus, the S&T sector received no special treatment. On the contrary, after the lump sum period, when NSDB had to compete with other government agencies, the growth rate for R&D funds was less than 1 per cent.5
In more recent times, the appropriation for NSTA has been, in general, declining as a percentage of the national budget. This is shown in figure 2. The sudden increase in 1983 was merely due to the reorganization of NSDB into NSTA: some new agencies were created or were attached to NSTA, resulting in an apparent increase in appropriations. Figure 3, which shows the R&D budget of NSTA as a fraction of the national budget, demonstrates the government's real attitude towards S&T research.
In sharp contrast with the financial reality, the rhetoric of presidential statements of policy have been bold, ebullient, and encouraging. Support for science in the Philippines has become something like motherhood statements. In the budget message of 1957, the President said: "Scientific research shall be intensified and accelerated, scientists adequately paid, because the results of our scientific investigations are the bases of economic and social progress." In 1966, in the State of the Nation Address, the President stated: "Our best efforts shall be directed to encourage the development of research." In 1968, the President once again bravely asserted that the country would "put scientific research on a systematic and continuing basis and it [in reference to a proposed, but never realized, science centre] will become the focal point of the scientific effort of the nation."
These statements were by three different Presidents of the Republic. Statements of this nature are common during science weeks, sponsored by the NSTA. NSTA usually takes them seriously as policy statements and formulates programmes accordingly, only to be disappointed at the actual results.
There have been three major policy episodes in science and technology in the Philippines, corresponding roughly to the present, the 1970s, and the 1960s. In the 1960s, the slogan was "import substitution," which mimicked the economic thrust of the government. Four priority areas were identified:
1. Basic needs and import substitution.
2. Quality improvement of exports.
3. Waste materials and product utilization.
4. Science promotion and education.
Looking back and evaluating the tangible results of this effort, it was only in education that the policy possibly made some mark. This was simply because of the continuous support of NSDB scholarships. Some curricular materials for science subjects were developed at UP.
In the 1970s, the battle cry was "mission-oriented research." Although several S&T missions were identified and planned' none was actually funded or implemented. The inertia of the R&D community in doing what they have been doing, and the antipathy toward the Marcos administration, ultimately led to the demise of the policy and the NSDB administration that supported it. The policy package also included organizational reforms of the NSDB. These were the only ones that were actually realized. Organizational changes are always easier to undertake than programmatic changes.
Fig. 2. NSTA general budget, 1976-1985
Fig. 3. R&D allotment of the NSTA, 1976-1985
The general policies of the NSTA for the 1980s were the following:
1. The strengthening of the support system for industries, and the emphasis on mission-oriented research for agriculture, natural resources, health, and energy.
2. The provision of increased resources for S&T, particularly for R&D and manpower development.
3. The strengthening of regional S&T institutions in order to encourage industrial dispersal and country development.
4. Encouraging the scientific community to evolve largely self-regulatory but centrally coordinated R&D organizations that would promote creativity and minimize administrative impediments. "Demand-pull strategy" was the policy strategy of the early 1980s. This was accompanied by an elaborate National Science and Technology Plan. To a certain extent, the demand-pull strategy accomplished its goals. Some consumer products, such as soy sauce, bath soap, salt, and charcoal, were produced in cooperation with private industry and eventually marketed.
The National Science and Technology Plan was obviously the work of a committee. It contained a good number of priority areas, from ecology to micro-electronics' that could not possibly be supported at any reasonable level by the meagre funds of the NSTA. As previously, no specific missions were identified and pursued under a mission-oriented approach. The flamboyant commitment made by statutes and plans to S&T had not been matched by the outlay of financial resources.
An examination of the kind of research projects undertaken by the NIST from 1946 to 1982 shows a continuation of the emphasis on the analysis and use of Philippine natural products: earthenware from Philippine clays, sweet potato flour, powdered dills (dried fish), oxalic and oxalates from Philippine vegetables, cottonization of ramie fibers, and others of the same genre.6
Thus, there was no essential departure from the colonial S&T policy. The only difference was that there were no American overseers. This kind of research has acquired so much momentum that it continues to command the commitment of a significant fraction of R&D funds. While its importance cannot be denied, the resulting inhibition of the development of other scientific fields is unfortunate. The colonial policy has a historical momentum, a life of its own, as it were. It appears to be impervious to policy innovations. The most difficult problem in S&T policy formulation seems to be the cultivation of the receptivity of the political leaders and the science community itself to new policy directions.
The economic history of the Philippines is one of chronic crisis and increasing poverty for an increasing number of its citizens. This is reflected in the continous devaluation of the Philippine peso from 2 pesos to the US dollar in 1946 to 20 pesos to the dollar in 1986. Poverty has also inexorably increased. Forty years ago, about 40 per cent of the population was below the poverty line. Today, the figure could be as high as 85 per cent.7 Although the economy showed impressive gains in the three decades after the Second World War,8 the lasting foundations for sustainable growth in terms of indigenous capability to support modern productive processes were not put into place. In spite of the respectable increase in Net Domestic Product in the last few decades, Philippine economic development was accompanied by high rates of unemployment, wide disparities in income distribution, and regional concentration of productive facilities in the Metro Manila area.
During the period 1949-1969, the annual average growth of manufacturing was an impressive 8.5 per cent. However? this was mostly illusory industrialization, because there was negligible enhancement of local technological capability. Furthermore, the policy merely favoured the manufacture of import-substituting consumer goods and discriminated against the manufacture of capital goods and exports.
The lack of concern for the technological aspects of industrialization is also reflected by the expenditures of private industry on R&D. In a survey of the 50 largest industrial firms in 1956, it was found that only 350,000 pesos were spent for R&D.9
The early exuberant growth of manufacturing in the Philippines in the 1950s was not sustainable because it was not self-reliant growth. It was not based on local technological capability, and it did not rely on local innovation and international competitiveness for growth. It was simple import-substitution with most of the capital goods and technology imported.
Dependence on foreign technology is apparent in the predominance of foreign brands in the Philippine consumer market. To a certain extent, this was the result of the early industrialization efforts based on an undiscriminating import-substitution policy. The case of the cigarette industry provides an interesting insight. Before the 1950s, there were many local brands of cigarettes. When the American brands were introduced in the 1960s, local brands were pushed into oblivion. What eventually survived were those companies with strong links to American companies.
Because of the failure of the policies of the 1960s to stimulate the industrial sector, a package of attractive incentives was put together in the form of the Industrial Incentives Act of 1967. The Act was aimed at stimulating investment in industrial enterprises, and consisted primarily of fiscal inducements. In subsequent legislation (P.D. 92), fiscal incentives were also provided to promote labour intensiveness and backward integration.
Yet these incentives did not include a provision on the transfer of technology and the assurance of a learning process for local technologists. Although a Technology Transfer Board was created, the main motivation was to safeguard the interests of local investors and not to ensure a real technology transfer.
In spite of the Industrial Incentives Act and its obvious attractions, industrial growth was very modest in the 1970s (table 3). Only a few took advantage of the government incentives. In 1973, there were only 131 firms registered with the government."' It was clear that entrepreneurs had no real interest in new, pioneering ventures- an attitude which persists up to the present.
The uneven growth of agriculture since the 1950s (table 2) and the lack of a outstanding performance indicates that the relatively heavy emphasis on agricultural R&D was not significant.
The general picture of S&T manpower in the Philippines is shown in table 4. In this table, the 1965 data, obtained from the Survey of Scientific and Technological Manpower conducted by the NSDB in 1965, serve as the baseline figures. Using these figures, the future supply of S&T manpower was calculated from the data on graduates of the country's educational system.
Table 3. Average annual growth rates of domestic product (1972 prices) by industrial origin, 1949-1982 (percentages)
|Net domestic product||8.6||6.2||4.2||4.8||4.6||4.9||6.1||4.3|
Source: National Accounts Staff, National Economic and Development Authority.
Table 4. S&T manpower in the Philippines
Scientists and engineers
Working in R&D
Breakdown by field of education training (units)
|Year||Population(in unite)||Total stock (in units)||Total number (in units)||Natural sciences||Engineering and technology||Agricultural sciences||Medical sciences||Social sciences|
The following observations could be made from the manpower figures:
1. The proportions of scientists and engineers increased only slightly, from 26.5 per 10,000 in the 1960s to 27.0 per 10,000 in the 1970s. This is expected to remain more or less constant up to the 1990s. The growth rates are quite low. The numbers appear to be rather high when compared to more developed countries. However, a small fraction of the total S&T manpower has graduate training and fewer still are engaged in R&D.
2. In the natural sciences, there were marked increases. For the 1980s, increases in all fields are predicted except in agriculture. However, growth rates will decrease.
3. The trend shows that the number of scientists and engineers in R&D will increase, but at a decreasing rate.
There were 1,157 colleges and universities in the Philippines in 1984. About ?3 per cent of these were private schools. Of the graduates of these schools, classified by field, only 22 per cent studied engineering and the sciences.11 The state of science education in the country is perhaps reflected by the figures in physics, chemistry, and mathematics. In a survey conducted by the Kilusan ng mga Siyentipiko sa Pilipinas, the following facts were reported
1. In the 1970s, there were 250 chemists. Only 15 per cent of them had graduate degrees.
2. In physics, there were 21 Ph.D.s and 15 M.Sc. degree-holders. Only 10 were actively engaged in research. More than 95 per cent of college physics teachers did not have a B.Sc. physics degree.
3. In mathematics, fewer than 1 per cent of the teachers had Ph.D. degrees.
4. There were only 10 institutions which were doing research. The University of the Philippines had 75 per cent of the total research projects.
Tables 5 and 6 reflect the allocation of financial resources for R&D. Three general sources are: the government, the private sector (private industry and foundations), and foreign sources.
Table 5. R&D expenditures: Breakdown by source and
sector of performance, 1979
(in thousands of pesos)
|Sector of performance||
|Government funds||Other funds|
Source: UNESCO, Science and Technology in Countries of Asia and the Pacific Policies, Organization and Resources, Paris: UNESCO, 1985.
Table 6. R&D expenditure: trends
|Year||Population (millions)||GNP (in millions of pesos)||Total R&D expenditure (in thousands of pesos)||R&D expenditure as percentage of GNP||Per capita R&D expenditure|
Source: UNESCO, Science and Technology in Countries of Asia and the Pacific: Policies, Organization and Resources, Paris: UNESCO, 1985.
Table 7. Per capita government budget for education
|Schools||Cost per student (1982 pesos)|
|Public elementary schools||392|
|National secondary schools||1,037|
|Locally funded high schools||123|
|Government tertiary schools||5,636|
Source: MECS and NSTA, Science Education Development Plan, Vol. 1, November 19X5.
It is worth noting that in 1979 about 69 per cent of the total R&D funds were provided by the government. The private sector contributed about 39 per cent, with foreign sources contributing about 2 per cent. The total amount spent for R&D was 367 million pesos (US$50 million). As seen in table 6, the expenditure on R&D as a fraction of the GNP is not expected to change significantly up to 1990.
Looking at trends in R&D expenditure in the decade ending in 1975, there was no significant change in terms of US dollar values. In 1983-1985, there was a significant decrease in the US dollar values of R&D expenditures because of inflation.
In regard to expenditure in education at the tertiary level, the 313 government colleges and universities were allocated 717 million pesos in 1983-1984. The country's investment in education is shown in table 7.
The institutions engaged in S&T activities are shown in figure 4. Three categories are used: R&D agencies, S&T education and training, and S&T services and delivery.
Fig. 4. Institutional network (Source: UNESCO)
The mechanisms and interrelationships in this network are as follows:
1. The R&D institutions are linked through the NSTA and its policy councils. R&D in the universities and colleges is coordinated through the grants-in-aid programme of the NSTA. 2. The private and government educational institutions produce the manpower for the R&D and S&T services and delivery systems.
3. In S&T services, those provided by the private sector are also utilized by the government. On the other hand, the information services of the universities are used by both the government and the private sector.
4. In the delivery of S&T services, government agencies that have commercially viable technologies are assisted in contacting private industry for possible ventures. The principal agency for S&T development is the National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA), whose organizational chart is shown in figure S. While the NSTA attempts to centralize S&T activities, almost the entire government bureaucracy is involved in one way or another.
The R&D of various research institutes is intended to be coordinated by the various councils of the NSTA. Except in the case of agriculture and natural resources, this has not been very successful.
In 1978, a "consortium concept" was introduced by the NSTA. The general idea was to pool the resources of the various S&T units, particularly the universities. In 1983, another concept called "science communities" was included in the growing lexicon of S&T in the Philippines. Four science communities were established: the Bicutan, Diliman, Ermita, and Los Banos. These communities are groupings of research and academic institutions that are in physical proximity to each other. They are expected to promote an environment of productive and creative interaction and cooperation among the members. Housing and other social amenities are supposed to be provided. Sharing of facilities and resources is encouraged.
In the Philippines, foundations registered with the NSTA enjoy some privileges, such as tax exemptions, provided they do scientific and technological R&D. In 1979, there were 69 foundations registered. The top three in terms of R&D expenditure are the Population Centre Foundation, the Philippine Business for Social Progress, and the Filipinas Foundation. None of these is engaged in R&D in the hard sciences. In private industry, there were 118 private firms engaged in R&D in 1980. Most of the R&D was in the areas of textiles, paper products, food, beverages, tobacco, and chemicals.
Fig. 5. Present NSTA organizational chart
Contents - Previous - Next | <urn:uuid:bcea1e1d-b384-4e32-bd20-715c6b011339> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://archive.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu04te/uu04te0l.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049277475.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002117-00176-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95419 | 4,234 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Library Program Focuses on Reedsburg Bird’s Eye View
Reedsburg Public Library’s next local history program will boast a unique perspective, in fact, a ‘bird’s eye perspective' on the history of Reedsburg. On Sunday, January 14, at 1:00 p.m., Paul Wolter, Executive Director of the Sauk County Historical Society, will present a program on the notable nineteenth century “Bird’s Eye View” drawing of Reedsburg.
The drawing, published in 1874 by J. J. Stoner of Madison and printed by J. Knauber & Company of Milwaukee, is essentially a map of the city at the time, with the added details of individual buildings, trees, wagon traffic, and pedestrians. West side landmarks include the Baraboo River, Old Loganville Road, and the former Woolen Mill, while the eastern side of the city is bounded by an unpopulated Laurel Street. Eighth Street marks the northern boundary and “Plumb” Street delineates the southern perimeter. The railroad, which came to Reedsburg in 1872, is featured, as well as a number of businesses, churches, and the public school.
“Bird’s Eye View” or panoramic drawings became popular in the United States after the Civil War and represented an effort by visionary civic leaders to celebrate and promote their communities. Creators of the panoramic views began with an outline of village streets in perspective, and filled in the details by walking down each roadway and sketching individual buildings and trees. The goal was to present a landscape as seen from an elevation of 2,000 to 3,000 feet or from a “bird’s eye” perspective.
According to Wolter, the Reedsburg map is one of eight “bird’s eye” drawings completed for Sauk County communities. From 1870 to 1886 various panoramic views were made for Baraboo, Sauk City, Prairie du Sac, Reedsburg and Spring Green. Three of the communities had more than one drawing commissioned. On January 14, Wolter will discuss in detail the Reedsburg drawing and the history of the city it portrayed in 1874. Historic photos will be compared to the line drawings on the map to illustrate the accuracy of the artist’s “bird’s eye” view.
Reedsburg’s 1874 map created by Stoner can be viewed in the Local History Room of the Reedsburg Public Library. Learn more about the map and early Reedsburg on January 14, at 1:00 p.m. in the Library’s Community Room. There is no registration and no charge to attend. For more information about the “Bird’s Eye View” program, or any other library program or event, call the Library at 768-READ (7323). | <urn:uuid:8013beef-77e7-4853-b93a-69c4be780d2b> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://www.reedsburg.org/events/details/paul-wolter-birds-eye-drawing-of-reedsburg-7879 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676593051.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722061341-20180722081341-00409.warc.gz | en | 0.943421 | 607 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Interstitial lung disease and IPF
Interstitial lung disease is a group of disorders characterized by lung inflammation and thick, stiff, or scarred lungs. Such lung fibrosis causes breathing difficulties and reduced oxygen intake into the bloodstream. Interstitial lung disease includes hypersensitivity pneumonitis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
1) Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is lung inflammation due to inhaled hazardous materials such as asbestos, silicon dust or coal dust, smoking, bacteria, fungus, molds, mycobacteria, or chemicals. Blood-born toxins, medications or drugs, and radiation can also be the cause. When these toxic substances are initially exposed, they may not cause noticeable problems. However, after a large dose of exposure or repeated exposure, it can cause alveolar inflammation called alveolitis. The alveolar walls may be filled with white blood cells or with fluid in some cases. Patients may start to develop symptoms including dry cough, shortness of breath, chest tightness, fever, chills, and tiredness.
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is completely reversible in the early stages. If the person is no longer exposed to these toxins, the inflammation and resulting symptoms will get better within a few days as the injury to the lung is repaired naturally by the body. However, if a person's lungs are repeatedly exposed to these toxic substances, the air sacs of the lung will be continuously injured and the repair process
continues. Ordinarily, our body generates just the right amount of tissue to repair damage. However, in some individuals such Damaging Agents
repeated injury may trigger an abnormal healing responses in
which the repair process goes awry and the tissue around the air sacs becomes scarred and thickened, and pulmonary fibrosis can occur.
In such abnormal healing responses, injury to the alveoli activates macrophages to release pro-fibrotic factors such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) and transforming growth factor beta (TFG-β) which attract fibroblasts and stimulate their proliferation causing scar formation. Such repair processes will further stimulate pneumocytes to secrete chemotactic factors to attract additional macrophages to the alveolar milium leading to parenchymal injury and proliferation of fibroblasts causing the development and progression of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. Patients will start to have trouble breathing with symptoms of shortness of breath at rest or with activity, dry cough, and unintentional weight loss.
Once lung scarring occurs, it is irreversible and the condition will become progressively worse. Chest X-rays will show diffuse infiltration by small nodules, irregular lines, or “ground-glass shadows”. The end stage of the condition is diffuse infiltration pulmonary fibrosis. Patients will not get enough oxygen even with oxygen support and will suffer from respiratory failure. Patients will develop complications with pulmonary hypertension and enlargement of the right ventricle of the heart which can result in peripheral edema. A lung transplant will be recommended as an option.
2) Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)
Comparing to the pulmonary fibrosis caused by hypersensitivity pneumonitis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) occurs when scarring or fibrosis of the lungs occurs due to an unknown reason. It is characterized by patchy lung fibrosis and formation of cystic spaces. Scarring typically starts at the edges and progresses towards the center of the lungs. Patients usually develop symptoms of shortness of breath and a dry cough. As the condition progresses, patients will need oxygen support and can suffer from respiratory failure. Late stage IPF patients will also develop complications with pulmonary hypertension and enlargement of the right ventricle of the heart which can result in peripheral edema. The progression of IPF is relentless despite therapy, and the mean survival is 3 years or less.
Intensive research has been conducted to find what causes IPF. It has been found that IPF is strongly associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus. It's estimated that 90 percent of people with IPF have GERD. There are many theories about the connection of IPF with GERD and researchers are investigating whether aspiration of stomach acid is the cause of IPF or it causes the acute episodes and worsening of the lung scarring. Recent studies have found that treating people who have IPF for GERD is beneficial.
A 2011 study found that people with IPF who used GERD medication had median survival rates about twice as long as those patients who didn’t use the medication. Also, there was less lung scarring. A small 2013 study of patients with IPF found that those taking GERD medication had a slower decline in their breathing capability and fewer acute episodes and the authors suggest that GERD is a contributing factor in IPF.
Viral infections have also long been known to be a risk factor for development of IPF. These viruses include EpsteinBarr virus,influenza A virus, hepatitis C virus, HIV, and human herpesvirus. Accumulating research results suggests that infections may be the initiators and exacerbating agents. One or more of the herpes viruses’ DNA including cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpesvirus-5 (HHV-5), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human herpesvirus-7 (HHV-7), and HHV-8 were consistently detected in lungs of patients with IPF. The presence of herpes viral DNA and epithelial cell stress found in the lungs of IPF patients and additional research has demonstrated that preceding viral infections appear to reprogram lung epithelial cells during latency to produce pro-fibrotic factors, making the lung susceptible to subsequent fibrotic insult. Whereas, active viral replication later on or other acute viral infections such as from the cold or flu cause exacerbations of existing fibrosis with rapid fibrotic tissue formation.
Progression of Interstitial Lung Disease and IPF
Interstitial lung disease including IPF is a progressive and life-threatening lung disease. Although it has an overall poor prognosis, the clinical course of individual patients
slow progression to acute decomposition and death. Patient's life expectancy can be over ten years from the onset of symptoms if their condition is in slow progressive course.
However, if their condition is in rapid progressive course, their life expectancy can be as short as three years. Acute exacerbations are the main accelerator of the disease progression.
Lung fibrosis can lead to a series of life-threatening complications, including pulmonary hypertension and rightsided heart failure or cor pulmonale. Unlike systemic high blood pressure, pulmonary hypertension affects only the arteries in the lungs. It begins when scar tissue restricts the smallest blood vessels, limiting blood flow through the lungs. This in turn raises pressure within the pulmonary arteries. Pulmonary hypertension is a serious illness that becomes progressively worse.
Right-sided heart failure occurs when the heart's lower right chamber (right ventricle) which is less muscular than the left has to pump harder than usual to move blood through obstructed pulmonary arteries. Eventually the right ventricle fails from the extra strain which can result in peripheral edema. This is often a consequence of pulmonary hypertension.
The recommendation for interstitial pulmonary fibrosis and IPF includes Soup A, Soup B, and LC Balancer. Soup A helps to complete the lung injury repair process and terminate the vicious cycle of repairing, more damage, and fibrosis formation by increasing the metabolic activities of healthy lung tissue regeneration, known as Lung Yin nurturing in TCM. Soup A helps increase the biosynthesis of proteins, DNA, and mRNA, etc. as well as the supply of building blocks including amino acids, carbohydrates, and other cofactors necessary to speed up healthy new tissue growth of the alveoli and bronchioles. Soup B helps remove nodules and dissolve the lung scarring and fibrotic tissues by triggering the necessary catabolic processes and enhancing the body’s endogenous enzymatic activities toward scar removal. LC Balancer improves microcirculation to help nutrient supply and waste removal from the lung tissue. Patients usually experience improvement in their breathing with decreased fatigue within 2-4 weeks of the combined protocol
Soup A, Soup B, and LC Balancer are able to resolve the lung fibrosis condition to help regain normal breathing in 1-3 months for patients with early stage condition and are not on oxygen therapy.
Soup A, Soup B, and LC Balancer are recommended for 3-6 months for late-stage cases and patients require use of oxygen. After patients have achieved a significant improvement in their breathing and are either off oxygen or use less oxygen, a continuous maintenance dose is recommended. Soup A, Soup B, and LC Balancer at one-third to one-half dose are required to use continuously.
Soup A, Soup B, and LC Balancer can help stop the fast deterioration of the lung structure in 3-6 months for end stage cases which require oxygen 24/7. A continued treatment of 6 months may be required to experience symptom improvement. Over 9 months of treatment may be required to achieve significant symptom improvement and/or better quality of life. An additional formula may be required depending on complications. A continuous maintenance dose is recommended after the full protocol. Soup A, Soup B and LC Balancer at one-third to one-half dose are required to use continuously.
End Stage with Rapid Progression Course:
If patients are in the end stage condition with rapid progressive course, some of them may not experience quick symptom improvement with the use of Soup A, Soup B, and LC Balancer. However, the protocol is able to either hold the rapid progression or change the course of progression from rapid progression to slow progression during the initial 3-6 months. A continued treatment of 9 months may be required to experience symptom improvement. Over 12 months of treatment may be required to achieve significant symptom improvement and/or better quality of life. An additional formula may be required depending on complications. A continuous maintenance dose is recommended after the full protocol. Soup A, Soup B, and LC Balancer at one-third to one-half dose are required to use continuously.
Dissolving Lung Scars
Chronic lung inflammation due to infections or toxins can cause scar tissue formation which may contain embedded pathogens or toxins. Soup B helps break down and dissolve the scar tissue. As the scar tissue is dissolved, the embedded pathogens or toxins can be released and start to proliferate which can cause symptoms of chest heaviness, tightness, difficulty breathing, low-grade fever, and flu like symptoms. The pathogens and toxins can also get into the blood which flow back to the heart causing heart irritation with symptoms of a heart murmur, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. If patients experience these symptoms after the use of Soup B, they should be evaluated for further treatment depending on the type of pathogens or toxins.
Wei Laboratories herbal formulations are not a permanent solution for patients with a late or end-stage conditions. The purpose is to get patients to their goal of a normal lifestyle and to maintain their lung health. The continuous maintenance dose will also help to prevent the progression of the condition as well as prevent acute exacerbations or flare-ups and emergency room visits.
Complications such as congestive heart failure can be caused by the lung fibrotic condition. However, many complications such as infection, acid reflux, and poor liver/kidney health can be the cause of lung fibrosis. If the patient did not respond well to the Soup A, Soup B and LC Balancer treatment in 2-4 weeks, additional formulas are required depending on the type of complication. If patients are responding well, however, additional treatments are also highly recommended to eliminate the cause of the lung fibrosis.
a) Lung Inflammation: Chronic lung inflammation increases the risk of developing lung fibrosis. For patients with lung inflammation, ClearLung is recommended to use together with the Soup A, Soup B, and LC Balancer. During the cold and flu season, it is recommended to have ClearLung and Jade on hand to take immediately upon the onset of symptoms such as colored phlegm and mucus to help clear the virus. Jade boosts Lung Qi and enhances lung immunity to help eliminate viruses. The combined protocol helps patients go through the flu and cold season with less possible triggers of acute exacerbation by the flu virus. For lung inflammation caused by acute gram-positive bacterial infections, ClearLung in combination with Bitter, Brown, Qi Booster and LC Balancer is required.
b) Congestive Heart Failure and Lower Extremity Edema: Pulmonary fibrosis can cause right-sided heart failure with symptoms of lower extremity edema. Congestive heart failure also causes shortness of breath. Patients may take diuretics such as Lasix to get rid of ankle swelling by pushing the kidney to expel more water. However, diuretics do not help breathing. Java is recommended to improve lymphatic circulation to lower the burden on the heart and improve the heart failure condition for better breathing. Patients should experience improvement in their breathing and water retention in 1-2 weeks. Longer periods of treatment may be required depending on the severity of the condition. Left-side congestive heart failure is not related to lung condition and is usually caused by heart attack, hypertension, mitral or aortic valve disease, and primary myocarditis. Myogen, CV, B-2 and Qi Booster are required for such conditions.
c) Chronic Viral Infections: Viral infection can potentially cause IPF. For patients with persistent chronic viral infections in the lungs, initial recommendations include ClearLung and Jade for 3-4 weeks. ClearLung helps clear the virus that is floating in the extracellular space of the lung tissue. Jade helps enhance the lung immunity to further clear the extracellular viruses. If the virus is not just confined in the lungs, Woad in combination with Bitter, Brown, Qi Booster and LC Balancer may also be required for 3-4 weeks. Woad helps clear extracellular virus floating in the blood and other area of the body. Bitter, Brown, Qi Booster and LC Balancer helps enhance the immunity of the whole body.
The second step of the recommendation is to clear the viral infected cells in the lungs using Perilla with Brown, LC Balancer, and Xcel for 4-8 weeks. Perilla helps enhance cellular immunity of the lungs to clear the virus infected cells in the lung. Brown, LC Balancer, and Xcel help support the liver and kidney for effective waste removal. For persistent chronic viral infection in other areas of the body additional viral formulas are required. Please refer to the Viral Infection Protocol for details.
d) Other Chronic Lung Infections: Besides for viruses, slow growth microbial including gram-negative bacteria, mycobacteria such as mycoplasma pneumonia or Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), fungus, and parasitic microorganisms such as Pneumocystis jiroveci can also cause chronic lung infections. These infections can also trigger inflammatory responses in the lung which may cause the accelerated progression of lung fibrosis. Symptoms of mycobacterial infection include post-nasal drip, nasal congestion, excessive phlegm production, and a hoarse voice in addition to typical respiratory symptoms. The recommended protocol for mycobacteria includes Java, Jade, ClearLung, and NewBase.
Patients with a mycobacterial infection usually have coinfection of gram-negative bacteria. Mycobacteria is able to inhibit the normal microbicidal response causing impairment of effective phagolysosome formation. The suppression of immune function favors mycobacterial proliferation and harboring of other slow-growth gramnegative bacteria. CL-2 is recommended to clear gram-negative bacterium in the lung. If the nasal passage is also infected by gram-negative bacteria, Rhinocin is also required.
Lung fungal infections are another type of chronic lung infections. Patients usually experience symptoms of difficulty inhaling air into the lungs, and chest tightness, especially upon exertion. CL-F is recommended to clear fungal infection by removing Lung Heat Toxins. If patient’s nasal passage is also infected by the fungus, Wave and/or Wave-2 are required.
Parasitic infections are another type of chronic lung infections caused by parasitic microorganisms such as Pneumocystis jiroveci. Lung parasite infections can cause symptoms of pulmonary hypertension such as shortness of breath and chest pressure. Other non-respiratory symptoms include heart palpitations, dizziness, fatigue, and water retention. Pulmin with Respanin are recommended for lung parasite infections. Pulmin helps clear the infection and Respanin helps clear the die-off effect and the irritation to the pulmonary blood vessels from the parasite toxins. Patients may develop symptoms of acute infections as the immune system starts to attack the bacteria. Treatment with Bitter, Brown, Qi Booster, and LC Balancer are recommended to assist the immune system to clear the bacteria from the respiratory tract.
e) GERD: Acid reflux can cause irritation and injury to the alveoli and bronchi when the acid gets into the lungs during sleep triggering alveolitis. The use of acid blockers and proton pump inhibitors can cause poor digestion resulting in poor absorption of nutrients as well as the herbal ingredients. Patients may complain of stomach irritation with less optimal treatment results with the use of Soup A, Soup B and LC Balancer. Spring, SJ, and Formula B are recommended to resolve the acid reflux and improve digestion and nutrient absorption.
f) Liver and Kidney (Adrenal) Deficiencies: Poor liver and kidney function can cause slowed metabolic toxin processing. Many metabolic toxins have to be modified by the liver or kidney oxygenases to oxidize them by adding –OH or =O groups, or by methylation enzymes to add –CH3groups, so that the kidneys can secrete them out. If these toxic compounds are processed too slowly by the liver and kidneys, or the kidneys can’t secrete them promptly after being modified, the toxic waste molecules can be accumulated at high concentrations in the blood. As water is evaporating from the lungs as we breath, these toxic compounds can be condensed in the lung and cause irritation to lung tissue triggering alveoli inflammation. Symptoms of a liver deficiency include anxiety, difficulty falling asleep, headache, nausea, abdominal fullness, mood swings, or bad temperament. Symptoms of kidney deficiency include low energy, difficulty staying asleep, water retention, flu-like symptoms, or high blood pressure. Brown is recommended to nurture the liver and improve liver function and Xcel is recommended to improve kidney function.
g) Pulmonary Hypertension: Pulmonary fibrosis can lead to pulmonary hypertension when scar tissue restricts the blood vessels. As the scar tissue is being dissolved, the increased blood pressure in the lungs should be improved. However, other conditions such as a lung parasitic infection can also cause pulmonary hypertension. Recommendation for parasitic microorganisms in the lungs includes Pulmin and Respanin. Pulmin helps clear
the lung parasite infection. Respanin helps clear the die-off effect and irritation of the pulmonary blood vessel by the parasite toxins.
h) Asthma: Asthma is the chronic inflammation of the airway that causes recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and cough, particularly at night and/or early in the morning. It is caused by airway hypersensitivity and intermittent airway obstruction due to chronic bronchial inflammation involving eosinophils infiltration and bronchial smooth muscle cell hypertrophy and hyper-reactivity. The irritants can be external (atopic) such as pollen, or internal (non-atopic) such as the body’s own metabolic toxins or infection. These irritants and the resulting airway inflammation may also be the trigger of the alveolitis. Recommended treatments include EzAir or Breez to reduce airway sensitivity and clear Liver Wind, in TCM terms. EzAir is for atopic asthma. Breez is for non-atopic asthma. Patients should have a significant improvement in 1 week. A longer period of treatment is required depending on the severity of the condition. For non-atopic asthma caused by chronic infections, additional treatments are also required as described in the protocol.
Congestive Heart Failure & Lower Extremity
Myogen, CV, B-2 and Qi Booster
Acute Lung Infection
ClearLung, Bitter, Brown, Qi Booster and LC Balancer
Cold or Flu, Acute Viral Infections
ClearLung, Jade, Woad
Chronic Viral Infections
Perilla, Brown, LC Balancer, and Xcel
Java, Jade, ClearLung and NewBase
Lung Gram Negative Bacterial Infections
Lung Fungal Infections
GERD, Acid Reflux
Spring, SJ and Formula B
Kidney Deficiency (Adrenal Deficiency)
Lung Parasite Infections / Pulmonary
Pulmin and Respanin
EZAir and/or Breez
Selected Case Studies:
Case 1: Reversal of COPD and Lung Fibrosis with Chest X-Ray
Before Treatment After Treatment
A 68-year- old female diagnosed with COPD and pulmonary fibrosis treated with Soup A, Soup B and LC Balancer for 1 month.
Chest X-ray PA/LAT (2VW) - (ADX/0022) Pre-treatment diagnosis on 2/3/2006:
“Moderate pectus deformity. COPD with scattered fibrosis” Post-treatment diagnosis on 8/24/2006:
“No active cardiopulmonary disease”
After 2 weeks of treatment, the patient noticed 80% reduction in shortness of breath. After 1 month, the patient reported symptoms 95-98% elimination and was able to exercise regularly. Post-treatment chest X-ray shows no sign of COPD or fibrosis, indicating a complete reversal of COPD and lung fibrosis.
Case 2: Improvement in Symptoms and Reduction in Oxygen Dependency in IPF Patient
A 77-year-old male presented with shortness of breath and violent dry coughs throughout the day due to Pulmonary Fibrosis. The patient was diagnosed with Pulmonary Fibrosis in early 2018 through MRI scans after complaints of getting out of breath for over a year. The patient also had constant sinus drainage and even though his physician found no known allergies, the doctor still concluded he was allergic to something. The patient was also diagnosed with High Blood Pressure, High Cholesterol, and a Thyroid Disorder. He was on oxygen 24/7.
After evaluation, Dr. put the patient on Soup A, Soup B, LC Balancer in February 2018 to provide necessary nutrients to help repair the lung structure and enhance its function. The patient has been on the protocol for 6 months (currently Aug 2018). ClearLung was added as needed to clear out gram-positive bacteria, and inflammation in his lungs and to reduce his coughing bouts. In March, the patient reported seeing improvement from his dry to wet cough with more productive coughing with phlegm. In May, the patient reported only needing to use oxygen 50% of the time while his phlegm was light brown in the morning turning into clear mucus during the day. The patient reported in July that he was able to get off of oxygen completely.
In August 2018, the patient reported still breathing stronger while finding himself using oxygen occasionally when the weather in Southern California is affected by the humidity or the recent fires. However, overall, the patient reports seeing benefits and improvement from his symptoms related to Pulmonary Fibrosis.
Case 3: Improvement of Oxygen Saturation
A 61-year-old male with severe pulmonary fibrosis and COPD suffered from shortness of breath, tight chest, wheezing, coughing blood, cough, difficulty breathing, and oxygen saturation of 80 upon exertion. Dr. recommended ClearLung from Wei Laboratories for a lung bacterial infection. After 1 week, the coughing had decreased but his oxygen saturation was taking a long time to rise. Dr. then recommended adding the Soup A, Soup B and LC Balancer. After 1 additional week, his oxygen levels were measured at 95. Before treatment, he had trouble getting his oxygen levels to 90 with 6 months of strict nutritional therapy and diet.
Case 4: Elimination of Oxygen Usage in IPF Patient
A 65-year-old female diagnosed with pulmonary fibrosis came for therapy in 2005. Her pulmonologist had identified the state of the disease as being terminal. He had anticipated her remaining life time to be about 2 years. She had to use an oxygen tank to facilitate her breathing.
Dr. prescribed a combined treatment composed of acupuncture and herbal remedies from Wei Laboratories including Soup A, Soup B, and LC Balancer for a total length of 3 months. The results have been remarkable. She did not have to use her oxygen tank anymore and was able to exercise again (e.g. playing tennis). She did really well and the results have sustained for 6 years.
Case 5: Return of Daily Activities after IPF Program
An 86-year-old man had been diagnosed with life threatening pulmonary fibrosis from orchard spray and toxic waste from industrial plants. As all health care providers understand, Pulmonary Fibrosis has two main causes and either one is virtually a lock on a death sentence. The two causes both destroy so much lung tissue there is no way to pass oxygen to the tissues of the body and death ensues. It is a rapid downward spiral. The two main causes are external and internal. The external is anything toxic that can destroy the lung tissue at the alveolar level such as pesticides, industrial gaseous by products, etc. The internal cause which I might add is extremely common is
GERD (gastric esophageal reflux disease). This problem causes stomach acid (HCL) at night to be allowed to go into the lung tissue, thus destroying it.
This gentleman also had hypertension and high fat content in the blood. I instituted a heavy metal chelating regime and put him on the Wei Laboratories protocol for pulmonary fibrosis with Soup A, Soup B and LC Balancer. Within 3 months the patient, who could hardly walk into my clinic, was playing 18 holes of golf, volunteering as a mailman, and taking care of his rental property as well as doing landscaping and maintenance work. 5 years later he is doing the same.
Case 6: Successful Resolution of Pulmonary Fibrosis
A male patient, around 70 years old, had been diagnosed with pulmonary fibrosis. The patient identified himself as an active man who liked to exercise (e.g. hiking). Dr. applied a program including Soup A, Soup B, and LC Balancer from Wei Laboratories for a total length of 3 months. The treatment yielded perfect results. Upon completing the herbal program, the patient was able to hike 9 miles without any resting period (before he had to stop every 100ft). The old strength has been restored and the results have been sustained.
Case 7: Reduction of Symptoms of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Chronic Fatigue
A female patient presented to the Center on September 13th, 2017 after being diagnosed with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis with symptoms of shortness of breath, low energy, constipation, and acid reflux. She was diagnosed with mixed connective tissue disease with Raynauds phenomenon manifesting symptoms of cold hands and feet. She had difficulty gaining weight due to a severe lack of appetite. Her primary care physician had prescribed her Aspirin, Ativan, Tylenol, Claritin, Mucinex, Flonase, and Vitanol primarily for mucus congestion.
The doctor requested the patient complete a comprehensive blood analysis. The findings revealed the patient is anemic and had possible internal bleeding in the gut. It showed that she had dysbiosis in the gut possibly due to an infection based on a B12, Folate, B5 and Iron deficiency. Her blood cells are too large, leading to an inability to deliver oxygen properly based on her MCV levels. Her neutrophils and monocytes were very high, indicating that she has a bacterial invasion. Her sodium and calcium levels were low, as were her BUN levels, indicating possible adrenal and kidney dysfunction. Her albumin was also low indicating the patient may have liver, bile duct, and gallbladder congestion. The result showed parathyroid and endocrine dysfunction possibly due to an overload of heavy metals.
The doctor developed a treatment plan to address the liver, kidney, GI, and lung-related problems to help improve energy, shortness of breath, and digestive problems. The doctor recommended the patient begin Wei Laboratories protocol which consisted of Soup A to help restore the lung structure, Soup B to help break down scar tissue in the lungs, LC Balancer to enhance kidney function, Brown to support the liver in detoxification, Levera to help remove buildup of toxins due to liver inflammation and KS to help reduce kidney inflammation. In addition, she was recommended to take Probiosis to reduce stomach and intestinal inflammation, PA to reduce inflammation in the pancreas and relieve her constipation, SJ to help repair stomach lining, Spring Capsule to restore proper stomach acidity to resolve acid reflux, and Formula B to promote proper gastric empty. The doctor also recommended that the patient support the Wei Laboratories protocol with digestive enzymes and a low-carb diet rich in protein and fat.
On September 24th, the patient reported that her hands and feet were not getting as cold anymore. Her hands would previously turn white from being so cold and now would seldom turn white. No other improvements were reported at that time. On October 3rd, the patient had reported her overall breathing had improved. She was sleeping better, was more alert during the day and no longer had stomach pain. Her coughing episodes were substantially reduced and her breathing at rest was not labored anymore. The patient did mention that she had been experiencing anxiety and depression, especially before bedtime. The doctor recommended her to start taking Wei Laboratories Calm formula 1 capsule 3x a day with an addition 2 capsules before bed.
On October 8th, the patient reported having fewer episodes of anxiety and depression. She described feeling 180 degrees different and started to make plans to go outside. The coughing had subsided completely with significantly improved breathing. The patient did note that she was having some edema and swelling in the legs in which the doctor suggested her to add in Java formula to support lymphatic drainage.
On October 19th, the patient reported finally gaining weight. Her breathing was no longer a nuisance and had allowed her to go grocery shopping with her daughter over the weekend. Although her energy levels were much higher, the patient noticed that she still felt very fatigued at times throughout the day. There was a pattern of having good energy levels until the afternoon. She even had an episode with nausea and threw up. Even though the liver health should be much better at this point, the doctor felt that there may be other gram-negative bacteria in the liver and recommended adding Wei Laboratories Bilegen, L-2, and L-3 formulas to further strengthen liver immunity and clear the liver infection by the gram-negative bacteria. The doctor also thought that there may be fungus in the liver and pancreas and a parasite in the bile duct and advised her to start taking Glymycin, Glymycin-R, Levera-R, and Paramin-R to reduce congestion of the liver and pancreas due to infections related to fungus and/or parasites.
After adding the additional liver support and infection clearing products, the patient reported exercising for 15 minutes in the morning and evening on November 2nd. Her energy levels have increased tremendously and she was ready to begin gym exercises. On November 14th, the patient noticed she was only experiencing coughing when she drinks cold temperature drinks due to it creating spasms because of her mixed connective tissue disease. The doctor recommended only consuming room temperature drinks. The doctor also increased her Vitamin C intake to 3000 mg per day. For the first time in 2 years, she now feels her energy is stable and has talked with her family to buy a car and start driving again.
Improvement of IPF with Natural Products
A 69-year-old male presented with severe shortness of breath (rated 7/10), coughing (7/10) and low energy levels (5/10). He had a long history of smoking (40 years) and was also exposed to asbestos. In 2015, he was diagnosed with asbestosis that progressed to histoplasmosis and eventually lead to his current diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). He was diagnosed via chest X-ray and also had spirometry testing done where they found his lung function was at 59% in August of 2015. He was placed on OFEV by his doctor to prevent further hardening of the lungs. After 15 months of being on that medication he felt no improvement, so he sought out help from Dr. in December of 2016.
In his initial consult, the patient mentioned he could not walk one block (or walk up 14 stairs) without having to stop and rest for 3 minutes to catch his breath. He was also on oxygen 7 days a week at this point (but not every hour of the day). Dr. preformed spirometry testing which indicated his forced expiratory volume (FVC) was at 48%. His forced expiratory flow rate between 25-75% (FEF2575) was 62%. This exam takes into account the involvement with allergens to see the relationship between allergic predictors and Small Airway Disease (SAD), this is the reason that Dr. recommends food sensitivity testing to see how food allergens affect airway health. His resting oximetry without oxygen was 66.1% and his resting pulse was 90.9 bpm. As previously stated, he went through food sensitivity testing, which identified many abnormal food sensitivity reactions, which negatively impacted and contributed to his difficulty breathing. Nutritional testing was completed and identified nutritional deficiencies in Omega-3 fatty acids, Vitamin A and Vitamin D, that weakened his overall lung and body health. Nutrient deficiencies, when present, identified, and corrected will accelerate healing and recovery time. Dr. recommended using Wei Laboratories herbal formulas consisting of Soup A, Soup B and LC Balancer liquid at full dose, along with dietary supplements and a nutritional plan.
After 8 weeks of using Wei products, following dietary guidelines given by the practitioner consisting of: food elimination plan and vitamin therapy (vitamin D), he also exercised 30 minutes daily and made a conscious effort to
hydrate his body, he noticed significant change in his quality of life. He could walk up 21 steps (33% more steps) without having to rest at the top. He also mentioned that his energy had gone from a 5 to a 7 out of 10. His shortness of breath and coughing had decreased from a 7 to a 4/10. He was also able to walk without stopping to
catch his breath, even without the use of oxygen. His oxygen dependence went from using it 7 days a week to using it just 3 days a week.
He was retested at the end of January 2017 for his spirometry and oximetry results. His spirometry showed his FVC increased to 55% (from 48%) and his FEF2575 increased to 67% (from 62%). His resting oximetry without oxygen increased to an average of 95.8% (from 66.1%). His resting pulse decreased dramatically to 63.1 bpm from 90.9 bpm.
The patient had improvement with each symptom and felt like a new man from this treatment. He was able to be more mobile and use less oxygen, which ultimately changed his life. He continued products for 4 months due to the results he continued to see.
Test Results Before Treatment
Test Results After Treatment
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|Biographical detail : ||King of Albania, son of a Muslim chief.
Zog served as commander of the Albanian armed forces (1920), became premier (1922), then president (1925) and finally was proclaimed king in 1928.
Modest reforms, peace and economic progress marked his reign. But Mussolini Invaded Albania in 1939 and declared Albania a protectorate.
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Duplin County, North Carolina Genealogy
|Duplin County, North Carolina|
Location in the state of North Carolina
Location of North Carolina in the U.S.
- 1 County Courthouse
- 2 History
- 3 Places/Localities
- 4 Resources
- 4.1 African American
- 4.2 Cemeteries
- 4.3 Census
- 4.4 Church
- 4.5 Court
- 4.6 Genealogy
- 4.7 Land
- 4.8 Local Histories
- 4.9 Maps
- 4.10 Military
- 4.11 Newspapers
- 4.12 Probate
- 4.13 Taxation
- 4.14 Vital Records
- 4.15 Yearbooks
- 5 Societies and Libraries
- 6 Web Sites
- 7 References
Duplin County North Carolina
118 Duplin Street
Kenansville, NC 28349
Reg of Deeds has b & d rec from 1913
m rec from 1749
maps & land records from 1749
& business rec from 1899
Clk Sup Ct has pro & ct rec
Duplin County was created in 1750 from the northern part of New Hanover County and is named for Thomas Hay, Viscount Dupplin, later 9th Earl of Kinnoull. The earliest immigrants were Welsh, who arrived in the 1700′s, and soon followed by German Palatines and the Swiss in the 1730′s and 1740′s. The Scotch-Irish arrived in 1736 with Henry McCulloch, a wealthy London merchant, to settle on a rich and fertile 71,160-acre land granted to him from the British Crown. The French Huguenots and English, who migrated from Virginia along with Scottish Highlanders who came from the upper Cape Fear region, also were among the earliest settlers to the area along with African-Americans. The early settlements were primarily along the river and larger creeks as these were the best means of transportation. Henry McCulloch established several settlements. One on the east bank of the Northeast Cape Fear River named Sarecta, became Duplin’s first incorporated town in 1787. Another settlement was established on the west side of the river on Goshen Swamp, and a third at a place referred to as Golden Grove, later to become the Town of Kenansville. (Source: Duplin County History).
Many court records are missing.
The first U.S. Federal census enumerating freed slaves was taken in 1870. Their records have been published:
- Melton, Carol K.W. and Joseph W. Wescott III. 1870 Federal Census: The African American Population of Duplin County, North Carolina. Rose Hill, N.C.: Duplin County Historical Foundation, 2000. FHL Book 975.6382 X28m 1870
For tips on accessing Duplin County, North Carolina Genealogy census records online, see: North Carolina Census.
Church of England
St. Gabriel's Parish served Duplin County.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
LDS Ward and Branch Records
It is anticipated that this bibliography will eventually identify all known family histories published about residents of this county. Use this list to:
- Locate publications about direct ancestors
- Find the most updated accounts of an ancestor's family
- Identify publications, to quote Elizabeth Shown Mills, about an ancestor's "FAN Club" [Friends, Associates, and Neighbors]
- [Alderman] Stone, Spessard. Lineage of John Carlton. [Wauchula, Fla.?]: S. Stone, 1991. FHL Book 929.273 C197s
- [Bradley] Clegg, Reed L. Richard Bradley and Descendants: Lives and Times of Richard, Thomas, Henry, Samuel Carroll, James Harvey Bradley Families. Salt Lake City, Utah: R.L. Clegg Publishers, [1999?]. FHL Book 929.273 B728c
- [Broadhurst] Wooten, David Robert. We All Become Forefathers: Genealogies of the Wooten, Boykin, Whitaker and Broadhurst Families. 1993. FHL Book 929.273 W889wdr
- [Bullard] Bullard, Spencer Ardell. William and Nathan Bullard Family: History and Genealogy. Lakewood, Colo.: S.A. Bullard, 2004. FHL Book 929.273 B872bs
- [Carlton] Morris, Scott. Liberty Worth Fighting For: The Sacrifice of a South Georgia Wiregrass Family in the War Between the States. [Sale City, Ga.]: S. Morris, 1990. FHL Book 929.273 L272m
- [Carlton] Stone, Spessard. Lineage of John Carlton. [Wauchula, Fla.?]: S. Stone, 1991. FHL Book 929.273 C197s; 1998 edition: FHL Book 929.273 C197s 1998
- [Churchill] Churchill, Levis Allen and Dorothy Churchill Moye Sumrell. Churchill/Churchwell, Duplin, Greene, Lenoir, Pitt Counties, North Carolina. Greenville, N.C.: L.A. Churchill, 1993. FHL Book 929.273 C473cL
- [Churchwell] See Churchill.
- [Clark] Crook, Billie Louise and Simeon English Clark. Our Clark Family: Or Texas Clarks. Austin, Texas: B.L. Clark, 1957. FHL Book 929.273 C547co
- [Dickson] Carr, James Ozborn. The Dickson Letters. Wilmington, N.C.: n.p., 1933. FHL Book 921.73 D561a 1933
- [Flowers] Hendrix, Mary Louise Flowers. Flowers Kith and Kin: A Record of the Descendants of Thomas Flowers through Henry and Nancy Adams Flowers. Jackson, Miss.: Hendrix, 1943. FHL Book 929.273 F669h
- [Fowler] Hollis, Jane Cook. Immigrated to Tennessee: Chronicles of a Fowler Family. Memphis, Tenn.: J.C. Hollis, 1991. FHL Book 929.273 F829i
- [Grady] Grady, Benjamin, Louis Carr Hendry and Henry A. Grady. John Grady (1710-1787) of Dobbs and Duplin, with Some of His Descendants. Wilson, N.C.: P.D. Gold Publishing, 1930. FHL Film 1321187 Item 8
- [Gulley] John, Paul. John Gulley Genealogy, a Planter in Alabama and Arkansas and His Descendants: Also the Families of Bizzell, Godley, Ligon, Mendenhall, Purifoy and Others of England and Colonial America. Houston, Texas: P. John, 1991. FHL Book 929.273 G951j
- [Hutchison] Hutchison: Family Records. MSS. Microfilmed 1974. FHL Film 288187
- [Lanier] Ingersoll, Louise. Lanier: A Genealogy of the Family Who Came to Virginia and Their French Ancestors in London. Washington, D.C.: Goetz Printing Company, 1965. Digital version at World Vital Records ($).
