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Stigma and Superstition
Hunted for body parts and isolated by fear, Tanzanians with albinism find safe futures with help of Rotary, Sister Martha
It’s the peak of the afternoon in Nyamizeze, Tanzania, and Martha Mganga is in her element.
Better known as Sister Martha, the 54-year-old Rotary community advocate is one of her country’s most prolific campaigners for the rights of people with albinism, the often-misunderstood, inherited condition characterized by abnormally light skin, eyes, and hair, limited vision, and extreme sensitivity to the sun.
Mganga, an albino herself, has spent three decades helping those with the condition get an education, protect themselves from harmful ultraviolet rays, and fight pervasive myths and stigmas, including false beliefs, propagated by rogue witch doctors, that albino body parts can bring good luck or fortune.
Over the last decade, these superstitions have led to a wave of grisly albino killings, dismemberments, and even grave robberies. At least 76 Tanzanian albinos have been murdered; 72 others have survived attacks, often with severe mutilations.
On this day, Mganga is part of a team of facilitators taking part in a Rotary-supported community workshop, convened under a plastic tarp with a small group of elders from this village of about 10,000.
Already, multiple colleagues have addressed those in attendance: mostly male civic and religious leaders, dressed in fraying button-down shirts, who are joined by Nyamizeze’s two albino residents, Happiness Sebastian, 24, and her infant daughter, Keflin.
The discussion, meant to educate locals on albinism’s causes, debunk its many stigmas, and promote the well-being of the albino community, has already touched on the condition’s genetics, the recent attacks, and the many dehumanizing myths.
Albinism is a curse brought on by evil spirits, one villager says he was taught as a child. It’s the result of an African woman sleeping with a white man, says another. “Albinos do not die,” says a third. “They simply disappear.”
Mganga, speaking toward the end of the session, saves her words for what she believes is the day’s most critical message.
For all the horrors of the killings, she tells the group, albinos face an even greater danger from the sun. Because albinos have low levels of melanin, the pigment that gives skin, hair, and eyes their color, they lack adequate protection from the sun’s ultraviolet rays, a reality that is often deadly in an equatorial country like Tanzania.
With many people unaware of proper protection measures, skin cancer rates are alarmingly high. According to Under the Same Sun, a Canadian group that promotes the well-being of albinos around the world, nearly all albinos in Tanzania develop dangerous precancerous lesions by age 20 and many die before age 40. Although life expectancy is on the rise because of increased cancer awareness and better access to treatment, albinos living in remote areas often know little of the sun’s dangers.
Mganga, therefore, lectures the group on the need for those with the condition to continually seek out shade, particularly when the sun’s rays are brightest, and cover up as well as possible — advice that is news to Sebastian, who sits with her legs and arms bare. Leading by example, Mganga shows off her own outfit: a long-sleeved shirt that covers her neck and shoulders, an ankle-length skirt, and a Rotary-emblazoned bucket hat protecting her face and head.
“The sun is our biggest enemy,” she says before the discussion gives way to a performance by local dancers and an educational video that is screened for the entire village. “But there’s no reason so many of us should be dying.”
Superstitions vs. science
For all the myths, the science of albinism is actually simple. People with the condition are born with a mutation to one of several genes involved in the production of melanin.
people with albinism in Tanzania
Tanzanians with albinism have been murdered since 2000
Tanzanians with albinism have survived attacks since 2000
Oculocutaneous albinism, which affects the skin, eyes, and hair (as opposed to ocular albinism, which affects only the eyes), is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the gene must have mutations and both parents of an albino must be carriers. If a non-albino mother and father both have one mutated copy, the likelihood of albinism in a given child will be 25 percent.
Globally, oculocutaneous albinism affects roughly 1 in 20,000 people. In many parts of Africa, though, the prevalence is higher.
Wisconsin-based geneticist Murray Brilliant, one of the world’s leading albinism experts, estimates that 1 in 1,400 people in Tanzania have the condition and that 1 in 19 are carriers. Most albinos in the country, his research has found, can trace their mutation back 2,500 years to a common ancestor.
Despite their numbers, Tanzania’s albinos have long faced an onslaught of stigma.
For generations, parents would routinely kill albino babies at birth, opting for a quick act of brutality over a lifetime of shame and misfortune they believed an albino child would bring upon their family.
As Christianity gradually spread to the country’s interior, these practices began to dissipate, but the myths and discrimination remained.
Mganga, who is the first albino child in a family of non-albino parents, recalls a childhood of isolation.
What causes albinism?
Albinism is passed from parents to children through genes. There are two types:
- Oculocutaneous albinism: Decreased pigment in the eyes, hair, and skin.
- Ocular albinism: Decreased pigment in the eyes.
Neighbors would call her family “cursed,” and fellow students kept their distance. One teacher, though aware of her limited vision — the result of reduced pigmentation in the retina and iris — made her sit at the back of the class, which resulted in her failing out of primary school.
At 17, after fleeing an arranged marriage to a polygamist, Mganga jumped into a river in an attempt at suicide. Somehow, the current carried her to shore and eventually to a new purpose in life: a degree from a Bible college, work as an Anglican missionary, and, ultimately, her own nongovernmental organization, Albino Peacemakers. The Rotary partner, based in her hometown of Arusha, works to educate communities and families about albinism, support albino children in their studies, and facilitate vital skin cancer screenings.
A wave of violence
As Mganga found her path, however, the plight of Tanzania’s albino community took a dramatic turn for the worse.
Beginning in 2007, reports began to surface that albinos, mainly children, were being hunted for their body parts, particularly in the northwestern part of the country in the vicinity of Africa’s two largest lakes: Victoria and Tanganyika.
Although the myth that albino flesh can bring good luck was nothing new, the emergence of significant gold and diamond mining in the region brought an influx of money that upped the stakes, says Fred Otieno, a community engagement officer at the Africa Inland Church of Tanzania and a Nyamizeze meeting facilitator.
Outside investors, flush with cash, were willing to try anything to strike it big. Local witch doctors, sensing their own windfall, began recruiting gangs to bring them albino “charms.” “Business and politics here is highly superstitious,” Otieno says. “If someone insists, ‘If you have that (albino limb), you’ll get this gold,’ many are going to do it.”
Courageous investigative journalism, initially by local reporters, soon revealed that these grisly rumors were indeed a full-scale crisis.
Going undercover, at great risk to her safety, Tanzanian BBC reporter Vicky Ntetema filmed a witch doctor offering to sell her albino body parts — part of a larger investigation that established the existence of an organized trade.
A report in 2009 by the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies found a complete set of albino body parts, including four limbs, genitals, ears, eyes, and nose, was selling for $75,000 in the city of Dar es Salaam — an immense sum in a country with a per capita GDP of less than $1,000 per year.
Its report found as many as 300 albino children “abandoned or stranded” in schools for the disabled, where they were encouraged by authorities to flee for protection, and an undetermined number clustered near police stations or churches and living in constant fear.
In recent years, the killings have decreased, in part because of stepped-up government vigilance.
Since 2008, Tanzania’s high court has sentenced at least 15 individuals to death for their role in albino murders. Police crackdowns have led to arrests of more than 200 unlicensed traditional healers, including many with suspected links to the violence. Authorities at regional, district, ward, division, and village levels, acting on the orders of the prime minister, have established security and defense committees, which are trained to keep a lookout for potential attackers and body-part traffickers.
Projectus Rubanzibwa, an administrator in the Mwanza Regional Commissioner’s Office, says authorities have become “more than serious,” noting that ordinary citizens, too, play an important role in identifying trafficking suspects.
Under the Same Sun, which maintains a database of reported albino killings, attacks, and grave robberies across Africa, has not documented a killing in Tanzania since February 2015, when a 1-year-old boy was attacked and dismembered in Geita region, not far from Nyamizeze. (Its list, however, may not be complete, as incidents often go unreported.)
Elsewhere, though, the crisis has intensified.
In neighboring Malawi, at least 18 albinos have been murdered since 2014, an epidemic the Malawian government has blamed on the influence of Tanzanian traffickers. Stakeholders in Tanzania, including Otieno, are still concerned about the hundreds of albino children who remain in protectorate camps or schools for the disabled, where they are presumably safe for now, but will eventually have to depart.
Aside from representing a “time bomb,” he argues, these institutions reinforce long-standing albino discrimination. “The stigma is even more strengthened,” he says, “that these people are not normal, not one of us.”
Several hundred miles from Nyamizeze, across the great Serengeti plains and in the shadow of the volcanic Mount Meru, Faye Cran sits on her veranda and recalls how she and Rotary began to assist the albino community.
Born in England during World War II, Cran, now 76, moved to East Africa with her family as a child and has lived in the region ever since, growing a small business selling chicks over several decades into a Tanzanian poultry empire. Widely known as “Maka Kuku” — “mother of chickens” in the national language, Swahili — she is also one of Tanzania’s most dedicated Rotarians. A member of the Rotary Club of Moshi, she has served as country chair, district Foundation chair, and the primary contact for nine global grants and more than two dozen matching grants and club-to-club projects.
She was also a driving force behind the establishment in 1996 of the Upendo Leprosy Victims Rehabilitation and Self Reliance Centre, which provides housing and support to children and adults who have been cast away from their communities because of leprosy — another highly stigmatized condition.
Cran’s work with Tanzania’s albinos took root when she experienced the impact of the violence. In 2011, while traveling with Alan Suttie, a member of the Rotary Club of Kirkcaldy, Scotland, she met a young albino boy who had survived a brutal attack in which his assailants hacked off his left arm and right hand, leaving him disfigured and deeply traumatized.
Suttie, the CEO of a society for the blind in Scotland, who died in 2014, was already involved in work supporting visually impaired Tanzanian students, including many albinos, and returned home determined to do more.
In partnership with Cran and other Tanzania-based Rotarians, his club commissioned an illustrated children’s book that tells the story of a young girl whose albino sister is murdered. The book was distributed in primary schools across the country.
This eventually led to a host of other Rotary activities, including two global grants: “Vision Aids and Albinism Awareness to Children in Tanzania,” active in 2013 and 2014 with Cran and Suttie as primary contacts, and the current grant, “Changing Lives of People with Albinism in Tanzania,” led by Cran and John Philip of Mirfield, England.
The work that followed has touched on nearly every aspect of the condition.
Club-to-club projects in several districts have supported albino students with mattresses, mosquito nets, vision aids, hats, and sunscreen, and financed livelihood-building projects in remote communities.
Under the vision aid grant, optometrists from Scotland traveled to Arusha to train local optometry students.
Their institution, Patande Teachers Training College, has since offered screenings, magnifying glasses, and, in some cases, referrals for telescopic lenses to more than 300 visually impaired albino youths.
The current grant, active since late 2015, has focused on education, by supporting more than 70 community outreach meetings like the one held in Nyamizeze, as well as an alliance between albinos and traditional healers that works to dispel myths that have led to so many murders.
Rotary also focuses on cancer prevention and treatment through training health workers and providing medical equipment.
In five Tanzanian hospitals, Rotary provided cryotherapy instruments and flasks of liquid nitrogen, which are highly effective in removing precancerous lesions before they become deadly.
Any patients showing signs of cancer from a biopsy are referred to Ocean Road Cancer Institute in Dar es Salaam. The Tanzanian Albinism Society, a national advocacy group, and Standing Voice, a British NGO that supports marginalized communities, help defer the cost of treatment.
Working despite the sun
Fighting cancer, though, is not only about access to health care.
As Mganga stresses in her talk at Nyamizeze, covering up is also critical. So, too, is finding a livelihood that takes place indoors or in the shade — not an easy task in a predominantly rural, tropical country like Tanzania, where most people spend hours each day planting, weeding, and hoeing in the sun.
At the Nyamizeze meeting, one participant asks how a person could possibly survive without tending to their fields in the heat of day. Since many albinos, burdened by poor eyesight, do not finish school, he adds, the chance of them accessing a job indoors is even more remote.
This problem is also acute on Ukerewe, an island of 300,000 people at the southeastern edge of Lake Victoria. Because it can be accessed only by ferry, making it easy to identify strangers who come and go, the island gained a reputation as an albino safe haven during the height of the killings, and some even moved here from the mainland.
There’s still this feeling that many people don’t want to be mixed with albinos. So our thinking was, if we could do projects where there’s two of one and three of the other, (non-albinos) would be more involved.
Rotary Club of Moshi
Still, the albino community has its challenges, including earning an income safely. “Eighty percent of the people here are farmers or fishermen,” says Ramadhan Alfani, a local mechanic and the district chairman of the Tanzania Albinism Society. “But for us those jobs are difficult. When I stay under the sun for too long, my skin changes.”
Alfani’s business, which he conducts in the shade of a giant linga linga tree, is the type of venture he believes can help the albino community achieve greater longevity and financial independence. As he speaks, he’s on the job in a red, grease-stained autoworker’s smock, installing spark plugs in the engine of an aging gray Toyota minivan.
With the help of tools donated from Rotary, including a compressor used for painting, he has grown the business over several years, drawing enough clients to hire three employees and support his wife and their young son.
Alfani is one of several dozen albino businesspeople across northern Tanzania who have benefited from Rotary grants, loans, or donations.
In Arusha region, Rotary financed sewing machines for a collective of female albino tailors as part of a collaborative project with Mganga’s NGO, Albino Peacemakers. In the city of Musoma, individual Rotarians provided capital for microloans to five small associations, each consisting of at least one albino resident, who’ve since opened shops selling household items and textiles and a beauty salon. With funding from the global grant, participants also were trained in entrepreneurship, banking, and the basics of financial literacy.
Aside from boosting incomes, the project seeks to undercut stigmas by compelling people to embrace albinos as their business partners. “There’s still this feeling that many people don’t want to be mixed with albinos,” Cran says. “So our thinking was, if we could do projects where there’s two of one and three of the other, [non-albinos] would be more involved.”
The March of Progress
Like any initiative that involves the changing of mindsets, these livelihood-boosting activities have not gone off without a hitch.
In contrast to Alfani, Neema Kajanja, an Ukerewe potter who also received tools from Rotary, says she has recently seen her income fall because of a general economic downturn and the closing of the nearest market, which means she must walk farther in the sun to sell her wares. On her property, a Rotary-financed kiln sits unused, for reasons unknown, as she continues to harden her newly sculpted pots in a rudimentary brushfire.
In Musoma, one year into the microcredit program, three of the five small businesses were making progress and repaying their loans on schedule. One group failed when a member ran off with all the money. Another ceased operating when its leader, the regional Tanzania Albinism Society chairman, died of skin cancer.
Critically, though, entrepreneurs in Musoma and Ukerewe say their businesses have played a role in combating stigma, which most stakeholders believe is in decline across the country.
According to Cran, attitudes of fear and rejection toward albinos are increasingly less common — a grassroots shift in thinking that has been aided, since 2008, by the election or appointment of three albinos to the Tanzanian Parliament.
Alfani and Helen Paul, a co-owner of the Musoma hair salon, say they don’t believe their status as albinos has cost them clients.
Saada Kaema, a Musoma loan recipient who trades in wicker baskets, says less informed customers from rural areas used to avoid her shop, but over time have started buying. Like most albinos in the area, she is still on guard against attacks and avoids walking late at night, though generally she feels much safer than in the past.
Back in Nyamizeze, a similar sense of progress is apparent. As hundreds gather in an open field, waiting for the video, “People Like Us,” to screen from a projector, a pair of elders reflect on what they’ve learned from the just-concluded workshop.
Peter Misungui, the village head of security, insists his community has never embraced the superstitions that led to the killings. His nightly five-man security patrol, he adds, has always kept albinos here safe. Known as Sungu Sungu, the force gets its name from an army of ants.
“Individually, each one is small,” he says. “But when they work together they will bite you.”
Yet when it comes to other matters of albino safety, Misungui and his friend Daudi Matagane, a Seventh-day Adventist pastor, admit there was much they didn’t know before the session.
Misungui, in particular, says he was surprised to learn how the condition is inherited from both parents. He and Matagane also say they were never aware of the great danger posed to albinos by the sun.
That revelation could prove critical for Sebastian and her daughter, the village’s two albino residents.
“We’ll now make sure that she doesn’t overwork, that she covers up and stays in the shade whenever possible,” Matagane says, referring to the young mother. “As her elders, we’ll do whatever it takes to protect her.” | <urn:uuid:986c0991-5690-464a-88be-0ddc5c68b1d4> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://rotary.org/en/rotary-helps-tanzanians-albinism | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107919459.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20201031151830-20201031181830-00408.warc.gz | en | 0.96428 | 4,661 | 3.078125 | 3 |
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The Antikythera Mechanism was discovered back in 1900, by sponge divers off the coast of the island of Antikythera. The geared device was designed to make calculations, and being so complex, it took 100 years to unlock its secrets. It is exhibited at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens.
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November 15, 2005.
New York Times.
A bacterium linked to heart disease may also be a factor in age-related macular degeneration, the leading cause of blindness in people over 55 in the United States.
A new study has found the organism, Chlamydia pneumoniae, in the eye tissue of 6 of 9 patients with macular degeneration, but in none of 22 who did not have the disorder.
The paper, based on work carried out at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary in Boston, was published in the November issue of Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology.
Most vision loss in age-related macular degeneration is caused by the growth of abnormal blood vessels under the retina, a form called neovascular. With it, the vessels bleed, and scar tissue is formed, blocking vision.
One phase in the growth of these blood vessels is the production of vascular endothelial growth factor, the body's response to injury and inflammation.
In this study, researchers using human eye tissue demonstrated that C. pneumoniae may, at least in some cases, be the reason for the inflammation.
While recent studies have shown that drug therapy for the vascular endothelial growth factor can be effective, the underlying cause of age-related macular degeneration is poorly understood.
Dr. Joan W. Miller, the senior author on the paper and chairwoman of the department of ophthalmology at Harvard, remains cautious.
"There is growing evidence that chronic inflammation plays a role in the development of macular degeneration," Dr. Miller said, "and our findings suggest that chlamydia may cause some of this inflammation."
But, she warned, "Our data is very preliminary, and really just supports a link between chlamydia and macular degeneration."
C. pneumoniae is ubiquitous, and almost everyone is infected with it at one time or another. Usually, it causes respiratory illnesses of various kinds and severity. It has also been implicated in coronary artery disease, heart attack and cerebrovascular disease.
Many of the risk factors for cardiovascular disease are risk factors for macular degeneration as well, a fact that led the researchers to wonder whether chlamydia might also be involved in macular degeneration.
Dr. Murat V. Kalayoglu, a research fellow at Harvard who directed the study, pointed out that C. pneumoniae is not the same as chlamydia trachomatis, which causes a sexually transmitted disease, but each form causes a low-grade infection that often has no symptoms.
The authors say their findings do not rule out the "innocent bystander" hypothesis - that C. pneumoniae arrives in tissue after the inflammation has begun, and that it is not the cause.
In addition, because C. pneumoniae was not detected in all of the tissue samples, it is clear that its presence alone is not enough to cause the disease. But the scientists point out that the presence of the pathogen at the site of the disease may accelerate the progression of the disorder in some people.
Detecting C. pneumoniae in eye tissue is not easy. It depends on extracting and then amplifying the DNA of the organism from the tissue, a complex process that is not always reliable, especially when working with preserved tissue samples.
The authors point out that the samples they used had been preserved for several years, and that no tests for chlamydia infection had been performed on the patients at the time of surgery to remove the tissue.
Antibiotic treatment for age-related macular degeneration is still a long way off, Dr. Miller said.
"We would not suggest at this point that treatment for chlamydia be undertaken in patients with macular degeneration," she said.
There are, she added, too many unanswered questions.
"Who do you treat?" Dr. Miller asked. "At what point in the disease process would you begin treatment? For how long would it continue? We need more studies before we are close to answering these questions."
But she added that she was hopeful based on recent clinical trials showing that some patients improved after being treated with drugs directed at the vascular endothelial growth factor.
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Yoga may guard against heart disease, study finds
Doing yoga may be a good way to protect against heart disease, particularly if you cannot do more vigorous exercise, research suggests.
A review in the Netherlands of 37 studies involving nearly 3,000 people found yoga was independently linked to a lowering of heart risk factors such as high blood pressure and cholesterol.
Yoga does not count towards the recommended physical activity that we should all do each week.
Experts say it may still be beneficial.
Yoga is an ancient form of exercise that focuses on strength, flexibility and breathing to boost physical and mental wellbeing.
There are lots of different types of yoga - tantric, Hatha and Ashtanga to name a few - but most are not strenuous enough to count towards the 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity the government says we should get each week to give our heart and lungs a workout.
Yoga does count as a muscle strengthening exercise - something the same guidelines say we should do on two or more days a week, every week.
Prof Myriam Hunink, from Erasmus University Medical Center in Rotterdam, set out to investigate what effect, if any, yoga might have on heart health.
Compared with no exercise, yoga had significant benefits - it was linked to a lower risk of obesity, high blood pressure and raised cholesterol, the European Journal of Preventive Cardiology reports.
When pitched against other types of exercise, such as brisk walking or jogging, yoga was no better or worse based on the same measures of heart risk.
Prof Hunink said: "These results indicate that yoga is potentially very useful and in my view worth pursuing as a risk improvement practice."
It is not clear why yoga might be beneficial, but experts say it could be down to its calming effect. Stress has been linked to heart disease and high blood pressure.
Maureen Talbot, senior cardiac nurse at the British Heart Foundation, said: "The benefits could be due to working the muscles and breathing, which can bring more oxygen into the body, leading to lower blood pressure.
"A larger study is recommended though to assess the effects of yoga more fully."
She said the benefits of yoga on emotional health were well-established. | <urn:uuid:22d80a97-647e-44c0-a256-c5438b91e343> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.bbc.com/news/health-30475999 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371656216.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406164846-20200406195346-00185.warc.gz | en | 0.962247 | 461 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Learning Coach Corner
Volume I Issue 16
“A good teacher can inspire hope, ignite the imagination, and instill a love for learning.”
Strategies, Strategies, Strategies
One of the 21st Century skills is collaboration and in this information-based world our students will need to have developed this skill. When students collaborate they are also fine tuning the soft skills that they will need to be successful. A teacher shares his strategy when it comes to collaborative learning.Collaborative Learning 1:38
Sometimes introverted children are easy to overlook because they are the quiet student in the class. Children that are introverted have a lot to offer and teachers need to have strategies to engage these children.
Strategies to Ensure Introverted Students Feel Valued at School. | <urn:uuid:d3d8edc4-da8c-456b-a073-c7a0e8c225c6> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.smore.com/fzayu-learning-coach-corner | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998580.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20190617203228-20190617225228-00312.warc.gz | en | 0.949593 | 160 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Twenty years ago, the digital world that most of us take for granted was the stuff of science fiction. Technology ― including mobile devices and cloud computing ― has fundamentally changed the way we consume news, plan our day, communicate, shop, and interact with our family, friends and colleagues.
Two decades from now, what will our world look like? At Microsoft, we imagine a world where artificial intelligence will help us do more with one of our most precious commodities: time.
As we look to a future powered by computers that behave like humans, it’s important that we address these challenges head on.
By 2038, a personal digital assistant will be trained to anticipate our needs, help manage our schedule, prepare us for meetings, assist as we plan our social lives, reply to and route communications, and drive our cars.
Beyond our personal lives, AI will enable humans to make breakthrough advances in areas like healthcare, agriculture, education and transportation. We’re already seeing this begin in impressive ways.
But as we’ve witnessed over the past 20 years, new technology also inevitably raises complex questions and broad societal concerns. As we look to a future powered by computers that behave like humans, it’s important that we address these challenges head on.
How do we ensure that AI is designed and used responsibly? How do we establish ethical principles to protect people? How should we govern its use? And how will AI impact employment and jobs?
These are important issues that require conversations that include not just those of us who create the technology, but people in government, academia, business, civil society and other stakeholders. We hope to add to this discussion with the ideas in our new book, The Future Computed: Artificial Intelligence and its Impact on Society.
In it, we’ve identified six ethical principles to guide the development and use of artificial intelligence. These principles should ensure that AI systems are fair, reliable and safe, private and secure, inclusive, transparent, and accountable. The better we understand these or similar issues — and the more technology developers and users can share best practices to address them — the better served the world will be as we contemplate societal rules to govern AI.
We must also pay attention to AI’s impact on workers. What jobs will AI eliminate? What jobs will it create? If there has been one constant over 250 years of technological change, it has been the ongoing impact of technology on jobs — the creation of new jobs, the elimination of existing jobs, and the evolution of job tasks and content. This too is certain to continue.
Some key conclusions are emerging.
First, the companies and countries that will fare best in the AI era will be those that embrace these changes rapidly and effectively. This is because new jobs and economic growth will accrue to those that embrace the technology, not those that resist it.
We need to act with a sense of shared responsibility. In part this is because AI technology won’t be created by the tech sector alone.
Second, while we believe that AI will help solve big societal problems, we can’t afford to look to this future with uncritical eyes. There will be challenges as well as opportunities. We must address the need for strong ethical principles, the evolution of laws, training for new skills, and even labor market reforms. This must all come together if we’re going to make the most of this new technology.
Third, we need to act with a sense of shared responsibility. In part this is because AI technology won’t be created by the tech sector alone. At Microsoft we’re working to “democratize AI” in a manner that’s similar to the way we “democratized the PC.” We’re making AI building blocks like computer vision, speech, and knowledge recognition available to every individual and organization to build their own AI-based solutions.
All this leads us to what may be one of the most important conclusions of all. Skilling-up for an AI-powered world involves more than science, technology, engineering and math. As computers behave more like humans, the social sciences and humanities will become even more important. Languages, art, history, economics, ethics, philosophy, psychology and human development courses can teach critical, philosophical and ethics-based skills that will be instrumental in the development and management of AI solutions. If AI is to reach its potential in serving humans, then every engineer will need to learn more about the liberal arts and every liberal arts major will need to learn more about engineering.
While we don’t have a crystal ball that shows us the future, we do know that we’re all going to need to spend more time listening to and learning from each other. We hope that The Future Computed can contribute to this conversation.
The above column is sponsor-generated content. To learn more about our advertising solutions, click here. | <urn:uuid:2246a5f1-13c4-4113-8001-233025ee5d93> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.politico.eu/sponsored-content/shaping-a-future-of-artificial-intelligence-that-benefits-society/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141746320.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20201205044004-20201205074004-00403.warc.gz | en | 0.941882 | 1,012 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Stars are dense hot balls of gas so their spectra similar to that of a perfect thermal radiator, which produces a smooth continuous spectrum. (Although, stars are not perfect thermal radiators, their spectra are similar enough to the smooth continuous spectrum for what follows.) Therefore, the color of stars depends on their temperature---hotter stars are bluer and cooler stars are redder. You can observe the star through different filters to get an approximate temperature. A filter allows only a narrow range of wavelengths (colors) through. By sampling the star's spectrum at two different wavelength ranges (``bands''), you can determine if the spectrum is that for a hot, warm, cool, or cold star. Hot stars have temperatures around 60,000 K while cold stars have temperatures around 3,000 K. The filter diagrams are shown below.
A hot star has a B-V color index close to 0 or negative, while a cool star has a B-V color index close to 2.0. Other stars are somewhere in between. Here are the steps to determine the B-V color index:
The UNL Astronomy Education program's Blackbody Curves and UBV Filters module lets you explore the relationship between temperature and the thermal spectrum by manipulating various parameters with a graphical interface (link will appear in a new window). You can also explore temperature-color correlation using various filters.
Another way to measure a star's temperature is to use Wien's law described in the Electromagnetic Radiation chapter. Cool stars will have the peak of their continuous spectrum at long (redder) wavelengths. As the temperature of a star increases, the peak of its continuous spectrum shifts to shorter (bluer) wavelengths. The final way to measure a star's temperature is more accurate than the previous two methods. It uses the strength of different absorption lines in a star's spectrum. It is described in full a little later in the chapter. The temperatures of different types of stars are summarized in the Main Sequence Star Properties table.
Go back to previous section -- Go to next section
last updated: June 7, 2010 | <urn:uuid:e728c397-67d4-4f0d-ab40-8d7b35336a20> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.astronomynotes.com/starprop/s5.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917120101.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031200-00595-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.907101 | 430 | 4.03125 | 4 |
Turkmenistan has become one of the 18 countries of the world, demonstrating steady and rapid growth, as well as advancing the stable dynamics of world economic development. This is evidenced by a study conducted by experts of the McKinsey Global Institute - a division of an international consulting firm.
As noted in the study, Turkmenistan was included in the list of the most rapidly developing countries of the world along with China, Singapore, and the Republic of Korea.
Among the main factors that contributed to the accelerating growth of the economies of the countries included in the list, experts called targeted state policy to maintain this growth - to stimulate competition, as well as the rate of competitiveness of large companies.
Currently,Turkmenistan has the largest state-owned concerns in the region, such as Turkmengas, Turkmennebit, Turkmenchemistry and others that provide key export items for the country. Private sector enterprises are also developing at an intensive pace.
Assessing the economic development of the countries of Central Asia, McKinsey experts emphasize that Turkmenistan has become one of the countries in the region where there was practically no slowdown in economic growth, despite the global financial crisis.
Analysts also noted that, in general, the Central Asian states managed to avoid a “raw material curse” when countries trade exclusively in raw materials, refusing to diversify the production of high value-added goods.
In this regard, Turkmenistan is not limited to the development of the oil and gas sector only, but dynamically diversifies the national economy. The country is actively developing the power industry, construction, and light industry, in which thousands of new jobs are created. | <urn:uuid:62aa11ad-c763-4b7a-ab9c-bc314ce883f9> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://www.oilgas.gov.tm/en/blog/2461?year=2019&month=5&day=31 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232259126.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20190526105248-20190526131248-00479.warc.gz | en | 0.954484 | 342 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Five MORE great toys to develop your child’s language
- 25 June 2019
- Posted by: CDC
- Category: Parent Tips,
Toys are the best way to practise language while having fun with your child. Find our previous article Five great toys for developing your child’s language here. See below for five more toys to help to get your child talking!
Train sets and cars
With these favourites, you can help your child to learn the following:
- Beginning words (protowords) – if your child is only just starting to talk, you can focus on some playful words such as “beep” and “vroom”.
- Vocabulary – different types of transport such as bus, tram, boat, bicycle and so on as well as words such as road, track or bridge.
- Adjectives – such as ‘big’, ‘small’, ‘long’, ‘short’ as well as colours. Once your child is familiar with these, you can have them attempt to ask for the car or train using short phrases, such as “I want the blue car”.
- Social skills – sharing and taking turns to push the cars and trains.
- Songs – “The Wheels on the bus” and “Hurry! Hurry! Drive the fire truck” are some favourites here at the CDC. Remember to sing slowly with your child to give them a chance to learn the words and actions.
- Dramatic play – pretend to be a doctor, a nurse or a chef and cook delicious food.
- Clothing – the many different items; bags, hats, shoes or scarves make it easy to focus on colours and labels together.
- ‘Wh’ questions – ask your child a variety of different questions “where is baby?”, “who is sleeping?”, “what are you cooking?”.
- Vocabulary – use verbs associated with different professions or characters. Words such as “spray’ and ‘climb’ when pretending to be a fireman or ‘eat’, ‘cook’ or ‘drink’ while pretending to be a chef.
LEGO and blocks:
- Vocabulary – use words such as “put on”, “pull”, “give”, “push”.
- Concepts – label the different colours and if your child is ready, encourage them to ask for their favourite colours using a short phrase such as “I want the red block”.
- Turn-taking – LEGO and blocks are great toys for this as you can construct things together.You can also take turns following and giving directions to each other e.g. “Put the red brick on top.”
- Songs –sing songs such as the ‘Rainbow song’ if you have multi-coloured blocks. Children love songs and this will add a different element to learning!
- Following instructions – get your child to follow a variety of directions from simple ones like, “Where’s the dog?” (one-step), to more complex ones, such as “Give me the circle, take out the square then clap your hands” (three-step).
- Commenting – as your child puts a piece into the puzzle, comment on what he or she has done, e.g. “Circle in”, “You found the tail!”, depending on your child’s language ability.
- Concepts – describe the attributes of different parts of the puzzle, using adjectives such as ‘huge’, ‘small’, ‘round’, ‘short’ and different colours.
- Functions – if you are playing with inset puzzles, you could also work on functions, e.g. “Can you find the animal that flies?” with a puzzle with many different animals, or with a transport puzzle, “Find the one that goes in the sky”.
Something for the older children. A favourite here at the CDC, providing many language opportunities:
- Forming longer sentences – try to encourage longer sentences by including the size of the marble or the number of marbles they want, e.g. “Give me five marbles”.
- Concepts – talk about quantity, size, prepositions (‘on’, ‘down’, ‘off’) as well as ‘same’ and ‘different’!
- Social communication – sharing and taking turns as well as negotiation can be practised while building the marble run.
- Pronouns – ‘me’, ‘you’, ‘I’ and ‘your’.
No matter what toy you choose, the most important thing is that you are playing and interacting, with your child. Always choose toys that you think your child will love and have fun with. The best way for children to learn is through play! Remember to allow your child to hear the different target words over and over again. This is important and will go a long way to developing their language! | <urn:uuid:4fa95755-3c3c-44ae-9e3a-b78f5c367c9d> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.cdchk.org/parent-tips/five-more-great-toys-develop-child-language/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711013.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205064509-20221205094509-00794.warc.gz | en | 0.946539 | 1,127 | 3.5625 | 4 |
New Zealand is one of the countries most ideally suited to taking advantage of the power of wind to generate electricity. We’re already making strides in this area, with <>. We could be doing much better, but with decision-makers and lobbyists swayed by myths and misconceptions, wind gets a bad rep that it doesn’t deserve.
Let’s bust some of the most common myths about wind turbines and wind power.
Wind turbine noise is bad for people
There are lots of unsubstantiated stories about noise from wind turbines causing health and hearing problems for people and animals. A Dr. Nina Pierpont from the USA has claimed to be able to diagnose ‘wind turbine syndrome’ in families living near wind turbines. However, her study has been discredited by the NHS. Studies on the noise emitted from wind turbines has found there to be no significant infrasound noise, which is one of the main complaints levelled by wind farm detractors. The majority of evidence for health risks is anecdotal and usually from people who were already against wind turbines.
Wind turbines kill thousands of birds.
Environmentalists worried about the impact on local bird populations can rest easy. Studies have been conducted in the UK and conclude that the introduction of wind turbines result in no measurable changes to local bird populations.
Added to this, the report states that the greatest risk to birds is not turbines, but the climate change of which turbines are helping to address.
Wind turbines are inefficient
Wind turbine detractors like to throw numbers around like 30% efficient or ‘only working ¼ of the time.’ The reality is that turbines are producing electricity around 70-85% of the time, but the amount of power generated will depend on different factors.
The ‘30%’ number comes from the ‘load factor’ of a turbine – each turbine has a theoretical maximum output (if the wind was blowing full speed all year long). Most turbines perform around 30% of this theoretical output. That may sound low, but remember that a typical power station will be around 45-50%.
The more we use wind power in association with other renewable energy sources, the more we can challenge the current infrastructure we have and ensure we can continue to produce electricity without causing more harm to the environment.
What other myths have you heard about wind turbines? We’re ready to bust them all. | <urn:uuid:b828e54f-7cac-45a6-97ad-6fe902f116ab> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://ecotricity.co.nz/common-misconceptions-about-wind-power/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178364008.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20210302125936-20210302155936-00166.warc.gz | en | 0.950721 | 487 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Sanga cattle is the collective name for indigenous cattle of South Africa. They are sometimes identified as a subspecies with the scientific name Bos taurus africanus. These cattle originated in East Africa, probably western Ethiopia, and have spread west and south. Sanga are an intermediate type, formed by hybridizing the indigenous humpless cattle with Zebu cattle brought from Asia. They are distinguished by having small cervico-thoracic humps instead of the high thoracic humps which characterize the Zebu. | <urn:uuid:2745d400-2a46-479c-8f7a-5498b3970e38> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://pages.rediff.com/sanga-cattle/1599014 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702957608/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516111557-00095-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951299 | 107 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Dis/Abilities & Cyberspaces
Cyberspaces and digital technologies have been both enabling and disabling for people facing particular physical and cognitive challenges. Thanks to efforts by the disability rights movement, high standards for access to hardware, software and websites exist for folks with visual, aural, cognitive and movement based impairments. As of the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act in 1990, “access” and related issues to facilitate the integration of Persons with Disabilities into all aspects of life moved from the status of “privileges” to legally binding “rights.” But these standards remain only intermittently enforced, as, for example, more than 60% of websites remain inaccessible. Yet, persons with disabilities [PWDs] who do have access spend twice the average user time online; clearly a deep social need is not being met.
As technology for social inclusion expert Mark Warshauer argues, “[People with disabilities] can make especially good use of ICT to help overcome problems caused by lack of mobility, physical limitations, or societal discrimination. Using ICT, a blind person can access documents by downloading them from the Internet and converting text to speech; a quadraplegic can pursue a college degree without leaving home; a child suffering with AIDS can communicate with other children around the world. Sadly, though, [people with disabilities], because of poverty, lack of social support, or other reasons, frequently lack the means to get online.” This lack is a question of basic human rights, especially at a time when access to online economic, political, social and cultural information is growing in centrality as a feature of full citizenship.
Advocates from the disability rights and independent living movements argue that social attitudes and the built environment are the major disabling features that are falsely regarded as intrinsic to the disability. Disability is not a natural fact; it is a socially defined state of being. Most people can’t read with their finger tips. Is that a disability?
It would be if the only books published were in Braille, just as lack of braille or other non-visual modalities is disabling to people with visual impairments. So-called “disabilities” should be seen as naturally occurring and accidental variations in degrees of able-bodiedness that can change over time. Viewed through a disabilities rights perspective, various “disabilities” would be seen as socially imposed limitations created by cultural expectations and built into digital environments. Thus, in regard to cyberspaces the question to be asked is: how are techno-cultural design decisions and practices disabling people from full use of digital resources?
On the more positive side of the ledger, for those people with disabilities who do have access, the Web and other digital culture media have proved extremely and often uniquely enabling. Moreover, new digital technologies have added to the range of abilities of millions facing many types of physical and cognitive limitations. Digital technologies have done amazing things in enabling greater sight and hearing, in facilitating physical rehabilitation, and in extending possibilities for folks with cognitive/social conditions such as autism. At the same time, respecting various disability cultures also includes the rights of people to refuse to use technologies that might otherwise allow them to approximate behaviors and abilities defined as "normal" by dominant, non-disabled communities.
The links below explore the range of issues touched on above, and offer resources for further exploration of the social and technical dimensions of ICT access for people with disabilities, and the techno-cultural issues surrounding ability-extending digital devices and systems.
Some Key ICT and Dis/Ability Resources
- Able Gamers. Web site for PWDs who play video games.
- Adaptive Computer Products. Comprehensive list of the various assistive and adaptive digital devices to enhance access and use of technologies for PWDs.
- Alliance for Technology Access. A network of community-based resources, adaptive technology vendors and more.
- Assistive Technology Act. Information on federal legislation (rev. 1998) that authorized: 1) State Assistive Technology Grant Programs; 2) Alternative Financing Programs for Assistive Technology; 3) Protection and Advocacy for Assistive Technology programs; and 4) national Technical Assistance programs.
- Society of Disability Studies. Resource on the social study of disability, including in digital environments.
- Virtual Ability Rich portal to disability resources in the virtual world of Second Life.
- Web Accessibility Initiative. By the World Wide Web Consortium (W3); a major statement on creating full, universal access by the group responsible for the web.
- WebAIM: Web Accessibility in Mind. Rich site introducing a range of issues and projects related to making the web more accessible to PWDs.
Online Articles on Dis/Ability and Digital Communities
- Americans Living with Disability and their Technology Proflie Pew Internet and Society report, 2011.
- Building Social Capital: A Study of the Online Disability Community. By Jim Huang on PWD communities in China.
- Flying with Disability in Second Life. By Margaret Cassidy on how some PWDs find new freedom in a virtual world.
- How People with Disabilities Use the Web (2005). By the W3 working group on ICT and PWDs.
- Internet for the Disabled Community: The Singapore Experience. By Tan Tin Wee et al.
- Making the Internet More Disability-friendly is Good for Business, from the UN New Service.
- Technology and Disability. Disability Studies Quarterly, Special Issue (2005). Edited by Gerard Groggin and Peter Newell.
- What effect has the Internet had on disability? from the Guardian UK.
Selected Books and Articles
Bowker, Natilene, and Keith Tuffin. "Disability Discourses for Online Identities." Disability and Society 17:327-344. 2002.
Bradley, Natalie, and William Poppen. "Assistive Technology, Computers and Internet May Decrease Sense of Isolation fo Homebound Elderly and Disabled Persons." Technology and Disability 15:19-25. 2003.
Dobransky, Kerry, and Eszter Hargittai. "The disability divide in Internet access and use." Information, Communication & Society 9.3 (2006): 313-334.
Ellis, Katie, and Mike Kent. Disabilitiy and New Media. Routledge, 2010.
Jaeger, Paul T. Disability and the Internet: Confronting the Digital Divide. Boulder, CO: Lyne Rienner, 2010. Comprehensive overview of the less well-known digital divide between persons with disabilities and the more able-bodied.
---. "Disability, Human Rights and Social Justice." First Monday 20.9 September 2015.
Mann, William C., Patricia Belchoir, Machiko R. Tomita, and Bryan J. Kemp. "Computer Use by Middle-Aged and Older Adults with Disabilities." Technology and Disability 17:1-9. 2005.
Moser, Ingunn. "Disability and the promises of technology: Technology, subjectivity and embodiment within an order of the normal." Information, Communication & Society 9.3 (2006): 373-395.
Mullins, Aimee. "My Twelve Pairs of Legs" TED talk by double-amputee athlete, model and advocate for PWDs.
Seymour, Wendy, and Deborah Lupton. "Holding the Line Online: Exploring
Wired Relationships for People with Disabilities." Disability and Society 19:291-
World Wide Web Consortium. "How People with Disabilities Use the Web." in
W3C Working Draft, 10 December 2004: World Wide Web Consortium. 2004.
General Disability Rights Sites
- Americans with Disabilities Act Library. Contains full text of the American Disabilities Act (ADA), and a host of other information and links beyond legislative issues.
- AT Connects.
- Council for Disability Rights.
- Disability Information and Resources.
- Disability Social History Project. A "community project of disabled folks trying to rediscover, retell and reclaim their/our history."
- Disability Resources. Excellent list of online resources from disability resources.org.
- Disability Rights Advocates. Specializing in legal issues.
- Disability Rights Education and Defense Fund.
- International Center for Disability Resources.
- Learning Disabilities Online.
- Learning Disability Resources.
- National Organization on Disability (NOD). | <urn:uuid:bae83d00-6bf6-4e32-9b6b-07c71cd222e0> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://culturalpolitics.net/digital_cultures/disability | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464050955095.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524004915-00114-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.89442 | 1,746 | 3.296875 | 3 |
The Pollination Project and U of I Demonstration Garden
The Pollination Project and University of Idaho Demonstration Garden inspires and educates our region about pollinators and ecosystems present in healthy, innovative gardens and landscapes.
We accomplish this mission through education and demonstration about who our pollinators are, what habitats they need and how to provide them with necessary resources of food, shelter and protection while creating healthy landscapes and gardens that are beautiful and practical. Our garden shows you how to combine regionally native, nearly-native and non-native plants and shrubs to support these pollinators. Our plants are from local nurseries, many are native to the western U.S., and some are locally native to Northern Idaho, the nearby region or from a line of nearly-native plants named "Native Roots" (originally bred at U of I).
A Guide to Native and Nearly-Native Plants
Our garden elements and plants are labeled and guide you through environmentally supportive, biodiverse and resilient plant selections. Through color palette displays and plant labels, The Pollination Project shows you how to integrate plants you find in local nurseries with native and nearly-native plants in beautiful and useful designs. See “Plants in Our Garden” below for how to identify and explore our plants.
Reducing Pesticides Demonstration
Each year, a rotating display area in our garden shows you vegetable gardening techniques that reduce or eliminate the use of pesticides. We use many easy and affordable tools to fool pests. You can see them in action in our garden and use them to adapt your own practices to better support the larger ecosystem we call home. We also display our favorite vegetables bred here in Idaho. Our entire garden promotes best practices to continue environmental stewardship of our soils, waterways and the beautiful community we live in.
A Haven for Native Bees
In our garden, you will see different types of nesting materials and houses for native bees. In the spring, we raise Osmia lignaria, native blue orchard mason bees, and in the summer, you will see native leafcutter bees nesting. We also participate in the Native Bee Network where volunteers place special houses and nesting materials throughout the community in order to attract cavity nesting pollinators. This allows us to observe and collect information about which native bees and beneficial wasps are in our area.
More About Pollinators and Our Project
Our Program Priorities for This Garden:
- Educating about supporting native bees, honeybees, and other pollinators so they can thrive in home and community landscapes.
- Promoting the conservation of native species and encouraging them in our landscapes.
- Teaching current research-based practices about horticulture to adults and youth.
- Promoting the use of sustainable techniques for growing food.
- Promoting water-wise gardening and landscape practices to support our natural resources and minimize polluted runoff into our waterways.
- Promoting best practices to continue environmental stewardship and helping create resilient landscapes that are adaptable to changing weather conditions.
Explore the Plants in Our Garden
Key to Labeled Plants in our Garden
- Low Water Use Once Established
- Medium Water Use Once Established
- High Water Use
- Provides Pollen and/or Nectar to Pollinators* See Note
- Blooms in the Spring
- Blooms in the Summer
- Blooms in the Fall
- Is a Host Plant for Pollinators** See Note
- W U.S. Native to the Western U.S.+ See Note
- LN Local Native to Northern Idaho and Nearby Region++ See Note
- Native Roots line of plants bred by U of I. Available from area nurseries. Ask for specifics.
Notes for Key
*Pollen provides protein; nectar provides carbohydrates. These are the primary food sources for the adult stages.
**Host plants serve as necessary food and nesting sites for the insects you are inviting in. Caterpillars have limited food sources. Without caterpillars, there are no butterflies.
+, ++Our definition of “native” in this garden applies to these locations.
The Pollination Project and Demo Garden are supported by volunteers and donations. We invite you to partner with us.
Any donation made to this project is tax-deductible. Download our donation form and return it to our office with a check or cash — address and payable information on the form. The Idaho Master Gardeners do not share information with anyone, and we limit our communication to what you have requested.
Support Pollinators in Your Landscape and Garden!
- Choose plants native to our region. Integrating plants that have evolved with local, native insects will make your garden a favorite for pollinators. Choose natives that support the entire food web.
- Choose flowers rich in nectar and pollen in a variety of shapes, sizes and colors. Each pollinator has its own technique for sourcing food. Some have varied lengths of tongues; some access different flower shapes and sizes.
- Avoid a monoculture of modern hybrids. Plant to your liking, just know hybrid plants are created for showy flowers and during the breeding process, pollen and nectar (or access to it) may be compromised.
- Have several different plants in bloom from early spring through late fall. Overlapping bloom times ensures there is always something in bloom.
- Cluster flowers when planting. Group three or more of the same flower in a cluster to increase visibility.
- Avoid landscape fabric and mulch in some areas. Dry soil creates habitat for ground nesting pollinators.
- Save garden clean up for spring. Support all stages of life for insects. Keep leaves in piles for butterflies, beetles and moths. Prune only seed heads allowing cavity nesting bees to overwinter in hollow plant stems.
The Idaho Master Gardeners Annual Horticulture Series (2020 schedule coming soon)
Fun facts about some of our native pollinators:
- Did you know there are around 4,000 species of native bees in the U.S.? Six hundred of those native species are right here in northern Idaho. They nest in cavities (plant or twig stems) in the ground or in correct nesting materials we place for them. Our Demo Garden and classes teach you about these fascinating insects and how you can keep native bees in your own landscapes to increase your pollination and support pollinators. Our garden is currently raising native bees for our educational programs, outreach and classes.
- Did you know hummingbirds feed every 15 minutes? They visit around 500 flowers a day, pollinating as they go. Our garden shows you our favorite plants for some of our favorite pollinators.
Open to the public during special events, select public classes and the North Idaho State Fair. Stop by at these times to explore The Pollination Project and UI Demonstration Garden located at:Kootenai County Fairgrounds
4056 North Government Way
Coeur d'Alene, ID 83815
Please select a logo to visit our sponsors. Tell them you saw them here and appreciate their donation. | <urn:uuid:03b28de4-9c54-4150-b973-87aa8a5b64ad> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.uidaho.edu/extension/county/kootenai/garden/demo | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141681524.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20201201200611-20201201230611-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.909602 | 1,446 | 3.375 | 3 |
In recent weeks, Everyday Religion in a World of Many Faiths has explored multiple arguments for the existence of God. Class participants have weighed and debated different cases for religious belief.
But the latest session took a different approach. This time, classmates explored the importance of faith in justifying belief.
Professor Adnan Aslan drew on the fideist thinking of 19th-century Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard to frame the discussion, underscoring an approach that complemented the logic-driven arguments of recent class conversations.
“True religion is not cold and calculating. Rather, it is passionate and obsessive, more akin to an intimate relationship between two young lovers.”
“For Kierkegaard, true religion is not cold and calculating, reiterating the right answers to logical, formulaic issues in systematic, impersonal fashion,” Aslan said. “Rather, it is passionate and obsessive, more akin to an intimate relationship between two young lovers.
“Kierkegaard believed that there are no solid proofs for religious faith, and that even if there were, they would be unhelpful for developing real religious faith, for ‘certainty . . . lurks at the door of faith and threatens to devour it.’ Choosing faith involves suspending reason; it is affirming something higher than reason and making a life commitment. This affirmation and commitment come about through the existential choices an individual must make on a regular, perhaps even constant, basis.”
Class discussion unpacked responses to this philosophy, including the thinking of William James (people are sometimes forced to make a decision to believe when solid evidence is lacking; in appropriate circumstances this decision to believe is better than not believing) and that of W. K. Clifford (a person should not believe something unless he or she had good evidence for the belief).
Participants shared a variety of perspectives on the fideist approach. Stephanie Mirza said that faith is a deeply personal issue that “neither requires justification nor excludes the possibility of it.” Ferit Akova added: “Faith starts with an act of the heart, but reason can help you deepen your understanding.” Charly Pine said he sees faith as a response to what people perceive in the world: “I think it’s not always intellectual or purely rational, but I think there are factors and stimuli that affect the decisions we make.”
“Justification of a faith doesn’t always have to be philosophically sophisticated. Ordinary people also have their own simple and working justifications of their faith.”
While it can be helpful to understand the major arguments people have made for believing in God, Aslan said, it’s ultimately worth noting that Kierkegaard’s approach tracks more closely with the everyday experience of many believers.
“Justification of a faith doesn’t always have to be philosophically sophisticated,” he said. “Ordinary people also have their own simple and working justifications of their faith.” | <urn:uuid:2c454c82-022d-4f2b-9468-5324fad3941c> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://ansari.nd.edu/news-events/news/everyday-religion-class-unpacks-faiths-crucial-role-in-belief/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337855.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006191305-20221006221305-00663.warc.gz | en | 0.94022 | 629 | 3 | 3 |
Big oil, coal-fired power plants, automakers and now sheep: As governments look to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions, researchers are looking seriously at livestock, believed to contribute more than cars via the methane gas they belch during digestion, the Wall Street Journal reports. To that end, researchers in New Zealand are trying everything from altering diets to altering genetics to create less-gassy sheep.
To convert more energy from grasses, livestock like cows and sheep have a unique digestions process that produces hydrogen, which microbes called methanogens convert into methane. That methane accounts for 48% of New Zealand’s greenhouse-gas emissions (compared to 10% in the US). No major breakthroughs in methane reduction yet, but the recent mapping of the methanogens’ genome holds promise for a less-flatulent future. | <urn:uuid:0010706d-8266-4295-9f53-38fb5e63e489> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.newser.com/story/51868/new-enemy-in-climate-fight-methane-heavy-sheep-burps.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886108268.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170821114342-20170821134342-00156.warc.gz | en | 0.90315 | 169 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Maddalena lunatic asylum
Maddalena insane asylum, was a famous insane asylum, established in 1813, in Aversa, near Naples, Italy. It was founded by Murat, and for a time led by the phrenologist Luigi Ferrarese. It was "a celebrated lunatic asylum," both for its size and grandeur and for being "one of the earliest to discard the old system of harsh restraint."
Between Capua and Naples, in the town of Aversa, there is an excellent lunatic asylum, called the Maddalena. This edifice, which is spacious and elegantly clean, has belonging to it a large garden and a handsome church ; and that persons who are sent to this asylum may be pleased with its outward appearance, the grates of every window are shaped and. painted to represent flowerpots filled with flowers. The attendance here is particularly good, and the utmost gentleness and indulgence are practised toward the patients, each of whom pays fifteen ducats per month ; for which sum they live comfortably. The Maddalena accommodates five hundred patients.
The physical facilities of the asylum were described as follows: It was divided into three distinct parts. The first was a converted former Franciscan convent, and was used to house male patients who were "affected with the different forms of lunacy, uncomplicated, however, with other nervous complaints." A second facility housed patients who, "in addition to mental derangement, are affected with epilepsy," and a third house was for female patients of all manner of diagnosis.
- The North American Medical and Surgical Journal, 1831, Page 36.
- Cook's tourist's handbook for southern Italy, Rome, and Sicily by Thomas Cook, 1905, Page 219
- Leading the blind: a century of guidebook travel 1815-1914, by Alan Sillitoe, 1995, Page 98
- Information and directions for travellers on the Continent by Mariana Starke, 1826, Page 230. | <urn:uuid:f777f8d7-14b6-4fb8-bb71-0357df79b068> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maddalena_lunatic_asylum | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170925.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00008-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964033 | 419 | 2.75 | 3 |
Dig deeper at SERNEC, a consortium of southeastern herbaria.
Spermatophytes (seed plants): Angiosperms (flowering plants): Eudicots: Core Eudicots: Asterids: Ericales
Flora of North America
Japanese Persimmon, Kaki-plum, Kaki
Click or hover over the thumbnails to see larger pictures.
JK Marlow jkm170113_232
Fruits can be up to 10cm in diameter [vs. D. virginiana 4cm], per Weakley's Flora (2015). | <urn:uuid:af0139c0-1407-46ad-8db4-9146d0e26adc> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | http://www.namethatplant.net/plantdetail.shtml?plant=4066 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141727782.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20201203124807-20201203154807-00624.warc.gz | en | 0.669385 | 124 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Take ripe chillies and dry them a whole day before the fire, turning them frequently. When quite dry, trim off the stalks and pound the pods in a mortar till they become a fine powder, mixing in about one sixth of their weight in salt. Or you may grind them in a very fine mill. While pounding the chillies, wear glasses to save your eyes from being incommoded by them. Put the powder into small bottles, and secure the corks closely.
Directions for Cookery, In Its Various Branches.
Ladies and Professional Cooks.
The Whole Science and Art of Preparing Human Food. (Year 1840) | <urn:uuid:dfef8d3c-1cc1-4ae8-be93-a7190eebc6bb> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://genealogybybarry.com/recipe-make-cayenne-pepper/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121000.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00328-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951361 | 134 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Have you ever noticed the books you read about successful businesses, organizations, and partnerships all include a chapter or two on communication? We all know how important communication is. Why is it then, that often times mis-communication occurs overtly or you walk away from a conversation or an interaction with a knot in the pit of your stomach and you just can’t quite figure out what went wrong, you just know something wasn’t right? As we journey through this book study my hope is that we will embrace the ideas and concepts presented to help us have successful communication with our peers, our family members, and our students. Please remember two foundational pieces through our study. The first is everyone is one of six basic personality types, and the second is HOW we say something is more important than WHAT we say.
Please read chapter one before we meet on Thursday. While you are reading consider the following questions and respond to our blog. Thank you. Again I look forward to our journey together!
1. What three personality types best describe yourself?
2. What is one takeaway from Chapter one and what impact will it make on you? | <urn:uuid:7e6c5e2a-afe0-43fa-96b4-c52a4eb1f50b> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://blogs.goaj.org/blog/2012/10/31/heres-how-to-reach-me-book-study/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934808260.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124161303-20171124181303-00284.warc.gz | en | 0.961889 | 230 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Researchers from the University of Colorado School of Medicine have released a study that shows that a new imaging method “fast MRI” is effective in identifying traumatic brain injuries in children, and can avoid exposure to ionizing radiation and anesthesia.
The results of the study, which are published in the journal Pediatrics, establish a new, low-risk way to test for brain injuries. The study was designed to determine the feasibility and accuracy of “fast MRI,” or magnetic resonance imaging, when compared to computed tomography (CT) scanning.
“We found that fast MRI is a reasonable alternative to CT,” said Daniel Lindberg, MD, associate professor of emergency medicine at the CU School of Medicine and lead author of the article. “Nearly all – 99 percent – of fast MRIs were completed successfully, with accuracy that was similar to CT, while avoiding the harms of radiation exposure.”
Each year as many as 1.6 million children visit U.S. emergency departments with a concern for traumatic brain injury. As many as 70 percent undergo CT scanning, which exposes the children to ionizing radiation and increased risk of cancer.
Conventional MRI can identify injuries without radiation exposure, but requires the child to remain motionless for several minutes. Conventional MRI requires anesthesia, which is not practical in many injured children and may expose them to mild cognitive injury. Fast MRI avoids the need for sedation by using faster, and more motion-tolerant imaging techniques.
Between June 2015 and June 2018, the CU researchers recruited participants to their study. Children less than six years old who had already undergone CT scans during their emergency care were eligible to participate and those enrolled received fast MRI as soon as possible, usually within 24 hours of the CT scan.
Of the 225 children enrolled, fast MRI was completed in 223. The median imaging time in fast MRI was 6 minutes, 5 seconds. Fast MRI results matched those of CT in greater than 90 percent of cases. CT showed better accuracy for identifying fractures or breaks to the skull, while fast MRI did a better job of imaging the brain and the space between the brain and skull.
One limitation of the study is that it may not apply to other settings without access to cutting-edge MRI scanners or experienced pediatric radiologists. “We were fortunate to be using newer scanning equipment and highly experienced technicians and pediatric radiologists,” Lindberg said. “While we believe our findings reveal a feasible alternative to CTs in pediatric specialty centers, further study is necessary to test the results in other settings.”
In addition to Lindberg, nine other CU School of Medicine faculty members are co-authors of the study: Nicholas V. Stence, MD, Joseph A. Grubenhoff, MD, MSCS, Terri Lewis, PhD, David M. Mirsky, MD, Angie L. Miller, MD, Brent R. O’Neill, MD, Kathleen Grice, Peter Mourani, MD, and Desmond K. Runyan, MD, DrPH.
Guest contributor: CU School of Medicine | <urn:uuid:821dc7ef-91c4-41b2-b223-7590c053c7dc> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://news.cuanschutz.edu/news-stories/study-fast-mris-offer-alternative-to-ct-scans-for-pediatric-head-injuries | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370497171.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20200330150913-20200330180913-00449.warc.gz | en | 0.961089 | 631 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Seven strong earthquakes have shaken the sea floor off the Oregon Coast since Sunday night.
None has been large enough to prompt tsunami fears.
The sequence of quakes, while fairly unusual, is not worrisome, said Robert Dziak, a research oceanographer with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration based in Newport.
The earthquakes occurred on the Blanco Fracture Zone, a 200-mile-long fault beginning about a hundred miles west of Newport.
The fault forms the southern boundary between the Juan de Fuca Plate and the Pacific Plate and frequently generates earthquakes, Dziak said.
In addition to being too small to generate a tsunami, the series of quakes was caused by the plates moving horizontally past each other, he said.
That's in contrast to Japan's great earthquake of 2011, which caused a massive tsunami. There, the crust dropped down below another.
In Oregon, the series of quakes took place on the west side of the Juan de Fuca Plate. The Cascadia subduction zone, which threatens a megaquake here, is on the east side of the plate.
"It's not clear that they're linked seismologically," Dziak said. "The link as a precursor event is not clear."
The first quake, a magnitude 5.8, hit at 11:52 p.m. Sunday.
It was followed Monday by a magnitude 4.3 at 12:01 a.m.; a magnitude 5.5 at 3:46 a.m. and a magnitude 4.4 at 7:46 a.m.
A magnitude 5.9 quake shook the same area at 1:11 p.m. Monday. Later that day, a magnitude 3.9 at 7:50 p.m. and a magnitude 4.2 at 8:11 pm. continued the pattern.
The earthquakes were relatively shallow at about 6 miles deep.
The quakes come as the Oregon Legislature is considering whether to fund a $337 million seismic renovation of the State Capitol Building and whether to fund seismic upgrades at schools.
[email protected], (503) 399-6779 or follow at Twitter.com/SJWatchdog | <urn:uuid:acdc3dcb-d8ab-4160-9cc2-5bfb3a9d8287> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.statesmanjournal.com/story/tech/science/environment/2015/06/02/five-earthquakes-rattle-sea-floor-oregon/28339775/?from=new-cookie | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886436.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20180116125134-20180116145134-00169.warc.gz | en | 0.943897 | 453 | 2.546875 | 3 |
As we edit the manuscripts of our lives, we make notations for purposes of clarification and change as our ever-evolving perceptions open new vistas to explore. Each notation is called a gloss, and each gloss is the seed of thought.
A gloss is a brief, explanatory note or translation of a difficult or technical expression usually inserted in the margin or between the lines of a text or manuscript. A glossary, therefore, is an expanded version of such notes. This is an important concept, because I find that I can't define anything in any language, which means I can't approach anything directly through language. Words, at best, are only metaphors for that which I can't grasp or explain, because they go beyond language to the center of the Universe, which encompasses all metaphors—all words. "In the Beginning was the Word."
Laotzu, the Chinese philosopher, who is said to have been immaculately conceived by a shooting star, carried in his mother's womb for sixty-two years, and born white-haired in 604 B. C., understood that no word can be defined. He wrote:
Existence is beyond the power of words
Terms may be used
But are none of them absolute.
In this sense, while most of us attempt to use life by trying to open the Universe to ourselves, Laotzu opened himself to the Universe. This is but saying that while we seek positions of outer authority from which to control our surroundings, Laotzu lived from a well of inner authority, which he simply placed at the disposal of Universal harmony.
Although I have not yet achieved such harmony, I have, in trying to "define" my inner Universe within the greater context of the outer Universe, struggled with such concepts as suffering, experience, change, and wisdom. It is in struggling to understand these concepts at the pivotal junctures in my spiritual evolution that I made notations in the margins of my autobiography.
You and I are writing and rewriting our autobiographies every day. In so doing, we are making editorial notations in the margins or between the lines of our daily texts as our perceptions— which reveal our understandings of life's script—come from yet another point of view. It's my notations, my glossary if you will, that represents some of the critical junctures in my life as I have endeavored to grow in both the secular and the spiritual. I find that each gloss not only has been central to my life at one time or another but also has become a fascinating, ever-changing kaleidoscope of perceptions and illusions of the Truth.
It is, after all, the Truth I seek. In this, as in the whole of life, whether we know it or not, whether we accept it or not, we all follow the same path, the path that leads to Truth, the path back to the Eternal Mystery from whence we came. And it's the notations in the margins of our lives that are the stepping-stones of understanding along the path
©chris maser 2006. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:d7804ab0-5548-4baf-9107-3aad69a584f7> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://chrismaser.com/notations.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084889660.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20180120142458-20180120162458-00686.warc.gz | en | 0.962467 | 634 | 2.75 | 3 |
Using the categories presented in chapter two (2) of the textbook, categorize the type of modern attack(s) or computer crime(s) that were committed in this case
Determine the effectiveness of these technologies to deter this specific crime.
1. Give an example of the measures, you believe, the government or society can implement to deter these types of crimes.
2. Using the categories presented in chapter two (2) of the textbook, categorize the type of modern attack(s) or computer crime(s) that were committed in this case.
3. Identify the technologies that exist to deter or reduce the threat of these types of computer crimes, and determine the effectiveness of these technologies to deter this specific crime.
4. Summarize similar success stories by similar government agencies within the U.S. and include the criminals that were caught, the agencies (if any) that were involved, and the sanctions or charges the criminals faced.
5. Use at least four (4) quality resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and similar Websites do not qualify as quality resources.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
· Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
· Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
· Compare and contrast the various types of computer crime.
· Describe the different types of computer attacks.
· Evaluate the ethical concerns that computer crimes raise in society and the impact of information technologies on crime, terrorism, or war.
· Use technology and information resources to research issues in the investigation of computer crime.
· Write clearly and concisely about computer crime investigation topics using proper writing mechanics and technical style conventions.
Click here to view the grading rubric. | <urn:uuid:95a6dc36-1ad6-45ff-9a18-45cb471d8203> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://customuniversitypapers.com/2018/07/19/using-the-categories-presented-in-chapter-two-2-of-the-textbook-categorize-the-type-of-modern-attacks-or-computer-crimes-that-were-committed-in-this-case/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232255165.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20190519201521-20190519223521-00343.warc.gz | en | 0.907617 | 447 | 3.359375 | 3 |
The cold faces of stone stare silently over the barren landscape. Standing at attention, each stoic face resembles the one beside it. On a tiny Polynesian island in the eastern Pacific Ocean, these sentinels are the only immediately recognizable sign of life.
This is Easter Island.
A closer inspection reveals abandoned villages, gigantic stone quarries, and hundreds of platforms used for religious rites—all built by a once-thriving society.
Throughout a 600-yard quarry known as Rano Raraku, stone picks, chisels and axes lie in dusty disarray. Situated on a dormant volcano, the quarry provided material for Moai, the giant stone statues that dot the island. The only human presence in the mine is a crushed finger bone trapped under a toppled Moai, perhaps remnants of a miner’s accident.
Many of the Moai remain unfinished, partially carved and frozen in time. Finely chiseled features adorn some groups; others are without defined shape, ranging from 13 to 75 feet tall. The stone army grimly stands watch at the abandoned mines and gapes at deserted scars in the earth.
Just east of the quarry lie vast stretches of fields, flat, brown and scorched. Dried hay forms a thin veneer over layers of volcanic rock. Sandy soil, drained of all nutrients, no longer supports even small shrubs and trees.
The flat terrain offers little resistance to strong winds sweeping the plains. The few remaining trees are no taller than 10 feet and offer little protection for indigenous animals. Only a handful of islanders remain there.
Without firsthand descriptions of historical events, scientists have relied on pollen samples, archeological digs, and geological tests to understand what happened to the ecosystem. While various theories abound, Easter Island is hailed as one of the most haunting cases of environmental collapse ever seen. It serves as an isolated eco-survival study of mankind’s “worst-case scenario”—a possible testament to destruction on a grand scale.
Situated off the coast of Chile, Easter Island was presumably once a lushly forested subtropical paradise. The tiny triangular nation supported a society of up to 30,000 people. Separated from the rest of the world by roughly 1,300 miles of Pacific Ocean, the early Polynesian inhabitants most likely migrated from the neighboring Pitcairn Islands and the mainland of South America.
The climate was well-suited for habitation; three long-dormant volcanoes left rich deposits of fertile soil across the terrain. Open grasslands covered the island in between Easter Palm forests, which grew to over 70 feet tall. The volcanic deposit at Rano Raraku to the southeast provided plentiful stores of volcanic tuff for construction.
Tribes that migrated to the island formed a loose collective government that created a unique culture. These groups, which relied primarily on farming and seafaring, had a structured tribal society, with a leading chief and a class of priests, along with farmers and tradesmen. The religious pantheon included hundreds of animalistic gods.
Chiefs raised the Moai, each weighing an average of 10 tons, to prove their status with the gods, and exercise power over their followers. The chiefs’ elite status allowed a ruling class to run society and maintain order among tribes.
Under chiefs, vast projects were organized. Trading harvested resources from the 66-square-mile island encouraged construction on a broad scale. Large plantations produced food surpluses, which aided population growth. Religious worship, fueled by ever larger Moai and elaborate funeral services, united the tribes.
For a time, the society blossomed in an era of prosperity and peace.
After several generations, though, available resources began to be consumed. Forests were cut down to be used for canoes, ropes and firewood. Farms producing sweet potatoes, taro and sugarcane stripped soils of available nutrients. Bird, fish and porpoise populations dwindled to extinction.
A massive migration was impossible due to the great distance from the nearest landmass. The isolated island was unable to draw needed resources from other continents and was forced to continue on its own.
The arrival of Europeans did not help the situation as they brought diseases such as syphilis and smallpox, as well as rats that may have decimated millions of trees. The Europeans may have also forced some inhabitants into slavery—leaving the island even more vulnerable.
The population soon began to die out. Easter Island descended into civil war as chiefs-turned-warlords vied for leftover resources.
Internal conflict and violence turned into anarchy. The island was no longer unified and cooperation between peoples ceased. Any attempt to find an organized solution to catastrophic problems was nullified.
Great amounts of forest had been cut for materials to erect the gigantic Moai. While scientists today do not fully understand how these ancient people raised the monoliths, they agree that strong lumber and ropes were necessary.
Instead of planning for the future, chiefs squabbled over who could erect the largest Moai. In their lust for power, they sought to maintain their god-like statuses with great feats of architecture and dazzling sacrificial pyres.
The population slowly overextended itself and 90 percent of all plant and animal life on the island became extinct. By the time the people realized what was occurring, it was too late.
Many today see Easter Island as a metaphor of the modern world. With haunting and obvious parallels, Earth is a tiny island floating in the vastness of space. Globalization, trade and communication have united various “tribes” on our “island.” With “tribes” of nations bound together in a global network, humanity is responsible for planning, controlling and using its valuable—and limited—resources.
Yet Easter Island is not the only example to have a hand in its own destruction. The early civilization of Sumer in Mesopotamia is another clear example of agricultural breakdown. Many archaeologists point to aggressive irrigation tactics (leading to salinization of the soil) as a major cause for the fall of this empire. Even today, the area remains desolate!
Misuse of resources also contributed to the demise of the Roman Empire.
In A Short History of Progress, Ronald Wright demonstrated the truth of the anonymous quote, “Each time history repeats itself, the price goes up.”
He wrote: “The collapse of the first civilization on earth, the Sumerian, affected only half a million people. The fall of Rome affected tens of millions. If ours were to fail, it would, of course, bring catastrophe on billions.”
Easter Island, Sumer and Rome all stand as a stark reminder for Earth’s inhabitants—a testament to mankind’s inability to solve its problems and a historical example of Proverbs 29: “Where there is no vision, the people perish” (vs. 18). | <urn:uuid:8baecfd4-daa6-4fa7-a488-415dca957d8e> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | https://realtruth.org/articles/080502-002-lfei.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860111518.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161511-00062-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945507 | 1,430 | 3.703125 | 4 |
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- The Oceanid Clymene was the wife and queen of the Titan Ophion, who first ruled from Olympus. She was defeated by Rhea in a wrestling match as Ophion was simultaneously defeated in a match with Cronus and the victors cast Ophion and Clymene into Tartarus. Cronus and Rhea then became the rulers of Olympus and the Titans.
- Clymene, name of a or two Nereid(s).
- Clymene, an Amazon.
- Clymene, an "ox-eyed" servant of Helen. She was a daughter of Aethra by Hippalces, thus half-sister to Theseus and a distant relative to Menelaus. She and her mother were taken by Helen to Troy as handmaidens, and were released by Acamas and Demophon after the fall of Troy.
- Clymene, daughter of Catreus, a king of Crete, and the son of Minos. She and her sister Aerope were given to Nauplius to be sold away, as Catreus feared the possibility of being killed by one of his children. Nauplius took Clymene to wife, and by him she became mother of Palamedes, Oeax and Nausimedon.
- Clymene, daughter of Minyas, wife of either Cephalus or Phylacus, and mother of Iphiclus and Alcimede. Some sources call her Periclymene or Eteoclymene, while according to others, Periclymene and Eteoclymene were the names of her sisters. Alternately, this Clymene was the wife of Iasus and mother by him of Atalanta.
- Clymene, wife of Merops of Miletus, and mother of Pandareus.
- Clymene, possible mother of Myrtilus by Hermes.
- Clymene, a nymph, mother of Tlesimenes by Parthenopaeus.
- Clymene, one of the Trojan women taken captive at the end of the Trojan War. She might or might not be the same as the servant of Helen mentioned above.
- Clymene and Dictys were honored in Athens as the saviors of Perseus and had an altar dedicated to them.
- 356217 Clymene, Jupiter trojan (asteroid), named after the daughter of Catreus, wife of Nauplius and mother of Palamedes.
- Russell, William F. (1989). Classic myths to read aloud. New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 9780307774439.
- Barchers, Suzanne I. (2001). From Atalanta to Zeus : readers theatre from Greek mythology. Englewood, Colo.: Teacher Ideas Press. p. 192. ISBN 9781563088155.
- Hyginus, Fabulae, Preface
- Homer, Iliad, 18. 47
- Virgil, Georgics, 4. 345
- Hyginus, Fabulae, 163
- Homer, Iliad, 3. 144
- Dictys Cretensis, 5. 13
- Scholia on Iliad, 3. 144
- Dictys Cretensis, 1. 5. Atreus, the father of Menelaus, and Pittheus, the father of Aethra, were brothers.
- Dictys Cretensis, 6. 2
- Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3. 2. 2; Epitome of Book 4, 6. 8; also 2. 1. 5 for Nausimedon
- Pausanias, Description of Greece, 10. 29. 6
- Scholia on Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica, 1. 45; on Odyssey, 11. 326
- Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica, 1. 45 - 47 & 233
- Hyginus, Fabulae, 14
- Stesichorus, fragment 45
- Scholia on Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica, 1. 230
- Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3. 9. 2
- Scholia on Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica, 1. 752
- Hyginus, Fabulae, 71
- Pausanias, Description of Greece, 10. 26 1 with reference to Stesichorus, The Sack of Troy
- Pausanias, Description of Greece, 2. 18. 1
- "356217 Clymene (2009 SA101)". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
|This article includes a list of Greek mythological figures with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific Greek mythology article referred you to this page, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended Greek mythology article, if one exists.| | <urn:uuid:7f0c3864-ea64-4acf-ac8d-ede338dc02ad> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clymene_(mythology) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256426.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20190521142548-20190521164548-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.901207 | 1,062 | 2.828125 | 3 |
This past semester, GreeND members brought their passion for the environment into Mr. Doug Clark’s 4th grade class at St. Adalbert’s School. Each month, Notre Dame students visited the class to teach an interactive lesson on basic energy principles and sustainable practices, focusing on sensory engagement and hands-on activities.
“The best part about the program for me was the enthusiasm that the class had for what we were teaching them,” Said Alice Griesemer ’10, one of the program organizers. “It was infectious and I always left the classroom with renewed energy to be a better environmental citizen myself.”
The objective of the program was to measurably increase the students’ knowledge about sustainability. In order to assess their impact, the GreeND members evaluated the 4th graders’ knowledge at the beginning and the end of the program by presenting images related to sustainability and recording how many the students could identify.
“We saw significant improvement in their awareness of both environmental and science concepts,” said Griesemer. “For example, the kids were able to name multiple energy sources as well as tell the difference between which sources were renewable and nonrenewable. They also identified in the assessments the importance of taking care of what we have today so that the people of the future can use it.”
At the conclusion of each month’s lesson, the students were given a “challenge” that included a reading assignment and a hands-on project and given prizes for completing their challenges. The prizes, provided by the Office of Sustainability, included reusable water bottles and Game Day Recycling magnets. | <urn:uuid:8d184361-1f4e-4114-9307-ed56fefc7346> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://green.nd.edu/news/greend-makes-sustainability-elementary/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540487789.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20191206095914-20191206123914-00043.warc.gz | en | 0.973993 | 348 | 2.875 | 3 |
Shwedagon Pagoda houses eight strands of hair of the Buddha, the site of Shwezigon Paya was selected by a white elephant, Dhammayangyi, the largest of all temples in Bagan said to be built by a wicked king, just to name a few hidden secrets attract visitors to Myanmar.
The Dhammayangyi is the largest of all temples in Bagan. According to old stories, King Narathu built it to atone for his sinful deeds: smothered his father and brother to death, executed an Indian princess, also one of his wives, for not quitting her Hindu rituals and murdered workers if he can fit a nail into bricks’ space.
After his death, the temple was never completed. It is thought that the workers not only stopped work on the temple but filled the inner ambulatory passages out of the spite. Today, its interior is bricked up for unknown reasons.
Shwedagon, the holiest Buddhist pagoda of the country in Yangon is believed to house 8 strands of hair of the Buddha. According to legend, two brothers from the city of Balkh in what is Afghanistan today, met the Buddha and was presented eight of the Buddha’s hairs. The two then travel to Burma, and with the help of the local ruler, chose Singuttara Hill to enshrine the relics.
The story linked to the construction of Ananda Temple in Bagan is a tragedy. It was built based on a graphic description of the Nandamula Cave temple in the Himalayas given to the King Kyanzittha by eight monks who sought alms around. He then requested them to construct a temple in the middle of Bagan plain creating cool conditions same as the Nandamula. Upon completion, to retain the uniqueness of the temple, the king killed all the builders to ensure that another similar architecture cannot be seen anywhere else.
Legend has it that the site of Shwezigon Pagoda was chosen by a white elephant mounted with the frontal bone of the Buddha. He roamed freely to declare wherever he stopped would be the site for building the pagoda.
Pindaya Caves near the Pindaya town in Shan State contains thousands of Buddha images dating to the early 18th century. This huge collection will give tourist a better understanding of the harmony with the times of the art.
One of the many legends relating to this cave is about the sculpture of the spider at the entrance. The story goes that there was seven princesses bathing in a lake were captured by a giant spider. It trapped them in the cave. A prince passed by the area and heard their cries. The oldest princess promised to let him marry her youngest sister if he rescued them. He then won in the fighting with the spider and married the princess.
Mount Popa is called Mount Olympus to the people of Myanmar. This place is considered the abode of Burma’s most powerful Nats, and as such the most important nat worship center for many pilgrims. Burmese superstition says on Mt Popa, one should not wear red, black or green and bring meat because it could offend the resident nats.
Visitors never cease to be amazed at the scenery of Kyaiktiyo – a small pagoda on the top of a granite boulder looks as if it is going to fall off the edge of the mountain and roll down the hill. But it has perched precariously here for as long as the land’s recorded history. It’s assumed that, a single strand of the Buddha’s hair is enshrined here and thus keep the rock firm. To get here and stick square shaped gold leaves on the face of the Golden Rock, pilgrims must cross over a small bridge across an abyss. Women are not allowed to touch the rock so cannot cross the bridge too. | <urn:uuid:46a16577-1d5c-42de-848b-93415f10cd07> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://blog.365travel.asia/hidden-secrets-behind-sacred-temples-in-myanmar/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591831.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720193850-20180720213850-00231.warc.gz | en | 0.96462 | 793 | 3.03125 | 3 |
For quite a while cholesterol was wrongly indicted by specialists and medicinal scientists as the essential driver of coronary illness. In all actuality the genuine inclining variable to coronary illness is aggravation. Irritation is caused by free radicals, sugar and stress. Cholesterol isn’t the adversary, it is a companion.Cholesterol is a waxy substance that is typically delivered by the body and has such a large number of urgent capacities. At the point when there is an aggravation that makes damage the dividers of the corridors, cholesterol is the fire fighter that acts the hero. Being an elusive substance it adheres to the plaque framed at the unpleasant harmed territory to give a smooth surface that shields the corridors from additionally develop of plaque that obstructs the conduits.
Measurements demonstrate that 80% of individuals who have had heart assaults did not have hoisted levels of blood cholesterol before these assaults. Also, if your serum cholesterol levels are ordinary, you may in any case be a contender for a heart assault or stroke. Cholestifin lekarna is a greasy substance that is found in each cell of our bodies. It is an imperative part of cell layers and is utilized as a part of the arrangement of different hormones, for example, sex hormones and cortisol and also bile acids. It is likewise the fundamental atom for vitamin D combination and is a vital part for cerebrum wellbeing.
The liver makes 80 % of cholesterol that the body needs. We additionally get cholesterol in our eating regimen by eating creature nourishments, for example, eggs, and meat and dairy items.Cholesterol is conveyed in the blood through proteins called lipoproteins. High thickness lipoproteins (HDL) are known as great cholesterol since it grabs overabundance cholesterol in the blood and conveys it to the liver. Low thickness lipoprotein (LDL) is called awful cholesterol since it can develop in the supply route dividers and cause arteriosclerosis. The most effective method to bring down LDL cholesterol is an inquiry I’m regularly asked by customers.
High serum cholesterol has pretty much nothing or nothing to do with dietary admission of cholesterol. It is all the more straightforwardly identified with high sugar consumption, low dietary fiber, push, absence of activity, cigarette smoking, lacking dietary cell reinforcements and additionally a low working thyroid organ. | <urn:uuid:7e9db300-bb72-47e5-9532-087a97202cb5> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://agenobatasamurat.net/2018/05/the-truth-about-how-to-lower-ldl-cholesterol/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510866.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016180631-20181016202131-00257.warc.gz | en | 0.946785 | 478 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Experimental film, experimental cinema or avant-garde cinema is a mode of filmmaking that rigorously re-evaluates cinematic conventions and explores non-narrative forms and alternatives to traditional narratives or methods of working. Many experimental films, particularly early ones, relate to arts in other disciplines: painting, dance, literature and poetry, or arise from research and development of new technical resources.
While some experimental films have been distributed through mainstream channels or even made within commercial studios, the vast majority have been produced on very low budgets with a minimal crew or a single person and are either self-financed or supported through small grants.
Experimental filmmakers generally begin as amateurs, and some used experimental films as a springboard into commercial film making or transitioned into academic positions. The aim of experimental filmmaking is usually to render the personal vision of an artist, or to promote interest in new technology rather than to entertain or to generate revenue, as is the case with commercial films.
- 1 Definition
- 2 History
- 2.1 The European avant-garde
- 2.2 Prewar and postwar American avant-garde: the birth of experimental cinema
- 2.3 The New American Cinema and Structural-Materialism
- 2.4 The 1960–70s and today. Time arts in the conceptual art landscape
- 2.5 Feminist avant-garde and other political offshoots
- 2.6 Experimental Film and the Academy
- 3 Exhibition and distribution
- 4 Influences on commercial media
- 5 See also
- 6 Notes
- 7 References
The term describes a range of filmmaking styles that are generally quite different from, and often opposed to, the practices of mainstream commercial and documentary filmmaking. Avant-garde is also used, for the films shot in the twenties in the field of history’s avant-gardes currents in France, Germany or Russia, to describe this work, and "underground" was used in the sixties, though it has also had other connotations. Today the term "experimental cinema" prevails, because it’s possible to make experimental films without the presence of any avant-garde movement in the cultural field.
While "experimental" covers a wide range of practice, an experimental film is often characterized by the absence of linear narrative, the use of various abstracting techniques—out-of-focus, painting or scratching on film, rapid editing—the use of asynchronous (non-diegetic) sound or even the absence of any sound track. The goal is often to place the viewer in a more active and more thoughtful relationship to the film. At least through the 1960s, and to some extent after, many experimental films took an oppositional stance toward mainstream culture.
Most such films are made on very low budgets, self-financed or financed through small grants, with a minimal crew or, often a crew of only one person, the filmmaker. Some critics have argued that much experimental film is no longer in fact "experimental" but has in fact become a mainstream film genre. Many of its more typical features—such as a non-narrative, impressionistic, or poetic approaches to the film's construction—define what is generally understood to be "experimental".
The European avant-garde
Two conditions made Europe in the 1920s ready for the emergence of experimental film. First, the cinema matured as a medium, and highbrow resistance to the mass entertainment began to wane. Second, avant-garde movements in the visual arts flourished. The Dadaists and Surrealists in particular took to cinema. René Clair's Entr'acte (1924) featuring Francis Picabia, Marcel Duchamp, and Man Ray, and with music by Erik Satie, took madcap comedy into nonsequitur.
Artists Hans Richter, Jean Cocteau, Marcel Duchamp, Germaine Dulac, and Viking Eggeling all contributed Dadaist/Surrealist shorts. Fernand Léger, Dudley Murphy, and Man Ray created the film Ballet Mécanique (1924), sometimes described as Dadaist, Cubist, or Futurist. Duchamp created the abstract film Anémic Cinéma (1926).
Alberto Cavalcanti directed Rien que les heures (1926), Walter Ruttmann directed Berlin: Symphony of a Metropolis (1927), and Dziga Vertov filmed Man With a Movie Camera (1929), experimental "city symphonies" of Paris, Berlin, and Kiev, respectively.
The most famous experimental film is generally considered to be Luis Buñuel and Salvador Dalí's Un chien andalou (1929). Hans Richter's animated shorts, Oskar Fischinger's abstract films, and Len Lye's GPO films would be excellent examples of more abstract European avant-garde films.
Working in France, another group of filmmakers also financed films through patronage and distributed them through cine-clubs, yet they were narrative films not tied to an avant-garde school. Film scholar David Bordwell has dubbed these French Impressionists, and included Abel Gance, Jean Epstein, Marcel L'Herbier, and Dimitri Kirsanoff. These films combine narrative experimentation, rhythmic editing and camerawork, and an emphasis on character subjectivity.
In 1952, the Lettrists avant-garde movement in France, caused riots at the Cannes Film Festival, when Isidore Isou's Traité de bave et d'éternité (also known as Venom and Eternity) was screened. After their criticism of Charlie Chaplin at the 1952 press conference in Paris for Chaplin's Limelight, there was a split within the movement. The Ultra-Lettrists continued to cause disruptions when they announced the death of cinema and showed their new hypergraphical techniques. The most notorious film of which is Guy Debord's Howlings in favor of de Sade (Hurlements en Faveur de Sade) from 1952.
The Soviet filmmakers, too, found a counterpart to modernist painting and photography in their theories of montage. The films of Dziga Vertov, Sergei Eisenstein, Lev Kuleshov, Alexander Dovzhenko, and Vsevolod Pudovkin were instrumental in providing an alternate model from that offered by classical Hollywood. While not experimental films per se, they contributed to the film language of the avant-garde.
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Prewar and postwar American avant-garde: the birth of experimental cinema
The U.S. had some avant-garde films before World War II, such as Manhatta (1921) by Charles Sheeler and Paul Strand, and The Life and Death of 9413: a Hollywood Extra (1928) by Slavko Vorkapich and Robert Florey. However, much pre-war experimental film culture consisted of artists working, often in isolation, on film projects. Painter Emlen Etting (1905–1993) directed dance films in the early 1930s that are considered experimental. Commercial artist (Saturday Evening Post) and illustrator Douglass Crockwell (1904–1968) made animations with blobs of paint pressed between sheets of glass in his studio at Glens Falls, New York.
In Rochester, New York, medical doctor and philanthropist James Sibley Watson and Melville Webber directed The Fall of the House of Usher (1928) and Lot in Sodom (1933). Harry Smith, Mary Ellen Bute, artist Joseph Cornell, and Christopher Young made several European-influenced experimental films. Smith and Bute were both influenced by Oskar Fischinger, as were many avant garde animators and filmmakers. In 1930 appears the magazine Experimental Cinema with, for the first time, the two words directly connected without any space between them. The editors were Lewis Jacobs and David Platt. In October 2005, a large collection of films of that time were restored and re-released on DVD, titled Unseen Cinema: Early American Avant Garde Film 1894-1941.
With Slavko Vorkapich, John Hoffman made two visual tone poems, Moods of the Sea (aka Fingal's Cave, 1941) and Forest Murmurs (1947). The former film is set to Felix Mendelssohn's Hebrides Overture and was restored in 2004 by film preservation expert David Shepard.
Meshes of the Afternoon (1943) by Maya Deren and Alexander Hammid is considered by some to be one of the first important American experimental films. It provided a model for self-financed 16 mm production and distribution, one that was soon picked up by Cinema 16 and other film societies. Just as importantly, it established an aesthetic model of what experimental cinema could do. Meshes had a dream-like feel that hearkened to Jean Cocteau and the Surrealists, but equally seemed personal, new and American. Early works by Kenneth Anger, Stan Brakhage, Shirley Clarke, Gregory Markopoulos, Jonas Mekas, Willard Maas, Marie Menken, Curtis Harrington, Sidney Peterson, Lionel Rogosin, and Earle M. Pilgrim followed in a similar vein. Significantly, many of these filmmakers were the first students from the pioneering university film programs established in Los Angeles and New York. In 1946, Frank Stauffacher started the "Art in Cinema" series of experimental films at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, where Oskar Fischinger's films were featured in several special programs, influencing artists such as Jordan Belson and Harry Smith to make experimental animation.
They set up "alternative film programs" at Black Mountain College (now defunct) and the San Francisco Art Institute. Arthur Penn taught at Black Mountain College, which points out the popular misconception in both the art world and Hollywood that the avant-garde and the commercial never meet. Another challenge to that misconception is the fact that late in life, after each's Hollywood careers had ended, both Nicholas Ray and King Vidor made avant-garde films.
The New American Cinema and Structural-Materialism
The film society and self-financing model continued over the next two decades, but by the early 1960s, a different outlook became perceptible in the work of American avant-garde filmmakers. Artist Bruce Conner created early examples such as A Movie (1958) and Cosmic Ray (1962). As P. Adams Sitney has pointed out, in the work of Stan Brakhage and other American experimentalists of early period, film is used to express the individual consciousness of the maker, a cinematic equivalent of the first person in literature. Brakhage's Dog Star Man (1961–64) exemplified a shift from personal confessional to abstraction, and also evidenced a rejection of American mass culture of the time. On the other hand, Kenneth Anger added a rock sound track to his Scorpio Rising (1963) in what is sometimes said to be an anticipation of music videos, and included some camp commentary on Hollywood mythology. Jack Smith and Andy Warhol incorporated camp elements into their work, and Sitney posited Warhol's connection to structural film.
Some avant-garde filmmakers moved further away from narrative. Whereas the New American Cinema was marked by an oblique take on narrative, one based on abstraction, camp and minimalism, Structural-Materialist filmmakers like Hollis Frampton and Michael Snow created a highly formalist cinema that foregrounded the medium itself: the frame, projection, and most importantly, time. It has been argued that by breaking film down into bare components, they sought to create an anti-illusionist cinema, although Frampton's late works owe a huge debt to the photography of Edward Weston, Paul Strand, and others, and in fact celebrate illusion. Further, while many filmmakers began making rather academic "structural films" following Film Culture's publication of an article by P. Adams Sitney in the late 1960s, many of the filmmakers named in the article objected to the term.
A critical review of the structuralists appeared in a 2000 edition of the art journal Art In America. It examined structural-formalism as a conservative philosophy of filmmaking.
The 1960–70s and today. Time arts in the conceptual art landscape
Conceptual art in the 1970s pushed even further. Robert Smithson, a California-based artist, made several films about his earthworks and attached projects. Yoko Ono made conceptual films, the most notorious of which is Rape, which finds a woman and invades her life with cameras following her back to her apartment as she flees from the invasion. Around this time a new generation was entering the field, many of whom were students of the early avant-gardists. Leslie Thornton, Peggy Ahwesh, and Su Friedrich expanded upon the work of the structuralists, incorporating a broader range of content while maintaining a self-reflexive form.
Andy Warhol, the man behind Pop Art and a variety of other oral and art forms, made over 60 films throughout the 1960s, most of them experimental. In more recent years, filmmakers such as Craig Baldwin and James O'Brien (Hyperfutura) have made use of stock footage married to live action narratives in a form of mash-up cinema that has strong socio-political undertones.
Feminist avant-garde and other political offshoots
Laura Mulvey's writing and filmmaking launched a flourishing of feminist filmmaking based on the idea that conventional Hollywood narrative reinforced gender norms and a patriarchal gaze. Their response was to resist narrative in a way to show its fissures and inconsistencies. Chantal Akerman and Sally Potter are just two of the leading feminist filmmakers working in this mode in the 1970s. Video art emerged as a medium in this period, and feminists like Martha Rosler and Cecelia Condit took full advantage of it.
In the 1980s feminist, gay and other political experimental work continued, with filmmakers like Barbara Hammer, Su Friedrich, Tracey Moffatt, Sadie Benning and Isaac Julien among others finding experimental format conducive to their questions about identity politics.
Experimental Film and the Academy
With very few exceptions, Curtis Harrington among them, the artists involved in these early movements remained outside of the mainstream commercial cinema and entertainment industry. A few taught occasionally, and then, starting in 1966, many became professors at universities such as the State Universities of New York, Bard College, California Institute of the Arts, the Massachusetts College of Art, University of Colorado at Boulder, and the San Francisco Art Institute.
Many of the practitioners of experimental film do not in fact possess college degrees themselves, although their showings are prestigious. Some have questioned the status of the films made in the academy, but longtime film professors such as Stan Brakhage, Ken Jacobs, Ernie Gehr, and many others, continued to refine and expand their practice while teaching. The inclusion of experimental film in film courses and standard film histories, however, has made the work more widely known and more accessible.
Exhibition and distribution
From 1949 to 1975, the Festival international du cinéma expérimental de Knokke-le-Zoute—located in Knokke-Heist, Belgium—was the most proeminant festival of experimental cinema in the World. It permits the discovery of American avant-garde in 1958 with Brakhage's films and many others European and American filmmakers.
From 1947 to 1963, the New York-based Cinema 16 functioned as the primary exhibitor and distributor of experimental film in the United States. Under the leadership of Amos Vogel and Marcia Vogel, Cinema 16 flourished as a nonprofit membership society committed to the exhibition of documentary, avant-garde, scientific, educational, and performance films to ever-increasing audiences.
In 1962, Jonas Mekas and about 20 other film makers founded The Film-Makers' Cooperative in New York City. Soon similar artists cooperatives were formed in other places: Canyon Cinema in San Francisco, the London Film-Makers' Co-op, and Canadian Filmmakers Distribution Center.
Following the model of Cinema 16, experimental films have been exhibited mainly outside of commercial theaters in small film societies, microcinemas, museums, art galleries, archives and film festivals.
Several other organizations in both Europe and North America helped develop experimental film. These included Anthology Film Archives in New York City, The Millennium Film Workshop, the British Film Institute in London, the National Film Board of Canada and the Collective for Living Cinema.
Some of the more popular film festivals, such as Ann Arbor Film Festival, the New York Film Festival's "Views from the Avant-Garde" Side Bar and the International Film Festival Rotterdam prominently feature experimental works.
The New York Underground Film Festival, Chicago Underground Film Festival, the LA Freewaves Experimental Media Arts Festival, MIX NYC the New York Experimental Lesbian and Gay Film Festival, and Toronto's Images Festival also support this work and provide venues for films which would not otherwise be seen. There is some dispute about whether "underground" and "avant-garde" truly mean the same thing and if challenging non-traditional cinema and fine arts cinema are actually fundamentally related.
Venues such as Anthology Film Archives, San Francisco Cinematheque, Pacific Film Archive in Berkeley, California, Tate Modern, London and the Centre Pompidou in Paris often include historically significant experimental films and contemporary works. Screening series no longer in New York that featured experimental work include the Robert Beck Memorial Cinema, Ocularis and the Collective for Living Cinema.
Recently Pacific Film Archive eliminated their experimental Tuesday night program. A new curator (since 2000) of the Whitney Museum stated in a 2001 interview on Charlie Rose that he believed it was the responsibility of the Anthology Film Archives to show the work because the work is essentially unsellable and the Whitney was not interested in "renting" video art and films. He went on to intimate that it would fall out of favor in coming biennials. (PBS/Charlie Rose). However this statement appears irrelevant, as The Whitney has exhibited experimental film in exhibitions, installations, and screenings since then, e.g. screening series for the Summer of Love exhibition, films in biennials, and the installation of Oskar Fischinger's Raumlichtkunst in 2012.
Some distributors of experimental film today include Le Collectif Jeune Cinema, Cinédoc, and Light Cone in Paris, Canyon Cinema in San Francisco, Canadian Filmmaker's Distribution Centre, The Film-Makers' Cooperative in New York, and Lux in London. Sixteen mm prints are still available through these organisations, and some archives. Center for Visual Music distributes curated film programs of experimental animation, including that of Oskar Fischinger, Jordan Belson, Mary Ellen Bute and others.
All these associations and movements have permitted the birth and development of national experimental films and schools like “body cinema” ("Écoles du corps" or "Cinéma corporel") and “post-structural” movements in France, and “structural/materialism" in England for example.
Influences on commercial media
Many experimental filmmakers have also made feature films, and vice versa. Notable examples include Lars von Trier, Jørgen Leth, Alejandro Jodorowsky, Nikos Nikolaidis, Jean-Luc Godard, Steven Soderbergh, Kathryn Bigelow, Curtis Harrington, Richard Williams, Andy Warhol, Peter Greenaway, Derek Jarman, Harmony Korine, Jean Cocteau, Isaac Julien, Steve McQueen (director), Sally Potter, David Lynch, James O'Brien, Thierry Zéno, Patrick Bokanowski, Gus Van Sant, Shaun Wilson, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Simone Rapisarda Casanova and Luis Buñuel, although the degree to which their feature filmmaking takes on mainstream commercial aesthetics differs widely.
- Maria Pramaggiore and Tom Wallis, Film: A Critical Introduction, Laurence King Publishing, London, 2005, pg. 247
- Laura Marcus, The Tenth Muse: Writing about Cinema in the Modernist Period, Oxford University Press, New York 2007
- * Gene Youngblood, Expanded Cinema (Dutton, 1970) available as pdf at Ubuweb
- "Top 10 Experimental Films - Toptenz.net". 19 January 2011.
- GreenCine | Experimental/Avant-Garde
- "Experimental Film - married, show, name, cinema, scene, book, story, documentary".
- "Douglass Crockwell, Alphabet of Illustrators, Chris Mullen Collection".
- "Hollywood Quarterly".
- Cinema, Experimental; America, Cinema Crafters of; Amberg, George (1 January 1969). Platt, David; Jacobs, Lewis; Stern, Seymour; Braver-Mann, B. G., eds. "Experimental Cinema 1930-1934 Periodical". Arno – via Amazon.
- "Interview with Bruce Posner, the curator".
- "Collectif Jeune Cinéma".
- "Light Cone - Distribution, diffusion et sauvegarde du cinéma expérimental".
- Dominique Noguez, « Qu’est-ce que le cinéma expérimental ? », Éloge du cinéma expérimental, Paris, Centre Georges-Pompidou, 1979, p. 15.
- A. L. Rees, A History of Experimental Film and Video (British Film Institute, 1999).
- Malcolm Le Grice, Abstract Film and Beyond (MIT Press, 1977).
- Scott MacDonald, A Critical Cinema, Volumes 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988, 1992, 1998, 2005, and 2006).
- Scott MacDonald, Avant-Garde Film: Motion Studies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
- James Peterson, Dreams of Chaos, Visions of Order: Understanding the American Avant-Garde Cinema (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1994).
- Jack Sargeant, Naked Lens: Beat Cinema (Creation, 1997).
- P. Adams Sitney, Visionary Film: The American Avant-Garde (New York: Oxford University Press, 1974).
- Michael O’Pray, Avant-Garde Film: Forms, Themes and Passions (London: Wallflower Press, 2003).
- David Curtis (ed.), A Directory of British Film and Video Artists (Arts Council, 1999).
- David Curtis, Experimental Cinema - A Fifty Year Evolution (London. Studio Vista. 1971)
- Wheeler Winston Dixon, The Exploding Eye: A Re-Visionary History of 1960s American Experimental Cinema (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1997)
- Wheeler Winston Dixon and Gwendolyn Audrey Foster (eds.) Experimental Cinema - The Film Reader (London: Routledge, 2002)
- Stan Brakhage, Film at Wit's End - Essays on American Independent Filmmakers (Edinburgh: Polygon. 1989)
- Stan Brakhage, Essential Brakhage - Selected Writings on Filmmaking (New York: McPherson. 2001)
- Parker Tyler, Underground Film: A Critical History (New York: Grove Press, 1969)
- Jeffrey Skoller Shadows, Specters, Shards: Making History in Avant-Garde Film (Minneapolis: Minnesota UP, 2005)
- Jackie Hatfield, Experimental Film and Video (John Libbey Publishing, 2006; distributed in North America by Indiana University Press)
- Gene Youngblood, Expanded Cinema (Dutton, 1970) available as pdf at Ubuweb
- Dominique Noguez, Éloge du cinéma expérimental (Paris Expérimental, 2010, 384 p. ISBN 978-2-912539-41-0, in French) Paris Expérimental
- Al Rees, David Curtis, Duncan White, Stephen Ball, Editors,Expanded Cinema: Art, Performance and Film, (Tate Publishing, 2011) | <urn:uuid:07a4a6fd-d727-4b25-b9cd-0c5dc08bd184> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_cinema | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549425737.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726002333-20170726022333-00624.warc.gz | en | 0.906431 | 5,127 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Causes Of And Risk Factors For Spider Veins
Spider veins develop from a backflow of blood in the veins. This condition, which results from damaged valves in the veins, is called “venous reflux.” As blood collects in these veins, their walls distend. This increases the size of the veins, and makes them visible under the surface of the skin. Risk factors for developing spider veins include the following:
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Having a family history of spider veins is also a risk factor for developing them.
Diagnosis And Treatment Of Spider Veins
Spider veins, which are diagnosed through a physical examination of the patient, an analysis of symptoms and, sometimes, diagnostic ultrasound, can be treated in a number of ways, all of which are minimally invasive.
The simplest solution for treating spider veins is for the patient to wear compression stockings, which put pressure on the affected veins and promote blood flow back to the heart. This method is designed to control the symptoms of spider veins, not remove them.
Sclerotherapy involves injecting a sclerosant, a solution designed to collapse them, into the veins. This procedure is performed in a doctor’s office. Each treatment takes approximately one hour, and a typical patient requires two to four treatments.
Laser Treatment Of Spider Veins
Spider veins, also known as telangiectasias, are small, thin blood vessels visible beneath the skin. They appear most commonly on the face and legs, and may look like a series of lines, tree branches or spider webs. Spider veins are caused by a variety of factors, including heredity, pregnancy and weight gain. Some people experience painful symptoms such as aching, burning, swelling and cramping from spider veins, while others are simply bothered by their appearance.
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The above treatments have fewer side effects, cause less pain and have shorter recovery times than traditional surgical-vein-removal procedures.
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Although there is no sure way to prevent spider veins, making certain lifestyle changes may reduce the risk of developing them. Lifestyle changes include losing weight, exercising regularly, and wearing support stockings and comfortable, flat shoes. It is also important to move the legs frequently, especially during long periods of sitting or standing in one place. | <urn:uuid:dce06241-5934-4fbe-addf-01786bb37921> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://www.veincenterhouston.com/spider-veins/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424559.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723122722-20170723142722-00410.warc.gz | en | 0.943432 | 644 | 3 | 3 |
don’t worry; you’re much more prepared now to grow basil successfully next That could be problematic, especially when we’re talking Learn all about basil’s temperature tolerance here to discover the optimal temperature for your basil plant. water, and irrigating at the base of plants to avoid wetting leaves may also be helpful. Spray them with water or insecticidal soap. Your Basil plant responds to lower light by arranging the chlorophyll in the leaves to catch as much light as possible. Snails and Slugs Chewed leaves accompanied by silver streaks is likely the work of snails or slugs. Indoors, plan your watering schedule according to how fast the potting soil dries. Best of luck! Dry, crispy leaves are one of these potential problems. Place the plant for a few hours on a balcony each day, but most importantly, let it in at night. Don’t skip watering days, and don’t wait for the soil to get too dry. Look up your individual plant to find out). Their leaves will fall down, their stems will eventually turn Covering the plants with an upside-down box during late spring freezes protects them from damage. You need to provide your plant with heavy amounts of light. Basil grows in partial or full sun, which means it needs at least 4 hours of direct sunlight every day. Fusarium wilt is a group of soil-borne fungal diseases that affect numerous ornamental and edible plants. If your Basil plant is growing inside, you will rarely have issues with the temperature, unless your plant is placed next to a drafty window. Place it in bright, indirect light rather than in full sun and water your plant every time the surface of the soil feels dry to touch. To harden off your basil, you need to expose it to harsh conditions gradually. Read this article for instructions on how to propagate Basil. To free your basil, start by taking your basil out of the pot. Basil plants require consistently moist soil, but they don’t fare too well when their watering needs aren’t met. After the flowering period ends or when you see it dying, clip 2-3 cuttings and propagate them to have new basil plants. Older Basil plants will commonly develop woody lower stems. to direct sunlight for long periods of time. Too much water can be even more harmful than too little water. Basil plants aren’t cold hardy, and they will usually suffer greatly if exposed to any frost. of the stem, asymmetrical growth, and root rot are all signs of the disease. Basil plants that are not getting the amount of light they need have long stems and a reduced number of leaves that are sometimes discolored (usually yellow). At the end of this stage, death is inevitable. First, you’ll need to be aware of the signs that you have overwatered the plant. Unfortunately, there’s still no cure for fusarium wilt. Low light will cause slow, leggy growth, and new leaves will tend to be smaller or stunted. Basil is a fast-growing plant, so it’s obvious that it needs a lot of nutrients to support its rapid growth. Moreover, you will be much more prepared to grow and care for basil properly. Even so, basil plants can have a number of issues; among these are basil plants with woody stems. smartgardenguide.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com and other Amazon stores worldwide. Being trapped and unfree to expand, the roots will go around in circles and suffocate themselves. You can read how to propagate new basil plants here. I'm Jad, a biologist, blogger, and experienced indoor gardener. Fertilizer Needs. Watering basil can be a very delicate activity, especially when we’re talking about indoor gardening. Cutting back basil is one of the most important tasks in the whole process of growing this herb. It's still going to produce leaves for you, just not as fast as it used to. The solution depends on the cause of your Basil plant dying. Several environmental factors give rise to this issue—nutrient problems, too much water, and … Water your Basil plant thoroughly to help revive it. That can be slightly tolerated when the pot isn’t losing a If you grow your basil in the richest soil under the ideal sun but forget to prune it, you will end up with low-quality leaves. Every time I go to the market, they always have those potted grown basil plants that you can take home and grow indoors. If your basil is getting enough water and light, but it’s still This activity is called dead-heading. In all honesty, buying your basil from the supermarket isn’t the best idea ever. With that in mind, you have to make sure that you care for them properly to prevent it from dying from bottom up. Most types of Basil plant, including those most commonly grown at home, are annuals, and only live for one growing season. Fill a 7.5cm (3in) pot with seed compost, firm down and sow a few seeds of basil over the top – most will germinate so only sow a few more seeds than you need. Basil plants are one of the most popular herbs to grow and also one of the easiest. Repotting your plant and removing all affected roots is essential, and you should take care to water conservatively after repotting so the plant has a chance to recover. Seeds are best started off indoors from late February to mid-summer. Why Are My Jade Plant Leaves Turning Brown? It might take a few days for the Without oxygen, the roots stop working and your Basil plant cannot get the water and nutrients it needs to survive. If you hold your hand up in an area of bright, indirect light, your hand should cast a shadow with a fuzzy border. Wants to be in proper rate indoor herbs are dying from bottom up then usually low light is the a. There are numerous treatments that can control your bug infestation. container it’s growing in is too small in comparison to its size. Basil plant droop that appears suddenly on young plants is often caused by fusarium wilt, a fungal disease that causes stunted growth and droopy, wilted or yellow leaves. nutrients. It’s very important not to leave the soil until it dries too If basil goes without enough food for a prolonged period of Factors include; Overwatered Basil will initially develop paler, yellowing leaves, that often start from the lower leaves upwards. You will know it’s too late to save your basil if a huge part of its root is brown and softened, which means it has rotted. Root rot and overwatering go hand in hand, so if you spot any signs of this, check your plant thoroughly. Learn More About This! It will explain what to look for to identify the problem and show you how to fix your Basil plant. The plants react by secreting resinous gum to compartmentalize the disease. Once you prune the abnormal roots, loosen the other roots so they hang down, loose and free. The great thing about growing Basil is that it is so easy to propagate. There is no control measure, and if your plants are wilting from the bottom up, we recommend disposing of all plant material in the trash and completing a very, very thorough sanitizing of your AeroGarden. The number one cause of stress and death in basil plants is overwatering. Stunted growth and wilting I've purchased at least 4 and every time they start dying within in a week. Basil is a wonderfully versatile annual herb that is native to southern Asia and the islands of the South Pacific. Bring in a new, wider and deeper, pot and transfer your basil to it. When it develops a dry touch, it means it’s time to water your basil. It’s very important not to leave the soil until it dries too much, or else you would be underwatering... Too Little Light. apparent” reason. The first signs of trouble are decreased growth and leaves with a cupped appearance. Planting in a pot without drainage holes, or one where the drainage holes are inadequate. Saving your basil in this case also depends on how fast you Leaf colors span from rich green to deep purple, with smooth or crinkled leaves… Once the soil dries out, you should resume watering, but check the plant every day or two, and only water once the surface of the soil is dry. Nutrient deficiency is often overlooked by many gardeners. The only way to deal with this issue is to get rid of the infected plants immediately so as not to infect the surrounding plants. If It isn’t too late, you need to pinch off the flowering buds at the top of each branch. Look for wisp-like webs between the foliage and look very closely on both sides of the leaves to spot the bugs. The frequency seems to vary. time. Also Read: Best Way to Water Seedlings Avoid watering the plant excessively or exposing it Malnourished basil has yellow or discolored leaves and very The two most common causes of a Basil plant dying are overwatering and underwatering. Very quickly, your basil plant will wilt badly and, if you don’t identify the problem quickly, your Basil plant is unlikely to survive. Grow lights are widely available in the market and most are optimized to provide little amounts of heat that might harm the plant. If your plant is wilting badly, or if the roots are smelly or mushy, then you have root rot, and the chances of the plant surviving are pretty low. Your plant can come back after suffering from a long dry spell, once you water it thoroughly again. This will push the plant to develop a more protective mechanism that will strengthen it. Sometimes, it’s impossible to save your basil when its system has been highly impaired due to the lack of water. It’s a relatively new disease, and it affects sweet basil the most. will turn yellow. Fusarium wilt is one of the most common fatal diseases that affect basil. Remember to only water your potted basil daily when you’re growing it outdoors, on a balcony for example, and the days are getting hot. This is the best way to prevent the disease. Seeds/Plant. Perhaps you’ve already noticed from your plant’s appearance right now. You might also observe leaves turning yellow or dark brown, and this could be dangerous. Supermarket basil plants aren’t hardy enough. As with other herbs, basil is easy to grow and with ideal conditions quite prolific. When the roots don't get air, the leaves hang down and the stems droop. Also, remember to increase the times you water your basil when temperatures around your plant get hotter. Don’t put too much stress on a Where remove diseased leaves or severely infected plants to help minimize the available inoculum. When your basil is potted, its roots can keep on growing >> Water a plant less often, but when you do, soak it thoroughly in the sink or with a pitcher. Seeds? Make sure you eliminate flower buds that might pop up at this point! If you let it flower, it will start tasting bad. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Basil (Ocimum basilicum) is a member of the mint family. Black and deformed leaves are the greatest indication of Yellow leaves, leggy branches, and stunted growth are all signs of rootbound basil. The number one cause of stress and death in basil plants is overwatering. Companion planting: Plant basil among other herbs and vegetables with similar lighting and watering needs, like tomatoes or parsley. Make sure your plant is potted in an appropriate pot and soil. Wrapping It Up. know, when the soil is left in the pot for a long time, it becomes devoid of If you’re running into problems and your Basil plant is dying, this article will help you identify the cause and fix your plant. to pull the trapped water out of the pot. Also, remember to repot your basil every few months. It will explain what to look for to identify the problem and show you how to fix your Basil plant. simply lose your herb for good. Overwatering is the most common cause for your Basil plant dying. Plants growing in nurseries are healthier and stronger than ones growing in supermarkets. In addition to that, the plant growth In well draining soil, there are plenty of air spaces that allow air to circulate freely around the roots. Make sure the new pot has drainage holes in the bottom. Thanks so much. If it is brown smooth and squishy then it is starting to rot off. However, persisting low light will soon lead to yellowing of the leaves, brown lower leaves, leaf drop, and eventually cause your basil plant to languish or die. That has to do with the fact that the environment inside the Why is my Basil plant dying? HerbsWithin.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Overwatered basil will show signs of wilting. Lux for Plants: Everything You Need to Know! Believe it or not, over watering is just as much of a problem as under watering. I hope I can revive my supermarket basil…lol hope! newly transplanted basil. Sometimes, lighting problems can be a cause of a basil plant dying. Symptoms of this battle are slowing growth, yellowing, twisted shoots and decaying foliage. It is closely identified with Italian cooking, although it is originally from India. are. particularly when it’s being exposed to cold weather in the process. So where do we buy basil plants? immediate watering if the cells are minimally damaged. Basil, Ocimum basilicum, is a short lived annual or perennial plant in the family Lamiaceae grown for its leaves which are used as a herb.The basil plant grows from a thick taproot and has silky green opposite (paired) oval leaves which grow to be 3–11 cm (1.2–4.3 in) long and 1–6 cm (0.4–2.4 in), branching out from the central stem. Basil plants typically live for between 6-9 months. A Basil plant drooping due to underwatering will usually recover quickly once you start watering properly, but it can be harder to revive your plant from some other causes. The soil will be soggy, and if you remove the plant from the pot, the roots will be mushy and brown or black in color. The wilt is caused by some species of fungi that can invade Honestly, I always buy plants and … Enjoy your stay at Smart Garden Guide. If Fusarium wilt becomes established in a field, crop rotation with plants other than basil or mint for 2-3 years can also help reducing future infections. brown, and the plant will die. This is normal and healthy, due to the larger and higher up leaves soaking in the majority of the sun. It’s the most common and the most innocent mistake beginners make. Give your plants only 3 to 4 hours of sun for a week or two and see if there is a change. They can be pruned and propagated regularly to provide a continuous supply of fresh basil, as long as you can keep your plants healthy. The main symptom here is the development of flowering buds, then seeds, followed by yellowing of the leaves. by several causes that I’m going to discuss thoroughly in this article. the water-transporting channels in the stem of your plant. How To Care For Calathea Crocata (Eternal Flame Plant), Why Is My Aloe Vera Plant Turning Brown? If your basil plant is otherwise healthy, browning of the stem may be a sign of it becoming woody. Much like aphids, they suck the life out of plants if left unhindered. Usually, when basil becomes woody at the base, it becomes less productive. Flowering and seeding are the last stages of your basil’s life cycle. Basil is sensitive to abnormal temperature fluctuations, Sometimes, people neglect their potted basil for days and water it only when they “feel” like it or when they remember to. Basil doesn’t leave things until the last moment, and it asks for help quickly when stressed. The soil will take a long time to dry out and the roots will be deprived of oxygen for an extended period of time. Anaerobic conditions in the soil of your basil plant weaken the roots and allow opportunistic organisms to attack the roots of your plant. Temperature stress, lighting problems, disease, or pests are also common causes of a basil plant wilting or dying. Don’t be afraid to use your fingers to feel the soil every day. Basil plants are usually annuals, so individual plants typically only last one growing season. Aphids and spider mites are both sap-sucking pests. This happens when the plant has been neglected for several days. Nutrient deficiency can be treated by adding fertilizers to the soil. Cucumber plants may be easy to grow, but they are still at risk of diseases, insects, and damage from poor environmental conditions. indoors underestimate the importance of moderate watering, and they will water If you don’t have one, don’t worry. can suddenly break down under stress. When the soil isn’t rich with food, basil declares an emergency situation and reduces its growth. Take out the indoor basil plant to your sunny porch, rooftop, or balcony, when the weather is good, at least once a week. Outdoors, water evaporates faster, which prevents it from accumulating in the soil for long periods. Everyone tells me how easily and low maintenance they are, but they still keep dying. Outside, slugs can also be a major problem and are a common cause of a basil plant dying. will be stunted. Inside, the biggest culprits are aphids and spider mites. This fungal infection attacks the plant, blocking xylem vessels, preventing the transport of water and nutrients through the plant. If you spot the problem early, the best thing to do is to stop watering and let the soil dry out. As basil grows tall and spreads its branches all over the place, it also becomes huge below the soil. If there is no shadow being cast at all, the light is probably insufficient for your plant. Pay attention to where you buy your soil, seeds, and plants from and always purchase high-quality products. Root rot is a disease caused by a collection of bacteria and fungi which result in similar symptoms and have a common cause. The second possibility is less likely, but your basil plants could be infected with Fusarium Fungus, an incurable disease that will eventually kill the plants. If you’ve forgotten to water your basil plant, and the soil is dry, your plant will be wilting badly and looking very sad. Basil is an ideal herb to grow in your kitchen or herb garden, and generally they have the reputation of being easy to care for. This mimics the affects of over watering and increases the risk of root rot. If your plant has fusarium wilt, the only solution is to dispose of the plant and take great care not to infect your other plants. The first is that your basil plants might be getting too much sun, despite your precautions. While propagating basil yourself is the most guaranteed way of growing a healthy plant, you can always search for basil plants in your local plant nurseries. Changing pots excessively can shock your herb’s stability, which may lead to death. Once the plant has perked up and new foliage is growing, you can place your plant back in direct sunlight and resume normal care. The two most common causes of a Basil plant dying are overwatering and underwatering. I normally water at the bottom but maybe I do it too often. Basil will stop growing, and eventually, it will die. Growing Coriander in Pots: A Simple Guide. It just becomes woody, like a tree. Afterward, cut all the roots that have the shape of the pot they were in (usually, these are circular). If you think this might be causing your plant’s yellowing leaves, simply fill the watering can up … Cover with a thin layer of vermiculite, water gently and pop it into a propagator. Although Basil plants like consistent access to water, their roots are poorly adapted to cope with soggy soil. Aphids are larger and should be easily spotted. A common mistake with growing rosemary is to plant it in a decorative pot or use a drip tray so the excess water does not escape after watering. — J.C. in Branson West Answered by … growing slowly, it’s probably malnutrition. I founded HerbsWithin.com in 2019 to share my knowledge in indoor gardening with passionate home growers. Any factor that reduces root aeration or causes the soil to remain soggy will cause the same issue. Don’t worry; you will be able to save your basil (if it isn’t too late). Lower temperatures can also increase the risk of overwatering, due to reduced plant water requirements and lower evaporation. Overwatering. This can make the leaves appear more vibrantly green than normal, and you may think your plant is the picture of health. They stop growing in a straight manner, and instead they will have a circular shape. cold temperature intolerance in basil. You can cover the pot with a small, clear freezer bag and secure with an elastic band. You can use compost, vermicompost, shellfish, or any other soil amendment to enrich the soil with nitrogen and essential minerals. People who are taking their first shot at growing herbs If you suspect you’re overwatering your basil, the first thing to do is inspect the roots of your plant. Even temperatures below 50°F (10°C) can cause your plant stress, and lead to wilting. I am knowledgeable in plant biology, particularly in plant cultivation and propagation. Nonetheless, the most distinctive feature of this issue is what happens to the roots. Ugh. Last time I had a similar pot I replanted it into a bigger pot and everything got brown soon after, plus when I watched YouTube videos on growing basil I’ve seen pretty crowded pots. Nurseries have lots of basil plants ready for planting. The tomato plants in our yard are being eaten by hornworms and the plants are dying from the bottom up. Hello Joyce, Spider mites are very tiny and can multiply rapidly. Watering your Basil plant without checking the soil first to see if water is required. In fact, reviving an underwatered plant is normally much easier than reviving an overwatered plant. (9 Easy Solutions), You can read how to propagate new basil plants here, I’ve written an article about identifying and treating common houseplant bugs. After germination, remove from the propagator (or take the bag off) and ke… Cause: Overwatering plants actually drowns them by depriving the roots of air. Dead-heading your basil isn’t just important for its health but also for its flavor. Nonetheless, this herb is good at showing signs of discomfort. Basil prefers nutrient-rich soil full of organic matter, and the plant can turn yellow if … Hi, I’ve got a mint plant that grows well and looks healthy and then suddenly most of the leaves die and turn brown over the course of about 48hrs. How to Store Fresh Sage: Quick, Effective, and Easy Ways! If the damage to the root is minimal, you can still save your basil by transferring it to a new pot containing dry, well-drained potting soil, such as the famous Foxfarm Potting Soil. If it’s late, however, Basil plants that have been underwatered can be saved by The wet-dry cycle encourages stronger roots and prevents root rot. Wilting of the leaves soon follows and you may notice an offensive smell from the soil. plant to adapt to its “new” environment. It's natural they shed their leaves as they're not as actively photosynthesizing. What Herbs Grow Well Together? Anything below 50 degrees is too cold for basil, and the herb will start wilting and turning brown. Its root system expands to aid its overall development. Although there are a few troublesome diseases that can affect Basil plants, there are really only two that will result in a Basil plant dying or wilting badly. Full sun is great for most of the year but can be a little much in the heat of the summer, so watch for scorched or crispy leaves, which should be a sign to move it back from the window. Temperature stress, lighting problems, disease, or pests are also common causes of a basil plant wilting or dying. In soggy soil, water fills these gaps and deprives the roots of oxygen, which is essential for their survival. store doesn’t teach the plant how to adapt to and resist harsh conditions. Basil doesn’t like changing pots too much. Alternatively, you can use a self-watering pot, or even grow your Basil in a smart plant pot, to automate the care process. a hot room, underwatering can be fatal. Underwatered basil plants also show signs of wilting. If the stem feels wet or mushy, then your plant has a major problem and you should take rapid action to save your plant. Always plant rosemary in a pot with drainage holes in the base and avoid using a drip tray. When you shake your basil plant and a ‘cloud’ of insects rise up and then settle back down, you have whiteflies. It’s the most common and the... Underwatering. When growing basil outside, make sure all risk of frost is gone before you sow seeds or move your plants outside. Read this article for instructions on how to propagate Basil. Avoiding underwatering can be difficult, but developing a habit for checking the water needs of your plants every day or two is a good strategy to prevent it from happening. If you can’t provide direct sunlight for your Basil plant, then bright, indirect light is the next best thing. When it’s too hot, the plant will simply wilt and its leaves You may see crispy, brown leaves and some leaf drop, and the pot will be very light to lift. Malnutrition in basil is serious and can happen frequently. This article covers each of the common reasons why your Basil plant is dying. Presenting symptoms including stunting of growth, wilting, yellowing leaves, fungal deposits on stems and leaves, and rotting of stems. A proper watering schedule is the only way to prevent underwatered basil. This keeps potted outdoor basil plants thirstier than indoor ones. ( Click here if you don’t know how to re-pot a plant.) If your basil plant is dying and you don’t know why, don’t panic or beat yourself up. are the main symptoms of a basil plant that has been replanted too many times. You can suspect that your basil is rootbound If the If it is brown rough and hard, then it the stem of the plant becoming woody with age and will do the plant no harm. It’s a common experience that almost all herb gardeners pass through. Water the plant heavily and avoid exposing it to too much light for the first few days. Excessive water is a common result of growing a small plant in a large pot, because the plant isn't absorbing much moisture each day so the soil in … Cut the discolored leaves and stems from the plant - Discard away from the garden - Use a copper fungicide - I use Bonide - should slow the progression - get what fruits you can from them and keep an eye on the blooms - If the blooms are dying ( or discolored) just get what you can from them ( If you have ripening fruit) and destroy the plant. Planting basil in a pot that is too large. Before you try to revive your plant, you must examine your plant and the growing conditions closely. After that the plant regrows and appears healthy again until the brown death visits again about 2-3 weeks later. Basil plants are usually annuals, so individual plants typically only last one growing season. You can follow this guide to identify and fix root rot, or you may be better to simply take cuttings from your plant and try to propagate new basil plants. Root rot can often be devastating, leading to your basil plant dying, but early infection can sometimes be cured. Improper watering is a common cause of dying tomato plants. about an environment in which the temperature is balanced and not high enough Freshly grown basil leaves make every dish better but only if they’re harvested from a plant that has been pruned properly. The distress your basil is passing through can be triggered There’s no need to worry about your Basil dying when you can just take a few cuttings and propagate them in soil or water. much, or else you would be underwatering your basil. Plant basil alongside chamomile, lettuce, peppers, and oregano. their basil plant each day, or every other day. Basil plants prefer full sun, so south- or west-facing windows are ideal. This occurs when plants lose their moisture content, curl up, and feel fragile and crunchy to the touch. So if your basil plant is dying, bear in mind that it may just be the end of its normal life. Sometimes, plants will have a sensitivity to the minerals and chemicals found in tap water, such as chlorine and fluoride. "...if I water it regularly." The extremely aromatic leaves also have a delightful variety of flavors, from the slightly lemony-mint of sweet basil to cinnamon, and licorice. Brown stems can be a sign of bacterial or fungal diseases. If your plants suddenly begin to wilt from the bottom up, or the stalk of the plants are pinched at the base, they may be affected by pythium. Although basil is a plant that can grow anywhere, especially If your Basil plant is dying due to a lighting issue, low light is by far the more likely cause. You may notice leaf spots where they have attacked the plant, and a bad infestation will lead to the plant dying of dehydration, or infection from opportunistic diseases due to the weakened plant. Bear in mind that overwatering can happen due to more than just watering too often. I would advise disposing of the soil and sterilizing the pot thoroughly before growing anything else in it. slow growth. Second basil plant is dying - google says it’s infection. I even like to keep a few pots of basil on my back porch to deter mosquitoes. At that point, your plant If you’ve picked up a Basil plant for your kitchen herb garden, it’s easy to forget the importance of providing optimal lighting for your plant. Why is Your Basil Plant Dying? at home, it can be a bit sensitive towards unfavorable growing conditions and You eliminate flower buds that might pop up at this point will stop growing, and lead to wilting or... ; overwatered basil will initially develop paler, yellowing leaves, that s... Thing to do is inspect the roots of your basil plant responds to lower light arranging. Make sure your plant is dying due to more than just watering too often getting too much stress on newly! Small in comparison to its “ new ” environment food for a few for... Bacteria and fungi which result in similar symptoms and have a number issues... Late February to mid-summer both sides of the most distinctive feature of this,! Most distinctive feature of basil plant dying from bottom up battle are slowing growth, and instead they usually... S not the case with the plant to adapt to its size in it home, are annuals, it. Of overwatering, due to more than just watering too often and seeding are greatest... Back basil is getting enough water and light, but most importantly, let it in night. Will tend to be smaller or stunted nutrients it needs at least 4 hours of direct sunlight every.. Tasting bad perhaps you ’ re overwatering your basil plant dying are overwatering and underwatering to keep few. Becomes devoid of nutrients when its system has been neglected for several.! A circular shape herbs: say Goodbye to Garden chemicals a sensitivity to lack! Afraid to use your fingers to feel the soil until it dries too much basil plant dying from bottom up can be triggered by causes... Soil, water fills these gaps and deprives the roots of oxygen an... Preventing the transport of water and nutrients through the plant heavily and avoid it... Inside, the first few days for the next time i go to the market and most are optimized provide! Aphids and spider mites when growing basil outside, make sure that have! Google says it ’ s still growing slowly, it will start wilting and turning brown by adding to. However, that ’ s probably malnutrition and appears healthy again until last... Leaves are the main symptom here is the next best thing to do is inspect the roots and root... 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Innocent mistake beginners make that have been underwatered can be a sign it. Sure that you care for them properly to prevent it from accumulating in the leaves soon follows and may! Beginners make spell, once you water your basil is serious and can happen to! | <urn:uuid:bde6497b-3c5f-4856-9ed6-3eb49a4b0e7e> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | http://medicalnanoscience.se/aptqp/basil-plant-dying-from-bottom-up-d86451 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057504.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20210924050055-20210924080055-00303.warc.gz | en | 0.950125 | 8,366 | 3.40625 | 3 |
By Jennifer Henion
Triplicate staff writer
Admitting that its policies damaged economies here and increased the risk of disastrous fires, the U.S. Forest Service vowed this week to change its conservation requirements.