- [Lanier] Morris, Scott. Liberty Worth Fighting For: The Sacrifice of a South Georgia Wiregrass Family in the War Between the States. [Sale City, Ga.]: S. Morris, 1990. FHL Book 929.273 L272m
- [Lewis] Lewis, J.D. My Neck of the Woods: The Lewis Families of Southeastern North Carolina and Northeastern South Carolina. Little River, S.C.: J.D. Lewis, 2002. FHL Book 929.273 L585Ljd; CD-ROM no. 1036
- [McCallop] Headley, Katy McCaleb. MacKillop (McCaleb) Clan of Scotland and the United States. 2 vols. Chillicothe, Mo.: E.P. Ellsberry, . FHL Book 929.273 M124h
- [McCanne] McCanne, Elizabeth C. A Brief Autobiography. Typescript. Microfilmed 1994. FHL Film 1698051 Item 47
- [Merritt] Merritt, Edward and Leora Hiatt McEachern. The Merritts of Sampson and Duplin Counties, North Carolina. Typescript, 1968. FHL Film 874721 Item 4
- [Middleton] Brown, Leslie H. "John Middleton of Hampton, Va., and Onslow County, N.C.," The American Genealogist, Vol. 55, No. 3 (Jul. 1979):161-162. FHL 973 D25aga v. 55
- [Parrish] Lytton, Eugene R. Josiah Parrish, 1771-1846, Migrated to Alachua County, Florida 1823, Volunteer Soldier in the War of 1812. Typescript. Microfilmed 2001. FHL Film 1425373 Item 20
- [Powell] Andrea, Leonardo. Powell. MSS., 1962, Photocopy, Polk County Historical Library, Bartow, Fla. FHL Film 978080 Item 2
- [Sheffield] Hussey, Ray Walter. Descendants of John Hussey and Barbara Sheffield. Kernville, Calif.: R.W. Hussey, 1986. FHL Book 929.273 H965hu
- [Sloan] Sloan, Stanley E. John Sloan, ca. 1783-ca. 1863: Descendants & Allied Families. Tucson, Ariz.: S. Sloan, 1988. FHL Film 1685453 Item 1
- [Sloan] Bryant, Catherine M. The Dixon Sloan Family of Colquitt County, Ga.: Includes Families of Laura Sloan Pelham, W. P. Sloan, Amanda Sloan Webb, Oscar N. Sloan, Ella Sloan Bryant. n.p.: C. Bryant, 1988. FHL Book 1685453 Item 1
- [Smith] Draughon, Eleanor Daphine Smith. Descendants of Elijah Smith of Duplin County, North Carolina. Durham, N.C.: E.D.S. Smith, 1971. FHL Book 929.273 Sm55d
- [Sullivan] Pringle, Elizabeth Muir. Sullivans of Duplin County, North Carolina. 2 vols. Ogden, Utah: E.M. Pringle, 2007. FHL Books 929.273 Su53p v. 1, v. 2; CD-ROM no. 4367; digital version at Family History Archives.
- [Wade] Rosser, John C. Some Descendants of Joseph and Mary Wade of Duplin County, North Carolina. Godwin, N.C.: J. Rosser, 1992. FHL Book 929.273 W119rj
- [Ward] Ward, James Mayfield. The Noble Family of Ward. n.p.: J.M. Ward, 1975. FHL Book 929.273 W21wj
- [Watkins] Watkins, William Bismarck. The Watkins Family of North Carolina: Particularly Enumerating Those Descendants of Levin Watkins of Duplin County, N.C., Who Emigrated to Alabama and Mississippi Early in the Nineteenth Century. Jackson, Tenn.: McCowat-Mercer, . FHL Film 1321283 Item 9
- [Wells] Wells, James W. Descendants of Jacob Wells of Duplin County, North Carolina. Benton, Ark.: n.p., 1973. FHL Film 1318198 Item 7
- [Wilkins] Murphy, Nathan W. Early Families of Muhlenburg County, Kentucky: Vincent, Wright, McElwain, Wilkins and Jarvis. Hanson, Ky.: David W. Murphy & Associates, 1999. FHL Book 929.273 V743m
- [Williamson] Wise, Bel. Williamson Relatives. Typescript, 1977. FHL Film 1697644 Item 38
The Duplin County Register of Deeds Office has a complete record of all property conveyances dating back to 1750 when the county was founded. All of the indexes to Duplin County property records from 1784 thru the present are available for searching both at the Register of Deeds Office and also remotely via their internet website: rod.duplincounty.org. Additionally, all of the property records books have been scanned and are available for viewing and downloading with the exception of books 20, 22, 33, 43, 106, 249, 276, and 318. These books are however available at the Register of Deeds Office.
A number of land records have been transcribed and are available at the following sites:
- NCGenWeb Deeds Database- perform a Search of the deeds
- Duplin County Deeds at NCGenWeb Archives
- The Family History Library Catalog lists some land records in Duplin County, North Carolina Genealogy. (In the Catalog, click on the link to a title to see details.) Some of the books – and others – may be on Google Books, on WorldCat, or available at public libraries.
Civil War Confederate units - Brief history, counties where recruited, etc.
- Duplin County newspapers - a listing of newspapers published in the county & libraries that hold them; via the Library of Congress. If you find a paper of interest on microfilm, you may be able to request it via Interlibrary Loan with your local public library.
- Duplin County residents in the newspaper - name listing of people from the county as located in misc. newspaper articles; time span varies. Articles indexed in the NC People in the Papers database from the NCGenWeb project.
- North Carolina Newspaper Digitization Project - contains full-text papers from 1752-1890s. Search for your Duplin County ancestors to see if they were mentioned.
The Duplin County Clerk Office is located in the city of Kenansville. The North Carolina Constitution mandates that there be a Clerk of Superior Court for each county. The clerk is elected for a period of 4 years. The responsibilities of the Clerk are numerous and varied. As the judge of probate the Duplin County Clerk handles probate of wills and the administration of estates of decedents, minors and incompetents.
Duplin County Clerk
112 Duplin St.,
Kenansville, NC 28349
Phone: (910) 275-7000
- Pre-1790 - Pre-1790 Duplin County, North Carolina Genealogy Wills stored at the North Carolina State Archives are online - free. Website tips.
- 1760-1962 - Will Books A to 13 (1760-1962) have been digitized by FamilySearch - free.
A number of Wills and Estate Records have been transcribed and are available at the following sites:
You may search Duplin County public birth, death, marriage and property records in the Office of the Register of Deeds free of charge. No appointment is necessary. The office is located in Room# 106 of the Duplin County Courthouse Annex at 118 Duplin Street; Kenansville, North Carolina 28349.
- Duplin County Births, 1913 - present -- search all birth records online at the Duplin County Register of Deeds website; includes more than 2,000 delayed birth certficates
- North Carolina Births and Christenings, 1866-1964 - search this name index to birth, baptism and christening records from the state; via FamilySearch.
- Duplin County Marriages, 1867 - present - search all Duplin County marriage records on the Register of Deeds website.
- African-American cohabitation records - search at the Register of Deeds website
- Duplin County Marriages - misc. marriages added to the NCGenWeb Archives
- Duplin County marriages - may be included throughout Carrie Broughton's 6-volume index of the Raleigh Register & State Gazette newspaper (1799-1893). Marriages are listed by year and PDF files are searchable. Available on the North Carolina Digital Collections website.
- Duplin County Death Certificates, 1913- present - search all Duplin County death records on the Register of Deeds website
- Duplin County deaths - list of county area deaths reported in various newspapers; dates range from late 1700s to 1900s.
- Duplin County Obituaries - misc. obits added to the NCGenWeb Archives
- Duplin County students at North Carolina colleges - a list alphabetized by surname from the NCGenWeb Yearbook Index
Societies and Libraries
- Duplin County Historical Society
L. H. Sikes
PO Box 220
Rose Hill, NC 28458-0220
Family History Centers
- Duplin County, NCGenWeb - free genealogy resources; part of the national USGenWeb Project
- Family History Library Catalog
- Duplin County, NCGenWeb Archives
- The Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America,10th ed. (Draper, UT:Everton Publishers, 2002). | <urn:uuid:5c8a026f-cfac-46f9-aafd-ab1cfdcc5a36> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Duplin_County,_North_Carolina&oldid=1142893 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541214.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00310-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.813981 | 3,637 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Cochlear implants were first approved by the Food and Drug Administration in the United States in 1985 for adults and in 1990 for children. Today, over 20,000 individuals have received cochlear implants, including over 8,000 children.Learn More
Like the tonsils, the adenoids are masses of lymph tissue in the back of the throat that help the body fight invading bacteria and viruses. Also like the tonsils, the adenoids are prone to infection and enlargement. This can lead to sore throat, ear infections, stuffy nose, and breathing and swallowing problems.
If antibiotics or steroids fail to resolve the problem, the adenoids may be removed in a procedure called an adenoidectomy. It can be performed with local or general anesthesia.
Tonsillectomy, or removal of the tonsils, is one of the most common throat operations. The tonsils are masses of lymph tissue in the back of the throat. They work with the adenoids and immune system early in life to defend the body against invading bacteria and viruses.
Sometimes the tonsils become infected, abscessed, or enlarged, leading to any of a variety of symptoms, including sore throat, fever, ear infections, and difficulty swallowing or breathing.
Surgery is recommended when more conservative treatments such as antibiotics or steroids fail to relieve symptoms, or when patients have frequent infections or difficulty breathing. There are a variety of methods used, including traditional surgery, microcautery, and radiofrequency ablation. Tonsillectomy may be performed with local or general anesthesia.
Tympanoplasty is an elective, ambulatory, microsurgical procedure performed to close a perforation in the tympanic membrane (eardrum) when nonsurgical methods are ineffective. Perforations may be caused by infections, injuries, flying with a cold, and cotton swabs; symptoms include drainage or bloody discharge from the ear, hearing loss, dizziness when water enters the ear, and frequent ear infections. Antibiotics, decongestants, ear drops, and abrasion with a small hook are often tried before surgery is recommended.
Surgery may not be recommended for very young children or patients with chronic sinus or nasal problems, such as severe allergies, acute infection in the sinuses or nose, or poorly controlled diabetes or heart disease.
Tympanoplasty can require either local or general anesthesia and may be performed in conjunction with a mastoidectomy if infection is present there. An incision is made either in the ear canal or behind the ear, depending on the size and depth of the perforation. The damaged ear drum is lifted and the perforation located; skin from behind the ear or from the ear lobe (tragus) is removed, thinned, dried, and applied to the eardrum.
The bones of the middle ear are examined for damage. In a supplemental procedure known as ossicular reconstruction, the damaged or eroded bones may be bridged with a bone or cartilage graft, reshaped using an operating microscope, or strengthened by the implantation of an artificial bone strut made of hydroxy apatite to reduce the risk of rejection. Another, rarer ossicular-reconstruction procedure called malleus fixation involves the reshaping of the malleus bone (“hammer”).
The incision is then closed. Stitches beneath the skin will be required if the ear was opened.
Patients often return home in about three hours after tympanoplasty or the next morning if ossicular reconstruction is performed, and they may return to work within the week. Swimming and showering without ear plugs may be resumed in three to four months. Antibiotics or Tylenol® usually relieve any post surgery pain. The graft is checked at 10 days and again at three weeks, and a hearing test is performed after four to six weeks. The perforation heals properly in over 90% of cases. Failure may result from immediate infection, water getting into the ear, or displacement of the graft after surgery.
Complications are uncommon but may include temporary dizziness, tinnitus, loss of taste on one side of the tongue, facial nerve injury, and further hearing loss.
For patients who suffer from frequent sinus infections, sinus surgery widens the sinus openings and allows the removal of mucus or diseased tissue. The procedure can be performed endoscopically, that is, using a thin fiberoptic tube (an endoscope) inserted through the nostrils and real-time video imaging to guide the surgeon inside the nose and sinuses. This minimally invasive technique lets patients enjoy a shorter recovery time and less postoperative pain.
Swallowing Problems (Dysphagia)
There are many possible causes for a person to suffer difficulty or pain when swallowing food or liquid. The most common causes include:
- Conditions that narrow the esophagus – sore, swollen, or infected throat; esophageal strictures caused by lodged pills or other objects; gastroesophageal reflux disease (heartburn); tumors or cancers.
- Conditions that compress the esophagus from the outside – goiter (enlarged thyroid gland); tumors, cancers, or other abnormalities of the throat, larynx, spine, and neck.
- Dry mouth – Sjogren syndrome, nerve or brain damage, medication side effects.
- Muscle weakness – autoimmune or nerve disorders, nerve or brain damage such as ALS or stroke.
Patients with dysphagia will be asked about the exact sensations they feel when swallowing, how quickly the problem appeared and how long it has been occurring, whether they are taking any medications that could cause these side-effects, what other symptoms they are experiencing (if any), and whether there is a family history of such problems. If a physical exam is not enough to make a diagnosis, other tests may be ordered, such as x-rays of the upper GI tract or brain, endoscopy of the esophagus and stomach, or blood sampling. Treatment and recovery depend on the underlying condition. | <urn:uuid:8b612caf-f193-48af-bf5c-4986e59afd1c> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.entmedicalsurgical.com/services/procedures/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585382.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021071407-20211021101407-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.921803 | 1,264 | 3.734375 | 4 |
The diagram is a simplified version of The Creative Expression Framework. The framework organizes the elements of creative expression making it easier to teach, learn about and develop the process of creative expression.
The pyramid shape of the framework is used to reinforce the nature of the creative process, which ultimately leads to creative expression.
To further simplify the framework for the purpose of the initial introduction, three core categories are represented by three distinct colors.
The colors highlight the core sections of the framework. Each section is actually composed of sub-categories which will eventually be discussed in detail.
There are three major categories represented in the overview version of the Creative Expression Framework.
The Creative Foundation is at the base of the entire framework. This category includes the elements of creative expression rooted in each individuals DNA. All inherited potentials are represented in this category in addition to the culture programming acquired in the process of acculturation. These elements are among the most challenging to change or overcome and remain as enabling or limiting factors associated with a person’s creative expression abilities.
In addition to these fundamental elements are all of the natural laws of living on planet earth. These include, among others gravity, oxygen, sunlight, seasons, etc. Any and all creative expressions are bounded by these natural laws and accepted as baselines for creative expressions.
The next category of the Creative Expression Framework is the Creative Life Mindset.
This category is divided into three sections which are not visible in this simplified diagram. Each section contributes to the development and ongoing enrichment of the Creative Life Mindset, which is the core of the entire framework.
Developing and enriching a Creative Life Mindset keeps you open to new ideas and gives you the power to overcome mass-mildness, the enemy of creativity.
Planning and completing a project is the creative process of turning your thoughts into things.
Turning your imaginary thoughts into things, regardless of the medium, requires you to use the life skill of being creative.
Through planning and completing a project, you demonstrate your creative skills by delivering real-world representations of your imagined ideas.
At the top of the framework is your finished creative expression, which evolved as a result of your Creative Life Mindset.
The thing created sits on top of all the elements within the Creative Expression Framework. The creative expression itself is a solution to a given problem and ideally created in harmony with the Creative Expression Principles. The creative expression also includes all the problems and challenges you had to overcome to complete your project. | <urn:uuid:b447515b-a96f-4b4b-acff-3f2f7f790ad3> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://creativelifeproject.com/the-creative-expression-framework/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585696.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20211023130922-20211023160922-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.930712 | 509 | 3.171875 | 3 |
The Boy Scouts of America, through its Research & Evaluation Team, produces major studies to assist in telling the story of how Scouting contributes to the lives of youth and volunteers and to their communities. This information includes statistically valid results of program outcomes. Click the title for downloadable documents.
Strategic Plan Research
Two major national studies, "Reaching America's Next Multicultural Generation" and "Reaching Generation X and Millennial Parents," examine in detail how to reach these specific demographics.
Values of Americans
Findings from this study indicate positive outcomes for men who were Scouts as youth and for current youth members, especially for those who have been in Scouting for five or more years.
Volunteer Outcomes Study
Volunteers who become involved in Scouting in order to share their skills and values with young people find learning, growth, and fulfillment in the experience.
Summer Camp Outcomes Study
This study infers that positive outcomes of Scout summer camp occur because the environment and activities at camp incorporate all of the elements of healthy youth development.
A Year in the Life
This independent study finds that the Scouting program has positive benefits for youth, families, and communities.
Research from Secondary Sources
Documents and PowerPoint presentations have been created by the Research & Evaluation Team. All sources are cited. | <urn:uuid:ddf3cec2-b1f6-4ea4-b65c-0bf4d8f295f0> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://councils.scouting.org/Home/GovernmentandCommunityRelations_bak/About/Research | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464054915149.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524015515-00121-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932823 | 262 | 2.71875 | 3 |
November 30, 2005
By Carl Savich
In his latest series on the Holocaust in the Balkans, Serbian-American historian Carl Savich sets the murder of almost 60,000 Greek Jews in the context of both the events of the Second World War and the wider context of the long and colorful history of Judaism in northern Greece. Yesterday’s first part covered the history of Judaism in Greece up through the arrival of the Nazis in 1941. Today’s second installment provides a city-by-city recounting of the Holocaust in several parts of Greece, and concludes with a short treatment of the resistance against the Nazis and the liberation.
The first deportations of Jews occurred in Macedonia and Thrace, in the Bulgarian zone of occupation. German official Theodor Dannecker proposed that 20,000 Jews from the Bulgarian zone be deported to Germany. In February 1943, Peter Gabrovski, the internal affairs minister of Bulgaria, agreed to this number proposed by Dannecker. The deportations were organized by Yaroslav Kalitsin, head of the administrative section of the Bulgarian Commissariat for Jewish Affairs or the Komisarstvo za Evreiskite Vuprosi. The Jewish victims were assembled at Gorna Dzhumaya, and Radomir. The deportations began at 4:00 a.m. on March 4, 1943. The Jews of Thrace, Macedonia, and eastern Serbia under Bulgarian occupation were arrested and assembled at transit camps which consisted of former tobacco warehouses. About 200 Jews survived by being drafted into forced labor battalions or by escaping to the Italian zone.
The main group, however, was taken to Bulgaria proper from where 4,100 Jews were sent by train and boats to Vienna; from there they were transported to Treblinka and the gas chambers. There was widespread popular opposition to the Final Solution in Bulgaria, and there remains considerable debate as to how much responsibility Bulgarian officials bore for the genocide. The initiative and implementation of this deportation order was made by German officials, particularly Danneker. Moreover, it was restricted to areas not part of Bulgaria before the war, i.e., Macedonia, Thrace, and eastern Serbia.
In the Italian zone, the Final Solution was not enforced.
In the German zone of occupation, anti-Jewish measures were enforced immediately. The deportations to the death camps began in spring 1943, and saw a gradual and incremental buildup to the Nazis’ program for the Final Solution.
In 1941, Salonika or Thessalonika, part of the German occupation zone, had a population of 56,000 Jews, making it the largest Sephardic community in the world. In June of that year, the Jewish Affairs Commission (Judenangelegenbeiten) or Einsatzstab Rosenberg/Rosenberg Commando arrived in Salonika and seized and confiscated the Jewish libraries and archives in Salonika and Athens. Private libraries, manuscripts, liturgical art, rabbinical and Beth Din libraries were seized. These materials were then sent to the Institute for Jewish Studies in Frankfurt.
The city was part of the German zone of occupation where the Final Solution was enforced. Dieter Wisliceny and Alois Brunner were put in charge of the deportations in Greece. The deportations were organized with the assistance of the Jedenrat or Jewish Council headed by Chief Rabbi Zvi Koretz, who appointed the president of the council in December, 1942.
In the summer of 1942, persecutions of Jews began to be accelerated. On July 11, 1943, all Jewish men between the ages of 18 and 45, some 9,000 altogether, were conscripted into forced labor with the Organization Todt labor battalions. They were assembled in Liberty Square for hours in the heat and humiliated by being forced to perform exercises on command. Many died from exhaustion. The Salonika Jewish community sought to ransom them but was unsuccessful. What also resulted was that the Jewish cemetery in Salonika was destroyed. Jews were also forced to wear the infamous “Yellow Star.”
In February, 1942, the Nuremberg Race Laws were applied to the German zone in Greece through the efforts of Maximilian Merton, the adviser to the German military occupation administration. The Jewish population of Salonika was concentrated in three districts: 1) the 151 quarter, 2) the Hagia Paraskevi district, and, 3) the Baron de Hirsch transit camp.
On March 15, 1943, the deportations began. In March and April, Salonika Jews were transported from the Hirsch camp to Auschwitz by rail. The first transport consisted of 2,500 Jews loaded onto 40 freight cars. Every three days, railroad cars containing 2,000 Salonika Jews would be transported to Auschwitz. There were transports or convoys on March 17, 19, 23, and 27. In April, convoys left on April 3, 5, 7, 10, 13, 16, 20, 22 and 28. Two transports left on May 3 and May 9. A total of 48,000 Jews would be deported to the concentration camps, of whom 37,000 were sent to the gas chambers upon arrival while 11,000 were selected for forced labor. In Salonika, 96 percent of the Jewish population would be killed. Today, 1,200 Jews live in the city.
From April 30 to May 8, 1943, the German forces arrested the Jews of Orestias, Florina, Veroia, Souflion and Didimotikon. Some were then transported by ship to Salonika from where they were sent to Auschwitz on May 9. Most of them were sent to the gas chambers when they arrived. They were part of the 17th shipment from Salonika.
The last Jews to be deported from Salonika were sent to Bergen-Belsen in August, 1943. This transport included members of the Jewish Council or Judenrat, consisting of 74 members. The trains used in the transports were supplied by the German Army or Wehrmacht. The military jurisdiction fell to Army Group E under the command of General Alexander Lohr.
There had been Jewish settlement in Athens since the 3rd century B.C., and the pre-war Jewish population was 3,500. The city was located in the Italian occupation zone where the Final Solution was not enforced. As a consequence, Jewish refugees from Salonika settled in the city. On March 25, 1944, German forces arrested 1,690 Jews who were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. In Athens, 66 percent of the Jews survived. The Greek police chief of the city, Angelos Evert, and the Orthodox Archbishop, Damaskenos, issued false baptismal records and false ID cards to Jews in Athens and Piraeus. Many Jews were hidden in Christian homes. There are 3,000 Jews in Athens today.
There had been a Jewish presence in Ioannina or Yannina, the capital of Epiros province, since 70 A.D. In the 15 and 16th centuries, Sephardic Jews settled in the city. Under Italian occupation, the Jews were not threatened. But when the German forces took control of Ioannina, they arrested the president of the Jewish community of the city, Moses Koffinas. On March 25, 1944, the entire Jewish population of 1,860 was deported to Auschwitz.
Kastoria, a fur trading town located in southwestern Macedonia, had a pre-war Jewish population of 900, primarily Sephardic Jews. There is a record of Jewish settlement in the city even before the 15th century. The city was a major fur and leather processing center on a trading route much frequented during the Ottoman Empire period, in the mountains between Ioannina and Salonika. Jews too played an important role in the fur and leather trade of Kastoria.
On March 25, 1944, 763 Jews were rounded up and held at a school building awaiting deportation. They were without food and water. German soldiers are alleged to have raped Jewish schoolgirls held there. This group was then transported to Salonika and then to Auschwitz. Only 35 Jews survived. Today, it is believed that one Jewish family remains in Kastoria.
The island of Corfu in the Ionian Sea had a diverse population of 2,000 Jews before the war, consisting of Romaniotes, Sephardim, and Italian-speaking Jews. It hosted the Kahal Shalom synagogue and a Jewish ghetto created when the island was ruled by Venice in the 14th century. Corfu and the other Ionian islands never fell under Ottoman control, remaining dependencies of Venice.
German forces assumed control of the island after the surrender of Italy in 1943. The Germans began the implementation of the Final Solution on the island. The Jewish population of the island was rounded up by German Wehrmacht, police, and SS units and on June 10, 1944, 1,800 Jews were deported to Auschwitz, 200 Jews having been hidden in Christian homes. When they arrived at Auschwitz in July, 1944, 435 of the men chosen for the Special Detachment (Sonderkommando) opted to be killed immediately rather than help the Germans in the extermination process. Today, 80 Jews live on Corfu.
The history of Judaism on the southeastern island of Rhodes goes back to 300 B.C. In the 16th century, the Dodecanese island became a predominantly Sephardic community. The Kalal synagogue was built in 1675 and there was a Jewish quarter known as “Juderia.”
Rhodes was part of Italy in World War II, when some 2,000 Jews lived on the island. Under Italian control, they were not harmed. But when German forces occupied the island in 1943, the Final Solution was enforced.
On July 20, 1944, 1,700 Jews on the island of Rhodes were sent by boat to the far-off Greek mainland. Because there was no food or water, 23 died during the trip. They were then held at the Haidary transit camp from where they were transported to Auschwitz the Greek port city of Piraeus. At the Polish death camp, 1,000 were killed and 700 selected for forced labor. There were only 151 survivors. Today, 35 Jews live on the island.
Volos is a port city on the Aegean Sea, near Larisa and roughly halfway between Thessaloniki and Athens. There had been Jewish settlements there since the 14th century, and before the war, there were 882 Jews living there.
On March 25, 1944, German forces sought to deport the Jewish population. Efforts by the EAM resistance group, Orthodox archbishop Ioakim, and Rabbi Pessah prevented the deportations. Because of their actions, only 130 Jews were deported to Auschwitz.
On May 21, 1944, 260 Jews from Crete were arrested and subsequently deported from the northern port town of Rethymno. They all died when the boat sank under mysterious circumstances. On the Dodecanese island of Kos, where there exist a Jewish cemetery and tombstone dating from the 17th century, all of the 90 Jewish inhabitants were killed by German forces. On the Ionian island of Zakynthos, however, all 275 Jews were saved through the intervention of Orthodox Bishop Chrysostomos and the Mayor, Loukas Carrer.
Greek Jews at Auschwitz-Birkenau
Based on data from the Birkenau-Auschwitz camp, a total of 54,533 Greek Jews were deported to the infamous death camp during the war, of whom 41,775 were sent to the gas chambers. Another 12,757 people, consisting of 8,025 men and 4,732 women, were assigned various duties in the camp. These duties included forced labor, the camp orchestra, the crematoria in 1943-44, medical experimentation on sterilization and experiments with twins. Some were assigned duty with the Sonderkommando, or Special Detachment.
In August, 1943, 300 Salonika Jews were sent to the Warsaw Ghetto as part of a labor battalion. In October, a second group consisting of Salonika Jews was sent. By July, most of the Salonika Jews had been transported to the Dachau concentration camp, though others remained in Poland.
On August 2, 1944, there were 292 Greek Jews at the Auschwitz I main camp, 929 at the Auschwitz II or Birkenau camp, and 517 at Auschwitz III or the Buna-Monowitz camp. There were 731 Jewish women from Greece at Auschwitz. Most of the Salonika Jews selected for forced labor died from typhus, dysentery, the extreme cold temperature, suicide, or from starvation. Those that survived were part of the death marches that began on January 17, 1945 to Bergen-Belsen, Stutthof, and Mauthausen. Of the 54,000 Greek Jews deported to the concentration camps, less than 2,000 survived the war.
However, there were tragic examples of resistance by Greek Jews at Auschwitz. In 1944, a group of 400 Salonika Jews refused their assignment in the Sonderkommando or Special Detachment because it would entail killing Hungarian Jews. They were sent to the gas chambers as punishment. In the summer of 1944, Albert Errera from Larisa, Greece, wounded a guard and escaped across the Vistula River. He was subsequently caught and then tortured until he died. On October 5-7, 1944, 135 Greek Jews who had been former Greek Army officers launched a camp uprising. Greek Jews also claimed that they blew up Crematorium III at Auschwitz; according to some accounts, they died singing the Greek national anthem.
In September, 1943, Jurgen Stroop, who had put down the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, was appointed Higher SS and Political leader of Greece and promoted to SS Gruppenfuehrer. Stroop assisted Wisliceny in rounding up 800 Athenian Jews who were arrested and then transported to Auschwitz. On March 24 and 25, 1944, Jews from all over Greece were arrested in large numbers: 352 from Arta, 90 from Chalkis, 272 from Preveza, 130 from Volos, 225 from Larisa, 763 from Kastoria, 1,860 from Ioannina, 50 from Trikkala, as well as 12 families from Patras.
Incidentally, the notorious Kurt Waldheim was an intelligence officer in the German Army at the time and saw service in Greece. He was photographed in 1943 with a group of 15 German officers at the famous Hotel Grande Bretagne in Athens.
Resistance and Rescue
Italian officials in the Italian consulate in Salonika helped Jews flee to the Italian zone of occupation. The Italian consul Guelfo Zamboni, voice-consul Cavalliere Rosenberg, Mark Mosseri, and Valerie Torres issued fake consular documents to Salonika Jews which allowed them to settle in Athens. Orthodox Archbishop Damaskenos, Salonika lawyers, Orthodox religious leaders and educators all made appeals and efforts to stop the deportations. The Ioannis Rallis government protested German orders, as did Professor Nikolaos Louvaris, the education minister, who resisted the deportations. Constantine Logothetopoulos, the head of the government in 1943, wrote a letter of protest over the genocide to the German plenipotentiary in Athens, Gunther Altenberg, on March 23.
Over 600 Greek Orthodox priests and clergy were arrested, and they themselves were deported because of their brave efforts to protect Greek Jews. The Greek Orthodox Church, under the metropolitan of Athens, Archbishop Damaskenos, launched a resistance campaign that consisted of formal protests, encyclicals that called upon Orthodox clergy to protect Jews, as well as the issuance of fake baptismal certificates to Jews. Over 250 Jewish children were hidden by Orthodox clergy. As has been said, the Athens police also resisted the deportations by issuing fake ID documents to Jews.
Of course, there was also a guerrilla resistance movement in Greece. Active military resistance did not begin until 1942, led by the non-Communist, royalist partisan forces, known as the National Republican Greek League (Ellenikos Dimokratikos Ethnikos Stratos, or EDES) led by Napoleon Zervas. A second group was the National and Social Liberation Movement (Ethniki kai Koinoniki Apeletherosis, or EKKA) led by Colonel Dimitrios Psarros.
On the other side of the ideological spectrum was the nationalist, communist guerrillas known as the National Liberation Front (Ethnikon Apeletherotikon Metopon, or EAM), formed in September, 1941. Its military wing was the Popular Greek Liberation Army (Ellenikos Laikos Apelethorotikos Stratos or ELAS), established 2 months later and led by Athanasios Klaras, known as “Aris Velouchiotis.’ The Greek Communist leader, Nikos Zakhariadis, was imprisoned at the Dachau concentration camp by German occupation forces.
The pre-war Jewish population of Greece and the island of Rhodes, then part of Italy, was 77,178. During the Holocaust, approximately 61% percent of the Jewish population of Greece was killed. Salonika had the largest Sephardic community in the word with a population of 56,000, 96 percent of whom were killed during the Holocaust. From Salonika, only 2,000 Jews survived; 1,000 returned after the war, while another 1,000 emigrated. The majority of the Jewish populations in Thessaly, consisting of Volos, Larissa, and Trikkala, survived the Holocaust. By contrast, there were no Greek survivors from Bulgarian-controlled Thrace.
Today, Greece has a population of 5,000 Jews, most of who live in Athens, the capital, and in Salonika. Both cities have museums that document the long history, sometimes triumphant, sometimes tortured, of the Jews in Greece.
Benbassa, Esther, and Aron Rodrigue. Sephardi Jewry: A History of the Judeo-Spanish Community, 14th to 20th Centuries (Jewish Communities in the Modern World). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press (2000).
Bowman, Steven B, and Isaac Benmayor. The Holocaust in Salonika: Eyewitness Account (The Sephardi and Greek Holocaust Library, 1). NY: Sephardic House (2002).
Dwork, Deborah, and Robert Jan Van Pelt. Holocaust: A History. NY: W.W. Norton (2003).
Fromer, Rebecca. The House by the Sea: A Portrait of the Holocaust in Greece. San Francisco: Mercury House (1998).
Ibid, The Holocaust Odyssey of Daniel Bennahmias, Sonderkommando. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press (1993).
Gutman, Israel, ed. Encyclopedia of the Holocaust. NY: Macmillan, 1990.
Mazower, Mark. Inside Hitler’s Greece: The Experience of Occupation, 1941-44. New Haven: Yale University Press (2001).
See also Mark Mazower’s recent work, Salonica: City of Ghosts. | <urn:uuid:a140e76c-7d2c-4efd-8466-ab9546cb20ba> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.balkanalysis.com/blog/2005/11/30/the-holocaust-in-greece-1941-1944-part-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042981460.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002301-00135-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969362 | 3,966 | 2.875 | 3 |
F. > > > C A S A D A C I Ê N C I A < < < Protocolos de aulas práticas. Jogos Educativos. Códon Bingo. Cynthia Mannix 1994 Woodrow Wilson Biology Institute Introduction Codon Bingo is a stimulating game that involves deciphering the genetic code.
It is a game designed for students to practice transcription and translation of codons. It has the advantage that it is a game that students enjoy while they actively participate. All students become engaged in this activity as it generates a lot of enthusiasm. Complete instructions are included on the next page; the following is a brief summary. Thus while playing a lively game they get repeated practice decoding the genetic message in a fun, dynamic way with their peers.
Target Age/Ability Group: NIH Office of Science Education (OSE) Genética Centro de Educação. Genética. Genética. Rx para a sobrevivência. Para Professores. These games, debates, and experiments explore topics covered in Rx for Survival.
Appropriate for Grades 7-12 social studies, science, and health classes, they include pre- and post-viewing questions, procedures, student sheets, discussion questions, assessments, and resources. You can do one, some, or all of the activities in any order, and they can be completed with or without watching the programs. Introduction Help students make the connection between their lives, their health, and global health by making Rx for Survival part of your science, social studies, or health class. Each of the teacher guide's six lessons tackles a different global health topic — vaccines, vector-borne diseases, antibiotic-resistance, delivering health aid, the link between diet and disease, and how public health systems can contain disease. Understanding the issues is an important step for ensuring better health The teacher guide examines major global health topics. Acessar o Exchange Atividades Excelência. 3D Animation Library.
Animations can be viewed within your web browser or downloaded for play from your computer.
In some genes the protein-coding sections of the DNA ("exons") are interrupted by non-coding regions ("introns"). RNA splicing removes the introns from pre mRNA to produce the final set of instructions for the protein. DNA Learning Center. The MadSci Library. OLogy. Search Results. Interactive Games - Science Education.
Lessons. Home. From Cell to DNA. Home. Introduction To Heredity. The 2004 publication Investigating Safety: A Guide for High School Teachers by Texley et al. has raised an alarm in the teaching community about the usefulness and safety of PTC taste testing.
This has led to PTC being banned from many schools and districts - we believe unnecessarily. Yes, PTC is toxic. In rats, the most sensitive animals tested, the oral LD50 of PTC (the amount that killed 50% of test animals) is 3 mg/kg. Genome BC Education Videos. Check these cool animations and movies to learn more about genetics, genomics, dna and more: See all of our videos at our Youtube Channel: Pakistan's Malala Yousufzai celebrates 16th birthday with UN speech A powerful speech.
"Let us pick up our books and our pens. They are our most powerful weapons" Genomics: The Power and Impact Gene Screen BC 2012 Winning Videos: 1st place - Human Microbiome Research: An Introduction 2nd place - Lactase and Me 3rd place + Viewer’s Choice - Deflating the Genomic Bubble Learn more about Molecular Biology with these animated tutorials: The 'Central Dogma' of molecular biology is that 'DNA makes RNA makes protein'.
In this accessible talk from TEDxBoston, Richard Resnick shows how cheap and fast genome sequencing is about to turn health care (and insurance, and politics) upside down. Genome British Columbia. Michael's Inside Scoop: Play the Game. Your Body. Genome British Columbia. Make DNA Jewelery featuring Your Name!
Download an Activity sheet with photos Materials StringBeads, in each red, blue, green & black Science BackgroundDNA is an ‘instructional code’ to make proteins for our body. Genomics Education - CSI Mysteries. Category. As of July 1, 2013 ThinkQuest has been discontinued.
We would like to thank everyone for being a part of the ThinkQuest global community: Students - For your limitless creativity and innovation, which inspires us all. Teachers - For your passion in guiding students on their quest. Partners - For your unwavering support and evangelism. Genetics - Genetics 101 Part 1: What are genes? DNA from the Beginning - An animated primer of 75 experiments that made modern genetics. DNA from the Beginning is organized around key concepts.
The science behind each concept is explained by: animation, image gallery, video interviews, problem, biographies, and links. DNAftb blog: Genetic engineering: a guide for kids by Tiki the Penguin. What makes you human or me a penguin?
Genes. Genetics for Kids. Gregor Mendel studied peas.
Source Covering genetics for kids can help youngsters understand why family members who are related by blood may share similar physical traits. Can DNA Demand a Verdict? Gel Electrophoresis Virtual Lab. PCR Virtual Lab. Primers are short pieces of DNA that are made in a laboratory. Since they're custom built, primers can have any sequence of nucleotides you'd like. In a PCR experiment, two primers are designed to match to the segment of DNA you want to copy. Through complementary base pairing, one primer attaches to the top strand at one end of your segment of interest, and the other primer attaches to the bottom strand at the other end. | <urn:uuid:761ee138-d545-46b2-97ee-686218c6a007> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.pearltrees.com/deiacastagini/genetica/id5073117 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049274191.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002114-00132-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.907551 | 1,203 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Clinical hyperthyroidism in cats and dogs is produced from excessive secretion of the thyroid hormones T4 and T3, resulting in signs that reflect an increased metabolic rate. It is most common in middle-aged to old cats but also develops rarely in dogs.
Functional thyroid adenoma (adenomatous hyperplasia) is the most common cause of feline hyperthyroidism; in ~70% of cases, both thyroid lobes are enlarged. Thyroid carcinoma, the primary cause of hyperthyroidism in dogs, is rare in cats (1%–2% of hyperthyroidism cases).
Clinical Findings of Hyperthyroidism in Animals
The most common signs of hyperthyroidism in animals include:
palpable enlargement of the thyroid gland
GI signs are also common and may include vomiting, diarrhea, and increased fecal volume. Cardiovascular signs include tachycardia, systolic murmurs, dyspnea, cardiomegaly, and congestive heart failure. Rarely, hyperthyroid cats exhibit apathetic signs (eg, anorexia, lethargy, and depression); weight loss remains a common sign in these cats.
Diagnosis of Hyperthyroidism in Animals
High basal serum total thyroid hormone concentration is the hallmark of hyperthyroidism and confirms the diagnosis. Although serum total T4 concentrations are high in most cats with hyperthyroidism, ~5%–10% of cats have normal T4 values. Most cats with normal serum T4 values have either mild or early hyperthyroidism or hyperthyroidism with concurrent nonthyroidal illness, which has caused suppression of a high total T4 concentration to within reference range limits. In these cats, a high free T4 concentration along with consistent history and physical examination findings is diagnostic of hyperthyroidism.
Treatment of Hyperthyroidism in Animals
Radioiodine, thyroidectomy, chronic antithyroid medication, or lifelong iodine-deficient diet
Cats with hyperthyroidism can be treated by radioiodine therapy, thyroidectomy, chronic administration of an antithyroid drug, or lifelong nutritional therapy (iodine-deficient diet). Radioactive iodine provides a simple, effective, and safe treatment and is considered the treatment of choice. The radioiodine is concentrated within the thyroid tumor, where it selectively irradiates and destroys hyperfunctioning thyroid tissue.
Surgical thyroidectomy is also an effective treatment for hyperthyroidism in cats. With unilateral thyroid tumors, hemithyroidectomy corrects the hyperthyroid state, and thyroxine supplementation usually is not necessary. For bilateral thyroid tumors, complete thyroidectomy is indicated, but parathyroid function must be preserved to avoid postoperative hypocalcemia. Thyroxine supplementation should be started 1–2 days after complete thyroidectomy. If iatrogenic hypoparathyroidism develops, treatment with vitamin D and calcium is also indicated.
Treatment with methimazole, an antithyroid drug, controls hyperthyroidism by blocking thyroid hormone synthesis. Carbimazole is a similar antithyroid drug available in many European countries, Australia, and Japan; it exerts its effects through immediate conversion to methimazole after administration. Propylthiouracil, another antithyroid drug, is not recommended for use in cats because of the high incidence of serious adverse effects (especially hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia). The recommended initial daily dose of methimazole is 2.5–5 mg in two divided doses. The dosage is adjusted to maintain circulating thyroid hormone concentrations within the mid-normal range and is given daily.
Adverse effects, the more serious of which are agranulocytosis and thrombocytopenia, develop in < 5% of treated cats. If this occurs, methimazole should be discontinued and supportive therapy instituted; these adverse reactions should resolve within 2 weeks. To maintain normal levels of thyroid hormone and to monitor for adverse reactions during the first 3 months of treatment (when the most serious adverse effects associated with methimazole therapy develop), CBCs and serum thyroid hormone determinations should be repeated at 2- to 4-week intervals, with the drug dosage adjusted as necessary. Subsequently, serum T4 concentrations should be measured at 3- to 6-month intervals to monitor dosage requirements and response to treatment.
The use of medical therapy other than methimazole may be required if adverse effects develop. For the most part, these alternative medical therapies are for short-term use and are only recommended before use of a more permanent treatment option.
Propranolol and atenolol are the most frequently used β-adrenoceptor blocking agents in hyperthyroid cats. These drugs do not lower the circulating T4 concentration but are used to symptomatically control the tachycardia, tachypnea, hypertension, and hyperexcitability associated with hyperthyroidism.
Oral cholecystographic agents (eg, ipodate, iopanoic acid, or diatrizoate meglumine) acutely inhibit conversion of peripheral T4 to T3. In one study of hyperthyroid cats, administration of calcium ipodate normalized serum total T3 concentrations and produced clinical improvement in >60% of cats treated. Ipodate (308 mg iodine/500 mg calcium ipodate) is no longer marketed in the USA, but iopanoic acid (333 mg iodine/500 mg iopanoic acid) and diatrizoate meglumine (370 mg iodine/mL) have been used anecdotally in hyperthyroid cats at comparable dosages. None of these drugs provides complete resolution of clinical signs or biochemical features associated with hyperthyroidism. In addition, waning of the thyroid-lowering effect is common after 3 months of therapy with any of these drugs.
A fourth treatment option for cats with hyperthyroidism is the use of a prescription diet with severely restricted iodine levels (Hill’s® y/d Feline Thyroid HealthTM). The basis for using this diet is that iodine is an essential component of both T4 and T3; without sufficient iodine, the thyroid cannot produce excess thyroid hormones. This is an iodine-deficient diet, containing iodine levels below the minimum daily requirement for adult cats. A major indication for use of this diet for management of feline hyperthyroidism is in cats that are not candidates for definitive treatment of the underlying thyroid tumor(s) with surgery or radioiodine, which remain the treatments of choice. In addition, nutritional management could be considered in cats whose owners are not able to give oral medication or in cats that develop adverse effects from methimazole or carbimazole.
Most hyperthyroid cats exclusively fed this iodine-restricted diet become euthyroid in 8–12 weeks. This therapy appears to be more effective in cats with only moderate increases of T4 than in cats with severe hyperthyroidism. Despite some advantages, nutritional management has disadvantages: 1) feeding this diet can only control (by withholding "fuel" for the thyroid tumor) but not cure hyperthyroidism; 2) cats fed this diet must not eat any other cat diet, table food, or treats, because even tiny amounts of iodine can render the diet ineffective in controlling hyperthyroidism; and 3) relapse will occur if the diet is stopped, so the cat must eat only this diet for the rest of its life.
In dogs, a thyroid tumor causing hyperthyroidism should always be presumed to be a carcinoma until proved otherwise. This is in contrast to the case in hyperthyroid cats, in which thyroid carcinoma is present in < 5%.
Treatment of thyroid neoplasia and hyperthyroidism in dogs is dictated by the size of the primary tumor, extent of local tissue invasion, presence of detectable metastasis, and available treatment options. Surgery, chemotherapy, cobalt irradiation, and use of radioactive iodine therapy, alone or in combination, may be indicated depending on the individual. The hyperthyroid state can be medically controlled by daily administration of an antithyroid drug such as methimazole or carbimazole (5–15 mg/dog, twice daily), but such treatment will not prevent tumor growth or metastasis. Because canine hyperthyroidism is almost always associated with thyroid carcinoma, the longterm prognosis in these dogs is poor to grave.
Hyperthyroidism, an overactive thyroid condition, is a common endocrine disorder of older cats. It is uncommon in other species.
Hyperthyroidism causes bodily functions to accelerate. Clinical signs of the disorder include weight loss despite an increased appetite, nervousness, and tachycardia.
Hyperthyroidism is diagnosed based on clinical features, physical exam findings (especially palpation of thyroid tumor), and blood tests to measure high concentrations of thyroid hormones (total and free T4).
Many treatment options are available, including antithyroid medications that interfere with the production of thyroid hormones (primarily methimazole), surgical thyroidectomy, administration of radioactive iodine, or nutritional management with a low-iodine diet.
For More Information
Also see pet health content regarding hyperthyroidism in dogs Hyperthyroidism The thyroid gland is a 2-lobed gland in the neck. It produces iodine-containing hormones, the most important of which are T3 and T4 , which affect many processes in the body. In general, the... read more and hyperthyroidism in cats Hyperthyroidism The thyroid gland is a 2-lobed gland in the neck. It produces 2 iodine-containing hormones, T3 and T4, which affect many processes in the body. In general, the thyroid hormones regulate metabolic... read more . | <urn:uuid:6e321fd6-1c3d-4ded-ba58-03755dcfc2e5> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.merckvetmanual.com/endocrine-system/the-thyroid-gland/hyperthyroidism-in-animals?autoredirectid=11883&ruleredirectid=400 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710926.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20221203075717-20221203105717-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.901797 | 2,071 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Staircase Terminology – Stair Parts Names
For those part time DIY’ers who love a challenge and undertake a stair renovation project it’s a good idea to familiarize yourselves with all the various components of a staircase. By carrying out your research first means you can discuss with suppliers the components you may need for your stairs, with confidence, and also avoid unnecessary additional costs by ordering either not enough or the wrong stair parts.
Handrail: is the horizontal length of sculpted timber that runs the length of a staircase. It is installed between the newel posts and sits on top of the staircase spindles or glass panels and is designed to assist the end user to ascend and descend the stairs safely. The top surface of the handrail should be between 900mm and 1000mm above the pitch line. Handrail height on the landing can be 900 to 1100mm. If the staircase is 1000mm wide or less only a single handrail is required, however, if staircase is more than 1000mm wide then handrail required on both sides.
Continuous Handrail – is achieved by using continuous lengths of moulded handrail which are connected to handrail fittings and ramps. The handrail is installed over the top of scroll posts or spindles creating a continuous run of handrail.
Volute/Volutes: Are the curved or spiral shaped end of a staircase handrail and are usually found at the bottom of the stairs on a starting step. They are also knows as scroll and easers / scroll and wreaths. Volutes provide an elegant finish to a staircase and are used in conjunction with either scroll spindles or scroll post or sometimes both.
90° Bend – is used on landing areas as an alternative to a mitre joint (a joint formed at a corner by cutting two pieces of handrail at 45° , to allow a continuous handrail without the use of a newel post.
Top Ramp – used to connect a handrail with a newel post either midway or at the top of a staircase.
Easer – is used to join handrails together as they rise up the stairs.
Stop End – can be used as an alternative finish for the end of the handrail on a staircase.
Baluster / Spindle – the vertical poles that sit on top of the base rail (or tread if stairs are cut string) and under the stair handrail and in between the newel posts at the bottom and top of the stair flight. They are typically installed 2 per step with no more than 99mm between each spindle, per regulations. Spindles can be Plain Square or can be more ornate, depending on the look you are trying to achieve. They are encased either between the Handrail and base rail on a closed string staircase or handrail and tread if you have a cut string staircase.
Scroll Spindles: are a set of spindles, typically five in number, that are used instead of a scroll post beneath a volute or scroll and wreath / scroll and easer. It is possible to use both scroll post and scroll spindles on a staircase, depending on the look you wish to achieve.
Glass Balustrades: are the infill and actual structure of the balustrade. They are used to build a stylish and modern glass staircase.
Newel Post or Newel: are the vertical posts that supports the handrail on a staircase. They are typically found at the foot of the stairs and you will also find them at the top of the staircase and landings.
Bullnose Step – is a step that can have a quarter circle shape on one or both sides of the step. They are typically installed at the bottom of the stairs and there can be one or more bullnose steps on a staircase.
Curtail or Starting Step: is a half circle shaped step at the bottom of the stairs usually housing the volute and volute newel turning or the scroll spindles of the Continuous Handrail System.
Stair stringer or string: A long horizontal piece of timber that is installed either side of a flight of stairs and to which the treads and risers are fixed.
String Capping : is a solid piece of timber used to cover the top of the string nearest to the wall.
Closed String Stairs – a string with the face covering the treads and risers so their side profile cannot be seen.
Cut or Open String – a string with the top edge cut away so the side profile of the treads and risers seen.
Going – The going of a stairs is the depth from front to back of the top surface of a tread, less any overlap with the next tread above. The minimum going for private dwellings is 220mm and the optimum is 250mm.
Rise – the rise is the vertical height between the steps or the vertical height of each staircase step and all steps must have the same rise. The optimum rise for a private dwelling is 175mm and maximum is 220mm.
Nosing – the horizontal edge of the tread sticking out beyond the face of the riser and the face of a cut string staircase. They can be rounded or can be square edged, depending on the look required. The main purpose is to improve the safety of the stairs by providing extra space for users to place their feet.
Step: is the tread and riser combined on a staircase.
Tread: is the top or horizontal surface of a step. In a domestic dwelling stairs should have a clear width of not less than 800mm.
Riser: the vertical element that forms the face of the step, creating the space between the steps. The optimum rise for residential properties is and the maximum is 220mm.
Winder Steps – are steps narrow at one end and wider at the other and are used to change the direction of a stairs through 90° or 180°. They are used instead of half or quarter landings.
String Margin: the distance between the top of the string and the pitch line measured at 90° to the pitch line.
Pitch: The angle between the pitch line and the horizontal.
Pitch Line – the notional line connecting the nosing’s of all treads in a flight of stairs.
Rake – the pitch of the stairs. | <urn:uuid:aa61c70d-f971-43c7-9793-8f4e94dc0643> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://georgequinn.co.uk/2020/05/20/staircase-terminology-stair-parts-names/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347434137.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20200603112831-20200603142831-00193.warc.gz | en | 0.929852 | 1,301 | 2.828125 | 3 |
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Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) is thought to be a precursor to HIV. This multi-part case study explores changes in SIV in different chimpanzee populations and how researchers use this information to test hypotheses about the origins of HIV.
Kosal, Erica F.
1.5 to 2 hrs.