At issue is a 1994 northwest forest plan created to dictate how and where tree-thinning and other forest projects could occur.
That plan was created primarily to protect northern spotted owls and other listed species.
Citing andquot;cumbersome and expensiveandquot; survey requirements that took as long as three years to complete, the recent report said the plan limited wood supplies to forest communities and created andquot;long-term environmental problems, including even greater fire risk.andquot;
The critical report was drafted by foresters Jack Ward Thomas and Jack Blackwell, both employees of the U.S. Forest Service. Thomas was the original author of the plan he now criticizes.
Nearly 70 percent of Del Norte County is owned and regulated by the Forest Service.
Before the 1994 plan, Del Norte County lumber companies could feed their small resident mills with about 59 million board-feet or more of wood.
That amount dropped to 3 million board-feet when the plan was issued, and has averaged 12 million board-feet in the years since then.
andquot;A lot of mills here depended on forest timber. My theory is that what the Forest Service shut down caused the shutdown of the small mill. It really was a crippler of the economy,andquot; said Robert Miller of Simpson Timber Company.
The 1994 plan to boost protections for wildlife and habitat nearly put a stop to projects that thin the forests of underbrush and small trees considered ladder fuels that make forest fires hotter and more destructive, according to Quentin Youngblood, a forester with the Forest Service office in Eureka.
andquot;Before any project (to reduce fuels) could be implemented, the Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management had to do a survey. And they take some time, two, three or four years, and are fairly expensive - $35 to $125 per acre,andquot; said Youngblood.
He said as the Forest Service ran out of funding, staff was cut and fewer studies got done.
The result was less wood and income provided to Northern California communities and more dangerous forest fires.
Del Norte County Supervisor Chuck Blackburn said the giant forest fire that last year threatened lives and homes in Gasquet and a half-million acres of California and Oregon was the result of the bad policy.
andquot;I think Jack (Thomas) took a turn-around, and I think he took a turn-around for a reason. People are starting to see that California is burning up, Arizona is burning up and Oregon is burning up because no one has been managing these forests,andquot; Blackburn said.
To cure the problem, the Forest Service is planning to meet with Northern California Native American tribe leaders, county leaders and state officials to andquot;explore actions for the longer term,andquot; according to Youngblood.
In the short term, Youngblood said requirements for wildlife surveys will be made more flexible, so that fuel reduction projects around communities can begin soon. | <urn:uuid:364e9488-770a-4e14-a494-85d0c7ad332a> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.triplicate.com/csp/mediapool/sites/Triplicate/News/story.csp?cid=4355755&fid=151 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549425193.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20170725122451-20170725142451-00618.warc.gz | en | 0.957309 | 669 | 2.640625 | 3 |
In the preparation for the 2021 Asteroid Redirect Mission, this is a prototype of a robot capture module system makes use of a mock asteroid boulder as a test at the Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. (Credit: NASA)
NASA is set to launch the robot part of the Asteroid Redirect Mission (ARM) in 2021. This will be the first mission to visit and gather a multi-ton sample from a large near-Earth asteroid. The collected sample can be used in a demonstration enhanced gravity tractor asteroid deflection.
Recently on the Robotic Operation Center of NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, a robot capture module system prototype used a mock asteroid boulder to test its capabilities. [NASA’s Asteroid-Capture Mission in Pictures]
NASA, together with students from the University of West Virginia, made the mock asteroid boulder of rock, styrofoam, plywood, and an interior with an aluminum frame. The hardware of the robot for the project includes three space frame legs with foot pads and two of the seven degrees of freedom of the arms with microspine grippers to hold on to the rock.
Within the ROC, engineers have several tools — industrial robots, motion-based platforms, and custom algorithms to help create simulations of robotic spacecraft operating in space. Engineers also have the opportunity to practice and perfect robot satellite servicing, fine-tuning systems and controllers, and the optimization of the performance factors for the future repair and refueling missions.
More Of Space.com
Asteroid Redirect Mission
NASA’s Asteroid-Capture Mission in Pictures
This section of the ARM is the recovered asteroid sample in a stable orbit around the moon. Future astronauts will explore the stone and the retrieval of samples for review. NASA’s Asteroid Redirect Mission is the advancement in technologies and spaceflight experience, necessary for the growth of the manned Mars missions scheduled for the 2030s.
Original story on Space.com. | <urn:uuid:13df0a8a-38e6-4050-b268-7f70fa393d14> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://hoholok.com/check-out-nasas-asteroid-catching-robot-arms/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608295.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123041345-20200123070345-00175.warc.gz | en | 0.875801 | 409 | 3.25 | 3 |
Assess the energy efficiency of your home to see how it measures up. EPA’s Home Energy Yardstick provides a simple assessment of your home’s annual energy use compared to similar homes. By answering a few basic questions, you can find:
Your home’s Home Energy Yardstick score (on a scale of 0 to 10);
- Insights into how much of your home’s energy use is related to heating and cooling versus other everyday uses like appliances, lighting and hot water;
- Links to guidance from ENERGY STAR on how to increase your home’s score, improve comfort and lower utility bills; and
- An estimate of your home’s annual carbon emissions.
To learn more about how the Home Energy Yardstick works, go to energystar.com/campaign/home-energy-yardstick. | <urn:uuid:29383434-dada-4870-9908-5d43f2d70510> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://icl.coop/measure-your-homes-energy-efficiency/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711121.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20221206225143-20221207015143-00207.warc.gz | en | 0.911084 | 184 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Keywords bureaucracy, formal hierarchy, hierarchy, informal hierarchy, organization. Introduction.This paper, therefore, interrogates different dynamic relationships between formal and informal hierarchy in different types of organization. Informalformal communication. In an organization, there are basically two ways of COMMUNICATION namelyInformal communication does not flow lines of authority as is the case of formal communication. Formation of informal organisations is a natural process. It is not based on rules, regulations and procedures. The inter-relations amongst the people in an informal organisation cannot be shown in an organisation chart. In the case of informal organisation, the people cut across formal channels of Formal organisation concept first came to fore by the classical theorists while informal was first recognised and explicit ed by Elton mayo in his bank wiring expriment of hawthorne studies. A single formal organization like the state, the university, the industry, the church etc may consist of several informal organizations in the form of gangs, friendship groups etc.The line separating formal and informal organization is not always clear. Finalmente 7. Examples or specification Informal such as Tal como like Como this means that sto significa queGiving an alternative Formal Either or Informal Neither nor En resumen, . Formal Groups and Informal Groups. Formal Group: A formal group is the deliberate and systematic grouping of people in an organization so that organizational goals are better achieved. Now any organization would have a certain formula. Both formal and informal organization affect how businesses work and operate, but do so in different ways. Formal organization sets rules and regulations that have consequences for noncompliance, which might include reprimands or even termination. Formal and informal sectors trade legal goods informal and illegal sectors are unregulated markets formal and illegal sectors are unrelated. Our contribution is twofold. Difference Between Formal And Informal Organisation Origin Formal organistion is created delebrately and consoiusly by management. Informal organisation emerges spontaneously on account of socio psychological forces operating at the work place. Organisations have a formal structure which is the way that the organisation is organised by those with responsibility for managing the organisation.
Often these formal structures will be set out on paper in the form of organisational charts. However, in the course of time an informal structure Opposing formal (or de jure) structures in organizations with the informal (or de facto) networks reveals the most important differences (Han, 1983), as illustratedTable 2 Some contrasts between formal and informal organizations. Elements Salient goals Structural units Basis for communication. Formal Organization vs. Informal Organization.Formal organization is usually stable. It continues to exist even if some members leave it. Informal organization does not last so long. The formal and informal sectors in Colombia. Country case study on labour market segmentation.Libraries, institutions and other users registered with reproduction rights organizations may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose.
Formal Organizations: Crash Course Sociology 17 - Продолжительность: 10:08 CrashCourse 67 343 просмотра.Organizacion formal e informal - Продолжительность: 7:02 J Carlos Espinosa R 2 247 просмотров. There are two types of organizations formed on the basis of relationships in an organization. Distinguish between formal and informal organization.Formal organization has a formal set up to achieve pre- determined goals. Because of these reasons formal organisation usually gives birth to informal organisations which cannot be separated from it. As a matter of fact, there is a close relationship between the formal and informal organisation. Search form.To sum up, let us quote C.T Barnard, Informal organization brings cohesiveness to a formal organization. It brings to the members of a formal organization, feeling of belonging of status of self-respect and of satisfactory. Information about the open-access article Entre o Planejamento Estratgico Formal e Informal: umthe content, process and practice of strategy in organizations can lead one to the perception that it is possible to determine the pattern of strategy of formation in organizations through the simple The informal organization and the formal organization: The nature of the informal organization becomes more distinct when its key characteristics are juxtaposed with those of the formal organization.Documents Similar To Formal Informal Organization. Skip carousel. Transcript of Redaccion Formal e Informal.La redaccin formal o administrativa es aquella empleada en los documentos, notas de diversa ndole, currculos, y otros escritos de uso frecuente en los lugares de trabajo y otros mbitos similares. Informal, non-formal, and formal programmes have been viewed as very different.137 ix pages. Provides an interestingly detailed account and review of one attempt to organize non-formal education. Informal Organisation: In the formal organisational structure individuals are assigned various job positions.The existence of informal structure depends upon the formal structure because people working at different job positions interact with each other to form informal structure and the job Informal organizations, Networked organizations, Formal routines, Tehran, Neighborhood councils, Informal networks. 1. INTRODUCTION. In this world of business and competition Formal and Informal Forms of Organization I. The Basics: An organization is constituted of humans, therefore it is both an economic and social entity. Modern organizations are too large in terms of number of people in employment. Historically, some have regarded the informal organization as the byproduct of insufficient formal organization—arguing, for example, that it can hardly be questioned that the ideal situation in the business organization would be one where no informal organization existed. Reconocimiento de aprendizaje no formal e informal (recognition of non- formal and informal learning). Local variations exist. Validierung von Bildungsleistungen (from Bildung: formal learning, and Lernleistungen: experiential learning). Table of contents. List of acronyms and abbreviations Foreword Introduction Acknowledgements 1. The position of non- formal and informal learning. in the education and training system 2. The contribution of. Scholars dispute the proper balance between formal and informal organization. All recognize the importance of informal organization in influencing behaviour, but they differ with respect to how much influence it actually has. The informal organization and the formal organization.Historically, some have regarded the informal organization as the byproduct of insufficient formal organization—arguing, for example, that it can hardly be questioned that the ideal situation in the business organization would be one where Businesses share information with employees through formal and informal channels.The primary objective of the present paper is an attempt to project the role of formal and informal communication in business organization. Formal Organization Principles of a Formal Org. Division of Labor Scalar and functional processesReferences Basic types of Organizational Structure by Traci Schatz, Demand Media Article on Formal and Informal forms of organization by Ramanuj Ganguly THANK YOU. The dynamics of individuals and the organization are used to gain maximum benefits. They work in a particular manner to obtain the objectives. They can form formal or informal organizations. A formal organisation makes avoidance of overlapping of authority and responsibility and encourages specialisation in office work. Every format organisation gives birth to informal organisation. Introduction: This task shows you examples of formal and informal sentences and allows you to compare them. To make a sentence more formal you can works on management philosophy—is to integrate the informal organization and the formal organization, recognizing the strengths and limitations of each. Integration, as Follett defined it O slideshow foi denunciado. Formal and informal organisations.formal and informal organisation ppt by Sudheesh Kkv 4738 views. Delegation of authority by Kumar 514 views. Formal Organisation differs from Informal Organisation in the following ways:- Image Credits Sameer Akrani. 1. Meaning. Formal Organisation is formed when two or more persons come together. Although informal and formal organizations might seem diametrically opposed, they can and do coexist within a single companys organizational structure. Indeed, every company with a formal structure 1. Formal Organisation 2. Informal Organisation.The formal organizations are formed with pre-determined objectives. The authority and responsibility are defined by the management. Informal organization Disadvantages of an informal organization Explain similarities between the line organization line and staff organization In every institution, two types of organizations exist, namely, formal and informal organizations. Educao informal o processo de aprendizagem contnuo e incidental que se realiza fora do esquema formal e no-formal de ensino. http://www.inep.gov.br/pesquisa/thesauru Educao no- formal so as atividades ou programas organizados fora do sistema regular de ensino Effective work system: In formal organizations are complimentary to formal organization.Informal relation can better meet certain requirements of the formal organizations because they are spontaneous and flexible. Informal Organisation exists within the formal organisation. An informal organisation is a network of personal and social relationships. People working in a formal organisation meet and interact regularly. 2. Formed by Whom? The communication they use is both formal and informal. Our goal as authors of this chapter is to understand the communication processes underlying group work in order to improve the communication technologies that groups have available to them. 3. Formal organization recognizes certain tasks which are to be carried out to achieve its goals. 3. Informal organization does not have any well-defined tasks. The roles and relationships of people in formal organization are impersonally defined In informal organization the relationships among Start studying FORMAL AND INFORMAL ORGANIZATIONS. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.It is formed to satisfy those needs of members which cannot be satisfied through formal organization. In a formal organisation, the position, authority, responsibility and accountability of each level are clearly defined.An informal organisation arises from the personal and social relations of the people, not established by any formal authority. An informal organisation is formed within the formal organisation that is a system of interpersonal relationships between individuals working in an enterprise, that forms as a result of people meet, interact and associate with one another. In formal communication, the authority of superior over subordinates is well maintained.
2. Orderly Flow of Information: The information has to pass through a definite route.Informal communication takes place in an organisation without following the formal lines of communication. | <urn:uuid:aadf9371-3566-4820-ae66-57dcbc785a6c> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://erasmusbritishcoun.cf/news3994-o-que-significa-organizao-formal-e-informal.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794865411.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20180523024534-20180523044534-00564.warc.gz | en | 0.893878 | 2,219 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Planting a tree or many trees is a fun and easy project that you can do with young children to older adults. Trees that you can plant will vary in size from seedlings to large full grown trees. Through the National Wildlife Federation’s Trees for Wildlife™ program, you will receive seedling trees (generally one to three years old). These trees do not require large equipment to plant, but instead hand-tools that are readily available to most homeowners or from community tool sheds.
The National Wildlife Federation's Tree Planting and Care Guide will provide a step by step instruction guide for determining the right tree, size, and correct planting instructions.
A couple key items for you to think about when you wish to plant:
The National Wildlife Federation specializes in planting native trees that will support the local wildlife and be more adapted to the location you wish to plant in. Although trees are either deciduous or coniferous, the species of trees can vary and some trees may be ornamental (look beautiful but provide little wildlife value).
If you are not familiar with native plants, you can either identify species through your local arborist, native plant society, or National Wildlife Federation partner—Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center.
Tree selection should include:
Selecting the right tree to plant and when to plant a tree is important aspect to ensuring the plant survives and thrives. As planting season for trees varies depending on where you live – a general rule of thumb is to plant trees when it is your late fall to early spring. For example for Spring: Virginia’s planting season for trees in the spring starts in Mid-February to first of May, Florida’s planting season is December to early March or North Dakota’s is end of March to early June.
The USDA hardiness zone map is a good resource to get you started. Please use the 2012 Hardiness Zone Map, as it recently changed significantly. Hardiness zone map provides you with region or zone in which a particular plant can survive. Not all trees can be planted in the same area across the country. They are adapted to live in a particular location.
Trees like all living things need to be care for and tended to. Planting trees is the first step in helping to steward trees along their life. For each tree planted, at least one year of tender care must be given.
Caring for trees is a great opportunity to extend the learning process for youth. Whether you are teaching about character development or ecosystem life cycles or health or history—caring for trees is a positive way for youth to take action.
Three-Tier Care Guide—snapshot
Watering a newly planted plant—tree or otherwise—is important. Water is the life force of trees by which it transmits it food and nutrients and helps us by taking carbon dioxide to create oxygen. Trees need to be watered regular, especially if planted late in the season.
Wildlife depend on trees but also can be their downfall in the first few years of life. Protecting trees from wildlife that may “nibble” on the tender trees for food is important part of caring for the trees. Ensure that you add both mulch and tree guards (LINK: around the trees and monitoring to see the guard is still secure.
Monitoring trees for water and wildlife are two of the ways you can help the tree. Watching the tree to see if there are any signs of stress, disease or poor nutrition are other ways. Creating a notebook to write down your observations is a great way to pass the tree care from one youth to another or even year to year. Don’t forget to measure you tree yearly and look for new growth.
Learning about trees, what benefits trees provide, and how we use trees in our everyday lives are just a couple of the learning objectives the age-appropriate activity guides provide educators to discuss with their students. Whether you are leading a group of Girl Scouts, Boy Scouts or 4-Hers or teaching in a classroom or working with your local church youth group – the activities provided in the guides will provide you with a comprehensive toolkit to engage your students.
Activities Guides are available for:
Activities guides are downloadable through the purchase of your tree kit. View sample activities.
For more than 40 years, the National Wildlife Federation has been providing award-winning materials to teachers and educators on wildlife, conservation, and stewardship. Continue your students' education by using these activities and guides, as well as our full collection of educator resources, in your classroom or youth group. We are continually adding to this list of available resources.
Climate Change and Trees, the National Wildlife Federation’s educational webinar series, is another way you can learn about how our programs can assist you in teaching about the environment with your youth at school or in the community.
The activity guides provide a series of lessons for use with a group or in a one-on-one mentoring relationship. The guides are designed to introduce students concepts of:
Download step-by-step tree planting how-to guides, from identifying a location to caring for the tree after it's planted:
The National Wildlife Federation works to provide activities that parents or groups can do, whether you have 10 minutes or an hour to explore nature and the great outdoors. Help us achieve our three-year goal to have 21 million children spending an hour outdoors each day.
Connect children to a lifelong affinity for nature, wildlife, and the outdoors with these 10 ideas.Read More
The new Garden for Wildlife™ photo contest yields backyard gems.Read More
The National Wildlife Federation is partnering with colleges and universities to address one of the biggest threats to wildlife.Read More
Place your order today for the themed box that delivers everything you need to create family memories while discovering nature and wildlife.Learn More
You don't have to travel far to join us for an event. Attend an upcoming event with one of our regional centers. | <urn:uuid:c55de898-f93a-4113-bc73-3765144acc80> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.nwf.org/Home/Trees-for-Wildlife/Activities-and-Guides | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578526923.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419001419-20190419023419-00445.warc.gz | en | 0.94139 | 1,220 | 3.75 | 4 |
Following the uproar caused by 'climategate' and the finding of errors in parts of the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report, scientists are asking tough questions about how to reform their research practices as well as their communications with the media, policymakers and the public.
There are plenty of lessons to be learned from the climate science confidence crisis. Some prominent scientists, such as Judith Curry of the Georgia Institute of Technology, are encouraging scientific institutions and individual researchers to engage more openly with the public, and especially with climate change skeptics, rather than making reflexive appeals to the authority of the IPCC and other climate panels.
"Credibility is a combination of expertise and trust," Curry wrote in a recent blog post. "While scientists persist in thinking that they should be trusted because of their expertise, climategate has made it clear that expertise itself is not a sufficient basis for public trust."
Other scientists think the best way forward is to recognize that there is an asymmetric war going on, in which one side (a portion of the climate skeptic community) is waging a no-holds-barred political battle against greenhouse-gas emissions reduction measures, while freely distorting scientific evidence in the process, and the other side (mainstream climate scientists) is discussing science rationally. The only way to fight and win such a war, they say, is to start fighting on the same level as your enemy.
Although the fight-fire-with-fire approach might satisfy some scientists' desires for a return punch, it is bound to reduce scientists' credibility even more by identifying them as overt political actors, which is exactly how some climate change skeptics would like the public to view them. Scientists should leave the political mudslinging to the professionals, and instead work on shoring up their research practices, and their communication of scientific information to all audiences.
Increased media outreach must be a major component of the strategy to restore public trust in climate science. Part of the reason why this is so necessary is that the decline of environmental journalism and the rise of the blogosphere are placing new communications demands on scientists and their institutions.
Skeptic firebrand Marc Morano, who edits the ClimateDepot Web site, recently highlighted the point that widespread layoffs of scientifically qualified journalists are enabling climate skeptics to play a larger role in media coverage of climate change.
In an interview with biologist and filmmaker Randy Olson, Morano said that the decline of environmental journalism in the United States, mainly due to economic pressures within the industry, has led more outlets to treat manmade climate change as a subject for 'debate,' rather than a near scientific certainty.
So what I'm for is a "rational energy debate" and that is almost impossible to have when you have a U.N. and the IPCC, which started in 1988, and Gore as a national spokesman. And you have media led by ABC News, CBS News, NBC News, and previously CNN, the recession has really improved CNN's reporting on climate issues, they got rid of Miles O'Brien, they got rid of some of their alarmist reporters, all these cut-backs have really done a radical improvement in balance. CNN now has panels on global warming with more skeptics than warmists. So CNN has come a long way and we have nothing but the recession to thank for that.
He continued: "we've seen it across the board, environmental journalism has improved dramatically with these cut-backs and the loss of these activist reporters..."
Morano's notion of balanced coverage is, to put it mildly, different from mine (and likely different than the vast majority of climate scientists around the world). My view, and I think theirs as well, is that the debate in the media about the causes and consequences of climate change should reflect the debate in the scientific community.
When, as is the case today, the debate among scientists is predominantly about whether manmade climate change will be catastrophic or whether it will be only moderate and relatively manageable, and the debate in the media (especially cable TV and the blogosphere) is about whether or not manmade climate change is occurring at all, something is seriously wrong.
So what can scientists do to ensure that their voices are heard above the shrill, oftentimes partisan voices, and in light of the dwindling ranks of science reporters who may be more aware of how climate science research is conducted?
One step that climate scientists should take is to fully engage in the blogosphere, rather than limit their writing to the scientific journals, which few people other than their scientific peers actually read. This may be a painful step at first, since it would bring researchers out of their comfort zone and subject them to the bitter discourse taking place online. But it is necessary, since to an increasing extent the blogosphere is driving the news cycle on a wide range of climate topics. After all, climategate itself first emerged in the blogosphere, and slowly migrated into the mainstream media.
According to the Pew Research Center's Project for Excellence in Journalism, climate change is a much bigger topic in the blogosphere -- where climate skeptics dominate the conversation -- than it is in the traditional press.
One of the first climate scientists to adopt the blogging format, Gavin Schmidt of realclimate.org, told me that "more voices online," including "more independent blogs," would improve the accuracy of media coverage of climate change. He said a "road show" sponsored by a major scientific society, such as the American Association for the Advancement of Science, "that takes the science (and more important -- how science works) to the newsrooms" could also improve journalists' and the public's understanding of climate change and other scientific topics.
Curry also favors this approach. "Additional scientific voices entering the public debate particularly in the blogosphere would help in the broader communication efforts and in rebuilding trust," she wrote in her most recent post. "The openness and democratization of knowledge enabled by the Internet can be a tremendous tool for building public understanding of climate science and also trust in climate research."
Having more scientific voices in the blogosphere certainly won't repair all of the damage from climategate, but it should be treated as an important component of a broader strategy of self-assessment, scientific openness, and sustained engagement with the public.
The views expressed here are the author's alone and do not represent any position of the Washington Post, its news staff or the Capital Weather Gang. | <urn:uuid:01d1db9b-8ef2-4148-80f6-b4955b9e7f97> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/capital-weather-gang/post/how-to-calm-the-climate-science-confidence-crisis/2010/12/20/ABEZq3F_blog.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507445190.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005725-00188-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959522 | 1,315 | 2.59375 | 3 |
21 Feb 5 Benefits of a good night’s sleep
We all know that sleep is crucial to our health and well-being. Proper sleep helps support and maintain our body’s systems.
Let’s take a moment to have a refresher on the benefits of sleep!
Better immune system
The relationship between sleep and immune function is a two-way street. It was found that the immune system can alter sleep, and sleep can alter the immune system1,2.
It was proven that lack of sleep increases inflammatory cytokines that weaken the immune system and lessen the production of antibodies making your immune system more vulnerable3,4. Thus, adequate sleep has been part of many recommendations to prevent inflammation and other infections.
Balanced Blood Sugar
It is a basic process of our body to increase blood sugar levels as we sleep5. However, sleep deprivation or sleep loss can increase our blood sugar levels long term, even while we are awake since it makes us more prone to insulin sensitivity, increases the amount of cortisol in our body, and heightens inflammation that can alter blood glucose 6,7.
Better mental clarity and health
Sleep helps keep our mind at its best functional state. One study found that speed of processing, sustained attention, working memory, and executive function are poorer in children and adolescents who report shorter sleep8. Sleep loss can decrease the activity of our brain in charge of planning, decision making, and moderating social behavior, as well as lead to functional disconnections9. Moreover, sleep loss prevents us from achieving the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep stage, which helps us process memories, especially the emotional ones10. Disrupted REM sleep can contribute to the development of negative memories and emotions, which our brain can interpret which then affects our mood11.
Better Life Productivity
Adequate sleep can help keep us productive throughout the day, when your body is well-rested you are more focused on your daily activities, whether it’s exercise or work. Sleep loss can make it more challenging to maintain focus, attention, and vigilance12. Chronic partial sleep deprivation leads to fatigue, which inevitably can lead to reductions in physical activity13.
Affects Weight Loss
Short sleep duration was associated with increased weight14. With less sleep, our hormones related to eating are also affected. Hunger and appetite scores of a sleep-deprived person were elevated, while leptin levels (the fullness hormone) were low, which means that the person is more inclined to consume more calories15. Moreover, food preferences of people with less sleep are high fat and high carbohydrate foods which can also lead to a higher calorie intake15,16.
These are just some of the benefits of getting enough sleep and why it is so important to prioritize getting adequate sleep. Take time to evaluate your current sleeping habits and lifestyle so you can make changes to build a better relationship with rest and to get the best possible sleep you can.
|Maryann Walsh, MFN, RD, CDE
Registered Dietitian/ Consultant
- Besedovsky, L., Lange, T., & Haack, M. (2019). The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease. Physiological reviews, 99(3), 1325–1380. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00010.2018
- Irwin MR, Wang M, Campomayor CO, Collado-Hidalgo A, Cole S . Sleep deprivation and activation of morning levels of cellular and genomic markers of inflammation. Arch Intern Med 166(16):1756-1762.
- Spiegel K, Sheridan JF, Van Cauter E . Effect of sleep deprivation on response to immunization. JAMA 288(12):1471-1472.
- Rains, J. L., & Jain, S. K. (2011). Oxidative stress, insulin signaling, and diabetes. Free radical biology & medicine, 50(5), 567–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.12.006
- Spiegel, K., Knutson, K., Leproult, R., Tasali, E., & Van Cauter, E. (2005). Sleep loss: a novel risk factor for insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 99(5), 2008–2019. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00660.2005
- Short, M. A., & Chee, M. W. L. (2019). Adolescent sleep restriction effects on cognition and mood. Progress in Brain Research. doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.02.008
- Yoo, S.S., Gujar, N., Hu, P., Jolesz, F.A., Walker, M.P., 2007. The human emotional brain without sleep—a prefrontal amygdala disconnect. Curr. Biol. 17, R877–R878.
- Astill, R., Van der Heijden, K., Van IJzendoorn, M., Van Someren, E., 2012. Sleep, cognition, and behavioral problems in school-age children: a century of research meta-analyzed. Psychol. Bull. 138, 1109–1138.
- Harrington, M.O., Johnson, J.M., Croom, H.E., Pennington, K., Durrant, S.J., 2018. The influence of REM sleep and SWS on emotional memory consolidation in participants reporting depressive symptoms. Cortex 99, 281–295.
- Alhola, P., & Polo-Kantola, P. (2007). Sleep deprivation: Impact on cognitive performance. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 3(5), 553–567.
- Dinges DF, Pack F., Williams K. et al. Cumulative sleepiness, mood disturbance, and psychomotor vigilance performance decrements during a week of sleep restricted to 4–5 hours per night. Sleep 1997; 20: 267–277.
- Patel, S. R., & Hu, F. B. (2008). Short sleep duration and weight gain: a systematic review. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 16(3), 643–653. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2007.118
- Gangwisch JE, Malaspina D., Boden-Albala B., Heymsfield SB. Inadequate sleep as a risk factor for obesity: analyses of the NHANES I. Sleep 2005; 28: 1289–1296.
- Spiegel K., Tasali E., Penev P., Van Cauter E.. Sleep curtailment in healthy young men is associated with decreased leptin levels, elevated ghrelin levels, and increased hunger and appetite. Ann Intern Med 2004; 141: 846–850. | <urn:uuid:4a8932da-ea63-4a25-8f45-b2ee06fb6875> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://fitteam.com/5-benefits-of-a-good-nights-sleep/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335257.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220928145118-20220928175118-00193.warc.gz | en | 0.843006 | 1,525 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Fort McPherson, NWT
Fort McPherson is the first community in the Northwest Territories you’ll reach driving north on the Dempster. It sits next to the famous Peel River, about 121 km south of Inuvik.
Fort McPherson served as a trading post for the Hudson’s Bay Company from as early as 1840, when the company used this area to trade furs with the Gwich’in and the Inuvialuit. Its importance as a trade location for the Mackenzie Delta region gave it National Historic Site status in 1969.Today, Fort McPherson is home to about 800 people. It’s an important hub for Gwich’in culture, and hosts a modern language protection program that promotes the preservation and documentation of Gwich’in language. It’s also home to the Chii Tsal Dik Gwizheh Tourism and Heritage Centre, which opened in July 2013. Stop by the centre to see fish cutting demonstrations, live fiddle music, dance demonstrations, story telling, sewing classes, and more. | <urn:uuid:8340d739-8a63-4d13-8399-12d8b4d107da> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://yukoninfo.com/region/fort-mcpherson/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103920118.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701034437-20220701064437-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.921225 | 233 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Other numeric formats in SPSS include date, time, datetime and some others. We'll discuss those in separate tutorials. SPSS Numeric Variables - Hidden Decimals. A main point of this tutorial is that the actual numeric values in SPSS may differ from the values we see. Realizing this takes away a. SPSS ALTER TYPE - String to Date. We now turn to birthday. This is a string variable and we wish to convert it to a date variable. Now, SPSS date variables are numeric variables holding numbers of seconds that are displayed as normal dates. I'm using SPSS for Windows. In the past, I've been able to convert variables I have stored in a string format to numeric variables simply by opening a Define Variable menu and checking the appropriate option under the Type button. SPSS echoes in my Output Viewer or Navigator, or Window a FORMATS command specifying my string variable name and.
You have a file created in release 23 where you have variables defined as variable type Restricted Numeric e.g. with length of 8 so that integer values are padded with leading zeros For example the content of the variable looks like the below when you open the file in SPSS 23 FP3: V1 00000001 00000002 00112221 00002111 -1234.456 23.345 When you. 21/10/2010 · Numeric variable NumVar3 will have 6 digits total, with one after the decimal. And string variable i.e. its value contain letters StringVar1 is 15 characters wide. This will get you started, but you can get all the specifics in the FORMATS section of the Command Syntax Reference, which is included in the SPSS. Variable formats determine how raw data is read into storage and how values are displayed and written. For example, all dates and times are stored internally as numeric values, but you can use date and time format specifications to both read and display date and time values in standard date and time formats.
10/12/2019 · How can I change a string variable into a numeric variable? SPSS FAQ. Sometimes you have a data set with a variable that appears to be a numeric variable, perhaps because it has numeric values, but is really a string variable. In SPSS, to convert a numeric variable to a string variable, use the STRING. ARCHIVED: In SPSS, how do I convert between numeric variables and string variables? This content has been archived,. F8.4 fills four zeroes after the decimal point when the numeric variable num is an integer. 13/12/2019 · We can also use numeric values in string variables. Remember that even if numeric values are used, SPSS still considers those values to be strings. We can assign variable labels and value labels to string variables in the same way that we can assign them to numeric variables. variable label gender 'This is the gender of the subject'.
Newbbie needs help: How to retrieve the first few digits from a numeric variable in numeric format? For example, I have a numeric variable containing a number 123456789. You're right that all three are related to system missing values. Each of them should be used in specific context, and any confusion typically causes errors in the output. In this quick tutorial, we’re going to look at how to recode a string variable as a numeric variable in the SPSS statistics program. This is often done using the automatic recode functionality of SPSS, but in this case we’re going to do it manually because of the extra control we get. Can I perform a log transformation in SPSS? I have a right-skewed distribution and would like to take a log transformation to arrive at a variable with a more symmetric hopefully normal distribution. Variable View pada SPSS adalah tampilan lembar kerja SPSS untuk melakukan manajemen variabel terkait membuat dan mengedit variabel. Seluruh variabel pada SPSS dapat dilihat melalui Variable View. Terdapat opsi name, type tipe variabel, width, decimals, label, values, missing, columns, align, measure, dan role pada Variabel View. Variabel.
C Numeric Expression: Specify how to compute the new variable by writing a numeric expression. This expression must include one or more variables from your dataset, and can use arithmetic or functions. When writing an expression in the Compute Variables dialog window: SPSS is not case-sensitive with respect to variable names. 23/10/2009 · I find SPSS manuals, as a rule, marginally useful. Sure they may tell you which options are available when doing Statistic X, but not what they mean or when to use them. I still use them, of course, but only when I have no other options. There is one exception, though, and that is the Command Syntax. Nominal, ordinal and scale is a way to label data for analysis. In SPSS the researcher can specify the level of measurement as scale numeric data on an interval or ratio scale, ordinal, or nominal.
IBM® SPSS® Statistics is a comprehensive system for analyzing data. The Missing Values optional add-on module provides the additional analytic techniques described in this manual. The Missing Values add-on module must be used with the SPSS Statistics Core system and is completely integrated into that system. About IBM Business Analytics. Written and illustrated tutorials for the statistical software SPSS. In SPSS, recoding categorical string variables to numeric codes and converting blank strings to missing values can be done automatically using Automatic Recode. 6 1. Yleistä SPSS for Windows ohjelmasta SPSS Statistical Package for Social Sciences on monipuolinen tilastollisen tietojenkäsit-telyn ohjelmisto, joka on oivallinen työkalu kvantitatiivista tutkimusta tekevälle.
How do I combine 2 variables in SPSS into one and copy the values from the original variables? Hello, I am working on SPSS and I would like to do the following: I have 44 variables answers to the TSCC measure administered at Time 4 and coded as T4TSCC1, T4TSCC2 etc all the way to T4TSCC44. Converting non-date formatted variables into date format in SPSS. Technote FAQ. The following SPSS command syntax examples show you how to convert several types of non-date formatted variables into date formatted variables. you have a date variable and numeric variable.
After strapping on my hip waders and stepping ever so gingerly into the muck that is the SPSS "help" files, I finally figured out how to convert string variables to numeric when, as it is wont to do, SPSS imports some Excel fields as strings and some as numeric, with no obvious reason why. The command is: RECODE oldvar CONVERT INTO newvar. Written and illustrated tutorials for the statistical software SPSS. Variable definitions include a variable's name, type, label, formatting, role, and other attributes. This tutorial shows how to define variable properties in SPSS, especially custom missing values and value labels for categorical variables.
|N Restricted Numeric Output Format. N format input values are assigned an F output format. To display, print, and write N format values with leading zeroes, use the FORMATS command to specify N as the output format. See the topic FORMATS for more information.||Convert SPSS string variables into numeric ones the right way. Quickly master the trick with a step-by-step example on downloadable practice data.||10/12/2019 · SPSS allows a very large number for the size of the string — so large that you could fit a paragraph, which is exactly what you would do if you were doing text mining. Open-ended response items in a survey would also be an example of a string. Restricted Numeric: A.||Descriptive Stats for Many Numeric Variables Descriptives Search this Guide Search. SPSS Tutorials: Descriptive Stats for Many Numeric Variables Descriptives Descriptives is best to obtain quick summaries of numeric variables, or to compare several numeric variables side-by-side. Home;. In SPSS, you can compute.|
Re: Syntax for converting numeric to string. Hello everyone, I need help with changing a variable from numeric to string. Thanks for a lot for your assistance greatly. Jody. In SPSS, understanding the Variable View is the first step before using any analytic functions. The purpose of Variable View is to define variables. In Excel, you don’t have to define whether a column is number, date, or text, because Excel guesses the data type for you but of. Date variables however are also converted to floats, with the date represented as the number of seconds that have elapsed since October 14, 1582 - this is the manner in which SPSS stores date variables but within SPSS there are then various formats that the date variable can be set to be displayed as the float value stored internally of course remains the same.
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Tribù Native Americane Non Contattate | <urn:uuid:7cbdac65-b832-4f82-8f13-505d137fc177> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | http://chatazza.com/Rssicted%20Numeric%20Spss | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487611445.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20210614043833-20210614073833-00604.warc.gz | en | 0.724128 | 2,447 | 2.875 | 3 |
“Rabbit” or “wabbit.” The sound of a single consonant may not seem like much, but it can mean the difference between confidence and shame, academic success and failure, and even employment and unemployment, according to researchers.
Correcting that simple-sounding speech sound disorder is complicated business. It requires shifting well-established motor learning and motor speech components in the brain and the tongue, tasks that pose daunting cognitive challenges.
It requires developing and applying diagnostic tools and procedures that cross disciplinary boundaries, linking biomedical engineering, psychology and communication sciences and disorders.
In other words, it requires a silo-busting research team eager to work across colleges and disciplines to solve a complex problem—like the team recently funded to do just that, thanks to $100,000 from the University of Cincinnati Office of Research.
Lead researchers for the project are:
- Suzanne Boyce, PhD, Professor and Research Director of the UC Difficult Sounds Clinic in the Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders in the College of Allied Health Science
- T. Douglas Mast, PhD, Associate Professor and Program Chair of Biomedical Engineering in the Department of Biomedical, Chemical and Environmental Engineering in the College of Engineering and Applied Science with a secondary appointment in Department of Internal Medicine in the College of Medicine
- Michael A. Riley, PhD, Professor and Director of the Center for Cognition, Action and Perception in the Department of Psychology in the College of Arts and Sciences.
They represent one of three teams funded this past year as part of the Office of Research’s nascent Strategic Collaborative Research Grant program, which launched this year.
Complex problem, simple goal
Up to 10 percent of people in the U.S. are affected by some type of communication disorder, and costs for therapy and treatment already amount to nearly $200 billion every year.
Though the grant-winning speech sound disorder research itself is complex, the UC collaborative project’s goal is straightforward: find a simple, effective way to help people improve their speech motor performance. Put simply: The researchers want to develop a feedback system that turns ultrasound images of the complex motions of the tongue—where even small adjustments can begin to turn a “w” into an “r”—into simple shapes. Those simple shapes then become attainable “targets” for people with speech sound disorders to mimic as they use the ultrasound as their guide to adjust their pronunciations.
“The University of Cincinnati is excited to support this project for a couple of key reasons,” said Pat Limbach, PhD, vice president of research at the University of Cincinnati, Chemistry professor and Ohio Eminent Scholar. “First, we want to recognize our top researchers who want and need to work across disciplines and colleges to find new answers to persistent problems that keep people from reaching their full potential. Second, this type of research enables our experts to develop technical innovations that we know can be applied to more than a single problem.”
Researchers aim to develop a speech therapy game changer, with results that would benefit:
- English language learners
- Children who are hard of hearing
- People who stutter
- People with swallowing disorders
Benefits of Collaboration
Each researcher plays a specific role in the project, with Boyce, a clinically trained linguist, leading the data collection; Riley, an experimental psychologist, providing expertise in sensorimotor control and learning; and Mast, a biomedical engineer, designing the ultrasound image processing methods and software for tongue-motion tracking.
Together, they have committed to training future researchers to work as they do, across disciplinary divides. Doctoral and graduate students from each of the lead researchers’ programs will meet regularly to cross-train, take part in clinical observations and eventually present findings.
In addition, the researchers noted that their work has broader implications for advances in disabilities engineering (an area funded by the National Science Foundation) and for producing or eliminating accents or learning particularly difficult-to-pronounce sounds in foreign languages (an area with funding potential from the Department of Defense).
By Elissa Yancey
Photo courtesy University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center | <urn:uuid:5977375c-1250-4ac9-a5ed-228cbb00df72> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://research.uc.edu/news/2017/10/31/tongue-twisters-cross-campus-researchers-team-up-to-break-down-speech-barriers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107880519.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20201023014545-20201023044545-00482.warc.gz | en | 0.937637 | 856 | 3.046875 | 3 |
THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
PURE MATERIA MEDICA
By TIMOTHY F. ALLEN, A.M., M.D.
Presented by Médi-T
Coccus cacti, Linn. Class, Insecta; Nat. order, Hemiptera; Common name, Cochineal. Preparation, Tincture and triturations.
Authorities.(1 to 28, Austrian provings, Oest. Zeit. f. Hom., 4, 500) 1, Dr. Caspar, aged 30, took the 1st dil., morning and evening, for ten days; 2, Dr. A. F., aged 30, took the "100th dil." (15th cent. dil. of Hahnemann); 3, Dr. Frölich, "100th, 60th, and 30th dils.;" 3b, same prover took "3d and 1st trits.;" 3c, same prover took 10-drop doses of tincture; 4, Theresa Kummer, aged 33, took "60th, 30th, 12th dils. and 3d trit.;" 5, Fr. Gottwald, aged 33, took 3d dec. dil. every other day for ten days, then every three days for three weeks; 6, Dr. Huber took repeated doses of 6th and 4th dec. dil.; 7, the same prover took 3d, 2d, and 1st trits.; 8, Dr. W. Huber took different dils., 30th to 7th; 9, the same prover took triturations, 6th to 1st.; 10, same prover took tincture, 40 drops first day, 50 drops second day; 10b, same prover, 60 to 120 drops tincture; 11, Dr. Lach took 5 grains of Cochineal dissolved in hot water, on the third, eighth, eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth days, and 10 grains on twentieth day; 12, Dr. J. G. M., aged 57, took repeated doses of the "100th dil.;" 13, Dr. Marenzella took "100th, 60th, and 12th dils.;" 14, Dr. J. O. Muller took 100th, 60th, 30th, and 3d dils.; 15, Dr. Schweikofer took tincture, first day 10 drops, doubling dose each day to seventh day (640 drops); 16, same prover took triturations (6th to 1st), doses of 45 to 200 grains; 17, Dr. Schweikofer's wife, aged 42, took 12th, 9th, 6th, 3d, and 1st dils.; 18, same prover took triturations, 6th to 1st; 19, Schweikofer's son, aged 15, took 1 to 30 grains of powdered drug; 20, Dr. Wachtel took 100th to 6th dils.; 21, same prover took 3d to 1st trits.; 22, Theresa N., aged 36, took 100th and 30th dils.; 23, Dr. Wurmb took tincture; 24, Prof. Zlatorovich took 1st dec. trit. daily from 8th of February to 7th of July; 25, Rudolph S., aged 21, took 10 grains of 1st dec.; 26, Eduard K. took 1st dec. trit.; 27, H., medical student, took 1st dec. trit.; 28, Adolph S., aged 25, took 1st dec. trit.; 29, Dr. Reil's provings, Hom. Vierteljahrschrift, 1, 194, having for eight days previously kept accurate records of his urine, took tincture, increasing from 5 to 100 drops daily; 30, Lembke, effects of the powder on point of knife, six doses, A. H. Z., 49, 185.
MIND.► Emotional. ► Great excitement after two glasses of beer, which was not relished; in the open air it seemed as though the pulses beat more violently than usual, with general sensation of heat; this lasted an hour, and gradually disappeared while walking (in the evening, beer caused no change in his condition), . ► Unusual liveliness and clearness of mind (second day), . ► Became lively for the first time towards evening (second day), . ► Talkative mood, . ► Joyous mood, . ► Depressed mood (first day), . ► Anxious sensation, with uneasiness, . ► Apprehensiveness, . ► Apprehensiveness in the evening, . [10.] ► Apprehension (first day), . ► Irritable mood, . ► Very irritable and out of humor, morning and evening (first day), . ► Out of humor, with irritable mood (fifth day), . ► Ill-humor without cause; in the evening it was followed by a lively mood, . ► Fretful mood (eighth day), . ► Intellectual. ► Less mental activity than usual, .
HEAD.► Confusion and Vertigo. ► Confusion of the head, , , . ► Confusion of the head throughout the day, . ► Confusion of the head the whole day (second day), . [20.] ► Confusion of the head, especially on the vertex (seventh day), . ► Confusion of the head, as after drinking too much, . ► Confusion of the head on the vertex (third day), . ► Confusion of the head, with slight vertigo in the morning, . ► Confusion of the head in the forehead, with sensation of heaviness and dulness, in the morning on rising, . ► Confusion of the head in the evening, . ► Confusion of the head after breakfast, . ► Confusion of the head, as before the outbreak of violent coryza, relieved in the open air, . ► Confusion of the head in the forehead, with pain extending across the left frontal eminence, involving a small portion of the left half of the forehead, the parietal bone, and the temple, and reaching to the zygomatic portion of the right jaw, leaving a general sensation along all those parts of a dull tearing or cutting, transient (after one hour), . ► Slight confusion of the head, . [30.] ► Great confusion of the head (third day), . ► Great confusion of the head, in the evening while walking (especially on the vertex), (seventh day), . ► Great confusion of the head in the evening, with pressive pains on the vertex, with burning in the skin of the forehead, lasting into the night, . ► Dizzy confusion of the head (first day), . ► Dizzy confusion of the head, in the morning on waking, . ► Head was confused and felt intoxicated, especially towards evening, . ► Slight vertigo, . ► Transient vertigo, . ► Dizziness, as after intoxication, after eating (first day), . ► General Head. ► Rush of blood to the head, . [40.] ► Rush of blood to the head, on going into a warm room after a walk; he was obliged to leave the room, when he felt better, repeated three times in one forenoon, . ► Headache, not relieved in the open air (first day), . ► Headache in the morning on waking; it soon ceased, but frequently returned for a short time through the day (sixth day), . ► Headache, with such great weakness that she was obliged to sit down frequently during a hurried walk (after 3d trit.), . ► Headache, consisting of fulness, with increased warmth and slight stupefaction (second day), . ► Sensation of swelling of the head, . ► Dull pain in the whole head all the forenoon, aggravated by violent motion of it, . ► Pressive pain in the brain, especially at the bridge of the nose, . ► Pressive headache, like that frequently experienced with disordered stomach, . ► Pressive headache, as after drinking too much, in the morning after waking, disappearing after rising, . [50.] ► Pressive headache in the evening (third day), . ► Pressive headache, aggravated by stepping hard (first day), . ► Painful stitches shoot through the brain, . ► His accustomed beer caused headache (second day), . ► The headache and chest symptoms were somewhat relieved after lying down, for some hours in the forenoon (fourth day), . ► Forehead. ► Indefinite pain in the forehead, aggravated by shaking or turning the head, or even moving it, . ► Dull headache above the right eye, in the morning on waking, . ► Dull, burrowing, frontal headache, . ► Pressive pain in the right side of the forehead, sometimes extending to the occiput (first day), . ► Dull pressive pain in the forehead (first day), . [60.] ► Pressive frontal headache at breakfast, which was eaten without remarkable appetite (fourteenth day), . ► Tearings in the frontal bone, . ► Tearing pain, extending from the felt eye up into the forehead, in the evening after lying down, . ► Temples. ► Violent raging pain, extending from the right eye along the squamous portion of the temporal bone, on its inner side to the occiput; it seems a though a fluid were injected paroxysmally into a small blood-vessel, . ► Sensation as if the temples were too narrow, . ► Pressure in both temples, . ► Pressive pain in the right temple, . ► Pressive pain in the left temporal region soon after rising, which frequently extended to the left eye, and lasted nearly the whole day, . ► Slight pressive pain, extending from the temples towards the vertex, which completely disappeared after the customary washing with cold water (second day), . ► Sticking pain in both temples, with painful sensation of fulness of the whole head (3d trit.), . [70.] ► Dull sticking pain in the left temporal region, lasting several minutes, disappearing on pressure, but returning on leaving off the pressure (seventh day), . ► Violent throbbing and pressive pains in both temples, lasting more than an hour, equally during rest and motion, frequently alternating with heat and redness of the face (second day), . ► Vertex. ► A painful elevation on the vertex as large as a pea, lasting the whole day, . ► Severe pressure and burning pain in the vertex, in the morning on waking, lasting an hour, but on rising after a short subsequent sleep it disappeared, . ► Sensitiveness of the head on the vertex, . ► Parietals. ► Dull burrowing headache in the posterior portion of the right parietal bone, paroxysmal, continuing only a short time, while lying in bed in the morning (one hour after 25 drops), . ► Rather severe sticking in the head, in the coronal suture of the right side, . ► Occiput. ► Sensation as though a hot constricting band extended from one mastoid process across the occiput to the other; this region seemed tense and constricted; the condition became worse, until at last it affected the whole skull, in which the pain seemed to fix itself, and it seemed as though the bones became drawn closer and closer together, also involving the whole scalp (in which the pain appeared to be seated), and which seemed to be drawn tighter and tighter about the skull (second day), . ► Dull boring pain in the left side of the occiput towards the ear, . ► Indefinite drawing and pressing in the occiput, temples, and right eye, . [80.] ► Pressure and sensation of warmth in the occiput, at 6 P.M. in a warm room, . ► Pressing pain in the occiput, with sensation as if the scalp were swollen; this sensation extended to the left cheek and side of the nose, . ► External Head. ► Gooseflesh at the roots of the hairs and bristling of the hair (second day), . ► Sensation as if the scalp were drawn tightly over the skull (after one hour), . ► Stitches in the occiput like the bite of a leech woke him from sleep and caused scratching, . ► Crawling pain in the scalp on walking, which obliges him to scratch (eleventh day), .
EYE.► Pressure upon the left eye, especially at the inner canthus, . ► Brow and Orbit. ► Frequent pressive pain in the superciliary ridges during the whole proving, . ► Pressive pain in the orbits, . ► Lids. ► Slight agglutination of the eyes, . [90.] ► Frequent twitching-like jerking in the left lower eyelid, . ► Slight burning in the margins of the lids, . ► Feeling as though the margins of the lids were swollen, . ► Lachrymal Apparatus. ► Increased lachrymation, especially in the open air, so that the eyes were constantly swimming in tears of a thicker consistence than natural, . ► Conjunctiva. ► Inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eyes, to which he was subject, . ► Conjunctiva of the right eye inflamed, . ► Ball. ► Sensation as of a foreign body in the eyes between the lids and balls, . ► Pressure in the left eyeball, . ► Frequent smarting pain between the left eye and lid, as though a hair were between them, . ► Smarting-biting between the eyeballs and lids, as if a hair were between them, on waking in the morning, obliging him to rub them, . ► Vision. [100.] ► Sight much weaker than usual, .
EAR.► External. ► Constant pressive-tensive pain in the left mastoid process, . ► Drawing pain on the convex surface of the left concha, especially severe on touch, . ► Violent biting-sticking in the left antitragus, . ► A pressive sticking pain above and behind the left ear, increased to a painful burrowing congestion, that only seldom remitted, and when worst extended not only to the left side of the neck and clavicular region, but also to the last back teeth of the left lower jaw and the left side of the occiput, . ► Drawing-tearing pain upon and behind the left ear, followed by constant roaring in it, . ► Severe and deep stitches in front of the left ear, between the antitragus and zygoma, . ► Frequent biting stitches in the left antitragus, . ► Violent, pressive, throbbing pain in the left mastoid process, which at times increases to a burrowing from within outward, when warm in bed before midnight; when most severe it extends into the left ear, in the left occipital region, the last back teeth of the lower jaw, and along the sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle to the left claviculo-pectoral region; on touch the parts pain as if suppurating, . ► Pain in the region of the right parotid gland, followed by a similar pain in the submaxillary gland under the tongue, with constant accumulation of saliva in the mouth, . ► Internal. [110.] ► Stoppage of both ears, with sensation of pressure in the meatus auditorius (sixth day), . ► Sensation as if the external auditory passages were closed, with crackling in the right ear (aggravation of the usual roaring in the ear), . ► Feeling as though the left ear were stopped, or the hearing impeded, with tensive-pressive pain in the left mastoid process, extending to the clavicular region of the left side and to the last back teeth of the lower jaw; aggravated by lying upon the ear, lasting the whole day, with short intervals, . ► Pressive pain in the right Eustachian tube, aggravated by turning the head to the right side and on swallowing; this occurred suddenly an hour before dinner, and suddenly and completely disappeared after warm soup (seventh day), . ► Drawings in the right ear, and also at times in the left, . ► Drawing in the right meatus auditorius, lasting the whole evening, . ► Frequent painful drawing within the right ear, . ► Painful cramplike drawing within the right ear, . ► A drawing pain within the right ear, which at times became sticking, with great roaring in the left ear, . ► Severe stitches in the left ear, . [120.] ► Violent stitches within the right ear, followed by aching in the back teeth of the right upper jaw, . ► Biting stitch in the right meatus auditorius, and in the right temporal region, . ► Transient drawing-twinging pain within the left ear, . ► Throbbing pain within the left ear synchronous with the pulse, . ► Rhythmical throbbing in the ear upon which he was lying (first day), . ► Tickling and itching in the left meatus auditorius, frequently repeated through the day, and afterwards becoming a pressure in the concha (third day), . ► Tickling and voluptuous itching in both ears, from the external canal through the inner ear to the mouth, lasting only fifteen or twenty seconds, . ► Itching in the right external meatus auditorius, obliging him to bore in with the finger, . ► Itching and roaring in the left ear, . ► Much itching within the left ear, . [130.] ► Severe itching and roaring in the left ear, . ► Itching within the ear is especially noticed on going from the cold air into the warm room, . ► Hearing. ► Impaired hearing, . ► Difficulty in hearing, as if the ears were stopped with cotton, . ► The left ear seems stopped, so that he hears less distinctly than usual, . ► Cracking in the left ear on empty swallowing, . ► Cracking in the left ear and a sensation as though earwax would flow from it, on swallowing saliva, . ► Loud ringing within the left ear, with bruised pain about the outer left ear, especially in the mastoid process; the pain extends down the left side of the neck to the clavicular and pectoral regions, . ► Great roaring in the ears, as from a storm in a forest, . ► Extremely troublesome roaring in the left ear, . [140.] ► Seething-roaring in the left ear, , .
NOSE.► Objective. ► Redness of the nostrils, with sensitive soreness in them (after 3d trit.), . ► Crusts from on the outer margins of the nostrils, . ► A yellowish pulverulent substance on the margin of the nostril, . ► Sneezing, with cough and expectoration, . ► Violent sneezing, . ► Violent repeated sneezing in the morning, with discharge of mucus from both nostrils, . ► Frequent sneezing, , . ► Frequent sneezing, several times in succession, . ► Frequent sneezing in the evening, . [150.] ► Frequent sneezing, with dry cough, . ► Very violent paroxysms of sneezing, with burning in the mucous membrane of the nose and on the margins of the wings, as from pepper; these attacks of sneezing occurred nearly every half hour, but the burning of the nose was quite constant (third day), . ► Secretion of much mucus in the nose (third day), , . ► Secretion of much mucus in the nose, without the usual catarrhal symptoms, . ► Very great secretion of mucus in the nose, . ► Secretion of thin white mucus in the nose, . ► Profuse discharge of thin mucus from the nose throughout the day, . ► Slight coryza, with sticking pain in both temples, rawness and soreness of the throat (third day after 3d trit.), . ► Subjective. ► Nose dry, stopped, . ► Dryness of the mucous membrane of the nose and throat, somewhat relieved by water, . [160.] ► Dryness of the mucous membrane of the nose and throat, so that no mucus could be loosened, either by blowing the nose or hawking, . ► On account of the dryness of the posterior nares he was frequently obliged to draw water through the nostrils; after the water he was able to dislodge some hard masses of mucus by blowing the nose, followed by relief for a short time, . ► Pressive pain above the arch of the nose and in the frontal sinuses, . ► Sensation of stoppage of the nose, with watery discharge from it (3d trit.), . ► Itching in the nose, followed by frequently repeated violent sneezing (ninth day), .
FACE.► Redness of the face and hands, with distension and throbbing of the vessels (first day), . ► Crawling and drawing in the left side of the face and nose, corresponding in extend to the infraorbital plexus of nerves, and resembling prosopalgia (second day), . ► Cheeks. ► Crawling in the malar bones, . ► Crawling, beginning in the left malar bone, extending across the back of the nose to the right cheek, repeated three times during the day (third day), . ► Crawling sensation, extending from the right malar bone across the back of the nose to the left cheek, in the evening (second day), . [170.] ► Sensation of heaviness in the left upper jaw, as if the teeth were pressed out of their sockets (third day), . ► Lips. ► Small cracks in the lips, which seem covered with meal (eighth day), . ► Sensation as though the lower lip were drawn from both sides towards the middle (frequently alternating with the pulsating beats in the heart), . ► On chewing, pain in the left articulation of the lower jaw, with cracking in it when swallowing, . ► Sensation of soreness in the toothless places of the lower jaw (sixth day), .
Copyright © Médi-T ® 2000 | <urn:uuid:361d0eaf-8e5e-4444-89fa-c78fa8b8a43d> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://www.homeoint.org/allen/c/coc-c-1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221209980.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815063517-20180815083517-00689.warc.gz | en | 0.912883 | 4,694 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Washington, Mar 8: Scientists have shown that caffeine improves a honeybee’s memory and could help the plant recruit more bees to spread its pollen.
The researchers showed through tests that honeybees feeding on a sugar solution containing caffeine, which occurs naturally in the nectar of coffee and citrus flowers, were three times more likely to remember a flower’s scent than those feeding on just sugar.
Study leader Dr Geraldine Wright, Reader in Neuroethology at Newcastle University, UK, explained that the effect of caffeine benefits both the honeybee and the plant.
“Remembering floral traits is difficult for bees to perform at a fast pace as they fly from flower to flower and we have found that caffeine helps the bee remember where the flowers are,” Wright said.
“In turn, bees that have fed on caffeine-laced nectar are laden with coffee pollen and these bees search for other coffee plants to find more nectar, leading to better pollination.
“So, caffeine in nectar is likely to improve the bee’s foraging prowess while providing the plant with a more faithful pollinator,” she said.
In the study, researchers found that the nectar of Citrus and Coffea species often contained low doses of caffeine.
They included ‘robusta’ coffee species mainly used to produce freeze-dried coffee and ‘arabica’ used for espresso and filter coffee. Grapefruit, lemons, pomelo and oranges were also sampled and all contained caffeine.
Co-author Professor Phil Stevenson from the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the University of Greenwich’s Natural Resources Institute, UK, said: “Caffeine is a defence chemical in plants and tastes bitter to many insects including bees so we were surprised to find it in the nectar. However, it occurs at a dose that’s too low for the bees to taste but high enough to affect bee behaviour.”
The effect of caffeine on the bees’ long-term memory was profound with three times as many bees remembering the floral scent 24 hours later and twice as many bees remembering the scent after three days.
Typically, the nectar in the flower of a coffee plant contains almost as much caffeine as a cup of instant coffee.
Just as black coffee has a strong bitter taste to us, high concentrations of caffeine are repellent to honeybees.
Dr Wright added: “This work helps us understand the basic mechanisms of how caffeine affects our brains. What we see in bees could explain why people prefer to drink coffee when studying.”
The findings are published in the journal Science. (ANI) | <urn:uuid:c7d87c95-7810-473e-ae7b-1e6fb30f0f78> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.indiatalkies.com/2013/03/caffeine-improves-bees-memory.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510267865.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011747-00154-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953656 | 555 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Jan Wiktor Brzeski was born in Brzesko on July 17, 1909. His father, Jan Władysław Brzeski, was not only a doctor, but also the mayor of Brzesko and a prominent social activist. His son also became a doctor. During the Second World War the Germans arrested and imprisoned Jan Władysław Brzeski in Tarnów, Kraków and later in Auschwitz, where he died of pneumonia in March 1942. However, this did not stop his son Jan Wiktor from becoming involved in underground work and helping Jews. In recognition of helping Jewish families during the German occupation, Jan Wiktor Brzeski was awarded the Righteous Among the Nations medal on January 8, 1980.
“Jan Wiktor Brzeski practised in his hometown of Brzesko and in the immediate vicinity. Before the war, as his wife Władysława pointed out in a letter to the Yad Vashem Institute, he was a man of nationalist views, and in his youth he was even active in an anti-Semitic youth organisation. However, these views did not prevent him from actively helping Jews during the occupation. For his activities and his nightly trips to those in need of help, he was arrested by the Gestapo as early as 1941 and spent several months in prison in Tarnów. He was released when an epidemic of typhus broke out in Brzesko. Germans ordered him to return to work as there was a shortage of doctors in the town.
Before the war, Brzesko was home to a large Jewish community which constituted about 60% of the town’s population. In the spring of 1941, Germans established a ghetto there; about 6,000 people were confined in it. The ghetto was liquidated in September 1942, with the sick, elderly and those unable to work being murdered on the spot and the rest deported to the Bełżec death camp.
During those days, during the actions carried out by the Germans in the Brzesko ghetto, Jan Brzeski hid Naftali Schiff and a Jew from Bochnia in the basement of his house. He also provided medical assistance to Jews who managed to escape after the liquidation of the Brzesko ghetto and were hiding in the town and its vicinity. Regina Sperber (wife of Herman Sperber) was one of his patients. The couple lived before the war on the border between the villages of Dębno and Porąbka Uszewska. Brzeski assisted in Regina’s difficult childbirth.
Brzeski also treated Lili Matzner, who stayed in hiding with a farmer called Topolski in the village of Jadowniki. “I testify that in the years 1942-45 I was hiding in a bunker in a village near Brzesko. I was seriously ill three times [pneumonia, haemorrhage caused by a miscarriage] […], I called on Dr. Brzeski from Brzesko, who agreed to come to me. And indeed, he was secretly brought to me three times by people I trusted. I owe my life to him, especially in the case of haemorrhage. I would like to point out that Dr. Brzeski never once took a fee from me”. Lili Matzner survived the war.
Dr. Brzeski also provided medical assistance to Stefania Liban, her sister and niece, who were hiding on so-called Aryan papers in the village of Jasień. Brzeski also paid for medication for a Jewish boy who was hiding with his mother in the village of Pomianowa. In addition, during the occupation he kept Helena Taub-Jachcel’s clothes and valuables, which he returned to her when the war ended. Brzeski also helped her to organise a so-called Aryan kennkarte in the name of Helena Janicka and provided her with a baptismal certificate. The woman survived the occupation.
Jan Brzeski’s exact pre-war contacts with the Jews he helped are not known. It is therefore not excluded that some of them were his pre-war patients. After the war, Jewish survivors provided a testimony: “The undersigned Jews of Brzesko testify that Dr. Jan Brzeski of Brzesko went to the medical assistance of the Jewish population with all readiness during the occupation period, both in the first period and in the hardest times of hiding and the pogrom.”
From Martyna Grądzka’s article on Jan Brzeski, https://sprawiedliwi.org.pl/node/6620
People who were helped by Jan Brzeski (all survived):
Chaskel Blonder; Jozef Glassner, Szymon Goldberg, Helena Taub, Stefania Liban, Bronisława Malawer, Lili Matzner, Naftali Schiff, Herman Sperber, Regina Sperber, Maurycy Zuckerman.
Jan Wiktor Brzeski died on 12 January, 1994. | <urn:uuid:0c0652c4-2020-4882-ace7-dc503773c84a> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://brzesko-briegel.pl/en/2023/03/07/jan-wiktor-brzeski-from-brzesko/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945287.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324144746-20230324174746-00146.warc.gz | en | 0.982265 | 1,076 | 2.859375 | 3 |
- (Photo: AP Photo / Zina Deretsky, National Science Foundation)
A new study is creating a stir after it concluded that there are billions of Earth-like planets within our own Milky Way galaxy.
The study was published Monday in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Science and was completed after astronomers used data compiled by NASA to calculate that there are at least 8.8 billion stars with planets orbiting in the habitable zone – the zone thought to be needed to sustain life.
The new figures are also leading to increased speculation over the possibility that there is life in our own galaxy.
"Just in our Milky Way galaxy alone, that's 8.8 billion throws of the biological dice," said study co-author Geoff Marcy of the University of California at Berkeley.
In the Milky Way alone roughly 1 in 5 stars that are similar to our own sun have planets orbiting them that fall within the habitable zone where life is believed to be able to survive.
That is the zone where water can be present in liquid form. The data used was compiled using NASA's formerly operational Kepler telescope over a four year period.
The Kepler telescope observed 42,000 stars, an extremely small fraction of our galaxy to determine how many Earth-like planets could be present and then extrapolated that data to include the entire Milky Way and its hundreds of billions of stars.
There has been a concerted effort over the last decade aimed at finding a planet outside our solar system that orbit a star in the habitable zone
Scientists have logged several of these celestial bodies, known as exo-planets, during the past decade. What has intrigued astronomers thus far is discovering that a few of these exo-planets share one or two traits similar to Earth. These traits relate to the size of the Earth as well as the surface temperature that is known to be hospitable to life as we know it.
"I'm very positive that the first Earth twin will be discovered next year," Abel Mendez, of the Planetary Habitability Laboratory at the University of Puerto Rico at Arecibo, told Space.com. | <urn:uuid:36d48781-decd-4a3d-92ae-afa6a8086b7c> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.christianpost.com/news/earth-like-planets-total-in-the-billions-leading-to-increased-projections-about-extra-terrestrial-life-108104/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207926736.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113206-00333-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958363 | 428 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Thomas Edwards's more-than-fifty sonnets were instrumental in reviving
the sonnet form. After retiring from the legal profession he pursued a literary
career. A serious classical scholar and friend of novelist Samuel Richardson
(1689–1761), Edwards was best known for his public attack on William War-
burton's (1698–1779) 1747 edition of Shakespeare's plays, calling it sloppy
and pedantic. Warburton responded by attacking Edwards in the notes to his
edition of Pope's Dunciad. In 1750, Edwards retorted with the sonnet begin-
ning “Tongue-doughty pedant” and a mock dedication to his enlarged edi-
tion of The Canons of Criticism.
When pensive on that portraiture I gaze,
Where my four brothers round about me stand,
And four fair sisters smile with graces bland,
The goodly monument of happier days;
And think how soon insatiate Death, who preys
On all, has cropped the rest with ruthless hand;
While only I survive of all that band,
Which one chaste bed did to my father raise;
It seems that like a column left alone,
The tottering remnant of some splendid fane,
'Scaped from the fury of the barbarous Gaul,
And wasting Time, which has the rest o'erthrown;
Amidst our house's ruins I remain
Single, unpropped, and nodding to my fall.
Tongue-doughty pedant; whose ambitious mind
Prompts thee beyond thy native pitch to soar;
And, imped with borrowed plumes of index-lore,
Range through the vast of science unconfined!
Not for thy wing was such a flight designed:
Know thy own strength, and wise attempt no more;
But lowly skim round error's winding shore,
In quest of paradox from sense refined.
Much hast thou written—more than will be read;
Then cease from Shakespeare thy unhallowed rage; | <urn:uuid:a314466a-f556-49a5-a376-2c2eefd3e788> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | https://www.questia.com/read/106497889/a-century-of-sonnets-the-romantic-era-revival-1750-1850 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398450581.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205410-00337-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.902474 | 436 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Topping cutting the crown off not only makes a tree ugly, it can lead to its early death.
Many homeowners assume that if they top a large tree, it will compensate by producing a new, healthy, lower-growing crown. Its but not true. Removing the central trunk and the tops of main branches permanently destroys a trees form and causes unnatural growth.
Topping severely weakens trees because it removes too many leaves. Without enough leaves to photosynthesize, the tree slowly starves to death.
When trees are topped, they develop water sprouts or suckers. To the untrained eyes, this looks as though the tree is rejuvenating but suckers dont develop into substantial limbs or produce enough leaves. They remain weak and spindly, and snap off easily in storms.
Sometimes topped trees develop a double leader, or trunk. This new trunk often is weaker than the original and can be prune prone to splitting. The massive root system also is weakened because it no longer received adequate nourishment from the crown. Trees in this condition are more likely to split or blow over in a storm.
If you plan to top a tree in your yard because you fear it might blow over on your house, consider this: A mature tree with a healthy root system is much less likely to blow over than a weak one with damaged roots.
Topping a tree also creates large wounds where the crown and limbs are cut off. It takes years for these stubs to heal. In the meantime, they provide the perfect environment for harmful insects, disease and decay.
Before you prune a tree, think about what you want to accomplish. Its also important to learn about the trees natural form, growth habit, growth rate, height and spread.
Pruning is meant to remove dead, diseased, damaged or insect-infested branches and keep the rest of the tree healthy. Its also used to allow more air and light to reach the center of a tree.
On trees more than 20 feet tall, its wise to hire a professional tree service. If youre inexperienced and attempt to prune a large tree, you could injure yourself as well as the tree. Tree services have the knowledge and equipment to do this job effectively and safely.
Utility companies often are forced to top trees growing under wires the only alternative is to cut the trees down. If you have utility wires crossing your property, its best not to plant trees under them. If you want to plant trees under wires, plant low-growing ones, such as dogwoods or redbuds.
Two free Penn State publications Pruning Ornamental Plants and A Guide for Selecting Shade and Flowering Trees for Pennsylvania Landscapes, provide additional information about choosing and maintaining trees and shrubs. Both are available from extension officers and the Publications Distribution Center, 112 Agricultural Administration Building, University Park, PA 16802, Phone 814-865-6713.
]Dealing with hard water:] Hard water contains large amounts of calcium and magnesium, which are plant nutrients. However, these minerals reduce how well soap lathers when washing clothing or other items. The minerals in hard water often combine with soap to form the ring you see in bathtubs or wash bowls.
Many homeowners soften their water by using a filtration system to exchange the calcium and magnesium in the water for sodium, creating a softer water that allows soap to function better.
Sodium is used by plants only in very small amounts. Over long periods of time, too much sodium becomes toxic.
Excess sodium will damage the soil quality around the plants root system by breaking down the soil structure, thus reducing drainage. You can save their plants in several ways:
Leaching and elevation: By placing your plant on gravel or a similar material, a reservoir is formed to collect water passing through the soil.
Repotting: Fresh potting soil will provide a new environment for the roots, free of excess salts.
Greg Solt is a Penn State Cooperative Extension Agent in Northampton County. Lawn and garden assistance is available from Penn State Master Gardeners, Northampton County Cooperative Extension, Greystone Building, Gracedale Complex, Nazareth, PA 18064-9212; 610-746-1970. | <urn:uuid:4c3aeacc-71d4-4ab1-bfd7-4406864fb3f4> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://articles.mcall.com/2001-11-11/features/3382644_1_plant-trees-unnatural-growth-mature-tree | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645257063.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031417-00287-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952053 | 871 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Veins exist in all parts of the body. There are two sets of veins in the legs, superficial and deep. The superficial veins connect to the deep veins by small vessels (perforators). The deep veins are not involved in the formation of varicosities. The superficial veins are located just below the skin and may be slightly visible. All leg veins have valves which open and close. The function of all veins is to return the blood back to the lungs. However, occasionally the superficial veins in the leg develop varicosities.
In general, superficial veins in the legs are very thinned walled and have little muscle. They do not have much capacity to tolerate any type of high pressure in them. Varicosities can develop any time when the superficial veins are exposed to high pressures. The high pressures cause distension of the veins and thus the valves can no longer close snugly. This leads to engorgement of the veins with blood and hence to varicosities. If for some reason the small veins connecting the deep and superficial veins are damaged (usually from a blood clot), the superficial veins will then be exposed to slightly high pressures.
Any condition that either damages the valves or the superficial vein and/or causes high pressures will lead to the development of varicose veins.
The most common causes of varicose veins include:
Age: As we age our veins start to weaken and the valves start to wear down. The elasticity of the veins and the thin muscle layer around the vein starts to weaken and the veins can no longer push the blood out. The wear and tear of the veins with age, eventually leads to enlargement of the veins and development of varicose veins.
Trauma: Any trauma to the legs can injure the superficial veins and later on lead to development of varicose veins. Trauma may injure the valves or the veins itself. Most individuals who have had leg trauma usually have life-long swelling of their legs.
Estrogen: The female sex hormone, estrogen, is associated with an increase in the incidence of varicosities. Estrogen is thought to cause thinning of the veins and valves. This leads to collection of blood in the veins. This may be one reason why more women than men have varicose veins.
Obesity. In general, varicose veins are more common in obese individuals. The reason is believed to be due to the excess weight and fluid. The veins do not have a lot of capacity to endure the persistent high pressures and eventually varicosities result.
Pregnancy: Pregnancy is a very high risk for the formation of varicose veins. Women are particularly susceptible to varicose disease because the thin vein walls and valves get distended under the influence of fluid, weight gain and the sex hormones. Over time the sex hormones weaken the vein and soften the valves. Late in pregnancy, the enlarged uterus compresses the veins in the pelvis and exerts a significant pressure on the leg veins. All of this leads to development of varicose veins. Once varicose veins have formed during pregnancy, they never disappear. In fact, women with multiple pregnancies, usually develop the visible "rope like" varicosities along the entire leg.
Genetics: Varicose veins do tend to run in families. If one member of the family is affected, the chances are high that other members of the family may also develop varicose veins.
Idiopathic: Some individuals develop varicose veins despite having no risk factors or in the absence of any elevated venous pressure. This is what is known as "bad luck".
Straining: There are some individuals who have constant high pressure in the lower abdomen. Conditions like chronic constipation and persistent coughing tend to increase the venous pressure in the groin area. This persistently increased abdominal pressure may be responsible for varicose veins. Hemorrhoids (type of varicosity) are a classic example of a disorder which is developed by constant straining.
Standing: Prolonged standing is known to be associated with development of varicose veins. When standing in one position, the leg muscles do not work and the veins are not able to push the blood back to the heart. The prolonged standing leads to increased venous pressure in the legs which slowly weakens the valves; leading to the development of varicose veins.
Blood clot: Anyone who has developed a prior blood clot in the leg veins is more susceptible to development of varicose veins. The blood clots may occur anywhere along the vein and they destroy the valves in the veins. The majority of individuals with a prior blood clot in the legs tend to have persistently enlarged legs with marked varicosities.
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Triplets are out, singletons are in and twins are holding steady.
So says a new study in the New England Journal of Medicine that examined birth trends in the United States from1971 to 2011.
The authors of the report, from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and other institutions, attribute the shift to professional guidelines urging fertility doctors to transfer only one or two embryos to their patients hoping to get pregnant. Those guidelines were first issued by the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology in 1998, the same year that rates of triplet, quadruplets and even higher-order multiple births peaked in the U.S.
Overall, the proportion of actual births that involved more than one baby rose from 1.8% in 1971 to 3.5% in 2011. Older women are more likely to give birth to multiples, and when maternal age was taken into account the growth rates were slightly smaller, the researchers found.
Multiple births are a serious medical concern because they involve greater risks for women and their children, the study authors wrote. There are also significant financial consequences both for families and society. (The McCaughey septuplets of Iowa just turned 16, and they told a news reporter they’re eager to drive! )
In the past, doctors and patients would opt to transfer three or more embryos during in vitro fertilization procedures to increase their odds of having at least one live birth. But as advances in IVF have boosted success rates, it’s gotten easier for fertility specialists to persuade patients to transfer just one or two embryos.
Physicians who perform IVF are required to report data to the CDC’s National ART [Assisted Reproductive Technology] Surveillance System. The authors of the new report used that data to calculate that fertility doctors transferred three or more embryos in 79% of IVF procedures in 1998; by 2011, that figure dropped to 24%. As a result, the rate of triplet births due to IVF treatment plunged 79% during that period.
In their place, doctors performed more procedures involving the transfer of fewer embryos. In 1998, only 6% of cases involved a single embryo and 16% involved two. By 2011, those figures were 21% and 55%, respectively, according to the study.
Put another way, 48% of triplet and higher-order births in 1998 were due to IVF, along with 10% of twin births. By 2011, the proportion of higher-order births resulting from IVF fell to 32%, while twin births attributable to IVF rose to 17%.
The same trends were not seen for other types of fertility treatment – including ovulation induction and intrauterine insemination – that are less precise, the study found. In 1998, use of such methods accounted for 36% of triplets and higher-order births, and that figure rose to 45% in 2011. For twin births, the figures were 16% and 19%, respectively.
But the study authors were optimistic that this trend could be turned around as well.
“Increased awareness of multiple births resulting from non-IVF fertility treatments may lead to improved medical practice patterns and a decrease in the rate of multiple births,” they wrote. | <urn:uuid:92d0839c-ad3e-42c5-9bd1-53eac263ec5b> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/travel/la-sci-sn-mulitple-births-down-fertility-treatments-20131204-story.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501172000.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104612-00527-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962542 | 655 | 2.625 | 3 |
Scientists Are Researching Ways To Transfuse Antibodies In Coronavirus Treatment
MARY LOUISE KELLY, HOST:
Most people who get sick with COVID-19 produce antibodies in their blood that seem to protect them from further infection. Now scientists are trying to figure out whether they can prevent COVID-19 in people at high risk of getting it by infusing them with those antibodies. NPR's Richard Harris reports on a study now getting underway.
RICHARD HARRIS, BYLINE: One of the first volunteers for this study is a physician at Johns Hopkins. Jonathan Orens had a close brush with coronavirus involving not his work, but his family. His daughter from Los Angeles wanted to come home to be near her sister, who is about to give birth to her first baby. Orens said they did everything they could think of to keep her safe on her flight to Baltimore.
JONATHAN ORENS: She wore a mask. She wore gloves. She had sanitizer. She had wipes. The load on the plane was relatively small. We actually bought the two seats in the row to keep her away from everybody else.
HARRIS: They wore masks in the car home and kept their distance in Baltimore. And just to be sure, about a week after she arrived they went for testing.
ORENS: So all three of us - my wife, myself and my daughter - went for testing. And she was positive, and fortunately my wife and I were negative.
HARRIS: As luck would have it, one of Orens's colleagues at Hopkins was just starting a study to see if purified blood serum from people who have recovered from COVID-19 could prevent the disease in someone else. Orens and his wife signed up for the experimental treatment. They had a 50/50 chance of getting this convalescent plasma from someone who's recovered. The transfusion took about an hour.
ORENS: I didn't feel anything except for the pinprick from the IV. And we went on our merry way.
SHMUEL SHOHAM: We'll follow him along to see if he develops symptoms and if he turns positive.
HARRIS: Dr. Shmuel Shoham is directing this study, which could enroll up to 500 patients.
SHOHAM: So right now we have sites in Houston, sites in Alabama. We're opening up additional sites in Dallas and Arizona. We have sites all over Southern California.
HARRIS: He's also involved in a second study that looks at whether plasma will prevent serious illness in people who are infected but not sick. Shoham says if these strategies work they could help a lot, even in the absence of a vaccine.
SHOHAM: That would give people, I think, a lot of confidence to go back to school, go back to work because if somebody gets sick it's not a tragedy because we can protect them and protect those around them.
HARRIS: Of course, they have to figure out whether it works first. Dr. Jessica Justman at Columbia University in New York tried to launch a similar study this spring, but the disease was disappearing from the city quickly and she didn't have luck recruiting participants.
JESSICA JUSTMAN: Compared to March and April, people have become less worried, less scared of COVID, and perhaps a little bit less inclined to go for a preventive treatment.
HARRIS: That situation could turn around if the disease roars back. And Justman says the idea is well worth pursuing. A similar strategy works for other diseases, including rabies and hepatitis B. Drug companies are planning to manufacture antibodies instead of collecting blood from recovered patients, but those monoclonal antibodies won't be cheap.
JUSTMAN: What I like about the convalescent plasma idea is that if it worked, I see it as something that could really be scalable in resource-limited settings. And I think that's where the convalescent plasma just has this really great potential.
HARRIS: Places like the developing world, where they can't afford pricey pharmaceuticals. As for the Orens family, their quarantine period will end next week, just in time for a quick trip to see the new mom and the family who lives in New York.
ORENS: The plan is really to drive up after she is out of the hospital. Hopefully everything will go well. And we will all be outside. We will see the baby from a distance. I've already been informed by my daughter that I'm not allowed to get anywhere near the baby. And then we'll turn around and come back to Baltimore.
HARRIS: It's hardly the way you'd like to greet your first grandchild.
ORENS: However, it's the price we have to pay to try and get this pandemic under control.
HARRIS: The researchers in Baltimore hope to know by mid-September whether the convalescent plasma will, in fact, inoculate people from COVID-19. Richard Harris, NPR News.
(SOUNDBITE OF THOMAS NEWMAN'S "FIELD TRIP (SCORE)") Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR. | <urn:uuid:deec5530-9ded-4f14-a2d0-d7caa5655ae4> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://health.wusf.usf.edu/npr-health/2020-07-24/scientists-are-researching-ways-to-transfuse-antibodies-in-coronavirus-treatment | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487598213.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20210613012009-20210613042009-00301.warc.gz | en | 0.979537 | 1,090 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Dry ice is a form of solid carbon dioxide that has many uses. Dry ice typically comes in either pellets or blocks, and it turns into a gas when heated to room temperature. Campers may choose between the two forms when packing their coolers for trips specially when you are planning to use tent or pop up camper, but there are some pros and cons to each type.
When purchasing dry ice, it is important to remember that pickling pipelines may not accommodate the size of blocks, whereas smaller pellets can slip through the pipes easily due to their small size. The issue with pellets is that they are much easier for children and animals to ingest than regular-sized chunks, which should help discourage them from chewing on it as well as give adults some time before feeling its severe effects.
The best use of dry ice is for cold preservation. When dry ice is frozen into a solid, it maintains many qualities of regular ice like its shape and temperature. With enough dry ice, a cooler can be kept cool for many hours without the need to replenish it with water or ice. Dry ice does not melt easily, as it only becomes a liquid when warmed to approximately 0°C (32°F). This makes detaching and replacing the dry ice cubes a lot easier than most other forms of cooler insulation. The coldness of dry ice can be used to keep items fresh up to three times longer than regular wet ice because it retains its humidity longer than regular water-based coolers. Always consider to bring dry ice when you are planning to have camping trailer or travel trailer adventure.
Like any other substance, dry ice can be dangerous if not used properly. The extreme cold of dry ice can cause a multitude of severe injuries. Dry ice will conduct electricity in the form of a static shock, even when unfrozen. If a person comes into physical contact with frozen dry ice and touches another part of their body, they should immediately remove the dry ice from the contact area before it poses any further risk to health or safety. Dry ice can also cause frostbite and defrost instruments close to it as well as meltdown synthetic ropes designed to hold up large amounts of weight for long periods of time.
The toxicity of dry ice is similar to that of regular carbon dioxide. Unlike CO2, dry ice releases formaldehyde vapour when it comes into contact with aromatic compounds, which includes most human-made products. As a result, those who come into contact with dry ice should wear NIOSH-approved respiratory protection gear when camping or backpacking in areas where it has been frozen. Their masks should be equipped with an organic vapour cartridge to avoid inhaling dangerous amounts of formaldehyde gas. The body should not be exposed to the levels of formaldehyde that are released from frozen carbon dioxide for more than two hours each day.
In addition to the dangers listed above, there are some additional risks associated with dry ice. Prolonged continuous contact with frozen dry ice will cause frostbite, and it can also make any surface it comes into contact with very slippery. Dry ice will also linger underwater for a long period of time and should be kept a safe distance away from any body of water to avoid potential pollution.
Dry ice is useful in many industries and applications, but people should be aware that it poses the same dangers as regular carbon dioxide. When used properly, dry ice is a safe and effective way to keep items cold during camping or glamping trips. Dry ice can keep items cool for longer than wet ice, but it cannot preserve food or drinks like regular non-solidified carbon dioxide. When in doubt about the safety of an item exposed to dry ice, always err on the side of caution and throw it away instead of risking any potential damage to health or safety.
How To Use Dry Ice To Keep Food Cold
Dry ice is sometimes referred to as “frozen carbon dioxide.” It is made by cooling carbon dioxide in a vacuum of a high enough temperature to turn it into a gas.
1) Place your food in containers that you would normally use for dry ice, and then put them in the freezer. Aim for a temperature between -5 and -10 degrees Celsius.
2) Leave them in the freezer for 2 hours (or more if you want). Do not be tempted to take them out of the freezer when they seem frozen! Once they are frozen, lift them out of the containers and place them around wherever you want cold storage.
3) Some people use the “dry ice cooler method.” This method is where you pack a cooler with about half a pound of dry ice. You then pop off the drain plug at the bottom and fill it with water. Close the lid to create some pressure, and this should cool down the contents within 5-10 hours. Also, do not keep it shut for more than 5 minutes; otherwise, you will need to pop off the drain plug again.
1) Never touch dry ice with your bare hands! Gloves are recommended when carrying out any tasks that involve dry ice or working near where dry ice has been stored. It will burn your hands.
2) Some people like to use dry ice as a way to make ice cream. It is really effective, and it will save you a lot of money from buying ice cream every day!
3) Always aim for a temperature between -5 and -10 degrees Celsius, as this is the temperature at which dry ice is most effective. If you want to keep it cold for longer, you can keep adding dry ice when you place your food in the freezer. This technique will take a long time, maybe longer than 2 hours to get the desired results.
4) You can use frozen dry ice with milk or any other liquid that has some oil in it, but this will not work if there is no oil in the liquid.
5) Dry ice is also used in a lot of cooling solutions. Some drinks from your local supermarket will have dry ice added to them as they are cooled.
Is dry ice better than regular ice in a cooler?
Dry ice is a great way to keep your food cold in the summer and cooler than regular ice. Both dry ice and ice have the same density, but dry ice has been frozen rather than formed by freezing water. Dry ice is not very appetizing, making some people think that it tastes too “metallic.” You are unlikely to find dry ice in grocery stores as most of them use liquid carbon dioxide from carbon dioxide generators to store their product in the freezer. The only place you are likely to find dry ice is at a party store or a caterer’s.
Is dry ice better for camping?
Dry ice is a great way to keep your food cold in the summer and cooler than regular ice. The main advantage of using dry ice as a camping refrigerator is that you don’t need to bring coolers, water, or generators; just you and your dry ice. Dry ice also has many uses beyond keeping food cold. You can store extra food, freeze favourite drinks, make popsicles, and more. Camping with dry ice means that you won’t need to get up in the middle of the night to go outside for things like toilet paper or firewood on camping site.
Dry ice must not be confused with the other use for carbon dioxide that involves direct human inhalation of carbon dioxide gas from small cylinders or flasks. These small cylinders may be refilled at a filling station or by a distributor that sells the small canisters used for carbon dioxide fire extinguisher systems. This dry ice is not the same as dry ice that is sold for use in cooling and freezing applications.
Is dry ice safe to handle?
The product should not be handled without precautions. The product can cause frostbite on contact with skin, so proper protective gloves should be worn and eye protection is recommended when using dry ice products in bulk form. These precautions are especially important when handling large quantities of dry ice, which may come out of a container more quickly than anticipated, exposing hands to extremely cold temperatures. Dry ice sublimates at −78 °C (−108.4 °F), which creates ice crystals that come off the dry ice in a gas form. The dry ice gas is heavier than normal room air, so if enough is produced, it will lower the temperature of the room. If enough dry ice is produced to lower the temperature in a small space (like an enclosed room or a cooler) below the freezing point, then one should open up the area and/or vent it outside to equalize pressure. Some have said that dry ice can explode if exposed to heat or water. This can happen if large amounts of water are poured on it when in solid form and when temperatures are below.
Will dry ice ruin a cooler?
Follow the manufacturer’s instructions regarding its use. Usually, if the cooler is not made for dry ice, it will not be able to hold large quantities of it. Many coolers will have a line that you are supposed to fill with water before applying dry ice. They will also need to be kept below freezing temperatures or some other temperature that the manufacturer sets, this differs slightly from one brand to another.
Will dry ice ruin my picnic table?
Melt dry ice on a flower pot or in an aluminium bucket; when ready, pour the water over it and let sit for a while before using. Do this once or twice and then refill as needed. Fresh dry ice will melt faster than the frozen kind.
Dry Ice Outdoors Application Guide
Dry ice is used for several reasons such as freezing food and keeping products from spoiling. Everything from making popsicles to using them in your freezer can be accomplished with dry ice. One of the most common uses is in the cooler. Whether you are camping or at home, a cooler is an essential part of the outdoor experience. You will need to keep it cold for long periods of time to keep your food and drinks cold enough that you don’t freeze them before you eat them. However, if you plan on using a cooler at all times then you are going to need some dry ice or another way to get it cool enough. Here is an overview of the advantages and disadvantages of using dry ice in a cooler.
How do you get dry ice?
Dry ice can be bought at most grocery stores in the freezer section or ordered online (see online resources for local suppliers). Dry ice is also sold at some party stores though it may cost more or be limited in supply. You can also buy it online but will have to pay shipping charges. There are two types of dry ice that you can purchase – plain and pellets. The plain dry ice comes in a large block shape that you are going to need to cut into smaller pieces before you use it. Pellets are much easier because they come already cut into small pieces.
How long will dry ice last in a cooler?
Dry ice will not last long in a cooler. It depends on the temperature in the cooler and the size of your cooler. A small cooler with little food will keep your dry ice-cold for only a few hours while a large, full one can keep it frozen for days.
Dry Ice Uses
Dry ice is used for many different things besides keeping food and drinks cold. It can be used to make some very unique and interesting items such as creating silicone moulds, making soap, making chocolates, freezing creams and lotions, freezing flowers and herbs, making carbonated drinks which are known as soda pop or soda water and much more. | <urn:uuid:a3b008be-b873-4caa-8203-68112a99bde4> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.outsidetimes.com/camping/dry-ice-vs-regular-ice-camping/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588282.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028065732-20211028095732-00171.warc.gz | en | 0.955379 | 2,376 | 2.875 | 3 |
Midges in Scotland
When it comes to midges in Scotland, let’s not beat about the bush. Especially as, if you beat about bushes in the Highlands in the summer, you’re liable to disturb clouds of midges. But are these little beasties that much of a problem? Will they spoil your trip? I’ve travelled in Scotland for, oh, years and years, and my answer is: possibly a little – but it all depends where you go. If you travel in the Lowlands, and a breeze blows, then midges in Scotland won’t be any problem at all.
But first, I’ll clear up an orthographic point, especially if you’ve been using Google to search for biting insects in Scotland. Midge and midget are two entirely different words. We’re talking insects here. Compared to these tiny insects, midgets are really, really huge. The Highland midge is only 1.5mm long, so it should be easy to tell the difference.
I can confirm that biting or otherwise aggressive midgets are not an issue anywhere in Scotland, not even in Glasgow (except perhaps at Old Firm football matches). Yes, I know, unless you are from Scotland that bracketed aside is probably opaque. Anyway, the Scots pronounce the insect as ‘mi-jee’, emphasising the first syllable. Sometimes midges are called gnats, though the US English ‘no-see-ums’ is much more colourful and also accurate. Make no mistake, when the conditions are right, these wee beasties can be a bit of an irritation.
Midges – a Highland problem?
Firstly, some biology. Species of midge that have a taste for us belong to the genus Culicoides. This is a world-wide genus, and the tropical species are even worse. (Don’t ask.) There are more than 30 Culicoides species of midges in Scotland. The biting species vary with habitat. The species C. impunctatus is the one you usually encounter in the Highlands.
You meet it there because it lays its eggs in wet soil. So anywhere with a good growth of plant species such as sphagnum moss, various rushes or damp-loving grasses will be a potential midge breeding ground. That type of habitat includes much of the high-rainfall Highlands with their acid boggy ground.
Only half the midge population bites!
Now the good news. Only half the Highland midge population actually bites. The other half is male and feeds on flowers. (Everybody say ‘ahwww‘.) Basically, the female reaches the adult state with enough reserves to lay one batch of eggs. After that, if she comes over all broody again (and she will) then she needs a blood meal. She needs the protein in the blood to develop the yolk in her eggs. And that’s quite enough detail. Except to say that only about 10% of the females actually get a drink in their little lives. And I can’t say I’m sorry about that. That means that 90% of Highland female midges in Scotland just hover around muttering ‘Don’t know about you, but I could murder a forearm…‘
(Above) On the way up Stac Pollaidh / Polly. A fine day in the north-west Highlands, with Suilven on the left and Cul Mor on the right. These are the names of the mountains in the background, by the way, not the women in the foreground. And we’ve just got high enough to catch the breeze and avoid the midges in Scotland.
How to avoid being a midge meal
There is a wealth of advice available on how to avoid being bitten by midges in Scotland. Not all of it is on this page, though this has all you need to know. Midges like to fly, and hence bite, near the ground and seldom attack more than 10ft (3m) above it. So, you could learn to stilt walk. (See? I told you we’d be practical.) Midges are attracted to dark clothing, so wear light colours and cover up. I like to think that some kind of Klu Klux Klan outfit, plus the stilts, might make you practically invulnerable, though a little conspicuous if travelling in a group. (Hmm. I don’t know, maybe that observation is in bad taste….)
On the subject of what to wear; because midges have very shallow biting jaws, attacks are confined to bare skin. They don’t bite through cloth: not even those really cheap t-shirts you got from Walmart. They home in on their prey by detecting the higher than normal levels of the carbon dioxide that we exhale, although it’s unlikely you’ll be able to hold your breath for the entire length of your Scottish visit unless your travel agent has really messed with the schedule.
Studies have also shown that midges that feed on humans aren’t really that fussy. They are equally happy to feed from cattle, deer, sheep, dogs, cats, rabbits or mice. You could choose one of these as a decoy species and let it accompany you on your Highland travels. I’d go for something portable, though if you choose a mouse, remember that, to something that size, being bitten by a midge would be, for us, similar to being attacked by, say, a small but homicidal sparrow. Midges are also especially active in low light and in still conditions. Highland hoteliers rely on this to keep guests in the bar when they might otherwise be taking a romantic walk to watch the sunset. Midges, therefore, are an important element in the Highland economy.
Control that midge
No effective blanket spray exists for getting rid of midge on the breeding grounds. You would have to spray most of the Highlands, creating ecological havoc. Ditto biological controls. Dragonflies, amphibians, fish and bats do their best to eat as many as possible. So just remember that if you are a hotelier contemplating one of these midge-zapper devices that all you are doing is reducing the food for the local bats.
As for repellents applied to the skin, there are a variety of sprays and creams, some using natural products. At the moment Smidge That Midge Insect Repellent is getting great reviews – see the advert in the sidebar. I like my midgehood though – I wear it over my much loved Tilley hat ( as vaguely seen in my Twitter profile pic! Oh, and in a pic above.) These also help in keeping away clegs (horse-flies). To be honest, if the midges in Scotland are bad, then clegs are worse! We had a bad experience of Scottish clegs in Knoydart. Oh, and on the road to Stronachlachar in the Trossachs.
I think clegs are similar to the US ‘blue-tail fly’, but perhaps someone can clarify that for me. Don’t get me started on these sly and treacherous insects. They are much bigger than midges, for a start. The worst thing is the way they silently land on you and the damage is done before you are aware of them. And how do they know that you can’t see the backs of your own arms, elbows and backs of legs? Clegs are active on warm days in the Scottish countryside – but usually not in anything like the numbers of midges. Reviews of the Smidge spray also say it is effective against clegs… ( hmm, must buy some for Johanna!)
So, basically, midges are part of the Highland experience. They won’t totally wreck your holiday and should be no more than a minor nuisance for which remedies are available. Really serious outbreaks may require a midge-hood. (That’s what I am wearing in my Twitter account photo in a failed attempt to look mysterious. What was I thinking about?) And if you send a day above, say, 2000ft / 700m – or at lower levels if the wind blows – you won’t even encounter them. | <urn:uuid:14354ca4-73c2-4f23-9c78-c4a3cd5808b6> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.scotlandinaweek.com/midges-in-scotland.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928780.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00014-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956357 | 1,718 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Just like people, overweight pets can face a litany of health issues. A healthy diet may save your pet’s life! The potentially devastating consequences of obesity include:
- Trouble breathing
- Greater risk for heat stroke
- Orthopedic concerns
- Compromised immune system
- Reduction in life span
- Mammary tumors (particularly in un-spayed females)
- Skin conditions
- Heart problems
- High blood pressure
How do I Start
Schedule an appointment with your veterinarian to start your pet on a safe diet and exercise program. You may want to check with your personal doctor before increasing your own activity.
Your Veterinarian Will Discuss the Following With You:
- A history of what you feed your pet and how much exercise your pet gets.
- Food – The doctor will see if you may be open to changing what kind of food you feed or if you want to feed the same food but need help with the quantity you feed- it is important to measure. The doctor will also discuss a reduced calorie food, or feeding less of regular calorie food.
- Treats – The doctor will discuss what treats you give and may be able to offer some healthier alternatives.
Get Your Overweight Pet Exercising:
The doctor may make the following recommendations:
- Going for walks
- Playing with your pet
- Getting a dog walker
- Looking into “Doggy Daycare”
How Long Will it Take to See Results?
Aim for gradual weight loss and expect significant improvement to take several months. A goal would be a loss of 1% to 2% of the initial weight per week. It is important to get the whole family into healthy pet habits. This is essential to the success of the weight loss plan.
All pet foods are not created the same. While quality is certainly measured in protein and other nutrients, attention to your pet’s specific needs is also important. There are pet food formulas specifically for puppies and kittens, active breeds, seniors, and even healthy weight formulas for dogs and cats that are overweight. Inexpensive pet foods most often do not use premium protein ingredients. You should expect the first ingredient in any pet food you select to be a good protein source like chicken, fish, or eggs. Premium proteins are digested much more easily and offer optimal nutritional value. Your veterinarian can lead you in the right direction on selecting a food. Introduce the new food gradually, as it may upset your pet’s digestive system. The complete switch in foods can take a couple of weeks.
Exercise for Overall Health:
- For dogs, a regular walk to the mailbox each day is a great exercise primer, especially for small or sedentary breeds. A longer walk even twice a week can have its benefits. Anytime you can, opt to take a longer route in your normal routine with your dog. Playing toss with a ball or toy is a rewarding workout that can help lower weight and reduce stress. Dogs, like people, often eat when stressed and lowering stress can reduce some of their urge to overeat.
- For cats, try finding toys your cat is interested in so you can engage them in daily playtime. Different cats like different types of toys; your main goal is to activate their instinctive desire to chase prey. A few popular options you can try include laser toys, stuffed mice with catnip, and sticks with stringed toys attached.
- Select snacks for your overweight pet that do not work against the weight loss program. There are many fat-free snacks on the market, but that does not mean you can give your dog an unlimited supply. The calories add up and can sabotage any hard work you and your pet have done. Limit snacks to once or twice a day in small doses. As an alternative to treats offer a single piece of kibble from your pets dry food. For dogs, raw vegetables like baby carrots also make a nutritional, low-fat treat.
What if There are No Results or Extremely Slow Results?
Be sure that your pet is not being fed additional food that is not on the plan. Your veterinarian may want to check to be sure that there is not a medical reason underlying their weight problems such as:
- Low thyroid level
- Hormonal imbalances, such as Cushing’s disease, an excess of adrenal hormones | <urn:uuid:ff60d69c-c0df-41a8-b39e-6db9bfab38a1> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://colonialvet.com/services/rehabilitation/weight-loss/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511365.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20181018001031-20181018022531-00353.warc.gz | en | 0.93787 | 896 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Measuring the flow of your aquarium’s main return pump is an incredibly useful piece of information. The key benefit would be to have the Apex notify you the instant the flow stops for any reason — usually the result of a failed or faulty pump. Furthermore, an indication of a reduced flow rate could be used to determine that the pump or the lines are dirty or are becoming clogged with algae, debris, animals, or the growth of organisms inside your plumbing.
Auxiliary pumps on reactors and the like
This is a very handy application for the FMM. Place a flow sensor on a device like a carbon/gfo/biopellet reactor and it serves many purposes. First off, you will know if your pump is not not flowing correctly or failed altogether. Next, you can easily fine-tune the flow into the reactor by watching the dashboard tile on your Apex. Finally, you can know when the reactor is becoming clogged with detritus or possibly channeling has occurred by an alert on your Apex or by monitoring your dashboard.
Put a flow sensor inline to your device, plug it in to the FMM, and see exactly the flow rate of the water (any aquarium fluid really) going through that sensor. The industrial-grade flow sensors use either a turbine or paddle-wheel mechanism (depending on the model) to measure the flow.
It is important to note that the flow rate that will be reported back to you from the flow sensors will likely be far lower than you expect or what is printed on the pump label or documentation. This is due to head pressure loss from physical height differences, long runs, restrictions such as ball valves, fittings like elbows, tees, and reducers, and then finally the loc-line many use as the entry point into their tanks. As an example, a pump rated at 3200gph will likely be showing less than half that amount in nearly all applications.
With the FMK – Fluid Monitoring Kit you get one 1″ Flow Sensor as well as two 1/2″ Flow Sensors. For North American customers, adapter fittings are also provided.
(The 1/2″ sensors are rated for flow rates from 30-250 gph. The 1″ flow sensors are rated for flow rates from 150-1500 gph.) | <urn:uuid:39179047-c07a-43ca-85c6-de282bd0aa90> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://www.neptunesystems.com/products/expansion-modules/fmk-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818685850.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170919145852-20170919165852-00005.warc.gz | en | 0.95116 | 474 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Government has flouted its obligation to affirmatively further fair housing
President Obama and Secretary of Education Arne Duncan claim that the poor achievement of African-American students is the “civil rights issue of our time.” Yet there is little chance that the achievement gap between white and black students will be narrowed significantly, as long as large numbers of disadvantaged children are concentrated in racially segregated and economically bereft urban neighborhoods. In these (to use William Julius Wilson’s term) “truly disadvantaged” neighborhoods, teachers are overwhelmed by the impediments to learning that children bring to school, and that reinforce each other in racially and economically isolated classrooms. None of this can change substantially until metropolitan areas are residentially desegregated.
An investigation by Nikole Hannah-Jones for ProPublica, “Living Apart: How the Government Betrayed a Landmark Civil Rights Law,” published this week, demonstrates that the Obama administration and its predecessors have done little to promote residential integration.
Specifically, Hannah-Jones exposes the contempt with which the federal government, for 45 years, has ignored its obligation under the 1968 Fair Housing Act to “affirmatively further” the goal of racial desegregation. Although the Act requires state and local governments that receive federal housing or community development funds to use these funds in ways that integrate their communities, the Department of Housing and Urban Development has dispersed funds over this period to jurisdictions that not only ignore the requirement but that fraudulently attest that they are complying with it. In one case (concerning Westchester County, N.Y.), private attorneys had to file a 2006 suit under the federal False Claims Act to provoke the federal government to intervene and require that federal housing funds not be used to reinforce racial segregation. But the case was unique.
I will add only this to Hannah-Jones’ ProPublica narrative: The scandal is worse because the federal government has had a constitutional obligation to affirmatively further racial desegregation, even irrespective of the Fair Housing Act’s mandate. This obligation stems from the federal role, noted in Hannah-Jones’ article, in creating residential racial segregation in violation of the 13th and 14th Amendments. Even under the most conservative constitutional interpretations, as expressed by current and recent Supreme Court majorities, a history of decisive “state action” to ensure the residential separation of the races imposes on federal, state and local authorities a constitutional obligation to undo this separation, with both race-neutral and race-conscious policies.
Federal, state and local governments’ affirmative role in promoting racial segregation has been documented by many scholars, lawyers, and journalists, most notably (but not restricted to) Kenneth Jackson, Douglas Massey and Nancy Denton, Alexander Polikoff, Christopher Bonastia, Michael Danielson, Charles Lamb, Ira Katznelson, Arnold Hirsch, Thomas Sugrue, and William Julius Wilson (whose afterword to the recent 25th anniversary edition of his book, The Truly Disadvantaged, is essential reading for anyone exploring this topic). Perhaps no one brought all this material together better than Robert Weaver, President Johnson’s Housing and Urban Development (HUD) secretary, in his 1948 (then re-issued in 1967) book, The Negro Ghetto. Yet President Nixon’s first HUD secretary, George Romney, went much farther than Weaver had dared in attempting to reverse the segregationist pattern of federal policy.
Hannah-Jones describes how Romney (father of Mitt, the Republican presidential nominee), was rebuffed in efforts to enforce the 1968 Act’s “affirmatively further” provision. The elder Romney, a former Michigan governor, proposed to deny federal funds to racially homogenous white communities that maintained exclusionary zoning ordinances and refused a fair share of public and federally subsidized low– and moderate income housing. When Nixon vowed that the federal government would not require any suburb to integrate, notwithstanding that suburb’s explicit and unconstitutional actions taken to create and preserve racial segregation, he established a federal policy that has been followed by subsequent administrations. Hannah-Jones’ interviews with housing officials from these administrations, documenting their fears of challenging unconstitutional housing patterns, adds important new information to this shameful record.
In a recent study, Mark Santow and I showed how, in George Romney’s own state of Michigan, it is impossible both in theory and practice to narrow the achievement gap without aggressive action to affirmatively further the cause of fair housing. In a subsequent summary of public housing history, I showed how federal, state and local governments purposefully concentrated low-income African Americans in dense urban public housing while simultaneously subsidizing the movement of whites to single family homes in the suburbs. These policies, not merely racial in effect, but in explicit intent, contributed mightily to the creation of the segregated metropolitan housing patterns that persist to the present.
There is a widely shared consensus that our nation is now characterized by “de-facto” segregation. That term is inaccurate and misleading. Our residential segregation was not created by subtle demographic or economic policies, or by personal choices; it was created by state action. Hannah-Jones has shown how the federal government has refused to reverse these policies, even when specifically ordered by legislative language to do so.
Although the Obama administration has taken some small steps to attack residential segregation, it is inconceivable that much can be done as long as the consensus, shared across the political spectrum, persists that our segregated housing patterns are accidentally “de facto,” caused, as a Supreme Court Justice once said, only by “unknown and perhaps unknowable factors such as in-migration, birth rates, economic changes, or cumulative acts of private racial fears.” We need more studies like the ProPublica investigation, studies that can play a role in shattering this consensus and shining a light on the history of purposeful state action to segregate the nation. Kudos to ProPublica. | <urn:uuid:2cd8fe93-db1d-4065-8eaf-4f3eb524b277> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.epi.org/blog/government-flouted-obligation-fair-housing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170613.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00620-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950049 | 1,214 | 2.703125 | 3 |
The Benefits of Eating Healthy
The Benefits of Eating Healthy
Eating healthy is often a touchy subject. Many people feel like eating is the last
place they enjoy any freedom or personal pleasure time. As we get older, and our
lives become more filled with responsibility, we just hate the idea of giving up
the last thing we think we have to comfort and entertain ourselves; a bowl of ice cream in
front of that plasma tv at the end of a long stressfull day, for example.
You might be surprised to find out that nutritional science is one of the most complicated sciences. There are just too many darn variables. As a result the experts can't seem to agree on what the definition of "eating healthy" is exactly. In reality the only expert on what you should eat is you.
Once you learn to eat healthy for your metabolism amazing things can happen. Below are some ways food effects you physically, emotionally, mentally, and even sexually.
Physical effects of eating healthy
There are 6 basic nutrients in healthy food. These six nutrients are what your body is made of (thus why you need to be eating them). Protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and water. You are made of those things. Animals are made of those things. Plants are made of those things.
How can your body function right when are not eating what it needs to function properly
(to be healthy)? How can it function normal when you put things in your mouth that
are not normally in your body (un-healthy things)?
When you are eating healthy you are not only preventing disease but you are often
healing them too.
The list is endless of diseases related to eating unhealthy. Our country's poor
health rages out of control even though the solution has been shouted at you for
more than thirty years by health professionals ("You need to
be EATING HEALTHY!". But many people think that eating healthy
isn't important if you are not fat. At Meanies we have seen people
get off of diabetes medication (12 pills a day) in four short weeks. We have
seen people over come blood pressure problems, hormone imbalances, irritable bowels
syndrome, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, migraine headaches, depression, ADHD, and
Yes, just by
The right nutrients at the right time can turbo charge your energy levels within a day of implementing a quality plan. You're body can't produce energy from carbohydrates, protein, or fat alone. It needs vitamins, minerals, water, enzymes, and many other things that you can only find in "healthy food." Energy drinks and coffee can't even come close to competing with the levels that an apple, chicken, and water can give you.
Your body can't build muscle without the right nutrients, can't recover from a workout, can't even eliminate waist (poop) without the right nutrient balance (so it just piles up inside of you). Disgusting! Too much vitamin C causes digestive disorders.
...eating unhealthy leads to erectile dysfunction, obesity, a flabby gut, butt, and more...
A teaspoon of table sugar can weaken your immune system by up to 50% for up to 4 hours. One soda contains 16 teaspoons of sugar.
80% of your weight loss will come from a healthy eating plan. That means you have an 80% chance of failing your weight loss program if you don't have a healthy eating plan (or if you cheat on the one you do have).
Low vitamin E levels result in balance problems, walking problems, and even eye movement problems.
Low vitamin B12 causes the white matter in your brain, optic nerve (you eyes), and your spinal cord to degenerate. That kind of means "to rot away."
More will be listed in the future about the effects of eating healthy or eating unhealthy, but that should give you some motivation.
The Mental Effects of eating healthy
Your brain needs a steady blood sugar level, vitamins, minerals, water, protein, fat, and more to perform all it's little calculation. ADHD and other mental problems are directly related to unhealthy eating.
Low hydration levels cause memory problems and may even lead to Alzheimer's disease.
Loss of motor coordination, migraines, and even paralysis can result just from a deficiency in vitamin B1(Thiamin). That's just one out of thousands of nutrients.
Taste loss, smell loss, hallucinations, and even depression are cause by Zinc deficiency.
There are hundreds more facts about eating healthy that could be listed (and will soon).
Emotional effects of Eating Unhealthy
healthy eating causes stress, and blood sugar fluctuations cause every mood from depression to irritability.
Low self-esteme comes from seeing that body in the mirror every day that you hate. But the fact that you could do something about it and don't makes you like yourself even less.
Pellegra is a mental problem that comes with depression, mania (rage), and paranoia to name a few. It is a result of a vitmain B3 (niacin) deficiency.
There are hundreds of other facts about eating healthy and we will be listing them soon...
Sexual Effects of Eating Unhealthy
Arteries don't get clogged just in your heart. That's just where it can kill you (there and your brain). Well guess what happens when your sexual parts don't get enough blood and oxygen. You guessed it. Low sex drive, small or non-existant erections, less sensitivity (doesn't feel as good or intense) for both male and female. Yes ladies, just as men have erectyle dysfunction, women get vaginal dysfunction. Less blood flow to the vagina and clitoris create the same dysfunction in you. It's just easier for women to fake it.
Add on top of that an obese, weak body, low confidence and you have a prescription for a dull boring and even non-existant sex life.
There are many other problems like constipation, gas, and other "uncomfortable for you / unattractive to your lover" issues that un-healthy eating creates.
Brain defects result during pregnancy when there is a Zinc deficiency.
low Biotin levels may be involved in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.
There are really endless effects healthy and un-healthy eating. So what does it mean to "eat healthy?" It means to provide the nutrients that your body needs at the time your body needs them and avoid eating anything that harms your body. Anything outside of that is a fad. Calorie counting, low-fat, and low-carb nutrition plans are all fad diets. They should all be avoided.
The good news? The best way to get healthy and have a strong sexy body is to eat normal. That doesn't mean eat what most people are eating. Most people eat fast food, processed food, energy drinks, coffee drinks, etc... They don't eat breakfast and gorge at dinner. Nor is it normal to eat nothing but vegetables and tofu. Gross! In a nutshell. There is no miracle food, and there is no food category that is forbidden. However, once we destroy or alter those foods and then eat them you end up with on or more of the strange diseases we have running amok in this country. Trans-fat is an example of a processed food. It is short for "transformed fat." The molecular structure has been altered to be more like plastic than any known fats. Do you think it's healthy or un-healthy to be eating all that plastic? Imagine how healthy you will feel when you are not eating it.Hire a personal trainer and nutrition coach
Learn about personal training | <urn:uuid:6e0eff84-63f2-4b5c-b915-c8d54f597754> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.meaniesfitness.com/Articles/the-benefits-of-eating-healthy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154085.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731074335-20210731104335-00014.warc.gz | en | 0.956863 | 1,592 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Drawing on a complex global modelling exercise carried out over two years, this project shows the relationships - by year 2050 - between the EU and other world regions in four critical areas: fisheries; phosphorus (see as scarce resources); long-term bioenergy prospects; and biofuels - history and projections for land use change to 2020. Its focus is on environment-related issues whereby actions within the EU, or the fact that no actions are being taken, are expected to have significant consequences elsewhere in the world, or where the EU needs global partners to effectively address a problem. This global, model-based assessment produced as well a world baseline scenario for 2050 that was carefully coordinated with the OECD environmental outlook to 2050.
This study provides a global, model-based analysis of five distinct resource themes: energy; land, phosphorus, fresh water and fish stocks. The assessment finds that, with ambitious global efforts, there is substantial potential to improve efficiency in the use of these resources:
This study examines the economic underpinning for resource policy. It provides a matrix of risks for Europe's future use of different resources: the nature of the risks, timescales, examples and quantifications of risks. The study notes an ongoing shift in Europe to resource imports: by 2030 two thirds of resource use will be either imports or use outside the EU. Marginal abatement cost curves are developed, showing that resource use can be reduced with benefits in terms of jobs and growth. A number of policy simulations are carried out, with the conclusion that we could realistically reduce the total material requirements of the EU economy by 17%, and that this could boost GDP by up to 3.3% and create between 1.4 and 2.8 million jobs. Every percentage point reduction in resource use is worth around 23 billion Euros to business and could lead to up to 100,000 to 200,000 new jobs.
This study analyses scenarios for sustainability and resource efficiency for the global and European economy up to and beyond 2050. These scenarios cover different resources (raw materials, metals, energy, climate water, land biodiversity) and economic sectors (construction and housing, agriculture and food, industry and manufacturing, transport). The report provides the baselines, the assumptions for the key underlying variables used in modelling, as well as the assumptions made about entering new variables in models or modelling suites to explore sets of parameters that create a vision for a Resource efficient EU by 2050 (i.e. how resource availability, efficiency, etc is factored into the scenarios and models). The report identifies and recommends models and modelling approaches to assess policies to deliver a vision of a resource efficient Europe and to measure progress in achieving it, recognising the importance of cross-cutting policies and issues. For example, the linkages between resources and the economy that do not involve economic transactions and are not well-covered in existing models. The study also identifies key gaps in the existing models, such as the links between land use change and climate change, as well as omissions due to the limited understanding of the nature, direction and strength of these links.
This study examine whether the current macroeconomic models are up to the task of evaluating policy from a sustainable development viewpoint or whether they 'miss' something that may systematically bias them. The analysis focused on sixty of the most used models, and looked at them in the light of what both neoclassical and ecological economics would suggest is needed and important. Three major constraints were spotted, which in certain circumstances could be material for policy makers: the often one-way linkages from economy to environment; physical limits, such as stocks and maximum carrying capacities are not usually covered in the analysis; the models are not good for making a proper assessment of ‘extreme’ scenarios. There is particular scope for improvement in the modelling of resource use but recommendations also cover: the role of technology; non-linear relationships, thresholds, limits; and, uncertainty. Overall, it should be possible to move macroeconomic models towards a more systematic modelling of the two-way linkages between the environment and the economy, and to allow for a more comprehensive assessment of how the economic, environmental and social aspects of our societies affect each other.
The study describes the drivers for deforestation in the main regions in which it happens, namely Latin America and the Caribbean, Sub-Saharan Africa and Pacific Asia. On a global scale, the most important identified direct drivers for deforestation are agricultural expansion for food and energy production, followed by infrastructure development and wood extraction. The study estimates, using GLOBIOM and G4M models, the effects of changes in drivers on deforestation levels. Six shock areas are identified for quantitative modelling analysis: increased demand for biofuels, wood, meat, infrastructure and for biodiversity schemes. Some shock areas are analyzed on a global scale as well as for each of the 3 hotspots regions while the policy shocks related to infrastructure development and biodiversity protection are modelled both on a global scale and at a geographic-explicit level, namely the Congo Basin. The scenarios chosen do not necessarily seek full realism since the objective is rather to understand which kind of drivers is more important than other. Consequently, the technical details of the study are not as robust as they can be in more specific analysis fully dedicated to a specific driver, since some compromises in the modelling had to be made.
The study concludes that the two policy shocks leading to the worst consequences in terms of additional deforestation are an increase in consumption of 1st generation biodiesel and an increase in meat consumption. The Latin America and Caribbean region is predicted to experience, across all scenarios, the highest levels of deforestation worldwide between 2020 and 2030. By analyzing associated annual marginal costs of avoiding certain degrees of deforestation under the various shock scenarios, the modelling exercise also shows that world demand has significant implications in terms of financing a REDD mechanism: with more ambitious avoided deforestation targets, the need for financing not only becomes higher but also less predictable as the impacts of possible shocks become more influential.
A new open source land allocation model - the EU-ClueScanner – has been developed in order to assess the environmental impacts of land use change in Europe at a 1 km2 scale, with a time horizon of 2030. The report describes the methodology used in order to develop this model and the related set of environmental, economic and social indicators. In addition to the reference scenario (IPCC B1), the report describes eight policy alternatives that were used as examples for testing the model. These policy alternatives relate to biofuel production, increased biodiversity protection and climate change adaptation and mitigation measures related to water management and soil protection. The implementation of the modeling framework shows that it is successful in simulating different spatial land use policy options, in identifying hotspots of change and in providing results in terms of specific indicators. The annex to the report explains how scenarios, indicators and data can be changed in order to study different policies.
This study addressed the use of scenarios, models and other quantitative tools for exploring future trends in biodiversity and their impacts on ecosystem services. The study reviewed the different scenarios and models used to explore future trends in biodiversity loss and ecosystem change and their associated impacts on ecosystem services. It summarised the key findings from recent global and regional assessments, assessed the limitations of existing models with respect to their suitability for producing robust projections of changes in biodiversity and ecosystem services, instigated a peer-review of the study’s’ initial conclusions during a expert workshop and finally it proposed a set of options for suitable models and scenarios to be used in future studies such as for 'The Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity (TEEB)' and other assessments. The results of this study are of general use for policy analysis and reflection on biodiversity and ecosystem services issues.
This scoping study has allowed the identification of key trade-offs over land use, as reviewed how climate, socio-economic and policy drivers may affect these trade-offs, and what is the optimal scale for the assessment of drivers and impacts of land use changes. The contractor has performed a detailed inventory of on-going and forthcoming research and has assessed how it can contribute to the building of a modelling framework.
This study examines the possibility to use cost of policy inaction (COPI) for analysis of environmental policies, and provides some pointers for how DG Environment might use the tool. COPI is defined as the environmental damage occurring in the absence of additional policy or policy revision. COPI is an instrument best used in the early phases in policy development, when the emphasis is on identifying problems, warning, communicating the need for policy action, and perhaps also sketching the urgency relative to other issues and indicating which sectors need to take action or revise their policies. | <urn:uuid:3d41ade4-5c6d-4843-b238-c9b5ec8b7be7> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enveco/studies_modelling/index.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400380355.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123300-00220-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930098 | 1,760 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Stereo Miking is the use of a matched pair of microphones to capture a single source in a stereo field. The source could be anything from a single instrument to a symphony orchestra. The beauty of a well executed stereo recording is that it preserves the left-right panorama, the balance between the instruments, and the depth of field. While stereo miking has grown out of classical work, it can be very useful for any style of recording.
- Drum overheads
- Acoustic piano
- Backing vocals
- Horn sections
- String ensembles
- Choral groups
- Location recording for film or TV
Stereo miking techniques fall generally into two categories: coincident (one mic right next to the other) or spaced. Coincident pairs are generally more accurate but subtle, spaced pairs tend to be more dramatic. Engineers often record a combination and adjust the balance in the mix.
The simplest coincident technique is the X-Y, which is accomplished by placing the mics at a 90 degree angle to each other, with one capsule stacked on top of the other.This gives a very realistic stereo image and is mono-compatible, meaning that the two signals will combine without any phase problems (see 5. Phase Issues above). Several well-known stereo mics are built in this fashion, among them the AKG C-24 and the Royer SF-12 and SF-24. Other coincident techniques include Blumlein, ORTF, and M-S (mid-side). While Blumlein and ORTF have their uses, M-S is very popular among engineers. M-S is done with a mic facing the middle of the source, with a bidirectional mic aiming to the sides. This produces left- and right-channel signals. With this technique, the stereo spread can be remote-controlled by varying the ratio of the mid signal to the side signal. The discreet signals can be recorded separately and balanced in the mix, giving the engineer control over the apparent placement of the mic. This remote control is also useful at live concerts, where you can’t physically adjust the microphones during the concert. MS localization accuracy (the realism of the stereo image) is excellent.
Spaced stereo miking can be done with a pair of omni or cardiod mics placed at a distance of roughly 1/2 to1/3 the width of the sound field. While not as accurate as coincident pairs, spaced pairs give a dramatic stereo spread which can be very useful. Engineers often record drum room ambiance this way, to be mixed in with the close mics, giving the kit its size. Spaced omnis are often used for recording orchestras, either alone or mixed with a coincident pair to add width. A variation on the spaced pair is the Decca Tree, which adds a center mic to a pair spaced approximately 80″ apart on a large T-shaped bar. This method is very popular in film and TV scoring, thanks to the post-recording control of the center channel.
For those interested in learning more about stereo miking techniques, volumes have been written and are readily available in books and on the Internet. | <urn:uuid:8f1840ed-44ec-4d7a-bd7d-faa29a71294c> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://mojaveaudio.com/faq/stereo-miking-techniques/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510734.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001005750-20231001035750-00456.warc.gz | en | 0.938092 | 662 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Your School Can be an Asthma Champion
This story is produced and presented by Vermont Department of Health
Over 67,000 people in Vermont have asthma; 13,000 are children. Many others are not even aware they have asthma, or they suffer from poorly managed or severe asthma that makes it difficult to sleep, breathe, or live active, healthy lives. Approximately 70% of Vermont children with asthma were limited in their daily activities and nearly half (46%) were absent from school during the past year due to their asthma.
Asthma is a chronic (long-term) disease in which the lungs become inflamed and airways narrow and react to “triggers” such as pet dander, tobacco smoke, air pollution, pollens, mold, mildew and dust. Fragrances and chemical disinfectants such as disinfecting wipes, can also trigger allergies and asthma, irritating airways and causing symptoms to flare up.
Common signs of asthma include:
- A cough especially one worse at night or early in the morning
- A whistling sound when you breathe, called wheezing
- A feeling to tightness in your chest
- Trouble breathing, or shortness of breath
Fortunately, a variety of Asthma Champions are found in schools—school nurses, teachers, staff and administrators—who are in a great position to support students and their families to identify and better manage their asthma.
Vermont school nurses are among families’ best Asthma Champions because they are required to implement the most up-to-date clinical practice guidelines for asthma care. They are often the first to recognize the symptoms at school, and refer families to primary care physicians for an accurate diagnosis. They help students recognize and avoid the triggers of an asthma attack, monitor the use of appropriate medication, and support students in managing their asthma while at school.
“School nurses are asthma champions when they facilitate learning through access to asthma education classes in their schools or discussions between students and their doctors. School nurses are asthma champions when they teach students how to use their inhalers and spacers. School nurses are champions when they teach the importance of using their inhalers prior to exercise.” - Claire Molner RN NCSN, School Nurse/Health Educator, Proctor Junior Senior High School, VT Director to the National Association of School Nurses
As Asthma Champions, school nurses also work with parents to ensure a student with asthma has an up-to-date Asthma Action Plan. This is a written plan that helps people understand their asthma, know what to do in emergencies and how to manage it, all in one easy-to-understand sheet. When teachers, coaches, school nurses, day-care staff, babysitters, and other caregivers have a copy of a child’s Asthma Action plan, everyone is better able to look out, help prevent exacerbations and take appropriate action to care for a child when needed.
The rate of asthma action plans in schools has steadily increased over the last 9 years, but there is room for improvement. Policy guidelines are that each student with asthma has a current Asthma Action plan on file with the nurse at their school—including those in college who are encountering new environments and stressors. Learn more and download the Vermont Asthma Action Plan.
“Students who have access to their rescue inhalers, who have current Asthma Action Plans, are monitored by the school nurse, and whose school nurses are in contact with parents and providers are more apt to have better control of their asthma.” -Sally Beayon, RN, BSN, Neshobe School Nurse
Classroom teachers and staff are Asthma Champions when they create an asthma friendly classroom that minimizes common asthma triggers, use cleaning products that are free of harsh chemicals and fragrances, can recognize the common signs of asthma, and help students follow their Asthma Action Plans in the classroom, on the playground, sports field, or during outings.
School administrators are Asthma Champions when they implement evidence-based guidelines and practices in their schools to improve school attendance by reducing absences related to asthma. A popular program that an administrator can implement is the Open Airways for Schools (OAS) program which educates children through a fun and interactive approach to asthma self-management. OAS is shown to decrease asthma emergencies, and raises confidence among students, staff and families in managing asthma. A new program cycle is underway with limited available slots. Click here to learn more about OAS or to sign up.
School district Boards of Education are Asthma Champions when they support the policies that promote healthy school environments, including good indoor air quality. A school board can recommend that its schools sign up for a free walk-thru program, known as Envision, to receive technical assistance in finding no-to-low cost ways to improve indoor air quality, and becoming asthma friendly schools.
For more information about asthma contact your primary health care provider, school nurse, pharmacist, or 802Quits.org. For more information about programs to improve asthma control in Vermont visit the Vermont Department of Health’s Asthma and Lung Disease Website.