Correspondence to the Next Generation Science Standards is indicated in parentheses after each relevant concept. See our conceptual framework for details.
- Present-day species evolved from earlier species; the relatedness of organisms is the result of common ancestry.
- Similarities among existing organisms (including morphological, developmental, and molecular similarities) reflect common ancestry and provide evidence for evolution.
- Speciation is the splitting of one ancestral lineage into two or more descendent lineages.
- A hallmark of science is exposing ideas to testing.
- Classification is based on evolutionary relationships. | <urn:uuid:0a0b0907-283b-4654-a60d-bddc84ae2db4> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/search/lessonsummary.php?topic_id=&keywords=&type_id=&sort_by=resource_title&Submit=Search&thisaudience=13-16&resource_id=405 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370524043.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200404134723-20200404164723-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.82206 | 193 | 3.34375 | 3 |
In Australia, analog is used in its technical and electronic sense, as in analog electronics. Writing the letter by hand may be better to write by hand in some less formal situations, for example if you are applying for a part-time job in a shop or if you want to be an au pair and are writing to the children's parents.
As a signature, it is common just to type your name.
Write in English or both in English and in your home languageso that you can use this as a way of improving your writing skills. In the UK generally the term fall meaning " autumn " is obsolete. You should end the letter with "Yours sincerely". This excellent teaching tool can be played full-screen and gives clear audio examples of the English phoneme set.
However, this is derived from slang use of to ball as a verb meaning to play basketball. The word "football" in BrE refers to association footballalso known as soccer. In AmE, "football" means American football. Not so different after all British and American English have far more similarities than differences.
Brits only use got. Webster dropped the letter u from these words to make the spelling match the pronunciation.
The British form aeroplane is an instance compare other aero- words such as aerosol. These differences became noticeable after the publishing of influential dictionaries.
Midland American English Between the traditional American dialect areas of the "North" and "South" is what linguists have long called the "Midland" encompassing states situated in the lower Midwest, beginning west of the Appalachian Mountains.
Holiday greetings It is increasingly common for Americans to say "Happy holidays", referring to all, or at least multiple, winter holidays Christmas, HanukkahWinter solsticeKwanzaaetc. In Jefferson 's original draft it is spelled "honour".
In the past participle form, Americans tend to use the —en ending for some irregular verbs.
We are "in" school or "in" or "at" THE university. This change took place prior to the unrounding of the cot. However, while " poetic metre " is often -re, pentameterhexameter etc. Certain terms that are heard less frequently, especially those likely to be absent or rare in American popular culture, e.
In Canada, a lawyer can wear different hats.
If you are studying abroad in the UK, you might use a blog to create a diary about your life in the UK. Later spelling adjustments in the United Kingdom had little effect on today's American spellings and vice versa. UK US aerial antenna "aerial" used regionally in the past but has faded from use articulated lorry tractor-trailer bonnet hood boot trunk car park parking lot cats eyes reflectors embedded in road central reservation median demister defroster defogger dipped lights low beams diversion detour drink-driving drunk driving driving licence driver's license dual carriageway divided highway dumper truck dump truck estate car station wagon flat battery dead battery flyover overpass gear box transmission gear lever gear shift give way yield glove box glove compartment hire car rental car indicators turn signals jump leads jumper cables lorry truck main beams high beams or full beams metalled road paved road motorway freeway Western U.
And so is with many other American English and British English differences, as the adaptation of grammar took its part. The Mary—marry—merryserious—Siriusand hurry—furry mergers are found in most American English dialects. Exceptions[ edit ] American usage, in most cases, keeps the u in the word glamourwhich comes from Scotsnot Latin or French.
Theater is the prevailing American spelling used to refer to both the dramatic arts and buildings where stage performances and screenings of films take place i. The onestopenglish team Unsuitable or offensive? You may use any media to do this, but if you are living in different places, an exchange using e-mail or a Messenger service is the most common.
In British English, however, a final -l is often doubled even when the final syllable is unstressed. Southern American English Most older Southern speech along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts was non-rhotic, though, today, almost all Southern dialects are rhotic, and even "hyper-rhotic", with a very strongly enunciated, "bunched-tongue" r sound.
CaesarOedipusPhoebe, etc.LANGUAGE EXCHANGE If you take part in a language exchange, you agree to help an English-speaker (your language partner) to learn your own language, and in exchange your partner helps you to learn agronumericus.com may use any media to do this, but if you are living in different places, an exchange using e-mail or a Messenger service is the most common.
Introduction. I have had lots of emails this month asking if it is OK to use American English in the IELTS test. Whenever this topic comes up in class students get very worried about it and ask lots of questions.
British vs American Vocabulary Here are some of the main differences in vocabulary between British and American English. This page is intended as a guide only. Mar 12, · Well the Oxford Dictionary might well be a trustworthy source, despite the nebulous description, “pretty much interchangeable,” and I will look it up, but my main point was that, in my opinion, the correct usage has nothing to do with differences between British, Canadian, or American English as the original moderator stated and others seemed to pick up on.
As a British writer working for international clients, I can totally relate to this post. I included a question about variety of English on my questionnaire for clients and it has saved countless headaches (as well as helping me to avoid the ‘incorrect spelling’ criticism.
Textbook Solutions Master the problems in your textbooks. With expertly written step-by-step solutions for your textbooks leading the way, you’ll not only score the correct answers, but, most importantly, you’ll learn how to solve them on your own.Download | <urn:uuid:6fc7dd98-0c10-43cf-94b0-911cc6037c63> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://myqugylutitici.agronumericus.com/american-and-british-english-differences-writing-a-check-94686gud6338.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583763149.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20190121050026-20190121072026-00558.warc.gz | en | 0.943902 | 1,277 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Welcome to the world of blockchain verification! In this digital age, where trust and security are paramount, blockchain technology has emerged as a revolutionary solution. Blockchain verification plays a vital role in ensuring the integrity and immutability of data stored on a blockchain network. It involves the process of validating transactions and adding them to the blockchain, making it an indispensable part of any blockchain ecosystem.
Blockchain verification serves as the backbone of various applications, including cryptocurrency transactions, supply chain management, and decentralized finance. It provides a decentralized and transparent ledger that is resistant to fraud and manipulation. However, one question that often arises in the minds of users is, “How long does blockchain verification take?”
The duration of blockchain verification can vary depending on several factors. The complexity of the blockchain and the consensus mechanism used are major influencers. In this article, we will delve deeper into the intricacies of blockchain verification and explore the factors that impact verification time. We will also discuss different consensus mechanisms and analyze their effects on the speed of verification. Finally, we will explore strategies to reduce the time taken for blockchain verification.
So, whether you are a blockchain enthusiast, an investor, or simply curious about the inner workings of blockchain technology, sit back and join us on this informative journey into the realm of blockchain verification.
Understanding Blockchain Verification
Blockchain verification is the process of validating and confirming transactions on a blockchain network. It ensures that transactions are legitimate, accurate, and comply with the predefined rules of the blockchain protocol. The primary goal of verification is to maintain the integrity and immutability of the blockchain ledger.
When a user initiates a transaction, it is broadcasted to the network and awaits verification. Miners or validators, depending on the consensus mechanism, perform the verification process. They review the transaction details, verify the digital signatures, and check if the user has sufficient funds to complete the transaction.
Once the verification is complete, the transaction is bundled with other verified transactions and added to a block. Each block contains a unique identifier called a hash, which is derived from the data of all the transactions included in the block. This hash is crucial for maintaining the chronological order and integrity of the blockchain.
Blockchain verification relies on cryptographic algorithms to ensure the security and authenticity of transactions. These algorithms use mathematical functions to create irreversible hashes, making it virtually impossible to alter the data in a block without being detected.
One significant advantage of blockchain verification is its decentralized nature. Unlike traditional centralized systems where transactions are validated by a single authority, blockchain verification is distributed across multiple nodes in a network. This decentralization reduces the risk of fraud, censorship, and single-point-of-failure.
Furthermore, blockchain verification enables transparency. All verified transactions are visible to every participant in the network, providing a transparent and auditable record of events.
Overall, understanding the intricacies of blockchain verification is crucial to grasp the underlying principles of blockchain technology. It sets the foundation for exploring the factors that impact verification time, which will be discussed in the following sections.
Factors impacting Blockchain Verification Time
Several factors can influence the time taken for blockchain verification. Understanding these factors is essential for optimizing the efficiency and speed of the verification process. Let’s explore the key factors:
- Network Congestion: As the popularity of blockchain networks increases, so does the number of transactions being processed. During periods of high network congestion, the verification time can significantly increase. This is because miners or validators have a backlog of pending transactions to process.
- Block Size: The size of a block is another crucial factor that affects verification time. Larger blocks contain more transactions, which require additional computational power to verify. Consequently, the verification time increases as more transactions need to be processed.
- Blockchain Scalability: Scalability is a critical consideration for blockchain networks. If a blockchain network does not have efficient scaling solutions in place, such as sharding or layer-two protocols, the verification time can be adversely affected. This is because the network struggles to handle an increasing number of transactions, leading to delays in verification.
- Consensus Mechanism: The consensus mechanism used by a blockchain network plays a significant role in verification time. Proof of Work (PoW) consensus, which is employed by popular blockchains like Bitcoin and Ethereum, requires miners to solve complex mathematical puzzles to verify transactions. This can be time-consuming. In contrast, Proof of Stake (PoS) consensus, employed by blockchains like Cardano and Ethereum 2.0, significantly speeds up verification by allowing validators to take turns based on their stake in the network.
- Transaction Complexity: The complexity of a transaction can impact verification time. Transactions with multiple inputs, outputs, or smart contract operations require more computational resources to verify. Consequently, these transactions may take longer to be processed and added to the blockchain.
- Blockchain Governance: The governance model of a blockchain network can also influence verification time. Networks with decentralized governance may require longer consensus-building processes, leading to delays in verification. On the other hand, networks with efficient governance mechanisms can streamline the verification process and ensure faster transaction confirmations.
By taking into account these factors and implementing appropriate strategies, blockchain networks can optimize their verification times and improve overall efficiency. In the following sections, we will explore different consensus mechanisms and analyze their effects on blockchain verification time.
Proof of Work
Proof of Work (PoW) is a consensus mechanism widely used in blockchain networks, most notably in Bitcoin and Ethereum. In PoW, miners compete to solve complex mathematical puzzles in order to validate transactions and add them to the blockchain.
The verification process in PoW begins with miners collecting a set of unconfirmed transactions, known as a block. Miners then use their computational power to find a solution to a cryptographic puzzle. This involves brute-forcing different inputs until the desired output, called a hash, is obtained. The first miner to find the correct hash is rewarded with newly created cryptocurrency and has the right to add the block to the blockchain.
PoW is designed to be computationally intensive and time-consuming. The puzzles require significant computational power, making it difficult for a single entity to monopolize the mining process. The network adjusts the difficulty of the puzzles periodically to maintain a consistent block verification time.
While PoW is a proven and secure consensus mechanism, it does have drawbacks, one of which is its energy consumption. The computational power required for solving the puzzles consumes a significant amount of electricity, making PoW networks energy-intensive. This has raised concerns regarding sustainability and environmental impact.
Additionally, the time taken for block verification in PoW networks can vary. It depends on factors such as network congestion, block size, and the computational power of participating miners. During periods of high network congestion, the verification time can increase, resulting in longer transaction confirmation times.
Despite its limitations, PoW continues to be an essential and widely used consensus mechanism. It provides robust security, as the computational power required to alter past transactions makes it nearly impossible for malicious actors to manipulate the blockchain. However, researchers and developers are actively exploring alternative consensus mechanisms, such as Proof of Stake, to address the issues associated with PoW.
In the following section, we will discuss Proof of Stake (PoS) and how it differs from PoW in terms of verification time and energy efficiency.
Proof of Stake
Proof of Stake (PoS) is an alternative consensus mechanism used in certain blockchain networks, including Cardano and Ethereum 2.0. Unlike Proof of Work (PoW), where miners compete to solve complex puzzles, PoS selects validators based on the amount of cryptocurrency they hold and are willing to “stake” as collateral.
The verification process in PoS involves validators being randomly chosen to create and validate new blocks. The probability of being chosen as a validator is proportional to the amount of cryptocurrency they have staked. Validators are responsible for verifying transactions and adding them to the blockchain. In return, they receive transaction fees and rewards in the form of additional cryptocurrency.
PoS eliminates the need for energy-intensive mining computations, making it more environmentally friendly compared to PoW. Validators do not need to solve complex puzzles, which significantly reduces the energy consumption of the network.
In terms of verification time, PoS can be faster compared to PoW. Validators take turns to create blocks and verify transactions based on their stake in the network. This allows for a more efficient and streamlined process, resulting in shorter transaction confirmation times.
However, it is important to note that PoS also has its limitations. One concern is the potential for centralization, as validators with larger stakes have a higher chance of being selected. To address this, some PoS networks implement mechanisms to promote decentralization, such as randomization algorithms or delegation systems.
While PoS is gaining popularity, it is still in the early stages of adoption and further research and development are ongoing to enhance its effectiveness and address any potential vulnerabilities.
In the next section, we will explore the verification times of different blockchains and how they are influenced by their chosen consensus mechanisms.
Time taken by different Blockchains
The time taken for blockchain verification can vary significantly depending on the specific blockchain network and the consensus mechanism employed. Let’s take a look at the verification times of different well-known blockchains:
- Bitcoin (BTC): Bitcoin, the first and most popular cryptocurrency, uses the Proof of Work (PoW) consensus mechanism. The average block time for Bitcoin is around 10 minutes. This means that it takes approximately 10 minutes for transactions to be confirmed and added to the blockchain. However, during periods of high network congestion, verification times can increase, resulting in longer transaction confirmation times.
- Ethereum (ETH): Ethereum, the second-largest blockchain platform, also uses PoW, but with a shorter block time compared to Bitcoin. The average block time for Ethereum is around 15 seconds. This allows for faster transaction confirmations compared to Bitcoin. However, similar to Bitcoin, network congestion can cause verification times to increase during high-demand periods.
- Cardano (ADA): Cardano utilizes the Proof of Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism, specifically a variation called Ouroboros. The average block time for Cardano is approximately 20 seconds. With its PoS mechanism, Cardano aims to achieve faster and energy-efficient transactions by relying on the stake of network participants to validate blocks.
- Stellar (XLM): Stellar is another blockchain platform that uses a variation of PoS called the Stellar Consensus Protocol (SCP). The average block time for Stellar is around 5 seconds. The network achieves fast verification times by relying on a decentralized network of nodes to reach consensus on the order of transactions.
- NEO: NEO, often referred to as “China’s Ethereum,” utilizes a hybrid consensus mechanism called Delegated Byzantine Fault Tolerance (dBFT). The average block time for NEO is approximately 15 seconds. dBFT combines elements of PoW and PoS, allowing for faster transaction confirmations and improved scalability.
It is important to note that verification times can vary within each blockchain, depending on network congestion, transaction complexity, and other factors. Additionally, blockchain networks continuously work on optimizing their consensus mechanisms and implementing scalability solutions to improve verification times.
Next, we will explore strategies to reduce the time taken for blockchain verification, allowing for faster and more efficient transactions.
Strategies to reduce Verification Time
Reducing verification time is crucial for enhancing the speed and efficiency of blockchain transactions. Here are some strategies employed by blockchain networks to optimize verification times:
- Optimizing Network Architecture: Blockchain networks often explore ways to improve their underlying architecture for faster verification. This includes implementing sharding, where the blockchain is divided into smaller parts called shards, allowing for parallel processing and faster transaction confirmations.
- Implementing Layer-Two Scaling Solutions: Layer-two scaling solutions, such as payment channels and sidechains, aim to alleviate congestion on the main blockchain network. By enabling off-chain transactions, these solutions reduce the burden on the main blockchain, resulting in faster verification times.
- Improving Consensus Mechanisms: Consensus mechanisms play a significant role in verification time. Blockchain networks are researching and developing new consensus algorithms that offer faster and more efficient validation. For example, Ethereum is transitioning from PoW to PoS with Ethereum 2.0, which is expected to significantly reduce verification times.
- Enhancing Network Governance: Efficient network governance is essential for swift decision-making and protocol upgrades. Blockchain networks that have well-organized governance structures can implement changes and optimizations more quickly, leading to improved verification times.
- Scaling Hardware Infrastructure: Increasing the hardware capacity of blockchain networks can help handle a larger number of transactions and reduce verification times. This involves deploying more powerful mining or validating nodes and enhancing the network’s computational resources.
Furthermore, users can adopt certain practices to ensure faster transaction confirmations. One approach is to set appropriate transaction fees. Higher fees incentivize miners or validators to prioritize the transaction, resulting in a quicker verification process. Users can also choose to optimize the size and complexity of their transactions to minimize the processing time.
By implementing these strategies and staying abreast of technological advancements, blockchain networks and users can significantly reduce verification times, enabling faster and more seamless transactions on the blockchain.
Blockchain verification is a critical process that ensures the integrity and immutability of data stored on a blockchain network. The time taken for verification can vary depending on several factors, including network congestion, block size, consensus mechanism, and transaction complexity. Understanding these factors is essential for optimizing the efficiency and speed of the verification process.
Proof of Work (PoW) and Proof of Stake (PoS) are the two primary consensus mechanisms used in blockchain networks. While PoW, employed by Bitcoin and Ethereum, relies on computational puzzles and has longer verification times, PoS, found in networks like Cardano and Ethereum 2.0, offers faster verification through stake-based validations.
Different blockchain networks exhibit varying verification times. Bitcoin and Ethereum have average block times of 10 minutes and 15 seconds, respectively. Cardano and Stellar, which utilize PoS mechanisms, achieve average block times of 20 seconds and 5 seconds, respectively.
To reduce verification times, blockchain networks employ strategies such as optimizing network architecture, implementing layer-two scaling solutions, improving consensus mechanisms, enhancing network governance, and scaling hardware infrastructure. Users can also take steps like setting appropriate transaction fees and optimizing transaction size to facilitate faster confirmations.
As blockchain technology continues to evolve, researchers and developers are actively exploring new consensus mechanisms and scalability solutions to further improve verification times and enhance the overall efficiency of blockchain networks.
By understanding the intricacies of blockchain verification and implementing effective strategies, we can unlock the full potential of blockchain technology – enabling faster, secure, and transparent transactions that drive innovation and transformation across various industries. | <urn:uuid:53aaca70-f0a5-4ee4-956f-0b839f635c54> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://robots.net/ai/how-long-does-blockchain-verification-take/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511284.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003224357-20231004014357-00231.warc.gz | en | 0.918119 | 3,068 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Tenodera sinensis, preying on a hummingbird|
Mantises, along with lady beetles or ladybugs are beloved insects, considered good pest controls worth having in the garden. Mantises, or mantids, are charismatic because of their remarkable looks and large size. Some value them as pets or use them in school projects. The females have the bad reputation of devouring their mate’s heads, although this is probably largely exaggerated and not as common in the wild as it is with caged ones. They invented Styrofoam to build their egg cases long before humans did, more on this below. Just as there are many species of lady beetles, there are also many different mantises. The good news is that while lady beetle species number in the hundreds, there are only twenty kinds of mantises. The bad news is that four or five of those species are not-native and may be causing problems for the native ones.
mantis, Mantis religiosa|
The colors green and brown predominate in most species; colors that serve them well to hide in the foliage. They are not active hunters; instead, they lay in wait for any walking or flying protein passing by, ready to snatch it with those peculiar front legs. The smallest ones are slightly larger than a quarter inch. The larger ones can reach 4.5 in. The females are larger than the males.
© Beatriz Moisset
Carolina mantis, Stagmomantis carolina|
© Kaldari. Wikicommons
I have already mentioned one of the most common non-natives, the European praying mantis as big as 3.5 in. It has become rather abundant throughout North America, in large part helped by humans selling it to gardens and pet stores. Connecticut has adopted it as its state insect, despite the fact that it is not native. This shouldn’t surprise us, though; seventeen states have chosen the equally non-native honey bee as their state insect.
© Beatriz Moisset
Now, for the bad news: I already mentioned that these introduced species of mantis have an impact on populations of native species of mantis. They are also not as good for gardens as we are led to believe. I started checking biocontrol distributors. They sell egg cases of Chinese mantis, giving glowing reports on its function as an insect eater. Prices range around two dollars. This makes me laugh. Where I live, I can find countless egg cases in my winter walks. A meadow with goldenrod patches, multiflora roses or brambles allows me to collect dozens in a couple of hours. Why spend money on something you can pick up for free? If you find none nearby, it means that it has not invaded your area. Then, why introduce this invader? Don’t we have enough already? Guess what I do with the ones I find: I bury them. I don’t want more Chinese mantises around.
The Universityof Wisconsin gives this advice: “Purchasing lady beetles and praying mantids for release in the home garden is not recommended.” NorthCarolina State University’s factsheet states: “Chinese mantids have no demonstrated value in pest management.” They give the following reasons: The insects present in most gardens are not abundant enough to satisfy their needs, so they may eat each other or leave the area. They are indiscriminate in their choices and eat a number of beneficial species, as well as pests. Remember that they can even eat hummingbirds, not to mention other praying mantises, bees, etc.
We have learned much from the beginnings of the use of biocontrols. It is important to determine the target pest first, and then choose a specialized predator or parasite that doesn’t disrupt the lives of other members of the biological community. The idea of bringing a generalist predator such as a mantis to your garden has turned out to be a bad idea and it is not recommended anymore.
What can we do in our gardens, then? Maintain a habitat that welcomes and sustains the pest enemies as I mentioned in “A Healthy Garden is a Buggy Garden.” A few more suggestions are scattered through the pages of this blog. If you think that you absolutely need to use pest controls, don’t rely solely on the recommendations of distributors; consult university websites that may provide you with more trustworthy information. | <urn:uuid:f39b30bb-5776-44b5-8236-c8a71bf63f83> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://beautifulnativeplants.blogspot.com/2016/02/praying-mantises-which-are-good-ones.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863834.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20180620182802-20180620202802-00209.warc.gz | en | 0.953759 | 921 | 2.640625 | 3 |
- 1 What is realism and example?
- 2 What is meant by realism?
- 3 What is Realism in American literature?
- 4 What is realism simple words?
- 5 What is the main idea of realism?
- 6 What are the types of realism?
- 7 What are the basic principles of realism?
- 8 Who is the founder of realism?
- 9 How do you use realism?
- 10 What are the characteristics of realism in American literature?
- 11 What are the most important features of realism in American literature?
- 12 Who is the father of American realism?
- 13 What is another word for realism?
- 14 Is realism a religion?
- 15 What is a realism poem?
What is realism and example?
Rather than applying filters or fantasy to your fictional world, realism is based on “real” everyday life. For example, a work of realism might chronicle the life of an average farmer. Rather than fun metaphors or imagery, a realistic writer would show you the undramatized life and dialect of the area.
What is meant by realism?
Realism, in the arts, the accurate, detailed, unembellished depiction of nature or of contemporary life. Realism rejects imaginative idealization in favour of a close observation of outward appearances. As such, realism in its broad sense has comprised many artistic currents in different civilizations.
What is Realism in American literature?
American Realism was a style in art, music and literature that depicted contemporary social realities and the lives and everyday activities of ordinary people. The movement began in literature in the mid-19th century, and became an important tendency in visual art in the early 20th century.
What is realism simple words?
1: concern for fact or reality and rejection of the impractical and visionary. 2a: a doctrine that universals exist outside the mind specifically: the conception that an abstract term names an independent and unitary reality.
What is the main idea of realism?
Realism is an approach to the study and practice of international politics. It emphasizes the role of the nation-state and makes a broad assumption that all nation-states are motivated by national interests, or, at best, national interests disguised as moral concerns.
What are the types of realism?
6 Types of Literary Realism
- Magical realism. A type of realism that blurs the lines between fantasy and reality.
- Social realism. A type of realism that focuses on the lives and living conditions of the working class and the poor.
- Kitchen sink realism.
- Socialist realism.
- Psychological realism.
What are the basic principles of realism?
Realists believe that there are no universal principles with which all states may guide their actions. Instead, a state must always be aware of the actions of the states around it and must use a pragmatic approach to resolve problems as they arise.
Who is the founder of realism?
Gustave Courbet is known as the main proponent of Realism and his paintings challenged convention by depicting unidealized peasants and workers, often on a grand scale traditionally reserved for paintings of religious or historical subjects.
How do you use realism?
Realism sentence example. His realism enables him to maintain the reality of Time, and so of the process of the world’s redemption. It is thus opposed both to natural realism and to idealism.
What are the characteristics of realism in American literature?
Realism renders reality closely and in comprehensive detail. Selective presentation of reality with an emphasis on verisimilitude, Character is more important than action and plot; and complex ethical choices are often the subject.
What are the most important features of realism in American literature?
Character is more important than action and plot; complex ethical choices are often the subject. Characters appear in their real complexity of temperament and motive; they are in explicable relation to nature, to each other, to their social class, to their own past. Events will usually be plausible.
Who is the father of American realism?
” Father of American Realism” Born Samuel Langhorne on November 30, 1835, in the backwoods settlement of Florida Missouri, Mark Twain is the most celebrated humorist in American history.
What is another word for realism?
In this page you can discover 24 synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for realism, like: naturalness, verisimilitude, verism, reality, authenticity, naturalism, idealism, pragmatism, nominalism, platonism and naive realism.
Is realism a religion?
Religious realism argues that although religions are psychological and sociological phenomena, they make truth-claims about reality, especially about unobservables like God. We consider the Christian doctrine of the incarnation as an example of religious realism.
What is a realism poem?
Romantic poems tend to dwell on sensory experience of the natural world, while Realistic poems describe subjects from contemporary, everyday life, usually focusing more on character than on sensational events. | <urn:uuid:feded71e-cc84-4ea7-8cc8-358afeb520c2> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.myriam-chansons.net/interesting/readers-ask-realism-definition-in-literature.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991982.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20210511092245-20210511122245-00020.warc.gz | en | 0.939952 | 1,049 | 3.34375 | 3 |
What level of privacy should we be granted on the internet? How do we enforce this? Firewalls? Large penalties for violations? Tougher sentences for hackers?
In today’s world, it has become easier than ever to learn about a person’s habits through data left behind during everyday online transactions. Anytime we surf the Internet, companies learn about our data consumption habits, our hobbies, and how we spend our time. Whenever we pay by credit card or even enter a store, be it to buy groceries or gas, the transaction or ingress becomes part of the metadata that defines our modern existence. Energy, water, and power meters report day, time, and peak usage data to the utility companies, giving entities, at all levels, unprecedented access to our data about our private lives. Companies will continue to monitor our Internet browsing and metadata. Just how much privacy should we be granted on the Internet or with our own metadata and how do we enforce this?
Penalties for not respecting user data should be significant enough to severely impact a company’s ability to do business. In some cases, criminal penalties might also be warranted. Consumers should have the ability to easily track how their electronic footprint is used and the ability to opt-out of certain services, just like postal customers can opt-out of junk mail. However, we as consumers of electronic media must also be responsible for our own electronic trail and be aware of our digital footprint online and elsewhere. If we want more privacy in the digital world, we have to be the ones to do something about it. | <urn:uuid:fbb256d7-95e6-4a5d-96ac-108fbfb5ac2e> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://potomacinstituteceo.wordpress.com/2013/12/19/internet-privacy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347445880.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200604161214-20200604191214-00191.warc.gz | en | 0.943175 | 322 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Saturday, February 11, 2012
K ~ Kittitas
Kittitas county , located on the east side of the Cascade slope is the heart of Washington state. Its ecology ranges from high mountain and conifer forests to sagebrush steppe and upland grasslands. In the heart of the county irrigation farming supports one of the best hay growing acreage in the United States.
To the north the county is dominated by the Stewart Range (Mt Stewart 9415 ft) and the geologically distinct Wenatchee Lobe. The plant life of this high altitude region is filled with diverse species found few other places in the world.
I have spent many hours exploring the county and I return to it over and over as I can drive 1 ½ hour from home and be in a place so high and quiet that the beat of my own heart is too noisy.
Quite a number of photos in this month’s project were taken in Kittitas. This photo is taken from Umtanum Road above Ellensberg. This high plateau is currently home to the L.T. Murray Wildlife Management Area . In the late 1800 and early 1900 this area was farmed and ranched for wheat. | <urn:uuid:83308dbb-32b7-4c46-a271-71238ea0ccf6> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://meanderingwa.blogspot.com/2012/02/k-kittitas.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794863972.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20180521082806-20180521102806-00388.warc.gz | en | 0.949505 | 243 | 2.796875 | 3 |
If the prospect of learning Spanish abroad excites you, why not consider an immersive program that might allow you to learn Spanish in Costa Rica? Students will likely enjoy the sprawling landscapes, the wildlife and the vibrant cultures that are all across the coastal nation.
What is an Immersion Program?
Immersion programs are an intensive way to Learn Spanish in Costa Rica. There are many different options one might consider when choosing an immersive language program. For example, some programs offer the ability to take a regular course schedule that would earn you credits towards the degree of your choice but taught primarily in Spanish. There would likely not be a lapse in your course schedule, only the ability to become proficient in Spanish while earning credits towards your desired degree.
Why Learn Spanish in Costa Rica?
Costa Rica is a stretch of land of 200 miles in the heart of Central America, with both the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea at either sides of its shores. Although much of the country is costal territory, it is also home to rainforest brimming with wildlife and over 60 volcanos, 6 of which are still active today.[i] Costa Rica is a country that focuses on bettering the lives of its people and making the world a better place.
Science and Nature
Students who wish to study science, biology or any environmentally focused degree would greatly appreciate Costa Rica for its numerous natural landscapes and microclimates. For those who simply want to explore a tropical paradise while earning credits towards a degree, Costa Rica may be perfect for that as well. Be sure to visit one of the many volcanoes throughout the country, like Irazu Volcano which has a spectacular (and green!) volcanic lake called Diego de la Haya in one of its craters. Another sight to explore would definitely be the Costa Rican rainforest. It might truly be a once in a lifetime adventure!
A Patchwork History
Like many Central and South American cultures, Costa Rica’s heritage is a mixture of cultures, primarily of those indigenous to the land and the Spanish settlers who came later. Africans, Jews and Chinese are some other examples of tight-knit cultural communities in the country. Those who wish to study history, art, sociology or humanities might greatly appreciate a Spanish immersion program in Costa Rica.
Live Authentically Abroad
If you are an intermediate or advanced Spanish speaker, research Spanish immersion programs in Costa Rica that offer the chance of living with a host family. Living with locals and fluent speakers might challenge you to learn complex conversational and writing styles you might not discover in a classroom. This could be an exciting opportunity for a prospective teacher looking to gain experience teaching abroad.
Benefits of Mastering Spanish
Spanish may have originated from Spain, but it is one of the most common spoken languages around the world with over 400 million people proficient or fluent in Spanish today.[iii] So much so, that there are more Spanish speakers in Mexico and the United States than of the country of Spain.[iv] With that statistic in mind you could likely picture that mastering Spanish has the potential of advancing your career at home or abroad. International companies often prefer candidates who are bilingual or multilingual, so investing time in learning Spanish in Costa Rica is likely to pay off in the future.
Discover Spanish Immersion Programs in Costa Rica
Costa Rica just might be the cultural and ecological oasis that could be the perfect place to study or volunteer abroad. Don’t just sit there! It may be time to research for the program that could catch your eye. For specialized Spanish immersion programs in Costa Rica, click the drop down menus to look into different cities, semesters and languages. There you just might find the excursion you’ve been dreaming of. Best wishes.
Sources: [i] arenal.net/costa-rica-volcanoes.htm | [iii] britishcouncil.org/voices-magazine/spanish-speak-language-400-million-people | [iv] theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jun/29/us-second-biggest-spanish-speaking-country | <urn:uuid:1bbbe024-11ba-44e2-9f58-0ec4fd0b073d> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.studyabroad.com/intensive-language-in-costa-rica | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987795403.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20191022004128-20191022031628-00410.warc.gz | en | 0.945754 | 842 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The Wet Woodland Bird Survey
Dunnock Prunella modularis
||A sparrow-type bird (it is also called a Hedge Sparrow as a result), it
seldom moves far from cover. The back and wings are brown, liberally streaked with black,
with brown streaking on the sides of a buffish white belly. The head, neck and breast are
Size: 14-15cm tall
||Jingling, staccato warble.
||Gardens, heaths, woods and fields with hedges.
||Insects and berries.
||4-5 eggs in a cup like-nest in a tree or a bush. Incubation takes
12-13 days and fledging takes 12 days.
2-3 broods per year; April-May.
|Location in Wet Woodland
||It was heard singing once in bushes on the edge of the stony area.
The other areas of the wet woodland do not have enough bushes or open areas for Dunnocks. | <urn:uuid:9953c75c-1b76-4ca4-afb0-bbe784a36d83> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.offwell.free-online.co.uk/birds/dunn-2.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934808972.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124214510-20171124234510-00424.warc.gz | en | 0.871281 | 218 | 3.1875 | 3 |
10 Astonishing And Tragic Facts Of 17th-Century Salem
Between February 1692 and May 1693, colonial Massachusetts was the scene of a mass hysteria sparked by false accusations from several young girls. By the time it was over, the resulting Salem witch trials had claimed the lives of 20 innocent souls. These 10 lesser-known facts about the trials make a dark period in American history far more senseless and appalling.
10 The Afflicted Orphans
Many of the leading accusers were young girls who had been orphaned at birth and left with dismal, if any, prospects for the future. Orphans, who had no monetary or emotional support, were disregarded by society at that time. Some historians believe that this was the basis for their false accusations.
Carol Karlsen, author of The Devil in the Shape of a Woman, suggests that the grim outlook for the girls’ long-term material well-being sparked their dramatic “possession” performances to “focus the communities’ concern on their difficulties.”
Karlsen goes on to explain that this was perhaps a way for the afflicted girls to deal with the oppression they felt as orphans. In doing so, they finally attained the respect and attention of their communities within Puritan society.
9 How Do You Plead?
As the number of the accused began to rise, it became apparent that confession carried greater leniency as opposed to pleading innocent. Those who maintained their innocence were met with harsh interrogations that often led to death, such as submerging the accused in the local pond to test their magical abilities to stay afloat.
Despite popular belief, burning victims at the stake was less common than hanging them at the gallows. In a three-month period in 1692, 19 men and women were led to Gallows Hill, a barren slope near Salem Village, for hanging.
Those accused of witchcraft but not convicted awaited their fates as prisoners for months on end. Perhaps one of the more disturbing cases was that of Giles Corey who, after being imprisoned for five months, was pressed to death with stones. Three days later, Corey’s wife was hanged.
8 The House Below The Hill
Remarkably, it wasn’t until January 2016 that the execution site on Gallows Hill was discovered on a rocky outcropping next to a Walgreens pharmacy. Researchers from the University of Virginia set out to discover “the house below the hill,” the location where accused witch Rebecca Eames claimed to have witnessed the hangings.
It was determined that Eames was referencing a house on Boston Street, the main road that led into the courthouse. The site was identified by current topographical analysis in addition to examining the likely route for transporting prisoners in the center of Salem to their deaths.
Using ground-penetrating radar, researchers confirmed that the victims were hanged from a tree as no trace of a gallows structure was discovered. The establishment of a memorial site is currently underway by the city of Salem.
7 The Burials
The bodies of the accused were denied respectful interments and were frequently thrown in a ditch. However, in the late hours of the evening, family members often returned to Gallows Hill to exhume their loved ones for burial elsewhere. This included Salem’s most famous victim, John Proctor.
Rebecca Nurse, a frail 71–year-old woman who was hanged on July 19, 1692, was exhumed by her children and secretly buried in an unmarked grave on the family property where she had lived. Nearly 200 years later in 1885, Nurse’s descendants erected a memorial to Rebecca in the family graveyard located in Danvers, Massachusetts.
6 America’s First Witch Trial
Although the Salem witch trials have been cemented into history books, they were not the first of their kind. Almost 50 years earlier in Connecticut, Alse Young was publicly hanged for witchery in Hartford’s Meeting House Square. Five other residents met the same fate a short time later.
In 1662, seven trials took place that resulted in four innocent souls being sent to the gallows. During the trials, some were bound by their hands and feet and cast into water to test their floating ability.
The hysteria began with the death of eight-year-old Elizabeth Kelly who passed away unexpectedly. Kelly’s parents testified that their daughter had suddenly fallen ill the night after she returned home with their neighbor, Goodwife Ayres.
The Kellys insisted that their child had been possessed. Within 50 years, Connecticut saw 46 prosecutions and at least 11 executions until the state’s final witch trial in 1697.
Toward the end of 1692, the public began losing faith in the witch hunts because many of the accused were devout individuals. This contradicted the concept of Puritans as faithful servants of God, and by 1693, 12 jurors had publicly apologized for their miscalculated judgments during the trials.
Four years later, the General Court ordered a day of fasting and soul-searching. In 1702, the court publicly declared the trials unlawful. In 1711, monetary compensation was granted to heirs of the accused, and the colony passed a bill restoring the rights and good names of those wrongfully imprisoned. Unfortunately, it was not until 1957 that Massachusetts formally apologized.
4 The Tragic Case Of Mr. Jacobs
Perhaps one of the more tragic tales was that of 70-year-old George Jacobs Sr. who had been accused by his own granddaughter. Jacobs laughed at his judges during his trial, proclaiming that he couldn’t believe that these events were transpiring or that the villagers were buying into the idea of witchery.
The number of his accusers only increased with his public denouncement of the “afflicted” girls. As the realization of his fate set in, Jacobs resorted to the lifesaving strategy of confession but to no avail. He was found guilty and hanged on August 19, 1692—one of the first men in Salem to be executed for witchery.
Jacobs’s remains were recovered from Gallows Hill and buried on his family’s property. In 1864, his remains were unearthed and described by his descendants as a “tall, arthritic, toothless skeleton.” As part of a ceremony marking the 300th anniversary of the trials, Jacobs’s remains were brought to Salem. They were finally laid to rest on August 2, 1992.
3 The Western Section Of The Village
Although the cause of the mass hysteria has never been determined, historians have disputed numerous theories about the root of the irrational frenzy that plagued the Salem villagers in 1692. One of the more intriguing and logical explanations focuses on the ergot fungus which grows on rye, the main grain of Salem Village.
Ergotism (ergot poisoning) comes from the potent ergot alkaloids that affect the central nervous system, causing contractions of the smooth muscle and internal organs. According to toxicologists, a person who consumes ergot-contaminated food will experience violent muscle spasm, hallucinations, crawling skin sensations, delusions, and vomiting.
All of these symptoms were described in the Salem records. In addition, the fungus thrives during warm, damp, rainy springs and summers, the exact conditions present in the western section of Salem Village where nearly all the accusers lived.
2 The Ipswich Jail
As the jails began to overflow, many of the accused had to be transferred to other prisons. Sarah Good and her four-year-old daughter, Dorothy, arrived at the Ipswich jail in spring 1692. A short time later, Sarah gave birth to her second daughter, Mercy.
The infant subsequently died in the harsh prison conditions, and on July 19, Sarah was hanged. Although never charged, Dorothy remained imprisoned for nine months until her father could pay for his child’s bond and “board.” Historic accounts claim that Dorothy went insane from the grave psychological damage she endured.
After the witch trials ended and all the accused were released, legend has it that their tortured spirits remained at the jail. For years, prisoners were found screaming in their cells because of apparitions they had seen. After the Ipswich jail was torn down, the land was used for a farm and later a school. Still, strange noises and ghostly sightings were reported throughout the years.
1 A Martyr’s Death
George Burroughs, a Harvard graduate and supposed witch ringleader, was called to serve as one of the first Puritan ministers in Salem Village in 1680. Four years earlier, Burroughs had been forced to flee his previous home in Falmouth (present-day Portland) following Native American attacks.
Burroughs’s survival of several massacres and his perceived ties to Native Americans and Satan led some members of Salem Village to suspect him of witchery. On May 4, 1692, Burroughs was forcibly dragged from his home in Wells, Maine, and subsequently jailed.
On the day of his execution, he was paraded through the streets of Salem to the noose that ended his life. In a brave final statement, Burroughs proclaimed his innocence and recited the Lord’s Prayer with strength and composure, drawing tears from spectators who unsuccessfully called for the halt of his execution.
To date, scholars see Burroughs as the sole person executed for his religious beliefs as opposed to the vivid and delusional imaginations of the Massachusetts colonists.
Adam is just a hubcap trying to hold on in the fast lane. | <urn:uuid:b4465e74-809d-4fec-8294-7a99a3bfe501> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://listverse.com/2016/11/05/10-astonishing-and-tragic-facts-of-17th-century-salem/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824675.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021081004-20171021101004-00769.warc.gz | en | 0.984038 | 1,967 | 3.40625 | 3 |
For some days we have also been talking to you about what could happen next winter, where a series of opposite climatic indices will go to strongly influence the season. What could arise from this rather anomalous series of conditions, it is a winter characterized by more extreme weather than usual. Stormy.
Claim it will be a winter colder or warmer than average for one single geographical area, it is currently almost impossible. The climatic trend lines see a warming of our hemisphere greater than the southern one, and this also happens during the winter season, and we consider it as a sort of currently unsolvable climatic baggage, a sort of starting point.
Yet, that almost 1 ° C higher than the average does not cancel out the winter, which will come like every year.
We have seen that despite climate changes, in some geographical areas they have occurred very harsh winters, on the contrary, Europe does nothing but follow one another series of winter seasons myths. But this time there is a novelty that the other years had not manifested itself: in the Atlantic Ocean there are the Blob which had been talked about so much that it reached the north-western European coasts, but then there is a significant warming of what is there Gulf Stream. This currently also marks peaks over 3 ° C beyond the norm in its surface temperatures. Attention, the overall anomaly of the whole mass of water is about 1 ° C.
With these premises we could hypothesize a milder than average winter. But we have already seen in the past that this current, when it was colder than normal, did not bring cold winters to our continent.
Ma, this heating already quite intrigued.
Much of the waters of our hemisphere are warmer than average, due to the very hot summer season that we spent. And to say it is not us, but the major global climate institutions. This shows that the climate is affected by fluctuations towards the heat. At the same time, however, we observe that the southern hemisphere has temperatures that are similar to the reference average.
And yet, what an extreme season is just ending with them: winter. A season that in our hemisphere has often been warmer than the average in recent years. There is a considerable thermal discrepancy between the two hemispheres, the causes of which are not being studied. There are conjectures, hypotheses, but no certainties about the causes.
Observing the anomalies of the emerged lands of our hemisphere comes the anguish: currently the temperature is 1.2 ° C above average, and 3.8 ° C in the Arctic region. A real disaster.
Ma, the South Pole region measures an average temperature of -1.8 ° C compared to the norm. To better understand, a very large and colder than average area in those parts, where frost is already at home.
But let’s go back to the origin of our study: the Gulf Stream. The speed with which it transits north-east from the Gulf of Mexico has not changed, the fresh waters coming from the Greenland thaw slow down the process that generates the warming of surface waters. In short, it is dying, nothing has changed, and forecasts see its end by the end of the century, if not much earlier.
The Gulf Stream has only temporarily warmed due to very high temperatures which have occurred in North America, and which have influenced the surrounding seas.
The same thing happened in our Mediterranean Sea, which currently, especially in the central-eastern part, is very hot compared to the norm.
In short, the Gulf Stream is not good health, even if surface waters currently measure temperatures above average. Therefore nothing has changed, it is i climate behavior indices are favorable to winter weather, and therefore also to possible irritation of cold air more accentuated than in other years of our hemisphere.
For now we have the legacy of the very hot summer 2020, with very large areas of land that have above average temperatures. But there are vast regions that already measure sub-normal temperatures.
We remind you that weather forecasts with a validity of up to 5 days have greater reliability, while this decreases as we move away over time.
ALL OTHER LOCATIONS AND WEATHER BULLETINS
– Weather forecast ITALY and all over the world | <urn:uuid:8e058790-661a-4e84-aabf-35c92c944a0c> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.world-today-news.com/extraordinary-warming-of-the-gulf-stream-chaos-due-to-winter-weather/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107894426.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20201027170516-20201027200516-00427.warc.gz | en | 0.967944 | 867 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Holmen Skog, Iggesund Paperboard’s sister company and forest raw material supplier, is burning the forest on the island of Innerstön, one of the group of Baltic islands that lie offshore from the city of Hudiksvall north of Iggesund.
In a press note issued today, Iggesund explained that modern forest management tried to develop felling methods that resembled the effects of natural forest fires, which had served an important ecological function for millennia.
So by burning standing timber in controlled circumstances, Holmen was implementing an important nature conservation measure that would benefit a number of rare species of flora and fauna. Over the next 16 years all the forest on the island, totalling 380 ha, would be burned in stages.
“There’s not enough burned forest at present,” said Magnus Aretorn, who is in charge of caring for the Holmen Skog forests in the Iggesund region and responsible for nature conservation measures. “By having frequent and recurring fires we will create a mosaic of burned timber at various stages of decomposition. This will create an environment that is unique in Sweden and will benefit rare species which depend on the heat from the fires or on various stages of decomposed, dead or burned timber.”
Examples of Swedish species which benefit from these special conditions are the cranesbill plants Geranium bohemicum and Geranium lanuginosum, the lichen Hypocenomyce anthracophila, the black fire beetle Melanophila acuminata and various species of the powderpost beetle Stephanopachys.
For millennia, the forests have burned at irregular intervals, often as a result of lightning, but nowadays these fires are put out far more efficiently than before. The result is that few burned forest environments are created naturally.
Innerstön is surrounded by water and lies in a sheltered setting, making it a safer location than the mainland for a controlled burn.
The island has been divided into eight zones and burns have been scheduled so that by 2028 the entire island will have been burned. By 2030 the controlled burn will start again in the first zone.
“This might seem to be a long-term perspective but in our industry it’s not,” Aretorn said. “The raw material for the quality paperboard Invercote comes from our forests in this region. Here it takes between 80 to 100 years for a pine tree to grow. So to put it bluntly, we who are planting the trees now won’t still be around when the time comes to harvest them.”
Category: Breaking News | <urn:uuid:59354aae-07a9-420d-bb52-43f8ab9ef99b> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.tobaccoreporter.com/2013/08/burning-environmental-issue/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698540798.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170900-00485-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937076 | 550 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Ménière's disease mən-yĕrz´ [key], disorder of the inner ear characterized by recurrent vertigo combined with hearing loss and tinnitus (a ringing sensation). It was first described by the French otologist Prosper Ménière, in 1861. The sufferer experiences severe dizziness, in which objects may seem to spin around, and often nausea, vomiting, and sweating. Attacks may last for several hours. In the disorder, which occurs most often in men between the ages of 40 and 60, the symptoms are the result of abnormally large amounts of a fluid (endolymph) collecting in the inner ear, but the exact cause of the disease or of the trigger for an attack is unclear. The disease is most typically treated by a reduced-sodium diet and diurectics; an acute attack may be treated by medications that control the vertigo and nausea. Vestibular rehabilitation therapy is sometimes used to help patient cope with the sense of imbalance that may occur between attacks. Surgical procedures that relieve the condition include vestibular neurectomy, labyrinthectomy, sacculotomy (placement of a stainless steel tack through the footplate of the stapes), ultrasonic irradiation, endolymphatic-subarachnoid shunt, and cryosurgery for relief of frequent vertiginous attacks and degenerative hearing.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2022, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Pathology | <urn:uuid:759e5eb0-3f07-42dd-8eae-288abead27dc> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.factmonster.com/encyclopedia/medicine/diseases/pathology/menieres-disease | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710684.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20221128235805-20221129025805-00682.warc.gz | en | 0.93072 | 327 | 3.5 | 4 |
Restless leg syndrome (RLS) is a condition that causes a person to feel an overwhelming urge to move their legs when in an inclined position (laying down). Tingling, aching and itching sensations may occur as well.
Restless leg syndrome is classified as a neurological disorder that can impair a person’s ability to fall asleep. Studies estimate that one in 10 Americans suffer from RLS, but the good news is the condition is treatable.
On the other hand it can increase a person’s risk of stroke, heart disease and kidney disease.
Restless leg syndrome a risk factor for heart and kidney problems
The new study was conducted on veterans and found restless leg syndrome increases the risk of heart and kidney disease and stroke. The findings, from the University of Tennessee Health Science Center and the University of California, reveal the strongest evidence between RLS and stroke, heart disease and kidney disease.
3,700 veterans with RLS were selected along with 3,700 without the condition and matched them based on demographic and clinical factors. Both groups were tracked for eight years and outcomes were then compared. Researchers look specifically for new cases of stroke, heart disease and kidney disease.
Those in the RLS group were four times more likely to develop stroke and heart disease and three times more likely to develop kidney disease – but this is mere association, not cause and effect. Researchers suggest that RLS may result from underlying medical conditions rather than be a cause for them. Genetics, too, may also play a role as the condition can run in families.
Some theories, which circulate the findings, involve suggesting that lack of sleep due to RLS can contribute to poorer health outcomes. Poor sleep has been associated with illness time and time again.
The researchers suggest further research needs to be conducted to determine if better treatment of RLS could reduce the future risk of stroke, heart disease and kidney disease.
Causes of restless leg syndrome (RLS)
Restless leg syndrome is a neurological disorder that genetics also plays a role in. RLS is found to run in families, and researchers have uncovered specific genes associated with RLS. Other research has shown low levels of iron in the brain in those with RLS and RLS is related to dysfunction in the brain’s basal ganglia circuits, which transfer dopamine. This is necessary to produce smooth movements. Damage to this area is also seen in Parkinson’s patients.
Other causes of RLS include kidney disease, diabetes, peripheral neuropathy, certain medications, pregnancy, alcohol and sleep deprivation.
Common signs and symptoms of restless leg syndrome (RLS)
Restless leg syndrome produces tingling, itching and uncomfortable sensations in the legs. When at rest a person with RLS will have uncontrollable urges to move their legs in order to stop the sensations. Moving legs does relieve the symptoms, but it’s impossible to continue to move your legs all day.
Restlessness of the legs typically gets worse at night and starts when a person is in a lying position – most likely in bed. Long periods of leg inactivity, too, can start the discomfort, i.e. long car rides.
Lifestyle changes for restless leg syndrome (RLS)
Although severe RLS requires medical treatment, mild RLS can often be treated with simple lifestyle changes. Lifestyle changes for RLS include:
- Sticking to a regular sleep schedule – fatigue can worsen symptoms associated with RLS
- Exercising daily
- Minimizing caffeine use – caffeine can worsen symptoms of RLS
- Avoiding alcohol and cigarettes
- Speaking with a nutritionist about dietary supplements
- Losing weight
- Practicing relaxation techniques
- Trying baths and massages
- Applying cold and hot compresses
Treatment and home remedies for restless leg syndrome (RLS)
As mentioned, RLS is treatable; therefore, here are some treatment options and home remedies to help relieve RLS.
- Try wearing compression socks as pressure may relieve the discomfort.
- Try sleeping with a pillow between your legs.
- Find a work setting where you can be active and not sit or be inactive for long periods of time.
- Schedule activities that involve long periods of sitting, such as airplane rides or road trips, in the morning when symptoms aren’t as bad.
- Always choose the aisle seats on planes or movie theatres to stretch your legs.