This article was supported by the Grant Number 5U59EH000505-09, funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or the Department of Health and Human Services. | <urn:uuid:68f19ef3-a55f-46b7-ae07-2e87daa4ba32> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/story/sponsor-story/vermont-department-of-health/2017/09/29/your-school-can-asthma-champion/106116318/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446709929.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20221126212945-20221127002945-00331.warc.gz | en | 0.964562 | 1,116 | 3.515625 | 4 |
I have this problem:
A positive integer is called a
palindrome if its representation in the decimal system is the same when read from left to right and from right to left. For a given positive integer
K of not more than
1000000 digits, write the value of the smallest palindrome larger than
K to output. Numbers are always displayed without leading zeros.
The first line contains integer
t, the number of test cases. Integers
K are given in the next
K, output the smallest palindrome larger than
2 808 2133
My code converts the input to a string and evaluates either end of the string making adjustments accordingly and moves inwards. However, the problem requires that it can take values up to 10^6 digits long, if I try to parse large numbers I get a number format exception i.e.
LARGENUMBER is out of range. can anyone think of a work around or how to handle such large numbers? | <urn:uuid:cf0cf8c1-7db1-48d5-bf52-b1c6998ed2a5> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://stackoverflow.com/questions/7870204/handling-large-numbers/7870210 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1404776435465.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20140707234035-00012-ip-10-180-212-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.805733 | 204 | 2.875 | 3 |
Every gay person in North America, I would expect, has heard of the Stonewall uprising. The uprising, which took place outside the Stonewall Inn, a gay bar in Greenwich Village, New York, in June of 1969, was motivated by a police raid on the bar, and is generally credited with initiating the modern gay-rights movement. No doubt Stonewall was one of the splashiest events in the early phases of the movement's history, bringing wider attention to the issue of gay rights and raising the consciousness of gay people to whom it had never occurred that they had a right to dignity, let alone that they might actually take to the streets and stand up for that dignity.
But before there was a Stonewall uprising, there was Frank Kameny, who died on October 11. There is no one who deserves the title “father of the gay-rights movement” more than he. He was fighting for gay rights more than a decade before Stonewall. Four years before the Stonewall's customers, along with numerous other local gays, erupted into a spontaneous, raucous, large-scale demonstration in Sheridan Square, Kameny and a small number of gutsy friends were organizing an orderly picket march outside the White House. To compare a photograph of those picketers – the men in neatly pressed Fifties-style suits and ties and the women in equally conservative garb – with pictures of the Stonewall riots underscores the dramatic differences in American society, and in the gay-rights movement, that a mere four years would bring.
My friend John Corvino sums up Frank's legacy:
When Dr. Franklin Kameny was fired from his government job in 1957 for being gay, there was no national gay civil rights movement. It took pioneers like him to make it happen.
A Harvard-trained Ph.D. and World War II veteran, Frank lost his job as an Army Map Service astronomer for being a homosexual. Unsure of his future employability and outraged by the injustice, he petitioned all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court, which refused to hear the case. That firing and subsequent refusal sparked a tireless lifetime of activism.
(Incidentally, in 2009 the Federal Office of Personnel Management finally issued Frank a formal apology for the firing. In his inimitable style, he promptly replied that he was looking forward to his five decades of back pay.)
In 1961 Frank co-founded the Mattachine Society of Washington D.C.—a “homophile organization” based on the original group in California. Soon thereafter, in 1963, he began a decades-long campaign to revoke D.C.’s sodomy law. He personally drafted the repeal bill that was passed 30 years later.
In 1965, he picketed in front of the White House for gay rights. Signs from that demonstration, stored in his attic for decades, are now in the Smithsonian’s collection.
In 1971, he became the first openly gay person to run for Congress. (He came in fourth, which itself was a kind of victory given the anti-gay sentiment of the era.) He was instrumental in the battle that led to the declassification of homosexuality as a mental disorder by the American Psychiatric Association in 1973. He continued to fight over the decades against employment discrimination, sodomy laws, the military ban—unjust discrimination in all its forms.
More on Frank's life here. My friend Jonathan Rauch also pays tribute:
Frank Kameny made my life better. He made countless gay people’s lives better. He showed us the meaning of courage. He showed us the power of standing up for ourselves. He renewed our belief in moral suasion against ignorance and hostility. And he made his country, our country, truer to the better angels of its nature.
Philosophically and temperamentally, Frank was not exactly a perfect fit with the dominant strain of the gay-activist movement that developed out of Stonewall. He was not a far-left utopian who despised religion, capitalism, the military, cherished gay marginality and rebelliousness for its own sake, and sought to overthrow American society and American institutions. No, he believed in the values set forth in the Declaration of Independence and Constitution, and he simply wanted gay people to have a place at the American table, just like their straight brothers and sisters. To see self-confident, well-adjusted young gay people today who cannot imagine ever being in the closet or feeling ashamed of their sexual orientation is to see a world that Frank helped bring into being. He had an immeasurable impact on the lives of people who have never heard his name.
I only met Frank in person once – last year, in Washington, over dinner with a few other gay friends. But I had known him for years as a very active fellow member of a listserv to which we both belonged. He was the oldest member of the list, but also, perhaps, the feistiest – never rude, but always insistent. His constant message: don't just complain about these things among yourselves. Get out there! Contact the media. Write your member of Congress. Spread the word! Make a difference! He practiced what he preached, and in doing so helped shape an America truer to its founding principles – an America in which gay people can live with greater personal liberty and integrity, and pursue happiness as freely as everyone else. | <urn:uuid:321b163b-1c2c-4112-b8ef-0f58e956331c> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://gayandright.blogspot.com/2011_10_01_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802772743.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075252-00057-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975752 | 1,117 | 3.125 | 3 |
This REL technical brief examines the use of Lexile-based assessment to determine the readiness of subgroups of 11th grade Texas students to read books used in first year college English courses. Differences in reading abilities were notable based on ethnicity, gender, SES, at-risk status, Limited English Proficiency status, education track (career and technical education vs. general education), and students receiving special education services. Results showed that across subgroups gifted and talented students were best prepared for college-level reading, which were then followed by Asian and White students, and female students (55 percent) were more prepared than male students (46%), among other findings.
How Prepared are Subgroups of Texas Students for College-Level Reading: Applying a Lexile®-Based Approach
Institute for Educational Sciences
Keyword: Content Area: | <urn:uuid:be097cf8-8e26-4a70-b4fa-d89704b217a3> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.ccrscenter.org/products-resources/resource-database/how-prepared-are-subgroups-texas-students-college-level-reading | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578531984.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20190421140100-20190421162100-00101.warc.gz | en | 0.954214 | 170 | 2.859375 | 3 |
An aquatic plant is buoyed by the water in which it grows, and its structural needs are simple. Land plants, however, require a structural support system. During the course of evolution when plants developed the ability to synthesize lignin—the polysaccharide that gives rigidity to the cell walls of wood—large, erect bodies were achievable, and their possessors became highly successful in colonizing the land. In modern plants, lignified wood cells are the secondary xylem cells. Most of the primary tissues outside of the vascular cambium are destroyed by the sideways push of the new cells, and a new group of secondary tissues—the bark—replace them.
During formation of the primary body, many plants retain meristematic tissues among differentiated ones. When stimulated to divide, these meristems, called cambia, produce new cells that, together with the remaining primary tissues, form the secondary (woody) plant body.
The vascular cambium lies between the primary xylem and phloem. It consists, accurately, of only one layer of cells, but the first cells it produces cannot be distinguished from cambial cells so the narrow area is sometimes referred to as the “cambium” or the “cambial zone.”
Two kinds of meristematic cells, called initials, are recognizable in the cambium: fusiform and ray initials. The fusiform initials are elongated vertically in the stem and have tapering ends. They divide to produce the conducting cells of both the xylem and the phloem (xylem toward the inside of the stem, phloem toward the outside).
Considerably more xylem cells than phloem cells always are produced. The ray initials are smaller, more cuboidal and produce parenchyma in rows radiating out from the center of the stem. The bands of parenchyma, called rays (vascular rays), conduct water and dissolved materials laterally in the stem.
The structure of wood varies from species to species and between major groups. A common categorization separates the softwoods of gymnosperms from the hardwoods produced by angiosperms. (These are not very good descriptive terms because of the great variability in density among species in both groups, but the groups do differ in the kinds of cells in their wood.)
Gymnosperm wood. Softwood lacks vessels and is composed almost entirely of tracheids. The rays are ribbon‐like structures of parenchyma, one cell wide and only a few cells deep. Vertical resin ducts or canals are characteristic of gymnosperms. The ducts intercellular spaces lined with parenchyma tissue, the cells of which secrete resin into the cavity in response to wounding.
Angiosperm wood. Hardwoods are harder than most softwoods because of the numerous fibers present. The usual conducting cells (tracheids and vessel segments), scattered parenchyma, and ray parenchyma are present in the wood. Some dicot (eudicot) species have resin and resin ducts, but other substances—latex (rubber), for example—are more commonly secreted in angiosperms in response to wounding. The rays of the hardwoods usually are multiseriate (many cells in width) and hundreds of cells deep.
Growth rings. In climates that alternate favorable with unfavorable seasons for plant growth, the xylem cells produced by the cambium vary in size throughout the growing season, resulting in rings with discernible differences. If there is one growing season per year, the rings are annual rings and a simple count gives the age of the tree. Other circumstances may cause the cambium to stop and start growth—forest fires, volcanic eruptions, defoliating caterpillar outbreaks, or extreme drought, for example—with false annual rings the result. The science of dendrochronology is the study of growth rings to date past events and climates.
Characteristics of wood. Many descriptive names are commonly applied to easily seen features of wood. Wood in the center of trees is called heartwood and it often is discolored by accumulations of tannins, gums, and oils carried there and stored in balloon‐like outgrowths called tyloses that fill and plug the vessels. Sapwood is the youngest, last‐formed xylem. All of the heartwood can decay, leaving a hollow trunk, and the tree will remain alive and healthy if the sapwood is intact.
All tissues from the vascular cambium outwards collectively are the bark of a woody plant. Almost all are secondary in origin and are produced after divisions in the vascular cambium start.
Phloem. Secondary phloem cells are produced by the vascular cambium at the same time as secondary xylem cells, but in fewer numbers. Their outward growth pushes the primary phloem cells against the cortex, breaking most and leaving only the thicker‐walled fibers as remnants. Ray parenchyma cells initiated by the cambium give rise to phloem rays and, towards the center of the stem, xylem rays. The rays are the primary avenues of lateral movement of materials from the vascular vertical conduits that lie close to the cambium.
Periderm. Changes occurring in the cortex and the epidermis replace the protective layers of primary tissues with periderm, which consists of three tissues: the cork cambium (phellogen), cork (phellem), and the phelloderm. Both cork and phellloderm arise in the cork cambium, but differ structurally and functionally. Cork, with heavily suberized, tightly packed, dead‐at‐maturity cells, lies to the outside of the cork cambium and serves to waterproof, insulate, and protect the underlying stem tissues. Phelloderm, in rows to the inside of the cork cambium, remains alive and carries on routine metabolic functions (including photosynthesis in some green‐barked trees). Lenticels, small openings in the bark, permit diffusion of gases. They are raised areas filled with loose parenchyma cells that are in direct contact with the atmosphere on one side and with cortical tissues on the other. | <urn:uuid:1a0f9b2b-37e6-412a-80cb-1e01e82936aa> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.cliffsnotes.com/sciences/biology/plant-biology/the-shoot-system-stems/secondary-growth-of-stems | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462548.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00268-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941976 | 1,320 | 4.3125 | 4 |
✔ Appearance χ Standard χ Console
appearance button[#] [-] id&[, [state][, [value][, [min][, [max][, ¬ [title$][,[rect][, [type]]]]]]]
Feb 2002 (Release 6)
appearance button statement puts a new control in the current output window, or alters an existing control's characteristics. After you create a button using the
appearance button statement, you can use the
dialog function to determine whether the user has clicked it. You can use the
button close statement if you want to dispose of the button without closing the window.
When you first create a button with a specific ID (in a given window), you must specify all the parameters up to and including
type. If you later want to modify that button's characteristics, execute
appearance button again with the same ID, and specify one or more of the other parameters (except
type, which cannot be altered). The button will be redrawn using the new characteristics that you specified; any parameter that you don't specify will not be altered.
||a positive or negative integer whose absolute value is in the range 1 through 2147483647. The number you assign must be different from all other scroll bars or buttons in that window. Negative values build invisible buttons. Positive values build visible buttons.|
||The state may be:
||generally an integer value for the initial, minimum, and maximum values of a control|
||a string expression. This parameter is not used to set the text of buttons defined with
a rectangle in local window coordinates. You can express it in either of two forms:
||any of the many types listed in the following text.|
New Things To Keep In MindEdit
On button creation, default values supplied for missing parameters (if any) are:
You can hide the control with either
button -1 or
-1 and you can deactivate the control with either
appearance button 1, _grayBtn. Buttons are commonly hidden and revealed as tab panes are brought into or removed from view. The same is true of panes that are changed in response to items such as group pop-up placards.
To read an appearance button's value, use either
x = button( id ) or
x = button( id, _FBGetCtlRawValue )
Summary of Appearance HelpersEdit
The following utility routines will help access information regarding the new appearance buttons:
actualSize = fn ButtonDataSize( btnID, part, tagName )
def GetButtonData( btnID, part, tagName, maxSize,¬ theData, actualSize )
def SetButtonTextString( btnID, theString )
theString = fn ButtonTextString$( btnID )
def SetButtonFocus( btnID )
def GetButtonTextSelection( btnID, selStart, selEnd )
def SetButtonTextSelection( btnID, selStart, selEnd )
The Appearance Manager introduces many new control definitions. While it is not our intention to completely document all of Apple's new buttons, a few possible types are shown below with examples on how each might be implemented.
Since the Appearance Manager works in both System 9 and OS X, you will see major differences in how each control is presented. Common push buttons are shown below in both versions.
|<img src="a/appearancebutton01.gif" alt="appearancebuttonhtm01" height="496" width="328" border="0">||<img src="a/appearancebutton02.gif" alt="appearancebuttonhtm02" height="473" width="312" border="0">|
Push buttons in OS X
Push buttons in System 9
So that you may see how each button was displayed, the following code shows that source used to generate the displays.
/* appearance button [#] [-] id&[, [state][, [value][,¬ [min][, [max][, [title$][,[rect][, [type]]]]]]] */ appearance button bRef,_activeBtn,0,0,1,¬ "_kControlPushButtonProc",@r,_kControlPushButtonProc appearance button bRef,_activeBtn,0,0,1,¬ "_kControlBevelButtonSmallBevelProc",@r,¬ _kControlBevelButtonSmallBevelProc appearance button bRef,_activeBtn,0,0,1,¬ "_kControlBevelButtonNormalBevelProc",@r,¬ _kControlBevelButtonNormalBevelProc appearance button bRef,_activeBtn,0,0,1,¬ "_kControlBevelButtonLargeBevelProc",@r,¬ _kControlBevelButtonLargeBevelProc // "value" is menu ID appearance button bRef,_activeBtn,101,0,1,¬ "Bevel+_kControlBevelButtonMenuOnRight",@r,¬ _kControlBevelButtonSmallBevelProc + ¬ _kControlBevelButtonMenuOnRight // max value is cicn ID appearance button bRef,_activeBtn,0,0,256,¬ "_kControlPushButRightIconProc",@r, ¬ _kControlPushButRightIconProc appearance button bRef,_activeBtn,0,0,256,¬ "_kControlPushButLeftIconProc",@r,¬ _kControlPushButLeftIconProc // get rect from pict to determine button size h = fn GetPicture( 256 ) long if h pR;8 = @h..picFrame% OffsetRect( pR, -pR.left, -pR.top ) OffsetRect( pR, r.left, r.top ) // control "value" is pict ID appearance button bRef,_activeBtn,256,0,1,¬ "_kControlPictureProc",@pR,_kControlPictureProc end if
Not all possible push buttons (and their variations) are shown here. For example, the control that displays an arrow to indicate the presence of a menu was built with a small bevel. It would have been created with a large bevel by using
_kControlBevelButtonLargeBevelProc + _kControlBevelButtonMenuOnRight
Other button types that you may wish to investigate are:
_kControlIconProc _kControlIconNoTrackProc _kControlIconSuiteProc _kControlIconSuiteNoTrackProc _kControlPictureNoTrackProc
Using Buttons to Group or SeparateEdit
FB buttons (which are Control Manager controls) can be grouped together, placed in placards or separated by lines. The following example creates buttons on a plain white background so that you may more easily see the drawing that is implemented by the control definition. We begin with the source code statements used to create the buttons.
appearance button bRef,_activeBtn,0,0,1,¬ "_kControlGroupBoxTextTitleProc",@r,¬ _kControlGroupBoxTextTitleProc appearance button bRef,_activeBtn,0,0,1,¬ "_kControlGroupBoxSecondaryTextTitleProc",@r,¬ _kControlGroupBoxSecondaryTextTitleProc appearance button bRef,_activeBtn,1,0,1,¬ "_kControlGroupBoxCheckBoxProc",@r,¬ _kControlGroupBoxCheckBoxProc appearance button bRef,_activeBtn,1,0,1,¬ "_kControlGroupBoxSecondaryCheckBoxProc",@r,¬ _kControlGroupBoxSecondaryCheckBoxProc // min value is menu ID appearance button bRef,_activeBtn,1,101,1,¬ "",@r,_kControlGroupBoxPopUpButtonProc appearance button bRef,_activeBtn,1,101,1,¬ "",@r,_kControlGroupBoxSecondaryPopUpButtonProc appearance button bRef,_activeBtn,1,0,1,¬ "",@r,_kControlPlacardProc appearance button bRef,_activeBtn,1,0,1,¬ "",@r,_kControlSeparatorLineProc
|<img src="a/appearancebutton03.gif" alt="appearancebuttonhtm03" height="435" width="346" border="0">||<img src="a/appearancebutton04.gif" alt="appearancebuttonhtm04" height="429" width="349" border="0">|
Groups and Separators in OS X
Groups and Separators in System 9
Part of the strength of Appearance Manager buttons is that one button may be embedded in another. By disabling or hiding the parent button (called a super control), all embedded controls would automatically be disabled or hidden. Each window has a primary control known as a root control. The following example builds a window with a parent radio group button. Inside of that parent are three radio buttons. We can determine which of the three buttons has been selected by getting the value (via the
button() function) of the parent button.
dim r as Rect dim pR as Rect dim h as handle dim bRef as long dim err as OSErr // setup _btnHt = 20 _btnWd = 80 _btnMargin = 8 bRef = 1
|<img src="a/appearancebutton05.gif" alt="appearancebuttonhtm05" height="152" width="103" border="0">|
// create a window SetRect( r, 0, 0, _btnWd_btnMargin_btnMargin, 120 ) appearance window 1,,@r err = fn SetThemeWindowBackground( window( _wndPointer ),¬ _kThemeActiveDialogBackgroundBrush, _zTrue ) // button #1 is the papa button // note that the parent button has sufficient space so that // it holds all embedded buttons within its own rectangle SetRect( r ,_btnMargin, _btnMargin,¬ _btnMargin_btnWd, (_btnMargin_btnHt)*3 ) appearance button bRef, _activeBtn, 0, 0, 1,¬ "", @r, _kControlRadioGroupProc bRef ++ SetRect( r, _btnMargin, _btnMargin, _btnMargin_btnWd,¬ _btnMargin_btnHt ) appearance button bRef, _activeBtn, 0, 0, 1,¬ "Radio 1", @r, _kControlRadioButtonProc def EmbedButton( bRef, 1 ) bRef ++ : OffsetRect( r, 0, _btnHt_btnMargin ) appearance button bRef, _activeBtn, 0, 0, 1,¬ "Radio 2", @r, _kControlRadioButtonProc def EmbedButton( bRef, 1 ) bRef ++ : OffsetRect( r, 0, _btnHt_btnMargin ) appearance button bRef, _activeBtn, 0, 0, 1,¬ "Radio 3", @r, _kControlRadioButtonProc def EmbedButton( bRef, 1 ) local fn HandleDialog dim as long action,reference action = dialog( 0 ) reference = dialog( action ) long if action = _btnclick MoveTo( 8, 100 ) print "Current Button "; button( 1 ); end if end fn on dialog fn HandleDialog do HandleEvents until gFBQuit
Other than the obvious differences in physical appearance, check boxes generally follow the same guidelines as they have for many years. One notable exception to this rule is the ability to create a mixed check box. This box contains a dash instead of a check mark to show that part, but not all, of the current selection has a specific feature. This adds a new possible maximum value of 2 (
_kControlCheckBoxMixedValue = 2) to the control's range.
Possible check box values now include:
|<img src="a/appearancebutton06.gif" alt="appearancebuttonhtm04" height="136" width="207" border="0">|
The buttons in the screen shot above were created using the following lines of code:
appearance button bRef, _activeBtn,¬ _kControlCheckBoxUncheckedValue, 0,¬ _kControlCheckBoxMixedValue,¬ "Unchecked Check Box", @r, _kControlCheckBoxProc appearance button bRef, _activeBtn,¬ _kControlCheckBoxMixedValue, 0,¬ _kControlCheckBoxMixedValue,¬ "Mixed Value Check Box", @r, _kControlCheckBoxProc appearance button bRef, _activeBtn,¬ _kControlCheckBoxCheckedValue, 0,¬ _kControlCheckBoxMixedValue,¬ "Checked Check Box", @r, _kControlCheckBoxProc
You cannot use
button bRef, state to tick and untick group buttons of type
appearance button bRef,,state-1 instead. (
button bRef,0 and
button bRef,1 will however inactivate and activate the button respectively).
Time and Date ButtonsEdit
In addition to more common controls, the Appearance Manager can create buttons that manage dates and times. Special data structures are maintained to access the information from these controls, but by following a few simple examples, you can quickly master these skills.
button function is useful for extracting complex data from controls. Two specific items come in to play:
ignored = button( btnRef, _FBGetControlDate ) ignored = button( btnRef, _FBGetControlTime )
Referencing either of these functions will fill a global date/time record named
gFBControlLongDate and another named
gFBControlSeconds. The variable named
gFBControlSeconds is a signed 64 bit variable which may be saved in a file or used in any variable where compressed storage is required.
The format for
gFBControlLongDate is that of a
LongDateRec which follows the layout of the structure below:
begin record LongDateRec dim era as short dim year as short dim month as short dim day as short dim hour as short dim minute as short dim second as short dim dayOfWeek as short dim dayOfYear as short dim weekOfYear as short dim pm as short dim res1 as short dim res2 as short dim res3 as short end record
After calling the
button function to examine the contents of a control, you may extract portions of the date/time as follows:
dayOfMonth = gFBControlLongDate.day thisYear = gFBControlLongDate.year
Another variable is maintained that holds the text for a specific date/time control. The contents of
gFBControlText (a Pascal string) are determined by the second
button function parameter. When
_FBGetControlDate is used, it is the control's date. When
_FBGetControlTime is used, it is the control's time.
|<img src="a/appearancebutton07.gif" alt="" height="283" width="442" border="0">|
In addition to setting specific types when creating a date/time control, you must set an initial value of one of the following:
_kControlClockNoFlags _kControlClockIsDisplayOnly _kControlClockIsLive
The specific statements used to create the Time/Date example follow:
appearance button bRef, _activeBtn, 0, 0, 1,, @r,¬ _kControlClockTimeProc appearance button bRef, _activeBtn, _kControlClockIsLive, 0, 1,,¬ @r ,_kControlClockTimeSecondsProc appearance button bRef, _activeBtn, _kControlClockNoFlags,¬ 0, 1,, @r, _kControlClockDateProc appearance button bRef, _activeBtn, _kControlClockNoFlags,¬ 0, 1,, @r, _kControlClockMonthYearProc appearance button bRef, _activeBtn, ¬ _kControlClockIsLive_kControlClockIsDisplayOnly,¬ 0, 1,, @r, _kControlClockTimeSecondsProc
To extract and display the contents of a control, the following statements were created:
err = button( bRef, _FBgetControlTime ) edit field bRef, gFBControlText, @r
The Appearance Manager provides several methods for telling the user that your application is busy with a task. These include chasing arrows, and finite and indeterminate progress bars.
|<img src="a/appearancebutton10.gif" alt="IMAGE imgs/appearancebutton.htm15.gif" height="144" width="120">|
The chasing arrows control is easy to create and is self maintaining. Each time your program scans for events, the arrows are animated. The following statement creates a chasing arrows control:
appearance button bRef, _activeBtn, 0, 0, 1,, @r,¬ _kControlChasingArrowsProc
Progress bars are also easy to create, but you need to keep a couple of things in mind. First, the progress bar operates in a range of -32,768 to +32,767. If your task involves a greater number of steps, you will have to calculate a ratio to keep things within range. Second, the progress bar is updated by your program. This is as easy as setting a new value for the button, but it is code that you must write.
The minimum and maximum values for the control become the minimum and maximum values for the progress bar. The initial and current value show the current rate of progress. In the example above, the button was created using the following source:
appearance button bRef, _activeBtn, 50, 0, 100,, @r,¬ _kControlProgressBarProc
The minimum value was zero; maximum was 100. At the time of creation, the control value was 50, so the indicator shows colorization half way across the bar. If we wanted to indicate that the next step had been completed, we would use the following code:
appearance button bRef,, 51
Indeterminate progress bars are more complex. After the button is created, you must set the control's internal data to a new value. The following code shows how:
appearance button bRef, _activeBtn, 1, 0, 1,, @r,¬ _kControlProgressBarProc dim b as boolean dim err as OSErr b = _true err = fn SetControlData( bRef, 0,¬ _kControlProgressBarIndeterminateTag, sizeof( boolean ), @b )
Range Selectors (Sliders and Arrows)Edit
<img src="a/appearancebutton08.gif" alt="appearancebuttonhtm02" height="349" width="146" border="0">There are many variations of the slider. Each begins with the simple type constant of
_kControlSliderProc. Additional parameters are added to this constant to add features to the control. The following constants are available for slider variations:
_kControlSliderLiveFeedback _kControlSliderHasTickMarks _kControlSliderReverseDirection _kControlSliderNonDirectional
To create a slider that uses an upward pointing indicator and has tickmarks, the following type would be used:
_kControlSliderProc + ¬ _kControlSliderHasTickMarks + ¬ _kControlSliderReverseDirection
Vertical sliders are created by building the button with a vertical dimension that is greater than the horizontal dimension. The control definition handles the new orientation automatically.
Range Selectors Sliders and Little Arrows
The following source lines show how this display was created:
appearance button bRef, _activeBtn, 1, 1, 10,, @r,¬ _kControlSliderProc appearance button bRef, _activeBtn, 10, 1, 10,, @r,¬ _kControlSliderProc_kControlSliderHasTickMarks appearance button, _activeBtn, 1, 1, 10,, @r,¬ _kControlSliderProc_kControlSliderNondirectional appearance button bRef, _activeBtn, 1, 1, 10,, @r,¬ _kControlSliderProc_kcontrolSliderReverseDirection appearance button bRef, _activeBtn, 10, 1, 10,, @r,¬ _kControlSliderProc_kControlSliderHasTickMarks +¬ _kcontrolSliderReverseDirection // vert orientation appearance button bRef, _activeBtn, 10, 1, 10,, @r,¬ _kControlSliderProc appearance button bRef, _activeBtn, 10, 1, 10,, @r,¬ _kControlSliderProc_kControlSliderNondirectional appearance button bRef, _activeBtn, 10, 1, 10,, @r,¬ _kControlSliderProc_kControlSliderHasTickMarks +¬ _kcontrolSliderReverseDirection appearance button bRef, _activeBtn, 0, 0, 1,, @r,¬ _kControlLittleArrowsProc
When sliders are created, the number of tick marks is set by the initial value of the control. After the control is created, the value is reset to the control minimum. Sliders range from a minimum value of -32,768 to a maximum of +32,767. The number of tick marks is something that you need to determine by balancing the size of the control against the range of the control's minimum/maximum value.
The little arrows (shown in the screen shot above) are used to increment and decrement a related visual counter (usually an edit field with a specific range of numbers). The current version of the OS X control definition is intolerant of variations in the value used for the height of this type of control. Our tests show that it must be exactly 22 pixels tall. Other values offset the arrows inside of the beveled area or, in more extreme cases, can place the arrows entirely outside of the beveled area.
There are two distinct types of pop-up menus: beveled, and standard. Both are valid types and the particular use of one over the other is something that should be guided by your individual application and by Apple's Human Interface Guidelines. Beveled buttons are created as follows:
appearance button bRef, _activeBtn, menuID, 0, 1,¬ "Bevel+_kControlBevelButtonMenuOnRight",¬ @r, _kControlBevelButtonSmallBevelProc + ¬ _kControlBevelButtonMenuOnRight
When bevel-button menus are created, the initial value for the control is the resource ID number of the menu. Three specific
button function commands may be used to extract information from the control.
handle = button( bRef, _FBgetBevelControlMenuHandle ) currentItem = button( bRef, _FBgetBevelControlMenuVal ) previousItem = button( bRef, _FBgetBevelControlLastMenu )
|<img src="a/appearancebutton11.gif" alt="" height="237" width="283">|
Pop-Up Menu Buttons
Standard pop-up buttons follow slightly different syntax. When creating, the minimum value specifies the menu resource ID and the maximum value is the width of the title for the menu. Passing in a menu ID of -12345 causes the popup not to try and get the menu from a resource. Instead, you can build the menu and later stuff the menuhandle field in the popup data information (using
def SetButtonData( id&, _kControlMenuPart, _kControlPopupButtonMenuHandleTag, sizeof( handle ), @yourMenuHndl )). You can pass -1 in the
max parameter to have the control calculate the width of the title on its own instead of guessing and then tweaking to get it right. It adds the appropriate amount of space between the title and the popup. A maximum value of zero means, "Don't show the title."
After creation you might need to change the value, minimum and maximum to the correct settings for your pop-up menu with:
appearance button id&,, value, min, max
The standard pop-up button menu in the above illustration was created with the following code:
appearance button bRef, _activeBtn, 0, 101, -1, "Pop Title:"¬ ,@r, _kControlPopUpButtonProc
button function provides access to the menu handle. Remember: standard and beveled pop-up menus do not use the same
button function constants.
menuHandle = button( bRef, _FBgetControlMenuHandle )
You can retrieve the current pop-up menu item with:
mItem = button( bRef )
Lists generally use an auxiliary resource to define their format. The resource type used is 'ldes' and a definition for it can be created using Resourcerer 2.4 or later or by creating a template in any resource editor. You may also format a handle to match the
_"ldes" record and save that handle as a resource. The resource ID for the ldes is passed in the '
value' parameter when creating the control. You may pass zero in value which would tell the List Box control to not use a resource. The list will be created with default values, and will use the standard
LDEF (0). You can change the list by getting the list handle. You can set the LDEF by using the tag below (
_kControlListBoxLDEFTag) in conjunction with
A list box resource is defined as follows:
begin record ldes dim versionNumber as short dim numberOfRows as short dim numberOfColumns as short dim cellHeight as short dim cellWidth as short dim hasVertScroll as boolean dim filler1 as byte dim hasHorizScroll as boolean dim filler2 as byte dim LDEFresID as short dim hasSizeBox as boolean dim reserved as byte end record
The following example creates a list box from a resource with an ID of 256. Then it fills the list with item text.
To simplify this example, Resourcerer was used to create the list box resource.
|<img src="a/appearancebutton12.gif" alt="IMAGE imgs/appearancebutton.htm18.gif" height="282" width="329">|
Creating an ldes Resource
appearance button bRef, _activeBtn, 256, 0, 1,¬ "List Box", @r, _kControlListBoxProc dim cH as handle //control handle dim @bufferSize as long dim @lH as handle //list handle dim y,t$ dim @celly,cellX //cell "point" record cH = button&( bRef ) err = fn GetControlData( cH, 0,¬ _kControlListBoxListHandleTag, ¬ sizeof( handle ), lH, bufferSize ) cellX = 0 for cellY = 0 to 9 t$ = "Item #" + mid$( str$( cellY + 1 ), 2 ) LSetCell( @t$, t$, celly, lH ) next
|<img src="a/appearancebutton09.gif" alt="" height="148" width="166" border="0">|
Tab buttons will require more work than other controls. This stems from the fact that tabs are really several controls that act in unison. First is the main tab control. When this is created you specify the number of tabs that will be present by setting the max value of the control. It is generally better to create the tab button invisibly (by using a negative button reference number) then show it by issuing a
button statement with the positive version of the reference number.
After the initial shell is built for the tab, you must set the title for each tab using
def SetButtonData. Then a user pane is inserted for each tab. These are embedded in the tab shell using
def EmbedButton. Buttons that will reside in each user pane are created and embedded in the user pane.
When a dialog event is encountered, the value of the tab shell button corresponds to the position of the clicked tab in the tab list. Your program must loop through each user pane and show or hide them so that the display matches the clicked tab.
Study the following example to see how a working tab button is created. Be sure to note the simple
dialog handler that maintains the buttons.
|<img src="a/appearancebutton13.gif" alt="" height="233" width="312" border="0">|
There are many styles of tab buttons:
_kControlTabLargeProc _kControlTabSmallProc _kControlTabLargeNorthProc _kControlTabSmallNorthProc _kControlTabLargeSouthProc _kControlTabSmallSouthProc _kControlTabLargeEastProc _kControlTabSmallEastProc _kControlTabLargeWestProc _kControlTabSmallWestProc
This example uses
_kControlTabSmallProc, but you should experiment with other types to see the results.
dim r as Rect dim x as long dim bRef as long dim infoRec as ControlTabInfoRec // Names of the individual tabs _tabCount = 3 dim tabTitles$(_tabCount) tabTitles$(1) = "One" tabTitles$(2) = "Two" tabTitles$(3) = "Three" // create a window SetRect( r, 0, 0, 300, 200 ) appearance window 1, "Tabs", @r, _kDocumentWindowClass def SetWindowBackground( _kThemeActiveDialogBackgroundBrush,¬ _zTrue ) /* Button 100 is the tab 'shell'. In this example, it is made to be the full size of the window, less a small margin. Buttons 1, 2, & 3 will be the embedded user panes that contain information to be displayed for each tab. A tab control is usually built as invisible. This is because the information contained in the tabs will be modified as the control is being constructed. Making it visible after all modifications have been completed provides a cleaner window build. */ _tabBtnRef = 100 _btnMargin = 8 InsetRect( r, _btnMargin, _btnMargin ) appearance button -_tabBtnRef, 0, 0, 2, _tabCount,, @r,¬ _kControlTabSmallNorthProc /* Fix the tab to use a small font. This is not a requirement, but it is information which many will find useful. */ dim cfsRec as ControlFontStyleRec cfsRec.flags = _kControlUseSizeMask cfsRec.size = 9 def SetButtonFontStyle( _tabBtnRef, cfsRec ) /* Adapt a rectangle that can be used for the content area of each tab. */ InsetRect( r, _btnMargin, _btnMargin ) r.top += 20 // Loop thru the tabs and set up individual panes for x = 1 to _tabCount infoRec.version = _kControlTabInfoVersionZero infoRec.iconSuiteID = 0 infoRec.Name = tabTitles$(x) def SetButtonData( _tabBtnRef, x, _kControlTabInfoTag, ¬ sizeof( infoRec ), infoRec ) /* Each of these panes is a button that is embedded in the tab button. The first one will be visible. All others will be invisible because information from only one tab at a time can be viewed. Remember: negative button reference numbers make invisible buttons. Once a new pane button (_kControlUserPaneProc) is created, it is embedded into the larger tab button. */ if x != 1 then bRef = -x else bRef = x appearance button bRef,,¬ _kControlSupportsEmbedding,,,, @r,¬ _kControlUserPaneProc def EmbedButton( x, _tabBtnRef ) next /* Now we have a tab shell (_tabBtnRef = 100) and in it we have embedded three tab panes (1,2, and 3). To demonstrate how these can contain separate info, we will place a simple button in each of the three panes. Button 10 in pane 1 Button 20 in pane 2 Button 30 in pane 3 */ InsetRect( r, 32, 32 ) r.bottom = r.top + 24 r.right = r.left + 128 appearance button 10, _activeBtn,,,,¬ "Pane #1", @r, _kControlPushButtonProc def EmbedButton( 10, 1 ) OffsetRect( r, 8, 8 ) appearance button 20, _activeBtn,,,,¬ "Pane #2", @r, _kControlPushButtonProc def EmbedButton( 20, 2 ) OffsetRect( r, 8, 8 ) appearance button 30, _activeBtn,,,,¬ "Pane #3", @r, _kControlPushButtonProc def EmbedButton( 30, 3 ) button _tabBtnRef, 1 // make visible /* Only one event (a button click in the tab shell button) gets a response from out dialog routine. The value returned (1,2, or 3) corresponds to buttons 1,2, or 3 that were embedded into the tab parent. Our only action is to show (BUTTON j) or hide (BUTTON -j) the proper tab pane. All controls embedded in those panes will automatically be shown or hidden. */ local fn doDialog dim as long action, reference, j action = dialog( 0 ) reference = dialog( action ) long if action == _btnClick and reference == _tabBtnRef for j = 1 to _tabCount long if j == button( _tabBtnRef ) button j xelse button -j end ifF next end if end fn on dialog fn doDialog do HandleEvents until gFBQuit
No special notes. | <urn:uuid:d8f57a4e-4255-435e-b631-4e0480bdc3cc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/Futurebasic/Language/Reference/appearance_button | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572127.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815024523-20220815054523-00416.warc.gz | en | 0.713344 | 7,722 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Müller Mixed Methods
Coachings, (online) Workshops & Research in Qualitative Data Analysis
Qualitative data is as old (or young) as humankind itself. Every object, image, video and all unstructured text can be considered as “data” and be interpreted in a systematic way. If you are working with interviews, open survey data, Youtube comments, Twitter feeds, protocols, print media, diaries, letters or trial records then you are probably familiar with the difficulties of analysing and interpreting them systematically. In working with these unstructured or semi-structured documents, a systematic approach with qualitative data analysis can help!
What is qualitative data analysis?
It's not magic, it's qualitative data analysis!
In its essence, qualitative data analysis is all about structuring text (or images, video and audio) with your own analytical categories. You are looking for topics or themes within the text and attach short keywords, often called "codes" to the relevant segments that you have found. These codes help you first of all in finding your relevant text segments again, but they also allow you to quantify your results by counting the segments automatically.
Who cast the most weather spells in these documents? What is the difference between a male and a female witch? Where was that part when a bucket full of fish teeth was within a man's skull? All these questions are fairly easy to answer, as soon as you have left enough bread crumbs within the deep forest of qualitative data.
Hint: You can read much more about Qualitative Data Analysis on my blog Met-Hodos: (Re)considering the road of research and analysis.
Do I need research software?
The purpose of software is to make your life easier. If it does not do that, you do not need that software!
The computer is an expert in counting, searching and grouping but it can hardly tell your grandmother from a puppy dog. That’s why you are always needed! After all, you are a sense making machine! However, the computer can help you with that, but to learn any software always means to climb a barrier first. In many cases this effort pays off and the computer can turn into your most powerful research assistant. I would love to help you to have a look above that barrier first, so that you can make an informed decision weather climbing it is worth it or not.
So the answer is: maybe. Many techniques of qualitative data analysis are independent from using a MAC or PC. After all, a long time ago a certain Philipp Mayring started doing this only with pencils and a typewriter. Anyhow, your computer has much more to offer, than just streaming Netflix.
Hint: You can read more about the differences between the individual software programs here on my blog.
Does that make sense for my research?
If you do not have any qualitative data (but only numbers and tables), you do not need qualitative data analysis!
Qualitative data analysis is especially useful when you are dealing with unstructured or semi-structured data such as text, images, videos or audio. Furthermore, it is crucially important that thinking in categories, themes or "codes" makes sense in your methodology.
From my experience, I can tell that in many cases when we are dealing with unstructured data (we historians call them "sources" or "documents"), structuring them along content based categories can be of great help! However, the computer will never do the thinking for you, don't raise false hopes on that!
Hint: Never use software beyond the point of usefulness! You can read more on this here on my blog.
Who am I?
Historian, freelancer, software trainer, witchcraft researcher and more
Indeed, I am interested in many things, except for cars, stars or television. There can be little left, you say? Think twice! Most relevant for you is that I am a professional historian. Therefore, I have been chosen to extract meaning from the most stubborn and resilient qualitative "data" out there. I have been trained to understand people who are dead for more than 500 years and many people might think that they have nothing to say any more. So if you are struggling with understanding your online trolls, unemployed teachers or retired dog sitters, be at ease, I am glad to be of help! And a small piece of advice via mail or telephone you will always get for free! | <urn:uuid:6c3b450e-4a8b-4777-9389-a50a2fe6c1fa> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://en.muellermixedmethods.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358560.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20211128134516-20211128164516-00176.warc.gz | en | 0.947253 | 918 | 2.625 | 3 |
Maybe you have heard of ringworm, but beyond an idea that it’s contagious, it’s gross, and you hope you never get it, you may have a poor grasp of the actual facts. Dr. Karen Campbell, a board-certified veterinary dermatologist at the University of Illinois Veterinary Teaching Hospital in Urbana, dispels six common myths about ringworm.
1. Ringworm is caused by a worm.
This disease got its name because of the way it looks, not because it is caused by worms under the skin. Ringworm is caused by one of several common dermatophytes; fungi that grow on skin. The “ring” look comes when the skin heals in the center as the fungus spreads outwards.
2. You can’t give ringworm to your pet or vice versa.
Actually, ringworm is quite contagious between mammals. Not only can you get it from your pet, you can just as easily give it to your pet, whether that is a cat, a dog, or even a rabbit. In fact, ringworm can affect any mammal.
3. Ringworm is only contagious through direct contact.
If that were true, the situation would be so much easier to resolve. The fungus infects the hairs, which are shed into the environment. These hairs can remain infectious for years. Part of treating a pet for ringworm involves extensive cleaning of the environment, that is, your house. Electrostatic wipes can be especially helpful for collecting all the pet hairs. Dr. Campbell recommends disinfecting all the surfaces you can with a common household cleaner. And don’t forget the air vents!
4. Only the affected pet needs to be treated.
If one pet in a multi-pet household has ringworm, you need to worry about all the other pets too. If the animals spend time together, it is very possible that they all have ringworm even if they do not have any obvious sores. To address the situation, you can either have all animals tested, or just treat them all. The choice depends on your preference and cost. Testing takes time (days to weeks) and can be expensive. The most common treatment for ringworm is lime-sulfur dips, which are fairly inexpensive. Discuss which course of treatment is best for your situation with your veterinarian.
5. If there are no visible skin problems or hair loss, the animal does not have ringworm.
Some pets infected with ringworm may not show signs, but still carry the fungus, meaning they can still transmit the fungus to other animals or other people. Make sure if you have a pet with ringworm to follow through the whole course of treatment. Never stop treatment just because the animal looks better.
6. A circular area of hair loss on your pet means ringworm.
While ringworm can be missed or misdiagnosed (mistaken for something else), it is also over-diagnosed. A lot of things can cause your pet to itch and lose fur. Mites, fleas, bacterial infections, and even allergies can cause hairless patches that itch. Be sure to talk to your veterinarian. Treating for ringworm will not help if your dog is itchy because of mites.
Now that you are armed with the facts, you can do your best to avoid contracting ringworm or to treat it aggressively if you or any member of your family does get it. If you still have questions about ringworm, your local veterinarian is an excellent source of information, so don’t hesitate to ask.
Andrea Lin is an Information Specialist at University of Illinois’ College of Veterinary Medicine. | <urn:uuid:dda2207a-a5d5-423b-81a8-f2c359223a13> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/2011/12/28/health-and-family/pets-animals/ringworm-mythbusters.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719286.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00425-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950114 | 751 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Black – Represents power, sexuality, sophistication, formality, elegance, wealth, mystery, fear, evil, anonymity, unhappiness, depth, style, evil, sadness, remorse, anger, underground, good technical color, mourning and death.
Blue– Considered a business color because it reflects reliability, peace, tranquility, calm, stability, harmony, unity, trust, truth, confidence, conservatism, security, cleanliness, order, loyalty, sky, water, cold, technology, and depression.
- In China – blue is associated with immortality.
- In Colombia – blue is associated with soap.
- For Hindus blue is the color of Krishna.
- For the Jews, blue symbolizes holiness.
- In the Middle East blue is a protective color.
Green– One of most-often cited favorite colors, Its cool quality soothes, calms and is often worn buy surgeons in operating rooms,it represents nature, environment, health, good luck, renewal, youth, vigor, spring, generosity, fertility, jealousy, inexperience, envy, misfortune.
- In China – green hats mean a man’s wife is cheating on him; and not a good color for packaging.
- In India green is the color of Islam.
- In Ireland green has religious significance (Catholic).
- In some tropical countries green is associated with danger.
Orange– A combination of yellow and red. Orange is considered a warm color like red, but to a lesser extent; orange expresses energy. It has luminous qualities and has been used for attention-getters such as on caution signs. Orange brings up memories of fall leaves, pumpkins and Halloween. It symbolizes balance, warmth, enthusiasm, vibrant, flamboyancy, and is demanding of attention.
- In Ireland orange has religious significance (Protestant).
Purple – Represents royalty, spirituality, nobility, ceremony, mystery, transformation, wisdom, enlightenment, cruelty, arrogance, mourning. Purple is considered an exotic color. Purple dye was made from the mucous gland of a snail. It required thousands of snails to yield 1 gram of dye causing it to be a color only nobles could afford. Today purple is a trendy color targeting creative types.
Red– It is the warmest and most energetic color in the spectrum. We associate red with love, valentines, danger, desire, speed, strength, violence, anger, emergency exit signs, stop signs and blood.
- Red can evoke a fight-or-flight response
- In China red symbolizes celebration and luck, used in many cultural ceremonies that range from funerals to weddings.
- In India red is the color of purity (used in wedding outfits).
White – It represents reverence, purity, simplicity, cleanliness, peace, humility, precision, innocence, youth, birth, winter, snow, good, sterility, and marriage.
- In Japan, white carnations signify death.
- In eastern cultures white symbolizes coldness and sterility.
Yellow – represents joy, happiness, optimism, idealism, imagination, hope, sunshine, summer, gold, philosophy, dishonesty, cowardice, betrayal, jealousy, covetousness, deceit, illness, hazard, spirituality and inspiration.
- In Asia yellow is sacred, and imperial | <urn:uuid:79b0d3fd-0dc2-475c-a802-4de91bd13a61> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://www.primeaus.com/helpful-information/choosing-website-colors/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267164469.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20180926081614-20180926102014-00508.warc.gz | en | 0.8736 | 685 | 2.625 | 3 |
The aorta is the body's largest artery. It carries blood from the heart and delivers it to the rest of the body. The aorta travels through the chest and the abdomen. An aortic aneurysm is a weak, bulging area in the wall of the aorta. The bulging develops from a weakness or defect in the aortic wall. It tends to get bigger with time.
The greatest danger is that an aneurysm will rupture. This will cause heavy, uncontrollable bleeding. Aortic aneurysms can also occur with aortic dissection. Dissection is a small tear in the aortic wall. Blood from the aneurysm can leak through this tear and spread between the layers of the aortic wall. This leads to eventual rupture of the vessel.
Aneurysms can develop anywhere. They are most common in the aorta (thoracic and abdominal), iliac artery, and femoral artery.
Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.
is frequently associated with aneurysm. However, it is not thought that this disease alone causes the growth of an aneurysm. It is believed that other factors, such as
high blood pressure
or connective tissue disorders, must be present for an aneurysm to form.
Many aneurysms do not have symptoms. They are detected during a routine physical exam or during x-ray evaluation for another disorder.
Symptoms may occur when the aneurysm grows or disrupts the wall of the aorta. Symptoms depend on the size and location of the aneurysm and may include: Pain in the abdomen or in the lower backBoring, gnawing, or constant pain occurring over hours or daysSudden onset of severe stabbing painUnusual sensation of pulsing in the abdomenCough, shortness of breathFaintingHoarsenessDifficulty swallowingCoughing up bloodWeight lossChest pain
Treatment includes surgery or stenting.
Surgery to repair an aortic aneurysm is called
. It involves removing the portion of the aorta that contains the aneurysm and replacing it with a mesh graft.
With aneurysms of the thoracic aorta, the aortic valve may also be affected and need to be replaced or repaired. If the aneurysm involves important branches of the aorta, these vessels may either be repaired or bypassed.
Depending on where the aneurysm is located and how complex it is, stenting may be done. A stent-graft is a polyester tube covered by a tubular metal web. The stent-graft is inserted into the aorta. With the stent-graft in place, blood flows through the stent-graft instead of into the aneurysm, eliminating the chance of rupture.
There are no guidelines for preventing an aneurysm because the cause is not known. However, you can reduce some of your risk factors by following these recommendations:
that is low in saturated fat and rich in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables.
If you smoke, talk to your doctor about ways toquit
The US Preventive Services Task Force recommends that men aged 65-75 who have ever smoked be screened once for abdominal aortic aneurysm with
. This is a painless procedure that gives a picture of the abdomen using sound waves. Early detection of abdominal aortic aneurysm in this group has been shown to reduce mortality from this condition.
Begin a safe
with the advice of your doctor.
Seek treatment for high blood pressure, syphilis, and other infections.If you have Marfan syndrome, see your doctor regularly for monitoring and CT scans.
Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm: recommendation statement. US Preventive Services Task Force website. Available at:
http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf05/aaascr/aaars.htm. Published June 2014. Accessed March 1, 2016.
7/21/2009 DynaMed Plus Systematic Literature Surveillance
http://www.dynamed.com/topics/dmp~AN~T908572/Thoracic-aortic-aneurysm: Thompson SG, Ashton HA, Gao L, Scott RA, Multicentre Aneurysm Screening Study Group. Screening men for abdominal aortic aneurysm: 10 year mortality and cost effectiveness results from the randomised Multicentre Aneurysm Screening Study.
Last reviewed March 2016 by Michael J. Fucci, DO
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
Copyright © EBSCO Publishing. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:67e7ef85-da2d-4567-a491-b74d175671b7> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.svmh.com/health/content.aspx?chunkiid=12044 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541361.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00316-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91409 | 1,096 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Q: What is On/Off Control
On off control is like operating a switch. This type of temperature controller will turn on the heat when the process variable is below the set point and turn it off when the process variable is above the set point. These controllers normally include a delay, hysterisis and or a cycle time to reduce the cycling or "hunting" when the process variable is close to the set point. In truth, they are closer to thermostats than controllers, because they do not balance heat loss with heat gain at the desired value.
On/ Off control is simple to understand, but forces a compromise between good control, long warm up times and increased cost. This compromise happens when you select the power rating of your heating element.
If it has too much power. an on/off temperature controller will struggle to provide tight temperature control because the heating element will store and deliver too much heat before the temperature reached the "off" point. As a result the temperature will overshoot.
If the heating element is specified with enough heat without too much overshoot, then warm up times from cold will be lengthened, leading to longer batch times and less production.
In both cases manufacturing costs are increased.
Tighter temperature control and cost savings can be achieved by using PID or Fuzzy Logic control. | <urn:uuid:066355b7-3aa8-4388-8889-2f3f751ff538> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.coulton.com/What_is_On_Off_Control.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583657510.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20190116134421-20190116160421-00223.warc.gz | en | 0.913379 | 272 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Gyromitra Esculenta or false morel is a dark brown brain shaped fungus found in the temperate coniferous forests of Europe and North America. The mushroom has a pleasant fruity odor and a mild taste. It is also called brain mushroom, calf-brain mushroom, elephant ears, turban fungus or beefsteak mushroom. The mushroom is poisonous when eaten raw, hence should be consumed with after proper and correct cooking. It is most often cooked by sautéing, and is much popular in the Finnish cuisine. It may be used to prepare fillings, soups, stews and creamy sauces.
The mushroom is most often found in sandy soils in spring or early summer, under coniferous trees. It brain shaped cap may be upto 15cm wide and 10cm high. It has a color anywhere near dark brown, purple or reddish brown.
Gyromitra Esculenta mushrooms are poisonous when raw, and eating them raw may even prove fatal. Its sale is prohibited in countries like Spain, and in various other countries there are statutory guidelines about sellers printing warnings about correct cooking methods on the packaging. Even parboiling before culinary usage is not considered to make the mushrooms entirely safe for consumption.
Symptoms of poisoning by Gyromitra Esculenta include diahrhea, vomiting after some hours of consumption, followed by giddiness and headache. Some cases may result in a state of delirium, coma or even death within 5 to 7days.
The mushroom is considered to be a delicacy in Scandinavia and Eastern Europe, as well as in the upper Great Lakes region in North America. It is used as a stuffing for omelets or for preparing soups. It is also used to make creamy dishes in the Finnish cuisine, where it is an important variety of mushrooms in the spring season. The mushrooms are used to prepare soups, stews, pie fillings and sauces. They may be simply fried with onions and served as a side dish. Most finish mushroom recipes are actually Russian ones, as the Finnish originally only used mushrooms for dying fabrics.
Preferred Cooking Methods
Gyromitra Esculenta is best cooked by sautéing, a method most often adopted to cook this mushroom in Finnish cuisine. It may also be cooked by boiling or simmering to prepare soups and stews. The mushrooms are parboiled and rinsed before any kind of culinary usage to free them of their toxicity.
Popular Gyromitra Esculenta Recipes
- Brain Mushroom Omelet: Brain mushrooms are sliced and cooked in broth by simmering, and then used as filling for omelet.
- Sauteed Brain Mushrooms: The mushrooms are sliced, boiled, rinsed and then sautéed in butter along with onions to make a popular Finnish side dish.
- Brain Mushroom Pie: This consists of a pie crust, a layer of sautéed brain mushrooms and a topping of a mixture of sour cream, cream, milk and eggs.
Hunting for false morels and other mushrooms is a popular Finnish outdoor activity, just like berry picking. | <urn:uuid:81bbac71-f873-4580-add2-5a4e28538d92> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://ifood.tv/mushroom/gyromitra-esculenta/about | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645378542.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031618-00054-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93626 | 648 | 2.703125 | 3 |
inventor of the submarine
|The First Submarine|
The first serious discussion of a "submarine" (a craft designed to be navigated underwater) appeared in 1578 from the pen of William Bourne, a British mathematician and writer on naval subjects. Bourne proposed a completely enclosed boat that could be submerged and rowed underwater. It consisted of a wooden frame covered with waterproof leather; it was to be submerged by reducing its volume by contracting the sides through the use of hand vises. Bourne did not actually construct his boat, and Cornelis Drebbel (or Cornelius van Drebbel), a Dutch inventor, is usually credited with building the first submarine.
Between 1620 and 1624 he successfully manoeuvred his craft at depths of from 12 to 15 feet (four to five meters) beneath the surface during repeated trials in the Thames River, in England. Van Drebbel’s submarine was powered by oarsmen, the oars protruding through flexible leather seals. Snorkel air tubes were held above the surface by floats, thus permitting a submergence time of several hours.
Van Drebbel followed his first boat with two others. The later models were larger but they relied upon the same principles. It is reported that after repeated tests, King James I of England rode in one of his later models to demonstrate its safety. But even royal favour failed to arouse the interest of the British Navy. It was an age when the possibility of submarine warfare was still far in the future.
Drebbel's submarine resembled that proposed by Bourne in that its outer hull consisted of greased leather over a wooden frame; oars extended through the sides and, sealed with tight-fitting leather flaps, provided a means of propulsion both on the surface and underwater.
It is also said that Van Drebbel developed a chemical which purified the air and allowed the crew to stay submerged for extended periods.
A replica of reduced scale of Drebbel's submarine built by the team of the TV-series "Building the Impossible". 2002, Eton Dorney near Windsor. (Photo: © www.expedition-engineering.com) The replica some time in the 2000's (Photo: © Stedelijkmuseum Alkmaar, Netherlands)
Read all about the replica of the Drebbel ate the The First Submarine Rebuild page.
|Cornelius Drebbel and the First Submarine|
By Brett McLaughlin
Drebbel's most phenomenal work was definitely the submarine. In 1620, he made the first "rudimentary" submarine. Drebbel constructed his vessel while working for the British Navy. They never used it, but tested it many times. He had a wooden row boat; it had a wooden hull wrapped tightly in waterproofed leather. His row boat was the first to answer the question of air replenishment underwater. Air tubes with floats went to the surface to provide the craft with oxygen. Oars went through the hull at leather gaskets. Twelve oarsmen and some other passengers were on board. The trip at the Thames River took three hours.
Cornelius Jacobszoon Drebbel was born in Alkmaar (Netherlands) in 1572, the son of a well-to-do farmer. He probably received only an elementary education, which would have included Latin. He had no university education. As a young man he was apprenticed to the famous engraver Hendrick Goltzius in Haarlem. Goltzius incidentally practiced alchemy and undoubtedly introduced Drebbel to the art. Drebbel had little interest in the quest for the Elixir of Life or the Philosopher's Stone, and instead learned chemical ideas and processes. Drebbel married Sophia Jansdochter, one of Goltzius' younger sisters in 1595. One of the reasons for his lack of success is said to have been his wife.
In 1595 he settled at Alkmaar, where he devoted himself to engraving and publishing maps and pictures. He soon turned to mechanical invention, for in 1598 he was a granted a patent for a pump and a clock with perpetual motion. In 1602 he was granted a patent for a chimney. He also made instruments and designed a water-supply system for the town of Alkmaar.
In 1604, King James I received Drebbel at his court in England. Drebbel obtained the attention of the English court through the amazing perpetual motion machine. It actually 'worked' through shifts in air temperature and pressure. The King stationed him at the Castle at Eltham, where he entered the special service of Henry, the Prince of Wales, as a mechanic especially associated with displays of fireworks. Payments to him of £ 20 in both 1609 and 1610 are recorded. Many times Drebbel shuttled across the English Channel back to the Netherlands. Nevertheless Drebbel never quite made it; he remained at the level, not of a Galileo who produced spectacles of a different order, but of court entertainers among whom Drebbel walked at the King's funeral.
In 1610 Drebbel visited the court of Emperor Rudolf II in Prague, at the Emperor's invitation. Rudolf gave him the title of Chief Alchemist after seeing his remarkable perpetual motion machine; Drebbel really only claimed that it could rewind constantly by atmospheric pressure changes. It had a sealed glass tub where liquid contracted and expanded to enable the clock to constantly rewind.
He lingered a decade and instructed the son of Archduke Ferdinand of Bohemia who would later become Holy Roman Emperor. At the beginning of the Thirty Years' War, Ferdinand V's forces imprisoned Drebbel and took all his possessions, for he was affluent at this time. Rudolf's brother Matthias ousted Rudolf from his authority and conquered Prague. Through the intervention of Prince Henry, Drebbel was set free to return to England in 1613.
During the next several years he lived mostly in London. About 1620 he began to devote himself to the manufacture of microscopes and to the construction of a submarine (one of his most famous projects). For the next several years he was employed by the British Navy, partly in connection with the submarine, but mostly to make explosive devices with which to attack other ships, at a fairly high salary. During 1626 to 1628, he advised the military on how to relieve the French Huguenots under siege at La Rochelle. In 1627, they put him in charge of fireships at La Rochelle. Buckingham was his source of employment and his career plummeted after someone assassinated Buckingham after La Rochelle failed . His weapons were criticized when he failed.
He was involved in a drainage project in East Anglia. The extent of his involvement and the extent of his technical expertise is under debate. From 1629 until his death in 1633 he was extremely poor and earned his living by keeping an alehouse.
He was not a scientist in the strict sense but an inventor or practicing technologist. He left very few writings of his own, and none of them is concerned with his invention. His most famous work was Ein kurzer Tractac von der Natur der Elemetum (Leiden, 1608), an alchemical tract on the transmutation of the elements. Engineering seems the best category for his general activity.
Among his best-known inventions are:
Submarine: Drebbel's most phenomenal work was definitely the submarine. In 1620, he made the first "rudimentary" submarine. Drebbel constructed his vessel while working for the British Navy. They never used it, but tested it many times. He had a wooden row boat; it had a wooden hull wrapped tightly in waterproofed leather. His row boat was the first to answer the question of air replenishment underwater. Air tubes with floats went to the surface to provide the craft with oxygen. Oars went through the hull at leather gaskets. Twelve oarsmen and some other passengers were on board. The trip at the Thames River took three hours.
"Perpetual mobile": The elaborate toy operated on the basis of changes in atmospheric temperature and pressure. He extended the basic idea to the operation of clocks.
Thermostats and thermoscope: He applied the principles used in the perpetual mobile to thermostatic regulators that controlled ovens, furnaces, and incubators. As the temperature rose, air expanded, forcing quicksilver to close a damper. When it cooled, the damper opened. The incubator he made hatched both duck and chicken eggs
Optics: He invented the microscope with two sets of convex lenses. He made compound microscopes as early as 1619. He also made telescopes, and he developed a machine for grinding lenses. He constructed a camera obscura with a lens in the aperture, and he had some sort of magic lantern that projected images.
Dyeing: Drebbel made a new tin mordant process for dyeing the colour scarlet with cochineal. Treated mild red dye, cochineal, mixed with tin or pewter dissolved in nitric acid made this new colour. This process happened by accident when tin mixed with aqua regia fell into cochineal Drebbel had prepared for a thermometer. He then grasped how significant this was and told his son-in-law, Abraham Kuffler. Abraham had a dyehouse and made "colour Kufflerianus" as the new scarlet was called.
Chemical Technology: Drebbel did two more chemical processes. He oxidized sulphur for sulphuric acid, through heating sulphur and potassium nitrate (saltpetre). He made it more efficiently than any other way at that time. It became the basis for John Roebuck's work for production in the lead chamber. He also found a way to make oxygen from heating saltpetre, which is now one of the standard way to produce it.
The Drebbel Lunar Crater
This picture shows the lunar crater that is named after Cornelis Drebbel. In this figure 1 pixel corresponds to 1 km. (The size of the picture is 256 x 256 pixels.) The diameter of the crater is about 30 kilometres.
The coordinates at which the crater can be found are 40.9S latitude, 49.0W longitude.
By Brett McLaughlin
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|Copyright © 1997-2006 - Design and content DutchSubmarines.com| | <urn:uuid:732b41b4-1a1f-4796-a112-0a0b19e75c88> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.dutchsubmarines.com/specials/special_drebbel.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802773061.155/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075253-00113-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972892 | 2,257 | 4 | 4 |
Wind Turbines operate on a simple principle. The Energy in the Wind turns two or three Propeller-like blades around Rotor. The Rotor is connected to the Main Shaft, which spins a generator to create electricity. Therefore we uses only Quality Raw material for Forging of Wind Turbine main Shaft.
MATERIAL GRADE : 42CRMO4 ; 34CRNIMO6 RAW
MATERIAL :LRF VD ROUTE INGOT CONDITION : FORGED – UT OK – QUENCHED & TEMPERED | <urn:uuid:cea7413c-5be1-41dd-9d10-765102d344dd> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | http://www.universalforge.com/wind-turbines-manufacturer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107889651.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20201025183844-20201025213844-00530.warc.gz | en | 0.679544 | 121 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Cambodia is a country steeped in history and culture, and one of the best ways to experience its rich heritage is by visiting its many historical landmarks and temples. From the magnificent Angkor Wat, the largest religious monument in the world, to the mystical Ta Prohm temple, where trees and stone intertwine to create a unique atmosphere, Cambodia’s temples and historical sites offer a glimpse into the grandeur and mystery of the Khmer Empire. Whether you are a history buff, a culture lover, or just looking for a unique travel experience, Cambodia’s historical landmarks and temples are a must-see destination.
Landmarks and Temples
Angkor Wat is a massive temple complex located in Siem Reap, Cambodia, built during the Khmer Empire in the 12th century. It is considered the largest religious monument in the world and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It was originally built as a Hindu temple but was later converted to a Buddhist temple. The central tower of the temple represents Mount Meru, the mythical home of the Hindu gods, and is surrounded by four smaller towers. The temple is a testament to the incredible craftsmanship of the Khmer people and their ability to construct such an impressive structure without modern technology. Today, Angkor Wat attracts millions of visitors each year who come to marvel at its beauty.
Banteay Srei is a temple located in the Angkor archaeological park in Siem Reap, Cambodia. It was built in the 10th century during the Khmer Empire and is known for its intricate and delicate carvings. The temple is made of red sandstone and is smaller in size compared to other temples in the park, but it is no less impressive. The carvings on the temple walls depict scenes from Hindu mythology, including the Ramayana and Mahabharata. The level of detail in the carvings is astonishing, and it is believed that the temple was built by skilled craftsmen and not by the common people. The temple is also known as the “Citadel of Women” due to the belief that it was built by women.
Read More: Top Tourist Destinations in Asia
Beng Mealea is a temple located in the Angkor archaeological park in Siem Reap, Cambodia. It was built in the 12th century during the reign of King Suryavarman II and is known for its impressive size and jungle surroundings. The temple was built using the same architectural style as Angkor Wat, but it is believed to have served as a prototype for the larger temple. The temple’s intricate carvings and sculptures are still visible despite the damage caused by time and nature. The temple’s central sanctuary is surrounded by a moat and several galleries, and visitors can walk through the temple’s many corridors and passageways to explore its hidden treasures. Beng Mealea offers a glimpse into the grandeur and mystery of the Khmer Empire.
Ta Prohm is a temple located in the Angkor archaeological park in Siem Reap, Cambodia. It was built in the 12th century and is known for its unique blend of natural and man-made elements. The temple has been left in a semi-ruined state, with trees and vegetation growing in and around the temple’s walls and towers. The temple’s carvings and sculptures are still visible, despite the damage caused by time and nature. Ta Prohm is a popular destination for tourists who come to experience the mystery and beauty of the Khmer Empire, and it was even featured in the movie Tomb Raider. It is a true testament to the power of nature and the resilience of human architecture.
Cambodia’s historical landmarks and temples are a testament to the country’s rich history and cultural heritage. These sites provide an insight into the grandeur and artistic achievements of the Khmer Empire, which flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries. From the towering Angkor Wat to the mystical Ta Prohm, these historical landmarks and temples offer a glimpse into a bygone era, and visitors can marvel at the intricate carvings and architectural details that have survived the test of time. Cambodia’s temples and historical sites continue to attract millions of visitors every year, and they are a must-see destination for anyone interested in history, culture, or architecture. | <urn:uuid:bedddb6c-5e9a-4958-b013-371d3fa4aaf3> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://travelmemorie.com/historical-landmarks-and-temples-in-cambodia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100909.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209103523-20231209133523-00007.warc.gz | en | 0.963198 | 903 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Holi is a most famous festivals of India and it celebrated in every part of the country. It is also called as the “festival of love” on this day people get to together and forget all angers and all types of bad feeling towards each other. It starts in the evening of Purnima or the Full Moon Day in the month of Falgun. It is celebrated with the name Holika Dahan or Choti Holi on first evening of the Holi. The ritual starts by lighting up the bonfire one day before the day of Holi. On the day of Holi people play with colours with their friends and families and in evening they show love to their close ones with Gulal.
Holi Puja Vidhi – Holi Puja Procedure
Before the pooja get ready with these materials – one bowl of water, beads made of cow dung, rice, roli, dhoop sticks, cotton threads, pieces of turmeric, Moong lentils (green gram), Batasha, coconut and Gulal powder. Newly harvested crops of wheat and gram and used during the puja.
- Light the earthen lamp and dhoop stick.
- Do worship of Lord Ganesha first. Take some flower, rice and water in hand
- Then do worship of goddess Durga.
- Now do puja of Prahlad by singing (Om Prahladaya Namah). Show lamp and dhoop to him.
- Now do the worship of Holika. Show lamp and dhoop to her. Then offer rice, flower, sweets,
- coconut, turmeric pieces, moong lentils and badkula to her.
- Holika is burnt after above Holi Puja.
- Roast the grains in the bonfire and take them to your home. Distribute it among family members as prasad.
Holi Songs, Holi song Bollywood list – List of Famous Holi Songs
- Rang Barse – Silsila (1981)
- Holi ke Din – Sholay (1975)
- Go Pagal – Jolly LLB 2 (2017)
- Balam Pichkari – Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani (2013)
- Gali Gali – Pataakha (2018)
- Soni Soni – Mohabbatein (2000)
- Holi Khele Raghuveera – Baghban (2003)
- Lahu Muh Lag Gaya – Goliyon ki Raasleela Ram-Leela (2013)
- Do Me a Favor Let’s Play Holi – Waqt – The Race Against Time (2005)
- Badri ki Dulhaniya – Badrinath ki Dulhaniya (2017)
- Ang se ang lagana sajan… Darr
- Mal de gulal mohe, aaye holi aaye re… Kaamchor
- Apne rang mein rang de mujko … Aakhir Kyon
- Aayee re aayee re holi… Zakhmee
- Phagun aayo re… Phagun
- Arre ja re hat natkhat… Navrang
- Aaj na chodenge bas humjoli khelenge hum holi… Kati Patang
- Holi aaye re kanhayee… Mother India
- Tan rang lo ji aaj mann rang lo… Kohinoor
- dekho holi aayi… Mashaal
- Rang di preet ne rang di… Dhanwan
- Koi bheega hai rang se … Mumbai Se Aaya Mera Dost
History of Holi
Holi was originally known as Holika, Historians believe that Holi was celebrated by all Aryans but more so in the Eastern part of India. In ancient India there was a king which was like a monster. He wanted to take revenge for the death of his younger brother who killed by Lord Vishnu. Hiranyakashyap start to understand himself as God and asked people to worship Him like God. Hiranyakashyap son Prahlad was the supreme follower of Lord Vishnu. Prahlad never considered his father’s word because of this the king decided to kill his son. The king told his sister Holika that she should take Prahlad in the lap and sit in the fire because the Holika could not burn in the fire. Prahlad used to take the name of Lord Vishnu and was saved but the Holika was burnt. | <urn:uuid:a9accc99-9b95-4c22-906b-cde5caa5d861> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://www.hotgossips.in/happy-holi-2019-holi-puja-procedure-famous-holi-songs-holi-puja-video/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578517682.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20190418141430-20190418163430-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.904985 | 967 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Jowhar, Middle Shabelle region- Jowhar Flood Brief | 17 November 2013
Shabelle River floods started in late August in and around Jowhar town. The joint multi-cluster rapid assessment mission carried out from 7-10 November, identified 33 villages affected by the flooding and corroborated the approximately 11,000 households displaced reported by the local authorities, while FSNAU has a more conservative number of 7,000 household distributed along 28 villages. To add to those affected by the floods, it is estimated that up to 1,000 HH have been displaced from ten villages due to clan conflict in the area, though estimates by local authorities run closer to 4,800 HH. The total area affected by the floods is still estimated to be 8,000 hectares of land inundated in Jowhar and Balcad districts (FAO’s Food Security Nutrition and Analysis Unit - FSNAU). The floods are attributed to rains in Ethiopian highlands, which according to the last Floods and Tropical Storm Alert on the 13 November will continue receiving heavy rains, maintaining the high risk of river flooding in middle and lower parts of the Juba and Shabelle rivers (FAO’s Somalia Water and Land Information Systems - SWALIM).
To learn more about OCHA's activities, please visit http://unocha.org/. | <urn:uuid:c0277196-5ec5-469e-a906-7365212cca5f> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/jowhar-middle-shabelle-region-jowhar-flood-brief-17-november-2013 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609524644.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005204-00350-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93942 | 278 | 2.859375 | 3 |
- Name also: Grass-like Starwort, Grassy Stitchwort
- Family: Pink Family – Caryophyllaceae
- Growing form: Perennial herb.
- Height: 20–40 cm (8–16 in.). Stem limp–ascending, usually sparsely branched, 4-edged, glossy–rough base.
- Flower: Corolla regular (actinomorphic), white, 7–12 mm (0.28–0.48 in.) broad (sometimes only 5–6 mm (0.2–0.24 in.) on unisexual flowers); petals 5, deeply 2-lobed (looks like 10 petals), 3.5–6 mm (0.14–0.24 in.) long, usually approx. same length as calyx. Sepals 5, clearly 3-veined, with membranous margins, usually at least hairy. Stamens 10. Gynoecium syncarpous, with 3 styles. Inflorescence a 5–60-flowered, wide, lax, 2-branched cyme; subtending bracts membranous, usually with at least hairy margins at base.
- Leaves: Opposite, stalkless, spreading sideways. Blade linear–lanceolate, sharp-tipped, bright green–weakly bluish green, with entire margins, margin usually hairy at base.
- Fruit: Narrow, 6-lobed, 5–7 mm (0.2–0.28 in.) long capsule.
- Habitat: Meadows, banks, forest margins, rocky outcrops, pastures, grazing land, arable land, wasteland, roadsides, shores.
- Flowering time: June–September.
Apart from common chickweed (S. media), lesser stitchwort is the most common species of its genus in Finland, growing everywhere that there is meadow vegetation, but it is missing from natural bog and forest areas. It is so clearly fond of areas that are influenced by people that it is doubtful if it can be classed as a native plant in Finland. The species’ possible wild habitats are the upper margins of waterside meadows, semi-broadleaved hillside forest and rich rocky embankments. At least its current level of spread has only been achieved since people settled in Finland.
Lesser stitchwort grows alongside other meadow plants, but it stands out mainly on account of its abundantly flowered inflorescence. Although its solitary flower is only open for 3 days, new ones are being produced all through the summer until the beginning of September. The flower looks like it has ten petals, but actually it has only five, which are lobed almost until the base. Lesser stitchwort can even overwinter while flowering.
Lesser stitchwort can be differentiated from its close relatives by its membranous subtending bracts at the base of its inflorescence and the hairiness of its sepals. Only S. hebecalyx, which grows on the shores of Luolahti in Lake Saunajärvi in Kuhmo is hairy in the same way. This eastern species has spread with fodder to an area where Russian soldiers were encircled by Finns during WWII. | <urn:uuid:0f28c0a2-c419-44bd-9d77-fde843ff407a> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://www.luontoportti.com/suomi/en/kukkakasvit/lesser-stitchwort | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583662124.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20190119034320-20190119060320-00185.warc.gz | en | 0.937478 | 681 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Whilst quoting ‘cherry-picked’ University of Texas pro-fracking studies, SA pro-frackers claim that all the anti-fracking claims of the environmental lobbies have been destroyed.
(NaturalNews) Yet another study has linked fracking and similar oil and gas mining practices to earthquakes, this time in Texas.
The new study was conducted by researchers from China University of Geosciences and the University of Texas at Austin and published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The researchers analyzed 93 separate earthquakes that took place in Texas between March 2009 and December 2010. They found that many of the earthquakes occurred shortly after oil and gas companies had injected carbon dioxide into their wells.
“The timing of gas injection suggests it may have contributed to triggering the recent seismic activity,” the researchers wrote. “If so, this represents an instance where gas injection has triggered earthquakes having magnitudes 3 and larger.”
Carbon dioxide is injected into aging oil and gas wells as a way of extending their output. As easy-to-obtain oil and gas runs out around the world, such extreme drilling practices are becoming more common. For example, Occidental Petroleum says that nearly 60 percent of its West Texas and southeast New Mexico oil production uses carbon dioxide flooding techniques.
Carbon dioxide flooding is similar to the more well-known technique of hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, in which water is used to crack open subterranean rocks to facilitate the extraction of oil and gas. This produces huge quantities of toxic and radioactive wastewater. One of the favored techniques for disposing of fracking wastewater is to simply inject it into the ground again, usually in a different location.
Fracking wastewater injection has been strongly linked to earthquakes, most recently in a study conducted by researchers from Columbia University and published in the journal Geology. In that study, the researchers showed that this practice was most likely responsible for the 5.7 magnitude earthquake that struck Prague, Oklahoma, in November 2011. That earthquake, felt in Milwaukee more than 800 miles away, destroyed 14 homes and damaged a federal highway.
The study was possible because the 5.7 quake had actually been preceded by a 5.0 quake, which caused a University of Oklahoma seismologist to set up several seismographs as a way of recording aftershocks. This enabled scientists to discover that the 5.7 quake came from a fault rupture no more than 650 feet from active wastewater injection wells, and in the same level of rock. Further research showed that 13 years of wastewater injection had caused the injection pressure to rise more than 10 fold.
“When you overpressure the fault, you reduce the stress that’s pinning the fault into place and that’s when earthquakes happen,” study coauthor Heather Savage said.
The researchers noted that the 5.7 earthquake was actually the result of a series of several smaller quakes, which in turn seem to have been caused by wastewater injection. This suggests that earthquakes can be caused even by relatively small injection sites.
“There’s something important about getting unexpectedly large earthquakes out of small systems that we have discovered here,” coauthor Geoffrey Abers said.
Scientists have known since at least the 1960s that underground fluid injection can lead to earthquakes. Water injection into oil wells was also linked to Texas earthquakes that occurred between 1975 and 1982. More recently, researchers have linked underground injection to earthquakes in Arkansas and Colorado and blamed it for an 11 fold jump in the rate of earthquakes in the central U.S. over the past three decades. The National Academy of Sciences has called for further research to help understand and respond to this growing threat.
Other human activities have also been shown to cause earthquakes, including geothermal drilling, water impoundment by large dams, enhanced oil recovery, rock quarrying and solution salt mining.
Sources for this article include:
Learn more: http://www.naturalnews.com/042824_fracking_Texas_earthquakes_gas_extraction.html#ixzz2k88mFfoq
Learn more: http://www.naturalnews.com/042824_fracking_Texas_earthquakes_gas_extraction.html#ixzz2k88MGHvM
- Tap dancing around fracking earthquakes (texassharon.com)
- Man-made earthquakes are becoming a real problem (geek.com)
- Fracking earthquake rocks wealthy homes in North Texas (texassharon.com)
- CO2 injections likely culprit in Texas earthquakes -study (ca.news.yahoo.com)
- Fracking pinpointed as cause of Texas earthquakes (thatrandomcandidate.com) | <urn:uuid:6140c735-dd76-48c7-9087-f6b5bfc8ccc3> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://jonathandealblog.com/2013/11/10/sa-pro-frackers-ignore-texas-earthquake-data/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945552.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20180422080558-20180422100558-00292.warc.gz | en | 0.955737 | 968 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Study of Osmosis in Living Plant Tissue
Objective: To study osmosis in living plant tissue. Biological principles: Water potential is the tendency for water molecules to enter or leave a system by osmosis through a differentially permeable membrane, while osmosis is the process in which water molecules move passively from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential through a differentially permeable membrane. Therefore, potato cells, with their differentially permeable membrane, are selected as the medium for studying osmosis in this experiment.In this experiment, strips are cut from the same potato and placed in sucrose solutions with different concentrations to see if there are any changes in term of weight.
Different concentration of sucrose solution is the independent variable while the volume and length of each potato strip and the amount of sucrose solution used are the control variables which should be kept constant. The dependent variable is the percentage change in weight of the potato strips.
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In addition, it is assumed that the nutrient content of the potato is evenly distributed and all the potato cells are fresh and alive.Apparatus and materials: Refer to the lab menu Procedure: Refer to lab menu Discussion: The potato strips put in distilled water became heavier. This was because distilled water was hypotonic to the potato tissue, so that there was a net movement of water into the cell by osmosis. The weight of potato strips put in 10% sucrose solution increased only slightly because 10% sucrose solution was also hypotonic to the potato tissue, however the water potential difference between the sucrose solution and potato tissue was small. The potato strips put in 20% sucrose solution was hypertonic to the potato tissue.
Therefore, more water molecules leaving the tissue resulted in a net movement of water out of the cell by osmosis. The accuracy of the result might be reduced by the errors made during the experiment. For example, the impermeable potato skin might not be totally peeled off which reduced the surface area and hence the efficiency of osmosis taking place on the potato strips. Besides, evaporation of water from the beaker set-up decreased water potential of the solution. Moreover, the reading of the potato weight from the electronic balance might not be precise enough to show the small difference in weight between different strips.Several improvements can be made to reduce the influence of the errors. First, it should be ensured that all skin is peeled off from the potato before immersion.
Secondary, a plastic food wrap should be used to cover the beaker in order to prevent water vapour from escaping from the set-up. Thirdly, for the error caused by electronic balance, it is suggested to use a more accurate balance with more decimal places so as to measure the weight more accurately. Conclusion: Living plant tissues are differentially permeable. When living plant tissues are placed in solutions with different water potential, osmosis takes place. | <urn:uuid:0c42ed26-8e73-496e-acdc-11b276bbbd94> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://newyorkessays.com/essay-study-of-osmosis-in-living-plant-tissue/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525094.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20190717061451-20190717083451-00395.warc.gz | en | 0.956369 | 608 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Key differences between MySQL vs PostgreSQL
MySQL is a relational database management system (RDBMS) currently developed by Oracle with open-source code. This code is available for free under the GNU General Public License, and commercial versions of MySQL are also available under various proprietary agreements. PostgreSQL is an object-RDBMS (ORDBMS) that’s developed by the PostgreSQL Global Development Group. It also has an open source, which is released under the permissive PostgresSQL License. The differences between MySQL and PostgreSQL include the following key categories:
- Supported platforms
- Access Methods
|DIFFICULTY strong>||Basic - 1 | Medium - 2 | Advanced - 3 td>|
|TIME REQUIRED strong>||5 min|
|RELATED PRODUCTS strong>||Linux-based VPS or dedicated servers|
The governance model around the MySQL and PostgreSQL is one of the more significant differences between the two database technologies. MySQL is controlled by Oracle, whereas Postgres is available under an open-source license from the PostgreSQL Global Development Group. As such, there has been increasing interest in Postgres over the past few years. Both are open source, but Postgres has gained in popularity recently.
Both MySQL and PostgreSQL can run on the Linux, OS X, Solaris and Windows operating systems (OSs). Linux is an open-source OS, OS X is developed by Apple, Solaris is developed by Oracle and Windows is developed by Microsoft. MySQL also supports the FreeBSD OS, which is open source. PostgreSQL supports the HP-UX operating system, which is developed by Hewlett Packard, and the open-source Unix OS.
Access methods that are common to both MySQL and PostgreSQL include ADO.NET, JDBC and ODBC. ADO.NET is a set of Application Programmer Interfaces (APIs) that programmers use to access data based on XML. JDBC is an API for the Java programming language that accesses databases, while ODBC is a standard API for accessing databases. PostgreSQL can also be accessed with routines from the platform’s native C library as well as streaming APIs for large objects.
MySQL and PostgreSQL differ significantly with respect to their partitioning methods, which determine how data is stored on different nodes of the database. MySQL uses a proprietary technology called MySQL Cluster to perform horizontal clustering, which consists of creating multiple clusters with a single cluster instance within each node. PostgreSQL doesn’t implement true partitioning, although it can provide a similar capability with table inheritance. This task involves using a separate sub-table to control each “partition.”
A database may use multiple methods to store redundant data across multiple nodes. MySQL uses master-master replication, in which each node can update the data. Both MySQL and PostgreSQL can perform master-slave replication, where one node controls the storage of data by the other nodes. PostgreSQL can also handle other types of replication with the implementation of third-party extensions. | <urn:uuid:36aacd95-71ec-4bf0-b274-dc5e7a0db7b9> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://vn.godaddy.com/help/key-differences-between-mysql-vs-postgresql-12392 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584520525.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20190124100934-20190124122934-00429.warc.gz | en | 0.908342 | 624 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Episode 88 with Dr. John Hart on electrical stimulation for cognition in MS
Researchers are in the early stages of experimenting with electrical stimulation techniques to improve cognition in multiple sclerosis and other brain disorders. Don't try this at home, they caution.
- John Hart MD is Medical Science Director at the Center for BrainHealth, University of Texas at Dallas.
- Full transcript below.
- References below.
Note: Each podcast includes an interview with a thought leader or newsmaker in MS and related demyelinating diseases. Listen to it here. Alternatively, you may subscribe to the podcast via iTunes or your favorite podcast app. In iTunes, for example, click File/Subscribe to Podcast and then enter this URL: http://msdiscovery.libsyn.com/rss
The 2015-16 series of MS podcasts is supported in part by a generous grant from Sanofi Genzyme. The content remains the sole responsibility of the Multiple Sclerosis Discovery Forum, an independent non-profit news organization.
Host – Dan Keller
Hello, and welcome to Episode Eighty-eight of Multiple Sclerosis Discovery, the podcast of the MS Discovery Forum. I’m Dan Keller.
You may have heard of transcranial magnetic stimulation, a treatment for migraine, neuropathic pain, and treatment-resistant depression using an electromagnet positioned on the scalp. John Hart MD, a professor of neurology and neurotherapeutics at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas, is now testing another electrical technique called transcranial direct current stimulation, or tDCS, as well as alternating current to improve cognition in brain disorders, potentially including MS. An even more directed form, called high definition tDCS, allows more precise targeting of brain areas. The experimental procedure involves placing electrodes strategically on the outside of the head. We spoke in his office about how he's going about developing the technique and how it may eventually be combined with other therapeutic modalities.
Interviewer – Dan Keller
You're working in transcranial direct current stimulation. Basically, what is it; how does it work or be applied?
Interviewee – John Hart
tDCS is short for that. You'll have an electrode – actually it's a sort of small doughnut, so it's not such electrodes that people think of tiny little electrodes – and you place one on one part of the scalp area, and then another part, and you're basically going to pass current through the head in a sort of diffuse, generalized way, not very specific, from that one electrode to the other.
Recently, a new sort of area has been developed, a new cap system approach called high definition transcranial direct current stimulation. It's an EEG cap with EEG electrodes on them, and you can pass current out one electrode and draw it in a variety of other electrodes. So you can target it to specific areas where it's coming out, and you can also direct it as to where it goes through to multiple, depending on how specific or not, brain regions that you're going to have the electrode come out. So if you want to hit one spot, you can go out one and bring it in its surrounders and keep all the current there, or you can go from one place to another. And in some instances, we're able to throw it – sort of like throwing your voice – down the deep structures and sort of hit those as a way of stimulating.
The other part about it is the direct current part. We also do alternating currents, or HD TACS, and we can do frequencies and other things, too. So I feel that this has got a fair amount of promise and flexibility as a way to externally stimulate brain areas pretty safely. It does a little tingling to your scalp kind of side effects in terms of application.
What kind of currents and voltages does it involve?
Right now normally in tDCS in the big things, we do 2 milliamps ballpark. We find that 1 milliamp is about where we're functioning now at the high definition, and right now we're doing studies with it where we're playing around with the amps and different frequencies to see – since it's relatively a new technique – what sort of effects you get. So … it's so new there's not a ton of papers out about it for me to tell you where we're going to land, will there be a dose-response curve? We're doing those studies right now.
You've said that you’re interested, in general, in cognition across all sorts of brain disorders—Alzheimer's, MS, others. What's the hypothesis for using this kind of stimulation?
Well, in my primary research area I do word retrieval and knowledge retrieval and storage, so we've mapped out in that example a circuit of the pre-SMA, the pre-supplementary motor area, and the caudate and the thalamus that's involved in retrieving a memory. So when I say desert and humps, does that make you think of a specific object? When camel pops into your head, we mapped out with fMRI, EEG depth, and electrodes this sort of electrical pattern of that retrieval circuit to effectively pull up that memory. So the way we've been doing it, we came up with this circuit in normal people, and we've seen certain disease states where it's dysfunctional, and MS happens to be one of them. So we're directing, right now, our current to the pre-SMA and trying to stimulate that circuit to hopefully have a less functional circuit become more functional, where it can pull out the signal to noise and fire off the right rhythms or get their rhythms in a correct pattern that are not there.
Psychiatry's done a lot better in terms of treatments, because a lot of the disorders are based on neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter states, that a drug will affect those neurotransmitters, and it hits all the areas, because it's more the transmitter than the place. Cognition has a lot to do with place and connectivity. Drugs, we've not got a ton of them as the primary cognitive treatment because they don't go to a specific place, and they don't effectively change that specific area's connectivity and/or its links.
I have a big study we just finished with RTMS [repetitive transcranial magnet stimulation] in PTSD [posttraumatic stress disorder]. I look at the fact that having worked as an electrician of cognition for years, that that's what the circuit is, and the best way for me to change cognitive status in the way that it's lined up its focal networks is probably not showering a brain with drug that won’t go to specific areas but maybe targeting things like electrical and magnetic current.
In terms of MS or other diseases, have you done any clinical studies so far?
So we're right in the middle of doing some MS patients preliminarily. And I don't get excited easily – I'm normally a pessimist, I think, at heart for these things. We've had some encouraging results in having people not on meds or who have failed meds or not had a response to meds that we've looked at retrieving memory in both word retrieval and in episodic memory retrieval and seen some improvements that have been relatively reasonably long-lasting from my point of view, lasting over months. But we've only at this point done about 5 or 6 people and we're enrolling more folks. We had a grant proposal in and we needed to get more folks to do a bigger trial. We're doing some placebo and then add people later to also see how much of this is a fair sort of setup as a placebo effect versus not. So we're advancing getting more and more folks into those stages now. And we've tried a few folks with TBI [traumatic brain injury].
How long do you apply the treatment. Is it a one-shot deal and what's the residual effect? You said you've had benefit up to months, is that from a series or from just once?
We're doing one-shot now as a way of figuring out dosing and effectiveness, since it's a relatively new device. The way we're doing the treatments for folks is to do 20-minute sessions and 10 of those over a 2-week period. So once a day, 20 minutes, for a total of 10 sessions. And that has seem to have been from animal studies and some other folks in the literature reasonable time and reasonable number of sessions at this point. We're going to figure out and look at more about adjusting dose, dose response, will we need boosters if it starts fading, and things like that. Its affect fades, because in essence these folks are not treated with modafinil or stimulants that we're doing this, so we're not doing it in conjunction with that. So they're not receiving what are typical cognitive treating medications in MS. So that's a plus side, and that we haven't had any serious any sort of residual side effect things at this point.
So if it lasted several months and you had to reapply a booster thing, compared to taking amphetamines or some of the other pro-amphetamine drugs, I think the upside is reasonable enough to say that compared to that, it would be a reasonable issue if you came in 4 times a year if that's what we need to do. But we'll see as we keep following folks.
If it works as you said, kind of separates out the signal from noise, essentially boosts the signal, the signal is gone when you turn it off or when someone leaves the treatment room. So what do you think, something's happening biochemically, or what's it doing that gives you a long-lasting effect?
When we just finish our RTMS trial for post-traumatic stress disorder, one of our interesting findings was the length of time, or the time when the effect lasts, or how long it lasts and continues. So there are some studies on electrical stimulation in animal models that suggests that what it does is set up a state called meta-plasticity. And the meta-plasticity in the animal models support the fact that long-term potentiation and synaptic potentials that can be set up down the road are actually benefited from the electrical stimulation. And that's what's encouraged us a little bit looking at stuff to see why these things last, because the first thing always like a single-shot, it fades off, it fades away.
Luckily, for some of this stuff we have some guidance from animal models. And this meta-plasticity phenomena has been noted for a continue – or delayed almost – effect of when you see improvement because of this. I think it's a state potential change that long-term potentiation can occur down the road. That's our best guess at this point.
You said besides direct current stimulation, you're also trying alternating current. With a direct current, you probably would not get anything analogous to a magnetic stimulation because you wouldn’t set up a magnetic field. Do you see differences between your direct current stimulation and your alternating current stimulation?
We sure have – and I must admit none of this has been published yet because we're trying to set parameters. Initially, the enthusiasm for alternate current stimulation waned a lot, I think, for folks for any of these things, because it didn't seem to be nearly as effective as direct current. And I think as a lot of this stuff initially was done in normals. And I'm not so sure that when you have patients with a disease state, depending on what the disease state is, that I'm willing to sort of say that alternating current is not necessarily going to be useful or not. Also, this is very directional, so here's anode and cathode. So you can take the same current, same electrodes, change the directionality and get different effects. And typically people that found those things in the motor system were pretty noticeable.
In cognitive systems, we haven't seen that as much, that when we flip the direction of the current, that we're getting the opposite effects—so instead of enhancing a performance in something, that we're knocking it out. So I think once we look at sort of these things, every new approach has to be taken really as a start from scratch, do the hard work of just what we're doing, change the amplitudes, change the parameters, change the direction in a nice, safe way in single shots, and which we've been doing, and then record pre- and post.
We do a lot of electophys measures, but also cognitive measures and other sorts of measures to see how each one of these effects things, and do we have something that I would hope one day I'll be writing electrical prescriptions. And I'll say you should get F4 to CZ current at 1 milliamp or 0.5 milliamps, or whatever I wind up doing, for 10 sessions, 20 minutes. Or, no, my god, look at this, we've got to go from here to here at a different milliamp. Once we start looking at that, I think to me also frequencies are very important; can I send different frequencies instead of milliamps. We're going to discover a lot of different things work differently, especially in diseases that are not a homogeneous thing.
Brain disease is not like liver cancer. Hepatocytes, it's like how many hepatocytes are not working and how big is the tumor? No, not having a good thalamus is very different than not having a functional motor cortex, you just see entirely different results. So I think it's going to be a lot more complicated, but I think doing it in a systematic way in normals, and then applying it to certain disease states gives us our best chance at coming up with primary or as adjunct treatments to other ways we're going to be treating diseases that have cognitive problems.
It doesn't seem surprising that the polarity wouldn't matter, because not all the neurons, dendrites, and synapses are lined up in one direction; they're going in all different directions, so even their polarity is different. It seems like zapping it in one direction for one, but the opposite direction for the other anyway.
We've actually done stuff with EEG measures and fMRI measures, and done these things called Granger causality models. So how much does, say, one time point predict an activation or a change in the other time point? And in an area that we thought was really this guy is telling that guy what to do, we found that most of those were predominantly a lot of two-way interactions that are constantly going on, and there's a lot of feedback between these systems.
And I always try to think like neurons and think electrically, and I can do it for about a couple hours and then my head starts really hurting. And in reality, I think the simplistic: Turn this light switch on and that you have a serial processing circuit is not really how electrically two neurons are always working together, or talking to each other, or keeping a tone or a level up. So I think you're right, I learn a lot every day. It's been sort of a cool job to figure out, yeah, that makes sense, because really it's an interactive set of neuronal firings.
Do you see any role for combining it with drugs that have ionotropic effects?
Yeah, I do. And the other part of that is going to be really, to me, which I think has been a problem with a lot of approaches to cognition and treating them, the timing of when and how you add different therapies together are going to be very, very important. Even now to say, all right, let's say I want to do a behavioral therapy with HD [high definition?] tDCS, well do you do it during it, do you do the HD tDCS continually? Do you pre-prep the brain by doing that first, and then doing cognitive rehabilitation strategies and therapies? I think we glibly just put things together without thinking that there might be an order to this. So right now we're looking at what's called state changes. We're not the first folks to do this, but some people say before you do tDCS, and that's before this HD stuff, you do a little RTMS first to set the state of the neurons in that area so they're more receptive to whatever you're going to do with the tDCS.
Just to be clear on it, RTMS is repetitive transcranial magnet stimulation.
So I think we're looking at kind of like, you know what, you get your pre-meds before you get your chemo so you don't vomit or do this or that. We might be finding ways that electrically how we're going to, or even you use meds prior to a treatment electrically, or vice versa, that that timing is going to be where the money is in terms of working out what are going to be the most effective therapies.
What have we missed? I realize it's still pretty early, but is there anything important to add?
I think the way we've done it is not going to always be available, in that we came from a circuit that we worked out, and we have an idea as to what we were trying to do. And we're measuring all these brain rhythms as outcome measures, so I know when I'm supposed to see alpha and beta rhythms to do that. And I think what's going to happen is we're not always going to have these circuits, we're going to have a spot. Like we've talked a little bit, shall we try to hit the hippocampus? And what other diseases would you do these things in? And the question's going to be when you're doing that, or doing that as a general approach, how do you smartly do it, when you really are not sure about the circuit?
We don't have a ton of really well worked out cognitive circuits in an active state of doing things. We have a lot of functional connectivity rest states, and you say I'd like to amp up that connectivity. I don't know what that does functionally, if you electrically take a rest state that normally is when your eyes close and add current to it. So I think while we've targeted this in the two areas that we're using electrical therapy in, post-traumatic stress disorder and this, and the things we've chosen, we built it off of normal studies.
The things we've got to be careful about, thoughtful about, and open-minded to at the same time about, is what if we want to treat something different than this? We want to do working memory, we want to do episodic memory, we want to do frontal behavioral problems. And if we don't have a circuit, try our best to get the most reasonable pre/post measures. Do single shots just to see what it does in a transient state, and then sort of work our way through the fact that at least a reasonable pre/post model and start thinking of this not as one-size-fits-all, but may be 0.5 milliamps, maybe TACS, maybe pink noise, maybe whatever sort of way you want to deal with it. It's going to take a lot more thought, I think, than people might casually say, hey, got some electrodes?
I mean, what bugs me right now is you can set up your own tDCS device off the internet, one of them using a car battery – 2 pieces of metal and some wire. And I highly would tell all those out there, which I know none of your listeners, don't do that. So when people started sort of exploring around in what they're going to do, I hope as we take this field further that we need to do it in a systematized fashion and a thoughtful way, because there's a lot of information you can get when something doesn't work. So you know what, I didn't change a thing here when I did this.
Well, I would like to know that, you know, is somebody else trying to do it, and try to collect this information that might be useful to other people trying to do things. Saying, you know what, we did this electrodes, these are these things in normals or whatevers and didn't get a response, to try to come up with a way that we've got to take it for the fact that it's like a med. It's going to have schedules, it's going to have doses. So if you're taking it twice a day at 5 mg or 6 times a day at 40 mg, working all that out is going to clearly need to be done in a reasonable, thoughtful way.
I appreciate it, thanks.
Oh, thank you so much, I really appreciate your interest.
Thank you for listening to Episode Eighty-eight of Multiple Sclerosis Discovery. This podcast was produced by the MS Discovery Forum, MSDF, the premier source of independent news and information on MS research. MSDF’s executive editor is Carol Cruzan Morton. Msdiscovery.org is part of the nonprofit Accelerated Cure Project for Multiple Sclerosis. Robert McBurney is our President and CEO, and Hollie Schmidt is Vice President of Scientific Operations.
Msdiscovery.org aims to focus attention on what is known and not yet known about the causes of MS and related conditions, their pathological mechanisms, and potential ways to intervene. By communicating this information in a way that builds bridges among different disciplines, we hope to open new routes toward significant clinical advances.
We’re interested in your opinions. Please join the discussion on one of our online forums or send comments, criticisms, and suggestions to [email protected].
For Multiple Sclerosis Discovery, I'm Dan Keller. | <urn:uuid:01e4a5c0-f7f7-42ff-9cab-0b3144fcd4a3> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | http://www.msdiscovery.org/news/podcasts/30707-episode-88-dr-john-hart-electrical-stimulation-cognition-ms | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056856.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20210919095911-20210919125911-00167.warc.gz | en | 0.966243 | 4,513 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Vietnam Quick Facts and Figures
Official Name: Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Area: 331,689 sq km (128,066 sq miles)
Population: 87.84 million (2011) World Bank
Population density: 268 per sq km.
85% ethnic Vietnamese, 3% ethnic Chinese, also Khmer, Cham (a remnant of the once great Indianised Champa Kingdom) and members of some 55 ethno-linguistic groups.
Buddhism is the principal religion but there are also sizeable Taoist, Confucian, Hoa Hao, Cao Dai, Muslim and Christian minorities.
total population: 72.41 years
male: 69.95 years
female: 75.16 years (2012 est.)
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 94%
Form of Government:
Socialist republic since 1980. Gained independence from France in 1954.
Head of State:
President Nguyen Minh Triet since 2006.
Head of Government:
Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung since 2006.
National Day: 2 September 1945
The National Flag of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam has the shape of a rectangular with its width being equal to two-thirds of its length, red background and a five-pointed yellow star in the middle. The red fl ag with yellow star appeared for the fi rst time in the Nam Ky Uprising (23 November 1940). This fl ag was recognized as the National Flag of Viet Nam by the Decree signed by President Ho Chi Minh on 5 September 1945 and was adopted as the National Flag of Viet Nam by the First National Assembly (at its first session) on 2 March 1946.
The National Emblem of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam was approved by the First National Assembly (at its fifth session in September 1955). The National Emblem is circular in shape with red background. The five-pointed yellow star in the middle symbolizes the
revolutionary history of the nation. The surrounding rice ears symbolize agriculture. Half a cogwheel symbolizes industry and below is the inscription “Socialist Republic of Viet Nam”.
Currency: Dong (VND)
Labor force by occupation: agriculture 51.8%, industry 15.4%, services 32.7% (April 2009)
Agriculture: paddy rice, coffee, rubber, cotton, tea, pepper, soybeans, cashews, sugar cane, peanuts, bananas; poultry; fish, seafood
Industries: food processing, garments, shoes, machine-building; mining, coal, steel; cement, chemical fertilizer, glass, tires, oil, paper
1010 The Ly dynasty and the Chinese are repelled
1226 Tran dynasty
1288 The Mongols are defeated
1887 Creation of the Indochina Union
1932 Bao Dai, the last emperor, begins his reign
1940 Invasion of Indochina by Japan
1941 Ho Chi Minh takes power
1945 Ho Chi Minh declares independence in Hanoi
1959 The communist party starts military operations in the South and construction of the Ho Chi Minh trail begins
1961 Kennedy increases US military aid to South Vietnam
1973 US military withdraw
- Vietnam Top Destinations
- Vietnam Travel Essentials
- Activities in Vietnam
- Vietnam – More than the usual
- Top-Rated in Vietnam
- Regions of Vietnam | <urn:uuid:fdd7bfea-d91c-4782-b0bb-02ac57547ac9> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.explorer-vietnam.com/beta/vietnam-travel-essentials/vietnam-quick-facts-and-figures/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463610374.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170528181608-20170528201608-00402.warc.gz | en | 0.906678 | 698 | 2.515625 | 3 |
''Sightings'' of the Loch Ness Monster - and of its cousins in Chesapeake Bay and Lake Champlain - continue to stir curiosity. But those who prefer reason to gullibility should consider the fact that many sightings of Nessie, at least, could be due to frolicking otters, logs propelled by biogas, distant motor boats , and other such ordinary phenomena.
Of these, the gas-propelled logs probably are the most bizarre. They would be trunks or limbs of rot-resistant species that had fallen into a deep lake and settled to the bottom. Gases formed by slow decay would accumulate in the log until they made it buoyant enough to shoot to the surface. There, relieved of the water pressure, the gas would escape explosively to create a bubbly froth while the log would protrude like the neck of a great serpent.
Robert P. Craig, a retired Scottish electrical engineer, has investigated this possibility extensively. He explained recently in New Scientist that Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) would do nicely.
Under the water pressure at the bottom of a deep loch, the tree's abundant resins would be squeezed out to form a tough gas-trapping, water-resistant skin. Craig notes that Scots pine grows along Lochs Ness, Morar, and Tag, which supposedly have monsters. Loch Lomond, another deep loch, lacks both.
Last June, in a three-part series published in New Scientist, British naturalist Maurice Burton also suggested that gas-propelled debris might account for some monster reports. However, he focused more strongly on otters because he has concluded that their general appearance in the water and playful habits fit many Nessie descriptions.
He notes that, in Scotland, otters may grow to be six feet long with records of 7.5 to 8 feet. Large otters frolicking on the surface could look serpentlike. What is more, lines of otters could look like a long serpent when the lead otter rears up to look around.
Such appearances could easily fool unwary observers. Indeed, Burton identifies two of the most celebrated Nessie photos with otters. One of these, taken in 1933, shows a longish body thrashing around on the water. Lantern slides made directly from the original negative clearly show an otter, Burton says. The other photo, taken in 1934, shows what is purported to be Nessie's long neck. This, Burton says, seems merely to be an otter's tail.
Yet other mistaken identities involve motorized dinghies. Seen from afar, these appear to be a dark animal head moving through the water. Burton tells of credulous watchers refusing to believe they were not seeing a monster even though one person with them could see the boat through binoculars.
Of course, not all ''monster'' sightings in Loch Ness or elsewhere are otters , motorboats, or old logs. On the other hand, the evidence for real monsters is very thin - ambiguous photographs and hard-to-interpret eyewitness accounts. There's no need to speculate about monsters when prosaic explanations seem more likely. | <urn:uuid:58bb9a34-89f0-4848-895d-e2806e13390b> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.csmonitor.com/1982/0909/090924.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218187206.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212947-00423-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950383 | 646 | 3.40625 | 3 |
In January 2000, the leaders of 189 countries agreed on a new vision for the future – one with less poverty, hunger and disease, greater survival and improved health for mothers and infants, children with primary education, equality for women, and a better environment.
It is a vision of a world in which developed and developing countries work in partnership for global development. The Millennium Development Goals provide a framework for this vision, with targets by which to measure progress. They MDGs are:
- Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
- Achieve universal primary education
- Promote gender equality and empower women
- Reduce child mortality
- Improve maternal health
- Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
- Ensure environmental sustainability
- Develop a global partnership for development
IPS considers information and communication to be essential elements of development and development cooperation. Realising “the right to be heard” is a concrete way to empower the poor and to promote accountability. Creating spaces for dialogue, and directly involving policy and decision–makers, are further ways to increase the value of development communication interventions.
IPS has been covering the core issues tackled by the MDGs since long before the goals were formulated at the Millennium Summit in September 2000. The MDGs form the core of the IPS news and content provision activities. In addition, IPS sees the provision of training programmes and tools to journalists as a way to enhance the coverage of the MDGs both within and outside of the IPS news agency –– particularly in the South where the IPS network is strongest and need the greatest. | <urn:uuid:f8446ea3-b78e-4a30-816e-bec3a3c010b4> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.ips.org/institutional/global-themes/the-millennium-development-goals-and-the-eradication-of-global-poverty/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375098464.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031818-00208-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940117 | 314 | 3.25 | 3 |
The Voting Rights Act of 1965, As Amended: Its History and Current Issues
The Voting Rights Act of 1965,
As Amended: Its History
and Current Issues
Updated June 12, 2008
Garrine P. Laney
Analyst in American National Government
Domestic Social Policy Division
The Voting Rights Act of 1965, As Amended:
Its History and Current Issues
Several bills have been introduced in the 110th Congress concerning the Voting
Rights Act of 1965 (VRA) that would rename the short title of the act, and address
its bilingual provisions and issues of deceptive practices and voter intimidation
during elections. H.R. 745 and S. 188 would rename the short title of the Fannie Lou
Hamer, Rosa Parks, and Coretta Scott King Voting Rights Act Reauthorization and
Amendments Act of 2006 (P.L. 109-246), which was enacted on July 27, 2006. H.R.
745 would add the names of Cesar E. Chavez and Barbara C. Jordan to the act; while
S. 188, in addition to these two names, would add the names of William C.
Velasquez and Dr. Hector P. Garcia. The Senate passed S. 188, as amended, on
February 15, 2007. H.R. 5971, H.R. 769 and S. 1335, among other provisions, would
change the bilingual requirements of the VRA.
H.R. 1281 and S. 453 would address allegations of deliberate dissemination of
false information with the intent of intimidating persons and keeping them from
voting. Among other provisions, these bills would prohibit such practices and
penalize violators. The House passed H.R. 1281 on June 25, 2007. The Senate
Judiciary Committee reported S. 453 (S.Rept. 110-191), as amended in the nature of
a substitute, on October 4, 2007.
Congress passed the VRA in 1965 in response to widespread evidence of
disfranchisement of black citizens in several southern states. This act protects
citizens’ right to vote primarily by forbidding covered states from using tests of any
kind to determine eligibility to vote, by requiring these states to obtain federal
approval before enacting any election laws, and by assigning federal officials to
monitor the registration process in certain localities. Since passage of the VRA,
Congress has amended and extended coverage of the act in 1970, 1975, 1982, and
1992. Most recently, Congress amended the VRA in 2006 to, among other
provisions, reauthorize its temporary provisions for 25 years and to allow reasonable
expert fees and other litigation expenses. It also modified provisions of the act
relating to the assignment of election observers and examiners.
Other major provisions of the VRA include extending the act’s coverage to
jurisdictions across the nation, requiring covered jurisdictions to submit any proposed
voting procedure or election law change to the U.S. District Court for the District of
Columbia or to the U.S. Attorney General for preclearance; establishing conditions
by which a state or political subdivision may be released from preclearance of
election law changes; authorizing the appointment of election observers in covered
jurisdictions during federal elections; allowing a private citizen to challenge in court
discriminatory practices and elections procedures; requiring bilingual assistance for
certain voters whose language is other than English; and prohibiting intimidation of
any qualified person from voting.
This report also addresses allegations of voting irregularities and of violations
of the VRA during the presidential election of 2000. This report will be updated
when legislative activity occurs.
In troduction ......................................................1
Right to Vote.................................................1
Other Disfranchisement Tactics...................................4
Early Supreme Court Cases......................................5
Civil Rights Acts of 1957, 1960 and 1964...........................6
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 (P.L. 89-110)............................8
Coverage Formula (Section 4(b)).................................8
Suspension of Tests and Devices (Section 4(a))......................9
Preclearance of Changes in Election Laws (Section 5).................9
Laws Affecting Elections That Require Preclearance..................9
Altering Methods of Election....................................10
Federal Examiners for Voter Registration (Sections 6 and 7)...........11
Federal Election Observers (Section 8)............................11
Release from Coverage (Section 4(a)).............................12
Prohibition of English-Language Literacy Requirement for Citizens
Educated in American Schools (Section 4(e))...................12
General Prohibition of Discriminatory Voting Laws (Section 2)........12
Civil Actions to Enforce Compliance (Section 12(d)).................13
Prohibits Intimidation of Any Qualified Person from Voting (Section 11).13
Protection of Paper Ballot or Any Official Voting Record (Section 12(b)).13
The Voting Rights Amendments of 1970 (P.L. 91-285)...................14
Extension of Duration of the Act (Section 4(a)).....................14
Expansion of Coverage of the Act (Section 4(b))....................15
Ban on Literacy Tests..........................................15
Residence Requirements (Section 202)............................15
The Eighteen-Year-Old Vote (Section 302)........................16
The Voting Rights Amendments of 1975 (P.L. 94-73)....................16
Extension of Duration of Act (Section 4(a))........................17
Nationwide Ban on Literacy Tests (Section 201)....................18
Extension of Coverage to Protect Language Minorities (Section 4(b))....18
Jurisdictions Covered With Respect to Language Minorities Subject to
Special Provisions of the Act (Sections 4(a), 5, 6, and 8)..........18
Duration of Coverage (Section 4(a))..............................19
Bilingual-Election Requirement (Section 203)......................19
Addition of Language-Minority Status to Section 2..................20
Compilation of Registration and Voting Statistics (Section 207)........20
The Voting Rights Amendments of 1982 (P.L. 97-205)...................20
Extension of Duration of the Act (Section 4(a)).....................22
Amended Conditions for Release from Coverage (Section 4(a))........22
Separate Release for Political Subdivisions (Section 4(a)).............23
Reconsideration and Termination of the Act (Section 4(a))............23
Amendment to Judicial Standard of Proof Under Section 2............24
The Voting Rights Amendments of 1992 (P.L. 102-344)..................25
Debate on Bilingual Voting Assistance............................26
Reauthorization and Modification of Section 203....................27
Cost of Bilingual Election Assistance.............................30
Use of Language Assistance....................................31
Key Provisions of the Voting Rights Language Assistance Act of 1992...32
Bilingual Voting Materials Requirement (Section 203, (b))............32
Covered States and Political Subdivisions..........................32
Current Major Provisions of the Act..................................33
Coverage (Section 4(b))........................................33
Suspension of Tests and Devices (Section 4(a)).....................33
Preclearance of Election-Law Changes (Section 5)...................33
Federal Election Observers (Section 8)............................34
Conditions for Release From Coverage (Section 4(a))................34
Termination of Coverage Provisions (Section 4(a))..................35
Prohibitions of English-Language Literacy Requirement for Citizens
Educated in American Schools (Section 4(e))...................35
Prohibits Intimidation of Any Qualified Person from Voting (Section 11).35
Bilingual-Election Requirement (Section 203)......................35
Litigation Expenses (Section 14(e))...............................36
Nationwide Literacy Test Ban (Section 201)........................36
Registration and Voting Statistics (Section 207).....................36
Limitation of Residence Requirements for Voting (Section 202)........37
General Prohibition of Discriminatory Voting Laws (Section 2)........37
Civil Actions to Enforce Compliance (Section 12(d)).................37
Presidential Election of 2000........................................37
Florida Task Force............................................39
Selected Provisions of the Fannie Lou Hamer, Rosa Parks, and Coretta
Scott King Voting Rights Act Reauthorization and Amendments
Act of 2006.............................................49
Modification of the Short Title of the Fannie Lou Hamer, Rosa
Parks, and Coretta Scott King Voting Rights Act Reauthorization
and Amendments Act of 2006...............................51
Committee Action on H.R. 1281 and S. 453........................54
The Voting Rights Act of 1965, As
Amended: Its History and Current Issues
H.R. 5971, American Elections Act of 2008 (Heller), which was introduced
on May 6, 2008, would require that in elections for federal office ballots be printed
only in English, effective November 2008. The bill would amend Section 203 of the
Voting Rights Act (which requires covered jurisdictions to provide election language
assistance for certain limited-English citizens) to require covered jurisdictions to
provide election language assistance only for American Indians or Alaskan Natives.
See section “110th Congress” later in this report.
Right to Vote
13th Amendment. Prior to the Civil War, the franchise was denied to nearly
everyone except white male property owners who were over 21 years of age. Afterthth
the War, the 38 Congress proposed the 13 Amendment to the state legislatures; it
became a part of the Constitution in December 1865. The 13th Amendment prohibits
slavery in the United States and gives Congress power to enforce this article. The
39th Congress sought to expand suffrage to citizens in the United States. With
passage of the First Reconstruction Act of 1867, it required former confederate states
to write new constitutions that guaranteed the right of all males to vote, irrespective
of race. To insulate its efforts from partisan politics and presidential vetoes, Congress
turned to constitutional amendments. In June 1866, it proposed the 14th Amendment
to the state legislatures.
14th Amendment. The 14th Amendment contains five sections. Section 1
prohibits the states from denying citizens of the United States equality before the law.
Section 2 was devised to prevent the southern states from using literacy and property
tests to keep African Americans from voting while retaining their full population-
based representation in the House of Representatives. It provides that when the right
to vote is denied to any 21-year old male resident of a state at any election for
electors for President and Vice President of the United States, congressional
representatives, the executive and judicial officers of the state or members of the state
legislature, that state’s congressional representation shall be reduced in proportion
to the number of male citizens who were denied the right to vote. The exception for
Section 2 is if the voter has been guilty of rebellion or other crime. Section 3 bars
persons who voluntarily participated in the rebellion against the United States from
election to any federal office, civil or military, until Congress, by a vote of two-thirds
majority in each House, removes such disability. Section 4 prohibits payment of the
Confederate debt. In Section 5, Congress is empowered to enforce provisions of this
article through appropriate legislation. On July 28, 1868, the 14th Amendment
became a part of the Constitution.
state legislatures in 1869. The 15 Amendment protects the right of male suffrage
without regard to “race, color, or previous condition of servitude” and empowersth
Congress to enforce this article. In March 1870, the 15 Amendment became a part
of the Constitution.
From 1867 to 1875, Congress passed election laws that guaranteed the right to
vote in national and state elections and established federal supervision of election and
voter registration. To protect the political, legal and social equality of all Americans,
Congress passed civil rights legislation that contained provisions for the imposition
of fines and criminal penalties on those convicted of conspiring to deprive citizens
of their civil rights. As a consequence of these laws, black participation in the
political process rose dramatically. For example, during this nine-year period nearly
70% of the eligible black voters were registered; 10 blacks were elected to the House
and two to the U.S. Senate. Besides electing blacks to office, black voters heavily1
influenced the outcome of local, state, and national elections throughout the South.
Most southern whites opposed the enfranchisement of former slaves. Some
resorted to a number of tactics to discourage or stop blacks from participating in the
political process, such as fraud, violence (including murder), and economic
blackmail. The Compromise of 1877 essentially ended Reconstruction, as
withdrawal of federal troops from the South allowed those who supported the
disfranchisement of blacks to assume control of most state governments. These
legislatures used creative measures to make voting difficult. They passed bills to
reduce the numbers of black voters by requiring them to travel great distances to
voting precincts and designed complex balloting procedures that amounted to literacy
tests. Challenges to registration rulings were heard by local officials who were2
unlikely to be sympathetic.
A South Carolina law of 1882, for example, required that special ballots and
boxes be placed in every polling place for each office on the ballot, and that voters
put their ballots in the correct boxes. No one was allowed to speak to a voter, and
1 U.S. Congress, House, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee #5, Voting Rights.
Hearings on H.R. 6400, 89th Cong., 1st sess. (Washington: GPO, 1965), pp. 3-4; U.S.
Congress. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on the Constitution, Votingthnd
Rights Act. Report, (at head of title: committee print), 97 Cong., 2 sess. (Washington:
GPO, 1982), p. 7; John Hope Franklin and Alfred A. Moss, Jr., From Slavery to Freedom:
A History of Negro Americans (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1988), pp. 216-223. For a fuller
discussion of the Reconstruction Period, see also: Foner, Reconstruction, America’s
Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877.
2 Franklin, From Slavery to Freedom, pp. 255-258, 227-231, 235-238.
if he failed to find the correct box, his vote was thrown out.3 All of these tactics —
both legal and illegal — combined to minimize the presence of blacks in the electoral
process. But some southern whites were uncomfortable with the resort to fraud,
murder, bribery, and theft to disfranchise most blacks. They sought a permanent
legal way to limit black voting.4
During the last decade of the 19th century, a number of southern states held
constitutional conventions to permanently disfranchise black Americans. Although
delegates at these conventions favored repeal of the 15th Amendment, they feared the
reaction of the rest of the nation. They need not have though, for the political climate
of the country, both north and south, seemed to favor limiting black participation in
the political process (though for different reasons). Federal enforcement of election
laws and protection of citizens were being withdrawn. The Supreme Court, in 1883,
narrowly interpreted provisions of civil rights laws passed during Reconstruction or
declared them unconstitutional. Congress repealed many sections of the Enforcement
Act. These rulings effectively removed the federal government from the business of
protecting the civil rights of all Americans for decades.5
At its constitutional convention of 1890 (called for the express purpose of
removing blacks from the voting booth), Mississippi devised a system that effectively
disfranchised most blacks and was variously adopted by other southern states.
Because delegates at the convention feared voters would reject the new constitution,
they did not submit it for popular approval; instead the convention, itself, approved,
promulgated and declared the constitution to be in effect. The Mississippi
constitution of 1890 differed from its predecessor in that it replaced the six months
residency requirement with a two-year one; imposed a literacy test for prospective
voters, as well as a property requirement of three-hundred dollars; introduced an
annual poll tax of two dollars; and disqualified convicts.6
Virginia’s election code in 1894 required that registration and poll tax
certificates be shown at the polls, and that the names of candidates be printed on the
ballot by office not party. This was an extremely confusing arrangement for barely
literate and illiterate voters. Voters had a maximum of two-and-a-half minutes to
vote, if others were waiting in line. As a consequence of this code many black and
white illiterate residents were disfranchised.7
In 1898, Louisiana introduced a new device into its constitution, the
“grandfather clause.” It required an addition to the permanent registration list of the
names of all male persons whose fathers and grandfathers were qualified to vote on
3 Ibid., pp. 231-235.
4 Ibid., pp. 232-235.
5 Ibid., pp. 228-231, 238.
6 Ibid., pp. 235-238.
7 Ibid., p. 232.
January 1, 1867. Since blacks were denied the franchise in 1867, none of them
qualified under this provision. The Supreme Court in 1915 declared the “grandfather
All but two southern states used literacy tests as voting limitation devices;
however, none of the new constitutional provisions mentioned race, that is, they were
racially neutral. But the impact of these laws was devastating for blacks. For
instance, in Mississippi, in 1867, 70% of eligible blacks were registered to vote; by
1889, only 9%. In Louisiana, in 1896, 130,334 blacks were registered to vote, by
1900, only 5,320. Alabama in 1900 had 181,471 black males of voting age, but after
the new constitution was adopted only 3,000 registered.9
Other Disfranchisement Tactics
Although the vast majority of African-American voters were disfranchised by
1910, some continued to vote, causing concern for some southern whites. In an
address on the right of suffrage before Congress in 1927, Senator Cole Blease of
South Carolina reflected the political climate for African Americans in his state. He
boldly admitted that the purpose of the 1895 South Carolina constitution was to
disfranchise African Americans. Concerning the presidential election of 1922, he
stated, “I think Mr. [Calvin ] Coolidge received 1100 votes in my state. I do not
know where he got them. I was astonished to know they were cast and shocked to
know they were counted.”10 Unfair examinations, intimidation, and delaying
registration until the deadline had passed were other tactics employed to effectively
remove African Americans from the ballot box.
In Florida, payment of the poll tax automatically carried registration with it, but
other methods were used to keep African Americans from voting. In the 1920s, an
African American who attempted to vote might discover that his name was not on the
voters list, that the name or address on his certificate differed from that on the voters
list, or that his name through oversight had been placed on the white list — all of
which were technicalities that could disqualify him from voting. His only recourse
was the courts, the expense of which he would have to bear, and even if a court ruled
in his favor (which was unlikely) the ruling would not be timely.11
African Americans who tried to register to vote in New Orleans, Louisiana,
complained that ignorant whites employed at registration offices were empowered
to decide whether an individual had correctly interpreted the constitution of the
8 Jack Greenberg, Race Relations and American Law (New York: Columbia University
Press, 1959), p. 139.
9 Ibid., pp. 264-267; Patricia Gurin, Shirley Hatchett, and James S. Jackson, Hope and
Independence, Blacks’ Response to Electoral and Party Politics (New York: Russell Sage
Foundation, 1989), p. 23.
10 Congressional Record, vol. 68, part 5, March 2, 1927, pp. 5361-5363.
11 Paul Lewinson, Race, Class, and Party, a History of Negro Suffrage and White Politics
in the South (New York: Russell & Russell, Inc., 1963), p. 119.
United States; if the individual were African American, the registrars would declare
that his answer was incorrect.12
A teacher in North Carolina reported that when she attempted to register to vote,
she was told that her request to vote at three places had been reported and she was
being watched by hostile observers and other such statements that implied she could
become a victim of violence.13
Early Supreme Court Cases
These laws stood for decades. Eleven southern states determined that the state
political party nominating process was a private action and, therefore, that party
officials could legally restrict participation in the primary to whites only (thus the
name “white primary”). Since the winner of the primary in a one-party state, was in
essence elected to office, African Americans were eliminated from the electoral
process.14 A suit was filed in Texas, Smith v. Allwright,15 challenging the
constitutionality of the white primary; in 1944, the Supreme Court declared the white
Generally, southern legislatures developed other means to minimize blacks’
access to the voting booth. In July 1957, the Alabama legislature, with Act No. 140,
redrew the boundaries of the city of Tuskegee to exclude Tuskegee Institute (now
Tuskegee University) and a majority of the nearly 5,400 black residents. As a
consequence, thousands of black residents and nearly all blacks who were registered
to vote could no longer participate in Tuskegee municipal elections. A resident,
Charles G. Gomillion, in Gomillion v. Lightfoot16 charged that the act violated both
the 14th Amendment (the equal protection clause) and the 15th Amendment. This
was an important case because two issues were involved — voting rights for blacks
and redistricting by state legislatures.17
In the past, Supreme Court rulings appeared to give state legislatures absolute
control over setting municipal boundaries. In 1957, as the Court began to dismantle
barriers to black political participation, it considered the redistricting issue inherent
in Gomillion v. Lightfoot. Although Act No. 140 did not mention race, it was clear
that its intent was racially discriminatory. Yet, on appeal, the Fifth Circuit Court of
Appeals, by a 3-2 vote, upheld a lower court’s dismissal of the case on the grounds
that it lacked “authority or jurisdiction” to declare the law void. Dissenting Judge
John Brown wrote that the fact that act No. 140 did not discriminate on its face was
12 Ibid., p. 117.
13 Ibid., p. 119.
14 Jack Bass, Unlikely Heroes (New York: Simon and Schuster), p. 266.
15 321 U.S. 649 (1944).
16 270 F. 2d 594, 611.
17 Bass, Unlikely Heroes, pp. 97-100.
insignificant; the act “effectively disfranchised all but four or five black voters.”18
Brown also considered the fact that Macon county (the county in which Tuskegee
was located) had been without a board of registrars for 18 months and that the state
legislature was trying to abolish the county through a constitutional amendment.
Since most eligible whites were already registered, they had no real need for a
registrar. But thousands of blacks were not registered and were unable to register in
Tuskegee for lack of a board of registrars. Therefore, the traditional method of
correcting political abuse at the polls was denied blacks. Consequently, Judge Brown
found the law unconstitutional. He wrote that “the business of judging in
constitutional fields is one of searching for the spirit of the Constitution in terms of
the present as well as the past, not the past alone.” On appeal, the Supreme Court
agreed with Judge Brown and ruled unanimously that act No. 140 violated the 15th
am endm ent . 19
Civil Rights Acts of 1957, 1960 and 1964
Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 to protect black voting rights
through the judicial process. By provisions of the act, the Attorney General was
authorized to bring lawsuits to protect equal voting rights, and persons who
disobeyed court orders prohibiting discrimination in voting could be held in criminal
contempt. Further, the act authorized appointment of another Assistant Attorney
General to head a Civil Rights Division in the Department of Justice. It provided that
special three-judge federal district courts be convened, with jurisdiction to hear civil
rights cases taken out of state courts by the Department of Justice. A six-member
Commission on Civil Rights was created to gather information on discrimination in
voting and to issue annual reports.20
The Commission on Civil Rights held hearings throughout the nation and
discovered that some registrars discriminated against blacks for racial reasons.
Because of the length of legal hearings and the delaying but legal tactics employed
during lawsuits, the Civil Rights Act of 1957 was mostly ineffective. After three
years only four cases were heard and decided. It was felt that the law needed
strengthening to prevent evasive measures by registrars and produce more timely
rulings; so, in 1960, Congress passed another civil rights law.