- Stretch prior to long hours of sitting – calves, thighs ad hips.
- Medication therapy, such as medications to increase dopamine, medications that affect calcium channels, opioids and muscle relaxants. Be sure to speak with your doctor prior to beginning any medications. | <urn:uuid:340471f1-8170-432f-a9f5-93a8eac12360> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.belmarrahealth.com/restless-leg-syndrome-rls-is-symptom-for-stroke-heart-and-kidney-disease-study/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267164925.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20180926121205-20180926141605-00027.warc.gz | en | 0.944715 | 963 | 3.5 | 4 |
The words … “Go Ask the Chief” … have resounded throughout the U.S. Coast Guard since the establishment of the enlisted rank of Chief Petty Officer.
The 66th U.S. Congress officially approved and established the Coast Guard’s Chief Petty Officer grade on 18 May 1920. The Coast Guard adopted the Navy’s rate structure and its Chiefs inherited equal status with their Navy counterparts. The “Chief” captured a place in Coast Guard history.
The rich nautical origin of the Chief Petty Officer can be traced back to 1 April 1893, when the Navy created the rank of Chief Petty Officer. Earlier use of the title “Chief” dates back to 1865 during the Civil War era. At that time, Cooks were promoted to “Chief’ Cook (meaning the highest in ranking or authority).
In 1915, the merger of the Revenue Cutter Service and the U. S. Life Saving Service into the modern Coast Guard brought about many changes. When the “Surfman” of the Life Saving Service and the “Petty Officer” of the Revenue Cutter Service clashed over who was in charge, the Coast Guard realized there was a need to establish a position of higher authority—the “Chief” then secured a permanent place in the chain of command.
The first Coast Guard Chiefs were the former Station Keepers of Life Saving Stations. They were given the title Chief boatswains’ mate (CBM) with an (L) for “Lifesaving” attached to their rate to distinguish them from their seagoing counterparts.
The initial ratings of the Chief Petty Officer, as they first appeared in U. S. Coast Guard Headquarters Regulations, General Order No. 43, Article 817, dated 18 May 1920, were: Seaman Branch — Chief boatswains’ mate, Chief gunners mate and Chief quartermasters; Artificer Branch — Chief machinists’ mate, Chief electricians, Chief carpenters’ mate, Chief water tender and Chief storekeepers; Special Branch — Chief commissary stewards, Chief yeomen and Chief pharmacists’ mate.
The first uniforms of the Chief Petty Officer appeared in the 1922 Coast Guard Headquarters Uniform Regulations. They were similar in design to the Navy’s with a Coast Guard distinguishing mark, a shield one inch in height, on the arm midway between the wrist and elbow.
The trade mark of the Coast Guard Chief Petty Officer, “The Anchor,” was inherited from the Revenue Cutter Service. The fouled anchor with a shield superimposed to its shank (the emblem of the Officers of the Revenue Cutter Service) is still worn on the shoulder boards of Coast Guard Flag Officers.
The anchor is the identifying authority of the Chief Petty Officer and is emblematic of a Chief. It represents stability and security. It reminds Chiefs of their responsibility to keep those they serve safe from harm’s way.
The historical significance of the shield dates back to the Revenue Cutter Service, when the U. S. Congress added the shield to the ensign in 1799 to distinguish cutters from other naval vessels. The 13 stars and 13 stripes on the shield represent the 13 original colonies.
The chain, symbolic of flexibility and strength, reminds Chiefs that the chain of life is forged day-by-day, link-by-link. The chain also represents the reliance of one CPO on another to get a job completed, and stresses that every Chief should endeavor not to be the weak link in the chain.
The chain fouled around the anchor represents the “Sailor’s disgrace,” and reminds Chiefs there may be times when circumstances are beyond their control in the performance of duty, yet a Chief must complete the task.
A white combination hat, known as “The Hat,” with an anchor above the brim became the rite of passage for all First Class Petty Officers promoted to Chief. When they left behind their “Cracker Jacks” and “Dixie Cups” and donned a new uniform, “The Hat” became the trademark of the Coast Guard Chief. Today, the combination hat represents leadership and authority, and is the only cover allowed to be worn by students attending the Chief Petty Officers Academy. At one point, Khakis became a trademark of the Chief, but they were eventually replaced by Bender Blues.
Despite the lack of historical records identifying the first Chief Petty Officers, it can be said that many Chiefs have served with honor, respect and devotion to duty in the finest traditions of the U.S. Coast Guard for over 80 years.
Editor’s Note: The information in this article was contributed from several sources including GMC Ken Vanek, Cleveland, Ohio, the Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard’s Office and Scott Price, Historian’s Office, U. S. Coast Guard Headquarters.
– Naval Affairs (Aug 1995)
by Mark D. Faram
Coast Guard ranks and ratings closely mirror the Navy’s. But the Coast Guard lagged years behind the Navy in creating Chief Petty Officers.
One reason, history says, is the fierce independence of a Coast Guard predecessor, The Revenue Cutter Service. They didn’t want to swallow Navy ways completely until after the Coast Guard was formally created by Congress in 1915.
So while the Navy created a separate rank and pay grade for Chiefs in 1893, it wasn’t until May 18, 1920, that the Coast Guard formally added Chief Petty Officers, making its rank structure mirror its larger sister service.
While some sailors in the Revenue Cutter Service were given the title of Chief, they remained “Petty Officers of the First Class” for pay purposes.
The Coast Guard created its first instructions on the requirements for the permanent rank of Chief Petty Officer in 1922. Chiefs, the Coast Guard decided, must be over 21 years old, have served at least a year and have a history of sobriety, rating proficiency and obedience. They also had to be able to read and write: English, and convert decimals into common fractions.
Coast Guard Chiefs are often given greater responsibilities than are non-commissioned officers from any of the services — including the Navy, said Master Chief Jay Lloyd, the service’s top chief. “Because we are a smaller service, the role of our chiefs is greatly magnified,” he said.
Coast Guard Chiefs are given command of small ships and boat stations, and the responsibility for dishing out discipline at captain’s mast when they are in command. That’s one job given only to commissioned officers in the Navy.
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This story is part of the series Courier Press Top Stories
Report: Indiana could be new California if energy supply can't meet climate strain
A new climate report, Volume II of the National Climate Assessment, says that the affects of global warming are intensifying and getting costlier. USA TODAY
EVANSVILLE, Ind. — A Purdue University report warns that Southern Indiana, in particular, could see unprecedented spikes in cooling demand during hot spells due to climate change.
The report warns Indiana utilities need to plan for the unprecedented peaks in demand now or "periods of unserved demand, such as those during recent heat waves in the state of California, could become a new reality for Hoosiers."
Extreme heat events are generally short in duration and infrequent now, so the peak energy demand caused by them rarely exceeds supply, but that will change in coming decades, according to a new report from the Indiana Climate Change Impacts Assessment from the Purdue Climate Change Research Center.
Hoosiers can expect to see five-to-seven times more extreme heat days per year, the report says, straining the reliability of its energy supply.
Indiana's average annual temperature is expected to rise as much as 10 degrees Fahrenheit by late century, according to the report. In Southern Indiana, the daily high temperature is expected to exceed 95 degrees for 50-89 days per year by that time period.
The southern third of the state currently averages about seven extremely hot days per year.
Climate change will affect energy demand in Indiana, and the infrastructure providing it but will have less effect on the already evolving ways energy is supplied, the report says.
The mix of ways energy is generated is more influenced by trends in future fuel and technology prices.
The report predicts that natural gas, and renewable energy sources such as wind and solar, will replace coal as a source of electricity by 2080 because of those expected trends in fuel and technology costs.
However, the report says even modest public policies such as adopting tax on carbon or tax credits for investing in renewable energy could speed up the shift away from coal and reduce overall carbon dioxide emissions.
But what does all this mean for Indiana residents and businesses?
Because Indiana homes use more energy for heating than cooling, the report finds that overall home energy use should decrease as Indiana's climate warms. Home energy use could drop 3-3.5 percent by mid-to-late century.
The demand for cooling per person in Indiana's urban areas could significantly increase — up to 40 percent above what it was in 2015. However, improving cooling technology would offset this.
Businesses, on the other hand, could see overall energy use and costs go up with climate change because it takes more energy to cool commercial buildings than to heat them, the report says.
As Indiana's climate warms, demand for both residential and commercial heating could drop as much as 27 percent from 2015 levels, according to the report.
None of this, however, will have much impact on how energy is produced. Instead, the report found use of natural gas and renewable energy sources will likely continue to increase and coal use decline based on technology and fuel costs.
About 50 percent of Indiana's energy will come from renewable sources such as wind and solar by 2080, based on conservative estimates of their future costs. But the report says Indiana's renewable energy use could go even higher if their costs continue decreasing at current rates. | <urn:uuid:8bec7f5f-e716-4c66-8b4b-2e875f027e63> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.courierpress.com/story/news/local/2019/02/19/climate-change-indiana-purdue-energy-renewable-coal/2914725002/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203021.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20190323201804-20190323223804-00534.warc.gz | en | 0.954883 | 696 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Timeline: Al Qaeda’s Global Context
An overview of how Al Qaeda’s rise and international reach gradually came into focus for U.S. intelligence. Note: This chronology is drawn from news and government information that came out prior to, and after, the Sept. 11 attacks.
1957: OSAMA BIN LADEN BORN
Born in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, his family originally came from Yemen.
1984: OFFICE OF SERVICES ESTABLISHED
Sheik Abdullah Azzam, a Palestinian religious scholar, establishes the Makhtab al Khadimat — the Office of Services — in Peshawar, Pakistan to recruit an Islamic army to fight the Soviets in Afghanistan. Osama bin Laden provides financial support to Azzam’s organization.
1986: BIN LADEN SETS UP CAMP, BUILDS TIES
Bin Laden establishes Al Masadah (“The Lion’s Den”), a training camp for Persian Gulf Arabs. Bin Laden begins associating with Egyptian radicals — who, unlike Sheik Abdullah Azzam, advocate a global jihad beyond Afghanistan — and befriends Dr. Ayman al-Zawahiri of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad.
1986: OFFICE OF SERVICES REACHES U.S.
The journal published by the Office of Services is distributed in the U.S. by the Islamic Center of Tucson, Arizona.
1989: AL QAEDA ESTABLISHED
Osama bin Laden — along with Muhammad Atef and Abu Ubaidah al Banshiri — founds Al Qaeda (“The Base”). The organization operates out of Afghanistan and Peshawar, Pakistan.
Read more about Al Qaeda’s establishment in the U.S. indictment of Osama bin Laden.
NOVEMBER 1989: BATTLE FOR CONTROL OF OFFICE OF SERVICES
After a car bomb kills Sheik Abdullah Azzam, a battle for control of the Office of Services breaks out between those who believe the jihad should focus on the creation of an Islamic state in Afghanistan, and extremists sympathetic to Osama bin Laden, who want to expand the struggle worldwide. The extremist faction eventually takes control.
DECEMBER 1989: OKLAHOMA MEETING OF FUTURE TERRORISTS
At a conference of Muslims held in Oklahoma City, Wadih el-Hage, a U.S. citizen later convicted in the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings trial, meets with Egyptian Mahmud Abuhalima, who is later convicted for his role in the 1993 World Trade Center Bombing. Abuhalima later tries to buy guns from el-Hage.
For more details on el-Hage’s Al Qaeda connections, read FRONTLINE’s “A Portrait of Wadih el-Hage”.
FEBRUARY 1989: SOVIET FORCES WITHDRAW FROM AFGHANISTAN
The Soviets’ humiliating defeat by mujahedeen forces in their 10-year long war inspires Osama bin Laden and other Islamic radicals to believe their victory in Afghanistan can be replicated around the world. At the end of the war, many of the “Afghan Arabs,” as the radicals were called, returned home. Osama bin Laden returns to Saudi Arabia.
NOVEMBER 1990: BOMB MANUALS, PHOTOS DISCOVERED
During an investigation into the assassination of the right-wing rabbi Meir Kahane, authorities discover bomb manuals and photographs of the World Trade Center and the Empire State Building in the apartment of an Egyptian, El-Sayyid Nosair. Nosair reportedly is an associate of Wadih el-Hage.
It is later learned that Nosair’s legal bills in the WTC bombing trial were paid for by bin Laden. This is the earliest known intelligence information linking bin Laden to terrorists.
1991: BIN LADEN FLEES TO SUDAN
Bin Laden leaves Saudi Arabia and travels to Afghanistan with some of his supporters. By 1992, they finally settle in Khartoum, Sudan.
Read more on FRONTLINE’s “Hunting bin Laden” chronology.
1992: BIN LADEN ORGANIZES ATTACKS ON U.N. FORCES IN SOMALIA
According to a document released by the British government after the Sept. 11 attacks, between 1992 and 1993, Mohammed Atef, an Egyptian aide to bin Laden, travels frequently to Somalia to organize violent attacks on U.S. and U.N. troops stationed there. After each trip he reports back to bin Laden in Khartoum.
1992: EXPANDING THE TERROR NETWORK
According to the U.S. indictment of bin Laden, between 1992 and 1996 Al Qaeda makes overtures to Iran and Hezbollah to take part in a global war against the U.S. The indictment alleges that Mamdouh Mahmud Salim, an Al Qaeda leader, met with Iranian officials and that Al Qaeda sent members to Lebanon to receive training from members of Hezbollah. American officials also claim that around this time bin Laden’s group begins an effort to secure components for chemical and nuclear weapons.
DEC. 29, 1992: AL QAEDA’S FIRST ATTACK
In an apparent plot to kill U.S. servicemen headed to Somalia, a bomb explodes at a hotel in Aden, Yemen and kills two Austrian tourists. Two Yemeni Muslims — who had been trained in Afghanistan — are injured and later arrested. Intelligence officials believe this is Al Qaeda’s first attack.
The Associated Press later reports that two of the Yemenis detained for the 2000 attack on the USS Cole were involved both in this 1992 Aden bombing, and a series of other attacks in 1993.
FEB. 26, 1993: WORLD TRADE CENTER BOMBING
A truck bomb explodes in the parking garage of the World Trade Center (WTC) killing six and injuring hundreds. Investigators discover the suspects have links to a network of Islamic extremists. Several people eventually convicted in the bombing are linked to the Office of Service’s Al Kifah Center in Brooklyn; four of these men are connected to Sheik Omar Abdel Rahman. Rahman, a blind Egyptian cleric who was the spiritual leader of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad, is later convicted of conspiracy for his involvement in a plot to blow up New York City landmarks. He is sentenced to life in prison.
Investigators charge Ramzi Yousef as the mastermind behind the WTC bombing and begin a worldwide manhunt. They discover immigration officials had already detained Ahmed Ajaj, a Yousef associate, when he entered the U.S. carrying terrorist training manuals.
Osama bin Laden’s name surfaces during the 1993 WTC investigation as a financier of the Office of Services. His name is also found on a list of individuals who was called from a safe house used by the conspirators. During the WTC bombing trial, bin Laden’s name appears on a list of potential unindicted co-conspirators, but Al Qaeda is never mentioned.
APRIL 1993: FINAL TRAINING OF SOMALI FORCES
According to a document published by the British government, Muhammad Atef, Saif al Adel and other members of Al Qaeda return to Somalia to train Somali forces to attack U.N. troops.
JULY 1993: FUTURE BOJINKA CONSPIRATORS MEET
Pakistani Abdul Hakim Murad — later convicted for his role in the 1995 Bojinka (“Big Bang”) plot to blow up twelve airliners — meets Khalid Shaikh Mohammed at Mohammed’s house in Karachi, Pakistan while visiting with Ramzi Yousef. Murad would later tell investigators that Khalid Shaikh Mohammed — suspected of helping to plan the Sept. 11 attacks — had an “intense” interest in pilot training.
OCT. 3-4, 1993: “BLACK HAWK DOWN”
Eighteen American soldiers are attacked and killed in Mogadishu, Somalia. A U.S. indictment later charges bin Laden and his followers with training the attackers.
Read more about the incident on FRONTLINE’s “Ambush in Mogadishu” Web site.
LATE 1993: AL QAEDA CONTEMPLATES NAIROBI ATTACK
Members of an Al Qaeda cell in Kenya discuss attacking the U.S. embassy there. Ali Mohamed, a U.S. citizen, later admits to investigators that he took photographs and sketches of the embassy and presented them to bin Laden in the Sudan.
1994: AIR FRANCE FLIGHT HIJACKED
A group of Algerian hijackers seize an Air France flight headed for Paris. The crisis ends after French commandos storm the plane. According to some French investigators, the hijackers planned to blow up the plane above Paris or crash it into the Eiffel Tower.
1994-1995: RAMZI YOUSEF HIDES
Ramzi Yousef, suspected mastermind of the 1993 WTC attack, hides out in the Philippines with Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, believed to be his uncle. The two reportedly plan a number of potential terrorist attacks.
JANUARY 1994: BIN LADEN FUNDS SUDAN TERRORIST CAMPS
By January 1994, bin Laden is reportedly supporting at least three Sudan training camps.
JULY 11, 1994: AL QAEDA’S LONDON OFFICE
According to a later U.S. indictment, bin Laden sets up a media information office in London which will serve as a message center and provide cover for Al Qaeda operations. The center is run by Khalid al-Fawwaz.
AUGUST 1994: MARRAKESH HOTEL ATTACK
In Marrakesh, Morocco, two Spaniards are killed when three French Muslims open fire on tourists in a hotel lobby. European investigators reportedly discover phone calls between the suspects and the Office of Services. They also start to uncover a network of Afghan jihad war veterans in Europe.
DECEMBER 1994: KONSOJAYA ESTABLISHED IN MALAYSIA
Investigators come to suspect that a company named Konsojaya is a front for funneling money from bin Laden to regional operatives. Wali Khan Amin Shah, a Pakistani, and an Indonesian cleric named Riduan Isamuddin (AKA “Hambali”) established the company. A number of phone calls are made from Konsojoya offices to Mohammed Khalifa, bin Laden’s brother-in-law, who allegedly ran a charity front for Al Qaeda. The Hambali connection to this group is only discovered after Sept. 11.
2004 Update: “Hambali” now in U.S. custody – see details.
DECEMBER 1994: BOJINKA PLOT — A TEST RUN
Ramzi Yousef plants a small bomb on a Philippine Airlines plane. The bomb explodes during the second leg of the trip and kills a Japanese businessman. Authorities later discover the bombing is a test run for the planned Bojinka attack.
JANUARY 1995: BOJINKA PLOT DISCOVERED
Following an explosion in a Manila apartment, Philippine police uncover a plot — code-named Bojinka or “Big Bang” — to blow up 12 airplanes bound for the U.S. Authorities arrest Abdul Hakim Murad, a Pakistani who is an associate of Ramzi Yousef. Yousef flees to Pakistan.
Investigators also discover that Khalid Shaikh Mohammed had visited the apartment frequently. His name is found on documents inside a computer that contain details of the Bojinka plot.
JAN. 20, 1995: PLANES AS WEAPONS
In the Bojinka investigation, Manila police interview Abdul Hakim Murad. According to their report, Murad describes his discussions with Ramzi Yousef about hijacking a commercial aircraft and flying it into the headquarters of the CIA.
Yousef and Murad also reportedly discuss the idea of using a small airplane loaded with explosives to bomb targets in the U.S.
FEB. 5, 1995: RAMZI YOUSEF CAPTURED IN PAKISTAN
Just as FBI Agent John O’Neill begins his new job as section chief of the FBI’s Counterterrorism Section, Yousef is located in Pakistan. O’Neill helps coordinate his capture. Afterwards, authorities learn Yousef spent part of the previous three years living in a bin Laden-funded guesthouse.
AUGUST 1995: BIN LADEN’S LETTER TO KING FAHD
Bin Laden sends an open letter to King Fahd of Saudi Arabia calling for a campaign against U.S. forces in Saudi Arabia.
DECEMBER 1995: BOJINKA PLOTTER ARRESTED
Wali Khan Amin Shah is arrested in Malaysia and rendered to the United States. He is later convicted for his role in the Bojinka plot.
1996: AUTHORITIES FOCUS IN ON BIN LADEN
The U.S. State Department issues a dossier on bin Laden that claims he is a financier of radical Islamic causes and connects him to the 1992 hotel bombing in Aden, Yemen and the training of the Somalis who attacked U.S. troops in Mogadishu. At the same time, a grand jury investigation of Osama bin Laden is initiated in New York.
JANUARY 1996: STATION “ALEX” CONFIRMS SCALE OF AL QAEDA
The FBI and CIA create a joint station, code-named “Alex,” with the mission of tracking down bin Laden. Richard Clarke would later tell FRONTLINE that with the establishment of Station Alex, “We were able over the course of about 18 months to go from thinking there was a bin Laden network to seeing it in 56 countries.”
MAY 1996: SUDAN EXPELS BIN LADEN
Under international pressure, Sudan expels bin Laden. He and his followers return to Afghanistan.
SPRING 1996: AN AL QAEDA INFORMER
Jamal Ahmed al-Fadl leaves Al Qaeda after he’s discovered embezzling money from the organization. Al-Fadl begins cooperating with the U.S., providing information on Al Qaeda’s organization and how it operates.
JUNE 25, 1996: KHOBAR TOWERS BOMBING, DHAHRAN, SAUDI ARABIA
Nineteen American soldiers are killed and 500 people injured in the bombing. Investigators will eventually conclude that the most likely scenario is that the Iranian government commissioned Saudi Hezbollah terrorists to carry out the attack. [See Richard Clarke interview.] Others, however, are convinced bin Laden played some role in the attack.
SEPT. 5, 1996: BOJINKA CONVICTIONS
Ramzi Ahmed Yousef, Abdul Hakim Murad, and Wali Khan Amin Shah are convicted for their role in the Bojinka plot.
MAY 22, 1997: TERRORISTS REPORTED TO BE OPERATING IN U.S.
The Associated Press reports that senior FBI officials have determined terrorist groups are operating in America. The AP quotes John O’Neill, who is now special agent in charge of the national security division in New York as saying, “Almost every one of these groups has a presence in the United States today. A lot of these groups now have the capacity and the support infrastructure in the United States to attack us here if they choose to.”
AUG. 21, 1997: EVIDENCE OF NAIROBI AL QAEDA CELL
Police search Wadih el-Hage’s home in Nairobi, Kenya. On his computer they discover documents, which outline the presence of an Al Qaeda cell in Nairobi. Read more on FRONTLINE’s “Hunting bin Laden: Warnings to the FBI”]
After the raid, el-Hage is questioned but not detained, and he returns to America. In the fall, el-Hage denies his involvement in terrorism to a New York grand jury.
FEB. 23, 1998: AL QAEDA CALLS FOR KILLING AMERICANS
Bin Laden and Dr. Ayman al-Zawahiri issue a declaration with other extremist groups calling on Muslims to kill Americans anywhere in the world.
Read their statement on FRONTLINE’s “Hunting bin Laden” chronology.
JUNE 8, 1998: BIN LADEN INDICTED
A U.S. grand jury issues a sealed indictment charging bin Laden with conspiracy to attack “defense utilities of the United States.” The indictment alleges bin Laden is involved in the October 1993 attack on U.S. soldiers in Somalia.
JUNE 10, 1998: INTERVIEW WITH BIN LADEN
John Miller of ABC News interviews bin Laden in his mountaintop camp in Afghanistan. During the interview bin Laden admits to knowing Wali Khan Amin Shah, one of the Bojinka plotters, but denies having met Ramzi Yousef. He also denies knowledge of the “Bojinka plot” or a related plot to assassinate Clinton.
Watch the interview on FRONTLINE’s “Hunting bin Laden” Web site.
AUGUST 1998: FAA WARNS OF HIJACKINGS
The Federal Aviation Administration warns airlines to be on a “high degree of alertness” for possible hijackings by Al Qaeda.
AUG. 6, 1998: EGYPTIAN JIHAD’S WARNING
The group, led by Dr. Ayman al-Zawahiri, warns of a “message” they will be sending to Americans, “which we hope they read with care, because we will write it, with God’s help, in a language they will understand.”
AUG. 7, 1998: BOMBING OF U.S. EMBASSIES
American embassies in Nairobi, Kenya and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania are bombed almost simultaneously. The Kenya bombing kills 213 and injures 4,500; the Dar es Salaam bombing kills 11 and injures 85. One of the bombers, Mohamed Al-‘Owhali, a Saudi, flees the scene.
During the investigation, a search of the apartment of Khalid al-Fawwaz, the head of Al Qaeda’s London office, reveals manuals virtually identical to those found in the luggage of Ahmad Ajaj, who was connected to Ramzi Yousef and the 1993 World Trade Center bombing.
Mohamed Sadeek Odeh, a Jordanian who would later be convicted in the embassy bombings trial, is arrested in Pakistan when he tries to enter from Kenya with a fake passport.
A group calling itself the Islamic Army for the Liberation of the Holy Places faxes claims of responsibility for the attack to different media organizations in France, Qatar, and the UAE. According to a document published by the British government, a later investigation reveals that the fax was sent from a telephone number linked to Osama bin Laden.
PROGRESS IN EMBASSY INVESTIGATION
Mohamed al-‘Owhali is arrested by Kenyan detectives and confesses to his role in the embassy bombing. Intelligence officials intercept calls between two bin Laden lieutenants implicating them in the embassy bombing. Advisors also warn President Clinton that they have evidence that bin Laden is attempting to purchase weapons of mass destruction.
AUG. 20, 1998: TOMAHAWK MISSILE ATTACK
President Clinton orders Tomahawk missiles fired at a suspected Al Qaeda camp in Afghanistan and a pharmaceutical plant in Sudan, which was suspected of producing chemical weapons for bin Laden. The effectiveness of the strikes is later questioned.
SEPTEMBER 1998: ALI MOHAMED ARRESTED
Ali Mohamed, a U.S. citizen and Al Qaeda member, is arrested in the U.S. Soon after, he begins cooperating and admits he took pictures of the Nairobi embassy and showed them to bin Laden. On Oct. 20, 2000, Mohamed tells a judge, “Bin Laden looked at the picture of the American embassy and pointed to where a truck could go as a suicide bomber.”
SEPT. 23, 1998: LINKS BETWEEN EAST AFRICA AND 1993 WTC BOMBING
At a bail hearing for Wadih el-Hage, the U.S. Attorney claims el-Hage had links to El Sayyid Nosair and Mahmud Abouhalima, both convicted in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing.
NOV. 4, 1998: BIN LADEN INDICTMENT RELEASED
The U.S. government releases its indictment against bin Laden, Muhammad Atef and other members of Al Qaeda.
1999: KHALID MOHAMMED VISITS GERMANY
Khalid Shaikh Mohammed allegedly visits Hamburg, Germany. After Sept. 11, 2001, U.S. officials suspect he might have met with an Al Qaeda cell in Hamburg.
JUNE 7, 1999: BIN LADEN ADDED TO FBI’S “TEN MOST WANTED” LIST
Bin Laden is wanted for murder of U.S. nationals outisde the U.S.; conspiracy to murder U.S. nationals outside the U.S.; and attack on a federal facility resulting in death.
View the FBI’s Most Wanted poster.
NOV. 30, 1999: JORDAN MILLENNIUM PLOT DISCOVERED
Jordanian officials intercept a phone conversation between Abu Zubaydah, a senior Al Qaeda lieutenant, and members of a Jordanian cell planning a plot referred to as “the day of the millennium.” The Jordanians conduct raids and discover explosives and a plan to blow up the Radisson Hotel in Amman and other sites.
DECEMBER 1999: ALERT: A MALAYSIA MEETING
The CIA intercepts a phone conversation at a Yemeni house that is an Al Qaeda logistics center, which they had learned about from Mohamed al-‘Owhali, who was convicted in the embassy bombing case. The house is owned by Ahmed Al-Hada, a Yemeni citizen.
The callers discuss an upcoming January 2000 meeting in Kuala Lumpur. Officials learn that Khalid Almidhar, a Yemeni citizen believed to be the son-in-law of Al-Hada, and Nawaf Alhazmi, thought to be a Saudi national, will be attending the meeting. Both Almidhar and Alhazmi will later be hijackers of American Airlines Flight 77 on Sept. 11.
DEC. 14, 1999: RESSAM INTERCEPTED AT CANADIAN BOARDER
Algerian native Ahmed Ressam is caught entering the U.S. with 130 pounds of explosives at the Canadian border at Port Angeles, Washington. Ressam had links to other Al Qaeda militants and trained in an Afghanistan Al Qaeda camp. Authorities eventually learn his intended target was Los Angeles International Airport.
Read more about Ahmed Ressam on FRONTLINE’s “Trail of a Terrorist” Web site.
JANUARY 2000: THE MALAYSIA MEETING
Several individuals linked to Al Qaeda meet in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. At the CIA’s request, Malaysian agents photograph the meeting. Nawaf Alhazmi and Khalid Almidhar (both later hijackers on Sept. 11) attend the meeting at the condo of Yazid Sufaat. Tawfiq bin-Atash (AKA “Khallad”) — who once headed bin Laden’s bodyguards and would later become a suspect in the attack on the USS Cole — also attends the meeting.
It is later reported that Riduan Isamuddin (AKA “Hambali”), a militant Islamic preacher — who would eventually be suspected of having had a role in the “Bojinka” plot — also attends the meeting. Officials later also claim Ramzi bin al-Shibh — a former roommate of Sept. 11 hijacker Mohamed Atta — was also photographed at the meeting.
Fahad al-Quso, who is later arrested for his role in the 2000 USS Cole attack, is a suspected “bag man” who carried money to finance the meeting. After Sept. 11, al-Quso denies having attended the Malaysia meeting. However, he would admit he met at other times with bin Atash, Alhazmi and others who were at the Malaysia meeting.
[Note: All the individuals in the photographs are not be identified by intelligence officials until later, and the importance of this Malaysia meeting would not be known until after the Cole investigation began to focus on bin-Atash. It’s unclear at what point the CIA began to recognize the meeting’s importance. Sources would later tell FRONTLINE that FBI agents looking into the Cole attack were not fully told about the meeting or shown pictures of those photographed until the summer of 2001.
Read more about the CIA and FBI communication failure.]
2004 Update: “Hambali” and Tawfiq bin-Atash now in U.S. custody; Fahad Al-Quso now in Yemeni custody – see details.
JAN. 3, 2000: ATTACK ON USS THE SULLIVANS FAILS
A cell of Yemeni terrorists try bombing the USS The Sullivans in Yemen’s Aden Harbor, but fail when their overloaded skiff sinks. Investigators do not discover the attempt on the USS The Sullivans until after the USS Cole had been successfully attacked by the same cell in October of 2000.
JAN. 15, 2000: ALHAZMI AND ALMIDHAR ENTER THE U.S.
Nawaf Alhazmi and Khalid Almidhar fly into Los Angeles from Bangkok. A later article in Newsweek reports that the CIA knew that Alhazmi was on the plane, but did not know about Almidhar. Neither individual is tracked once they entered the country. Both become suicide hijackers on Sept. 11.
APRIL 17, 2000: FBI INVESTIGATES A FLIGHT SCHOOL
The Phoenix office of the FBI begins to investigate Zakaria Mustapha Soubra, a Phoenix flight school student suspected of having ties to Al Qaeda.
AUGUST 2000: ITALY HEARS ABOUT PLANES AS WEAPONS
Between August 2000 and early 2001, Italian investigators begin to record the conversations of Abdulsalam Ali Ali Abdulrahman. According to a later report in the Los Angeles Times, in one of the conversations Abdulrahman tells Abdelkader Moahmoud Es Sayad, an Egyptian suspected terrorist, that planes could be used as weapons against the U.S. According to the article, the FBI was aware of the conversations, but did not receive any reference to planes being used as weapons.
FALL 2000: BIN AL-SHIBH DENIED VISA
Ramzi bin al-Shibh, a Yemeni who was Mohamed Atta’s former roommate, applies four times for a visa to enter the U.S., but is denied each time. U.S. officials later allege that he was supposed to take part in the Sept. 11 plot, but at the last minute was slotted to be replaced by Zacarias Moussaoui.
OCTOBER 2000: MOUSSAOUI VISITS MALAYSIA
Zacarias Moussaoui, a French national, visits Malaysia and stays at Yazid Sufaat’s condo after Riduan Isamuddin, (AKA “Hambali”) asks Sufaat to put up Moussaoui. Sufaat, a Malaysian, also provides Moussaoui with fake identification papers. Also at Hambali’s request, a company owned by Sufaat purchases explosives for an attack on foreign embassies and other targets in Southeast Asia. The plot is foiled after Sept. 11, when a videotape of potential targets is found in an Afghanistan safe house.
OCT. 12, 2000: ATTACK ON THE USS COLE — MORE REVELATIONS
Two men in a skiff pull alongside the American destroyer and detonate an explosive that rips through the hull and kills 17 U.S. sailors. Yemeni authorities quickly capture and start identifying suspects. Among them is Tawfiq bin-Atash, former head of bin Laden’s bodyguards. The CIA eventually comes to realize that bin-Atash had been photographed at the earlier Malaysia meeting and begins to reexamine those photographs. A later document released by the British government would claim that Mohamed al-‘Owhali, convicted for his role in the 1998 embassy bombings, links two of the Cole suspects to the embassy bombings.
2004 Update: Tawfiq bin-Atash now in U.S. custody – see details.
DEC. 8, 2000: COLE LINKS TO BIN LADEN
ABC News’ John Miller reports authorities have found a number of connections between the Cole attack and Osama bin Laden, including telephone records of calls between the bombers of the Cole and an Al Qaeda cell in East Africa. Yemeni officials arrest Gamal Al Badawi, a suspect who admits he fought with Al Qaeda forces in Bosnia. Fahad al-Quso, in custody, apparently carried $5,000 from an associate of bin Laden to Cole conspirators. Lastly, Miller reports Yemeni authorities suspect Abdul Al-Nassir both organized the Cole attack and also recruited bombers for the attack on the embassies in East Africa in 1998.
2004 Update: The Fahad Al-Quso case – see details.
JANUARY 2001: FAA WARNS OF HIJACKINGS
Between January and August of 2001, the Federal Aviation Administration issues 15 advisories to airlines and airports warning that terrorists could try to hijack or destroy American aircraft.
JAN. 24, 2001: “THE BROTHERS GOING TO AMERICA”
Italian authorities record Abdelkader Mahmoud Es Sayed, an imam in Italy, talking about fraudulent documents for “the brothers going to America.”
JAN. 25, 2001: CLARKE WARNS OF SLEEPER CELLS
Richard Clarke, the National Security Council counterterrorism chief, sends a memo to Deputy National Security Advisor Stephen Hadley warning that Al Qaeda sleeper cells within the U.S. are “a major threat.” Clarke also advocates targeting Al Qaeda training camps in response to the Cole bombing.
JAN. 27, 2001: COLE LINKS TO AL QAEDA CONFIRMED
The Washington Post reports on this date that investigators in Yemen believe that people in custody are tied closely to Al Qaeda. An anonymous Bush administration official tells The Post, “There is no question that Al Qaeda was involved in this attack.”
FEBRUARY 2001: SUSPICIOUS FLIGHT SCHOOL STUDENT
Instructors at an Arizona flight school become suspicious about a students who speaks English poorly and has limited flying skills. They report him to the FAA. The student, Hani Hanjour, a Saudi, later pilots a plane into the Pentagon on Sept. 11.
APRIL 2001: SPECIFIC THREAT ON U.S. TARGETS
Washington reportedly receives a “specific threat” that Al Qaeda may attempt to attack American targets in the Middle East or Europe.
APRIL 18, 2001: ANOTHER FAA WARNING
This warning to airlines states: “The FAA does not have any credible information regarding specific plans by terrorist groups to attack U.S. civil aviation interests… Nevertheless some of the current active groups are known to plan and train for hijackings… The FAA encourages U.S. carriers to demonstrate a high degree of alertness.”
MAY 11, 2001: STATE DEPT. WARNS AMERICANS OVERSEAS
The State Department warns that American citizens overseas may be targeted by Al Qaeda.
MAY 29, 2001: EAST AFRICA CONVICTIONS
Mohamed al-‘Owhali, Khalfan Khamis Mohamed, Mohammed Saddiq Odeh, and Wadih el-Hage are convicted on charges including conspiracy to kill Americans, which stem from the 1998 embassy bombings.
JUNE 2001: VISA ISSUED TO ALMIDHAR
The State Department re-issues a visa to Khalid Almidhar, a Sept. 11 hijacker who was present at the January 2000 Malaysia meeting.
JUNE 2001: FBI WITHDRAWS FROM YEMEN. MORE FAA WARNINGS
Citing a security threat, the FBI pulls investigators out of Yemen. This same month, the FAA issues more warnings to airlines. The NSC’s Richard Clarke later tells FRONTLINE that those warnings were “absolutely” related to Al Qaeda operatives discussing what would eventually become the Sept. 11 attacks.
By late June, intelligence experts are extremely concerned about the possibility of an imminent attack.
JUNE 2001: STATE DEPARTMENT CLOSES EMBASSIES
The U.S. embassies in Senegal and Bahrain are shut down and the State Department issues a new worldwide caution.
MID-JUNE 2001: ATTACK ON YEMEN EMBASSY THWARTED
Yemeni authorities thwart an attack on the U.S. embassy in Sana, Yemen.
JUNE 22, 2001: “CONDITION DELTA”
U.S. Central and European Command impose “Force Protection Condition Delta” because of concerns about a terrorist attack.
JUNE 28, 2001: ATTACK “HIGHLY LIKELY”
National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice is warned during an intelligence briefing that an Al Qaeda attack is “highly likely.”
SUMMER 2001: FBI INVESTIGATORS ID COLE SUSPECTS AT MALAYSIA MEETING
Sources close to the Cole investigation tell FRONTLINE that during the summer of 2001 the CIA informs the FBI about the Malaysia meeting and shows them a picture of one or two of the Cole suspects. The FBI reportedly identifies Cole suspects Tawfiq bin-Atash and Fahad al-Quso. Al-Quso would later deny that he made it to the meeting and claims that the individual in the picture just looked like him.
JULY 4, 2001: ALMIDHAR RE-ENTERS U.S.
Khalid Almidhar re-enters the U.S. through JFK airport. He later meets with Mohamed Atta.
JULY 10, 2001: SPAIN MEETING
Mohamed Atta meets with his former roommate Ramzi bin al-Shibh in Spain along with a number of other Arab men. Only after Sept. 11 do officials discover the meeting and conclude that bin al-Shibh also may have been at the January 2000 Malaysia meeting.
JULY 10, 2001: REQUEST FOR FLIGHT SCHOOL INVESTIGATION
The FBI’s Phoenix office sends a memo to FBI headquarters requesting officials initiate a nationwide investigation of flight schools. The memo warns that bin Laden supporters may be attending flight schools in the United States.
JULY 18, 2001: RESSAM CONVICTED
The FBI warns that the conviction of Ahmed Ressam for the millennium plot to detonate a bomb at Los Angeles airport could lead to retaliatory terrorist attacks.
JULY 31, 2001: ANOTHER FAA ALERT
The FAA issues yet another warning to airlines that terrorists could be planning to hijack American airlines.
AUGUST 2001: BIN LADEN OPERATIVES RETURN TO AFGHANISTAN
According to a later report by the British government, “In August and early September close associates of bin Laden were warned to return to Afghanistan from other parts of the world by Sept. 10.”
AUG. 16, 2001: FAA WARNS OF WEAPONS FROM EVERYDAY OBJECTS
The FAA warns airlines that terrorists may use weapons modified from everyday objects.
AUG. 16, 2001: MOUSSAOUI ARRESTED
Minneapolis FBI agents pick up and arrest Zacarias Moussaoui on immigration charges for overstaying his visa, but agents are concerned he could be a terrorist. The Minneapolis office tries unsuccessfully to secure either a criminal search warrant or an intelligence warrant to search Moussaoui’s belongings. After Sept. 11, a federal indictment would claim that Moussaoui was in possession of two knives, a flight manual for a 747-400, fighting gloves and shin guards, and an aviation radio.
AUG. 27, 2001: CIA CABLES FBI NAMES OF ALMIDHAR AND ALHAZMI
The CIA cables the FBI, warning that Khalid Almidhar and Nawaf Alhazmi are inside the U.S. and are suspected terrorists because of their presence at the January 2000 Malaysia meeting.
AUG. 28, 2001: FRENCH BRIEF FBI ON MOUSSAOUI
They say Moussaoui has been linked to Al Qaeda.
SEPT. 5, 2001: BIN AL-SHIBH LEAVES FOR AFGHANISTAN
Ramzi bin al-Shibh, the former roommate of Mohamed Atta, who had attended both the July meeting in Spain and the January 2000 Malaysia meeting, leaves Germany for Afghanistan.
SEPT. 11, 2001: SEPT. 11 ATTACKS
Hijackers alleged to be members of Al Qaeda take control of four airliners and crash two into the World Trade Center, and one into the Pentagon. A fourth hijacked plane crashes into the Pennsylvania countryside. The attacks kill more than 3,000 people.
POST-SEPT. 11, 2001: POSTSCRIPT: LINKS TO 1995 BOJINKA PLOTTER; AL-SHIBH CAPTURED
U.S. investigators discover evidence they believe links Khalid Shaikh Mohammed — wanted and still at large for his role in the 1995 Bojinka plot — to the Sept. 11 hijackings. A few weeks later, U.S. officials say they believe that Khalid Shaikh Mohammed is the operations chief of Al Qaeda. It is also later reported that the National Security Agency had intercepted telephone conversations between Mohamed Atta and Khalid Shaikh Mohammed before Sept. 11, but had not “properly” translated them at the time. Officials quoted in one story refused to describe the content of those conversations.
On Sept. 11, 2002, Ramzi bin al-Shibh is captured by Pakistani police in a shootout in Karachi. He is currently in U.S. custody and, according to a U.S. Defense Department official, is “providing valuable information.” Bin al-Shibh is believed to have knowledge of Al Qaeda operations in Europe and Southeast Asia.
Fahad Mohammed Ahmed Al-Quso
In May of 2003, the Department of Justice announced that Fahad Al-Quso, the suspect in Yemen whom John O’Neill’s agents wanted to question, had been indicted (read the indictment, pdf format) along with Gamal Al-Badawi on 50 charges related to the USS Cole attack. If convicted, Al-Quso and Al-Badawi could face the death penalty. The May 2003 indictment came one month after Al-Quso, Al-Badawi and eight other Cole suspects had escaped from a Yemeni prison. Both Al-Badawi and Al-Quso were recaptured in March of 2004 by Yemeni security forces in the southern Abyan province. An American investigator has told FRONTLINE that officials are still not sure whether Al-Quso attended the Malaysia meeting and how much he might have known about the 9/11 plot.
Khalid Shaikh Mohammed
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, the alleged 9/11 mastermind who first appeared on the FBI’s radar as a relative of Ramzi Yousef and a participant in the Bojinka plot, was captured in March of 2003 by Pakistani authorities working with the CIA. Media reports have indicated that Mohammed, who is now in American custody, has provided investigators with names of al Qaeda associates and new information about previous attacks.
Riduan Isamuddin (AKA “Hambali”)
Riduan Isamuddin, the chief of Jemaah Islamiyah who allegedly attended the January 2000 meeting in Malaysia, was arrested in late February 2004 by Thai authorities and handed over to the CIA. By the time he was arrested, “Hambali” – who was also linked to convicted Bojinka conspirator Wali Khan Amin Shah – was alleged to be involved in organizing a pair of nightclub bombings on October 12, 2003 in Bali that killed more than 200 people.
Tawfiq bin-Atash (AKA “Khallad”)
Attash, believed to be the mastermind of the USS Cole attack and a participant in the Malaysia 200 meeting, was arrested by Pakistani authorities in April of 2003 in Karachi. At the time that Pakistani police captured him, they reportedly found 330 pounds of high explosives that they said was part of a plot to blow up the U.S. consulate in Karachi. According to Time Magazine, bin Attash was arrested with Ali Abd al-Aziz, a man accused of wiring money to some of the 9/11 hijackers and reportedly a nephew of Khalid Sheik Mohammed and a first cousin of 1993 World Trade Center bomber Ramzi Yousef. Bin Attash is now in United States custody. | <urn:uuid:56dbb6c4-f61c-40b2-b1b1-65314055ba52> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/timeline-al-qaedas-global-context/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578526228.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20190418181435-20190418203435-00457.warc.gz | en | 0.928749 | 8,819 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Lost Creek Ranch, A PTSD Retreat in Colorado
PTSD and the Healing Powers of Nature
Research has revealed through many studies that our environments greatly impact our stress levels. Our environment can influence, positively and negatively, our ability to cope with our various emotions, which directly influences the way we hold ourselves on a daily basis. These changes alter mood, behavior, appearance, and even physical health. Whatever one experiences at any given time changes and remolds the essence of his very being.
A prime arena to observe these types of changes is in our soldiers. By enlisting to serve one’s country, a soldier dives into a drastic change of environment, never before experienced. In this scenario, the man or woman volunteers to experience a complete uprooting of his or her comforts to face a completely unfamiliar environment – one that is volatile, always shifting due to the complexities of war. If all environments impact people at their core, then this atmosphere drastically alters a soldier, reshaping who this man or woman will become. A soldier forces himself to adjust to coping with the horrors of war, already a massive shift in his or her being, and then, after assimilating into this new, dangerous environment, gets the news that he or she gets to come home. With this new war-shaped mindset, the soldier returns, yet again, to a sudden shift in environment where he or she arrives to a plethora of difficulties in the effort to revert to life at home.
In the article “How does Nature Impact our Wellbeing?” an author for the University of Minnesota writes, “The stress of an unpleasant environment can cause you to feel anxious, or sad, or helpless. This in turn elevates your blood pressure, heart rate, and muscle tension and suppresses your immune system. A pleasing environment reverses that.”
We, at Lost Creek Ranch, a PTSD retreat in Colorado, believe that this is the primary reason so many people head for the hills when afforded the opportunity. They yearn for the positive change in environment.
It is commonly known that being in nature, or even viewing scenes of nature, reduces anger, fear, and stress and enhances positive feelings. Exposure to nature improves one’s emotional state, as well as his physical wellbeing by calming blood pressure, heart rate, tension, and the production of stress hormones. According to public health researchers, Stamatakis and Mitchell, nature may even reduce mortality rates.
A single plant in an office or hospital room can have a subtle, but significant impact on stress and anxiety of the individuals occupying the rooms.
In a study conducted by renowned physician Robert Ulrich, he monitored patients who were having gallbladder surgery, where half of the patients faced a plain wall and the other half had a view of trees. Not surprisingly, the patients who were able to view the trees were more successful with their pain management, ultimately spending less time in the hospital and experiencing fewer negative effects through the post-surgery healing process.
I was recently at the dentist’s, not one of my favorite places to be, though my condition at the time demanded it. During my procedure, I commented to my dentist that the images of nature strategically placed on the ceiling above my seat were beautiful. Looking back, at the event, I know that that beauty was calming. I asked my dentist why he chose to place them there, and he responded that this is a technique gaining circulation in dental offices and hospitals as patients seem to tolerate the discomfort much better when surrounded by even something as simple as views of nature. Just imagine the positive effects it could have on people fighting PTSD immersed in a retreat in the Colorado mountains.
With this revelation, I researched the matter more deeply, and I, indeed, found that, yes, man hospitals and dental rooms were doing the same thing; scenes of nature were appearing in medical rooms everywhere. Put simply, nature RESTORES a state of “general wellbeing.”
While I realized this from my own experience, current research supports my theory. One study in “Mind,” states that 95% of those interviewed said their mood improved after spending time outside, changing from depressed, stressed, and anxious to more calm and balanced. Other studies conducted by Ulrich, Kim, and Cervinka concurred that scenes of nature can be associated with “positive mood changes, psychological wellbeing, meaningfulness, and vitality.”
Spending time in nature helps people to concentrate and focus, and increases their ability to pay attention to what matters. This occurs because, as human beings, they find nature inherently interesting and comforting. It centers people internally as they feel welcomed by their natural surroundings. Nature provides a respite from our everyday lives and our overactive or troubled minds. It enables us to accomplish new things, take on tasks for the first time, or even discover healing. It helps us reconnect to that which is important, and to each other. Most importantly, and especially with our soldiers facing PTSD in a place that has become distant and confusing, it is a reconnection to the outside world, to the environment that has such a powerful impact on establishing who we are as people.
Lost Creek Ranch, a PTSD retreat in Colorado, is nearly magical for exactly this reason. Visitors cross its crystal clear creeks and hike the trails with majestic protective tree lines. The towering spruce and pines provide a perfect habitat for a vast viewing of birds, elk, deer, and many other smaller denizens of the forest.
When fighting the effects of PTSD our retreat in Colorado offers peace. When you are in the mountains at Lost Creek Ranch, the sounds you hear are different and far removed from the chaotic and overwhelming noises of the city. The air you breathe is clean and crisp, and as it fills your lungs, you experience the rejuvenating freshness of nature, and the healing process begins.
As a veteran myself, I have spent large amounts of time at Lost Creek Ranch facing the struggles of PTSD in this retreat in Colorado. I have found solace by hiking, walking the river, or even just sitting on the rocks and taking in the indescribable landscape below. I have contemplated the loss of family, my brothers and sisters in uniform. I have acknowledged that I will never fully understand their sacrifice, but I have realized that I must go forward.
Lost Creek Ranch offers those experiencing PTSD a retreat in Colorado nature. It has given me a place to heal, a place to renew my spirit, a place to develop the ability to reconnect to my family and friends. If you are a veteran, or even just a friend in need of healing, I invite you to join us, whether visiting or supporting Lost Creek Ranch, to become a partner in healing. | <urn:uuid:91a1c516-5b49-4f00-89f7-f989045e4fc6> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://lostcreekranch.org/ptsd-retreat-in-colorado/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150067.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20210723210216-20210724000216-00175.warc.gz | en | 0.967072 | 1,381 | 2.796875 | 3 |
This project will supply 10,000 solar lanterns in Mnukwa, Mafuta & Chinunda chiefdoms of Eastern Zambia to women and girls living on less than $2 a day. The solar lanterns will enable women save up to $1 Million from kerosene purchases within a year of owning a solar lantern. It will enable girls to study when the sun sets and improve their school performance to enable them remain in school and reduce early marriages. Environmentally,The project will save more than 5000 tonnes of CO2 emission.
Currently more than 12 million people living in energy poverty in Zambia according to the World Bank data of 2017. Many of the affected people are women and girls who live in hard to reach rural communities and continue to use kerosene lamps for lighting.Kerosene is not good for their health and their unborn babies and bad for our planet.This project will affect more than 60,000 in 3 chiefdom of Eastern Province to switch from kerosene lamps to Solar Lamp use and save them $1 Million annually.
Kukula Solar will distribute solar lanterns to women and girls in rural communities living on less than $2 a day so that they can displace the kerosene lamps they currently use. This will be done through our Community Solar Charging Stations set up in the villages we currently are working. The women will be allowed to rent out the solar lanterns for a period of 3-6 months then own it for life. This will provide everyone in the village have access to owning a solar lanterns.