The Civil Rights Act of 1960 sought to fill some of the loopholes in the 1957
Act. It provided that if a registrar resigned after complaints had been filed, the
proceeding could be instituted against the state. It authorized federal referees to
investigate complaints of voting discrimination and to register qualified voters. The
act required voting records to be preserved for 22 months following any primary,
special, or general election at which there were candidates for federal office; and it
18 Ibid., p. 107.
19 Ibid., pp. 106-109.
20 P.L. 83-315; 71 Stat. 634.
empowered a federal district court judge to issue a registration order, and to replace
state registrars with federal officials.21
These measures were found inadequate, in part because the individual black
citizen, operating in a hostile environment, had to be the primary initiator of legal
action. In a report prepared in 1963, the Commission on Civil Rights concluded that
this was a role that the federal government should assume. Federal efforts to ban
racial discrimination relied heavily on litigation. The Commission rejected this
litigious approach because it was time consuming and did not increase black
Most national political leaders remained committed to a litigious, low-profile
approach to registering blacks in the South until violence erupted in Birmingham,
Alabama, in 1963, and Philadelphia, Mississippi, in 1964. After the violence,
Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which contains provisions that
attempted to have three-judge federal district courts hear cases more quickly, and
allow for temporary voting registrars. It forbids local officials to apply standards to
some voter registrants (e.g., black registrants) that had not been applied to others
(e.g., white registrants) already found qualified to vote. The act also provides that in
any voting rights court case there shall be a presumption of literacy for all voter
applicants who have completed the sixth grade in an accredited, English-speaking
These provisions proved ineffective as well. Sometimes, after lengthy litigation
caused an election law to be judicially invalidated as discriminatory, the state or local
jurisdiction would pass and enforce a different law or regulation designed to
circumvent the court order. The Justice Department called for a “new approach” that
would go “beyond the tortuous, often-ineffective pace of litigation.”23 In drafting
another voting rights bill, it sought to impose constraints on the use of literacy tests
and other devices that denied blacks access to the ballot box, and to establish an
administrative presence of federal marshals in the southern states to assist blacks in
their efforts to vote. The outbreak of violence in Selma, Alabama, as a result of a
black voter registration drive, aided the Department in its efforts. On August 6,
1965, the Voting Rights Act was signed into law.24 It created administrative
remedies that automatically became applicable to certain jurisdictions under a
statutory coverage formula, without the need for prolonged litigation. In South
Carolina v. Katzenbach,25 the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the
Voting Rights Act.
21 P.L. 86-449; 74 Stat. 86.
22 U.S. Congress, House, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee No. 5, Voting Rights,
hearings on H.R. 6400, 89th Cong., 1st sess. (Washington: GPO, 1965), pp. 121-128; 258,
286-288. (Statements of Reverend Theodore M. Hesburgh, President of the Civil Rights
Commission and William L. Taylor, Staff Director-Designate of the Civil Rights
23 House Subcommittee No. 5, pp. 5, 9.
24 P.L. 89-110; 79 Stat. 437.
25 383 U.S. 301 (1966).
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 (P.L. 89-110)
Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 to protect the voting rights of
American citizens. The act was amended in 1970, 1975, 1982 and 1992 and the
following provisions reflect those changes.26
Major provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965:
(1) Prohibit the enactment of any election law to deny or abridge voting rights
on account of race or color;
(2) Suspend all literacy tests in states and counties that used them and where less
than 50% of adults had voted in 1964;
(3) Prohibit the enforcement of new voting rules or practices until federal
reviewers determine if their use would continue voting discrimination;
(4) Assign federal examiners to list qualified applicants to vote and to serve as
(5) Authorize the Attorney General to institute civil actions to seek enforcement
of the act; and
(6) Prohibits any person acting under color of law or otherwise from
intimidating or denying any eligible person from voting.
Coverage Formula (Section 4(b))
Federal intervention in state regulation of the electoral process was restricted to
jurisdictions in which there was evidence that voting discrimination had occurred.
A coverage formula was adopted to determine which states and political subdivisions
of states would be covered by the act. It was assumed that low registration and
voting statistics in jurisdictions requiring literacy tests and devices resulted from the
discriminatory application of those tests and devices. Therefore, according to the
formula established in Section 4(b),27 any states or political subdivisions are covered
if they used any test or device as a condition for voter registration on November 1,
1964, and if either less than 50% of age-eligible persons living there were registered
to vote on that date or less than 50% of such persons voted in the Presidential
election of that year. The following jurisdictions were covered by the “triggering”
provisions of Section 4(b) in 1965: Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South
Carolina, Virginia, 39 counties in North Carolina, and specified counties in Arizona28
26 In order to provide a more logical order of presentation, the following summary does not
follow the numerical sequence of sections of the Voting Rights Act. Thus, the summary
rearranges the subject matter as follows: first, the rationale for deciding which jurisdictions
are to be subject to the act; second, the requirements imposed on covered jurisdictions; third,
how these jurisdictions may be released from coverage. Other sections of the act are placed
after these. As a result of this rearrangement, parts of the act in Title I are taken up after
parts in Titles II and III. In order to avoid confusion, title numbers have been omitted.
Sections numbered below 200 are in Title I; those in the 200’s are in Title II; and those in
the 300’s are in Title III. The summary includes only the fundamental sections of the act;
other sections are omitted.
27 42 U.S.C. § 1973b.
28 The Justice Department publishes the list of covered jurisdictions in 28 C.F.R. Pt. 51.54,
Suspension of Tests and Devices (Section 4(a))
The act forbids the use of all literacy tests as well as any other “device,” such
as a voucher requirement, as a condition for voter registration in states and political
subdivisions of states that fall under the coverage criteria of Section 4(b).29
Preclearance of Changes in Election Laws (Section 5)
With Section 4(a) the framers of the Voting Rights Act sought to stop the
practice of discouraging black registration and voting. But they also realized that
covered jurisdictions could limit the effectiveness of the black vote in other ways, for
instance, by locating polling places in white but not in black neighborhoods, and by
gerrymandering electoral districts in such a way that blacks would not comprise a
majority in any electoral district. Section 530 is intended to prevent enforcement of31
any election law made after November 1, 1964 with racially discriminatory effect.
The act prohibits a covered state or political subdivision from putting into effect
“any voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure
with respect to voting different from that in force or effect on November 1, 1964”
before first submitting the change in election law for “preclearance” either to the
Justice Department or to the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia (in an
action for a declaratory judgment) in order for the Department or the Court to
determine if such law would deny or abridge the right to vote on account of race or
color.32 In order to object to an election law change submitted for federal
preclearance, the Justice Department or the U.S. District Court for the District of
Columbia need not find that the jurisdiction intended to discriminate against minority
voters; it need only determine that implementation of the law would, in fact, result
in denying or abridging voting rights. If the Justice Department does not object to
the proposed law within 60 days after a jurisdiction submits it for review, then the
jurisdiction may put the law into effect.
Laws Affecting Elections That Require Preclearance
Section 533 requires federal preclearance of every change in election laws, not
only laws affecting procedural requirements that individuals must observe in order
29 42 U.S.C. § 1973b.
30 42 U.S.C. § 1973c.
31 U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Rules, To Extend The Voting Rights Act of 1965
With Respect to the Discriminatory Use of Tests and Devices, hearings on H.R. 4249, 91stst
Cong., 1 sess. (Washington: GPO, 1969), p. 3, (Statement of Representative Celler,
Chairman of the House Judiciary Committee).
32 42 U.S.C. § 1973c.
33 42 U.S.C. § 1973c.
to register and vote, but laws setting up electoral systems as well. Between 1965 and
in the preclearance process the Justice Department objected more times to three of
these ways than to any others — methods of election, urban annexations, and
electoral redistricting. These methods were objectionable because they would have
resulted in abridging or “diluting” the voting power of blacks, Hispanics or other
protected minority voters.
Altering Methods of Election
Changing from Single-Member Districts to At-Large Voting. One
objectionable way of altering the method of election was changing from election by
single-member districts or precincts to at-large voting. For example, in a majority-
white city governed by several commissioners, if each commissioner were elected in
a different district, and if blacks, as a minority in the city as a whole, nevertheless
comprised the majority in one or more districts, then black voters would be in a
position to elect one or more candidates of their own choice. But, if commissioners
were elected at-large, it would usually mean that all voters in the city as a whole
would vote for each commissioner position, and consequently, that the white majority
in the city as a whole could elect every one of the nine commissioners. Thus, a
change in method of election from election by single-member districts to at-large
elections could dissolve any black majorities in separate districts and allow the white
city-wide majority to decide the entire outcome of elections for the city commission.
It is this kind of “dilution” of black voting power to which the Justice
Department often has objected. It should be noted that at-large elections in white-
majority jurisdictions are not necessarily discriminatory. They may become so in
certain circumstances, however, where racial antagonism and racial bloc voting
characterize the jurisdiction, or where socioeconomic issues such as unemployment
or poverty divide a jurisdiction along racial lines.
Urban Annexations. The Justice Department found that urban annexations
also may abridge black voting power. For instance, if a majority-black city annexed
a largely white suburban area, the enlarged city might change from majority-black to
majority-white. If the city conducted elections for municipal offices at-large, and if
the addition of suburban whites gave whites a city-wide majority, then black voters
might lose the chance to elect their own candidates to any municipal office. This
development occurred with the annexation of suburban areas by Petersburg, Virginia,
in 1971; the black percentage of the population changed from 55% to 46%. Because
Petersburg conducted at-large elections for the City Council the Justice Department
believed that the annexation would have diluted black voting power. Petersburg was
allowed to annex suburban areas only on the condition that it change from at-large
elections to elections by single-member districts.34
Redistricting. Changing the boundaries of single-member electoral districts
is another electoral alteration that the Justice Department determined may result in
34 U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, The Voting Rights Act: Ten Years After (Washington:
U.S. Commission of Civil Rights, 1975), pp. 304-305.
lessening the effectiveness of the black vote. In a jurisdiction with concentrations of
black voters, such concentrations constitute potential majorities to elect candidates
responsive to the needs of the black community. If district boundaries are drawn to
divide concentrations of black voters into adjoining, majority-white areas, black
majorities may be liquidated. Conversely, boundaries of single-member electoral
districts may be drawn in such a way as to minimize the number of black-majority
districts by placing black voters in as few districts as possible.
It has been suggested that implementation of Section 5 by the Justice
Department has fostered the expectation that fair electoral processes should result in
racially proportional representation among elected officials.35 That is, blacks should
be able to elect officeholders in numbers fairly proportional to the percentage that
they comprise of the entire electorate. But Section 5 does not establish a right to
proportional representation. Rather, the purpose of preclearance of election law
changes is to prevent jurisdictions with a history of discrimination and racial
polarization from manipulating the electoral systems to render the black vote
Federal Examiners for Voter Registration (Sections 6 and 7)
Whenever the Attorney General of the United States receives written complaints
of denial of the right to vote for racial reasons from 20 or more residents of a
jurisdiction, or whenever the Attorney General thinks it is advisable, Section 637
authorizes the him or her to request the U.S. Office of Personnel Management to send
federal examiners to list eligible voters for registration in any political subdivision
of a state if the political subdivision is covered by Section 4(a) (suspension of tests
Section 738 prescribes procedures for the listing of voter registrants by federal
Federal Election Observers (Section 8)
Section 839 authorizes the Attorney General to request the Office of Personnel
Management to send election observers to any political subdivision where an
examiner has been assigned. Election observers assure that all registered voters are
allowed to vote, and that all votes are counted.
35 Abigail Thernstrom, “The Odd Evolution of the Voting Rights Act,” The Public Interest,
no. 55, spring 1979: pp. 49-76.
36 U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, The Voting Rights Act: Unfulfilled Goals (Washington:
U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 1981), pp. 38-42; U.S. Congress, House, Committee onthst
the Judiciary, Voting Rights Extension, report to Accompany H.R. 3112, 97 Cong., 1 sess.,
H.Rept. 97-227 (Washington: GPO, 1981), pp. 17-20.
37 42 U.S.C. § 1973d.
38 42 U.S.C. § 1973e.
39 42 U.S.C. § 1973f.
Release from Coverage (Section 4(a))
To obtain release from federal regulations a state or subdivision must obtain a
declaratory judgment to the effect that for the preceding years no literary tests or
similar devices were used to deny the right to vote for racial reasons. By 1970,
Alaska and counties within Arizona, Idaho and North Carolina were released from
the prohibitions of the act.40
Prohibition of English-Language Literacy Requirement for
Citizens Educated in American Schools (Section 4(e))
Section 4(e)41 forbids any American citizen who has successfully completed the
sixth grade in any accredited, American-flag school in which the language is other
than English from being denied the right to vote because of inability to read, write,
or understand the English language. This provision was intended to protect the half-
million Puerto Ricans of voting age residing in New York City who had been
educated in American schools in Puerto Rico where classroom instruction was
entirely in Spanish (as contrasted with bilingual schools). Many could not meet the42
English-literacy requirement for voting in New York.
General Prohibition of Discriminatory Voting Laws
Section 243 forbids any state or political subdivision to enact any election law
“to deny or abridge” voting rights on account of race or color. It is a statutory form
of the Fifteenth Amendment, and is a basis for judicial enforcement by court suits.44
Section 2 is applicable not only to jurisdictions covered through Section 4(b), but
applies nationwide. Unlike other sections of the act, it is a requirement from which
jurisdictions cannot be released from coverage after a certain period of time.
Moreover, while Section 5 preclearance is limited to changes made in election laws
since November 1, 1964, election laws may be challenged in court under Section 2
regardless of when they were enacted.
Prior to its amendment in 1982, the standard for determining whether an
election law violated Section 2 differed from the standard applicable in Section 5.
The standard for determining violation of Section 2 from 1965 to 1982 was whether
the law in question was enacted with the purpose or intention of abridging voting
rights. Because of the difficulty of demonstrating such a violation in court, this
40 42 U.S.C. § 1973b.
41 42 U.S.C. § 1973b(e).
42 Congressional Record, vol. 111, part 8: pp. 11060-11061.
43 42 U.S.C. § 1973b.
44 U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on the Constitution,
Voting Rights Act, Report on S. 1992, (at head of title: committee print), 97th Cong., 2nd sess.
(Washington: GPO, 1982), p. 20.
standard was changed in 1982, to require only that the law in question resulted in the
abridgment of voting rights.45
Civil Actions to Enforce Compliance (Section 12(d))
Under the provisions of Section 12(d)46 the Attorney General of the United
States can institute civil actions in federal district courts to seek enforcement of the
provisions of the act described above — suspension of tests and devices, abolition
of English literacy tests for citizens educated in foreign-language American schools,
preclearance of election-law changes, and prohibition of discriminatory election laws.
Prohibits Intimidation of Any Qualified Person from Voting
Section 11 prohibits any person whether acting under color of law or otherwise
(1) failing or refusing to permit any qualified person from voting in general,
special, or primary federal elections;47
(2) refusing to count the vote of a qualified person; or
(3) intimidating any one attempting to vote or any one who is assisting a person
in voting under certain provisions of this act.48
It also forbids any person from giving false information in order to establish
eligibility to register or vote, or conspiring with someone else for that purpose.
Penalties for such conduct are a maximum fine of $10,000 or imprisonment for five
years, or both.
Section 11(d) provides that a person within the jurisdiction of an examiner who
knowingly falsifies or conceals a material fact or makes false statements or
representations, or uses a document that contains false or fraudulent statements is
subject to a fine of $10,000, imprisonment for five years, or both.
Protection of Paper Ballot or Any Official Voting Record
Anyone who, within a year following an election in a political subdivision
where an examiner has been appointed, destroys or alters the marking of a paper
ballot that has been cast in that election or changes an official voting record in that
45 City of Mobile v. Bolden, 446 U.S. 55 (1980).
46 42 U.S.C. § 1973j.
47 That is, office of the President, the Vice President, presidential elector, Member of the
United States Senate, Member of the House of Representatives, Delegates or Commissioners
from the territories or possessions, and the Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico.
48 Specifically, sections 3(a), 6, 8, 9, 10, or 12(e).
election is subject to a maximum fine of $5,000, or imprisonment for five years, or
The Voting Rights Amendments of 1970
Following the 1965 Act, the registration of nearly one million new black voters
was recorded. The litigation record following passage of the act, a report of the
Commission on Civil Rights, and testimony at congressional hearings, however,
revealed that various devices were being used to negate the newly gained voting
strength of blacks.49 They included:
(1) Switching to at-large elections when black voting strength is concentrated in
(2) Extending the terms of incumbent white officials,
(3) Making certain offices appointive rather than elective,
(4) Changing the dates of elections suddenly,
(5) Changing the qualifications of candidates,
(6) Increasing the costs of a filing fee for election, and
(7) Gerrymandering to dilute the nonwhite vote.
After much debate, Congress amended the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The
Voting Rights Amendments of 1970, signed into law by President Richard M. Nixon
on June 22, 1970, contained several new provisions that:
(1) Extended the expiration date for five more years to August 1975,
(2) Extended from five to 10 years the period of time for which an area covered
by the act must abstain from the use of any literacy test or similar device to
discriminate against voters because of race or color,
(3) Amended Section 4 of the act to make the “trigger formula” cover three
districts in Alaska; Apache County, Arizona; Imperial County, California;
Elmore County, Idaho; Bronx, Kings (Brooklyn) and New York (Manhattan)
counties, New York; and Wheeler County, Oregon
(4) Suspended the use of literacy tests in all states until August 6, 1975,
(5) Provided that any person could vote in a Presidential election if he had
established residency 30 days prior to a Presidential election, and50
(6) Lowered the voting age to 18 years.
Extension of Duration of the Act (Section 4(a))
Congress extended from five to 10 years the period of time during which states
and political subdivisions covered by the triggering provisions of Section 4(b) and
seeking release from coverage must not have used any literacy test or device as a
49 U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Political Participation, Report, 1968 (Washington:
GPO, 1968), p. 256.
50 P.L. 91-285, June 22, 1970; 84 Stat. 314; Congressional Quarterly Almanac, 91st Cong.,
condition of voter registration with the purpose or effect of denying the right to vote
on account of race.51
Expansion of Coverage of the Act (Section 4(b))
In 1970, the amendments also changed the coverage formula of Section 4(b) to
include any state or political subdivision that used a literacy test for voter registration
on November 1, 1968, and in which less-than-50% registration or voting occurred in
the 1968 presidential election. With the amendments, jurisdictions covered have to
preclear election law changes made since November 1, 1968, and are subject to
assignment of federal examiners and election observers. The formula was extended
from regional (southern states) to national coverage. The extension was also
intended to establish the principle that the effort to protect voting rights is not limited
by a date in the past, that is, 1964, but is ongoing.52 Subdivisions in the following
states were covered through the 1970 amendment of Section 4(b) — Arizona,
California, Connecticut, Idaho, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York and
Ban on Literacy Tests
A new Section 20153 imposed a ban on literacy tests and devices as conditions
for voter registration in all jurisdictions in the country not already subject to the
suspension of tests and devices under Section 4(a) until August 6, 1975. Thus, it was
made coterminous with the suspension of literacy tests under Section 4(a). The
rationale for this new provision was that the law should not discriminate against one
part of the country, and that literacy requirements may prevent many minority
citizens from voting in jurisdictions not covered by Section 4(a).54
Residence Requirements (Section 202)
A new Section 20255 provides that if a person applies for registration in his or
her state not later than 30 days prior to the election, then he or she if otherwise
qualified to vote, shall not be denied the right to vote in a presidential election
because of a residence requirement. If a citizen moved to another state after the 30th
day preceding a presidential election, that person has the right to vote in his or her
Any citizen who is a resident of a state must be permitted to vote in a
presidential election by absentee ballot if he or she applies to that state not later than
seven days prior to the election.
51 42 U.S.C. § 1973b.
52 Congressional Record, March 10, 1970, vol. 116, part 5, pp. 6654-6655.
53 42 U.S.C. § 1973aa.
54 Ibid., December 10, 1969, vol. 115, part 28, pp. 38133-381355; March 2, 1970, vol. 116,
part 4, p. 5521.
55 42 U.S.C. § 1973aa-1.
The Eighteen-Year-Old Vote (Section 302)
Section 30256 of the act grants the right to vote at age 18 in every primary and
general election. Although the Supreme Court invalidated this provision for state and
local elections, the 26th Amendment in 1971 guaranteed the right of 18-year-olds to
vote in all elections.57
The Voting Rights Amendments of 1975 (P.L. 94-73)
In 1975, the Voting Rights Act came up for extension again. The Justice
Department urged another five-year extension of the special coverage provisions of
the act, until 1980, arguing the need to bring black political participation to levels
comparable with that of whites, and to give an incentive to covered states to foster
black registration and voting and, thereby, to demonstrate that special coverage is no
The Commission on Civil Rights recommended an additional 10-year extension
of the act, until 1985, for several reasons. Because black registration in the covered
states was still below that of whites, and the proportion of black elected officials in
covered states was low in comparison to the black percentage of the voting-age
population in the covered states, there was a continuing need to foster black political
participation. Another reason offered was that the Justice Department had only
recently begun to enforce, effectively, Section 5 (federal preclearance of changes in
election laws); therefore, enforcement of the preclearance requirement should
continue. The Commission felt that Section 5 should remain in effect also to enable
the Justice Department to monitor the electoral redistricting that would be required
after the 1980 census. Such electoral redistricting would be required extensively
under the “one man, one vote” rule, which mandates that electoral districts within
states and political subdivisions be as nearly equal in population as possible. The
Commission recommended extension of Section 5 so that this redistricting would be
subject to federal preclearance of election law changes in order to prevent dilution
of black voting power through racial gerrymandering.59
At congressional hearings, Puerto Rican and Chicano voters and candidates for
political office related voting experiences that paralleled those of blacks. They
pointed out that many Hispanics cannot fill out registration forms and have difficulty
understanding referenda and proposed constitutional amendments. They complained
of inadequate or nonexistent bilingual election material, threats of economic reprisals
for voting, location of polling places in areas where Chicanos were not welcomed,
and burdensome absentee ballot procedures that resulted in limited numbers of
56 42 U.S.C. § 1973bb-1.
57 Oregon v. Mitchell, 400 U.S. 112 (1970).
58 U.S. Congress, House, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Civil and
Constitutional Rights, hearings on H.R. 939 [and other bills], 94th Cong., 1st sess
(Washington: GPO, 1975), pp. 173-174 (testimony of Assistant Attorney General Pottinger).
59 Ibid., p. 29.
migrant workers’ voting. In addition, they accused the “Anglo” majority of reducing
Hispanics to a minority of voters in previously Spanish-majority areas through
annexations, gerrymandering of electoral districts, and at-large elections.60
Some local officials denied that discrimination against Puerto Rican and
Chicano voters and candidates occurred. They claimed that usually Mexican
Americans declined invitations to serve as election officials. Others opposed
extension of the Voting Rights Act to their state because they argued that counties
with large populations of Spanish speakers had the largest number of registered
voters and highest number of citizens voting in primary and general elections in the
state. Some state officials cited state laws that permitted voters unable to read
English to receive assistance in preparing ballots.61
After debate, Congress extended the act for seven years, through August 6,
1982. The trigger formula provisions were continued for seven years, as well as the
method by which jurisdictions could remove themselves from coverage; and it made
permanent the temporary nationwide ban on use of literacy tests or similar devices.
It extended coverage to more jurisdictions to protect the voting rights of ethnic
groups whose language is other than English. President Gerald R. Ford signed the
Voting Rights Amendments of 1975 into law on August 6, 1975.62
Extension of Duration of Act (Section 4(a))
The 1975 amendments extended the duration of the temporary provisions of the
act for jurisdictions already covered an additional seven years, thus lengthening the
period of coverage of these jurisdictions from 10 to 17 years. To accomplish this,
Section 4(a)63 was amended to provide that, in order to be released from coverage,
any jurisdiction covered by Section 4(b) (the triggering formula) must not have used
a discriminatory test or device for voter registration during the previous 17 years.
(Coverage was based on determinations from the Presidential elections of 1964 or
1968.) This meant that jurisdictions originally covered in 1965 could not seek
release from provisions of the act until 1982, and those covered in 1970 until 1987.
A seven-year instead of a five-year extension was enacted to ensure that jurisdictions
covered in 1965 would not be released until two years after the 1980 census and to
ensure that electoral redistricting as a result of the census would be subject to federal
preclearance under Section 5.64
60 House Subcommittee on Civil and Constitutional Rights, Extension of the Voting Rights
Act, pp. 27-29, pp. 519-535, 598-604, 800-828, 853-886, 922-932.
61 U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Constitutional
Rights, Extension of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, hearings on S. 407 [and other bills], 94thst
Cong., 1 sess. (Washington: GPO, 1975), pp. 361-362, 1040-1041; U.S. Commission on
Civil Rights, The Voting Rights Act: Ten Years After, Report, 1975 (Washington: GPO,
62 P.L. 94-73, August 6, 1975; 89 Stat. 400.
63 42 U.S.C. § 1973b.
64 Congressional Record, July 23, 1975, vol. 121, part 19, pp. 24241-24246; 42 U.S.C. §
Nationwide Ban on Literacy Tests (Section 201)
In 1975, Congress amended Section 20165 to make permanent the prohibition
of literacy tests for voter registration in noncovered jurisdictions and to extend it to
jurisdictions already subject to the suspension of tests and devices under Section 4(a).
Thus, even if a covered jurisdiction under Section 4(a) were released from coverage
it could not reinstitute tests or devices.
Extension of Coverage to Protect Language Minorities
Major provisions of the amended Voting Rights Act of 1975 pertained to certain66
language minorities, defined in Section 14(c)(3) as persons of Spanish heritage,
American Indians, Asian Americans and Alaskan Natives. Preclearance and federal
observer protections were applied in any jurisdiction where:
(1) The Census Bureau determined that more than 5% of the voting age citizens
were of a single language minority;
(2) Election materials had been printed only in English for the November 1,
1972, elections; and
(3) Less than 50% of the voting age citizens had registered for or voted in the67
The presumption behind the new coverage formula was that in jurisdictions
using literacy tests as conditions for voter registration, low rates of registration and
voting result, in part at least, from discriminatory application of such tests. With
respect to language minorities, English-only elections were presumed ipso facto to
be discriminatory. The extension of Section 4(b) to protect language minorities
covers the states of Alaska, Arizona and Texas and political subdivisions in
California, Colorado, Florida, Hawaii, Michigan, New York, North Carolina and
Jurisdictions Covered With Respect to Language Minorities
Subject to Special Provisions of the Act (Sections 4(a), 5, 6,
Jurisdictions covered in 1975 with respect to language minorities are subject to
the same provisions as are jurisdictions covered in 1965 and 1970. Under Section
65 42 U.S.C. § 1973aa.
66 42 U.S.C. § 1973l.
67 42 U.S.C. § 1973bF9(b), 1973aa-1a.
68 Congressional Quarterly Almanac, 94th Cong., 1st sess., 1975, vol. 31, (Washington:
Congressional Quarterly, Inc., 1976), pp. 521-523.
4(a),69 jurisdictions covered in 1975 may not use any test or device as a condition for
voter registration. These jurisdictions are required to provide election materials in
the language of the applicable language minority as well as in English.70 Such
jurisdictions must preclear election-law changes enacted since November 1, 1972,
pursuant to Section 5,71 and are subject to assignment of examiners under Section 672
and of election observers under Section 8.73
Duration of Coverage (Section 4(a))
Under Section 4(a)74 as amended in 1975, jurisdictions covered in that year with
respect to language minorities were subject to the provisions of the act for 10 years
instead of 17 years, that is, until 1985. They could be released from coverage by
obtaining a declaratory judgment from the Federal District Court in the District of
Columbia that the jurisdiction’s English-only elections had not been a voting barrier
during the last 10 years.
Bilingual-Election Requirement (Section 203)
Congress, with the addition of Section 20375 in 1975, sought to increase the
voter turnout of language minorities by requiring bilingual elections through August
(1) The Census Bureau determined that 5% of the jurisdiction’s voting age
citizens were of a single language minority, and
(2) The illiteracy rate in English of the language minority was greater than the
national English illiteracy rate. Illiteracy was defined as failure to complete 5th
This section does not apply to any political subdivision in which each language
minority is less than 5% even though any language minority resident in the political
subdivision comprises more than 5% of the statewide population of voting age
citizens. Jurisdictions covered by Section 203 are required to provide election
materials and oral assistance in the language of the applicable language minority as
well as in English. But jurisdictions that are covered only under Section 203 and not
through the coverage formula of Section 4(b) are not subject to the other special
69 42 U.S.C. § 1973b.
70 42 U.S.C. § 1973aa-1a(c).
71 42 U.S.C. § 1973c.
72 42 U.S.C. § 1973d.
73 42 U.S.C. § 1973f.
74 42 U.S.C. § 1973b(a)(1).
75 42 U.S.C. § 1973aa-1a.
provisions of the act — preclearance of election laws, federal examiners or federal
A jurisdiction can be removed from this bilingual election requirement when it
can demonstrate in federal district court that the illiteracy rate of the language
minority was equal to or had dropped below the national illiteracy rate.
These bilingual requirements were scheduled to remain in effect for 10 years,
until 1985, the same duration as that of Section 4(b) coverage for language
minorities. Subdivisions in 30 states were covered by the bilingual election
requirements of Section 203 (with considerable overlap of coverage under Sections
Addition of Language-Minority Status to Section 2
As originally enacted, Section 2 forbade any jurisdiction in the country to enact
an election law that denies or abridges voting rights on account of race or color. The
Compilation of Registration and Voting Statistics (Section
A new Section 20779 requires the Census Bureau to compile registration and
voting statistics in every jurisdiction covered by Section 4(a) for every statewide
general election for United States Representatives after January 1, 1974, and in any
jurisdiction for any election designated by the Civil Rights Commission. Census
Bureau surveys are to include only a count of citizens of voting age, and of these by
race or color and national origin, and determination of the extent to which such
persons registered and voted. Section 207 provides that in making such surveys no
participant shall be required to disclose his or her race, color, national origin, political
party affiliation, or how he or she voted.
The Voting Rights Amendments of 1982
On August 6, 1982, jurisdictions originally covered by the Voting Rights Act
of 1965 could have sought release from its provisions by showing in the U.S. District
Court for the District of Columbia that they had not used a discriminatory literacy test
76 42 U.S.C. § 1973aa-1a.
77 These states are Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Hawaii,
Idaho, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska,
Nevada, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, South
Dakota, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin and Wyoming.
78 42 U.S.C. § 1973b(e)(2)(f).
79 42 U.S.C. § 1973aa-5.
or device as a condition for voter registration during the previous 17 years. The
House Judiciary Committee noted that blacks and other minorities may not yet be “in
a position to compete in the political arena against non-minorities on an equal
basis,”80 and that, despite increased registration and voting and election of blacks to
public office, they still may be vulnerable “to attempts by opponents of equality to
diminish their political influence.”81 In order to protect “the ability of minorities to
participate effectively within the political process,” Congress sought to prevent
immediate release of these jurisdictions.82 At the same time, it was perceived that
covered jurisdictions would be given little incentive to foster minority political
participation if they could not obtain release from coverage until the expiration of a
certain number of years, regardless of their efforts to encourage such participation.
The Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1982 were intended to provide such incentive
by offering the possibility of release in the near future to states and political
subdivisions that tried to promote minority political participation.
Congress in 1982 amended Section 4(a)83 of the Voting Rights Act to enable
jurisdictions to seek release from coverage in 1984 instead of their having to wait an
additional five or more years as with previous amendments to the act, provided they
had not used a discriminatory test or device during a certain time period. Congress
also amended Section 284 to provide that courts could judge an election law to be
discriminatory without proof that it was intended to be so, if it results in abridging
minority voting power. Further, Congress extended coverage of the bilingual
provisions of the act (Section 203) to August 6, 1992.
The Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1982 contain four major provisions.
(1) extend the preclearance section of the act for 25 years,
(2) require nine states and portions of 13 others to obtain preclearance from the
Justice Department before making any changes in election laws or procedures,
(3) overturn a 1980 Supreme Court ruling in the case of Mobile v. Bolden (that
an intent to discriminate must be shown to prove a violation) and allow certain
voting rights violations under Section 2 to be proved by showing that an election
law or procedure had resulted in discrimination, and
(4) extend provisions requiring certain areas of the country to provide bilingual
election materials until 1992 (the old expiration date was 1985).
80 U.S. Congress, House, Committee on the Judiciary, Voting Rights Act Extension, report
to accompany H.R. 3112, 97th Cong., 1st sess., H.Rept. No. 97-227 (Washington: GPO,
83 42 U.S.C. § 1973aa-1a.
84 42 U.S.C. § 1973b, 1973aa-1a.
President Ronald Reagan signed the Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1982
into law on June 29, 1982.85
Extension of Duration of the Act (Section 4(a))
The 1982 amendments extended the current provisions of the act for two years,
which meant that the period of time during which states and political subdivisions
seeking release under Section 4(a)86 could not have used a discriminatory test or
device as a condition for voter registration was increased from 17 to 19 years. (The
10-year period for jurisdictions covered in 1975 with respect to language minorities
was not changed.) Congress decided to hold jurisdictions that were covered in 1965
under the act for two more years, from 1982 until 1984, for two reasons. The first
reason was to give the Justice Department time to prepare for the large number of
court actions for release that were expected as soon as the conditions for release were
The second reason was to ensure that redistricting in covered jurisdictions
necessitated by the 1980 census (which had not been completed by 1982) would still
be covered by the Section 5 preclearance requirement. It will be recalled that the
Congress, in 1975, extended that act for seven years, until two years after the 1980
census, so that covered jurisdictions would have to submit their new electoral
districts for federal preclearance. This preclearance enabled the Justice Department
and the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia to guarantee that such
redistricting would not abridge or dilute black or Hispanic voting power.
Congressional redistricting had to be completed before the 1982 elections. But there
were other elections — state and local — for which redistricting might not have to
have been completed until after 1982, and Congress extended the current provisions
of the act from 1982 until 1984 so that such redistricting would also be reviewed at
the federal level.88
Amended Conditions for Release from Coverage (Section
The 1982 amendments89 provide that on August 5, 1984, any jurisdiction
covered in 1965, 1970 or 1975 may be released from coverage if it can show in the
U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia that it has met the following
conditions during the preceding 10 years:
(1) It has not used a discriminatory test or device for voter registration;
(2) No court has found it to have denied or abridged voting rights;
85 P.L. 97-205; 96 Stat. 131; Congressional Quarterly Almanac, 97th Cong., 2nd sess., 1982,
vol. 38, (Washington: Congressional Quarterly, Inc., 1983), pp. 373-374.
86 42 U.S.C. § 1973aa1a.
87 House Committee on the Judiciary, Voting Rights Act Extension, H.Rept. 97-227, p. 39.
88 Congressional Record, July 23, 1975, vol. 121, part 19, pp. 24241-24246.
89 42 U.S.C. § 1973aa-1a.
(3) It had complied with the preclearance requirement of Section 5 by submitting
all election-law changes for federal review;
(4) There has been no federal objection to any election law change submitted
under Section 5;
(5) No federal examiners have been assigned to the jurisdiction;
(6) It has fostered political participation by minority citizens; and
(7) It can present evidence of minority registration, voting and other political
The U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia is to retain jurisdiction of
any action for release from coverage for 10 years, and is to reopen the case if the
Attorney General or an aggrieved person alleges that voting discrimination has
occurred. No jurisdiction may be released from coverage while it is defending itself
in a voting rights case, provided that the case was initiated prior to the jurisdiction’s
filing a court action for release from coverage. This proviso was added to prevent
persons or groups from precluding a jurisdiction from seeking release simply by
filing a voting rights suit in court.
Separate Release for Political Subdivisions (Section 4(a))
Prior to the 1982 amendments, only a state covered statewide or a political
subdivision of a noncovered state could seek release from coverage. Congress
amended Section 4(a)90 in 1982 to allow a political subdivision of a covered state to
obtain release from coverage separately.
Reconsideration and Termination of the Act (Section 4(a))
The 1982 amendments provide that Congress shall “reconsider” the special,
administrative provisions of the act (preclearance of election-law changes and
assignment of examiners and election observers) 15 years after the effective date of
the 1982 amendments, in 1997; and that these provisions shall expire 25 years after
their effective date, in 2007.
Extension of Bilingual-Election Requirement (Section 203)
The 1982 amendments extended the bilingual election provisions of Section
20391 for seven years, until August 6, 1992. The amendments further provided that
the count of members of any language minority in a jurisdiction is to be limited to
those who cannot read English well enough to use English-language registration and
voting materials, as determined by the Census Bureau in the 1980 census and in
studies conducted thereafter. This limitation on the counting of language-minority
members applies only to Section 203. In counting members of a language minority
to determine whether a jurisdiction is covered under Section 4(b), all members are
counted even if they can read English well enough to register and vote in English.
90 42 U.S.C. § 1973b.
91 42 U.S.C. § 1973aa-1a.
Following enactment of the 1982 amendment to Section 203, the Census Bureau
determined that one or more political subdivisions in the following 20 states were
subject to the bilingual election requirement: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado,
Connecticut, Florida, Hawaii, Idaho, Massachusetts, Michigan, Montana, New
Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas,
Utah, and Wisconsin.92
Amendment to Judicial Standard of Proof Under Section 2
In the 1980 case of City of Mobile v. Bolden,93 the Supreme Court affirmed that
the proper standard for courts to use in deciding cases under Section 2 was
demonstration of discriminatory intention. The Court said that courts can find any
law to be in violation of the Fourteenth or Fifteenth Amendment only if it is shown
that the law was enacted with the purpose or intention of discriminating. Because
it regarded Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act as a statutory restatement of the
Fifteenth Amendment, the Court held that the same judicial standard — intent —
applies to cases brought under Section 2.94
To make it easier to challenge discriminatory election laws, Congress amended
Section 295 to establish discriminatory effect or result as a standard of proof in voting
rights cases. For example, if elections for the city council in a majority-white city
were conducted at-large, with the result that black voters were unable to elect even
one councilman of their own choice, blacks, prior to 1982, could have prevailed in
a court suit seeking an injunction against the at-large election law only if they could
have proven that it was instituted for the deliberate purpose of preventing black
candidates from being elected. Discriminatory motivation is often difficult to prove.
After the 1982 amendment to Section 2, they might obtain such an injunction by
showing that blacks are unable to elect any of their own candidates because of the
discriminatory result of the at-large system.
Congress recognized a danger in adopting a “results” standard for Section 2,
namely, that electoral outcomes in which black voters fail to elect their own
candidates in numbers proportional to the percentage that blacks comprise of the total
electorate might be adduced as evidence sufficient to eliminate any at-large electoral
systems through court suits. In this way, the results standard could have led to
acceptance of a right of racial- or ethnic-group proportional representation. To avoid
this conclusion, Congress provided that racially or ethnically unequal results of an
electoral system may indicate a violation of Section 2 only if such results occur
within a wider context of discrimination against a racial or ethnic minority. Where
such official or societal discrimination is absent, unequal results of an electoral
system would not suffice to convict the electoral system that produced such results.
92 49 Federal Register 25887, June 25, 1984. This list replaced the list of covered
jurisdictions published after the 1975 amendments to the act (see page 19).
93 446 U.S. 55.
94 Ibid., at 60-1.
95 42 U.S.C. § 1973b.
The statute states that a protected class has no right to have its members elected to
office in numbers proportional to their percentage in the population.96
The 1982 amendments of Section 2 forbid application of any law “in a manner
which results in a denial or abridgment” of the voting rights of members of protected
classes — blacks and members of language minorities. Section 2 now provides that
a court may find such a violation of voting rights if, within a community
characterized by widespread discrimination, it determines that either of the following
(1) party nominating procedures deny equal opportunity for members of
protected classes to have persons of their own choice selected as candidates for
election to public office; or
(2) the method of election denies equal opportunity for members of protected
classes to elect candidates of their own choice to public office.
To prove a violation of Section 2, it must be shown that either of the above
conditions occurs as part of a “totality of circumstances” constituting societal
discrimination and racial or ethnic polarization, as evidenced, for example, by: a
history of official discrimination; residual effects of discrimination in education,
employment and health; expressed racism in election campaigns; unresponsiveness
of elected officials to needs of the minority community; and racial bloc voting if it
is indicative of racial antagonism.97
The new standard of proof under Section 2 is not, then, a pure “results” standard
that might open the way to challenges of electoral systems throughout the country in
which minorities cannot achieve proportional representation. Rather, it is a standard
by which electoral results may be adduced as evidence of discrimination if an
apparently fair electoral system — namely, one that meets the “one man, one vote”
principle — can be shown to perpetuate the domination of a white “power structure”
to the disadvantage of a minority group.
The Voting Rights Amendments of 1992
In 1992, Congress passed the Voting Rights Language Assistance Act, which
amended Section 203 of the Voting Rights Act. The Voting Rights Language
Assistance Act requires election officials in states and political subdivisions with
significant numbers of non-English speaking citizens of voting age to provide
bilingual services to them. The expiration date of Section 203 was extended for 15
more years to 2007.
96 For further discussion of racial proportional representation, see CRS Report RS21593,
Redistricting and the Voting Rights Act: A Legal Analysis of Georgia v. Ashcroft, by L.
97 U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Voting Rights Act Extension, report
on S. 1992, 97th Cong., 2nd sess., S.Rept. 97-417, pp. 28-30.
Debate on Bilingual Voting Assistance
Proponents of Assistance. Proponents of bilingual language assistance
argued that considerable numbers of recently naturalized immigrants were not
sufficiently fluent in English to understand complicated election procedures and
electoral issues. Some long-time citizens of the United States, such as older
Hispanics who learned very little English in school because they grew up in
communities where Spanish was the principal language, needed language assistance
too. As a result of their limited English, many of these citizens did not register and
vote, even though, through the use of non-English news publications and radios, they
were informed on the issues. Those who recommended bilingual language assistance
argued that historically this country acknowledged and tolerated linguistic pluralism
and diversity in education and should do likewise in the political arena. Advocates
of providing bilingual election materials rejected the charge that language assistance
discourages people from learning English. They maintained that people learn English
for many reasons, most importantly to secure good employment and to communicate
with others in the community. The provision of language assistance, they argued, did
not diminish the motivations for learning English. On the contrary, it strengthened
the ties that bound the people of the United States, for it was inclusive in nature
rather than exclusive, and thereby ensured that no citizen was denied the fundamental
right to vote because of a lack of fluency in English.98
Opponents of Assistance. The extension of Section 203 was opposed for
several reasons. Opponents of the extension questioned whether it was needed. They
contended that evidence submitted when the 1975 amendments were added was
feeble then and had become even less persuasive. Some denied that there had been
sufficient proof offered that bilingual ballots were effective in increasing voter
registration, voter participation, or in changing the voter registration and/or
participation between white and minority voters. Opponents who considered the
bilingual election requirement a distortion of the intent of the Voting Rights Act
argued that Congress passed the act in response to discrimination against racial
minorities at the polling place. According to them, a person’s ability to understand
English was not immutable in the way a person’s race is; thus, applying the Voting
Rights Act in this way discouraged persons from learning English and, thereby,
perpetuated divisions in society. Some opponents were also concerned about
problems involved in accurately translating complex legal language from English to
another language. The Canadian problem with bilingualism often was cited as an
example of what would occur in the United States if we supported bilingual election
material. Some opposition to bilingual election materials was based on the fear that
it would corrupt the democratic process or would be expensive. The argument was
also made that bilingual ballots delayed the progress of certain ethnic groups, because
English is the language of this country and persons who do not speak it cannot
98 U.S. Congress, House, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Civil and
Constitutional Rights, hearings on Voting Rights Act: Bilingual Education, Expert Witnessndnd
Fees, and Presley, 102 Cong., 2 sess. (Washington: GPO, 1992), pp. 25-29.
99 U.S. Congress, House, Committee on the Judiciary, Voting Rights Language Assistance
Reauthorization and Modification of Section 203
In addressing the extension and modification of Section 203 of the Voting
Rights Act, some leaders of Hispanic, Asian and Native American populations
offered evidence showing how the provision of bilingual voting assistance had
impacted their communities and how coverage of the act could be widened to ensure
that large numbers of limited-English speakers participated in the electoral process.
Hispanics. From 1980 to 1990, the Hispanic electorate increased greatly. The
Hispanic electorate grew by over 50%, while the national electorate increased by less
than 10%. Yet, Hispanics remained far behind the general voting population in
registering, voting, and electing Hispanic officials. Several factors have been cited
to explained this. One was that 37% of all Hispanics were non-citizens and thus
were ineligible to vote. A third of Hispanics were too young to vote. Low education
and income levels played a role in reducing Hispanic participation in the political
process. Some argued that the bilingual provisions of the Voting Rights Act needed
to be broadened and extended. They cited several million potential Hispanic voters
who were still unregistered in 1988 as an indication of the continued significant need
for language assistance.100
Many voting populations that had limited English language proficiency lived in
major metropolitan areas where the surrounding population was so large that the
limited-English population could not meet the 5% standard. For instance, the 69,000
Spanish monolinguals residing in Los Angeles in 1984 did not total 5% of the
population and, consequently, were denied bilingual voting assistance. In contrast,
a city of 100,000 residents with only 5,000 non-English speakers could qualify for
language assistance under the Voting Rights Act as amended. Examples of counties
that did not meet the 5% standard yet had sizeable limited-English-speaking
populations included Los Angeles County, California; Cook County, Illinois; Queens
County, New York; Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania; and Essex County, New
Some jurisdictions recognized the lack of federal voting protections for limited-
English speakers and, accordingly, passed state and municipal laws to provide
multilingual ballots. Others chose to supplement the provisions of the Voting Rights
Act by passing laws requiring affidavits to be in Spanish for Spanish speakers, by
providing interpreters for persons who do not speak, read, or write English, or by
providing for elections conducted in both Spanish and English. Still other states
chose not to take any action in this respect. Thus, nationally, there was no uniform
Act of 1992, report to accompany H.R. 4312, 102nd Cong., 2nd sess., H.Rept. 102-655
(Washington: GPO, 1992), pp. 777-779, 787-791; Subcommittee on Civil and
Constitutional Rights, hearings on Voting Rights Act, pp. 246-255.
100 Subcommittee on Civil and Constitutional Rights, hearings on Voting Rights Act, pp. 312-
316; National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials Educational Fund, The
Latino Vote in 1992 (Washington: NALEO Educational Fund, 1992), p. iv.
101 Sandra Guerra, “Voting Rights and the Constitution: The Disenfranchisement of Non-
English Speaking Citizens,” Yale Law Review, vol. 97, pp. 1423-1424.
bilingual voting coverage for limited-English speakers. In amending the Voting
Rights Act to assist language minorities, coverage in every jurisdiction was made the
Prior to 1982, in states and political subdivisions where the Director of the
Census found that more than 5% of eligible voters were members of a language
minority and that the illiteracy rate of these voters exceeded the national average,
Section 203 of the Voting Rights Act prohibited English-only elections. But in 1982,
after Congress amended Section 203, only those members of a minority “who do not
speak or understand English adequately enough to participate in the electoral
process” were covered. Congress intended for the formula that identified covered
jurisdictions to more accurately target bilingual assistance for those who needed it.
Some leaders of limited English populations questioned if that was indeed what had
To determine the English speaking comprehension element of the coverage
formula, the Bureau of the Census used wording that offered respondents four
choices — very well, well, not well, or not at all. Those who answered other than
“very well” were presumed to need bilingual voting assistance. Some advocates of
bilingual assistance for limited English populations claimed this wording gave a poor
indication of language ability. In using this method, many counties previously
required to provide Spanish language assistance no longer had to as a result of the
amendments of 1982. Some felt that this method of identifying limited English
minorities in need of language assistance was inadequate because it tended to
overestimate English proficiency.103
Asian Americans. Difficulties in voting were also experienced by large
Asian-American communities in California (Los Angeles, San Francisco and Santa
Clara counties) and three New York City counties (Kings, Queens, and New York).
Although the Asian American population had increased remarkably in the previous
decade, it was still not expected to meet the 5% trigger for bilingual assistance
coverage because the total State/county eligible Asian American voting population
was numerically small in large metropolitan areas. Two of the five counties
previously covered by Section 203 were no longer required to provide language
assistance in California. Also, because each individual Asian language group had to
qualify for Section 203 coverage on its own, frequently, a political subdivision was
not covered under Section 203. For instance, although the Asian or Pacific Islander
population in San Francisco county totaled over 200,000, the county was not required
to provide bilingual voting assistance because no one language assistance group met
individually all requirements of Section 203. San Francisco, the only mainland
county to provide Asian language assistance — in this case in Chinese — was
dropped from federal coverage even though Chinese Americans comprised the largest
102 Ibid., pp. 1423-1424.
103 U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on the Constitution,
The Voting Rights Act Language Assistance Amendments, 1992, hearings, 102nd Cong., 2nd
sess., on S. 2236, February 26, 1992 (testimony of Marshall Plummer, Vice-President of the
language minority group (over 127,000)104 in the county. (Because San Francisco
was obligated under the provisions of a Consent Decree to develop a comprehensive
voter registration outreach plan, the city had continued to provide language
assi st ance.)105
The language barrier reportedly prevented many Asian Americans from voting
and electing Asian Americans to office.106 According to a report of the Civil Rights
Commission, nearly 70% of the Asian-American population aged 15 and over were
foreign-born and a large number of Asian Americans had limited English proficiency
in the 1980 census. Using data based on the 1990 census, Charles Pei Wang,
Chairman of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, stated that close to 70% of the
Asian-American population is foreign-born and has limited-English proficiency. In
New York City, 31% of District 20’s approximately 140,000 residents were Asian
American, but Asian Americans were only 6.7% of registered voters. Some
attributed Asian-Americans’ limited success in electing more of their own to political
office to low Asian-American voter registration. Four out of five limited-English-
proficient Asian Americans stated that they would have voted more often if bilingual
assistance had been provided.107 Results of a survey of Asian and Pacific Islander
Americans in Los Angeles indicated support for the bilingual provisions. Eighty-four
percent of all respondents believed that bilingual ballots would be helpful. Of
American-born respondents, 77.7% thought bilingual ballots would be helpful, while
Since many non-English-speaking citizens relied on the oral assistance
mandated by Section 203, advocates argued that reauthorization of Section 203
would prevent voting obstacles to these citizens and increase their participation in the
political process. To more accurately determine eligible limited-English-speaking
populations, they suggested that the coverage formula include a numerical threshold
in addition to the 5% calculation feature.
Native Americans. Native Americans comprised less than 1% of the total
population of the United States. Since they did not exceed 5% of most counties, the
5% threshold would not have protected their voting rights. Native American leaders
argued that Section 203’s definition of a “political subdivision” as a county or parish
ineffectively identified limited-English Native Americans who lived on reservations
104 Asian Week, May 17, 1991, p. 1.
105 Subcommittee on Civil and Constitutional Rights, Voting Rights Act, p. 207, pp. 284-285.
106 Su Sun Bai, “Affirmative Pursuit of Political Equality for Asian Pacific Americans:
Reclaiming the Voting Rights Act,” University of Pennsylvania Law Review, vol. 139, pp.
107 U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on the Constitution,
The Voting Rights Act Language Assistance Amendments, 1992, hearings, 102nd Cong., 2nd
sess., on S. 2236, p. 162; U.S. Civil Rights Commission, Civil Rights Issues Facing Asian
Americans in the 1990s, pp. 158-162.
108 Asian-Pacific American Legal Center of Southern California’s Language Rights Project,
Voting Rights Survey: Asian and Pacific Islander Americans in Los Angeles, January-
because many reservations included two or more counties and sometimes crossed
state boundaries. They believed their unique history and demography created an
atypical situation for Section 203’s definition of a political subdivision, and that
because of this the reservation, not the county or parish, should have been the
standard of comparison.
As a result of the amendments of 1982, many counties with significant numbers
of limited-English Native American residents were no longer required to provide
language assistance for them. For example, in New Mexico, two counties were no
longer required to provide language assistance to Native Americans. Six out of eight
counties in South Dakota; four out of five in North Dakota; 24 out of 25 counties in
Oklahoma, and six out of seven counties in Montana no longer were required by
federal law to provide language assistance to Native Americans.109
There was evidence that on at least one reservation the availability of language
assistance had been split along county lines. As a result, Indians residing on a
reservation in one county received language assistance while others living on the
same reservation but in another county did not.110
Another anomalous result of the 1982 amendments occurred when counties
contained two tribes, each speaking a different language. Under provisions of
Section 203, the tribe that met the 5% single language minority threshold received
language assistance while the other did not. Therefore, some Native American
representatives supported amending Section 203 to prohibit English-only elections
where limited-English Indian speakers of voting age:
(1) lived on or near a reservation or other identifiable Indian community (such
as the Pueblo communities in New Mexico), and
(2) exceeded 5% of the American Indian voting age population of that
reservation or community.
Cost of Bilingual Election Assistance
A major objection to extension of Section 203 was related to the costs for states
of providing bilingual voting assistance to limited-English speakers. Information
provided on the costs of bilingual election materials in San Francisco and New York
showed the costs as minimal. The San Francisco Registrar of Voters office in San
Francisco reported total costs for the November 1991 election was $1.1 million; total
costs for providing bilingual materials was $42,000 or less than 4%. The New York
City Board of Elections reported the costs of preparing 15,000 Chinese and Korean-
language election assistance brochures for the 1991 City Council election was about111
$3,300. Chinese language interpreters were hired also at minimal costs.
109 Subcommittee on the Constitution, hearings on Voting Rights Act Language Assistance
Amendments of 1992, p. 183.
111 House Subcommittee on Civil and Constitutional Rights, Voting Rights Act, pp. 296,
Written. In 1986, the General Accounting Office (GAO) prepared a report on
the costs and use of bilingual voting assistance during the November 6, 1984, general
election that was based on data obtained through exit polls it sponsored in Texas, and
responses from covered state governments. Of 295 jurisdictions that responded to
the GAO questionnaire, an estimated 83 incurred $388,000 in additional costs to
provide written assistance. This figure represents an average of about 7.6% of their
total costs for the general election. GAO estimated that 18 additional states provided
written assistance but incurred no costs to do so.
Additional costs associated with the provision of minority language text in
election publications resulted from translating text into the minority language, higher
printing costs for using more paper and ink, and because of the extra time needed for112
typesetting and proofreading.
Oral. Of 259 responding jurisdictions that reported providing oral assistance,
GAO estimated no additional costs were incurred by 205. An estimated 15 of these
jurisdictions did not know the amount of additional costs they incurred in providing
bilingual assistance. The 39 jurisdictions that provided oral assistance spent about
$30,000 for it. This figure represents an average of about 2.8% of their costs to hold
the November 1984 general election.
A majority of jurisdictions did not incur costs for providing oral assistance for
several reasons. Some did not hire additional workers; rather, they found poll
workers who were able to converse in the covered minority language. Usually,
jurisdictions paid bilingual and monolingual poll workers at the same rate. In other
cases, rather than hiring a bilingual worker for polling places, they made someone
available if the polling place indicated a need for language assistance. Even then,
standby workers were often unpaid volunteers or were paid only if they actually
provided oral assistance at the polling place.113
Use of Language Assistance
According to GAO, 80% of 277 jurisdictions in Texas that had provided written
assistance on official ballots could not estimate the number of people who used the
assistance. Jurisdictions lacked this information because they overwhelmingly used
a bilingual format for election materials with both English and the minority language
in one document, and also used voting machines to accommodate the bilingual needs
Of the 49 officials who could estimate the use of minority language assistance
available on official ballots in their jurisdictions, 26 said that no one used the
assistance. Twenty-three officials using professional judgment, requests for ballots,
minority language statistics, and other methods, singularly or in combination,
112 United States General Accounting Office, Bilingual Voting Assistance, Costs of and Use
During the November 1984 General Election, report to the Congress by the Comptroller
General of the United States, GGD-86-134BR, September 1986 (Washington: 1986), pp.
113 Ibid., pp. 19-20.
estimated that from 1 to 7,500 people used the assistance on official ballots. Based
on exit poll interviews with voters, GAO estimated that 69,000 of approximately
275,000 Hispanics who voted in the 1,012 Texas precincts used written assistance
on election day.114
Seventy-four percent of responding jurisdictions that provided oral assistance
were unable to estimate the number of voters who received the assistance. Of the 62
jurisdictions that offered estimates of oral assistance, 29 reported that no one used the
assistance and 33 provided estimates ranging from one to 2,634 people. About
Key Provisions of the Voting Rights Language Assistance
Act of 1992
The Voting Rights Language Assistance Act of 1992 maintains language
assistance for selected language minority populations and offers coverage for
jurisdictions with significant populations that previously had not offered language116
assistance under federal mandate.
Bilingual Voting Materials Requirement (Section 203, (b))
Provisions of Section 203117 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 were extended for
Covered States and Political Subdivisions
The triggering mechanism of Section 203118 was strengthened by adding a
numerical threshold provision and by more effectively identifying Native Americans
who need language assistance. A state or political subdivision is a covered state or
political subdivision if the Director of the Census determines, based on census data,
that more than 5% of the citizens of voting age there are members of a single
language minority and are limited-English proficient; more than 10,000 of the
citizens of voting age are members of a single language minority and limited-English
proficient; or if a political subdivision contains all or any part of an Indian
reservation with more than 5% of the American Indian or Alaska Native citizens of
voting age within the reservation who are members of a single language minority and
who are limited-English proficient.
114 Ibid., p. 26.
115 Ibid., pp. 32-34.
116 P.L. 102-344, 106 Stat. 921; U.S. Congress, H.Rept. 102-655, p. 3.
117 42 U.S.C. § 1973aa-1a.
118 42 U.S.C. § 1973aa-1a.
Current Major Provisions of the Act
Following is a summary of the major provisions of the Voting Rights Act
including amendments of the VRA 2006 (P.L. 109-246) which will become effective
in August 2007.119
Coverage (Section 4(b))120
A state or political subdivision of a state is subject to the administrative
enforcement provisions of the act if it maintained a literacy test or device (such as the
requirement that a qualified voter vouch for the eligibility of a registration applicant)
as a condition for voter registration on November 1 of 1964, 1968 or 1972. A state
or political subdivision of a state also is subject to the enforcement provisions of the
act if either less than 50% of age-eligible citizens were registered to vote or less than
50% of such citizens voted in the presidential election held in the year in which it
used such a test or device. A jurisdiction is considered to have used a literacy test on
November 1, 1972, if more than 5% of its voting-age population were of a single
language minority (American Indian, Alaskan Native, Asian American or of Spanish
heritage) and it conducted elections with exclusively English-language materials or
assi st ance.121
Suspension of Tests and Devices (Section 4(a))122
Jurisdictions covered under the act through one of the coverage formulas of
Section 4(b) may not use any test or device as a condition of voter registration. With
respect to jurisdictions covered through 1972 criteria, suspension of tests and devices
means providing electoral materials and assistance in the language of the applicable
language minority as well as in English.
Preclearance of Election-Law Changes (Section 5)123
Covered jurisdictions are required to submit for federal review any change in
law affecting elections before putting such a law into effect. Jurisdictions that have
been covered because they used literacy tests for voter registration and had low
political participation in the 1964, 1968 or 1972 presidential election must submit
119 For further discussion of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, as amended, see the following
reports: CRS Report RS21593, Redistricting and the Voting Rights Act: A Legal Analysis
of Georgia v. Ashcroft, by L. Paige Whitaker, and CRS Report RS21585, Congressional
Redistricting: Is At-Large Representation Permitted in the House of Representatives?, by
David C. Huckabee and L. Paige Whitaker.
120 42 U.S.C. § 1973b.
121 Jurisdictions covered under Section 4(b) are listed in 28 C.F.R. Pt. 51.54, Appendix.
Those covered for language minorities are also listed in 28 C.F.R. Pt. 55.24, Appendix. This
Appendix indicates the minority language applicable for each jurisdiction.
122 42 U.S.C. § 1973b(a)(1).
123 42 U.S.C. § 1973c.
election-law changes made since November 1 of 1964, 1968, 1972, respectively.
They must submit such changes in law either to the U.S. Justice Department or the
U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia to ensure that any new law affecting
elections neither has the purpose nor will have the effect of denying or abridging
voting rights on account of race, color or language-minority status. The jurisdiction
may put a new law into effect only after it has been submitted to the Attorney
General and the latter has not objected to it within 60 days.
Federal Election Observers (Section 8)124
Whenever a court or the Attorney authorizes appointment of observers for a
political subdivision, the Director of the Office of Personnel Management (OPM)
must assign as many election observers as the Director deems appropriate for each
subdivision. In response to written meritorious complaints from residents, elected
officials, or civic participation organizations that covered voters are either
experiencing discrimination or are likely to experience discrimination, the Attorney
General can certify that the right to vote in a political jurisdiction is being denied or
abridged. In determining whether observers should be assigned to a political
subdivision, the Attorney General can consider, among other factors, whether the
ratio of nonwhite persons to white persons registered to vote is reasonable or whether
there is substantial evidence that bona fide efforts are being made to comply with thethth
Conditions for Release From Coverage (Section 4(a))125
A covered state or political subdivision of a state may be released from required
preclearance of election law changes under Section 5 and from being subject to
assignment both of examiners or of observers if it can meet several specified
conditions. The state or political subdivision of a state must be able to demonstrate
in an action for a declaratory judgment in the U.S. District Court for the District of
Columbia that during the previous 10 years it has:
(1) not used a discriminatory test or device for voter registration;
(2) not been found in a court case to have denied or abridged voting rights, and
it has not agreed through a consent decree to discontinue any discriminatory
practice with respect to voting;
(3) precleared all election-law changes with the Justice Department or with the
U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia;
(4) not received a single objection to an election-law change submitted for
(5) not been assigned a federal examiner;
(6) promoted political participation by racial or language minorities; and
(7) collected presentable evidence of minority registration, voting and other
124 42 U.S.C. § 1973f.
125 42 U.S.C. 1973b.
The U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia is to retain jurisdiction over
any action for release from coverage for 10 years, and is to reopen the case whenever
during that time period either the Attorney General or an aggrieved person alleges
that voting discrimination has occurred in the jurisdiction.
A jurisdiction cannot be released from coverage while it is defending itself in
a voting rights case, unless the case was filed in court after the jurisdiction initiated
a court action for release from coverage.
Termination of Coverage Provisions (Section 4(a))126
Congress shall reconsider provisions that require preclearance of election-law
changes and assignments of examiners and election observers in 25 years. These
provisions will expire in 2032.
Prohibitions of English-Language Literacy Requirement for
Citizens Educated in American Schools (Section 4(e))127
Any citizen educated in an American-flag school in which classroom instruction
is given in a language other than English (e.g., a public school in Puerto Rico in
which instruction is given in Spanish) may not be denied the right to vote because he
or she cannot meet an English-language literacy requirement.
Prohibits Intimidation of Any Qualified Person from Voting
Section 11 prohibits any person whether acting under color of law or otherwise
(1) failing or refusing to permit any qualified person from voting in general,128
special, or primary federal elections;
(2) refusing to count the vote of a qualified person; or
(3) intimidating any one attempting to vote or any one who is assisting a person
in voting under certain provisions of this act.
Bilingual-Election Requirement (Section 203)129
A state or political subdivision in which the Census Bureau determines that
citizens of voting age who number more than 10,000 or who comprise 5% of a single
language minority and whose illiteracy rate (failure to complete the 5th grade) is
126 42 U.S.C. § 1973b.
127 42 U.S.C. § 1973aa-1a.
128 That is, office of the President, the Vice President, presidential elector, Member of the
United States Senate, Member of the House of Representatives, Delegates or Commissioners
from the territories or possessions, and the Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico.