The project will distribute solar lanterns to 10,000 women and girls living in less than $2 a day, allowing them to rise out of poverty by using their saving from kerosene purchase for their families' health and well-being.This will also help school going children to study for longer hours and compete with their peers in urban schools during national exams.Families will save more than $1 Million annually for switching from kerosene to solar and over 5,000 tonnes of CO2 emission will be avoided.
This project has provided additional documentation in a PDF file (projdoc.pdf).
Our Social Media page | <urn:uuid:13c1d954-d593-4819-8df2-9a9c476c85b6> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.globalgiving.org/projects/light-for-all/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038066568.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20210412023359-20210412053359-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.912511 | 448 | 2.828125 | 3 |
By Sarah Grainger
BBC News, Kabale, Uganda
Two crops a year make Uganda's orchards viable
Keith Rwamahe is one of about 100 farmers in his sub-county on the outskirts of Kabale who have begun to grow temperate fruits.
He used to grow tomatoes and passion fruit, but has found that apples are much more lucrative.
The fruit from one mature apple tree can sell for about $150 (£76), five times as much as an acre of sorghum.
Add to this that a one-acre apple orchard could contain as many as 200 trees and Kabale's infant apple industry starts to make sense.
"Last season, I harvested around 500 apples," Keith says.
"I sold 300, the family ate 100 and 100 were eaten by birds.
"But even so, I make enough money to send my eldest daughter to university and my other three children to school."
Growing apples, plums and pears is possible in Kabale because of the area's cool climate.
Known as the Switzerland of Africa, the highlands of south western Uganda are much more temperate than the rest of the country.
At an altitude of 2100 metres above sea level, Kabale is usually shrouded in morning mist when lowland areas, like the capital Kampala, enjoy brilliant sunshine.
Local farmers may struggle to grow tropical fruits like pineapples and bananas, which are found in abundance elsewhere in Uganda.
But they can turn the climate to their advantage, producing fruits that are usually imported from South Africa and command a much higher price than their tropical counterparts.
There is a further advantage to such a temperate climate so close to the equator.
Unlike European or South African fruit trees, the orchards in Kabale produce two crops per year in June and December.
Temperate fruit farming has been introduced to the region by Uganda's Agricultural Research and Development Institute.
The cool climate makes "Africa's Switzerland" good for apples
Seeds were imported from Germany and South Africa and kept in the fridge at 0.2 degrees Celsius until they were ready for planting.
The project, which began with the first experimental plantings in 1999, is now beginning to bear fruit, as the trees mature and start to produce a significant crop.
"These fruits are selling like hot cakes in Kabale," says Imelda Kashaija, the research institute's local director.
"Eventually we hope to supply supermarkets in Kampala and even to export to neighbouring countries."
Mr Rwamahe certainly has high hopes for his crop.
"They are the tastiest apples around," he says.
"I would encourage other farmers to start planting these crops.
"It's a great way to reduce poverty." | <urn:uuid:2c669a96-ddae-4f9b-a992-b7f71a73d862> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6549609.stm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424937481488.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226075801-00037-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967861 | 569 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Millions live with chronic pain every day. Some pain may be caused from accidents, trauma, or injury. While others might be caused by their disease.
Although the reason for their pain be different, the one thing they do have in common is their desire to be pain free, so they can live a happy productive life.
Many try pain management and that works for a while. As the disease advances, or the injury worsens, the pain medicine don’t seem to work as well as it once did.
Sometimes it’s not the progression of the disease, but our body own tolerance, to that particular medicine.
This leaves many to suffer painfully for hours. Which cause unnecessary stress,fatigue and adecreased ability to function.
There are some things you can do to get some pain relief. I will explain in the following paragraphs.
1- Acupuncture is often used to relieve pain. A chiropractor will insert tiny needles in different pressure point areas of the body.
This will stimulate the body, which will cause it to release the pain reducing chemicals serotonin and endorphins.
These small needles are also thought to overload the pain center of the brain, which decreases your discomfort.
2- Massage is often used to remove the tension from stiff sore muscles. One type is Ayurveda massage. This therapy is thought to restore positive energy while removing negative energy.
These things restore overall balance of the mind, body and soul, which decreases the pain and other symptoms you may be experiencing.
3- Diet Studies show that eating healthy foods reduce pain. When we eat healthy, we replenish essential vitamins and nutrients in our body.
This will assist our body in maintaining homeostasis, over all wellness. In addition, we are boosting our immune system and eliminating harmful free radicals.
It’s suggested to eat 21/2 cups of fruits and vegetables a day. We should have 3 cups of dairy products and 3 Ozof whole grains. For meat we should have 5 Oz of either lean meat or fish.
To further reduce pain we need to stay away from central nervous system stimulants processed foods, foods high in saturated and Trans fats. We should also limit the amount of sugar, flour, yeast and carbohydrates we consume each day.
4- Exercise has shown to decrease pain levels. While you exercise your body releases endorphins and other chemicals in your body that helps reduce pain.
In addition, exercising stretches muscles which relieves the pressure on muscles and pinched nerves.
When you exercise don’t push yourself into doing more than you should. You should warm up before exercising and cool down afterwards.
5- Yoga has shown to decrease stress and fatigue which will lower your pain level.
6- Relaxation Techniques When we relax, we reduce stress and fatigue which decrease our pain.
7- Meditation This is another pain relief alternative. It empties your mind which reduces the pain signals to the brain.
8- Cognitive Behavior Therapy CBT replace the negative thoughts centered on the pain with more positive ones. It also teaches mindfulness and other pain related techniques.
9- Topical medicines There are several on the market to help alleviate the pain. There are also pain patches that you can apply. Many choose these options because the side effects are minimal
10- Bath time some people take a nice warm relaxing bath. Perhaps add a few candles, and a scented oil to increase the relaxing experience.
11- Warm Moist Heat Some people use warm, moist heat to relieve painful areas. There are several ways to accomplish this.
You can use a damp towel that’s been warmed in a microwave. Hot water bottles work well too. There are also rice socks that when warmed releases moist heat. Of course, there is always a heating pad.
No matter what you use, be sure that it isn’t hot enough to burn you and the hot water bottle lid is secure.
12– Ice Some use ice to reduce swelling, and inflammation. If you use ice, don’t put it directly on the skin and only leave for 20 minutes at a time, with a half hour break in between.
13- Hobby Some find a hobby helps them relax. This helps reduces stress and fatigue, which decreases pain levels. You should choose something that you enjoy doing, and will keeps your mind busy.
Perhaps drawing, painting, writing, working out in the garden. Maybe take a ceramic, woodworking, arts and crafts or a dance class. Perhaps you could try sitting down with a good book, or some puzzles.
14. Tennis Balls Some use tennis balls to relieve some of the muscle tension. Take the ball and place it between your sore area and a hard object. Now gently press. Afterwards, use warm, moist heat to relieve the remaining pain.
15- Herbal Alternatives Oils include Balm of Gilead, Boswellia, castor oil, Eucalyptus, Helichrysum and kava. Devils Claw creamm Skullcap feverfew, cats claw, pillCorydalis powder, oil.
Sometimes we can get the most pain relief from a simple plant. I’ve listed the top shown to reduce pain and inflammation.
- Arnica Oil used in sports medicine to reduce muscle pain.
- Balm of Gilead reduces pain and inflammation.
- Black Pepper reduces pain.
- Boswellia reduces pain and inflammation. It helps with arthritis.
- CastorOil helps relieve swelling and chronic pain.
- Cat’sClaw helps with painful inflammation and with arthritic pain.
- Corydalis is a central nervous system depressant.
- Devil’s Clawhelps relieve muscle and rheumatoid arthritis pain.
- Eucalyptus helps with diseases like, osteoarthritis, rheumatism and cancer.
- Feverfew reduces inflammation, pain and helps with menstrual cramps.
- Helichrysum is an anti-inflammatory analgesic
- Jamaican Dogwood relieves migraines it also helps a person sleep by reducing pain, stress tension and fatigue.
- Kava it helps reduce pain and helps with insomnia.
- Rose it helps reduce pain.
- Skullcap relieves pain associated with atherosclerosis, stroke and stroke induced paralysis. It reduces stress, fatigue and insomnia.
- Wintergreen rub this in to get relief from sore, stiff muscles. Be sure to dilute according to directions beforehand. | <urn:uuid:00bacd1b-f95e-4e01-b387-9e053c5ac48b> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.chronicbodypain.net/30-natural-ways-to-reduce-pain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038061820.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20210411085610-20210411115610-00006.warc.gz | en | 0.917749 | 1,344 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The most incisive guide to issues facing the American family today . . . An invaluable resource for anyone wishing to stay on the cutting edge of research on family trends.
-W. Bradford Wilcox
Associate Professor of Sociology, University of Virginia
Stranded in painful loneliness by the low marriage rates and high divorce rates of modern life, a distressing number of men and women hit the bottle, hit it so hard, in fact, that many end up in an early grave. The grim linkage between singleness, alcohol abuse, and premature death stands out in a study by researchers at University College London, the University of Turku, and the University of Helsinki. Scrutinizing data from Statistics Finland for 18,200 alcohol-related deaths in Finland between 2000 and 2007, the researchers limn a clear relationship between alcohol-related deaths and social isolation.
The researchers report that compared to peers who are married or cohabiting (yes, this is twenty-first-century Scandinavia), single men and women are far more vulnerable to premature deaths related to the use of alcohol: the data indicate that for alcohol-related mortality, “crude death rates among individuals living alone were about 5-fold higher for men and 3-fold higher for women.”
Finns living alone became more vulnerable to lethal alcohol abuse in 2004, the researchers argue, when the price of liquor fell as a consequence of legal and economic changes. However, the data indicate that married men and women were far more resistant to life-ending alcohol abuse than were singles even before this drop in liquor prices. Looking specifically at liver disease (the most common reason for alcohol-related death), the researchers calculate an “age-adjusted risk ratio associated with living alone versus being married or cohabiting . . . [as] 3.7 before and 4.9 after the reduction in alcohol prices among men.” For Finnish women, the corresponding risk ratios were 1.7 and 2.4.
But liver disease counts as only one of the lethal consequences of alcohol abuse, and the researchers conclude that, quite aside from such disease, “Living alone was . . . associated with other mortality from alcohol-related diseases (range of risk ratios 2.3 to 8.0) as well as deaths from accidents and violence with alcohol as a contributing cause (risk ratios between 2.1 and 4.7), both before and after the price reduction.”
Though understandably disturbed by the consequences of cheaper liquor in Finland, the researchers recognize that the drop in liquor prices actually affected married Finns very little: “Among married or cohabiting people the increase in alcohol-related mortality was small or non-existent between the periods 2000–2003 and 2004–2007,” the researchers acknowledge, “whereas for those living alone, this increase was substantial, especially in men and women aged 50–69 y[ears].”
It is therefore no wonder that the researchers see in the upsurge of alcohol-related deaths a problem much bigger than that of liquor pricing. The larger problem manifesting itself through the spike in alcohol-related deaths is that “Social isolation and living alone are increasingly common in industrialised countries.” Such isolation, the researches explain, is inevitable in a world in which “fewer people live in extended families, and many delay and altogether avoid getting married and having children.”
Some public-health officials believe that they can deal with alcohol abuse by establishing more substance-abuse hotlines. But as this study clarifies, a root-and-branch solution requires a recovery of patterns that strengthen extended families and foster wedlock and child-bearing. | <urn:uuid:0a3deea2-98c0-49c2-8233-b7664fd65bdf> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://familyinamerica.org/journals/spring-2012/divorced-drunk-dead/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187826114.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023145244-20171023165244-00441.warc.gz | en | 0.963259 | 756 | 2.515625 | 3 |
|Look up sociality in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.|
Sociality is a survival response to evolutionary pressures. For example, when a mother wasp stays near her larvae in the nest, parasites are less likely to eat the larvae. Biologists suspect that pressures from parasites and other predators selected this behavior in wasps of the family Vespidae.
This wasp behaviour evidences the most fundamental characteristic of animal sociality: parental investment. Parental investment is any expenditure of resources (time, energy, social capital) to benefit one offspring. Parental investment detracts from a parent's capacity to invest in future reproduction and aid to kin (including other offspring). An animal that cares for its young but shows no other sociality traits is said to be subsocial.
An animal that exhibits a high degree of sociality is called a social animal. The highest degree of sociality recognized by sociobiologists is eusociality. A eusocial taxon is one that exhibits overlapping adult generations, reproductive division of labor, cooperative care of young, and—in the most refined cases—a biological caste system.
Solitary animals, such as the jaguar, don't associate except for courtship and mating. If an animal taxon shows a degree of sociality beyond courtship and mating, but lacks any of the characteristics of eusociality, it is said to be presocial. Presociality is much more common than eusociality.
Entomologist Charles D. Michener published a classification system for presociality in 1969, building on the earlier work of Suzanne Batra (who coined the words eusocial and quasisocial in 1966). Michener used these terms in his study of bees, but also saw a need for additional classifications: subsocial, communal, and semisocial. In his use of these words, he did not generalize beyond insects.
Subsociality is common in the animal kingdom. In subsocial taxa, parents care for their young for some length of time. Even if the period of care is very short, the animal is still described as subsocial. If adult animals associate with other adults, they are not called subsocial, but are ranked in some other classification according to their social behaviours. If occasionally associating or nesting with other adults is a taxon's most social behaviour, then members of those populations are said to be solitary but social.
Solitary-but-social animals forage separately, but some individuals sleep in the same location or share nests. The home ranges of females usually overlap, whereas those of males do not. Males usually do not associate with other males, and male offspring are usually evicted upon maturity. Among primates, this form of social organization is most common among the nocturnal strepsirrhine species and tarsiers. Some examples of solitary-but-social species are mouse lemurs, lorises, and orangutans.
Sociobiologists place communal, quasisocial, and semisocial animals into a meta-class: the parasocial. What parasocial taxa have in common is that they socialize in a single, cooperative dwelling.
Here is how communal, quasisocial, and semisocial taxa differ: In a communal group, adults cohabit in a single nest site, but they each care for their own young. Quasisocial animals, however, additionally share the responsibilities of brood care.
Beyond parasociality is eusociality. Eusocial insect societies have all the characteristics of a semisocial one, except overlapping generations of adults cohabit and share in the care of young. This means that more than one adult generation is alive at the same time, and that the older generations also care for the newest offspring.
Eusocial societies have overlapping adult generations, cooperative care of young, and division of labor. However, in some animal species the division of labour is more flexible than in others. An individual's duty is dictated by caste, but one's caste may change.
For example, a queen bee can become a worker bee, and a worker bee can become a queen bee. The individual has a social role, but that role is not codified in the shape of the organism (its morphology). However, when organisms in a species are born with physical characteristics specific to a caste, and that caste never changes in the life of the organism, this exemplifies the highest acknowledged degree of sociality. Only two orders in the animal kingdom include highly eusocial taxa: Hymenoptera (ants, bees, sawflies, and wasps) and the infraorder isoptera (termites). Eusocial species that lack this criterion of morphological caste differentiation are said to be primitively eusocial.
Mammalian examples include the naked mole-rat and the Damaraland mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber & Fukomys damarensis, respectively), two species of vertebrates that are diploid and highly inbred. Usually living in harsh or limiting environments, these mole rats aid in raising siblings and relatives born to a single reproductive queen. However, this classification is controversial owing to disputed definitions of 'eusociality.' A study conducted by O’Riain and Faulkes in 2008 suggests that due to regular inbreeding avoidance, mole rats sometimes outbreed and establish new colonies when resources are sufficient. Thus, it is uncertain whether mole rats classify as true eusocial organisms, since their social behavior depends largely on their resources and environment.
Eusociality has also arisen among some crustaceans that live in groups in a restricted area. Synalpheus regalis, parasitic shrimp that rely on fortress defense and live in groups of closely related individuals in tropical reefs and sponges, live eusocially with a single breeding female and a large number of male defenders, armed with enlarged snapping claws. As with other eusocial societies, there is a single shared living space for the colony members, and the non-breeding members act to defend it.
|Degree of sociality||Parental investment||Members of an adult generation and their young cohabit||Cooperative care of young||Reproductive division of labour||Caste system||Overlapping adult generations|
|Solitary but social||Yes||Sometimes||No||No||No||No|
- Smelser, Neil J.; Baltes, Paul B., eds. (2001). "Evolution of Sociality". International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. New York: Elsevier. p. 14506. ISBN 9780080430768. OCLC 47869490.
- Ross, Kenneth G.; Matthews, Robert W. (1991). The Social Biology of Wasps. Ithaca: Comstock Publishing Associates. ISBN 9780801420351. OCLC 22184337.
- Gadagkar, Raghavendra (September 1987). "What are social insects?" (PDF). IUSSI Indian Chapter Newsletter (International Union for the Study of Social Insects) 1 (2).
- Michener, C. D. (1969). "Comparative Social Behavior of Bees". Annual Review of Entomology 14: 299–342. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.14.010169.001503.
- Batra, S. W. T. (1966). "Social behavior and nests of some nomiine bees in India (Hymenoptera, Halictidæ)". Insectes Sociaux 13 (3): 145–153. doi:10.1007/BF02223020.
- Wilson, E. O. (1971). The Insect Societies. Cambridge: Belknap Press. ISBN 9780674454903. OCLC 199513.
- Sussman, R. W. (2003). "Ecology: General Principles". Primate Ecology and Social Structure. Pearson Custom Publishing. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-536-74363-3. OCLC 57408633.
- Furey, R. E. (1998). "Two cooperatively social populations of the theridiid spider Anelosimus studiosus in a temperate region". Animal behaviour 55 (3): 727–735. doi:10.1006/anbe.1997.0648. PMID 9515053.
- Cf. Gyne
- Burda, H. Honeycutt; Begall, S.; Locker-Grutjen, O; Scharff, A. (2000). "Are naked and common mole-rats eusocial and if so, why?". Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 47 (5): 293–303. doi:10.1007/s002650050669.
- O'Riain, M.J.; Faulkes, C. G. (2008). "African mole rats: eusociality, relatedness and ecological constraints". Ecology of Social Evolution: 207–223. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-75957-7_10.
- Duffy, J. Emmett; Cheryl L. Morrison and Ruben Rios (2000). "Multiple origins of eusociality among sponge-dwelling shrimps (Synalpheus)". Evolution 54 (2): 503–516. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00053.x. PMID 10937227.
- Duffy, J. E (1998). "On the frequency of eusociality in snapping shrimps (Decapoda: Alpheidae), with description of a second eusocial species". Bulletin of Marine Science 63 (2): 387–400. | <urn:uuid:134ae826-68fa-48a2-8e63-335135b45db8> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presociality | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463028.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00222-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.851721 | 2,052 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Almost as soon as World War II ended, the question of what to do with a defeated, destroyed Germany threatened to drive a wedge between the Soviet Union and the Western Allies. At Potsdam in 1945, the Big Three (the United States, Great Britain and the Soviet Union) agreed to divide Germany into occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the eastern half of the country and the United States, Great Britain and France dividing up the west. The capital city of Berlin, located deep within East Germany, was partitioned in much the same way.
Three years later, as the two sides found themselves increasingly at odds, the future of West Berlin hung in the balance. On June 24, 1948, outraged by the currency reform introduced by the United States and Britain into their occupied zones of Germany, the Soviets blocked all road, rail and water routes to the Allied-controlled sectors of Berlin. The blockade cut off the city’s electricity, food and coal supply, as well as its access to the outside world. For the Allies, coming to the aid of West Berlin—a democratic island in the middle of a communist state—was non-negotiable.
Over 11 months, American and British pilots ferried some 2.3 million tons of supplies into West Berlin.
According to agreements made in 1945, the United States and Britain still had three air corridors to Berlin open to them, so they decided to airlift food, coal and other crucial supplies into the city from Allied military air bases in western Germany. On June 26, the United States launched “Operation Vittles;” Britain followed two days later with “Operation Plainfare.”
Over the next 11 months, American and British pilots ferried some 2.3 million tons of supplies into West Berlin on a total of 277,500 flights, in what would be the largest air relief operation in history. Though it began slowly, the Berlin Airlift grew more and more efficient. At its height, in the spring of 1949, an Allied aircraft landed at Berlin’s Tempelhof Airport every 45 seconds. The planes carried everything from food stuffs and medical supplies to coal and machinery, all vital to the survival of West Berliners who were hungry, scared and still reeling from the wounds inflicted during World War II. One of the airlift’s best-known heroes, U.S. pilot Gail S. Halvorsen, dropped parcels of candy, chewing gum and other sweets for the city’s children, earning the nickname “Candy Bomber.”
“The airlift was a lifeline for West Berlin,” says Hope Harrison, an associate professor of history and international affairs at George Washington University who has written extensively on the Cold War, Germany and Russia. “To feel that the U.S. and Great Britain, who had been their enemies, weren’t giving up on them. The last time they were doing anything, they were dropping bombs, and instead they’re bringing in food and coal and everything else.”
The Americans and the British desperately wanted to maintain a Western presence in Berlin.
Though neither the Brits nor the Americans wanted war with the Soviets, they desperately wanted to maintain a Western presence in Berlin. As General Lucius Clay, the administration of US-occupied Germany, reported to Washington in mid-June 1948: “We are convinced that our remaining in Berlin is essential to our prestige in Germany and in Europe. Whether for good or bad, it has become a symbol of the American intent.”
The Allies reasoned that if the Soviets opposed the Berlin Airlift with force, they would be acting aggressively against a humanitarian mission and violating an explicit agreement. Though the Soviets did harass some Allied planes during the airlift, they didn’t take more aggressive steps against it, not wanting to risk all-out war with the West. Though the United States hoped to resolve the crisis peacefully, President Harry S. Truman’s administration did send B-29 bombers capable of carrying nuclear weapons to Britain during the airlift, indicating just how serious the situation had become.
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“This was the biggest conflict yet in the developing Cold War,” Harrison says. “It made it absolutely clear—communists on one side, democrats on the other. It really made that clear to the Germans.” The airlift also convinced the French, she says, who had initially taken a more vindictive stance toward the German people after the war ended. “It took the blockade of Berlin to persuade the French, the new enemy is the Soviets. It’s not the Germans anymore,” Harrison explains. “It brought the French along with the U.S. and Brits to say, ‘Look, we’ve now got to help the Germans, because we have a bigger enemy.’”
Stalin did not want the Berlin Airlift.
On May 12, 1949, the Soviets ended the blockade of Allied-occupied Berlin after 11 months, and West Berliners began welcoming the first British and American land convoys. A few weeks earlier, the Western Allies had met in Washington to form the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and two weeks after the blockade was lifted, the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) was formally established. “Stalin got exactly the opposite of what he wanted,” Harrison says. “He was essentially, with the blockade, trying to stop the creation of a West German state. Well, he got the creation of a West German state, and a Western military alliance.”
Early in the airlift, when British and American planes were struggling to carry the necessary amount of cargo to West Berlin, the Soviets offered to lift the blockade if the Allies withdrew the new Deutschmark from the city. But the Allies refused, and in the fall of 1948 some 300,000 West Berliners gathered at the Reichstag to show their opposition to Soviet domination, helping to convince the Allies to continue the airlift.
By the following spring, it was clear that the Berlin Airlift had become a massive success. Meanwhile, the Allied counterblockade that stopped all rail traffic into East Germany from the U.S. and British zones had dried up the region’s supply of coal and steel, hampering its industrial development and making the Soviets worry about a political backlash.
After the Berlin Airlift, a division in Europe between communist and anti-communist states was cemented.
In October 1949, the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) was officially announced. Three years later, Stalin’s Soviet regime sealed the border between East and West Germany, leaving Berlin as the only conduit for East Germans looking to escape communism. Between 1949 and 1961, some 2.5 million of them fled via West Berlin, until in August 1961 the East German government erected the barbed wire fence that would become the Berlin Wall.
The crisis over Berlin in 1948-49 had cemented the division of Europe into communist and anti-communist states, and transformed the German capital, previously identified with Nazism and Hitler, into a Cold War era symbol of democracy and freedom. For West Germans, the Berlin Airlift would instill an enduring sense of gratitude toward the United States and Britain, their former enemies who had refused to allow them to be swallowed up into the communist regime, and had helped them when they needed it most.
“You helped us in our hour of need—we will help you now.”
Decades later, long after the Cold War faded into memory, the long-term effects of the Berlin Airlift lingered. “So many Berliners of that generation to this day have cans of food or powdered milk they kept as a souvenir [of the airlift],” Harrison says. “After the terrorist attacks of 2001 on the United States, the city of Berlin took out a full-page ad in the New York Times with pictures of the airlift. It said ‘You helped us in our hour of need—we will help you now.’” | <urn:uuid:598edb5b-80ed-4748-8ec7-5dcfbba7ebd5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://preview.history.com/news/berlin-airlift-wall-cold-war-blockade | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571909.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813051311-20220813081311-00389.warc.gz | en | 0.967314 | 1,674 | 3.609375 | 4 |
polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)Article Free Pass
polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), a synthetic resin produced from the polymerization of methyl methacrylate. A transparent and rigid plastic, PMMA is often used as a substitute for glass in products such as shatterproof windows, skylights, illuminated signs, and aircraft canopies. It is sold under the trademarks Plexiglas, Lucite, and Perspex.
PMMA, an ester of methacrylic acid (CH2=C[CH3]CO2H), belongs to the important acrylic family of resins. In modern production it is obtained principally from propylene, a compound refined from the lighter fractions of crude oil. Propylene and benzene are reacted together to form cumene, or isopropylbenzene; the cumene is oxidized to cumene hydroperoxide, which is treated with acid to form acetone; the acetone is in turn converted in a three-step process to methyl methacrylate (CH2=C[CH3]CO2CH3), a flammable liquid. Methyl methacrylate, in bulk liquid form or suspended as fine droplets in water, is polymerized (its molecules linked together in large numbers) under the influence of free-radical initiators to form solid PMMA. The structure of the polymer repeating unit is:.
The presence of the pendant methyl (CH3) groups prevents the polymer chains from packing closely in a crystalline fashion and from rotating freely around the carbon-carbon bonds. As a result, PMMA is a tough and rigid plastic. In addition, it has almost perfect transmission of visible light, and, because it retains these properties over years of exposure to ultraviolet radiation and weather, it is an ideal substitute for glass. A most successful application is in internally lighted signs for advertising and directions. PMMA is also employed in domed skylights, swimming pool enclosures, aircraft canopies, instrument panels, and luminous ceilings. For these applications the plastic is drawn into sheets that are machined or thermoformed, but it is also injection-molded into automobile lenses and lighting-fixture covers. Because PMMA displays the unusual property of keeping a beam of light reflected within its surfaces, it is frequently made into optical fibres for telecommunication or endoscopy.
Polymethyl methacrylate was discovered in the early 1930s by British chemists Rowland Hill and John Crawford at Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) in England. ICI registered the product under the trademark Perspex. About the same time, chemist and industrialist Otto Röhm of Rohm and Haas AG in Germany attempted to produce safety glass by polymerizing methyl methacrylate between two layers of glass. The polymer separated from the glass as a clear plastic sheet, which Röhm gave the trademarked name Plexiglas. Both Perspex and Plexiglas were commercialized in the late 1930s. In the United States, E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company (now DuPont Company) subsequently introduced its own product under the trademark Lucite. The first major application of the new plastic took place during World War II, when PMMA was made into aircraft windows and bubble canopies for gun turrets. Civilian applications followed after the war.
Do you know anything more about this topic that you’d like to share? | <urn:uuid:e7b4fe7e-b3ed-47ba-9e4d-354e86e2053a> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1551203/polymethyl-methacrylate-PMMA | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1404776440026.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20140707234040-00019-ip-10-180-212-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938367 | 710 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Bronchitis is defined as the inflammation or swelling of the lining of your bronchial tubes. Bronchial tubes are the airways between the lungs and the windpipe. The bronchial tubes are responsible for conveying air to and from your lungs. Bronchitis makes these tubes irritated and swollen. These tubes have linings that excrete significant amounts of mucus than usual causing a cough. The mucus traps dust particles and other elements. Bronchitis should be taken seriously especially among the elderly as it can lead to more severe complications. Women are also considered to be at more risk than men when it comes to bronchitis.
There are two types of bronchitis:
1. Acute bronchitis: It happens when a virus or bacteria attacks the upper respiratory tract. It lasts for about a week or two and can be cured by simple solutions. Before taking any medicines and cough syrups you should consult the doctor. Acute bronchitis is prevalent in both children and adults.
2. Chronic bronchitis: It lasts for at least three months and is often caused by smoking and other pollutants. The condition can also develop as a result of badly treated acute bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis is more difficult to treat and thus requires medical attention.
Causes of Bronchitis
Bronchitis mostly results from a viral or bacterial chest infection. In fact, viral infections make up to 90% of bronchitis cases. You stand high chances of getting acute bronchitis shortly after having the flu or common cold. They come with an upper respiratory tract infection. Bronchitis is transferred by coughing or sneezing without covering your mouth. In the process of coughing or sneezing, droplets spread and stay in the air for a while. If you come into contact with a surface that has the virus and then touches anywhere else without washing your hands, you can help spread bronchitis. The viruses responsible include influenza, rhinovirus and syncytial virus among others.
Symptoms of Bronchitis
- A persistent cough usually accompanied by a yellowish gray mucus/phlegm.
- Experiencing a wheezing sound when breathing.
- Occasional fever and chills.
- Chest discomfort.
- A blocked nose that leads to shortness of breath and running nose in some instances.
Facts of Bronchitis You Probably Didn’t Know
- Doctors in the United States attend to over 14 million cases of bronchitis every year.
- Most people only come to know about having chronic bronchitis when the disease has already progressed to an advanced stage.
- If untreated or treated in the wrong way, bronchitis can cause pneumonia.
- People exposed to fumes and dust are at much higher risk of developing chronic bronchitis.
- Smoking accounts for up to 80% of chronic bronchitis cases.
Although bronchitis is not considered a dangerous disease on its own, it can contribute to the development of other serious conditions. That’s why you’re strongly recommended to go to the doctor if you suspect you may have bronchitis. If you have an underlying lung condition like asthma, or if symptoms persist for four weeks, then you really need prompt medical attention. It may be a sigh of a life-threatening disease like pneumonia. | <urn:uuid:24ed121b-1096-47b8-a106-fa971c56b803> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.sildenafilcitrate.net/understanding-bronchitis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998882.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20190619023613-20190619045613-00538.warc.gz | en | 0.93314 | 693 | 4.1875 | 4 |
We are also told to be careful about planting different varieties close together or at the same time, due to the effects of cross-pollination. I'll cover this in more detail in a moment. But first, let's quickly cover the basics of corn pollination for those unfamiliar with it.
How corn is pollinated
A mature corn plant has two parts of most interest to us in the discussion - the tassels (right), which form at the top of the plant and are where the pollen grains are produced, and the silks (below), which hang from the end of the forming cob, or ear, and which must be pollinated by the pollen. The design is that the pollen will fall downwards with the aid of gravity, and float around a bit with the aid of wind, and come into contact with the silks, pollinating them.
Did you know that each strand of silk is attached to one potential kernel of corn? If the silk is pollinated, that kernel will plump up. If not, it won't. This is why poorly pollinated cobs will have many missing kernels, while well pollinated ones will have lovely rows of fat kernels all around the cob.
Cross-pollination of corn
With other species of vegetables, let's say pumpkins, where cross pollination happens easily - in the case of pumpkins when bees visiting the flowers are carrying pollen from other related varieties - cross-pollination is not of concern to the pumpkin grower if he's only wanting to grow and eat the pumpkins, which will be unaffected, but IS of concern if he's wanting to save seeds from those pumpkins to grow the next year. That is because the seeds that form inside the pumpkins as a result of pollination will carry the DNA of both that plant and the one it was pollinated by, which if it's a different variety means the pumpkins grown from those seeds will not be true to type, and may turn out to be quite different from what the grower wants, even inedible.
However, for plants where pollination produces seed and it's the seed we eat, as in this case corn, then cross pollination by different varieties can affect the "vegetable" itself, as it is the seed we want and eat. (Technically, corn is a grain, not a vegetable). That is, the kernels on the cob are in fact the plant's seeds, and we want them to be true-to-type. If, for example, a sweetcorn plant is pollinated by a popcorn plant, the popcorn will be fine, but the sweetcorn will be have drier, tougher kernels and potentially not be nice to eat. Generally, the tougher/drier types of corn tend to be dominant over the sweetcorn types.
So, to avoid this occurring, gardeners have 3 main choices:
1) Grow only one variety each season
2) Stagger planting so that each different type flowers at different times - this usually means planting 4-6 weeks apart. Further precaution would be to remove any remaining tassels from the first variety before the second one's silks emerge (by with time the first one should have been well pollinated - you could wipe the removed tassels across it's own silks for good measure)
3) Isolate by distance - but since corn pollen can float in the air for huge distances, this is usually impractical in the home garden, though isolating by means of a large structure may help - eg planting one variety on one side of the house, and a different one on the other.
If you don't take any of these measures and grow more than one variety at the same time, then you risk having results different then you hoped for - eg tough sweetcorn. At least that's the theory. I have heard some gardeners say they've grown popcorn and sweetcorn next to each other, and the sweetcorn was fine. However, the science of it says that the sweetcorn, of cross pollinated by the popcorn, will be tougher. Here's the scientific explanation for those who want deeper understanding:
The proper development of corn kernels requires double fertilization — that is, two sperm (carried in the pollen) are required to fertilize an ovule. One of the sperm fertilizes the egg within the ovule, which becomes the plant embryo. The other sperm fuses with other nuclei in the ovule to become the endosperm of the seed, which will develop into a food source for the developing plant. The endosperm makes up the majority of a corn kernel, which is why the genetics of the pollen source matter so much. In contrast, there is very little endosperm in the seeds of other garden plants, which instead put all of their resources into developing the cotyledons (seed leaves). (1)
All of the alleles responsible for sweet corn are recessive, so it must be isolated from other corn, such as field corn and popcorn, that release pollen at the same time; the endosperm develops from genes from both parents, and heterozygous kernels will be tough and starchy. (2). Allele = one member of gene pair, such as will be found in the egg or sperm of a mammal, or the pollen or ovule of a plant. Heterozygous = having two different alleles for the same gene (usually one is dominant and the other is recessive).
But crossing colours can be fun....
The outer coat of the corn kernel is called the pericarp, and the pericarp is where the colour is - eg you can have yellow popcorn or red popcorn, but if you pop them both, the insides of each are white - the colour is only in the pericarp, or hull. The colour of the pericarp is determined only by the genetics of the mother (female plant part, ie ear). This means that the cobs resulting from the immediate cross will be coloured according to the genetics of the plant on which it is growing, but the cobs on plants grown from seeds saved from those are carrying the genetics from both parents and so can show variety.
Let me show you that in practical reality.....
The year before last, I grew three varieties of popcorn - strawberry/crimson (saved from my previous crop), mini-black (gifted by a Hamilton grower), and yellow (purchased from Kings Seeds). I grew a fair number of each plant, all in the same bed, because I didn't care if they crossed, since all popcorn is popcorn, regardless of colour. At the end of that season, I harvested the popcorn. I had cobs of each of the three distinct colours - a few of those cobs are shown to the right.
Last season I chose not to plant any popcorn, as I had plenty stored up and didn't have space in the garden. However, I did notice that some self-sown popcorn was growing next to where the bed of it had been the previous season. Nothing unusual in that; I'd left the popcorn to dry on the plants and had been busy and was slow to getting around to harvesting - some of the cobs were dropping seed before I did so, and I rather expected a few popcorn "weeds." I noticed this particular plant that popped up had red tassels like the strawberry popcorn does, but not the black or yellow ones, so I thought in passing it would produce more strawberry cobs, and then forgot all about it. I never got around to picking it at the end of summer, and eventually the plant died down, and the cobs shed their seed into the grass, or so I thought.
Today I was weeding that patch, and found the two cobs still mostly intact, though the end kernels were all sprouting. Here's what they look like (right): Pretty!
Parents 1 & 2 has two genes for colour - one dominant and one recessive shown as Pp.
Pp crosses with Pp
Possible offspring are:
PP, Pp, Pp and pp
One has two dominant genes, two have one dominant and one recessive, and one has two recessive genes. In theory, 3 of the offspring will be the dominant colour, and one will be the recessive colour.
But in my corn it gets more complicated - there are three colours here, and each colour kernel potentially has a number of different combinations. And of course it will depend which colours are actually dominant. And which plant's pollen pollinates each one. | <urn:uuid:a549b44d-2559-4a49-a18f-b2abe7784540> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://www.thriftykiwi.co.nz/2016-2017-garden-blog/the-pollination-and-cross-pollination-of-corn-varieties | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578529839.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20190420140859-20190420162859-00325.warc.gz | en | 0.967189 | 1,766 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Spanish is a Romance language spoken by approximately 405,638,110 speakers in the world (Lewis, Simons & Fenning 2013). Two major varieties are distinguished, Peninsular Spanish (Spain) and the Spanish spoken in the Americas, although it is also spoken natively in some parts of Africa, and in the United States. Spanish in the Americas comprises several dialects well differentiated by variations in the lexicon, phonology and, more importantly, in intonational patterns. In Mexico 86,211,000 (88% of the population) use Spanish as their first language, and a significant number of indigenous people have Spanish as their second language. The variety illustrated here is representative of the speech of the educated middle-class population from the metropolitan zone (three female and three male speakers in their 30s), which has as its center Mexico City, the most densely populated urban area in the country with more than 20 million people according to the Mexican National Census (INEGI 2010).
Email your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation's collection. | <urn:uuid:e1824c51-5084-40c1-a2a7-dd201a7486e4> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-international-phonetic-association/article/mexico-city-spanish/C35C97AE9A19C9C222FD614D2D4125AA | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155634.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20180918170042-20180918190042-00361.warc.gz | en | 0.97089 | 218 | 3.421875 | 3 |
You've been thinking about taking your garden native, right? You get it. The celebration of the region's ornamental plants. The welcome mat for birds and butterflies. The environmental impact.
Native plants "have adapted to the climatic swings of the [region] and are more likely to thrive and survive," writes Carolyn Harstad in "Go Native! Gardening with Native Plants and Wildflowers in the Lower Midwest" ( Indiana University Press). "Our maintenance is reduced because these plants need less artificial watering, less fertilizing, less chemical maintenance, less of the forces currently degrading our environment."
On the other hand, you want to avoid bad sci-fi-inspired headlines: "Rhizomes run amok!!" "Bugbane swallows the world!!!" And you don't want a tallgrass jungle.
"If the plants are taller than 3 feet, you feel like you're walking through a jungle [when] you want to be in a garden," said landscape architect Keith Nowakowski, author of "Native Plants in the Home Landscape" ( University of Illinois Extension). He prefers a native garden with plants of varying height. (His garden will be part of the Crete garden walk Wednesday and Thurday; go to cretewomansclub.org.) "I cringe when I see wildflowers get so tall that with heavy rain they bend over."
So listen to The Morton Arboretum's Karla Lynch, manager of horticulture education.
"Look at what site you have and pick out native plants that have the ornamental attributes that you're looking for and would be perfectly happy growing in that location," said Lynch, noting that native plants are usually divided into those suited to prairie, woodland, savanna or wetland conditions.
Another thing: Just because they're native does not mean these plants don't need attention. New transplants require what any young plant needs: consistent watering, mulching, TLC.
We asked a few experts for their favorite native plant choices for home gardens in the Chicago area:
Ornamental grasses are "a key part of prairie or native plantings," Nowakowski said. His favorite is little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), particularly the silvery-green leaf of 'The Blues.' It stays low all summer and has a "fountaining effect," he said. "In late August, it starts sending up its flower stems and turning a coppery-rose color and stays that way through winter." Another favorite: prairie dropseed (Sporobolus heterolepsis). (Grow both in full sun.)
Another Nowakowski pick, pasque flower (Pulsatilla vulgaris) blooms in April, "with billowy seed heads in June when flowers fade and a ferny green leaf for the rest of summer. It's also ... only a foot high mounded." (Full sun.)
"People don't think of the prairie as having woody plants but it does, especially at the edges," said Lynch of The Morton Arboretum. American hazelnut (Corylus Americana) "...has fabulous fall color -- a combination of gold, orange and red all in the same plant, and it produces an edible nut, the hazelnut -- but it's hard to get it because the squirrels get to it first. This is a larger shrub, 6 to 10 feet tall, depending on the growing conditions." (Full sun to part shade.)
A childhood favorite of Mike Nowak, host of "The Mike Nowak Show" (WCPT-AM 820) and columnist for Chicagoland Gardening magazine: Monarda "...or bee balm or bergamot or Oswego Tea or ... oh, you get the idea," Nowak said. His mother called the plant "firecrackers," he added, because "the blooms look like exploding fireworks and because they bloom for the 4th of July." He dismisses its rep as invasive: "I've never found it particularly difficult to eradicate ... In fact, I've seen it get crowded out by other, more aggressive plants." (Full sun or dappled shade.)
Joan O'Shaughnessy, ecologist in the restoration ecology department of the Chicago Botanic Garden, chose the dramatic rattlesnake master (Eryngium yuccifolium), which can grow to 4 feet tall: "It has yucca-like leaves ... [and] a little ball flower and overwinter appeal." (Full sun.)
Familiar black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta) is a favorite of Bob Porter, natural areas manager for the North Park Village Nature Center of the Chicago Park District. "It's a tough plant," Porter said, and "easy to grow in full sun." | <urn:uuid:cda09e5a-05dd-4244-918c-0e4b41166f1d> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.chicagotribune.com/classified/realestate/chi-0621-native-plants-storyjun21-story.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257646875.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319101207-20180319121207-00328.warc.gz | en | 0.933169 | 1,006 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Choices about patient care always involve values, and a discussion of the patient's and doctor's values may help both to make their decisions. The Ethics Consultation Service helps patients, families, and caregivers to explore the issues and choices surrounding difficult decisions.
Situations where an ethics consultation might be helpful include, but are not limited to:
When there are questions about decision-making authority. For example, the patient seems to lack capacity to make medical decisions for him or herself, but it is not clear who has the authority to make decisions in his or her place.
When there are questions about treatment goals. Often these involve treatment goals at the end of life, such as decisions to forgo or withdraw life-sustaining interventions, DNR orders, etc.
When family members disagree about the treatment goals of the incapacitated patient. These situations often involve issues of decision-making authority and treatment goals.
A consultation is typically arranged by the attending physician or another member of the healthcare team, although patients, family members, or others may contact the Service directly. A formal consultation involves meeting with the patient and family and/or friends, and discussions with the attending physician and other members of the healthcare team. The Ethics Consultation team writes a consult note which assesses the particular ethical issues and makes recommendations for resolution; this note is included in the patient's chart.
This service is financed by the hospital at no cost to the patient.
Medical students who choose to do an elective in Clinical Ethics will have an opportunity to work on this Service and participate in all its activities. | <urn:uuid:86883d3c-879c-4926-9ae6-959470083607> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/clinical-ethics.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424090.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20170722182647-20170722202647-00632.warc.gz | en | 0.958234 | 322 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Gold, Silver, Platinum, and Palladium are known as the Precious Metals in the jewelry industry. They are also known as the Noble Metals.
Copper, Zinc, and Brass are known as basic metals in the jewelry industry.
It is a unit to measure fineness-24 karat is fine gold. One Karat equals 1/24 (0.0417). Thus 14 Karat is 14/24 fine gold and the balance (10/24) alloy. If the gold content of an object is less than 10/24 the object cannot be signified as karat gold.
Colors of Gold
One can have yellow, green, red and white gold produced by variations in the alloy. Silver and zinc tend to give a green color, copper-red, and nickel-white.
"Solid Gold" means fine gold or gold of 24 karat.
Gold filled is made by electrolyticallly depositing fine gold on a base metal. The plate thickness must be at least 0.000007, then it can be marked as gold washed or colored.
Fine silver means pure silver i.e. it contains no alloy material.
Sterling silver (92.5%) fine silver and rest copper. It is called coin silver because it was used for U.S. silver coins before 1966.
Commercial silver is a term applied to silver that is 99% (or more) fine silver.
Foreign silverware contains varying percentages of silver. It may be as low as 10%.
Silverware made in Denmark, which is 83% fine silver.
Silver Plated Ware
Silver plated ware is made by electroplating fine silver on a base metal alloy usually nickel silver, Britannia metal, brass or copper.
Nickel silver is a composition of nickel, copper and zinc. Surprisingly it contains no silver.
Britannia metal is a composition of tin, copper and antimony.
Pewter was primarily a tin-lead alloy. It is now made in a tin, copper. Antimony composition is similar to Britannia metal.
High brasses run from 55% copper in the extruded brass to 70% copper in the deep drawing brass, the balance being zinc.
Low Brasses contain 80% or more copper, the remaining is zinc.
It originally means weight of a grain of wheat of this unit is hardly in use now.
A pennyweight is the 1/20 of a troy ounce. The name originally applied to the weight of an Anglo-Norman pound.
An Ounce (troy) is about 10% heavier than the common avoirdupois ounce. There are 14.583 ounces troy in an avoirdupois pound.
This term is applied to jewelry objects made entirely by hand without the use of machine tools.
Hand wrought means that the jewelry article was made partly by machine and partly by hand.
Carat is a unit of weight & equals to 3.086 grains or 1/5 of a gram.
The word "perfect" portray any diamond without flaws, cracks, carbon spots, clouds or other blemishes or flaws when examined under a 10-power magnifier.
A diamond is called blue white if it has traces of only blue colour & no other colour. | <urn:uuid:0247369b-6d49-4aa9-b171-964236cf33eb> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://jewellery.indianetzone.com/1/useful_facts.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195524972.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20190716221441-20190717003118-00062.warc.gz | en | 0.920681 | 681 | 3.25 | 3 |
Q. What is the birthstone for August? A. Peridot
This light-green to olive green coloured gem-quality Olivine is one of the oldest known gemstones, with its mining records dating back to as early as 1500 B.C.
Where this gemstone mined?
Much of gem-quality peridot is found in igneous environments. It’s formed deep within the earth’s mantle, and volcanic activity brings it to the earth’s surface. Some specific types of meteorites too have peridot, though such forms are extremely rare and generally exceptionally small, making them unfit to be used as gemstones.
In the US, peridot is mined in Arizona’s San Carlos Reservation, which is one of the primary sources of peridot across the globe. Other places in the US where this gemstone is mined include Nevada, Arkansas, Hawaii, and Kilbourne Hole in New Mexico. Beyond the US borders, peridot is mined in Brazil, Australia, Egypt, China, Myanmar, Kenya, Kashmir, Mexico, Tanzania,Saudi Arabia, Norway, Sri Lanka, and South Africa.
A brief history of the gem
Peridot is an ancient gem with its mining records dating back to 1500 BC (according to an ancient papyri). In ancient Egypt, the main source of this gemstone was Topazo Island (what we now know as Zabargad or St. John’s Island) in the Red Sea, where it was mined for more than 3,500 years. Natural History by Pliny the Elder (23-79 AD) mentions this island as being explored in the 4th century BC. Mining on Zabargad ended around the time of the Second World War.
In the ancient era, peridot was used for creating carved talismans. These talismans were believed to protect the wearers against anxiety, making them more articulate along with paving the way for thriving relationships and successful weddings. Peridot was also an important gem in the Pharaoh’s treasury, which is why the island inhabitants were forcibly put to work to collect it.
During the medieval period, Europeans brought peridot stones back from the Crusades, which in turn were used to decorate robes and church plates.
The chemical composition
Chemically, this gemstone is an iron magnesium silicate. The chemical composition of peridot is Mg2SiO4-Fe2SiO4. In rare cases, manganese (Mn) is also present.Uses in jewellery
Peridot is suitable for a wide range of jewellery. It’s attractive colour and comparatively affordable pricing makes it a prized gemstone by users and jewellers alike. Thanks to its green colour, peridot is considered ideal for both women's and men's jewellery, while being extensively used in some unisex jewellery designs as well.
Some interesting facts about the gemstone | <urn:uuid:9030b438-6d15-4a0e-b786-e3f9cf303054> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.ringjewellery.co.uk/blog/q-what-is-the-birthstone-for-august-a-peridot | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573444.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20190919060532-20190919082532-00188.warc.gz | en | 0.953695 | 616 | 3.15625 | 3 |
While the march for women’s rights in Washington this year took place under the banner of #MeToo against sexual harassment, in Iran dozens of women were taking to the streets to protest against theocracy and compulsory wearing of the hijab. The Iranian women waved white flags to fight against the mullahs’ obligation to veil. But the white flag was not a surrender; it was apparently a symbol of Western feminists. As the Australian Rita Panahi wrote, “while the brave Iranian women protested against hijab laws, Western feminists celebrated hijab”.
On February 1, many of these Iranian women were arrested for not wearing a hijab. On that very day, the World Hijab Day was celebrated in the West, and Western appeasers celebrated the veil. Even British PM Theresa May backed the claim that women should be “free” to wear hijab. A few days after that, the American department store Macy’s decided to sell the hijab as an item of fashion clothing. Unfortunately, in some Islamic countries, women are not “free” to wear the veil; they are obliged to wear the veil, as the arrests in Iran show us.
Instead of a celebration of Islamist discrimination against women, the West should promote a #MeToo in the mosque — the idea of an Egyptian, Mona Eltahawi. She would like to raise the issue of rape and sexual abuse suffered by Muslim women during the hajj pilgrimage to Mecca. | <urn:uuid:ad63c8ce-d6ca-4ba2-ba1e-82fbd649cae7> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://oyiabrown.com/2018/04/14/metoo-in-the-mosque/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583515375.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20181022180558-20181022202058-00239.warc.gz | en | 0.975514 | 297 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Protecting Children from Extremism (‘Prevent’)
All schools have a duty to their children to develop them as good citizens who can recognise, resist and repudiate extremism.
At Marshfield Primary School, we promote strong SMSC learning, and to further develop this we apply the DfE advice on Spiritual, Moral, Social and Cultural Development (November 2014) which affirms that:
“pupils must be encouraged to regard people of all faiths, races and cultures with respect and tolerance.”
This is part of an obligation to meet the requirements of s78 of the Education Act 2002, and schools are “inspected and assessed on their measures to protect their pupils from extremist material” (Tackling Extremism in the UK).
What is extremism?
On 1 July 2015 the Prevent duty (section 26) of The Counter-Terrorism and Security Act 2015 came into force. The June 2015 Guidance, defines extremism as;
“vocal or active opposition to fundamental British values, including democracy, the rule of law, individual liberty and mutual respect and tolerance of different faiths and beliefs.”
What is expected of schools?
Schools are expected to fulfill their ‘Prevent’ duties in three ways:
What are we doing at our School?
It is recognised that Governors are a vital component of the school’s ‘Prevent’ role, and that their understanding of the purpose and nature of work to safeguard against extremism is integral to maintaining strong, positive and trusting bonds between school and community. In the event of any uncertainty about how to respond to a concern about vulnerability, school staff would, where possible, discuss the principles with the link Governor responsible for safeguarding. This would of course maintain confidentiality and no names would be given.
School will always contact the Local Authority and, if necessary, the police if it has any concerns regarding radicalisation or extremism. | <urn:uuid:7c5649fc-365e-4448-91c4-237a328cabf2> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.marshfieldprimary.com/prevent-strategy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813571.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221063956-20180221083956-00382.warc.gz | en | 0.948358 | 400 | 3.140625 | 3 |
3 Steps to Keep Your Youth Athlete Healthy
By: Meggan M. Brunette, B.S., C.S.C.S, USA-W
The new school year has started and the crazy schedules have begun once again! With an increased school load, lack of proper nutrition, higher intensity sports season, and a general lack of awareness for overall health and time management, many youth athletes are left wondering how to stay healthy throughout the year. Follow these 3 steps to keep them at their best level of performance.
WATCH THE DIET:
It is vital for our athletes to eat a balanced diet to compete at their highest potential. As we have been reviewing with our athletes this past month, “EAT THIS NOT THAT” has provided our athletes with the proper tools to make healthier decisions. A balanced diet of lean proteins, carbohydrates and healthy fats is best to stay healthy and strong. Carbohydrates are the primary fuel for an active athlete. A diet including complex carbohydrates consists of whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. Lean proteins including eggs, turkey, lean meats, and low-sugar dairy products will feed athletes muscles, supporting their hard work in the gym. Make sure your athlete stays hydrated while avoiding high-sugar juices or sports drinks. Watch out for meals provided by school cafeterias as they can be high in sugar, saturated fats, and overall calories. A busy schedule and improper nutrition can be a combination leading to decreased strength of immunity. Make sure athletes are eating 4-5 smaller meals each day and not skipping meals before practice or competition to keep energy levels stable and immune systems strong.
PRIORITIZE TIME and GET ENOUGH SLEEP:
It is really difficult to find this balance with some of our older athletes. High School educational requirements, team sports, private skills coaches, SAT prep classes, on top of trying to fit in a social life, leaves our athletes EXHAUSTED. Not only is it important to get enough rest to recover from the physically taxing workouts our athletes go through, it also keeps their immune system healthy and less likely to fall victim to whichever current illness is spreading through the local schools. An inability to properly prioritize time can lead to increased stress and once again, a jeopardized immune system for your athlete. It is important to maintain awareness of the demands of their school schedule and how they are handling their school requirements. Many times athletes will be leaving a session here late at night to go home and do homework for three to four more hours. This is not healthy for them in any respect and schedule changes should be made to prevent student athletes from placing these detrimental demands on their bodies. To be successful in high school and beyond, it is important they figure out time management now.
DON’T OVERLOOK INJURIES:
It is important that athletes pay attention to how they are feeling on a daily basis. Although it is important to push our athletes to get better, proper intensity of training needs to be considered each day. Staph infection is commonly seen and can spread very quickly through teams. Therefore, each cut or scrape needs to be cleaned and covered to prevent any kind of infection like this from spreading. Overuse injuries are very common among youth athletes who have limited themselves to playing one sport year-round. Additional strength and stability exercises should be completed regularly to prevent common injuries of the shoulder, knee, or back. Proper stretching before and after activity is a much needed and frequently overlooked component to injury prevention. Depending on which sport your athlete plays, certain stretches should be focused on over others. For example, for athletes in a constant squat position, special attention should be spent on the hip flexors, quadriceps, and gluteus muscles. For many overhead athletes, special attention needs to be on the muscles of and surrounding the rotator cuff. As parents, it is important to watch for a change in body mechanics, performance, or signs of discomfort to identify a possible injury. Usually, it pays off to see your primary physician right away as opposed to waiting and prolonging more advanced care should it be needed. Watch for proper body mechanics during running, cutting, lifting, as well as through sports specific skilled movements. Many unqualified coaches may overlook proper body mechanics when focusing on a group of athletes, while neglecting the different athletic levels of each individual. Therefore, proper body awareness and body mechanics education should be given to the athlete as early in their career as possible. | <urn:uuid:17fca084-5a6d-44e8-b276-f0145179a02a> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://championsquest.wordpress.com/2012/09/17/3-steps-to-keep-your-youth-athlete-healthy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818686169.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920033426-20170920053426-00612.warc.gz | en | 0.966082 | 908 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Since its start a century ago, Communism, a political and economic ideology that calls for a classless, government-controlled society in which everything is shared equally, has seen a series of surges—and declines. What started in 1917 Russia, became a global revolution, taking root in countries as far flung as China and Korea to Kenya and Sudan to Cuba and Nicaragua.
Communism launched from Lenin’s October Revolution and spread to China with Mao Zedong’s rise to power and to Cuba, with Fidel Castro’s takeover. It was the ideology behind one side of the Cold War and saw a symbolic decline with the fall of the Berlin Wall. Today just a handful of countries remain under communist rule. Below is a timeline of notable events that shape Communism’s arc in history.
Soviet Union Emerges From October Revolution
• February 21, 1848: German economist and philosopher Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish The Communist Manifesto, calling for a working-class revolt against capitalism. Its motto, “Workers of the world, unite!” quickly became a rallying cry.
• November 7, 1917: With Vladimir Lenin at the helm, the Bolsheviks, ascribing to Marxism, seize power during Russia’s October Revolution and become the first communist government. Later that month, the leftist Socialist Revolutionaries defeat the Bolsheviks in an election, but, despite his promises of “bread, land and peace,” Lenin uses military force to take power. It’s during this period the Red Terror (executions of the Czar’s officials), prisoner-of-war labor camps and other police state tactics are established.
Communism Takes Hold in China and Beyond
• July 1, 1921: Inspired by the Russian Revolution, the Communist Party of China is formed.
• January 21, 1924: Lenin dies at age 54 of a stroke, and Joseph Stalin, who had served as Lenin’s general secretary, eventually takes over official rule of the Soviet Union until his death in 1953 from a brain hemorrhage. He industrialized the country through a state-controlled economy, but it led to famine. Under his regime, detractors were deported or imprisoned in labor camps, and, as part of the Great Purge, 1 million people were executed under Stalin’s orders.
• 1940 to 1979: Communism is established by force or otherwise in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Yugoslavia, Poland, North Korea, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, China, Tibet, North Vietnam, Guinea, Cuba, Yemen, Kenya, Sudan, Congo, Burma, Angola, Benin, Cape Verde, Laos, Kampuchea, Madagascar, Mozambique, South Vietnam, Somalia, Seychelles, Afghanistan, Grenada, Nicaragua and others.
Cold War Begins
• May 9, 1945: The U.S.S.R. declares victory over Nazi Germany in World War II. With Japan’s defeat, Korea becomes divided into the communist North (which the Soviets occupied) and the South (which had been occupied by the United States).
• March 12, 1947: President Harry S. Truman addresses Congress in what would come to be known as the Truman Doctrine, calling for the containment of communism, and later, leading to U.S. entry into wars in Vietnam and Korea to provide defense from communist takeovers. The doctrine becomes the basis for America’s Cold War policy.
• October 1, 1949: Following a civil war, China’s Communist Party leader, Mao Zedong declares his creation of the People’s Republic of China, leading the United States to end diplomatic ties with the PRC for decades.
• July 5, 1950: Leading United Nations forces, the first U.S. troops engage in the Korean War, after communist North Korea invaded South Korea with the intent of creating a unified communist state. The war would last until July 27, 1953, with North Korea, China and the United Nations signing an armistice agreement.
Communists Win in Cuba, Vietnam
• January 1, 1959: Fidel Castro overthrows the corrupt Fulgencio Batista regime, and Cuba becomes a Communist state.
• April 25, 1976: Following the fall of Saigon at the end of the Vietnam War, South Vietnam’s capital is seized by communist forces. A few months later, in July, the nation is reunified as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam under communist rule.
• October 25, 1983: The United States invades Grenada under orders of President Ronald Reagan to secure the safety of American nationals under the country’s communist regime, led by Prime Minister Maurice Bishop. The pro-Marxist government was overthrown in about a week.
• June 4, 1989: After weeks of protests, the Communist Chinese government sends in its military to fire on demonstrators calling for democracy in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square. The bloody violence ends in hundreds to thousands of deaths (no official death toll was ever released).
Berlin Wall Falls, Soviet Union Dissolves
• November 9, 1989: The Berlin Wall—that separated communist East Berlin from democratic West Berlin for nearly 30 years—falls. The years 1989-90 see the collapse of communist regimes in Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Poland, Romania, Benin, Mozambique, Nicaragua and Yemen.
• December 25, 1991: With the resignation of Mikhail Gorbachev, the Soviet Union is dissolved. New Russian President Boris Yeltsin bans the Communist Party. Communism soon ends in Afghanistan, Albania, Angola, Congo, Kenya, Yugoslavia and other nations. China, Cuba, Laos, Vietnam remain under communist rule. North Korea remains nominally communist, although the North Korean government doesn't call itself communist.
“History of Communism,” Stanford University
“Communism: Karl Marx to Joseph Stalin,” Center for European Studies, University of North Carolina
“From Tsar to U.S.S.R.: Russia’s Chaotic Year of Revolution,” National Geographic
“The Truman Doctrine, 1947,” U.S. Department of State
“The Chinese Revolution of 1949,” U.S. Department of State
“The Korean War: Timeline," CBS News
“Tiananmen Square Fast Facts," CNN
“United States Invades Grenada,” Politco | <urn:uuid:755cb2a2-2a03-4145-9304-959e7fad32de> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.history.com/topics/russia/communism-timeline | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232260161.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20190526225545-20190527011545-00504.warc.gz | en | 0.940626 | 1,326 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Examples of sheathe in a Sentence
sometimes shipbuilders sheathe a ship's bottom with copper for extra protection from barnacles and other threats
Recent Examples of sheathe from the Web
Pita sheathing a supple yellow omelet, laced with salt and crunchy za’atar and adorned with a stalk of raw scallion.
Now each bench is outfitted with two or three tablets depending on the rink, as is the scorekeepers' bench, prepared for any officials' review, sheathed in protective cases and stored against the glass for live video review.
Now, after a year’s work of reinvention, the park is visible immediately upon entering the apartment, as is a column that looks like a polished jewel, sheathed in a mirror that reflects the natural light.
Decker said, gazing at her daughter, sheathed in the red floor-length gown and donning Decker’s blue and brown cowgirl boots.
Skin — often sheathed in hammered tin — is another.
With Ridley in charge, the bayonet is sheathed, the olive branch extended.
Four years later, the building gleams, freshly sheathed in gray metal siding.
And the glowing transom over the office entrance was sheathed in marble.
These example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word 'sheathe.' Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback.
SHEATHE Defined for English Language Learners
Definition of sheathe for English Language Learners
: to put (something, such as a sword) into a sheath
: to cover (something) with something that protects it
SHEATHE Defined for Kids
Definition of sheathe for Students
- Sheathe your sword.
- The ship's bottom is sheathed with copper.
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up sheathe? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible). | <urn:uuid:d58b4198-8d6d-4045-b166-587d04511d54> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sheathe | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794863626.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20180520151124-20180520171124-00280.warc.gz | en | 0.913888 | 430 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Sigiriya , Ancient wonders castle
Sigiriya or Sinhagiri is AN archaic stone post set within the northern Matale Region about to the city of Dambulla in the Focal Region, Sri Lanka. The name alludes to a site of recorded and archaeologic importance that’s swamped by a vast section of rock nearly two hundred meters (660 ft) high As indicated by the recent Sri Lankan narrative the Culavamsa, this site was chosen by Ruler Kashyapa (477 – 495 Advertisement) for his new capital. He assembled his royal residence on the pinnacle of this stone and finished its sides with brilliant frescoes. On a little level most of the way up the side of this stone he constructed an entryway as a huge lion. The name of this spot is gotten from this structure — Sīnhāgiri, the Lion Rock (a historical background like Sinhapura, the Sanskrit name of Singapore, the Lion City). The capital and the illustrious royal residence was relinquished after the ruler’s demise. It was utilized as a Buddhist religious community until the fourteenth century. Sigiriya today is an UNESCO recorded World Legacy Site
It is extraordinary compared to other protected instances of antiquated metropolitan arranging John Still in 1907 expressed, “The entire essence of the slope seems to have been a huge picture exhibition… the biggest picture on the planet perhaps”. The artworks would have secured a large portion of the western essence of the stone, a territory 140 meters in length and 40 meters high. There are references in the spray painting to 500 women in these works of art. Be that as it may, most have been lost until the end of time. More frescoes, not the same as those on the stone face, can be seen somewhere else, for instance on the roof of the area called the “Cobra Hood Cavern”. In 1831 Significant Jonathan Forbes of the 78th Highlanders of the English armed force, while returning riding a horse from an excursion to Pollonnuruwa, experienced the “shrub secured culmination of Sigiriya”. Sigiriya went to the consideration of collectors and, later, archeologists. Archeological work at Sigiriya started from a more minor perspective during the 1890s. H.C.P. Ringer was the principal prehistorian to lead broad examination on Sigiriya. The Social Triangle Undertaking, dispatched by the Administration of Sri Lanka,
concentrated on Sigiriya in 1982. Archeological work started on the whole city unexpectedly under this venture. There was a shaped lion’s head over the legs and paws flanking the passage, however the head imploded years back. Sigiriya comprises of an antiquated stronghold worked by Lord Kashyapa during the fifth century. The Sigiriya site contains the remnants of an upper castle situated on the level head of the stone, a mid-level patio that incorporates the Lion Door and the reflect divider with its frescoes, the lower castles sticks to the inclines beneath the stones. The channels, dividers and nurseries of the royal residence stretched out for a couple hundred meters from the base of the stone. The site was both a castle and a fortification. The higher castle on the pinnacle of the stone incorporates reservoirs turn over the stone
Site set up Edit Sigiriya is viewed collectively of the foremost important metropolitan composition destinations of the most thousand years, and therefore the web site plan is viewed as involved and innovative. The arrangement joined concepts of evenness and deviation to deliberately interlock the artificial mathematical and regular sorts of the environmental factors. On the side of the stone lies a recreation center for the royals, unfolded on an excellent arrangement; the recreation center contains water-holding structures, as well as refined surface/subsurface pressure driven frameworks, some of that are operating today. The south contains a artificial supply; these were generally utilised from the past capital of the dry zone of Sri Lanka. 5 doors were set at passages. The additional involved western door is assumed to own been saved for the royals. Yield Sigiriya or Sinhagiri (Lion Rock Sinhala: සීගිරිය,
articulated see-gi-ri-yə) is partner degree recent stone safeguard set within the northern Matale Region close to town of Dambulla inside the Focal Territory, Sri Lanka. The name alludes to a web site of authentic and anthropology importance that’s swamped by a huge phase of rock nearly 200 meters (660 ft) high As indicated by the traditional Sri Lankan account the Culavamsa, this web site was tip high by Ruler Kashyapa (477 – 495 Promotion) for his new capital. He designed his royal residence on the foremost elevated of this stone ANd increased its sides with dynamic frescoes. On atiny low smart country regarding most of the far the a part of this stone he designed an access within the kind of an enormous lion.
The name of this spot springs from this structure — Sīnhāgiri, the Lion Rock (a derivation much like Sinhapura, the Indic name of Singapore, the Lion City). The capital and furthermore the regal royal residence was surrendered once the lord’s demise. it totally was utilized as a Buddhist house till the ordinal century. Sigiriya these days could be an UN organization recorded World Legacy site. it’s one among the most straightforward protected examples of old metropolitan thinking of John Still in 1907 stated, “The entire essence of slope appears to have been a major room.
the most significant picture inside the world perhaps”. The canvases would have covered a large portion of the western substance of the stone, a local 100 forty meters in length and forty meters high. There square measure references inside the spray painting to 500 ladies in these artistic creations. Nonetheless, most are lost until the end of time. a ton of frescoes, totally unique in relation to those on the stone face, will be seen somewhere else, as an illustration on the roof of the circumstance alluded to as the “Cobra Hood Cavern”. In 1831 Significant pastry apple Forbes of the 78th Highlanders of English armed force, while returning riding a horse from a visit to Pollonnuruwa, experienced the “shrub covered culmination of Sigiriya”. Sigiriya went to the eye of curators and, later, archeologists. archeologic work on Sigiriya started for atiny low scope inside the Nineties. H.C.P. Chime was the essential anthropologist to direct serious investigation on Sigiriya. The Social Triangle Venture, dispatched by the govt of land, directed its consideration on Sigiriya in 1982. archeologic work started overall town for the essential time underneath this task. There was a graven lion’s head on head of the legs and paws flanking the entryway, anyway the zenith collapsed years agone. Sigiriya comprises of partner degree old stronghold designed by Ruler Kashyapa all through the fifth century.
The Sigiriya site contains the remains of partner degree higher castle attack the amount prime of the stone, a mid-level terrace that has the Lion Door and what is more the reflect divider with its frescoes, the lower royal residences sticks to the slants beneath the stones. The canals, dividers and nurseries of the castle reached out for nearly hundred meters from the lower a part of the stone. the world was every a royal residence and a safeguard. the upper royal residence on the foremost elevated of the stone incorporates reservoirs take away the stone.
Site set up Alter Sigiriya is taken into account to be one of the chief essential metropolitan thinking of locales of the essential thousand years, and what is more the positioning orchestrate is taken into account awfully involved and smart. The mastermind joined thoughts of balance and asymmetry to consciously interlock the factory-made mathematical and customary varieties of the climate. On the stone lies a recreation center for the royals, taken off on an excellent arrangement; the recreation center contains water-holding structures, even as refined surface/su | <urn:uuid:28d14a0a-b8ac-4aca-ae82-6ac11576480e> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://all2c.com/sigiriya-the-ancient-rock-fortress/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178385378.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20210308143535-20210308173535-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.947231 | 1,716 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Suffixes.—A suffix is a formative element added to a root (or to a stem) and standing between the root and the ending. Suffixes limit or particularize the general meaning of the root; but only in a few cases is the distinct meaning of the suffix known to us.
a. The origin of the Greek suffixes is often obscure; of those inherited from the parent language only some were employed to make new words; others were formed by Greek itself (productive suffixes). From the analogy of the modern languages we infer that some suffixes were once independent words, which, on becoming a part of a compound, lost their signification. Thus -hood, -head in childhood, godhead are derived from Old Eng. ‘hād,’ Gothic ‘haidus’ character, nature; -ship in ownership, courtship, comes from a lost word meaning ‘shape’; -ly in friendly from Old Eng. ‘līc’ body. So -ώδης meaning
Conversely, many suffixes, themselves insignificant, acquired a definite meaning by reason of the root with which they were associated.—Irrespective of its meaning, one word may serve as a model for the creation of another word; as
b. Many dissyllabic suffixes, due to a combination of the final letter or letters of the stem and an original monosyllabic suffix, adapt themselves to independent use. Cp.
c. Simple suffixes are often added to case forms or adverbs, thus producing,
by contamination, dissyllabic suffixes; as ἀρχαῖ-ο-ς
d. Many compound suffixes are formed by the union of two suffixes, new stems being created by the addition of a suffix to a stem, as: τηρ-ιο 851. 2, ισκ-ιο 852. 6, ισκ-ιδιο 854. See cross854.
e. Suffixes often show gradations: τηρ, τωρ, τερ, τρ ( cross36 N. 1) as in δο-τήρ, δώ-τωρ, δότειρα (out of δοτερ-ῖα)
Herbert Weir Smyth [n.d.], A Greek Grammar for Colleges; Machine readable text [info] [word count] [Smyth]. | <urn:uuid:8b9b5353-c714-4395-87bb-e1c549f52676> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://perseus.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.9:5:0:11.perseusmonographs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375094629.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031814-00189-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949356 | 543 | 4.21875 | 4 |
Smoking may interfere with alcohol recovery
Cigarette smoking is common among individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD), and research suggests that smoking may interfere with alcohol recovery. Mon et. al. found that smoking slows the healing of brain damage during alcohol recovery (2009).
Several studies have shown that AUD can damage the brain. AUD brain damage, commonly visible in the frontal cortex and parietal cortex, is at least partially reversible with sustained abstinence from drinking.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can show the extent of brain damaging by illustrating blood flow. Cerebral perfusion is a measure of the blood flow to brain tissue. Blood not only carries nutrients to the brain but also carries away metabolic byproducts. Good blood flow indicates healthy brain functioning.
“In general, AUDs are associated with reduced perfusion,” said Anderson Mon, co-author of the study and senior research fellow in the department of radiology at the University of California, San Francisco. “With abstinence from alcohol, brain perfusion abnormalities may recover, but there are several factors that may influence recovery, such as age, diet, exercise, genetic predispositions and – the topic of our research – other substances such as tobacco products.”
The researchers measured cerebral perfusion in 19 non-smoking alcohol-dependent patients, 22 smoking alcohol-dependent patients, and 28 age-matched, non-smoking, light-drinking controls. The results of the study showed that chronic smokers experienced significantly less perfusion recovery during abstinence, especially in the frontal lobes.
“The brain’s frontal lobes are involved in higher-order cognitive function, such as learning, short-term memory, reasoning, planning, problem solving, and emotional control,” said Anderson.
“At one week of abstinence, both smoking and non-smoking ALC (alcohol-dependent) had similar frontal and parietal gray matter perfusion, and both groups had lower perfusion than normal controls. However, after five weeks of abstinence, frontal and parietal gray matter perfusion of the non-smoking ALC patients recovered to normal control levels, whereas the smoking ALC group essentially showed no recovery.”
Further, the number of cigarettes smoked per day was negatively correlated with frontal gray matter perfusion measured at 5 weeks of abstinence. In other words, individuals who smoked more cigarettes had slower improvement of perfusion.
This study suggests that individuals seeking alcohol recovery should also be offered access to a smoking cessation program. Some individuals may not be able to give up drinking and smoking at the same time, but those who do will likely experience faster alcohol recovery. At the very least, individuals in alcohol recovery should be aware that continued smoking will interfere with the healing of brain damage caused alcohol use.
It makes sense for individuals who have multiple addictions to stop all of them at the same time. Drinkers who are also smokers would greatly benefit from stopping both. Instead of needing twice to experience the distress of quitting, would it not make sense to quit both at the same time? However much sense this argument may make, in practice it rarely happens that, for instance, someone quitting drinking will also simultaneously quit smoking. Perhaps the findings of this study will persuade some individuals seeking alcohol recovery also to quit smoking at the same time, or at least not to wait very long before quitting smoking.
Mon A, Durazzo TM, Gazdzinski S, Meyerhoff DJ. The impact of chronic cigarette smoking on recovery from cortical gray matter perfusion deficits in alcohol dependence: Longitudinal arterial spin labeling MRI. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 2009; 33(8): 1314-1321. | <urn:uuid:68d8da91-1fcb-4e2a-95ae-a7cc469d9625> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.practicalrecovery.com/smoking-may-interfere-with-alcohol-recovery/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141735600.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20201204101314-20201204131314-00645.warc.gz | en | 0.941616 | 748 | 2.640625 | 3 |
In this day and age, Singaporean kids as young as 3 years old are wielding iphones, iphones, and android tablets everywhere they go – holding those tiny screens inches away from their faces with their eyes glued to the LED screen.
Instead of letting them play mindless games, why not make them use it for educational purposes?
In this article, you will find 5 super-awesome apps that will help your primary school kid learn better and be more prepared for their PSLE. (Maybe, they won’t even need PSLE Tuition anymore!)
1. PhotoMath (iOS, Android – Free)
PhotoMath is basically a smart-camera maths problem solver that is able to read mathematical problems using the device’s camera and then teach you how to solve it. It makes maths super easy, and is able to break down the solutions step-by-step.
It is almost like having a private maths tutor in your pocket, ready to be summoned to help you anytime your please. We have tested it, and it’s nothing short of amazing.
2. Hemingway App (Desktop – Free)
Many local kids struggle with English writing due to our Singlish culture. One common mistake young primary school kids make when writing compositions is using too many commas and forming overly complex sentences.
Hemingway App is able to detect sentence logic and highlight sentences in different colors to indicate whether each sentence is too dense and complicated. For instance, red indicates that readers will be lost trying to follow its meaning. Yellow indicates that it is slightly long and might be confusing, and you should probably shorten the sentence. This powerful technological app will help your kid learn to write better.
3. Thesaurus (Desktop, iOS & Android – Free)
You probably know about this site already, but have you taught your kid how to use it? Thesaurus comes with a fantastic free mobile app on both iOS & Android.
Active usage of Thesaurus will definitely help your child to constantly expand their vocabulary and learn new words. It also helps them in their homework compositions by keeping their vocabulary fresh and unique, avoiding repetitions so that your kid can drive across points more accurately and score high marks in their essays.
4. BrainPOP (Android, iOS) (Free)
Struggling to get your primary school child interested in science? Don’t worry, we got you. BrainPOP is a fantastic app that creates mobile games, quizzes, activities in hundreds of topics.
The app uses cutesy animations that will definitely that will engage and interest your child to play game after game, learning and having fun at the same time. It actually covers other topics such as math, social studies, arts & music too, so check it out.
5. Memrise (iOS & Android, Free)
When it comes to learning Chinese, one of the hardest parts is memorizing Chinese characters. Memrise is an awesome app that uses mnemonics to help your child quickly remember Mandarin words and characters. Just in case you don’t know, Mnemonics is a form of memorization technique that helps learners recall large amounts of information faster and longer using smaller cues.
The Memrise app is filled with colorful pictures and graphics that will entertain your child and make memorization words enjoyable. Did your child fail their 听写 (Chinese Spelling Test)? Give Memrise a try.
Got any super-awesome learning apps that you know of? Please share in the comments below! | <urn:uuid:6dcd5477-a7e9-4a14-b4b0-076289af2dcb> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://smiletutor.sg/5-must-have-learning-apps-for-primary-school-students/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224645417.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530063958-20230530093958-00605.warc.gz | en | 0.943316 | 733 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Element14 CEO speaks: Computer literacy and Raspberry Pi
Premier Farnell’s CEO Harriet Green sees the start of something big:
“At element14 we take very seriously the need to encourage more young people to take up technology and IT courses at schools and universities across the world and this is one reason why I am so excited about Raspberry Pi. There has been a serious and potentially worrying decline in the numbers of students in the US and Europe taking these courses. The result is simple – less design engineers to create the amazing innovations of tomorrow.
For years we have been waiting for the sub $100 computer. Now with the Raspberry Pi computer priced at $35 – computing and, more importantly, programming are far more easily accessible for students, hobbyists and designers around the world.
I believe we are at the cusp of a revolution in technology education. We are set to break down the barriers of what children and young people can learn about computers. But it is more than that. What we are also about to witness is what economically challenged governments can do with computers and how companies can use technology to improve lives around the world.
This is not about being worthy, far from it. It’s about finding new ways to utilise technology that can truly revolutionise the planet that we live in.
For the past two years our element14 community has been the key place for like-minded design engineers to talk about their challenges, their ideas and their designs. That is why we have created a new area on the element14 community especially for Raspberry Pi. It has been many years since a new product has driven such a high level of interest and we want everyone who wants to share, talk and design with the Raspberry Pi to do it in one place.
The concept that Eben has created in the Raspberry Pi computer, is something that no one else has dared to do since the demise of the BBC Micro, Acorn and Commodore 64 computers in the 1980′s. Today young people are attached to their Xbox and the Playstations or to playing games like Angry Birds on their smartphones. But how often do they ask how was this created?
Well now is their chance to start creating, developing the programmes and applications of tomorrow. A technology revolution is on the horizon.”
CEO, Premier Farnell plc | <urn:uuid:462247f0-6173-4e0d-b578-1d3be61ab3b4> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.electronicsweekly.com/electro-ramblings/digital-life/element14-ceo-speaks-computer-literacy-and-raspberry-pi-2012-02/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400378956.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123258-00011-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963082 | 474 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Preparing Delaware for Storms
Preparing Delaware for storms and dealing with the aftermath is the only practical way for Delaware to deal with sea level rise and climate change, whatever the causes.
An editorial "U.S. can't ignore climate change" offers criticisms but no solutions.
If global man-made emissions are really the problem, the Paris Climate Accord (PCA) is no solution because cuts by some countries are swamped by unlimited increases by others. Chinese increases alone would exceed total U.S. emissions.
The PCA exempts most countries by stipulating "economic and social development and poverty eradication are the first and overriding priorities," not climate change.
Sea level rise off Delaware has been about one foot per century relative to the land, more than most places. But geologists say this is mainly due to the land sinking, not climate change, and the sinking will continue regardless.
Storms are the real and present threat, not because they are getting worse - they aren't - but because they will always happen. The worst storm ever to hit Delaware occurred long before significant CO2 emissions. "The Gale of 1878" caused a seven-foot storm surge, extensive statewide damage, and eighteen deaths.
Delaware cannot act for the entire U.S. any more than the U.S. can act for the World. Delaware must try to act in its own best interest and adapt to whatever comes. | <urn:uuid:58fca4b3-709d-4992-bba9-526941e4e791> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.conservativecaucusde.org/single-post/2018/02/06/preparing-delaware-for-storms | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710764.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20221130124353-20221130154353-00813.warc.gz | en | 0.947389 | 293 | 2.8125 | 3 |
What is "Duct Cleaning" and why is it important?
See our articles and tips on restaurant duct cleaning and exhaust cleaning.
Air Duct cleaning generally refers to the cleaning of various heating and cooling system components of forced air systems, including the supply and return air ducts and registers, grilles and diffusers, heat exchangers heating and cooling coils, condensate drain pans (drip pans), fan motor and fan housing, and the air handling unit housing.
If not properly installed, maintained, and operated, these components may become contaminated with particles of dust, pollen or other debris. If moisture is present, the potential for microbiological growth (e.g., mold) is increased and spores from such growth may be released into the home's living space. | <urn:uuid:5a6e28cf-0f5c-47e8-a1ac-3aba8c71b861> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.ultimatewasher.com/duct-cleaning.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103617931.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220628203615-20220628233615-00383.warc.gz | en | 0.916057 | 181 | 2.953125 | 3 |
The Tens or “Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation” machine delivers an electrical current via electrodes attached by pads to the skin over the pain site. The tens machine pads form the actual connection to the patient and it is important to understand how they should be placed, how to handle them, when to replace them and what size pads should be necessary for the pain relief you require. Any procedure is only as strong as its weakest link, and the correct use of the Tens machine pads are often the least understood and therefore the most poorly managed part of the Tens pain relief system.
What are the Tens machine pads?
The Tens machine pads contain the electrodes that transmit the actual electrical current into your skin. They are attached to the electronic Tens machine with wires. The one end of the wire fits into the machine and the other end of each wire fits into the connection on the electrodes in the pads. The electrode pads come in different sizes suitable for different parts of the body. Trunk and back electrodes are larger than those necessary for ankles or wrists. The cloth-backed Tens machine electrode pads are more durable than the cheaper foam backed ones. The “pad” is the part that is attached to the body with a gel that helps to conduct the current more efficiently.
How to prepare the skin to place the Tens machine pads:
First, take special note of a few things you should never do concerning the placing of the pads:
- Never place the pads near your eyes or mouth, on the front or side of your neck or across your brain over your head
- Never place them over any metal implants
- Never place electrode pads on damaged skin
- Never place electrodes on areas of skin where there is no sensation – you will not know when the current is sufficient or not.
Wash the skin area with mild soap, rinse off all soap and dry thoroughly.
This is very important because:
- Clean dry skin will transmit the electrical stimuli more efficiently
- It will decrease the chance of skin irritation
- It will extend the life of your electrodes and pads.
- Rub the gel into the side of the pads that will be attached to the skin
The Placement of the tens machine pads:
The actual placement of the tens machine pads is very important. Your Doctor should help you with the initial placement. The Tens machine comes with a detailed manual which also explains about the best placement of the electrode pads. Most machines are dual placement machines having 4 electrode pads. The normal rule of thumb is to place the pads near to the source of the pain. If you are using four electrodes, then they should be placed on the outer four corners of the painful area. If you have a two-electrode machine, place the electrodes mid way over the painful area. Electrodes should be removed and moved to a slightly different skin area every 12 hours to prevent skin damage and allow the skin to breathe.
Care of your Tens Machine Electrode Pads:
Before removing the electrodes,
- Switch off the device
- Disconnect the wires
Remove the electrode from the skin by gently peeling it off from the edge and replace the electrode liner.
If the electrodes become damp and sweaty, allow them to dry in a refrigerator with the adhesive side up until it feels sticky again.
Replacing your Tens Machine pads: The machine pads are disposable and will need renewing from time to time. On an average, when being used for daily or continuous pain relief, you will need two sets of new electrode pads and a new battery each month. Rather replace with good quality electrodes for the best current distribution. Poor quality electrodes may not deliver the required current effectively. New electrodes come with a liner, make sure you remove it before use, but keep the liners for storing the electrodes when not in use.
It is important to handle your Tens machine electrode pads with care and make sure they are fitted and connected correctly for the best pain relief results. You can experiment a bit with the actual positioning of your electrode pads to get the maximum efficiency from your machine. It would be advisable to have a spare set of electrode pads available at all times. | <urn:uuid:5711075a-3dd5-4dc1-aaf0-cebf130244bd> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.tenspainrelief.com/tens-machine-pads/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280483.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00397-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.90602 | 843 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Inadequate access to water, sanitation and hygiene — and poor water quality in general — poses significant health risks to millions of people around the world. These conditions cause outbreaks and the spread of disease, and contribute to poor health, especially in times of disaster and crisis.
A resilient health system ensures that actors, institutions, and populations can effectively respond to crises, and maintain core functions when crises hit. But these systems depend on access to clean and safe water, something that one-third of all healthcare facilities lack in low- and middle-income countries.
To address this issue, this project will:
The project will develop an evidence-based guide to policymaking on this issue, particularly with respect to water access, sanitation, and hygiene during humanitarian crises. | <urn:uuid:3649fe0c-792e-430b-a774-2f8d372b76ca> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://unu.edu/projects/managing-water-related-health-risks.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823228.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20181209232026-20181210013526-00573.warc.gz | en | 0.928938 | 154 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Norway’s New Crop Diversity: Svalbard Global Seed Vault
Is Svalbard worth visiting? In a word, yes! Svalbard has fascinated travelers for a long time. The Norwegian archipelago lies just below the North Pole and is one of the world’s northernmost inhabited areas with almost 3,000 human residents. In Svalbard you will also find a fascinating building; The Svalbard Global Seed Vault.
Known for its rugged and remote terrain of glaciers and frozen tundra sheltering polar bears, Svalbard reindeer, Arctic foxes, and other arctic animals, Svalbard is a must-see. The Northern Lights are visible during winter, and summer brings the "midnight sun"—sunlight 24 hours a day.
Historically, both whaling and trapping have been major activities in the archipelago, but now sustainability is the guiding principle in every way: Nearly two-thirds of the surface of Svalbard is protected and consists of several nature reserves, national parks, bird sanctuaries, and even a geotopical protected area.
What is Svalbard Global Seed Vault?
In addition to a few thousand polar bears, the islands are home to Svalbard Global Seed Vault. Set in the permafrost and thick rock 100 meters below the surface in the Platåberget mountain, near Longyearbyen, the Vault is the ultimate insurance policy for the world’s food supply. It will secure, for centuries, millions of seeds representing every important crop variety available in the world today. It is the final back up in the event of a world-threatening disaster.
Read more about the Seed Vault here.
Seed vault facts
The plant can accommodate 4.5 million seed samples. At its opening in 2008, the seed bank contained 278,000 seed samples of mostly rice and wheat. In September 2009, the stock had increased to 423,899 seed types from 219 different contributing countries. In 2015, the figure had reached 860,000 seed samples.
The stable geology and low humidity create the ultimate fail-safe freezer storage facility. A temperature of -18ºC is required for optimal storage of the seeds, which are stored and sealed in custom made three-ply foil packages. The packages are sealed inside boxes and stored on shelves inside the vault. The low temperature and moisture levels inside the Vault ensure low metabolic activity, keeping the seeds viable for long periods of time.
Can you visit the seed vault?
Although you can hike and bike to catch a glimpse of The Svalbard Global Seed Vault, the vault itself is only open to tourists via an exciting virtual reality tour. Check it out here!
What else is there to do on Svalbard?
Despite its remoteness, Svalbard has a surprisingly varied and colorful cultural scene. You can visit museums and art galleries, disused mines and even enjoy a brewery tour. Believe it or not, Svalbard is even hosting some music concerts and arts festivals. You should also enjoy tasting the local arctic cuisine.
We already mentioned the abundant arctic nature and while at Svalbard you can also book yourself on a whale or polar bear safari, bird watching trips, dog-sledding, or snow-mobile adventures.
How do I get to Svalbard?
There are daily flights to and from Svalbard throughout the year from mainland Norway, with the frequency increasing during summer months. Flight time is around 3 hours from Oslo International Airport (Gardemoen) and approximately 2 hours from Tromsø.
An airport shuttle service is available for all scheduled flights and takes you to most hotels and guest houses for a fee. Unfortunately, there is no regular boat transportation between the Norwegian mainland and Svalbard.
Several companies offer Svalbard safaris and round trips, but these do not offer passage to and from the mainland. You have to make your way to Svalbard through other means.
Once on the Island Longyearbyen Taxi and Svalbard Bus and Taxi are at your service 24/7. During the Polar Summer, you can hire bicycles at the Tourist Information Centre, while Arctic Autorent at the airport is the town's car rental. There are only about 46 kilometers of road on the Svalbard Islands. Driving off-road is strictly prohibited.
There are no roads between the various settlements. Instead, locals use boats in summer and snowmobiles in winter. Snowmobiles can also be rented in Longyearbyen. | <urn:uuid:42a0bf10-4d16-4a97-a941-76fda461871c> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.fjordtours.com/inspiration/articles/svalbard-seed-vault/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107894759.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20201027195832-20201027225832-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.923499 | 940 | 3.125 | 3 |
Today we talked about different types of carbohydrates ranging from simple carbohydrates like sugars to complex ones like breads and cereals. We discussed the difference between the two of them using information from this website.
Then we talked about simple carbohydrates in our foods that we eat at snack time. We compared how much sugar was in our edible and drinkable snacks and figured out how much sugar we are consuming at snack time. We worked on an assignment discussing the amount of sugar in a snack and calculated how much sugar is in various snacks.
This is an adding game. You basically roll the dice until you get to the bottom of the page with the number 424 or over that number. You will have three dice: one 1-12 dice, one 1-20 dice and one 0-90 dice. The objective of this dice game is basically just beating the high score of 423. You will have a sheet with 9 slots to add your numbers in. Remember, play accordingly to the rules:
– No touching the dice after rolling; keep numbers the same
Today we talked about the particle theory of matter. To start we watched a short video that introduced us to the basic rules of particles.
Assignment: What are the rules of particle theory?
Your assignment is to write down the basic rules of particle theory and include a real-world example for each one. There is a catch though: you can’t use any of the examples that are given in the video.
Rule #1: Everything is made up of particles
The air around me right now is made up of particles and so is the chair I am sitting on.
Please write on lined paper with your name and the date in the top right corner and hand in on the white shelf marked “particle theory”
The first thing I would do is run as fast as I can to the middle of the map and get all the supplies I can, then I would meet up with my partner and find out how much supplies they have after we will go hunting.
The rest of this is in my perspective.
The hunting went wrong, I lost my partner and my supplies. So I went to find more supplies. After a half hour I found a BOW!
The bow I found had zero arrows, but as I was about to walk away an arrow whizzed past me, so I ran picked up the arrow turned around and fired. I looked up at who it was, it was my partner and for some odd reason I felt my district yell at me. But I continued, I killed three more people, and it was just me and 1 of district 5’s tributes.
I saw him, he saw me, it was night time and I heard a wolf howling. But I aimed at him, shot, but sadly missed. I only had one arrow left. he ran so I couldn’t see him, a few moments later he came from behind me. I turned, shot. there was the buzzer
Today we looked at food labels to compare the differences between our foods.
We started by looking at an American McDonald’s menu showing the calories of each meal
This started the conversation
Then we worked in small groups comparing different labels we have saved from our lunch breaks
We noted which foods had the most…
We used this chart and these labels to record our findings (link pending technical difficulties with edublogs)
We got active by acting out the different foods and ordering ourselves from greatest to least.
We watched this video
We reviewed our notes from the previous talks on nutrition (link pending technical difficulties with edublogs)
Then we used this graphing template to graph the different nutrients and vitamins in our foods. Can you guess what food you are looking at by looking only at the nutritional content? (link pending technical difficulties with edublogs)
that book was good because it had sharks and volcanos and jellyfish and the great fire. It was intrusting because it was existing. I like how the story tells about the shark attack. vininst got bit by a shark
Today we had a guest come from the Kiwanis Club to talk to us about what we can do for fundraising this year. The students were excited to share some of their ideas and if you look at the board in the picture you’ll see some of the ideas that we had. | <urn:uuid:99469853-2416-4a61-82e7-e78ea1f1ca0c> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | http://mrewert.edublogs.org/2015/10/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496665573.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20191112124615-20191112152615-00546.warc.gz | en | 0.976009 | 901 | 4.15625 | 4 |
Many of us have either experienced or heard stories of people who have died after a stroke. But first, what is a stroke? It is when the brain is deprived of oxygen due to either a clot in the brain's blood (Ischemic Stroke) or a rupture of the blood vessels in the brain (Hemorrhagic Stroke). The lack of blood flow results in depletion of oxygen, and the brain cells die. If not caught early, it can result in permanent brain damage or even death.
When we hear stories of people succumbing to a stroke, often we hear that there was no intervention or even recognition of the fact that the victim was suffering from a stroke. Lack of knowledge in identifying a stroke results a lot of people becoming paralysed or even dying.
What are the symptoms of a stroke?
Usually, there is weakness or numbness in the face, legs, arms or one side of the body. There might be a loss of vision in one or both eyes. There could be difficulty in talking, understanding simple commands, etc. A sudden headache might occur without any apparent reason.
These symptoms are usually first noticed by the victim himself. He should be able to call someone's attention and describe the symptoms and suggest transfer to a medical facility immediately. However, often the victim is too traumatised at the onset or is in denial to do anything about it. It is then that people close to him should be able to identify the onset of a stroke.
Remember the first three letters of the word "stroke" - "S", "T" and "R".
- First, ask the victim to SMILE.
- Second, ask him to repeat his name.
- Third, Ask him to raise both arms ... (or stick out his tongue).
In case of ANY difficulty in ANY of these three tasks, move to a medical facility immediately.
Almost half of all stroke cases are preventable. Also, immediate medical intervention reduces the risk of permanent brain damage (or death) substantially. There are some factors that increase the possibility of suffering from a stroke. High blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes, for instance. Smoking, excessive alcohol consumption and obesity are also added risk factors and controlling these reduces the possibility of suffering from a stroke. Generally strokes occur in people over 65 and more in men, though they are deadlier in case of women who have fewer strokes as a gender.
As a potential victim, control the risk factors and get yourself regularly checked. As an innocent onlooker and bystander, learn to recognise the symptoms of a stroke so that you can intervene and get the person to a doctor. The sooner medical intervention in received, the higher the chances of a full recovery. | <urn:uuid:f87fe216-372e-4eb1-aee2-e3ee32bf4198> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://otasurvivalschool.com/survival-first-aid/save-someone-from-a-stroke/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670770.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20191121101711-20191121125711-00082.warc.gz | en | 0.967556 | 557 | 3.46875 | 3 |
This is a sponsored post by Anheuser-Busch.
Sharing information with your kids is only part of having the discussion about underage drinking. It’s equally important to be a good listener so they feel that their concerns and questions are really being heard. There are three different “levels of listening” parents use:
Level 1: Listening with an agenda.
When you sit your child down to talk with a specific goal or agenda in mind, you might not actually be listening at all. Instead, you are probably relying on a script or list of topics you want to get out on the table, and have a specific outcome in mind. If your child wants to stray from your agenda, you might not be receptive to their questions or concerns. This may result in misinterpretations, misunderstanding, and hurt feelings (on both sides).
Level 2: Listening from your perspective.
At this stage, you’re listening to what your child has to say, but you’re probably relating it back to your own views and experiences: “I remember what it was like to be a teenager! When I was your age ...” These kinds of comments can be frustrating for kids, who might still feel like you’re pushing an agenda on them without having a real give-and-take discussion about the issues. You think you’re having a conversation, but it’s really very one-sided.
Level 3: Listening with an open mind.
True listening means taking in what your child says without judgment or criticism, and responding directly to their opinions, ideas, and concerns -- not just promoting an agenda. The focus here is on what your child is saying, not what you believe or what you think you should be saying. Ask your child open-ended questions to encourage more detailed replies. Listen and respond with an open mind to show that you respect what your child is saying. Doing so will build trust and encourage an open and honest dialogue going forward.
Does learning about the levels of listening change how you’ll talk to your kids about important issues like underage drinking?
For more tips about talking to kids about underage drinking, click here to download a helpful guide for parents. Or join the conversation on the Anheuser-Busch Family Talk About Drinking Facebook page. | <urn:uuid:4f19cc39-92e8-4fed-be57-89b79747029a> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://thestir.cafemom.com/teen/160012/being_a_good_listener_when | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246660743.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045740-00251-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947121 | 478 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Using more than seven million monthly meter readings from Duke Energy Corp., covering nearly all the households in southern Indiana for three years, they were able to compare energy consumption before and after counties began observing daylight-saving time. Readings from counties that had already adopted daylight-saving time provided a control group that helped them to adjust for changes in weather from one year to the next.
Research on the impact of extending daylight-saving time across Indiana found:
- Residential electricity usage increased between 1 percent and 4 percent, amounting to $8.6 million a year.
- Social costs from increased emissions were estimated at between $1.6 million and $5.3 million per year.
- Possible social benefits — enhanced public health and safety and economic growth — were not studied.
Their finding: Having the entire state switch to daylight-saving time each year, rather than stay on standard time, costs Indiana households an additional $8.6 million in electricity bills. They conclude that the reduced cost of lighting in afternoons during daylight-saving time is more than offset by the higher air-conditioning costs on hot afternoons and increased heating costs on cool mornings.
"I’ve never had a paper with such a clear and unambiguous finding as this," says Kotchen, who presented the paper at a National Bureau of Economic Research conference this month. | <urn:uuid:a321749f-25c1-44f7-98e4-895dc6c2f643> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.vulcanhammer.org/2008/03/04/daylight-savings-time-results-in-higher-energy-consumption/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947795.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425100306-20180425120306-00308.warc.gz | en | 0.97535 | 278 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Does Coffee Cause Cancer?
Acrylamide is a chemical that forms while cooking some foods at high temperatures above 250°F. It is a potentially neurotoxic natural byprodct produced in the coffee roasting process. Should you be concerned about this? Many coffee manufacturers and sellers have been fighting a lawsuit since 2010 over roasted coffee beans allegedly containing low levels of the carcinogen acrylamide. Proposition 65 requires warning labels on anything that contains cancer causing materials so coffee packaging may soon come with warning labels.
America is the world's largest coffee consumer as 83 percent of American adults drink an average of 3 cups per day. The $40 Billion dollar coffee industry explains the amounts of acrylamide found in coffee are too small to cause any health risks.
Acrylamide is used in industrial processes like paper production and wastewater treatment. Sources of acylamide include cigarette smoke, toast, cereals and roasted vegetables. Some studies based on lab animals have concluded acrylamide to be a "probable human carcinogen." The reduction in cooking times, blanching, and drying in a hot oven after frying may decrease the amount of acrylamide in some foods. Lightly toasted bread would have lower levels of acrylamide than darker toast.
If your diet consists of mainly food that is fried, roasted and baked at high temperatures, it would be helpful to add boiled and steamed food to your diet. Adopting a healthy eating plan emphasizing fruits and vegetables is almost always step towards better health.
Is Acrylamide in Coffee a Health Concern?
Minute amounts of acrylamide are found in coffee. High concentrations of it have been found to be harmful in lab animals. Acrylamide is a health concern and we should limit our intake of it. Many other foods have higher average concentrations (µg/kg).
- Baked french fries: 397
- Brewed Coffee: 7.8
- Cereal: 119
- Fried french fries: 404
- Potato chips: 597
- Prune Juice: 214
- National Cancer Institute. Acrylamide in Food and Cancer Risk. Retrieved from cancer.gov
- U.S. Food & Drug Administration. (2016, March 10) Acrylamide Questions and Answers fda.gov
- American Cancer Society (2015, August 24). Acrylamide and Cancer Risk. Retrieved from cancer.org
- National Coffee Association. The NCA Guide to Acrylamide & Coffee. Retrieved from ncausa.org | <urn:uuid:ae7d8ed7-6926-4df4-90a3-8443f9ff27a6> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://health-reference.com/nutrition/coffee-cancer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813109.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220224819-20180221004819-00374.warc.gz | en | 0.926985 | 528 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Bananistan is a beautiful banana republic. Beautiful women in beautiful dresses. Beautiful statues of beautiful warlords. Beautiful stars in beautiful nights.
In Bananistan people play this crazy game – Bulbo. There’s an array of bulbs and player at the position, which represents one of the bulbs. The distance between two neighboring bulbs is 1. Before each turn player can change his position with cost |posnew - posold|. After that, a contiguous set of bulbs lights-up and player pays the cost that’s equal to the distance to the closest shining bulb. Then, all bulbs go dark again. The goal is to minimize your summed cost. I tell you, Bananistanians are spending their nights playing with bulbs.
Banana day is approaching, and you are hired to play the most beautiful Bulbo game ever. A huge array of bulbs is installed, and you know your initial position and all the light-ups in advance. You need to play the ideal game and impress Bananistanians, and their families.
The first line contains number of turns n and initial position x. Next n lines contain two numbers lstart and lend, which represent that all bulbs from interval [lstart, lend] are shining this turn.
Output should contain a single number which represents the best result (minimum cost) that could be obtained by playing this Bulbo game.
Before 1. turn move to position 5
Before 2. turn move to position 9
Before 5. turn move to position 8 | <urn:uuid:59568099-8ddd-4ce6-bed8-8d7973e33ce8> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/575/F | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948550199.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20171214183234-20171214203234-00548.warc.gz | en | 0.932911 | 312 | 3.03125 | 3 |
GCMD, USA —The National Lightning Detection Network, NLDN, consists of over 100 remote, ground-based sensing stations located across the United States that instantaneously detect the electromagnetic signals given off when lightning strikes the earth’s surface.
These remote sensors send the raw data via a satellite-based communications network to the Network Control Center (NCC) operated by Vaisala Inc. in Tucson, Arizona.
Within seconds of a lightning strike, the NCC’s central analyzers process information on the location, time, polarity, and amplitude of each strike. The lightning information is then communicated to users across the country.
Lightning data collected by the NLDN is available for use in two different categories, real time and archive. Real time data subscribers receive live, second-by-second data on lightning activity within their own designated area of application, up to and including the 48 contiguous states.
The NLDN’s vast archive data library contains over 160 million flashes from 1989 to the present. Data can be provided in ASCII format for analysis on a users’ own workstation, or provided in packed binary formats for display and analysis via GAI display software.
Analytical services and reports produced by trained GAI personnel are also available for tailored historical studies or specific geographical evaluations.
FLASH / STROKE DATA
Flash data provides information such as the time, location, polarity, and amplitude of each lightning flash. Recent studies, however, have shown there can be as many as 20 return strokes in a flash. Further, approximately half of the flashes contain subsequent strokes that terminate at more than one location.
The mean separation of these strike points averages 2 km, with a maximum separation of approximately 7 km.
Stroke data, available since January 1, 1995, refines and expands on flash data by recording characteristics of each detected subsequent stroke.
The stroke data set provides such detail that a whole new level of analyses and in-depth lightning exposure investigations can now be performed. Lightning damage or exposure studies require this information for an accurate assessment of lightning activity.
Read more and learn about access to the database at: http://gcmd.nasa.gov/records/GCMD_NLDN.html
About The GCMD
NASA’s Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) holds more than 25,000 Earth science data set and service descriptions, which cover subject areas within the Earth and environmental sciences.?? The project mission is to assist researchers, policy makers, and the public in the discovery of and access to data, related services, and ancillary information (which includes descriptions of instruments and platforms) relevant to global change and Earth science research.
The GCMD evolved from the prototype NASA Master Directory (NMD) as part of the National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC) at NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center to promote the exchange of scientific data sets through the Catalog Interoperability (CI) project.
In the summer of 1987, the CI Working Group (consisting of several U.S. Federal and international agencies) defined the type of information and level of detail that would be contained within the NMD. The first version of the NMD was released during that year.
In 1989, the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) Data Working Group (DWG) established the CEOS International Directory Network (IDN) to foster the exchange of information among international agencies.
In 1990, the Interagency Working Group on Data Management for Global Change (IWGDMGC) adopted the directory as a prototype to facilitate global change research – in response to the challenge by the Earth System Science Committee (ESSC).
Thereafter, the NMD was renamed the Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) for its Earth sciences applications. In 1994, the GCMD project became part of the Global Change Data Center within the Earth Sciences Directorate at NASA/GSFC, where it still resides.
Today, the GCMD is one of the largest public metadata inventories in the world. The GCMD???s primary responsibility is to maintain a complete catalog of all NASA???s Earth science data sets and services.
The project also serves as one of NASA???s contributions to the international Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS), through which it is known as the CEOS International Directory Network (IDN).
More online at: http://gcmd.nasa.gov/index.html | <urn:uuid:1afa85ba-e544-4216-826c-08ec0babf90d> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.tempsensornews.com/weather/the-u-s-national-lightning-detection-network-database-nldn/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084888113.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119184632-20180119204632-00126.warc.gz | en | 0.896104 | 924 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Today is Equal Pay Day, chosen as April 8, the symbolic date when women’s wages catch up to men’s from the previous year. Today is also the day that President Obama, lacking support from Congress on equal pay measures, signed an executive order barring federal contractors from retaliating against employees who discuss their pay with one another. He also directed the Labor Department to adopt rules requiring federal contractors to provide compensation data based on sex and race.
“Pay secrecy fosters discrimination, and we should not tolerate it, not in federal contracting or anywhere else,” Obama said at the signing. He was joined at the White House by Lilly Ledbetter, whose name appears on a pay discrimination law Obama signed in 2009.
Some dismiss the gender pay gap as due to women’s occupational and lifestyle choices, but data analysis by labor economists Francine Blau and Lawrence Kahn concluded that over 40 percent of the pay gap cannot be explained by such differences. To understand why this really outrages women and enlightened men, have a look at the depth of the problem here.
There are a number of ways to look at the pay disparities between men and women. This chart from The American Association of University Women (AAUW) shows women’s median annual earnings as a percentage of men’s over the past 40 years. The pay gap has steadily narrowed over time, but it’s progress has stalled in recent years.
The Pay Gap Over Time
Women’s Median Annual Earnings as a Percentage of Men’s Median Annual Earnings
for Full-time, Year-Round Workers, 1972–2012
Pew Research looked at the pay gap by examining hourly earnings, estimated as usual weekly earnings divided by usual hours worked, because it “irons out differences in earnings due to differences in hours worked.” As such, Pew’s calculations take into account that women are twice as likely to work part-time as men, 26 percent versus 13 percent. They found that for every dollar a man earns, a woman earns $0.84.
IN YOUR STATE
The AAUW used the most recent statistics from the US Census Bureau to show the gender pay gap in states, as well as congressional districts. In Maryland, where the gender pay gap is second-smallest only to that of Washington, DC, women were paid 85 percent of what men were paid in 2012. Wyoming is on the opposite side of the spectrum with the most pay inequality, with women paid just 64 percent of what men were paid.
IT ADDS UP!
Comparing earnings between men and women, the Center for American Progress created this infographic below to show how the pay gap added up over time, using 2010 data. That year, the median full-time working man had earnings of $47,715 in earnings, compared to $36,931 for women. That pay difference of $10,784 adds up to $431,360 over 40 years! Here’s what women, and their families, are missing out on.
MILLENNIALS ARE STARTING TO CLOSE THE GAP
A survey by Pew Research found that young women are closing the wage gap with men: In 2012, among workers ages 25 to 34, women’s hourly earnings were 93 percent of those of men. Still, the survey found that these young women believe the fight is far from over. Seventy-five percent said America needs to do more to achieve gender equality in the workplace, compared with 57 percent of millennial men. | <urn:uuid:fd3c1b62-1360-4388-8e59-30bcab88a896> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://billmoyers.com/content/facts-figures-women-and-pay-inequality/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500824391.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021344-00393-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972318 | 731 | 3.015625 | 3 |
How to Support the Grieving Child
—Dr. Robert Choun
Children may face the death of a family member or friend while under your teaching. How do you handle this delicate topic? How can you affirm the goodness of God? There are three steps in explaining death to children.
- Death is part of life. Using the seasons as an example, show children that God has a time for everything. In God’s creation everything has its beginning and end—even the people God loves. Most children can understand that death is permanent. But due to the impact of violence in the media, few may understand that death can come as a gentle release in old age from a body that can no longer serve its wearer.
- Death is final. Again, examples from God’s creation can help. For many children the first experience with death will be the passing of a pet. A child needs to acknowledge the finality of death. Present the facts in age-appropriate vocabulary and with a sympathetic understanding of the individual child. Let the child feel God’s love wrapped around him through you.
- Death is part of God’s plan. All living things die. But God has a wonderful plan for people after death. He sent Jesus to Earth to die for our sins. Those who believe on Jesus can be with Him in Heaven after their bodies die. If you are talking with a child whose loved one has died and you are not sure that person was a Christian, focus on the child’s own relationship with the Lord.
Grieving Is Okay
Affirm the child’s tears as natural and helpful. Don’t expect the child to “get over it” quickly; the process of active grieving for a close family member averages about a year. A child old enough to have shared in the love of a person who has died is old enough to share the loss of that person. Talk about the person who has died, reminding the child of the fun times and the loving relationship they shared. Assure the child that God knows about his sadness and wants to help him through this difficult time. Pray with the child— thank God for this person and all he has meant to the child.
His Feelings Are Normal
Understanding the grief process will enable you to be helpful to the child and an encouragement to the parents as well.
- The child may avoid the topic of death for a time. Denying the death is a safety mechanism that allows the child to slip into reality slowly.
- The child may then move into a time of fear and anxiety over the death. He needs reassurance and security.
- The child may go on a search for the dead person in some form or symbolic way. A common way for a child to “find” the dead loved one is to look at a family album.
- The child may express inappropriate anger, even anger toward God. Accept the child’s feelings no matter how intense.
- The child may then realize a deep loss—perhaps feeling depressed and lonely. Life will eventually fall back into a secure routine. While the loss does not go away it mellows. Good memories take over and the child is able to think about the loved one without tears.
Answer questions truthfully and in simple terms. Comfort children with the fact that all those who are in the family of God will be reunited, living in bodies that will never wear out, enjoying God’s wonderful home forever.
ROBERT CHOUN: “How to Support a Grieving Child” is a condensation of 2 Primary Child columns: M/A 1995 “Explaining Death to Primaries” and M/J 1991 “Teaching About Death”
Stay Connected with CEF
Subscribe to our email lists to receive updates, news, and stories based on your needs and interests. | <urn:uuid:9097b7ed-7320-47db-96c8-951ca01f7988> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.cefonline.com/support-grieving-child/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655890181.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200706191400-20200706221400-00595.warc.gz | en | 0.957268 | 798 | 2.8125 | 3 |
This lecture examines the function of theatre in greek culture and religion, with special focus on the athenians it then explores the three. Ancient greek theatre masks of comedy and tragedy the theatre of ancient greece, or ancient greek drama, is a theatrical culture that flourished in ancient greece between 550 bc and 220 bc.
Many of the traditions and conventions of modern theater can be traced back to the ancient greeks the use of actors, scenery, music and scripted plays all originated with celebrated greek writers such as sophocles, aeschylus and euripedes. The ancient theatre of epidaurus was built of local stone on a natural slope of mt ancient greek theatres reflect the original concept and the first stages. In theatre in ancient greek society the author examines the social setting and function of ancient greek theatre through the thousand years of its performance history instead of using written sources, which were intended only for a small, educated section of the population, he draws most of his evidence from a wide range of archaeological. Comedy, tragedy, satire the ancient greeks loved live theatre every town had at least one open air theatre these theatres attracted crowds of 15,000 people.
C 380's plato's republic includes critique of greek tragedy and comedy c 330's aristotle's poetics includes defense of greek tragedy and comedy 2 origins of greek drama ancient greeks from the 5th century bc onwards were fascinated by the question of the origins of tragedy and comedy they were. Title length color rating : greek theater and tragedy - many ancient civilizations witnessed greek theater and tragedy as the world’s first theatrical performances. Clue: ancient greek theater ancient greek theater is a crossword puzzle clue that we have spotted over 20 times there are related clues (shown below.
Kids learn about the drama and theater of ancient greece including tragedies, comedies, costumes, masks, actors, special effects, famous playwrights, and fun facts. History of ancient theatre on this page we consider the theatre of ancient greece, the history of theatre as it migrated from greece to rome.
Greek theatre began in the 6th century bce in athens with the performance of tragedy plays at religious festivals these, in turn, inspired the genre. The book of the ancient greeks, chapter xiv: the greek theatre aeschylus sophocles euripides note: for english translations of the greek dramas mentioned in this page, see the online books site for classical languages and literature.
Epidaurus ancient theatre: information and pictures of the ancient theatre in epidaurus, peloponnese, greece. Greek theater production means the physical manner in which ancient greek (mainly athenian) drama was realized in the theater this includes the use of masks, costumes, props set, machinery, and vehicles the way in which the architectural form of the theater affected the staging (such as entrances. Current theater is full of ancient greek mythology and legends that date back as far as 700 bc greece's huge worldwide influence ensured that customs and beliefs were wide-spread across the ancient world. The greek theater: evolution and influence : without a doubt, the greek theater remains one of the most recognized and distinctive buildings in the world.
Start studying ancient greek theatre learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. To the ancient greeks, theater was a form of entertainment taken very seriously people would come from all across the greek world to attend the popular theaters held in open air amphitheater. Ancient greek theatre the english words for tragedy and comedy come from the language of the ancient greeks although the greeks were not the first to perform plays, they were very interested in the origins of tragedy and comedy. 14 ancient theatres of greek roman the ancient theatre of delphi in greece was built on a hill giving spectators a view of the entire sanctuary and the.Download | <urn:uuid:ded26d75-980c-4958-93a0-42fcd593a4c6> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://gupaperjrci.getfiredband.us/ancient-greek-theatre.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221218391.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20180821171406-20180821191406-00455.warc.gz | en | 0.94878 | 834 | 3.671875 | 4 |
National income, self-reported wheezing and asthma diagnosis from the World Health Survey.
Sembajwe-G; Cifuentes-M; Tak-S; Kriebel-D; Gore-R; Punnett-L
Eur Respir J 2010 Feb; 35(2):279-286
The aims of this study were to quantify and describe the variations in respiratory symptoms and diagnosis prevalence across regions of the world according to national income. In 2002 and 2003, the World Health Organization implemented the World Health Survey (WHS), which used a standardised survey instrument to compile comprehensive baseline information on health and healthcare expenditure. We analysed the WHS data to assess the global patterns of self-reported wheeze and doctor-diagnosed asthma, two commonly reported measures of respiratory health. In total there were 308,218 participants with complete records, from 64 countries. The weighted mean age of the survey population was 43 yrs. Global prevalence of current wheezing symptoms ranged from 2.4% in Vietnam to 24% in Brazil; the prevalence of diagnosed asthma ranged from 1.8% in Vietnam to 32.8% in Australia. Overall, the prevalence of symptoms and diagnosis showed a U-shaped pattern with the largest prevalence reported in low- and high-income countries. The smallest prevalence was consistently found in middle-income countries. These WHS analyses have provided global prevalence estimates of wheeze and doctor-diagnosed asthma using data gathered simultaneously and consistently across six continents. These findings support the need for continued global respiratory illness surveillance for disease prevention, health policy and management.
Health-surveys; Respiratory-system-disorders; Bronchial-asthma; Sociological-factors; Respiratory-infections; Diagnostic-tests; Health-care; Data-processing; Surveillance-programs;
Author Keywords: Asthma; income inequality; prevalence; wheezing; World Health Survey
G. Sembajwe, Dept of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA USA
European Respiratory Journal
Harvard School of Public Health | <urn:uuid:0cd4b4ed-98ab-47d3-9a81-07e80b7d2928> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nioshtic-2/20041858.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917119782.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031159-00173-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.871373 | 448 | 2.65625 | 3 |
What is Family Counselling?
Family Counselling or Family Therapy is a kind of psychological counselling that can help address family issues that affect the health and function of a family’s relationships, by improving communication and resolving conflicts.
How does it work?
Family Counselling is usually conducted by a psychologist or clinical social worker, and employs techniques and exercises from cognitive therapy, behaviour therapy, interpersonal therapy, or other types of individual therapy. As is the case with other types of treatment, these specific techniques will depend on the problems the family is dealing with.
When should you consider family counselling?
Families can be a source of support, love and encouragement, but this can be threatened when relationships within the family are put under strain, or family members feel isolated or overlooked.
Family Counselling can help to improve strained relationships in a family, with a partner, children, or other family members.
Specific issues that could benefit from counselling include:
- Coping with divorce or separation
- New challenges such as stepfamily formation
- Dealing with serious illness in the family
- Unexpected loss of a loved one
Family therapy can be useful in any family situation that causes stress, grief, anger or conflict. It can help family members understand one another better and learn coping skills to bring them closer together.
What can family counselling achieve?
Through family counselling, the psychologist will help family members to understand the problems or obstacles in their relationships, and how they can overcome them. Family therapy can offer family members the opportunity to replace negative patterns such as blame, resentment, and control, with positive open dialogue.
Family therapy or counselling is not a quick-fix solution to family conflict or difficult relationships, but it can help in nurturing understanding between family members. It can pave the way to more open communication and help the family achieve a sense of unity in dealing with challenging situations. | <urn:uuid:26bd9656-bf88-4ab6-af02-4519bda58cb8> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://healthwaymedical.com/family-counselling-therapy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323583083.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20211015192439-20211015222439-00259.warc.gz | en | 0.946779 | 384 | 3.109375 | 3 |
This classification is not permitted in a scientific laboratory because it is not acceptable in a kitchen setting. The concentration of a solution affects how molecules interact with one another.
Numerous methods exist for determining the concentration of a solution. ‘Molarity’ and ‘Normality’ are the most frequently heard and written terms among these.
This section of the article will cover various aspects concerning the Molarity and Normality relation.
The term ‘normality’ refers to the quantity of material contained in each millilitre of solution. A molecule’s reactive capacity is expressed in grammes of equivalent weight per molecule.
There are three other ways to describe it: ‘N’ (equivalents), ‘eq’ (millie-equivalents), and ‘meq’ (million-equivalents). When doing titration calculations, it is best to use normalcy to determine concentration.
It establishes the chemical concentration to be used in the experiment by analysing the chemical reaction under investigation. Certain responses may not necessitate the use of this unit of measurement.
Normality is rarely used, in part because it is calculated using grammatical weight equivalents. The method’s result is determined by the number of ions used. Depending on the response, this may be a different situation.
As a result, gram-equivalent weight changes may occur, as well as various misconceptions.
The term ‘normality’ measures –
“Normality = Number of mole equivalent / 1L of solution”
- Redox reactions: These are chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred and atoms are reduced in a solution. The term “normality” refers to the number of electrons taken or given to a system by reducing or oxidising substances.
- Chemistry with Acid bases: Acids and bases are classified chemically. In this circumstance, the word ‘normality’ refers to the number of hydroxides reacting with each other. This phrase refers to the concentration of hydroxide and hydronium in a chemical compound’s solution.
- Reactions over Precipitation: The precipitation-induced reactions are the following: The normalcy property specifies the number of ions that will precipitate in such reactions.
The most frequently used unit of concentration in a solution is the molarity. In other contexts, molarity is used to refer to molecular concentration. In other words, concentration is the molecular weight of a solute dissolved in a litre of solution.
When dealing with a solute, molarity is defined as the number of moles divided by the volume of the solute in litres. The molarity of water, for example, is expressed in millilitres per litre. The letter ‘M’ is used to denote it.
The following formula is used to determine the molecular weight of a substance:
“Molarity = number of moles in a solute / solution’s volume in litres”
The molarity of a substance varies depending on the temperature and volume of the substance in question. As the temperature rises, the molarity of the liquid decreases. A similar phenomenon occurs when the volume of a solution increases while the molarity of the solution decreases.
As the concentration of solutes in a solution increases, the degree of morality in the solution increases in proportion to the increase in solute concentration. When the solubility of a solute increases, the molarity (or concentration) of the solution increases as well, and the molarity eventually becomes proportional to the amount of solute present in the solution.
Other molarity values include the following:
- The semi-molar concentration is 0.5 M / 10 = 0.1 M / 2 = 0.5 M.
- M/5 = 0.2 M penti-molar aqueous solution
- M/100 = 0.01 M centi-molar (milligrams per hundred millilitres)
- M/1000 = 0.001 M millimoles (millimoles per 1000 millilitres of water)
The Normality and Molarity Relation
Inextricably linked are the concepts of normalcy and molarity; in fact, normalcy is a multiple of the concept of molarity. Normalcy and bizarreness are two completely different concepts. The molar concentration of an ion or chemical in a solution is called molarity, whereas the molar concentration of the solution’s acid or basic components is referred to as normalcy.
A connection may be established between Molarity & Normality by using the following equation:
Normality is equal to Molarity, multiplied by Molar Mass or Equivalent mass, further divided by the number of atoms in the molecule.
(Normality = Molarity * Molar Mass / Equivalent mass)
The distinction between normality and molarity
|It is referred to as comparable concentration.||The term ‘molarity’ refers to the concentration of a molar solution.|
|A measure of this amount is expressed as ‘grams equivalent per litre of the solution’.||Molecular weight is defined as the number of moles contained in one litre of solution.|
|A gram equivalent of a solution in relation to its entire volume is calculated using this equation.||A solution’s molecular weight in proportion to its complete volume is calculated using this method.|
When converting from Molarity to Normality, what is the formula to be used?
The equation below will guide you through the process of converting M to N.
N is equal to M multiplied by n.
The number ‘n’ represents the number of equivalents.
In the case of certain compounds, N and M are the same when n is equal to 1.
Things worth considering over Molarity and Normality Relation
Recommendations to consider the Molarity and Normality relation is discussed in detail here:
- When describing the concentration of a solution, the terms molarity, molality, and normalcy are sometimes used interchangeably.
- The molarity of a solution gets get signed as the number of moles of solute per litre of solution.
- Molecularity gets defined as the number of moles of solute divided by the mass of solvent expressed in kilograms of solvent.
- The normality of a solution may get defined as the ratio of the solute’s equivalents to the volume of the solution in a litre of water.
Keep track of all the critical features of the Molarity and Normality relation, as stated before. To do well on the test, familiarise yourself with the complexity of Morality and Normalcy and the components that make it up—achieving good scores on competitive tests and examinations requires memorising the intricacies of the test designers’ methodology. | <urn:uuid:7c12a577-43b2-4ce3-8243-ebb5d2506a51> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://p8t.net/formula-and-explanation-for-the-relationship-between-normality-and-molarity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303864.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20220122134127-20220122164127-00139.warc.gz | en | 0.908779 | 1,484 | 4.15625 | 4 |
Reconstruction, Industrialization, Progressivism
Accomplishments and Limitations of Women’s Suffrage and the Progressive Movement
The Tilman Era
Technology is not necessary, but can easily be adapted and used to allow students to complete the lesson progression and assessment.
"Pitchfork" Ben Tillman and Political Reform in South Carolina
Students will analyze primary sources to discern the beliefs of Ben Tillman and his “Tillmanites” and how those beliefs and values affected Progressive era reforms. | <urn:uuid:6a6a775e-b84a-48ce-b72f-e410d4cc8821> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.learningwhy.org/lessons/pitchfork-ben-tillman-and-political-reform-south-carolina | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578765115.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20190426093516-20190426115516-00412.warc.gz | en | 0.875121 | 107 | 3.21875 | 3 |
The point at which at which light rays passing through a lens come together
A lens that is thicker at the edges than it is in the middle
The light sensitive area at the back of the eye
A mirror that curves out ward
An instrument for viewing distant objects that used a curved mirror at the of it's tube to gather light
A microscope that uses a signal lens to magnify objects
A viewing instrument that magnifies objects thousands of times by using a beam of electrons
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- Historic Sites
The Pepys Of The Old Dominion
His secret diaries sparkle with the wit, wisdom, and lusty candor that made William Byrd II of Westover one of Virginia’s most engaging gentlemen
December 1959 | Volume 11, Issue 1
He could never resist an old book, a young girl, or a iresh idea. He lived splendidly, planned extensively, and was perpetually in debt. Believing perhaps, like Leonardo, that future generations would be more willing to know him than was his own, he wrote his delicious, detailed diaries in code. Only now that they have been translated, and time has put his era in perspective, do we see what William Byrd of Westover was: one of the half-dozen leading wits and stylists of colonial America.
In the popular imagination, to be an American hero means to rise from rags to riches. William Byrd reversed the pattern, as he did so many other things: born to wealth, he never seemed able to hold on to it. His father, William Byrd I (1653–1704), was one of the most powerful and venerated men of his generation. Not only had he inherited valuable land on both sides of the James River, he had also won the hand of Mary Horsmanden, and a very dainty and wealthy hand it was, too. Some of the bold and red knight-errant blood of the Elizabethans flowed through the veins of William Byrd I. He had the same knack as did Captain John Smith (in whom that blood fairly bubbled) for getting in and out of scrapes. For example, William Byrd I joined Nathaniel Bacon in subduing the Indians, but stopped short of joining the rebellion against Governor William Berkeley, withdrawing in time to save his reputation and his neck. Later on he became receiver-general and auditor of Virginia, a member of the Council of State, and the colony’s leading authority on Indians. The important 1685 treaty with the Iroquois bore his signature. Death cut short his brilliant career soon after his fiftieth birthday, and suddenly thrust his son and namesake into the center of the colonial stage. The boy, who had spent much of his time in England getting an education and, later, as an agent for Virginia, must now return to America and assume the duties of a man.
No one can read the story of young Will Byrd’s early years, and his transformation, without thinking of Will Shakespeare’s Prince Hal. If ever a young Virginian behaved scandalously in London, it was Will Byrd. “Never did the sun shine upon a Swain who had more combustible matter in his constitution,” Byrd wrote of himself. Love broke out upon him “before my beard.” Louis Wright, to whose editing of Byrd’s diaries we are indebted for much of our knowledge of the man, says that he was notoriously promiscuous, frequenting the boudoirs of highborn and lowborn alike. Indeed, as his diary shows, he was not above taking to the grass with fille de joie whom he might encounter on a London street.
Once, when he arrived for a rendezvous with a certain Mrs. A-l-n, the lady wasn’t home, so he seduced the chambermaid. Just as he was coming down the steps Mrs. A-l-n came in the front door. Then Will Byrd and Mrs. A-l-n went back up the stairs together. Several hours later, he went home and ate a plum cake.
On his favorites he lavished neoclassic pseudonyms and some of the era’s most sparkling prose. One such lady (called “Facetia” and believed to have been Lady Elizabeth Cromwell) was his preoccupation during 1703. When she left him to visit friends in Ireland, Will Byrd let her know she would be missed:
The instant your coach drove away, madam, my heart felt as if it had been torn up by the very roots, and the rest of my body as if severed limb from limb. … Could I at that time have considered that the only pleasure I had in the world was leaving me, I had hung upon your coach and had been torn in pieces sooner than have suffered myself to be taken from you.
Having said all the proper things, he moved on to relate, in a later letter, some of the juicier bits of London gossip. Mrs. Brownlow had finally agreed to marry Lord Guilford—”and the gods alone can tell what will be produced by the conjunction of such fat and good humourl” The image is Falstaffian, as were many of Byrd’s friends. But with news of his lather’s death he must, like Prince Hal, scorn his dissolute friends and assume new duties. With both Hal and Will the metamorphosis was difficult and partial, but nonetheless memorable.
The Virginia to which in 1705 William Byrd II returned—the oldest permanent English settlement in the New World and the first link in the chain that would one day be known as the British Empire—was a combination of elegance and crudity, enlightenment and superstition. While some of his Virginia neighbors discussed the most advanced political theories of Europe, others argued about how to dispose of a witch who was said to have crossed over to Currituck Sound in an eggshell. In 1706, the same year that Byrd was settling down in Virginia alter his long stay in England, a Virginia court was instructing “as many Ansient and Knowing women as possible … to search her Carefully For teats spotts and marks about her body.” When certain mysterious marks were indeed found, the obvious conclusion was drawn, and the poor woman languished in ye common gaol. Finally released, she lived to be eighty and died a natural death. | <urn:uuid:df3738b2-7713-4bc1-9e94-6f839b3bcf42> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.americanheritage.com/content/pepys-old-dominion?nid=51120 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510271862.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011751-00014-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.98435 | 1,224 | 2.546875 | 3 |
||Microsoft Excel is a commercial spreadsheet application written and distributed by Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. Pre-2007 versions of Excel use XLS as the primary format for saving files. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications. It has been a very widely applied spreadsheet for these platforms, especially since version 5 in 1993, and it has almost completely replaced Lotus 1-2-3 as the industry standard for spreadsheets. Excel forms part of Microsoft Office. The current versions are 2010 for Microsoft Windows and 2011 for Mac OS X.
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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), though highly prevalent, is a treatable condition. In the USA, 5% of children are diagnosed with ADHD. It is common for medical doctors to prescribe medications very early, which should be discouraged because certain facts about ADHD often go undiagnosed.
Get proper treatment for ADHD from mental health experts. Click the button below to book your appointment.
We here will talk about the link between stimming, tics, and ADHD. We will discover what these terms mean and how they indicate a greater problem, such as an underlying mental health issue.
1. What Is Stimming?
Stimming refers to any self-stimulating behavior exhibited by individuals. Have you ever noticed an individual rocking back and forth, interrupting conversations, or simply walking in circles when they sit back and enjoy a movie? If so, then the chances are that person may have been stimming.
What Does Stimming Feel like?
There is an assumption that we can deal with various conditions and internal stressors by proactively fixing them. But what if I tell you, many stimmers do not completely understand the reason behind their own actions. The ironic thing is, most of us who stim don’t even realize we are doing it.
We aren’t self-aware enough to identify if our patterns were coming from an unhealthy cause like poor diet therapy, unhealthy amounts of caffeine and coffee intake, and overstimulation by television commercials and media (mobiles and video games).
If you’ve ever been told that you behave strangely, don’t get offended. The reason for this is not because you don’t know how to behave in public but because there is a medical condition called “stemming”, and some of your repetitive actions could fall into that category even if you were going through your routines in a ritualized fashion.
Stimming is a behavior that usually manifests as a repetitive, rhythmic movement. It is sometimes seen in those who have autism, ADHD, or severe anxiety and stress, but it can also be brought on as a form of self-soothing or as a way to pass the time when one is bored.
While those who stim don’t even realize they’re doing it, for those around them, it can be rather off-putting and distressing to see someone performing these repetitive motions for several minutes at a time and may make others feel like their lives are being negatively shaped by this behavior; therefore, we need to help our loved ones find ways to avoid stimming whenever possible.
What Causes Stimming?
As mentioned earlier, there are many possible triggers of stimming, including:
People who have autism tend to move a lot. Unfortunately, a person with autism can often be seen rocking back and forth, flapping the arms or hands the same way over and over again. Even though these repetitive behaviors might seem inconsiderate, those with autism often don’t even realize it.
What Is Autism?
Autism, more commonly known as an autism spectrum disorder (ASD), is any condition affecting how an individual interacts with other people and the world around them. Autistic people may present with abnormal behavior patterns, including deficits in social interaction and verbal communication skills, repetitive behaviors like repeatedly locking on to one’s particular interests, issues with communicating emotions, etc. The specific effects autism has on people are different for each person affected by it.
Stimming in Autism
A person with autism tends to engage in various behaviors and will continue to do so throughout their lives, and among the most common of these is called stimming. For example, a person with autism may spend hours each day arranging their things when they could be reading a book instead. In cases such as this, it almost seems as if the person spending all that time rearranging everything has a mental disorder of some type.
This behavior is considered stimming when someone with autism performs it with an object that bores them somehow, which makes the stimming pointless in actuality. But what people with autism have going for them is how they can focus on whatever object they want without distraction from another one in particular in a way that doesn’t give them stress or distress.
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Some of the most common stimming behaviors observed in people with autism include:
- Scratching the skin
- Licking or stroking things
- Pulling hair
- Rearranging objects
- Staring at things
- Sniffing things or people
- Repeating words or phrases
- Rapid blinking
- Pacing or tiptoeing
- Flapping hands
One can get so engrossed in the act of stimming that they may harm themselves unknowingly. Here are some stimming behaviors which might be harmful to oneself:
- Cutting or scratching the skin
- Banging head into a wall
- Swallowing dangerous or toxic things
These are only a few examples of repetitive movements that can help soothe an anxious person.
There is hope for autistic people to use ritualistic behavior to cope with daily situations and deal with emotions correctly. It has been found that most individuals who exhibit compulsive behavior use these rituals to cope with affective pain in their environment.
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Why Do People with Autism Stim?
It’s virtually impossible to pinpoint the exact reasons why someone with autism may be acting out. There are some theories, such as:
Overstimulation: In most ASD cases, stimming can help block out excess sensory input.
Stimulation: In times of need, stimming provides additional sensory input.
Pain Reduction: The sensation of pain is lessened by the repeated banging of the head or body. It has been hypothesized that stimming releases beta-endorphins, which are responsible for feelings of anesthesia or pleasure.
Managing Emotions: A stimming burst can be triggered by both positive and negative emotions. When we are excited or happy, our bodies react physically, like jumping and flinching. Stimuli may become destructive if anger or frustration intensifies them.
Autoregulation: The purpose of some stims is to comfort or soothe. Sucking the thumb is a common method of relaxation for infants.
Other reasons for stimming in people with autism include:
- For relaxation during anxiety
- To express a negative emotion
- To avoid activities
Throwing one’s head back, flicking one’s fingers, or flicking stuff are some of the most common stims that people with autism exhibit. This is seen in other disorders, but what sets autism apart from other disorders is that people often do it when they get upset or stressed out about something. A child might also do this when they are excited or want to get attention from others around them.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Autism spectrum disorder is a prevalent neurodevelopmental condition defined by a wide spectrum of characteristics in which a child will often face challenges communicating and connecting with others. Some of the DSM-5 disorders associated with ASD include:
- Asperger’s disorder
- Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS)
- Childhood disintegrative disorder
Among the characteristic symptoms of autism spectrum disorder are:
- The repetition of motions and words
- Restricted interests
- Patterns of ritualized behavior
- Sensory input that is extremely sensitive
Several other conditions can also lead to stimming. For example, it has been seen in people with Down’s syndrome, cerebral palsy, and Fragile-X syndrome, among several others. There is a popular misconception amongst people that it relates specifically to those with ASD only.
Stimming behaviors non-related to autism include:
- Fingernail biting
- Finger-twirling of hair
- Cracking knuckles
- Drumming the fingers
Stimming is not restricted to people diagnosed with autism; people without autism also get into this habit. When you stim, it may be due to stress, anxiety, or even ADHD.
Do All Children and Adults with ADHD Stim?
For children or adults with ADHD, you’ll notice that repetitive self-stimulating behavior usually occurs in response to sensory stress or overwhelm and can appear to be more severe than that of children and adults with ASD. We theorize that when a child or adult with ADHD stims, it’s because they’re trying to concentrate and block out any distractions around them using both motor and auditory senses.
2. ADHD Stimming
ADHD stands for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. It involves distraction, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. There are several therapies for this condition with medications.
ADHD is more common in boys than girls, but statistics are still unclear exactly why this gender divide exists. It’s not likely to be caused by differences in brain chemistry or genetics.
It can’t be said for certain what sets ADHD apart from other developmental disorders. Studies have indicated that cognitive impairment might relate to the symptoms of ADHD, but the evidence is inconclusive.
This means that there is either no evidence or too little evidence to draw solid conclusions about impulsivity, hyperactivity, and attention deficit symptoms contributing to cognitive issues.
Symptoms of ADHD
The following symptoms characterize ADHD:
- Inability to concentrate
- Impulsive behaviors
- Excessively active
How Are Stimming and ADHD Related?
The primary link that we can establish between stimming and ADHD is the sensory overload caused due to the disorder. Due to the excessive stimulation, a person with ADHD may go into a state of sensory overload and tend to move about and fidget until their bodies and minds feel relaxed again. Stimulating oneself helps an individual focus more easily on an activity, whether it’s reading or writing.
There are various reasons why people with ADHD might usually feel like moving about, such as boredom, stress, too much high-frequency (HF) stimuli, or other issues that we need not go into detail just now.
It is said that individuals with ADHD use stimming to support their concentration on tasks at hand, for example, work-related tasks, college assignments, and exam preparations. All types of individuals often use stimming to improve their ability to concentrate.
Some examples include lightly biting the inside of your cheek or around your fingernails, tapping on something until it breaks, pacing back and forth in two small steps, cracking knuckles, etc.
Individuals display this stimming almost automatically as a way of self-soothing amidst mental stress, anxiety or doing things that do not engage them as much as they need attention.
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ADHD Stimming Vs Autism Stimming
|Stimming in ADHD||Stimming in Autism|
|The most common cause of self-stimulation is a distraction||Stimming is often used as a means of avoiding direct physical contact|
|Repeating actions more often||Repeating phrases and speech|
|Inability to control one’s impulses||Communication problems|
|Prominently fidgets||Self-soothes primarily by flapping the hands and rocking the body|
|A single stimming session lasts around 45 minutes, i.e., when unable to concentrate||Stimming for long periods is common among autism patients, and it is hard to stop it|
Types of ADHD Stimming
ADHD stimming is not limited to tapping and fidgeting in adults. ADHD stimming examples are instead grouped into various classifications, which are as follows:
Taste and Olfactory
- Sucking the thumb
- Loving to lick things
- Sniffing things or people
- Viewing things from the corner of the eye
- Idly gazing
- Slowly scanning an object with your eyes
- Organizing objects
- Rubbing hands together
- Twirling hair
- Scratching the skin
- Singing or reciting phrases or words from television
- Ears being covered and uncovered
- Snapping fingers
How Can You Break the Stimming Cycle?
The fact cannot be ignored that stimming is a coping mechanism. For those managing ADHD, stimming can be a means to help them deal with anxiety, stress, or complications related to ADHD. So, it is not only a symptom of ADHD, as the misconception says, but instead, it’s also a coping mechanism. And if it becomes challenging for your daily life activities, it needs to be controlled.
Self-stimulation can be controlled in some ways.
Understanding the Causes: Understanding the reasons for stimming and the triggers is very important. Know why a person is stimming even before it begins.
Removing the Trigger Factors: Reduce the stress or eliminate the triggers. You can encourage the use of calming methods such as relaxation techniques and stress balls.
Introduce Safe Stimming Methods: Educate yourself about safer and better coping mechanisms with the help of mental health experts.
Finding a Replacement: If your child needs to hear loud music, make sure they wear headphones. Take precautions to make sure that your child cannot hurt himself or others while participating in activities of this type.
3. ADHD Stimming Treatment
There are some possible ways to stop stimming. So, let’s get down to them.
1. Seek Mental Health Care from a Licensed Professional
One of the misconceptions about mental illnesses is that they cannot be treated or may simply be cured with willpower. While medications are often needed to bring symptoms under control, therapy, support networks, and self-care are also crucial in managing illness. It’s necessary to understand the seriousness of the condition you are experiencing and to proactively work with a mental health provider for all-rounded wellness.
2. Treat Underlying Mental Health Conditions
An underlying mental health condition is what drives many adults to engage in stimming behaviors, which is why by treating the root cause of the anxiety disorder, autism, or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, it becomes much easier to eliminate any associated complications that might stem from these uncomfortable feelings or behaviors.
ADHD at Work can lead you to uncomfortable feelings. Click the button below to book your appointment.
3. Reduce or Eliminate the Triggers
Besides the underlying mental health causes, triggers are also a major concern when it comes to stimming. Apart from people with autism and ADHD, other people may also stim due to specific stimuli. Suppose you know what causes your stimming behavior. In that case, there is a better chance that you can overcome this habit easily, provided that you can control your responses to external stimulants.
Common stimming triggers include:
- Sudden routine changes
- Loud noises
- Excessively vibrant colors
- Intensely emotional situations
- Unfamiliar scents
However, people have different triggers that set off their stimming behavior. More importantly, anything can be a trigger of your stimming habit in ADHD. Try to look for the cause (or “triggers”) that lead you to engage in these movements. Think about your senses and figure out what might set you off!
You can always avoid triggers by developing alternative habits and engaging in activities like spiritual healing meditation, speaking with someone close if possible, and asking for help from family and friends – all of these will hopefully help you regain control over your body movements over time!
Lastly, if it helps, try distracting yourself from taking your mind off things – sometimes, that can work miracles.
Self-stimulating behavior can be reduced with the therapy. Here are some options that might be helpful:
Speech Therapy: We all have certain habits when it comes to the way we communicate with others. A good way to learn how to communicate more effectively is by seeking guidance from a speech therapist.
In this case, a person who stims would be instructed in the proper way of articulating their thoughts publicly or during conversations with others, keeping them from interrupting another’s train of thought in a conversation and asking questions about something they may have found exciting.
Occupational Therapy: Occupational therapy is an effective treatment approach in the area of mental health care. It is often used to address issues due to various triggers, including sensory, cognitive, motor, and other factors.
It is also useful for treating problems that are related to mental health conditions such as ADHD. Occupational therapists are equipped to recognize your triggers throughout your workplace environment.
Applied Behavior Analysis Therapy (ABA): ABA is used to treat various behavioral and developmental disorders in children, such as ADHD, autism spectrum disorders, and learning disabilities.
During an ABA session, the therapist uses positive reinforcement to encourage children to modify their behaviors in the context of daily activities. If dealt with properly, ABA therapy can help many children overcome their issues and lead happier lives.
5. ADHD Medications
These are also helpful in treating the signs and symptoms of ADHD. ADHD medications are an integral part of ADHD stimming treatment. ADHD is treated with the following five drugs most widely:
People with ADHD often fidget and twitch as a result of untreated ADHD. You should only take FDA-approved medications following the prescription of a doctor. ADHD stimming can be effectively resolved with medication and therapy.
6. Make Exercise and Lifestyle Changes
Exercise is the solution to feeling happier and getting rid of stress. Doctors strictly recommend exercising at least 30 minutes a day, but it should be more because that’s just the minimum amount of time that can trigger chemicals called endorphins which help calm your mind.
7. Alter Stimming Behaviors
For kids with autism and ADHD, stimming can be comforting. The bouncing up and down or flapping of the hands helps control their anxiety. The best way to approach this situation is to encourage safe stimming. The following methods can help you do that:
- Schedule time in your day for stimming so that your mind can relax and take a break from procrastinating over mental issues and challenges.
- If you are stimming in public or at work, start to consider it a private act, one that should be done when you are near friends or family. Stimming will be reduced throughout the entire day if this is done.
- Replace your stimming rituals such as loud noises, tapping, and snapping with safer options such as fidget toys, squeezing stress balls, painting, doodling, and crafting.
Now that you’re aware of the benefits of altering stimming behaviors to the ADHD population, other primary concerns like hyperactivity or impulsivity need to be addressed. The information below will fill in some gaps regarding these important topics.
4. What Are Tics?
Tics occur when people repeatedly make sounds, move, or twitch. Tics may present differently in different individuals, and they can differ from one another. Tic disorders can be classified into three major categories, according to DSM-5.
- Vocal tic disorder
- Provisional tic disorder
- Tourette’s disorder
What Causes Tics?
No one knows precisely what causes tics, but it can be likely that mental illness (depression or anxiety), physical trauma, stress levels, sleep deprivation, and drug use may be some of the top reasons for these disparaging, uncontrolled movements of the body.
In addition, chronic diseases play a large role in developing tics; these include Huntington’s disease and cerebral palsy.
What Are the Most Common Tics?
Motor Tics: These include movements such as sniffing, clearing of the throat, eye blinking, head and shoulder shaking, and lip chewing. Tics can be distracting and uncomfortable to watch, so if you’ve got a friend who suffers from tics, don’t hesitate to accommodate their needs by turning away or offering encouragement during an episode.
If your loved one has difficulty with tics, you might want to steer clear of giving them caffeine since they can worsen symptoms.
Tourette Tics: Hollywood celebrities like Billie Eilish suffer from Tourette’s syndrome. In the DSM-5, Tourette’s syndrome is typically a clinical diagnosis used to explain Tourette’s tics. A few of the most common Tourette syndrome symptoms are listed below:
- Eye rolling
- Shrugging shoulders
- Repetitive gestures
- Touching objects
ADHD Tics: There is a recognized connection between tic disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but typically people with ADHD experience very different tics. There seems to be a correlation between tics that involve hand movements, fidgeting, bouncing, looking away, or rolling eyes, basically anything involving movement other than the vocal cords.
Anxiety Tics: Anxiety tics are usually confused with nervous behaviors. Anxiety tics occur more between panicky episodes and stress. These very often cannot be predicted or scheduled in any way. Clenching fists and flaring nostrils are examples of common anxiety tics. The most common anxiety tics seen in adults are:
- Banging head
- Clicking fingers
- Touching things
- Repeating sounds
5. Can ADHD Cause Tics?
YES. Tics and ADHD have a strong connection. Most people who show tics have ADHD, and people who have chronic tics have ADHD. Most tics last only a few seconds. People with ADHD tend to experience tics on and off; some tics never go away, but some become problematic if no treatments are given.
There is also a possibility that ADHD medication may be a factor in linking ADHD and tics. In addition, ADHD stimulant medications may worsen tics among some people.
On the other hand, studies also say that non-stimulant ADHD medication seemed to decrease and heal tics in adults and children.
ADHD Tics Symptoms
The symptoms of ADHD tics look the same as those of other tics. A few examples are provided below:
- Repeating words
- Shoulder shrugging
- Head movements
- Constant eye blinking
6. How to Calm Tics?
Tics don’t always need to be treated because, in most cases, they can be managed. But in some instances, the tics will become problematic and interfere with your life (for instance, if you’re attending school), resulting in self-imposed isolation.
Both self-help tips and therapeutic interventions can offer much relief when dealing with tics. Let’s go over them below!
Self-Help Tips to Calm Tics
- Use relaxation exercises and productive tasks to help you overcome stress, anxiety, and boredom
- Be careful not to get tired or overburdened
- If you focus your attention on your tics, your habits might get worse
- When you experience tics, you should be gentle with yourself and try to remain calm
- You shouldn’t feel embarrassed about tics because they are normal
- You can get support and help to avoid tics from your friends and family members if you let them know about your tics
Treatment Options for Tics
Let’s say you have tic symptoms that impair your daily activities. Treatment of tics using conservative methods and the consultation of a mental health expert as soon as possible are the best options. Tics can be treated in several ways, including:
All types of tic disorders, including ADHD tics, respond well to behavioral therapy. You will learn the new responses to replace tics using this therapy to identify the reasons for your tics, understand why they occur, and how to stop them.
Medication for Tics
The following FDA-approved medications have been successful in treating tics:
Neuroleptics: Antipsychotic drugs or neuroleptics are commonly used in the treatment of tics. The brain’s chemicals are regulated, and these hormones control movements. Aripiprazole, risperidone, and pimozide are all examples of neuroleptics.
Clonidine: ADHD symptoms such as tics can be relieved with this drug, along with other symptoms related to ADHD.
Tetrabenazine: Huntington’s disease is commonly associated with tic disorders, jerks, and tremors, and the prescription of this medication can help control these.
Botulinum Toxin Injections: The purpose of these medicines is to relax specific muscles.
A certified health care expert must supervise and prescribe any drug treatment.
Surgery for Tics
In deeper brain stimulation surgery, electrodes are placed on the brain areas associated with tics, such as the thalamus. This surgery takes place under general anesthetics; however, it is rarely performed because its efficacy is questionable at best.
Looking for medicinal ADHD treatment? Click the button below to book your appointment.
Stimming and tics both exhibit a relapse-remitting pattern, and these symptoms worsen with anxiety, stress, and other factors, including overexcitement. However, this is not the only concern; living with tics can be frustrating and embarrassing for those who have to deal with them. Such situations require expert help and emotional support from the family and friends and an ADHD patient’s doctor.
The process of learning how to live with ADHD is hard work – but it can be particularly rewarding when one learns that their performance has improved after hours of dedicated effort. | <urn:uuid:26244572-762b-4ac2-9430-d6af55753c31> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://mangoclinic.com/adhd-stimming-and-tics-understanding-the-connection/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711069.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20221206024911-20221206054911-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.940688 | 5,529 | 3.25 | 3 |
The physical effects of cocaine
Most people know that cocaine use is a very bad idea. However, a lot of them may not know exactly why. While cocaine was originally developed as a painkiller, nowadays it is an addictive drug identified by multiple street names that can be snorted, ingested and injected in an effort to gain a fast-acting high. Cocaine is responsible for more U.S. emergency room visits than any other illegal drug. Cocaine can come in either a powdered form, which can be snorted or injected or a crack or rock form, which can be smoked. While it can create a pleasurable high, cocaine also has serious negative effects that include damage to the brain, heart, blood vessels and lungs, in some cases resulting in sudden death.
Cocaine’s effect on the brain
The initial introduction of cocaine to the body can be done through a needle, ingestion or through snorting the substance nasally. Cocaine immediately affects the brain by interfering with the chemical messengers or neurotransmitters that communicate with each other , but it affects the striatum the most. This is the part of the brain that is responsible for feelings of pleasure and reward, meaning that the resulting high is registered in the brain as a feeling of reward.
These positive feelings caused by cocaine use are powerful but short-lived. The more the drug is used, the more a person needs to use it to get the desired effect as they build tolerance and eventually an addiction. This seriously changes the balance of chemicals in the brain and stopping the drug use later will create serious withdrawal symptoms because of this change in chemicals. In addition to this, as the cocaine high and its pleasurable feelings begin to fade (the high lasts anywhere from 30 minutes to two hours), it is immediately followed by a change in mood and emotions. Individuals will go from high and happy to intensely depressed, edgy, paranoid, angry, hostile, anxious and craving more of the drug. In serious cases of extended abuse, cocaine can even cause hallucinations and psychosis.
Cocaine’s effect on the body
It has been established that cocaine, formulated to affect the brain, will take a serious toll on the brain’s health and do some major damage. However, it can also affect the rest of the body in a number of ways, some of them being connected to the adverse effects that cocaine has on mental health and some directly connected to how the drug is introduced to the body. Cocaine takes a toll on:
- The heart: cocaine use increases the heart rate and blood pressure within the user while simultaneously constricting the arteries that supply blood to the heart. This can lead to a heart attack or cause an abnormal heart rhythm called arrhythmia.
- The lungs and respiratory system: Smoking or snorting cocaine damages the nose and sinuses, increasing nosebleeds and increasing nasal perforation. It also irritates the lungs and can cause permanent lung damage.
- The gastrointestinal tract: Cocaine use not only constricts the vessels feeding blood to the heart but also those supplying blood to the gut. This creates oxygen starvation, which can lead to ulcers or perforation in the stomach or intestines.
- The kidneys: Using cocaine can result in sudden kidney failure though rhabdomyolysis or, for those with high blood pressure, it can cause long-term kidney damage.
- Sexual functions: Despite the drug’s reputation as an aphrodisiac, cocaine may actually impair sexual functioning and, for men, may cause delayed or impaired ejaculation.
There are no two ways about it: cocaine use, though it does create a brief but powerful positive-feeling high, causes far more damage to every part of the body. It increases the risk of long-term damage and can cause sudden death, which is too big of a risk for a thirty-minute high that leaves you feeling worse than before. If you or someone you know is using or addicted to cocaine, please seek help. To learn more about treatment for cocaine abuse, you can visit www.sovhealth.com or call 866-524-5504 for more information.
Written by Brianna Gibbons, Sovereign Health Group writer | <urn:uuid:e7f4b2fc-e0b8-46a8-beb7-d9dfa9ec8acb> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.sovhealth.com/addiction-treatment/physical-effects-cocaine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720962.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00520-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939538 | 864 | 3.015625 | 3 |
The Motherland, Phoenicia
By the 2nd millennium BC the Phoenicians had already extended
their influence along the coast of the Levant by a series of
settlements, some well known, some virtually nothing but names.
Well known throughout history are Joppa (Tel Aviv-Yafo) and Dor
(later Tantura, modern Nasholim) in the south.
The geographic boundaries of the territory were Phoenicians
lived are vague, and the name Phoenicia may be applied to all
those places on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean where
the Phoenicians established colonies in Cyprus, North Africa,
Sicily, Sardinia, and Iberia. More often it refers to the heart
of the territory where the great Phoenician cities, notably Tyre,
Sidon, and Byblos stood (corresponding
roughly to the coast of present-day Lebanon with adjoining parts
of modern Syria, Turkey and Israel -- probably somewhere around
the lower right edge of Turkey on the Mediterranean in the North
and the upper cost of Sinia in the South through the
coastal area from Arvad in the north to Acco in the south is
a more realistic identification of what constituted Phoenicia).
Further, important Phoenician centers existed c.2800 B.C. at
Jerusalem, Jericho, Ai, and Megiddo. These territories expanded
and contracted depending the political climate and military influences
that came into play. Hence, Phoenicia meant different territorities
in different times but always include the Phoenician heartland
around the aforesaid great Phoenician cities.
During the Roman Empire
territories and provinces changed hands and form depending on the political
in Rome and
arbitrary partitions which were applied to various parts of the
empire. The province of Syria was partitioned into two parts:
Syria Coele ("Hollow Syria"), comprising a large region
loosely defined as north and east Syria; and Syria Phoenice in
the southwestern region, which included not only coastal Phoenicia
but also the territory beyond the mountains and into the Syrian
desert. Under the provincial reorganization of the Eastern Roman
emperor Theodosius II in the early 5th century AD, Syria Phoenice
was expanded into two provinces: Phoenice Prima (Maritima), basically
ancient Phoenicia; and Phoenice Secunda (Libanesia), an area
extending to Mt. Lebanon on the west and deep into the Syrian
desert on the east. Phoenice Secunda included the cities of Emesa
(its capital), Heliopolis, Damascus, and Palmyra. In many respects,
the two most important cities of Lebanon during the time of the
Roman Empire were Heliopolis and Berytus. At Heliopolis the Roman
emperors, particularly the Severans, constructed a monumental
temple complex, the most spectacular elements of which were the
Temple of Jupiter Heliopolitanus and the Temple of Bacchus. Berytus,
on the other hand, became the seat of the most famous provincial
school of Roman law. The school, which probably was founded by
Septimius Severus, lasted until the destruction of Berytus itself
by a sequence of earthquakes, tidal wave, and fire in the mid-6th
century. Two of Rome's most famous jurists, Papinian and Ulpian,
both natives of Lebanon, taught as professors at the law school
under the Severans. Their judicial opinions constitute well over
a third of the Pandects (Digest) contained in the great compilation
of Roman law commissioned by the emperor Justinian I in the 6th
century AD. In 608-609 the Persian king Khosrow II pillaged Syria
and Lebanon and reorganized the area into a new satrapy, excluding
only Phoenicia Maritima. Between 622 and 629 the Byzantine emperor
Heraclius mounted an offensive and restored Syria-Lebanon to
his empire. This success was short-lived; in the 630s Muslim
Arabs conquered Palestine and Lebanon, and the old Phoenician
cities offered only token resistance to the invader.
Coastal town and a major Phoenician seaport from about 2000
BC onwards through the Roman period. It is frequently mentioned
in the works of the Hirodotus when he made visits to the city
and its temples.
It was built on an island
and the neighbouring mainland, and was probably originally founded as a
of Sidon to the north and was mentioned in
Egyptian records of the 14th century BC as being subject to Egypt. It became
independent when Egyptian influence in Phoenicia declined and soon surpassed
Sidon as a trade centre, developing commercial relations with all parts
the Mediterranean world. In the 9th century BC colonists from Tyre founded
in northern Africa the city of Carthage, which later became Rome's principal
rival in the West. The town is frequently mentioned in the Bible as having
had close ties with Israel. Hiram, king of Tyre, furnished building materials
for Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem (10th century), and the notorious Jezebel,
wife of King Ahab, was the daughter of Ethbaal "king of Tyre and Sidon." In
the 10th and 9th centuries Tyre probably enjoyed some primacy over the
other cities of Phoenicia and was ruled by kings whose power was limited
a merchant oligarchy.
For much of the 8th and 7th centuries the town was subject
to Assyria, and in 585-573 it successfully withstood a prolonged
siege by the Babylonian king Nebuchadrezzar II. Between 538 and
332 it was ruled by the Achaemenian kings of Persia. In this
period it lost its hegemony in Phoenicia but continued to flourish.
Probably the most famous episode in the history of Tyre was its
resistance to the army of the Macedonian conqueror Alexander
the Great, who took it after a seven-month siege in 332, using
floating batteries and building a causeway to gain access to
the island. After its capture, 10,000 of the inhabitants were
put to death, and 30,000 were sold into slavery. Alexander's
causeway, which was never removed, converted the island into
Tyre was subsequently under the influence of Ptolemaic Egypt
and in 200 became part of the Hellenistic Seleucid kingdom; it
finally came under Roman rule in 68 BC. It was often mentioned
in the New Testament and was famous in Roman times for its silk
products and for a purple dye extracted from snails of the genus
Murex. By the 2nd century AD it had a sizable Christian community,
and the Christian scholar Origen was buried there (c. 254). Under
Muslim rule from 638 to 1124, Tyre grew prosperous as part of
the kingdom of Jerusalem, a crusader state in the 12th and 13th
centuries. The Holy Roman emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, who
died on the Third Crusade, was buried in its cathedral (1190).
Captured and destroyed by the Muslim Mamluks in 1291, the town
never recovered its former importance.
The silted up harbour on the south side of the peninsula has
been excavated by the French Institute for Archaeology in the
Near East, but most of the remains of the Phoenician period still
lie beneath the present town. Pop. (1982 est.) 23,000.
One of the ancient Phoenician cities on the Mediterranean
coast, was founded in the 3rd millennium BC and became prosperous
in the 2nd. It is frequently mentioned in the works of the Greek
poet Homer and in the Old Testament; and it was ruled in turn
by Assyria, Babylonia, Persia, Alexander the Great, the Seleucids
of Syria, the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt, and the Romans. At
that time Sidon was famous for its purple dyes and glassware.
Herod I the Great embellished the city, and Jesus visited it.
During the Crusades, Sidon changed hands several times and was
destroyed and rebuilt.
A large necropolis has yielded numerous sarcophagi (stone
coffins), including those of two Sidonian kings of the Phoenician
period, Eshmunazar and Tennes, and the famous Alexander sarcophagus,
depicting battle and hunting scenes, now at Istanbul. Other ruins
include two crusader castles and the Phoenician Temple of Eshmun
Berytus (Beritus/Beritos) -- Modern
The antiquity of Berytus is indicated by its name, derived
from the Canaanite name of Be`erot (Wells), referring to the
underground water table that is still tapped by the local inhabitants
for general use. Although the city is mentioned in Egyptian records
of the 2nd millennium BC, it did not gain prominence until it
was granted the status of a Roman colony, the Colonia Julia
Augusta Felix Berytus, in 14 BC. The original town was
located in the valley between the hills of Al-Ashrafiyah and
Al-Musaytibah. Its suburbs were also fashionable residential
areas under the Romans. Between the 3rd and 6th centuries AD,
Berytus was famous for its School of Law. The Roman city
was destroyed by a succession of earthquakes, culminating in
the quake and tidal wave of AD 551. When the Muslim conquerors
occupied Berytus in 635, it was still mostly in ruins.
Berytus was conquered by the military forces of the First
Crusade and was organized, along with its coastal suburbs, as
a fief of the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem.
As a crusader outpost, Berytus conducted a flourishing trade
with Genoa and other Italian cities and became the chief port
of call in area for the spice merchants from Venice.
Biblical GEBAL, ancient seaport, the site of which is located
on the Mediterranean coast about 20 miles (32 km) north of the
Berytus; it is one of the oldest continuously inhabited towns
in the world. The name Byblos is Greek;
papyrus received its early Greek name (byblos, byblinos) from
its being exported to the Aegean through Byblos. Hence the English
word Bible is derived from byblos as "the (papyrus)
Systematic excavations were begun at Byblos by Pierre Montet
in 1921; in 1926 Maurice Dunand resumed the work and continued
it for many years. The excavations revealed that Byblos was occupied
at least by the Neolithic period (c. 8000-c. 4000 BC) and that
during the 4th millennium BC an extensive settlement developed.
Because Byblos was the chief harbour for the export of cedar
and other valuable wood to Egypt, it soon became a great trading
centre; it was called Kubna in ancient Egyptian and Gubla in
Akkadian, the language of Assyria. Egyptian monuments and inscriptions
found on the site attest to close relations with the Nile valley
throughout the second half of the 2nd millennium. During Egypt's
12th dynasty (1938-1756 BC), Byblos again became an Egyptian
dependency, and the chief goddess of the city, Baalat ("The Mistress"),
with her well-known temple at Byblos, was worshiped in Egypt. After the collapse
of the Egyptian New
Kingdom in the 11th century BC, Byblos became the foremost city
Byblos has yielded almost all of the known early Phoenician
inscriptions, most of them dating from the 10th century BC. By
that time, however, the Sidonian kingdom, with its capital at
Tyre, had become dominant in Phoenicia, and Byblos, though it
flourished into Roman times, never recovered its former supremacy.
The crusaders captured the town in 1103 and called it Gibelet,
but they later lost it to the Ayyubid sultan Saladin in 1189.
The ruins today consist of the crusader ramparts and gate;
a Roman colonnade and small theatre; Phoenician ramparts, three
major temples, and a necropolis.
The site was first occupied in the neolithic period, that
is, the 4th millenium BC. Like so many other sites, it went through
periods of habitation and destruction. It was destroyed by fire
sometime between the 24th and 22nd centuries BC. It was allied
with Egypt during the 19th and 18th centuries, which proved to
be its most prosperous time. In the 18th century it was conquered
by the Hurrians and ruled by them until the 16th century. It
suffered a terrible earthquake in the 1300's but was rebuilt
only to be destroyed about 1200 BC by the Sea Peoples.
A more detailed history will follow.
In many respects, the two most important cities of Phoenicia
during the time of the Roman Empire were Heliopolis and Berytus.
At Heliopolis the Roman emperors, particularly the Severans,
constructed a monumental temple complex, the most spectacular
elements of which were the Temple of Jupiter Heliopolitanus and
the Temple of Bacchus.
Phoenician Settlements Outside the
Motherland (Phoenician Colonies)
in this site do not necessarily represent Phoenicia.org nor do they necessarily reflect those of the various authors, editors, and owner of this site. Consequently, parties mentioned or implied cannot be held liable or responsible for such opinions. | <urn:uuid:1980adad-4b2c-4d83-9e25-9bbdac487ede> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.phoenicia.org/geog.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701167599.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193927-00125-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954766 | 2,966 | 3.96875 | 4 |
In the race to design therapeutic bullets for diseases such as cancers, bacterial infections and obesity, drug researchers are paying ever-closer attention to the mechanisms that fire them. Their effectiveness is improved significantly, for example, when they can be safeguarded from the stomach’s acidic environment and delivered directly to the site of an infection for controlled release.
But a primary hurdle is making sure they are released into the bloodstream at all.
“The challenge of modern pharmaceuticals is that they’re often not water soluble,” says Rajesh Davé, distinguished professor of chemical, biological and pharmaceutical engineering. “Newly discovered molecules with the desired mechanisms tend to be larger and have higher hydrophobicity. And since blood is largely composed of water, such drugs do not get absorbed and so cannot reach their targets. Our task is to make them soluble enough to be available in the blood stream.”
Davé, who specializes in particle engineering, has spent the last several years grinding drugs into ever-tinier bits to enhance solubility and then coating each one with nanoparticles to prevent them from being degraded before they reach their targets and to optimize their flow. The coating adheres to the drug particles, which may be as small as 50 microns, after they are shaken together at a 100 g-force.
In a recent project funded by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Davé has been asked to come up with another delivery platform, which involves spreading soluble nanoparticles of medications uniformly across a thin film. While it would benefit people who are unable to swallow, such as Alzheimer’s patients, this platform is also thought to be a highly efficient way to deliver drugs because it keeps them from agglomerating. Clumping negates the advantage of nanoparticles, he notes, since the clumps behave as very large particles with a lower available surface area for adsorption. A significant amount ends up being excreted.
“Particle engineering allows for the proper dispersion of nanoparticles and therefore a higher utilization rate. This also means we can use a smaller amount of medication,” Davé says. “And we don’t need to use liquids or solvents or any other added ingredient to deliver these drugs, which, among other benefits, allows us to eliminate the pharmaceutical residue that is normally excreted as waste, contaminating the water supply.”
He adds, “We’re trying to push the limits of how much we can put on a tiny film so that they become useful for a larger variety of therapeutics, such as pain relief, while achieving a predictable performance.”
Davé is currently the site-leader and one of the founders for the National Science Foundation (NSF)-funded Engineering Research Center on Structured Organic Particulate Systems, which focuses on manufacturing processes for the pharmaceutical industry. Collaborators include NJIT, Rutgers University, Purdue University and the University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez. Last year, Davé received his ninth patent for coming up with a manufacturing process for coating fine particles less than the diameter of a human hair that does not require water, organic solvents or heat.
In 2015, Davé won a major career award from the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, the organization’s Lectureship Award in Fluidization, for a process for agitating solids such as powders and particles in order to make them behave like liquids. By fluidizing particles, engineers are able to adapt their structure and behavior to improve products ranging from cement, to cookies, to fuel, to cancer medications, to sunscreen, while making it faster and more efficient to manufacture them.
Among other processing improvements, he has developed methods to mask the bitter tastes of drugs to make them more palatable for children as well as for adult patients who have difficulty swallowing.
His colleague, Xiaoyang Xu, an assistant professor of chemical engineering, designs therapeutic mechanisms that navigate the body by mimicking its environment, thus eluding the immune system’s sometimes over-attentive sentinels, stopping at a precise location for a specified period, and then biodegrading. Xu’s focus is nanomedicines, high-concentration therapies delivered in millions of tiny packets that coat their target. Antibiotics are a good example of this approach, he notes. Effectively delivered, an anti-infection agent should kill the disease before it has time to develop resistance. | <urn:uuid:4acbb85c-bb9c-4037-8c48-dc57619d3fff> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://news.njit.edu/improving-medications-through-manufacturing-innovation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249501174.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223122420-20190223144420-00595.warc.gz | en | 0.953274 | 925 | 3.90625 | 4 |
As signified by separate ledger pages, (in bookkeeping) accounts refers to income, expenses, liabilities, assets and equity. In this the variations in value are sequentially chronicled with debit and credit items. In the book of final ledger, these items brought up as postings become part of it. Mortgages, loans, accounts receivable, PP&E, cash, common stock, services, wages, sales and payroll are some of the illustrations of prevalent financial accounting.
The listing of all the financial accounts, which is being furnished by a table of accounts are exercised by organization, specific business or government department. Basically, a system of reporting, recording and verifying information is defined as accounting and the fellow who practices it as professionals are labeled as accountants.
Types of accounts
Account is can be categorized into three segments real, personal and nominal account
Real – Materialistic items available in the actual world and some obscured items which don’t have definite presence.
Personal – Bank Accounts, legal bodies and industry.
Nominal – The Provisional Revenue and cost Accounts for the acknowledgment of the significances of financial transactions throughout every financial year till finalization of accounts at the end.
For registering all the transactions associated to sales of the items or services a sales account is opened. At the closer of the financial cycle all the sales are transported to the revenue statement account. Correspondingly, the expenses are recorded and the net balance of the revenue statement account is transported to capital account.
Based on periodicity of flow
Grounded on the nature, the accounts are categorized into real personal and nominal, which liability, financial transaction or juristic entity and physical asset.
In the framework of the financial year, the accounts can further categorized, based on the series of their in pourings or expenditures.
During the budgetary year, an Income is direct in pourings. During the budgetary year, an Expense is the direct discharge.
An asset which is a continual influx by means of consequences ranging further than the financial cycle and by means of the customary assessment could signify un taken income. On the other hand, its current value of its future influxes can be estimated.
The liability which is a continual expenditure by means of consequences ranging further than the financial cycle and by means of the customary assessment could signify unmemorized expense. On the other hand, its current value of its future expenditures can be estimated.
The elements of the accounts are nothing but the objects which are being cataloged. They are basically sectioned into five broad groups, which are Liability, Asset, Revenue, Expense and Equity.
For the cataloging for accounts, the cataloging of Equity is a unique element, on account of the “Entity concept”
On accounts of the” Entity concept”, the cataloging of the equity as an individual and unique component for cataloging of accounts is contradicted. | <urn:uuid:81fdeca1-10c2-485b-9f78-7b19151d21d3> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://blog.essaycorp.com/tips-for-writing-the-accounts-assignment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267867364.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20180625014226-20180625034226-00048.warc.gz | en | 0.94071 | 593 | 3.34375 | 3 |
As 1918 dawned and the Great War entered another phase I wonder what was going through the minds of those who were still fighting and of those who waited at home for their safe return.
Dawn on the Somme
Last night rain fell over the scarred plateau
And now from the dark horizon, dazzling, flies
Arrow on fire-plumed arrow to the skies
Shot from the bright arc of Apollo's bow;
And from the wild and writhen waste below,
From flashing pools and mounds lit one by one,
O is it mist or are these companies
Of morning heroes who arise, arise
With thrusting arms, with limbs and hair aglow
Toward the risen god, upon whose brow
Burns the gold laurel of all victories,
Hero and hero's god, th' invincible Sun?
Robert Nichols (1893-1944) was a playwright and poet. Born into a wealthy Essex family, he was educated at Winchester College and Trinity College, Oxford. At the outbreak of World War I, he left Oxford to serve as a second lieutenant in the Royal Field artillery. However, after suffering from shell shock in 1916, he served only a short time in France before he was invalided out of the army. And although his active service was short, he is still recognised as one of the earliest soldier poets of World War I. | <urn:uuid:c77ccd91-76a2-4b66-92eb-780c23cfae8b> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | http://jaffareadstoo.blogspot.com/2017/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141203418.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20201129214615-20201130004615-00193.warc.gz | en | 0.968881 | 284 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Gatsby’s American Dream
The “American Dream” is a set of ideals in which the freedom is defined as opportunities for success and prosperity. The Great Gatsby is an American novel about the outrageously wealthy Jay Gatsby, set in New York in the 1920’s. The idea of the “American Dream” is featured prominently in this novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald. So what is Gatsby’s idea of the “American Dream”?
Jay Gatsby wants to attain the “American Dream” to woo and capture the beautiful and wealthy Daisy Buchanan. His idea of success is fantastic wealth, grand parties, huge mansions, fine clothes, finger bowls of champagne, and giant swimming pools. Daisy values wealth, success and fame and Gatsby achieves them all. His ultimate goal is to be with Daisy Buchanan but she is married to another man. Gatsby’s “American Dream” is built around a fantasy.
At the end of the book, Gatsby is shot, and no one, not even Daisy Buchanan, comes to his funeral. I think that Fitzgerald is trying to say that money cannot buy you happiness. Gatsby’s “American Dream” in fact was achieved by criminal activity, in which he lost his innocence and sold his soul to reach great wealth. To really attain happiness, Gatsby needed friends he didn’t have, compassion he lost to criminal activity, and kindness he couldn’t understand. Gatsby’s dream was nothing but an empty dream.
My “American Dream” is of equality, of a country where everyone gets the same rights and privileges, that are achieved by honesty, hard work, and integrity. In this way my “American dream” is the polar opposite of Gatsby’s who attained outrageous wealth from crime, while so many other people starved. He cared for most no one else, and he luxuriated in material objects that he didn’t need.
The Great Gatsby, in my mind, really shows the ridiculous amount of wealth that people used to consume for selfish purposes and still do today. Jay Gatsby’s major flaw, is that he loses sight of what life and happiness are about. Because of this Jay Gatsby never knows the true “American Dream”. | <urn:uuid:1ea9e3b8-d28d-41d0-829d-212da1fbc819> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://thegalileoschool.com/2013/04/29/the-great-gatsby/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823445.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20181210212544-20181210234044-00001.warc.gz | en | 0.96107 | 501 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Harsh winds and cold ocean spray don’t ruffle the feathers of the thousands of birds who come to summer on Krýsuvíkurbjarg.
Reaching the cliffs requires a bumpy drive or a long walk across the lava fields, dotted with bubbling geothermal pools steaming from the volcano below. The cliffs appear from suddenly, a dramatic drop from the grassy lawn straight down to the sea crashing against the rock face. The wind blows fiercely. These conditions might seem inhospitable, but that’s far from the case for the birds that migrate here in the summers.
Every year around 60,000 seabirds come to the cliffs to mate. Depending on the season, visitors can see guillemots and other auks, puffins, seagulls, European shags, sandpipers, and peewits. The birds tuck themselves into the tiniest crevices in the cliff face, making themselves at home despite the odds. What’s more, thanks to Iceland’s “midnight sun,” you can enjoy the view practically any time of day. | <urn:uuid:7662f889-0e7a-4234-8183-79549e18f274> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/krysuvikurbjarg-krysuvik-cliffs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526408.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20190720024812-20190720050812-00232.warc.gz | en | 0.778003 | 238 | 2.71875 | 3 |
A standardized patient (SP) is trained from a standardized case to present a social and emotional history, as well as specific findings on physical examination with such realism that even an experienced clinician can rarely detect the simulation. They are people from the community who perform four roles: portray a patient case, document learner performance, provide feedback on clinical and interpersonal skills and represent patient satisfaction.
Each SP receives intensive training (24+ hours) on case portrayal, how to facilitate learning, how to complete checklists and how to provide specific and individualized behavior-based feedback using a validated communication instrument.
Please note: The word standardized may be misleading. SPs are trained from a standardized case developed to meet course objectives. However, SPs are also trained to respond to interviewing and communication techniques (not standardized). As in real-world situations, good interviewing and communication techniques will result in a more productive relationship. These sessions are reactive to individual performances and individual skills in the encounter. | <urn:uuid:3c64cb5b-be7a-43f5-96c1-bed9cecedb3b> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.evms.edu/community/community_training/sentara_center_for_simulation_immersive_learning_a/capabilities/standardized_patients/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104692018.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220707124050-20220707154050-00588.warc.gz | en | 0.940764 | 196 | 2.640625 | 3 |
We all make choices, and some turn out better than others do. But the choices we end up regretting the most are usually the ones we make against our better judgment. Both individually and collectively, we humans seem uniquely capable of acting as our own worst enemy.
We also are capable of wonderful, positive, and inspiring actions. That makes it all the worse when the consequences of a single bad decision overshadow our best intentions. And that, I'm afraid, is what the Obama administration risks by recklessly expanding fossil fuel production on public lands.
The Climate Action Plan that President Obama announced last year is full of good ideas, and his administration has already done more to address carbon pollution than any other has. New fuel-economy standards will double the efficiency of our cars and trucks. The energy efficiency of our appliances and buildings will dramatically improve. Stimulus spending has helped boost clean, renewable energy, and the president has directed the Environmental Protection Agency to set standards to curb both toxic emissions and carbon pollution from coal plants.
Unfortunately, a hard look at the numbers shows that all this progress could be undermined by one bad choice -- expanding fossil fuel production. Using publicly available data already gathered by federal agencies, the Sierra Club has calculated the potential carbon dioxide emissions from dirty-fuel development proposals in a new report, Dirty Fuels, Clean Futures. Such calculations send a clear message: To protect our climate, we must keep these dirty fuels in the ground.
Extracting and burning these coal, oil, gas, oil shale, and tar sands resources would release hundreds of billions of tons of carbon into the atmosphere and negate carbon-reducing actions. If we develop just one of these "climate disrupters" -- the Arctic Ocean, for example -- we'll release two-and-a-half times more pollution than we are saving through stronger fuel-economy standards.
Of course, that carbon pollution would be in addition to the already high toll from destructive mining, drilling, and fracking: polluted drinking water, destroyed wildlife habitat, and air that is dangerous to breathe. No matter where it happens, dirty fuel development leaves a trail of destruction. Throughout Dirty Fuels, Clean Futures, you'll find profiles of activist heroes around the country who are working to stop that destruction.
The world's best climate scientists have made it clear: To have even a two-thirds chance of keeping global temperature rise to less than 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit, we cannot exceed more than 469 billion additional tons of carbon dioxide pollution, yet burning existing worldwide reserves oil, gas, and coal would release 2.8 trillion tons of new carbon dioxide. That's why the Obama administration (and future leaders) will need to complement policies that reduce fossil-fuel consumption (and promote clean energy) with similar measures that limit dirty fuel extraction on U.S. public lands. It would be a mistake to see that as self-denial. In fact, committing to a future powered by clean, renewable energy will mean a healthier America with cleaner air and water, pristine coasts, and protected natural areas. As fossil fuels leave the picture, ours will be a wealthier, more just, and more productive nation.
For all these reasons, we urge that President Obama reject these dirty fossil-fuel projects and choose instead to maintain our national momentum toward a 100 percent clean energy future. The data in Dirty Fuels, Clean Futures leaves no excuse for saying we didn't know better. | <urn:uuid:8475ea46-388f-4c1a-9f93-cf78ee9769c8> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://sierraclub.typepad.com/michaelbrune/2014/04/climate-disrupters-carbon-budget.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+michaelbrune+%28Michael+Brune+Blog%29 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661327.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00010-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937218 | 701 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Welcome back to The Wellbeing Garden.
Today’s short and sweet episode has a few tips for growing healthy food in pots and containers.
I’ve grown food in bathtubs, wheelbarrow, buckets and always recycled or upcycled items that I think would look good or suit growing edible crops.
Here’s my tips for healthy potted plants;
- Keep the soil in containers healthy through each season by topping it up. The soil level can drop in containers, so top up with fresh potting mix.
- Add a small amount of slow release fertiliser to all potted plants every season, and then apply a deep watering.
- A fortnightly application of liquid fertiliser gives plants the nutrients needed to produce an abundance of crops and flowers. Apply all over soil AND foliage.
- Check roots of plants in pots/containers. If they’re looking all tangled and overgrown then it’s time to pot up to a larger size pot or container and add fresh potting mix.
- Prune any damaged, diseased or overgrown foliage off potted plants to encourage healthy new growth.
- If ants have moved into your pots then the soil could be very dry. Place the whole pot and plant in a large bucket of water and soak for about 20 minutes. This gives the soil and roots a good soaking of water. Then apply any extra potting mix or compost to top up the soil level.
A few things to read and watch…
- Growing Food in Small Spaces - https://soiltosupper.com/episode-009-growing-food-in-small-spaces/
- Growing Microgreens - https://soiltosupper.com/microgreens-growing-itty-bitty-little-greens/
- Growing in a Hanging Basket - https://youtu.be/xpGxrj_rUQ8
- Share your love of gardening and support others - https://soiltosupper.com/therapeutic-gardening-training/
Gather the steps to complete these fun activities HERE along with extra ideas for creating healthy gardens.
Join me on socials…Instagram and Facebook @soiltosupper and LinkedIn
Thanks to the team at Honeybee Creative for producing episodes for The Wellbeing Garden. Find out about their amazing programs at https://www.honeybeecreativeqld.com/
Looking for guidance in your garden or to help others?
Here’s two ways I can support you now!
- In my FREE Program I share 5 simple ways to enhance health and enjoy time in the garden. Boost physical and emotional wellness, learn ways to keep gardening, grow therapeutic plants and delicious healthy food. JOIN HERE
- Ask a Question in our Free Facebook Club. It’s a great place to connect with other gardeners and share your gardening wins.
“Let’s make gardening accessible for everyone!”
Thank You for joining me in The Wellbeing Garden.
Enjoy an amazing day, | <urn:uuid:c9f5bf80-5a40-4431-abb4-e524fd92312d> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://soiltosupper.com/034/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476432.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304065639-20240304095639-00373.warc.gz | en | 0.871799 | 641 | 2.515625 | 3 |
About UW Discovery Farms
The Discovery Farms program develops on-farm and related research to determine the economic and environmental effects of agricultural practices on a diverse group of Wisconsin farms; and educates and improves communications among the agricultural community, consumers, researchers and policy-makers to better identify and implement effective environmental management practices that are compatible with profitable agriculture.
To achieve its mission, the Discovery Farms program will:
Work and communicate with a wide range of agricultural enterprises to determine the environmental impacts of production agriculture and create a reliable database of what different farms contribute in terms of environmental enhancement or degradation
Gather baseline information that includes not only environmental information, but also management practices and financial conditions that allow for the calculation of the cost of implementing environmentally sound practices
Determine the effects of environmental rules and regulations on the environment, farm profitability and farm management; and provide accurate information to producers, consumers, policy makers and agency personnel so positive steps can be made to protect both the environment and production agriculture
Work and communicate with agricultural producer groups, environmental groups, consumers, the University of Wisconsin, UW Extension, the Department of Agriculture, Trade & Consumer Protection, the Department of Natural Resources, the Natural Resources Conservation Service, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, County Land Conservation Departments, and agricultural businesses and cooperatives on the importance of maintaining a viable agricultural economy
Identify the impacts — both negative and positive — that agriculture has in Wisconsin.
Manitowoc County Discovery Farms Update: March 2013
The session discussed some of the environmental challenges that the Discovery Farms Program has evaluated including the timing and recommended methods of manure applications, and manure handling options that deal with manure in a sustainable manner. The effectiveness of grassed waterways, timing of surface water runoff and tile flow, correlation between tillage and sediment and nutrient loss, and stratification of phosphorus in no-till systems were all essential information gained from data collected on the two Discovery Farms in Manitowoc County.
Monitoring at one of the farms evaluated infield sediment and nutrient movement in three different grazing paddock types: overwintered or set-stock paddocks, paddocks that have high usage in spring and fall, and paddocks that are primarily used during summer months when forage is sufficient for grazing.
Please contact Eric at [email protected] with any questions or comments on this information. | <urn:uuid:64c35e67-4849-43cb-bf40-537b8ef688dd> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://manitowoc.uwex.edu/agriculture/manitowoc-county-uw-extension-discovery-farm-program/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676596336.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20180723110342-20180723130342-00624.warc.gz | en | 0.893413 | 478 | 2.625 | 3 |
Whether you live in a town, city, or countryside, noise is everywhere. Urban planners and civil engineers have been taking noise into account, and, modern apartments often have pretty good sound insulation. But, lets face it, in the middle of the night, noises do tend to creep through (and sometimes make you wish you were at the party in the neighboring apartment).
New materials that have the potential to create acoustically shielded environments may be on the way. In the latest development, researchers have shown how creating materials that have meandering paths for sound waves can result in a negative acoustic index of refraction. More importantly, these materials may actually be manufacturable and work for sound waves in air—the stuff we might consider noise.
Stop going all meta on me
A long time ago, a Russian physicist came up with the idea of materials with a negative refractive index. An easy example of refraction is that when light enters a more dense material, its flight direction is bent—this is why objects at the bottom of a swimming pool appear further away than they actually are. If the material's refractive index is negative, then the light bends in the opposite direction. But for both sound waves and light waves, no such materials exist.
Later, people realized that it was possible to combine different materials at a length scale that was comparable to the length of the wave, producing an effective refractive index different from that of each of the component materials'. And, for some wavelengths, that effective refractive index would be negative. These have picked up the term metamaterials.
But designing metamaterial-based devices with the right properties, let alone fabricating them proved rather tough. That is, until it was noted that, as far as the math's concerned, bending the travel of a wave through a material was exactly the same as the wave traveling in a straight line through space that was bent.
With these two ideas in place, one could simply bend space to create desired wave flow patterns. The bending of space would then be used to calculate an effective refractive index profile. Then comes the hard bit: creating a material that has the desired refractive index profile. In the field of optics, researchers have made a great deal of progress, demonstrating all sorts of things. But, for acoustic waves, progress has lagged a bit.
In part this is because the acoustic versions of metamaterials involve creating structures that have things like pendulums that oscillate in response to the sound wave. These structures work, but only when there are places in materials that already have a rather high refractive index. In other words, the acoustic metamaterial needs to be immersed in something dense, like water, before it will function.
As noted above, however, acoustic metamaterials that function in air would be really really useful.
The point: we can get back to that now
This is where the work of Liang and Li from University of Hong Kong comes into play. They noted that gases and liquids have a low refractive index, so they are guided very effectively by metal tubes. This helps—if you insert a waveguide between two points, you can make the distance experienced by the sound wave much longer by simply making the waveguide meander all over the place. And it's relatively easy to make a metal tube that meanders.
They proposed creating something that looks like a maze for very simple people. Sound, hitting it from any direction, enters the maze and is automatically guided to the center. From there, it enters a second maze that leads to the exit. As far as the wave is concerned, it has not deviated at all. But, if you were to measure the time taken to cross the maze, it would have appeared as if the wave was traveling very, very slow. A metamaterial is created by tiling and stacking these mazes to create one giant sound maze.
Now, because each maze unit is connected to every other maze, the sound waves from each maze interfere, controlling where the sound exits. That means that, by choosing the length of waveguide in each maze unit, as well as its overall size, you can control the distribution of sound energy within the whole metamaterial. You can create regions where sound will never travel, and, you can focus sound more sharply than you can with conventional acoustic lenses.
Now, the researchers didn't actually build this metamaterial, instead they calculated the acoustic response to a pair of structures. This, involved a classic demonstration of acoustic cloaking: a solid metal block surrounded by the metamaterial. The results they showed looked very promising, but I had a hard time understanding why they looked so clean.
You see, the downside to this structure is that sound has to enter the waveguide. Looking at the maze structures that they propose, we can expect that about 15 percent of the sound will enter the waveguides, while the rest of the sound energy will either be reflected or travel through the structure without the benefit of guiding. So, in practice, this won't work that well.
Then how, you might ask, did the researchers get such gorgeous results? Simple, once you calculate the behavior of a single maze—assuming that all the sound enters the waveguide—you get an effective refractive index. This refractive index is then used to calculate the behavior of the whole metamaterial. In other words, they chose to ignore the problem by only working with the sound that enters the maze.
It sounds bad, right? Well, it isn't so bad. For instance, if you wanted to use this to create some sort of super focusing ultrasound lens, then you might not care that only 15 percent of the sound energy ended up in the focus of the lens. So, it's a pretty cool idea, but it probably isn't going to work as well as the paper advertises.
Physical Review Letters, 2012, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.114301 | <urn:uuid:f4f093a9-ed75-4f58-8bac-92d59334dff3> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://arstechnica.com/science/2012/04/turning-down-the-volume-sound-cloaking-acoustic-metamaterials-are-on-the-way/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802768309.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075248-00024-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957936 | 1,231 | 4 | 4 |
Skywatchers across a number of U.S. states that border Canada may get a glimpse of the northern lights thanks to a geomagnetic storm late Monday and early Tuesday.
The northern lights, or aurora borealis, occur when solar wind hits Earth’s magnetic field. “When the charged particles from the sun strike atoms and molecules in Earth’s atmosphere, they excite those atoms, causing them to light up,” explains EarthSky.
“High-latitude sky watchers should be alert for auroras on July 24th when the solar wind arrives,” explains Spaceweather.com. “G1-class storms can produce Northern Lights as far south as US states ranging from Maine to Washington.”
Fox 6 in Milwaukee reports that the phenomenon will be visible in northern Wisconsin with the best viewing times between sunset and 1 a.m. CDT. “You will likely have to drive past Green Bay to see anything,” it tweeted Monday.
Q13 Fox also reports that the aurora borealis will be visible in parts of Washington State, noting that the phenomenon occurred around the same time last year.
However, the geomagnetic storm is just a minor one, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Follow James Rogers on Twitter @jamesjrogers | <urn:uuid:b2a90df8-0e8b-40d0-a71d-7190a7d63d89> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.foxnews.com/science/northern-lights-delight-us-skywatchers-set-for-glimpse-of-aurora-borealis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195524517.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20190716075153-20190716101153-00464.warc.gz | en | 0.912376 | 279 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Star of Artaban
The Star of Artaban is a 287–carat cabochon-cut star sapphire currently located at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Its origin is somewhat obscure but it is believed to come from Sri Lanka. Unlike some other sapphires, it is not transparent and is of a milky blue colour. It was donated by an anonymous member of the Georgia Mineral Society in the 1941–1943 time period.
The name of the gem is based on the tale of The Other Wise Man by Henry van Dyke. The story's hero, Artaban, was a wise man from Persia who set out to join the Biblical Magi in their journey to see the newborn Jesus. He purchased three great gems, one of which was a sapphire, to present as a gift to the newborn king. He never achieved his goal, and gave his gems to the needy instead.
- "Star of Artaban". internetstones.com. Retrieved 4 December 2015. | <urn:uuid:09aad21f-dc2c-4d06-b82b-f81ca01a6cb5> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_of_Artaban | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661640.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00034-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969329 | 205 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Personal, Social & Emotional Development
My World Kitchen shows us host children exhibiting a high level of self confidence in something that they know about and can do. This confidence is in many ways inspirational because it shows children in the audience a means of mimicking them by taking an interest in a favourite dish, learning how to make it and the positive benefits of having their own friends come round to celebrate their achievement.
The host children speak to us in a way that develops a strong sense of self-awareness about the needs of others. Our host children are behaving like teachers, are sensitive to our needs and what we need to know or understand, and put us ahead of themselves by inviting us to share something special in their homes.
We encounter the host children's homes, kitchens and dining spaces in a way that helps develop a sensitivity towards the needs and feelings of others, and helps to model positive relationships with adults and other children from a range of diverse backgrounds. We are able to see what we all have in common just as much as what we do differently. This message is vitally important, healthy and necessary as a building block for a happier society.
Communication & Language Development
Many younger children are well known for struggling to concentrate on what others are saying to them so My World Kitchen makes a wonderful contribution towards addressing this and developing their communication skills. Firstly, much of the narration is generated by a child's own voice, and as such younger children naturally tend to home in on this. Secondly, the range of situations in the process of making the meal, as well as the clear format and sequence of activities helps children to follow the information on offer in little 'bites'. The pictures, graphics and visuals all go a long way towards supporting this.
My World Kitchen provides younger children with important content supporting their comprehension of ideas and concepts through spoken language, description and explanation. Essentially, this is fostered by the use of recipes to understand the relationship between ingredients and 'making' linked to the cultural context these originated in. Therefore, younger children can begin to understand that we don't all eat the same things all round the world - there is variation and diversity based on what grows in different places, their climate and traditions.
Aspects of essential early literacy are generated as a result of watching MWK such as the ability to read text (or at least recognise text as recipes or words associated with foods), interpret diagrams or pictures, hear words and associate these with what they can see, and demonstrate an understanding when talking to others about what they have watched.
Understanding the World
My World Kitchen encourages younger children to think about what other children know about other countries, the lives of their family and where they originally come from. This benefits them because it shows not all children like the same things (food) or have different 'favourite' meals to each other. At the same time it helps them learn about the similarities and differences between themselves and others, and among families, communities and diverse traditions.
When finding out about the types of foods that grow in different countries, MWK helps children realise similarities and differences in relation to places, objects, materials and living things. It also encourages talking about the features of their own environment (such as how food grows here or shopping for food in their locality) and how environments in other countries might vary from one another.
Thank you to Brian Neish for his support. | <urn:uuid:09e8bed4-55f6-4bee-81bd-3a9e45bc915b> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | http://www.sallybrownkatemorris.co.uk/news/my-world-kitchen-and-early-years-education | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300624.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220117212242-20220118002242-00057.warc.gz | en | 0.969036 | 694 | 3 | 3 |
A hyphema is a pool of blood in the area between the iris, which is the colored part of your eye, and the cornea, which is the clear outer layer on the front of your eye. The blood can block light from reaching the back of your eye, or cause the pressure inside your eye to increase. Both of these can cause blurry vision.
If a hyphema is not treated, it can cause a permanent loss of vision.
A hyphema is usually caused in one of two ways:
Symptoms may include:
Your child’s healthcare provider will ask about symptoms and medical history, and do exams and tests such as:
Call your child’s healthcare provider right away if you notice blood in the front of the eye. Most of the time, the blood will go away on its own. Often, your healthcare provider will tell you to have your child:
Your child may need surgery to help clear the blood from the front of your eye. Your child is more likely to need surgery if:
The risk for the eye bleeding again is highest in the first week after the bleeding started. If the eye does not bleed again, the hyphema will usually heal in one or two weeks, depending on how much blood is present.
Follow the full course of treatment your healthcare provider prescribes. Ask your healthcare provider:
Make sure you know when your child should come back for a checkup. Your child may be at risk for other eye conditions such as glaucoma because of the hyphema. | <urn:uuid:09206483-c073-49b4-94fb-927cabdc76c3> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.abcdpediatrics.com/advisor/pa/pa_hyphema_oph.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223205375.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032005-00062-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933959 | 320 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Despite their worries earlier this year, world health authorities say there is little reason to fear that the annual Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca in Saudi Arabia, which began Thursday, will spread the MERS virus widely around the world. But they are emphasizing that vigilance is still important.
The World Health Organization’s emergency committee on Middle East Respiratory Syndrome concluded on Wednesday that the outbreak, concentrated on the Arabian Peninsula, did not constitute an international health emergency.
Separately, the risk of Ebola at the pilgrimage appeared low. Saudi Arabia has denied visas to all would-be pilgrims from Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone, the three countries suffering major outbreaks. An unrelated Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo is in an isolated rural area.
This past spring, Saudi Arabia had hundreds of MERS cases. But there were only 15 known cases from mid-August to late September, the W.H.O. said. None were in the three cities visited by virtually all pilgrims — Jidda, Mecca and Medina.
Some pilgrims do take side trips, and there have been four recent cases in Riyadh.
Also, the first MERS case in Austria, detected on Monday, was in a 29-year-old Saudi woman who was reported to be from either Medina or Afif.
The emergency panel, which has met seven times, timed its announcement to coincide with the pilgrimage, known as the hajj, which draws up to three million Muslims each year. It called on the Saudis to increase pilgrims’ awareness of the disease.
The virus is believed to be widespread in camels. It can jump from person to person, but such cases are rare outside hospitals and dialysis centers.
Some scientists say that cases surge after camels give birth in late winter, creating a new crop of young, susceptible animals, who then infect a few humans. Most transmission last spring was tied to poor infection control in hospitals, and the outbreak led to tighter hospital regulations.
A few small clusters have occurred since then in hospitals, “but not the big numbers that were reported in the spring,” said Dr. Susan I. Gerber, team leader for respiratory viruses in the viral disease division of the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Anyone traveling to the area should still avoid contact with camels — especially sick ones — and with products like raw milk or undercooked meat, Dr. Gerber said. People with diabetes, kidney failure or compromised immune systems should be especially careful.
“It’s hard to say exactly what the risk is, but MERS hasn’t disappeared,” she warned. | <urn:uuid:d1ff4c45-f91e-421e-b0f3-1bad6ca08207> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/03/health/mers-virus-merits-caution-not-alarm-who-says.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160085.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20180924011731-20180924032131-00526.warc.gz | en | 0.965778 | 538 | 2.75 | 3 |
The nature of the Deep-C Consortium provides rich opportunities for engagement with educators. Deep-C scientists are investigating the issues involved in understanding and protecting ecological communities in the Gulf of Mexico, and the opportunity to create models that make the interaction of the physical, chemical, and biological realms real. As a result, members of the Deep-C community collaborate regularly with members of the K-12 educational community -- conducting workshops, providing lesson plans and activities, and offering real-life research experiences for teachers (and students).
Some of Deep-C's opportunities and resources for educators include:
LESSON PLANS & OTHER RESOURCES
CPALMS VIDEO RESOURCES
A long-term, interdisciplinary study of deep sea to coast connectivity in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. | <urn:uuid:a3d556a8-2bb1-4380-a7a8-4ac41c8d801d> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://deep-c.org/education-and-outreach/for-educators | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398461132.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205421-00005-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.913373 | 159 | 2.875 | 3 |
Settling of the Americas Prehistory By Brian Simpson
The idea that the ancestors of the American Indians, the Clovis people of around 11,00 years ago, were the only people to settle the Americas in prehistory has been facing challenge, even in our pc times. Of course, evidence of white settlement is always discounted.
“Humans settled in the Americas much earlier than previously thought, according to new finds from Mexico. They suggest people were living there 33,000 years ago, twice the widely accepted age for the earliest settlement of the Americas. The results are based on work at Chiquihuite Cave, a high-altitude rock shelter in central Mexico. Archaeologists found nearly 2,000 stone tools, suggesting the cave was used by people for at least 20,000 years.
During the second half of the 20th Century, a consensus emerged among North American archaeologists that the Clovis people had been the first to reach the Americas, about 11,500 years ago. The ancestors of the Clovis were thought to have crossed a land bridge linking Siberia to Alaska during the last ice age. This land bridge - known as Beringia - subsequently disappeared underwater as the ice melted. And these big-game hunters were thought to have contributed to the extinction of the megafauna - large mammals such as mammoth, mastodon and various species of bear that roamed the region until the end of the last ice age. Ciprian Ardelean, from the Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Mexico, Tom Higham, from the University of Oxford, and colleagues have found evidence of human occupation stretching back far beyond that date, at the Chiquihuite site in the central-northern Mexican Highlands. The results have been published in the journal Nature. "This is a unique site, we've never seen anything like it before," Prof Higham, the director of Oxford's Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, told BBC News. "The stone-tool evidence is very, very compelling. "Anyone can see that these are deliberately manufactured stone tools and there are lots of them. "The dating - which is my job - is robust.
"And so, it's a very exciting site to have been involved in."
The team excavated a 3m-deep (10ft) stratigraphic section - a sequence of soil layers arranged in the order they were deposited - and found some 1,900 stone artefacts made over thousands of years. Researchers were able to date bone, charcoal and sediment associated with the stone tools, using two scientific dating techniques. The first, radiocarbon dating, relies on the way a radioactive form of the element carbon (carbon-14) is known to decay over time. The second, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), works by measuring the last time sediments were exposed to light. Using two different techniques "added a lot of credibility and strength, particularly to the older part of the chronology", Prof Higham said. "The optical dates and [radiocarbon] dates are in good agreement," he said. And the findings could lead scientists to take a fresh look at controversial early occupation sites elsewhere in the Americas. "In Brazil, there are several sites where you have stone tools that look robust to me and are dated 26-30,000, similar dates to the Chiquihuite site," Prof Higham said. "This could be an important discovery that could stimulate new work to find other sites in the Americas that date to this period."
This is part of an on-going trends in contemporary archaeology, diffusionism, that has seen human migrations occurring for much longer that previously thought. It will produce headaches for the land rights ideology. A pity not more work is done in Australia to debunk some of our mythologies. | <urn:uuid:86815b6d-d5f6-4f59-888b-e4f366d7d195> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.alor.org/blog/settling-of-the-americas-prehistory-by-brian-simpson | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104189587.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220702162147-20220702192147-00262.warc.gz | en | 0.969721 | 810 | 3.90625 | 4 |
By: Gema Sanchez, PT (Edited by Bradley Brown)
Diastasis rectus abdominis (DRA) is a structural impairment of the muscular and connective tissue of the abdominal wall which presents as a separation of the abdominal muscles along their midline. It is measured as the distance between the right and left sides of the abdominal muscle grid (the “six-pack”), and is referred to as the inter-recti distance (IRD). Measurement of IRD in the clinic is generally made by hand or with calipers. Criteria for the diagnosis of DRA vary, but IRD is generally considered abnormal if it exceeds 2 fingers width at rest, measured at or just above the navel. DRA has been linked to support-related pelvic floor dysfunction and lumbopelvic pain. One study in 2009 found that 74% of women seeking physical therapy for abdominal or lumbopelvic symptoms exhibited increased IRD and had significantly greater pain than those without DRA.
Risk of pregnancy-related DRA is about 27% during the second trimester and peaks in the third trimester at 66-100% due to the baby’s increase in size. Luckily, there is some research which suggests that exercise during pregnancy may mitigate the occurrence of DRA. In 2005, one such study looked at the effect of abdominal strengthening on the presence and size of DRA in pregnant women. Eight women who participated in a prenatal exercise program of abdominal muscle strengthening, pelvic floor exercises and education were compared to 10 non-exercising women. They found that only 12.5% of the exercising women exhibited a DRA as compared to 90% of the non-exercising women.
Incidence of DRA decreases postpartum but is still present in as many as 39% of women six months postpartum, and some women still have not fully recovered one year postpartum. DRA-related abdominal instability can be especially limiting during this time, as women return to previous normal activity in addition to the load of caring for their child.
Integrity of the anterior abdominal wall is essential to stability, posture, breathing, trunk movement and support of internal organs. Specific abdominal exercises are used to narrow the IRD and help prevent future separation. In two recent studies, ultrasound measurements were used to assess the effect of active abdominal contraction on DRA in post-partum women. Both studies concluded that IRD was reduced with regular, static abdominal contraction. In another study, researchers used ultrasound to measure IRD at rest and during abdominal exercises in 84 women during and after their pregnancy. Their results support the notion that conservative abdominal exercises consistently produced a significant narrowing of the IRD.
It is important that women with DRA receive individual supervision and assessment so that adjustments can be made based on each patient’s reaction to exercise as well as rate of improvement.
New Heights Physical Therapy Plus has physical therapists with the training, skill, and knowledge to assist your clients with DRA during and after their pregnancy.
Abdominal Separation In Post-Partum Women in Portland OR and Vancouver WA
Seeing Patients in the following Portland and Vancouver areas: | <urn:uuid:d4cbc82c-f79b-469d-8280-f067dcb8b519> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.newheightstherapy.com/abdominal-separation-post-partum-women/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704792131.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20210125220722-20210126010722-00203.warc.gz | en | 0.96982 | 649 | 2.625 | 3 |
Yesterday’s news is old news. Except when it comes to predicting future obesity rates.
A new study published in the journal BMC Public Health suggests that food words trending in 2015 can predict the obesity levels in 2018. Researchers came to this conclusion after analyzing food words mentioned during the past 50 years in the New York Times newspaper and the last 17 years in the London Times.
They evaluated whether the mentions of health risk trends or consumption trends preceded obesity prevalence and if they were able to predict a country’s obesity levels in three years.
Researchers scanned the newspapers for specific food mentions that were coded into different categories: the less healthy foods—salty or sweet snacks—and healthy foods—fruits or vegetables. They analyzed whether the food mentions led to an increase in obesity prevalence or were mentioned following an increase in obesity occurrence for each the U.S. and the U.K.
The researchers wanted to know if the country was becoming obsessed with more sugary foods and less interested in vegetables and fruits at the same time—and whether these obsessive cultures were reflected in the number of articles mentioning these foods.
Study researchers found that mentioning sugary snacks was related to increased obesity prevalence, whereas mentioning fruits and vegetables showed a decrease in obesity prevalence. There was no connection between mentioning of salty snacks and predicting obesity prevalence three years later. Results were similar among both U.S. and U.K. populations.
Researchers conclude that using this information can be beneficial in guiding a population’s public health movement. By understanding the effects and major role that newspapers and media play in the future of a population’s health and weight status, the effectiveness of public health interventions can be better assessed.
The study was self-funded by the Cornell Food and Brand Lab.
Sources for Today’s Article:
“The New York Times can predict your future weight: Future obesity is predicted by today’s trending food stories,” ScienceDaily web site, July 20, 2015; www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150720141323.htm.
Davis, B., et al., “Fifty years of fat: news coverage of trends that predate obesity prevalence,” BMC Public Health 2015; 15(1): 629. | <urn:uuid:25df7dc2-a0c6-4d6b-975e-30aae69b0b22> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.doctorshealthpress.com/health-news/trending-food-stories-help-predict-obesity-rates/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891815918.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20180224172043-20180224192043-00750.warc.gz | en | 0.942766 | 470 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Promoting plant-based food? Email us your sucess stories for possible inclusion on our web site.
FRESH FRUIT AND VEGETABLE SNACK PROGRAM
Many adults told us that children would not eat raw vegetables without dip. Other’s told us there was no way we could get kids to eat raw kale. Still others told us that kids will still choose junk food over fruits and vegetables. Well, all we can say is: Eat Your Heart Out! Click here to read some awe-inspiring stories that may even bring a tear to your eye if you care deeply about children’s health.
Corning Painted Post Area School District
Food Service Director Chris Wallace won a competitive grant from NYCHSF. The competition was stiff, but Chris agreed, for a grant of $4,000, to offer a hot cereal bar for breakfast, a plant-based entrée every day at lunch, create healthy a la carte times with names based on popular children’s literary characters, such as Amelia Bedelia’s Bodacious Berry Bowl and Curious George’s Banana Pop (which had sunflower butter spread on bananas, rolled in granola, popsicle stick inserted, and frozen), and present our Wellness Wakeup Call program each day.
Many students have told us that eating vegetables and fruits makes them feel smarter
Eating vegetables helps students receive the fuel they need to concentrate
Students enjoy raw veggies with no dip or dressing – nature’s way! | <urn:uuid:fa2f6d38-0400-4b49-916b-d7beb109b0a4> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.healthyschoolfood.org/success.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375096156.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031816-00288-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936428 | 309 | 2.84375 | 3 |
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