129 42 U.S.C. 1973aa-1a.
higher than the national illiteracy rate must be provided with election materials and
assistance in the language of the applicable minority as well as in English. If more
than 5% of the American Indian or Alaska Native citizens of voting age on an Indian
reservation that is either partially or wholly within a political subdivision are
members of a single language minority and are limited-English proficient, then
bilingual services must be provided them. Only members of a language minority
who cannot read English well enough to use English-language election materials are
counted. This bilingual election requirement will expire on August 6, 2032.130
Data Used to Determine Jurisdictions Covered By Bilingual
Election Assistance Requirements. New provisions of the VRA require that
instead of using census data exclusively, that data to determine whether a state or
political subdivision is covered by the bilingual election assistance requirements be
based on “the 2010 American Community Survey census data and subsequent
American Community Survey census data and subsequent American Community
Survey (ACS) data in five-year increments, or comparable census data.”131
Litigation Expenses (Section 14(e))132
At the court’s discretion, the prevailing party (other than the United States) can
be allowed a reasonable attorney’s fee as well as reasonable expert fees and other
litigation expenses incurred as part of any action or proceeding to enforce the VRA.
Nationwide Literacy Test Ban (Section 201)133
Every jurisdiction in the country is forbidden to impose a literacy test or device,
such as a voucher requirement, as a condition for voter registration.
Registration and Voting Statistics (Section 207)134
The Census Bureau is to compile statistics in every covered jurisdiction showing
the extent to which all citizens of voting age and all such citizens by race, color and
national origin registered and voted in every congressional election after January 1,
1974. It is also to compile these statistics in any jurisdiction and for any election
designated by the U.S. Civil Rights Commission. No person whom the Census
Bureau questions may be compelled to state his or her race, color, national origin,
political party affiliation or how he or she voted.
130 Jurisdictions covered under Section 203 are listed in 28 C.F.R. Pt. 55.24, Appendix. The
listing indicates the applicable minority language for each jurisdiction.
131 120 STAT. 581.
132 120 STAT 581.
133 42 U.S.C. 1973aa.
134 42 U.S.C. § 1973aa-5.
Limitation of Residence Requirements for Voting (Section
No state may deny any citizen the right to vote in a Presidential election if he or
she registers to vote at least 30 days prior to the election. If a citizen moves to
another state after the 30th day preceding a Presidential election, that person may
vote in his or her former state.
If a citizen applies for an absentee ballot seven days before a presidential
election, then no state may deny him or her the right to vote in the election.
General Prohibition of Discriminatory Voting Laws (Section
Section 2 prohibits any state or political subdivision of a state from putting into
effect an election law that results in a denial or abridgment of voting rights on
account of race, color or language-minority (American Indian, Alaskan Native, Asian
American or of Spanish heritage) status.
A court may find a violation of Section 2 if a protected class is disadvantaged
by official and social discrimination and either political nominating processes or a
method of election denies to the protected class equal opportunity to elect to office
candidates of its own choice. Section 2 does not grant to any protected class a right
to elect a number of candidates to public office in proportion to the percentage that
class comprises of the total electorate.
Civil Actions to Enforce Compliance (Section 12(d))137
Section 12(d) authorizes the Attorney General to seek compliance enforcement
through the federal district courts.
Presidential Election of 2000
On November 7, 2000, American citizens went to the polls to cast their votes
for President of the United States. Not everyone’s vote, however, was counted.
Some charge that election irregularities and minority vote dilution involving African
Americans, ethnic groups such as Hispanics and Haitians, as well as white Americans
that occurred in jurisdictions in a number of states, effectively disfranchised
thousands of citizens. Although other states have been accused of having voting
irregularities, the state of Florida has come under particular scrutiny. A number of
investigations into the election procedures and experiences of voters have been
135 42 U.S.C. § 1973aa-1.
136 42 U.S.C. § 1973b.
137 42 U.S.C. § 1973(j)(e).
conducted by civil rights groups, the state of Florida, the federal government, and the
Because of the kind and extent of alleged voting irregularities that were reported
to elected officials and civil rights organizations, the National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) held a hearing in Florida on November
11, 2000. It promised to hold hearings on the election experiences of voters in
Michigan, California, Massachusetts, Missouri and, perhaps, Maryland. Based on
testimony provided by some Floridians of their experiences on election night,
national civil rights organizations such as the NAACP, Lawyers Committee for Civil
Rights under Law, the Advancement Project, People for the American Way, and the
American Civil Liberties Union, among others, alleged that provisions of the Voting
Rights Act of 1965, as amended, were violated. Problems broadly identified included
the registration process, election procedures, election equipment, training of election
staff, and discriminatory practices at polling precincts. Specifically, Florida election
officials were accused of:
!Failing to provide bilingual ballots;
!Purging of names, disproportionately of black individuals, from
county voting lists;
!Eliminating, in error, thousands of individuals from registration lists
on the grounds that they were felons;
!Training poll workers inadequately;
!Denying Haitian-Americans access to translators and language
!Intimidating African Americans on their way to the polls by using an
unauthorized traffic checkpoint near a voting precinct;
!Failing to pick up some ballot boxes in African-American
!Refusing, when asked, to provide new ballots to voters who made
!Telling individuals that they had voted when they had not voted;
!Changing designated polling places without advance notice or
without adequate notice to the community;
!Sending individuals from one precinct to another only for the
individuals to find that they were not on the registration lists or that
it was too late to vote;
!Asking some minority voters for photo identification while not
asking the same of white voters;
!Denying some voters the right to vote because of minor
discrepancies between their names as they appeared on registration
lists and on the photo-ID they presented, such as the absence of a
!Failing to process registration applications and to provide voting
cards in a timely manner, resulting in some voters’ names not
appearing on the voting list;
!Failing to send requested absentee ballots to individuals and then
refusing to let these same individuals vote when they appeared at the
precinct to vote; and
!Using antiquated and error prone equipment in minority precincts,
which resulted in a disproportionate number of African-American
votes not being counted.138
Florida Task Force
In response to the close presidential election of November 2000 and concerns
expressed regarding election procedures, standards, and technology used in counties
in Florida, Governor Jeb Bush, on December 14, 2000, through Executive Order
Number 00-349, created the Select Task Force on Election Procedures, Standards and
Technology (hereafter, Task Force on Election Procedures). By March 1, 2001, the
Task Force on Election Procedures was to have studied and have written policy
recommendations and/or proposed legislation to improve the election procedures,
standards, and technology used in Florida counties. Governor Bush stated that the
U.S. Department of Justice was the appropriate body to address complaints of
residents that some polls were closed even though individuals were still in line to
vote, that election officials used lists that they knew were inaccurate to remove
individuals from voting rolls, and that on election night law enforcement officers
conducted traffic stops near some black precincts. Given the tight schedule within
which it had to operate, the Governor advised the Task Force on Election Procedures
to limit its scope and come up with a series of recommendations for the Florida
l egi sl at ure.”139
At its first meeting on January 2001, several members of the Task Force on
Election Procedures made recommendations, among which were to:
!offer provisional ballots to persons whose voting registration was
!end state runoff elections to extend the time between primary and
!replace antiquated voting systems that used punch cards, paper
ballots, or lever-operated voting machines with optical scanners; and
!create a statewide database that allowed instant verification of a
voter’s registration in the state.
Estimates of the cost of providing election equipment that would minimize the
difficulty individuals had in casting their votes included a total of $45 million to
provide an optical scanning ballot system in each of the 4,555 precincts in Florida
138 Press Release, Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, January 10, 2001, at
[ h t t p : / / www.l a wye r s c omm.or g/ 2005website/publications/press/press011001statement.html ].
139 Klas, Mary Ellen, “Election Officials Urge Purchase of Optical Scanners,” Palm Beach
Post, January 9, 2001, p. 1A.
and $200 million for a statewide database that would verify instantly the registration
status of a voter in the state.140
Final Report of Florida Task Force. In March 2001, the Select Task Force
on Election Procedures, Standards and Technology submitted its final report to
Governor Jeb Bush. Its major recommendations addressed upgrading the voting
system technology, recount and vote certification issues, voter registration and
absentee voting. The Task Force recommended: a certified voting system based on
a minimum standard of precinct-tabulation optical scan technology; a state grant or
loan program for counties to lease or purchase precinct-tabulation optical scan
technology; decertification of punch card, mechanical lever, and manual paper ballots
and central-tabulation optical scan voting systems for the 2002 election; and
continuing review of new voting systems, such as touch-screen technology for use
in future elections.
For recount and vote certification issues, the recommendation was to pass
legislation which provides that a machine count of votes is presumed correct unless
it can be shown clearly that there is a machine tabulation error; only ballots not
counted by otherwise properly functioning machines would be subject to manual
recounts; manual recounts would apply to all counties involved in multi-county
district, statewide, and federal elections; a clear threshold for invoking a manual
recount process that is distinct from a need to determine the outcome of an election
be statutorily established; manual recounts would apply to an entire county rather
than selected precincts; and statutorily clarifies the basis upon which results of an
election may be contested.
For voter registration the Task Force recommended that $3 million be provided
to design a statewide centralized voter registration database.
The Task Force would repeal the statutory restrictions for voting an absentee
ballot; statutorily clarify that errors in absentee ballots should not automatically be
thrown out; and continue the absentee voting via the Internet for eligible voters who
While commending the report, Commissioner Chairperson Mary Frances Berry
said the election involved more than just poor technology but that voter
disenfranchisement appeared to be at the heart of the issue. “It is not a question of
a recount or even an accurate count, but more pointedly the issue is those whose141
exclusion from the right to vote amounted to a ‘No Count.’”
Florida Election Law. On May 9, 2001, Governor Jeb Bush signed into law
the Florida Election Reform Act of 2001. The legislation for the most part included
many of the recommendations of the Task Force on the Election. The law’s
140 Iorio, Pam, “Election Officials Urge Purchase of Optical Scanner Recommendations
Could Cost $245 Million,” Palm Beach Post, January 9, 2000, p. 1A.
141 World Socialist Web Site, White, Jerry, “U.S. Commission on Civil Rights Charges
“Voter Disenfranchisement...at Heart” of Bush Victory in Florida,” March 10, 2001, at
[ h t t p : / / www.wsws.or g/ ar t i c l e s/ 2001/ ma r 2001/ vo t e -m10.sht ml ]
provisions: require the use of precinct-based voting technology with touch screen
systems permitted which allow a voter to correct mistakes made while voting;
prohibit punch card and other antiquated voting systems; provide funding for
modernizing voting equipment, educating voters, training poll-workers, and to
develop a statewide centralized voter registration database by June 2002; allow a
provisional ballot to be counted; clarify and provide standards for recounting votes;
and require the posting of a Voter’s Bill of Rights and Responsibilities in each
polling place in the state.
Both the Department of Justice (DOJ) and the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights
(CCR) provided a federal presence in Florida. DOJ reviewed a number of allegations
of voting irregularities in the state. At a press conference on March 7, 2001, Attorney
General Ashcroft revealed his voting rights initiative. He recommended the
appointment of a senior counsel who would examine the 2000 elections for good
practices to share with states and local governments in their voting reform efforts.
He also offered to share DOJ’s 35 years of experience on voting issues with states
and local governments. In coordination with local governments, he supported
increasing DOJ’s assistance in monitoring and observing elections. In addition, the
Attorney General increased the number of attorneys in the Voting Section of DOJ
from 36 to 44. In response to the thousands of complaints of citizens and
organizations of voter irregularities, he stated that DOJ would investigate and
prosecute if provisions of the Voting Rights Act or the National Voter Registration
Act were violated. When asked if in DOJ’s review of voting irregularities it found
fraud, the Attorney General declined comment.142
On January 11 and 12, 2001, the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, in trying to
determine if any violations of the Voting Rights Act occurred during the November
2000 elections, held hearings in Tallahassee, Florida. The Commission questioned
Governor Jeb Bush, Secretary of State Katherine Harris, State Attorney General
Robert Butterworth, Director of Florida Division of Elections Clayton Roberts, and
some county election supervisors on election procedures in the state, including
interacting with election supervisors, training staff, educating voters, handling
complaints of fraud, and recounting ballots. Some citizens testified that they had
problems trying to vote at different stages of the process. Attorney General
Butterworth’s office received 2,500 complaints from voters on use of the butterfly
ballot, an unauthorized traffic checkpoint that was near a voting precinct, and poll
workers’ refusal to provide on request second ballots to voters.
Governor Bush testified that the Florida Secretary of State, not his office, was
responsible for carrying out elections. Secretary of State Harris said that her office
was responsible for candidates’ qualification for state and federal offices and for
district elections that involved more than one county, for campaign finance reports,
and for maintaining a central voter file. She directed questions to the elections
director, Clayton Roberts, who implemented state election codes and handled daily
142 Attorney General John Ashcroft, U.S. Department of Justice, News Conference, March
operations. Mr. Roberts, on the other hand, stated that control of local elections was
the responsibility of county elections supervisors.143
Some election supervisors complained that Secretary Harris’s office did not
provide financial assistance for non-partisan voter education projects or pay for
mailing sample ballots as requested. Mr. Roberts testified that the state spent about
$7,000 for voter education efforts and several hundred thousand dollars for a voter
fraud hot line. According to Ion Sancho, Leon County election supervisor, this
compared to $30 million that Florida spent some years on educating people on how
to play Lotto.144 When questioned about difficulties citizens encountered in trying
to vote, including vote recounts, and the role of the Secretary of State, Roberts
replied that while Secretary Harris had statutory responsibility to set standards for
conducting elections and any recounts, she lacked the legal authority to set those
standards, so she didn’t set any.145
Commission Chairperson Mary Frances Berry stated that intent as a motive was
not necessary to rule that violations of the Voting Rights Act occurred; rather, a
pattern of neglect and/or incompetence would suffice. Although CCR cannot apply
specific remedies, it can recommend civil and/or criminal penalties for persons
responsible for civil rights violations.146
Final Report of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. The Commission
on Civil Rights released its report on June 8, 2001. The report was endorsed by eight
of the 10 commissioners. The findings of the report were based on three days of
hearings, interviews with over 100 witnesses and the review of over 118,000
documents. While not finding “conclusive evidence” that Florida officials conspired
to disenfranchise voters, the Commission charged Governor Jeb Bush and his
secretary of state, Katherine Harris, with “gross dereliction” of duty for ignoring the
problem despite “mounting evidence” of it. Harris’ rejection of a budget proposal
to spend $100,000 for voter education is cited. The report found the extraordinary
feature in the Florida election to be widespread voter disenfranchisement, not the
dead-heat contest. The report concluded that Florida’s electoral system was unjust,
inept, and inefficient, which resulted in the disenfranchisement of thousands of black
residents. The Commission found that black voters were disproportionately the
victims of faulty voting equipment, erroneous purging of voter lists, switching of
polling places at the last minute, and potential intimidation by the presence of police
at heavily black voting precincts. Blacks, who were 11% of voters statewide,
comprised 54% of votes rejected during the Florida election. Further, it found that
some Hispanic and Haitians voters were denied access to ballots in their native
143 U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, hearings held in Tallahassee, Florida, C-SPAN,
January 11-12, 2001; St. Petersburg Times, January 12, 2001, p. 1A.
144 Pressley, Sue Anne, “Florida Panel: Money Key to Election Reforms,” Washington Post,
January 10, 2001, p. A3.
145 The Nation, at [http://www.thenation.com/doc.mhtml?i=20010716&s=lantigua0115].
146 Robinson, Andrea, “Governor Refuses Blame for Florida Election Problems,” Miami
Herald, January 12, 2001.
tongue or bilingual assistance by poll workers.147 Some specific findings of the
!black voters were nearly 10 times as likely as whites to have their
!there were no clear guidelines to protect eligible voters from being
erroneously purged from the state list of felons, people with dual
registrations and the deceased;
!election supervisors in counties with the worst problems failed to
prepare adequately for the election or to demand adequate resources;
!the Florida Division of elections failed to educate voters on how to
Commission Chairperson Mary Frances Berry stated that she hoped the report
findings would encourage both the state of Florida and Congress to initiate reforms.
Berry wanted the Justice Department to probe further and determine whether the
obstacles minority voters encountered while trying to vote constituted a violation of
the Voting Rights Act. In addition, she wanted DOJ to get Florida officials to act,
either by taking them to court or by getting a voluntary agreement from them not to
let this be repeated. The office of the Attorney General of Florida said that it was
investigating allegations of civil rights violations and would give “due consideration”
to the Commission’s report. A spokesman for the Department of Justice said that
thousands of complaints from citizens were investigated and by early January, all but
12 of them had been closed. Those complaints still under review involved possible
violations of the Voting Rights Act. The Justice Department was trying to determine
if a lack of bilingual ballots and an insufficient number of Spanish-speaking poll
workers prevented some Spanish-speaking voters from casting a ballot. In Osceola
County, with an Hispanic population of 29%, the election supervisor refused to print
ballots in Spanish.149
Two dissenting members of the Commission charged it with using
“inflammatory language” and stated that its findings were not supported by facts.
They cited blacks’ lower education levels, the high volume of voters, and in
particular, the high volume of first-time voters, who they claimed always made more
mistakes. Another criticism offered by others was that the report claimed that blacks
suffered from inferior voting equipment; a charge that was refuted in a study by
Stephen Knack and Martha Kropf. The Washington Post conducted a computer
147 The Guardian, (Manchester, UK), Borger, Julian, “Jeb Bush Blamed for Unfair Florida
Election: Civil Rights Commission Says Minorities Were Disenfranchised by Governor’s
‘Gross Dereliction’ in Ignoring Problems,” June 6, 2001, p. 1.10
148 The Washington Post, Pierre, Robert E. and Peter Slevin, “Fla. Vote Rife With
Disparities, Study Says Rights Panel Finds Blacks Penalized,” June 5, 2001, p. A01.
149 Wall Street Journal, Calmes, Jackie, “Rights Report on 2000 Vote Fuels Debate Clouded
by Ambiguities,” June 11, 2001, p. A.24. See “Who Uses Inferior Voting Technology?” by
Stephen Knack and Martha Kropf; The Washington Post, Pierre, Robert E., “Rights Panel
Duo Fault Report; GOP Appointees Say Findings of Bias Are not Defensible,” June 6, 2001,
analysis of the election which revealed that the more black and Democratic a
precinct, the more likely it was to suffer high rates of invalidated votes.”150
Spokespersons for some civil rights organizations found the Commission’s
report consistent with their findings. Barbara Arnwine of the Lawyers Committee
of Civil Rights Under Law said that the action of state authorities was “a violation
of the fundamental trust that we all give to state-elected officials to protect our right
to vote.” Kweisi Mfume of the NAACP commented that the report “underscores
officially what most of us have known all along.”151
One estimate of the number of votes undercounted (ballots where no vote for
president was recorded) in Florida was between 40,000 and 60,000. The Miami
Herald and its parent company, Knight Ridder, hired BDO Seidman, a national
accounting firm, to conduct an in-depth review of ballots in all of Florida’s 67
counties. The Palm Beach Post contributed to the cost of reviewing ballots in
Miami-Dade and Palm Beach counties and conducted an independent review of
ballots in Martin and St. Lucie counties. The Assistant Managing Editor of the
Herald, Mark Seibel, said the purpose of the effort was “to provide an answer to
people who are wondering what would have happened if the U.S. Supreme Court had
not stepped into the Florida election.” The Herald permitted reporters to observe the
count in all counties. Only the results of BDO Seidman’s observations were
reported. While there was no deadline for completing its project, the paper hoped to
finish before the Florida legislature met in March 2001.
A group of news organizations and Florida newspapers contracted with the
National Opinion Research Center (NORC), a University of Chicago survey research
organization, to conduct an “inventory” of Florida’s 180,000 uncounted ballots “to
better understand what went wrong” and “document history.” These ballots included
both undervotes and overvotes, that is, two or more votes for president.152 This
consortium was composed of the Associated Press, Tribune Publishing newspapers
including the Sun-Sentinel and the Orlando Sentinel, the New York Times, the Wall
Street Journal, the Washington Post, CNN, the St. Petersburg Times, and the Palm
Beach Post. The estimated cost of this study was at least $500,000.153
As a result of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, initially, the
consortium of print and television media postponed the scheduled analysis of
disputed ballots from the presidential election because it was believed that the
150 Ibid; The Washington Post, Pierre, “Fla. Vote Rife With Disparities,” June 5, 2001, p.
151 The Guardian, (Manchester,UK), Borger, Julian, “Jeb Bush Blamed for Unfair Florida
Election,” June 6, 2001, p. 1.10.
152 Brinkley-Rogers, Paul, “News Units Hire Researcher for Second Study of Ballot,”Miami
Herald, January 10, 2001.
disclosure might cause political partisanship at a time of national crisis.154 As
reported in The New York Times on November 12, 2001, the findings of the
consortium study, which examined many hypothetical ways of recounting Florida
ballots, differed depending on the method employed. Two examples of methods used
follow. If the recount of disputed ballots were carried out as the Florida Supreme
Court ordered, which the U.S. Supreme Court halted, then Mr. Bush would have won
by 493 votes. An examination of undervotes and overvotes that voting machines
rejected revealed that 24,619 ballots could have been interpreted as legal votes. Had
a statewide-recount been conducted (which Mr. Gore rejected as impractical), then
Mr. Gore would have been declared the victor. The consortium study, in providing
a comprehensive review of uncounted ballots in Florida, hoped to contribute to the
creation of more accurate and reliable voting systems.
Lawsuits were filed by various civil rights groups in state and federal courts
challenging voting policies and practices in some states’ electoral processes. On
January 10, 2001, the NAACP and other civil rights organizations filed a class action
lawsuit (NAACP v. Katherine Harris, et al), in the U.S. District Court Southern
District, (Miami) against Katherine Harris, Clayton Roberts, elections supervisors
from seven counties, and Choicepoint, Inc.155 Plaintiffs maintained that electoral
practices in Florida violated the l4th Amendment and both federal and state voting
rights statutes. They contended that in predominantly black precincts names were
wrongfully purged from registration lists, voter registrations were improperly
processed, foreign-language assistance was not provided for voters who requested it,
and antiquated voting equipment was used. According to NAACP, all of these
practices violated the Voting Rights Act of 1965, as amended. Plaintiffs were not
seeking to overturn the election results; rather, they said that they wanted to restore
integrity to the electoral process in the state. Improvements in the electoral process
that they wanted included eliminating unreliable voting equipment and replacing it
with reliable and uniformly administered voting systems and procedures, maintaining
a list of inactive voters at polling places, providing an alternative method for
individuals whose names do not appear on the registration list, informing individuals
at polling places of their rights to assistance, and appointing federal examiners
(pursuant to provisions of the Voting Rights Act) in each of the defendant counties
for the next 10 years.156
154 See [http://dir.salon.com/news/feature/2001/09/29/democracy/index.html].
155 Choicepoint, Inc. is the firm that provided the Secretary of State of Florida a database of
persons identified as ineligible to vote because they were felons. The use of this list is
alleged to have resulted in the erroneous removal of thousands of individuals from voter
registration lists in the state.
156 Yee, Ivette M., “Civil-rights Suit Seeks Voting Overhaul,” Miami Herald, January 11,
Lawsuits filed in Illinois157 and Georgia158 by the American Civil Liberties
Union and others charged that both the equal protection clause of the 14th
Amendment and the Voting Rights Act were violated during the recent election. The
suits focused on the quality of counting devices used in elections in the states and the
high rate of disqualification of ballots that occurred in precincts with large black
The Douglass Institute of Government (DIG), however, challenged the
constitutionality of Florida’s presidential electors. According to DIG, the disparate
impact on African American voters in not having their votes counted in the
presidential election violated their due process rights and the right to equal protection
under the law — rights that Sections 1 and 2 of the 14th Amendment protect. DIG
asserted that redress is provided in Section 2 of the 14th Amendment. That is, the
slate of Florida’s presidential electors should have been reduced in proportion to the
protected class of disfranchised voters’ population of the state.
On December 29, 2000, Asa Gordon and Lawrence D. Jamison, members of
DIG and residents of the District of Columbia, filed suit (Gordon v. Albert Gore,
Jr.,-President of the U.S. Senate (l:00CV03112) in the U.S. District Court for the
District of Columbia to enjoin Albert Gore, Jr., President of the Senate, from
counting the full slate of Florida’s presidential electoral votes in Congress on January
6, 2001. DIG claimed that to allow Florida’s full slate of presidential electors to be
counted would have diluted and diminished the rights of presidential electors from
states that conformed with the 14th Amendment. On January 4, 2001, Judge Royce
C. Lamberth, the presiding judge, ruled that the plaintiffs lacked standing to maintain
the action and therefore were unlikely to have success based on the merits of the case.
Further, he questioned whether the ultimate relief that plaintiffs sought was a
political question because Congress would have to provide the relief.
Have provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, as amended been
violated? Several groups investigated the presidential election process in Florida
and came to different conclusions on what had transpired. Some civil rights
organizations held hearings in Florida and concluded that provisions of VRA had
been violated. Their investigations of Florida’s election process found flaws in the
registration process and in election procedures and equipment, inadequate training
for election staff, and discriminatory practices at polling precincts. In examining the
presidential election process, the Florida Task Force recommended changes to correct
weaknesses in the voting system technology, and registration and absentee voting
procedures. While the CCR did not find “conclusive evidence” that Florida officials
157 U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Black v. McGuffage (01C 0796);
U.S. District Court, Eastern Division (del Valle v. McGuffage); and Circuit Court of Cook
County, Illinois, County Department, Chancery Division, Tully v. Orr (01 CH 00959)
158 State of Georgia, Superior Court of Fulton County, Andrews v. Cox et al. (2001CV
159 Election Administration Reports, vol. 31, no. 2, January 22, 2001, pp. 1-3.
conspired to disenfranchise voters, it identified the major feature of the presidential
election in that state as the disenfranchisement of thousands of black voters.
According to the Department of Justice, after reviewing allegations of voting
irregularities in the presidential election of 2000, it has authorized five lawsuits
including three in Florida. It has closed 10 investigations in Florida.
Was the response to allegations of voting irregularities and minority vote
dilution timely? Some critics of the federal response to allegations of minorities
being discriminated against by election personnel charged that too much time elapsed
before the Department of Justice initiated its review. Some suggested that there
should be time frames within which DOJ must begin its investigation of voting
irregularities and respond to allegations of violations of VRA. Another proposal was
that DOJ should be required to intervene when the U.S. Attorney General receives
a designated number of written complaints from residents of a voting jurisdiction
who believe that they were denied the right to vote.
Are additional penalties needed to discourage future violations of VRA?
It was argued that present penalties for violations of the act are insufficient to prevent
future incidents as alleged to have occurred in the presidential election of 2000.
Proponents of this argument believed measures were needed to reduce or prevent the
likelihood of such incidents recurring. They suggested that Section 2 of the 14th
amendment be made a federal statute. That is, a state’s slate of presidential electors
would be reduced in proportion to the protected class of disfranchised voters’
population of the state. Opponents of this action stated that the VRA worked during
the election. They claimed that problems with voting were not because of fraud
directed specifically at minority voters covered by provisions of VRA; rather,
mechanical problems, lack of funding, and insufficient training of personnel caused
the voting irregularities. They pointed out that many states had established
commissions, had considered proposals, and, in some cases, had passed legislation
to address voting difficulties that were experienced during the presidential election
of 2000. Therefore, they concluded that federal intervention of this kind was
Many legislative proposals to address electoral reforms were introduced in the
107th Congress.160 Bills, however, that would have changed provisions of the Voting
Rights Act included H.R. 280 (King), H.Res. 139 (Cummings), and S. 738 (Smith,
On January 30, 2001, Congressman King introduced H.R. 280, the National
Language Act of 2001. This bill would have provided that English be the official
160 For a detailed account of the issue of electoral reform, see CRS Report RL30804, The
Electoral College: An Overview and Analysis of Reform, by L. Paige Whitaker; CRS Report
RL30747, Congressional Authority to Standardize National Election Procedures, by
Kenneth R. Thomas; and CRS Report RL30773, Voting Technologies in the United States,
by Eric A. Fischer.
language of the government of the United States, that is, that the federal government
conduct its official business in English, including publications, income tax forms,
and informational materials. The bill would have repealed the bilingual voting
requirements of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, as amended. It would also have
terminated bilingual educational programs. Provisions of H.R. 280 would not have
required that English be used for religious purposes, for training in foreign languages
for international communication, for school programs designed to teach foreign
languages, or by persons over 62 years of age. The bill would not have prevented the
federal government from providing interpreters for persons over 62 years of age.
H.R. 280 was referred to the Committees on the Judiciary and on Education and the
H.Res. 139, Expressing the Sense of Congress Regarding Commitment to the
Voting Rights Act of 1965, was introduced by Representative Elijah E. Cummings
on May 9, 2001. The bill would have expressed the sense of Congress that it: would
condemn election procedures that dilute and disfranchise the minority vote and any
person acting under color of law or intimidating, or denying eligible persons the right
to vote; would recognize the importance of the 15th amendment; and would reaffirm
its commitment to the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Further, the bill would have
expressed the sense of Congress that the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights should
compile data on and investigate allegations of voting irregularities during the
November 7, 2000 presidential election and report on them to Congress and the
Department of Justice. H.Res. 139 would have expressed the sense of Congress that
a top priority of the President Attorney General, and the Department of Justice should
be: to eliminate minority vote dilution and disfranchisement; investigate thoroughly
all charges of election irregularities, minority vote dilution, and disfranchisement;
under provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 bring suit in federal court against
racially discriminatory practices, and federal criminal charges for voting fraud or
intimidation involving racial bias in local or state elections; and explore options to
prevent disfranchisement of voters in future elections. House Resolution 139 was
referred to the House Committee on the Judiciary.
Senator Bob Smith introduced S. 738, Armed Forces Voting Rights Protection
Act of 2001, on April 6, 2001. This bill would have amended the Voting Rights Act
of 1965. It would have required that every vote cast by an absentee or overseas
member of the military be counted. S. 738 would have prohibited the
disqualification of such an absentee ballot for failure beyond the voter’s control (i.e.,
absence of a postmark, lack of a witness signature, address, or other identifying
information) if the ballot otherwise met timely submission requirements. The bill
would have provided for a fine of not more than $5000 and a maximum
imprisonment of five years or both for a person who disqualifies, refuses to count,
or otherwise negates the absentee or overseas vote of a member of the U.S. military
who is qualified to vote in a state. S. 738 was referred to the Senate Committee on
Rules and Administration.
On February 26, 2003, Representative King introduced H.R. 931, The National
Language Act of 2003. H.R. 931 would have repealed bilingual voting requirements
of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, as amended. The bill would have also terminated
bilingual educational programs. H.R. 931 would have provided that English be the
official language of the U.S. government. It would not have prevented, however, the
federal government from providing interpreters for persons over 62 years of age.
H.R. 931 was referred to the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.
The 109th Congress considered a number of proposals concerning the
reauthorization of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, as amended. Among them were
H.R. 997, the English Language Unity Act of 2005 (Steve King), H.R. 4408 the
National Language Act of 2005 (Peter King) and H.R. 9, the Fannie Lou Hamer,
Rosa Parks, and Coretta Scott King Voting Rights Act Reauthorization and
Amendments Act, (Sensenbrenner). Both H.R. 997 and H.R. 4408 were referred to
their appropriate committees, but saw no action. Congressman Stearns offered
H.Amdt. 1145 to H.R. 5672, the Science-State-Justice-Commerce Appropriations
Act, FY2007. This amendment would have prohibited funding to enforce the
bilingual assistance provisions of VRA (Section 203). The House rejected H.Amdt.
1145 by a vote of 167 to 254. For further discussion of congressional activity on
these bills, see CRS Report RL33425, The Voting Rights Act of 1965, As Amended:
Reauthorization Issues, by Garrine P. Laney and L. Paige Whitaker.)
Selected Provisions of the Fannie Lou Hamer, Rosa Parks,
and Coretta Scott King Voting Rights Act Reauthorization
and Amendments Act of 2006
On July 27, 2006, President Bush signed into law the Fannie Lou Hamer, Rosa
Parks, and Coretta Scott King Voting Rights Act Reauthorization and Amendments
Act of 2006 (P.L. 109-246; H.R. 9) (hereafter the VRA 2006), which amended
certain provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (VRA). It extended the
expiration date of the temporary provisions of the act, including the bilingual
provisions, for 25 years to 2032. The VRA 2006, however, requires the Comptroller
General to study the implementation, effectiveness, and efficiency of current
provisions of Section 203 (the bilingual provisions) of the VRA and alternatives to
the section’s current implementation; and report the results of the study to Congress
no later than a year after the act’s enactment. Further, the act amends those
provisions of Section 203 that required the Director of the Census Bureau to use a
formula that was based on census data to determine if a state or political subdivision
is covered by the bilingual election assistance requirements. New provisions of VRA
2006 delete “census data” and insert “the 2010 American Community Survey census
data and subsequent American Community Survey (ACS) data in five-year
increments, or comparable census data.” The ACS is a new national survey that is
designed to provide more recent data on demographic changes in communities.
The use of federal examiners in proceedings to enforce the VRA or to determine
a person’s eligibility to vote has changed. VRA 2006 repeals Sections 6, 7, and 9 of
the VRA that refer to examiners and substitutes observers.161 The act authorizes the
Director of the Office of Personnel Management (OPM), after consulting the
appropriate department or agency, to designate suitable persons to serve as observers.
Observers are authorized to (1) enter and attend any place at which an election is held
and observe whether eligible persons are being denied the right to vote and (2) to
enter and attend any place where votes cast at any election are being counted and
observe whether they are being properly tabulated. Observers are also required to
investigate and report to the Attorney General and to the court that authorized their
appointment, if a court makes such an authorization.162
VRA 2006 amends Section 5 of VRA163 by revising the criteria by which a state
enacts or seeks to administer any voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or
standard, practice, or procedure with respect to voting and institutes an action in the
U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia for declaratory judgment. Added
language requires that any voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard,
practice or procedure neither has the purpose nor will have the effect of denying or
diminishing the voting rights of U.S. citizens on account of race or color.
At present the VRA allows, at the court’s discretion, the prevailing party a
reasonable attorney’s fee; VRA 2006 amends Section 14(e)164 of the VRA to also
allow reasonable expert fees and other litigation expenses. For a fuller analysis of
VRA 2006, see CRS Report RS33425, The Voting Rights Act of 1965, As Amended:
Reauthorization Issues, by Garrine P. Laney and L. Paige Whitaker.
Bills introduced in the 110th Congress that would amend the VRA include H.R.
H.R. 5971, American Elections Act of 2008 (Heller), would require that
during elections for federal office ballots be printed only in English, beginning in
November 2008. The bill would amend Section 203 of the Voting Rights Act (which
relates to election language assistance for certain limited-English citizens who are
Asian American or Pacific Islander, American Indian, Alaskan Native or of Spanish
heritage) to require covered jurisdictions to provide election language assistance only
for American Indians or Alaskan Natives. According to the bill language, the
justification for limiting election language assistance only to persons of these groups
161 42 U.S.C. 1973d, 1973e, and 1973g.
162 120 Stat. 579.
163 42 U.S.C. 1973c.
164 42 U.S.C. 1973l(e).
is that the languages of American Indians or Alaskan Natives “predate the
establishment of the United States.”
H.R. 5971 would provide that for a covered political subdivision to obtain
release from provisions that require language assistance for American Indians and
Alaskan Natives, it may file an action against the United States in the U.S. District
Court for a declaratory judgement.
On May 6, 2008, H.R. 5971 was introduced and referred to the House
Committees on House Administration and the Judiciary.
Other bills that would repeal the bilingual voting requirements of the VRA are
H.R. 769, National Language Act of 2007 (Peter T. King) and S. 1335, S. I.
Hayakawa Official English Language Act of 2007 (Inhofe). Both H.R. 769 and
S. 1335 would make English the official language of the government of the United
States. These measures would require that the federal government conduct official
business in English, including publications, income tax forms, and informational
materials. They would also provide for the U.S. government to “preserve and
enhance the role of English as the official language of the United States of America.”
Both bills would provide for the following exceptions to the use of a language other
than English: (1) for religious purposes; (2) for training in foreign languages for
international communication; or (3) for programs in schools that are designed to
encourage students to learn foreign languages. Provisions of H.R. 769 and S. 1335
would not prevent the U.S. government from providing interpreters for persons over
62 years of age. The bills would require that public ceremonies for the admission of
new citizens be conducted solely in English. Provisions of the bills would not
preempt any state law.
H.R. 769 was introduced on January 31, 2007, and referred to the Subcommittee
on Early Childhood, Elementary, and Secondary Education of the House Committee
on Education and Labor on May 18, 2007; and the Subcommittee on the
Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties of the House Judiciary Committee on
March 1, 2007.
Introduced on May 8, 2007, S. 1335 was referred to the Senate Committee on
Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs.
Modification of the Short Title of the Fannie Lou Hamer, Rosa
Parks, and Coretta Scott King Voting Rights Act
Reauthorization and Amendments Act of 2006
Bills are being considered that would change the short title of the Fannie Lou
Hamer, Rosa Parks, and Coretta Scott King Voting Rights Act Reauthorization and
Amendments Act of 2006 (P.L. 109-246). As originally introduced, S. 188, Fannie
Lou Hamer, Rosa Parks and Coretta Scott King Voting Rights Act
Reauthorization and Amendments Act of 2006 (Salazar) would add the name
“Cesar E. Chavez” to the title. S. 188 was referred to the Senate Judiciary
Committee on January 4, 2007; on February 8, 2007, the amended bill was reported
and would also add the names of Barbara C. Jordan and William C. Velasquez to the
title. The Senate passed S. 188, as amended on February 15, 2007.
Both Barbara C. Jordan and William C. Velasquez were recipients of the
Presidential Medal of Honor. Among other accomplishments, Jordan served as a
Member of Congress, where on the House Judiciary Committee she contributed to
passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. In addition to other civic activities
designed to assist the Hispanic community in enjoying all rights accorded American
citizens, William C. Velasquez founded the Southwest Voter Registration and
Education Project. On February 15, 2007, the Senate adopted S.Amdt. 267 (as
proposed by Senator Reid for Senator Salazar), which would add Dr. Hector P.
Garcia’s name to the short title. Dr. Garcia worked to educate Hispanics in
democratic principles and on how to apply those principles to enjoy fully their civil
H.R. 745, Fannie Lou Hamer, Rosa Parks and Coretta Scott King Voting
Rights Act Reauthorization and Amendments Act of 2006 (Jackson-Lee) would
add the names “Cesar E. Chavez and Barbara C. Jordan” to the title of P.L. 109-246.
On March 1, 2007, H.R. 745 was referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution,
Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties of the House Judiciary Committee.
Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention
Both H.R. 1281, To Amend Title 18, United States Code, to Prohibit
Certain Deceptive Practices in Federal Elections, and for Other Purposes
(Emanuel) and S. 453, the Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation
Prevention Act of 2007, (Obama) would address allegations of voter fraud and
intimidation against voters (these allegations are discussed later in this report in the
section on the “Presidential Election of 2000”). Each bill would amend certain
provisions of the United States criminal code and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 that
relate to elections and political activities and intimidating, threatening, or coercing
a person to interfere with a person’s right to vote in any general, primary, run-off, or
a special election for the office of President, Vice-President, presidential elector,
Member of the Senate or House of Representatives, or Delegate or Commissioner
from a territory or possession. Both bills would add a new section called “Deceptive
Practices in Federal Elections” to Title 18 U.S.C. Chapter 29. Both H.R. 1281 and
S. 453 would prohibit a person from knowingly communicating or attempting to
communicate false election-related information to prevent another person from
exercising the right to vote; however, only S. 453 would also prohibit a person from
producing false information to prevent someone from voting in an election.
The bills would prohibit any person from communicating false information
!time, place, or manner of the aforementioned federal elections;
!qualifications for or restrictions on voter eligibility for such
elections, if the person knows the information is false and intends
to prevent another person from voting;
!political party affiliation of a candidate running in a closed primary
election for any of these federal offices; or
!explicit endorsement by a person or organization of a candidate
running for office in any of these federal elections.
Under the original provisions of S. 453, a victim of the above prohibited
practices would have a private right of action to institute a civil action for a
permanent or temporary injunction, restraining order, or other order against anyone
who uses such deceptive acts to interfere with the right of a person to vote. In
comparison, for anyone who engages in or attempts these kinds of prohibited
practices, H.R. 1281 would not provide a private right of action to institute a civil
action against a person who engages in these deceptive practices. H.R. 1281 and S.
453 would provide a criminal penalty of a fine, up to five years imprisonment, or
both; S. 453 alone would provide for a specific maximum fine of $100,000. S. 453
would provide that if two or more persons conspire to commit these offenses, and
one or more act to effect the object of the conspiracy, the penalty would be either a
fine or no more than five years imprisonment.
S. 453 would amend 18 U.S.C. 594(a) to prohibit intimidation of voters by any
means, including electronic or telephonic communications. H.R. 1281 and S. 453
would authorize the U.S. Sentencing Commission to amend federal sentencing
guidelines and policy statements that apply to offenses relating to intimidation of
Both H.R. 1281 and S. 453 would allow a person to report to the Attorney
General any violations or possible violations of federal law relating to the
intimidation of voters or use of deceptive practices. The bills would provide for the
Attorney General to consider and review any such report and, if the report is
determined to have a reasonable basis, to undertake all effective measures necessary
to provide correct information to the affected voters and to refer the matter to the
appropriate federal and state authorities for criminal prosecution or civil action after
the election. S. 453 would require the Attorney General to take these same steps
immediately after receiving a report of the production, communication, or causation
of false information to interfere with the right of a person to vote but also to refer the
matter to the Civil Rights Division of the Department of Justice for prosecution.
H.R. 1281 and S. 453 would require the Attorney General, after consulting with
the Election Assistance Commission, state and local election officials, civil rights
organizations, voting rights and other community groups, to promulgate regulations
on corrective methods and means to address the report of false information being
provided to voters for a federal election. Further, in consultation with the Federal
Communications Commission and the Election Assistance Commission, the Attorney
General would be required to conduct a study on the feasibility of providing
corrective information to voters through public service announcements, the
emergency alert system, or other forms of public broadcast. The Attorney General
would be required to submit the results of the study to Congress no later than 180
days after enactment of this act.
H.R. 1281 alone would require the Attorney General to inform the public on the
responsibilities, contact information, and complaint procedures for reporting voting
violations and remedial actions by using the Internet, radio, television, and newspaper
Both H.R. 1281 and S. 453 would require the Attorney General to submit to
Congress, no later than 90 days after any primary, general, or run-off federal election,
a report compiling and detailing any allegations of voters being subjected to false
information. The following must be included in the report:
!detailed information on specific allegations of deceptive tactics;
!statistics on how many and the type of allegations made;
!geographic locations and populations affected;
!status of investigations of such allegations;
!corrective actions taken in response to these allegations;
!rationale for taking or not taking corrective actions concerning the
!effectiveness of any corrective actions taken;
!whether a Voting Integrity Task Force was established;
!referrals of information to other federal, state, or local agencies; and
!any suits instituted in connection with such allegations for certain
violations of the Voting Rights Act as well as of Title 18 of the U.S.
Code that relate to deceptive practices.
S. 453 alone would provide for the Attorney General to withhold any information
that would unduly interfere with an on-going investigation. Under provisions of the
bills, the Attorney General may establish a Voting Integrity Task Force to carry out
requirements relating to the reporting of false election information and also would
be authorized to delegate responsibilities regarding this issue to the task force.
Committee Action on H.R. 1281 and S. 453
House. The House Judiciary Committee amended and reported H.R. 1281 on
March 29, 2007. The Committee adopted, by voice vote, Representative Lamar
Smith’s proposal to provide punishment for voter intimidation only if it occurs within
as amended. On June 26, 2007, the measure was referred to the Senate Judiciary
Senate. At a Senate Judiciary Committee markup of S. 453 on September 6,
2007, a number of amendments were proposed. Senator Schumer’s substitute
amendment included provisions to make it a federal crime for anyone to knowingly
provide false information to prevent a person from voting not only during a federal
election but a state or local one as well. Schumer’s amendment would also delete
original language in S. 453 that would allow a victim of deceptive practices a private
right of action to institute civil action, which is similar to language in the House-
passed bill, H.R. 1281.
The committee rejected Senator Specter’s proposed amendment to include
examples of alleged voting fraud that occurred in recent elections in the findings
section of S. 453, and a statement that addresses the impact of illegally cast votes on
the rights of legal citizens to vote and Congress’s responsibility to ensure that votes
are not cast illegally, because it was argued that S. 453 addresses deceptive practices,
not criminal fraud. The committee rejected Senator Hatch’s proposed amendment
to define “right to vote,” on the grounds that the courts had already defined the term.
Another Hatch amendment that would criminalize facilitation of voting in an election
by someone who is ineligible, such as an illegal immigrant, was rejected.
The Senate Judiciary Committee reported S. 453 (S.Rept. 110-191), as amended
in the nature of a substitute, on October 4, 2007. | <urn:uuid:d6c81ff7-480c-4217-9769-4955f3c687ad> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://congressionalresearch.com/95-896/document.php?study=The+Voting+Rights+Act+of+1965+As+Amended+Its+History+and+Current+Issues | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875147234.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200228135132-20200228165132-00227.warc.gz | en | 0.932575 | 35,707 | 2.703125 | 3 |
THE CHANGING IMAGE OF BEETHOVEN A Study in Mythmaking. By Alessandra Comini. Illustrated. 480 pp. New York: Rizzoli. $45.
EVEN before his death in 1827, Ludwig van Beethoven had become the subject of fanciful stories. His life and works have since undergone various and sometimes contradictory interpretations. To E. T. A. Hoffmann, Beethoven symbolized the Romantic hero - fiercely independent, driven by emotional desire, wracked by personal trauma. To Wagner, Beethoven's compositions justified a claim for predominance in German music. Wagner drew from misinformation spread by Beethoven's secretary and biographer, Anton Schindler, that Beethoven had been an anti-Semite. Beethoven's music was regularly performed in Nazi Germany, at the same time musicologists and cultural historians in other countries were holding up the ''Ode to Joy'' movement from the Ninth Symphony as an expression of personal freedom. They cited proudly a story that Beethoven scoffed at Goethe for bowing to royalty. They did not point out that the composer had clung to the pretentious ''van'' in his name because it misleadingly suggested that he had aristocratic blood.
Separating fact from fantasy has been especially difficult in Beethoven's case, even though the composer left a vast number of documents detailing his own life. There were manuscripts, sketchbooks, a diary, the famous and mysterious letter to his ''immortal beloved,'' the poignant Heiligenstadt Testament in which he wrote sadly of his growing deafness. And then there were the nearly 400 ''conversation books'' dating from the artist's final decade: the deaf Beethoven had guests write their remarks in these books, the pages of which record a substantial part of the composer's private life.
That is more than enough, one would think, to pin down essential bits and pieces of Beethoven's life. Yet his history has been consistently distorted. Schindler destroyed and altered many of the documents that he felt would contradict his own glorified portrait of the artist. Painted and sculpted images of Beethoven, even those made during his lifetime, varied widely in appearance; they tend to be glorified distortions.
All this has been recognized by modern Beethoven scholars, dozens of whom have tried to sift through the vast misinformation and arrive at a picture of the composer and an understanding of his influence that is grounded in fact.Continue reading the main story
Alessandra Comini, an art historian at Southern Methodist University, takes her turn in ''The Changing Image of Beethoven.'' The process by which the composer became a near-mythic figure during the roughly eight decades after his death forms the subject of Ms. Comini's lengthy, detailed essay. Her book concludes with a discussion of the grandiose and fantastical 1902 Vienna Secessionist exhibition featuring works by Gustav Klimt and Max Klinger in honor of Beethoven.
Ms. Comini says in her introduction that the ''radical shift in the representation of Beethoven from recluse to cultural idol mirrors a basic evolution in European intellectual history, the furthest reaches of which, by the turn of the century, had brought the German-speaking world to a peak of cultural efflorescence and to the brink of political crisis.''
Her book's method in tracing this evolution -studying the way observers have received the artist and his works - is an invaluable tool for cultural historians. Biographers and critics necessarily perceive things through history-biased eyes. Beethoven prompted some of the most important and extravagant writings of the last century; to examine how Mendelssohn, Liszt, Wagner, Berlioz, Brahms, Mahler, Klimt and others interpreted him - which makes up the heart of Ms. Comini's book - is to fashion a kind of cultural history of the 19th and early 20th centuries.
Unfortunately, Ms. Comini assembles all the pieces for her ambitious project without combining them into something distinctive. There is much information to be gleaned from the author's tireless research, some of it amusing. She recounts that, when a statue of the composer was unveiled during a Beethoven festival in Bonn in 1845, it presented its back to the Austrian Archduke Friedrich; the mishap inadvertently echoed a famous incident at Teplitz, Austria, in 1812, in which Beethoven had supposedly turned away from Archduke Rudolf rather than bow down to royalty.
MS. COMINI'S book also brings together painted, drawn and sculpted images of the composer, and it develops elaborate studies of how famous but less well-documented figures, such as the composer Luigi Cherubini and the pianist Ignaz Moscheles, conceived of Beethoven. She gives special care to the frescoes of Klimt and the sculpture of Klinger. The latter, she believes, evokes in the nude, godly, enthroned figure of Beethoven ''the contemporary Zeitgeist'' of 1902 Vienna, ''which yearned for the redemption of pure joy and yet was anchored in an apparently contradictory sensuality.''
In the end, Ms. Comini's book is overrun by details concerning the relationship of various people to Beethoven; the author spends pages and pages tracing small items about a particular performance or letter. When it comes to summing up and synthesizing, however, Ms. Comini provides little that is new or unexpected. Her musicological and art historical analyses are superficial. The writing tends to be colorful in a forced way. It took time for listeners to perceive the coherence in Beethoven's apparently sprawling scores. It will take another book to organize and edit Ms. Comini's information into something of singular interest.Continue reading the main story | <urn:uuid:8cfdedbb-183d-420e-9651-a3a17f2ed0d1> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/13/books/ludwig-the-glorified.html?src=pm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794864063.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20180521102758-20180521122758-00156.warc.gz | en | 0.965751 | 1,210 | 3.53125 | 4 |
UPSR FOR YEAR SIX STUDENTS
Primary School Achievement Test or also known as Ujian Penilaian Sekolah Rendah is a national examination taken by year six primary student. Students are required to take five subjects and the results will be announced at the end of year.
HOW IT IS CONDUCTED
Students will be sitting at the exam hall and do their exam. The exams will be in objectives and subjective.
ADVANTAGES OF UPSR
· Primary school can experienced the first national exam before entering for secondary level
· Students can know about their abilities and knowledge about their education
· Students those who gets good grade will be having a chance to enter cluster or high performances school to pursue their secondary.
DISADVANTAGES OF UPSR
· This exam may be stressful for some students.
· Competition between students will be occurs to get the good grades in exam.
· For lower grade students will be dejected from entering a good school for secondary.
WAYS TO IMPROVE UPSR
· Teacher should guide every student equally and make them understand about the format of exam.
· Students should get prepared well by their parents, teacher and others by bringing them for extra classes or motivation classes
· The questions prepared for UPSR exam should be equivalent to the level of students to cope with it and not too difficult and government should be wise and not letting any papers to be leaked. | <urn:uuid:b7c5ca7f-d19c-4fd2-8496-7078988aa176> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://umaashri.blogspot.com/2015/12/upsr-for-year-six-students_18.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046151641.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20210725080735-20210725110735-00142.warc.gz | en | 0.951033 | 293 | 2.90625 | 3 |
WASHINGTON – Many of the ills of the modern world — starvation, poverty, flooding, heat waves, droughts, war and disease — are likely to worsen as the world warms from man-made climate change, a leaked draft of an international scientific report forecasts.
The report uses the word "exacerbate" repeatedly to describe warming's effect on poverty, lack of water, disease and even the causes of war.
The Nobel Peace Prize-winning Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change will issue a report next March on how global warming is already affecting the way people live and what will happen in the future, including a worldwide drop in income. A leaked copy of a draft of the summary of the report appeared online Friday on a climate skeptic's website. Governments will spend the next few months making comments about the draft.
"We've seen a lot of impacts and they've had consequences," Carnegie Institution climate scientist Chris Field, who heads the report, told The Associated Press on Saturday. "And we will see more in the future."
Cities, where most of the world now lives, have the highest vulnerability, as do the globe's poorest people.
"Throughout the 21st century, climate change impacts will slow down economic growth and poverty reduction, further erode food security and trigger new poverty traps, the latter particularly in urban areas and emerging hotspots of hunger," the report says. "Climate change will exacerbate poverty in low- and lower-middle income countries and create new poverty pockets in upper-middle to high-income countries with increasing inequality."
For people living in poverty, the report says, "climate-related hazards constitute an additional burden."
The report says scientists have high confidence especially in what it calls certain "key risks":
— People dying from warming- and sea rise-related flooding, especially in big cities.
— Famine because of temperature and rain changes, especially for poorer nations.
— Farmers going broke because of lack of water.
— Infrastructure failures because of extreme weather.
— Dangerous and deadly heat waves worsening.
— Certain land and marine ecosystems failing.
"Human interface with the climate system is occurring and climate change poses risks for human and natural systems," the 29-page summary says.
None of the harms talked about in the report is solely due to global warming nor is climate change even the No. 1 cause, the scientists say. But a warmer world, with bursts of heavy rain and prolonged drought, will worsen some of these existing effects, they say.
For example, in disease, the report says until about 2050 "climate change will impact human health mainly by exacerbating health problems that already exist" and then it will lead to worse health compared to a future with no further warming.
If emissions of carbon dioxide from the burning of coal, oil and gas continue at current trajectories, "the combination of high temperature and humidity in some areas for parts of the year will compromise normal human activities including growing food or working outdoors," the report says.
Scientists say the global economy may continue to grow, but once the global temperature hits about 3 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than now, it could lead to worldwide economic losses between 0.2 and 2.0 percent of income.
One of the more controversial sections of the report involves climate change and war.
"Climate change indirectly increases risks from violent conflict in the form of civil war, intergroup violence and violent protests by exacerbating well-established drivers of these conflicts such as poverty and economic shocks," the report says.
Pennsylvania State University climate scientist Michael Mann, who wasn't part of the international study team, told the AP that the report's summary confirms what researchers have known for a long time: "Climate change threatens our health, land, food and water security."
The summary went through each continent detailing risks and possible ways that countries can adapt to them.
For North America, the highest risks over the long term are from wildfires, heat waves and flooding. Water — too much and too little — and heat are the biggest risks for Europe, South America and Asia, with South America and Asia having to deal with drought-related food shortages. Africa gets those risks and more: starvation, pests and disease. Australia and New Zealand get the unique risk of losing their coral reef ecosystems, and small island nations have to be worried about being inundated by rising seas.
Field said experts paint a dramatic contrast of possible futures, but because countries can lessen some of the harms through reduced fossil fuel emissions and systems to cope with other changes, he said he doesn't find working on the report depressing.
"The reason I'm not depressed is because I see the difference between a world in which we don't do anything and a world in which we try hard to get our arms around the problem," he said.
Seth Borenstein be followed at http://twitter.com/borenbears
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: http://www.ipcc.ch/ | <urn:uuid:f87754c5-e8f2-4015-a8b3-ec84959ef63d> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.foxnews.com/us/report-says-global-warming-likely-to-make-starvation-poverty-and-other-problems-only-worse | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578583000.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20190422235159-20190423021159-00345.warc.gz | en | 0.943835 | 1,017 | 3 | 3 |
The second (middle) tagma of an insect's body is called the thorax. This region is almost exclusively adapted for locomotion -- it contains three pairs of walking legs and, in many adult insects, one or two pairs of wings.
Structurally, the thorax is composed of three body segments: prothorax, mesothorax, and metathorax. These segments are joined together rigidly to form a "box" that houses the musculature for the legs and wings. Each segment has a dorsal sclerite, the notum (pronotum, mesonotum, and metanotum) which may be further subdivided into an anterior scutum and a posterior scutellum. The ventral sclerite of each segment is the sternum (prosternum, mesosternum, and metasternum).The side of each segment is called the pleuron -- it is usually divided by a pleural suture into at least two sclerites:; an anterior episternum and a posterior epimeron.
The pleural suture marks the location of an internal ridge of exoskeleton (an apodeme) that strengthens the sides of the thorax. Ventrally, this apodeme forms a point of articulation with the basal leg segment (the coxa). In thoracic segments that bear wings, the pleural apodeme runs dorsally into the pleural wing process, a finger-like sclerite that serves as a pivot or fulcrum for the base of the wing.
A special "strut" of exoskeleton reinforces the ventral corners of each thoracic segment and provides a rigid site for attachment of leg muscles and ventral longitudinal muscles.This structure, called the furca, forms during development when a pair of sternal apophyses fuse internally with the ridge (apodeme) from each pleural suture. The points of invagination are often visible externally as furcal pits located near the midline of the sternum (and often joined by a sternacostal suture). This internal "brace" mechanism is similar in structure to the tentorium which serves a related function inside the head capsule. | <urn:uuid:6cb1c6de-4e33-45d3-9b76-01816368057a> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/library/tutorials/external_anatomy/thorax.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510267824.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011747-00249-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.891119 | 463 | 4.03125 | 4 |
Hamsters make wonderful pets. From their cute appearance to high energy, it’s easy to see why. Small children are particularly fond of them, as they teach love and care for pets and animals at large. These rodents come in different breeds and have a lifespan between 1.5 to three years. At all times, take special care with hamsters. A safe, clean environment is necessary for their health and wellbeing. The right foods are also essential, and especially, fruits and veggies in the right amounts keep your hamster healthy. However, the wrong fruits can harm your furry friend. Bananas are one of those fruits that leave opinions of hamster owners split. Are they harmful? Can hamsters eat bananas? Let’s help decode the mystery.
The Health Benefits of Bananas
We should note bananas are great for animals and humans. They have a host of health benefits. Bananas contain vitamins like Potassium, Vitamin B6, Biotin, and Copper, and the fiber in them is particularly helpful to animals.
Bananas help in keeping hearts healthy by reducing cardiovascular disease. They also help reduce cholesterol. An active component called phytosterol helps clear clogged blood vessels. From kidney health, stomach health, and energy, it’s clear why the fruit has its advocates.
Like most food items, excess amounts can cause problems. It is indeed, for this reason why some refuse to give them to hamsters. To better answer the question about bananas, it’s important to classify the animals.
The Type of Hamsters
There are a few types and breeds of hamsters. Let’s consider each breed before concluding if the fruit is safe.
Syrians are the most popular breed. They are the largest breed, growing to about 6-7 inches long.
They come in a range of colors like brown, grey, and black, and live to a maximum of 2 ½ years. These hamsters enjoy a balanced diet of fruits and vegetables and even the occasional insect.
Should I feed bananas to it?
Yes, you can feed bananas to them. A small slice two or three times a week is fine. They enjoy the taste, yet they should eat it in moderation due to its high sugar content.
Chinese Hamsters are another popular breed. They are noticeably smaller and known as rat-tailed hamsters because of their long tails and grow to 4-5 inches. Chinese hamsters are often confused with Dwarf Hamsters but are slightly different.
They live to a maximum of 3 years and are social and can be grown with other Chinese hamsters. These hamsters are a bit harder to manage as they are quick.
Should I feed bananas to them?
Technically, they can eat them but be safe, avoid feeding Chinese hamsters bananas. The smaller size means that the health of these is volatile.
Introducing foods with high sugar content can cause complications like diabetes, thereby reducing their lifespan.
These are smaller hamsters that come in several types. The most known breeds are Winter Whites, the Campbell’s, and Russian Hamsters (called Roborovskis).
Most dwarf hamsters are between 3-5 inches and have a lifespan between 1 ½ to 2 years. These breeds also interact well with others, yet are hard to handle as they are fast and agile.
Should I feed bananas to them?
Consider the same position as Chinese hamsters. Dwarfs tend to suffer from diabetes and heart issues.
Excess sugar in foods like bananas is often the root cause of disease. They can eat bananas alright, them but you should avoid offering the fruit to them.
Banana Dos and Donts
If you decide to feed them bananas, remember that the fruit has high sugar content. It can be a sweet snack but not a staple in their diet. For Syrians, twice weekly is fine and for other breeds, even less.
Make sure that the bananas are fresh as rotten bananas can make hamsters sick. Store fresh bananas in a fruit bowl at room temperature. If the hamster is not in the mood for the fruit, don’t force them to eat it. Remove the banana after one day as rotting fruit can make them sick.
What About Banana Peels?
Banana peels contain the same health benefits of the fruit. Many cultures around the world consume the peels, and in fact, your furry friend will enjoy it as much as the fruit. Small pieces of banana peels are a great alternative, as it has lower sugar content.
If you are feeding banana peels to hamsters, make sure they are fresh peels. Organic peels are safer. Most contain pesticides that impact the hamster’s long-term health. Again, we encourage moderation for Syrians and if possible remove from the diet of other breeds.
What Happens If They Overeat?
Excess consumption causes a host of health issues as it affects the weight of the pet. Increased weight causes lethargy and fatigue, and as you probably already know, it hurts not to see a happy, active hamster. Excess bananas can create heart problems, ultimately decreasing their lifespan. Diarrhea is another common ailment.
Dwarf hamsters can get diabetes from excess consumption, and you can manage this by changing up their diet. Remove bananas and other high sugar items, or reduce to once or twice monthly. Introduce more leafy greens, grains like brown rice, and consult your vet. They can prescribe medication to manage the disease.
Importance of Fruits and Veggies for Hamsters
Despite the verdict on feeding bananas, you should not suspect that all fruits and veggies can cause the same issues. There are several high sugar fruits, but most are fine. It’s tempting to pick up the bag of hamster food in the pet store. Yet, most of these brands lack the essential vitamins and minerals your pet needs.
The right mix of grains, fruit, and veggies can improve their health. It provides energy, manages their weight, and protect their heart, kidney, and other vital organs. Feed them carrots, lettuce, cabbage, cauliflower. Sunflower seeds are also fine. If you’re avoiding bananas, choose fruits like mangoes, peaches, strawberries, and cantaloupe.
In short, bananas have several health benefits for animals, hamsters are no exception. Yet, the high sugar content can be a problem if consumed in excess. Syrian hamsters can tolerate them more so you can feed them occasionally.
Dwarf and Chinese breeds are more delicate. Avoid bananas and other high sugar fruit, as they can get sick. You and your family can grow fond of your hamster, so make sure you guarantee its health. Feed it the right foods in the right amounts.
You May Also Interested In:
- 5 Best Hamster Foods and Treats (Reviews and Ultimate Guide)
- Can Hamsters Eat Blueberries?
- Can Hamsters Eat Apples?
Photo by Roborovskihamsters (talk) – http://roborovskihamsters.webs.com/, CC BY 3.0, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=24575212
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Saving Princess Vlei – an Urban Wetland in South Africa
Women elders, who are members of a community led campaign to save a shallow wetland, used the celebration of Women's Day in South Africa on August 9th to highlight their objection to the proposed commercial development of Princess Vlei, an urban wetland situated in the city of Cape Town.
On Women's Day, Princess Vlei Forum supporters hosted a tree planting ceremony for the Khoi San princess after which the Vlei is named. One hundred year old Sophie Norling led the ceremony by planting the first Milkwood tree – planted in her honor. The other two Milkwood trees, planted by 82-year-old Joan Evans and 88-year-old Cicilia Johnson, were in honor of the Khoi Princess, and Saartjie Baartman. August marked the 10th anniversary of the return of Baartman’s remains to South Africa. Baartman was a famous Khoi women who was exhibited as a freak show attraction in 19th Century Europe.
The small and shallow urban wetland affectionately referred to as “the princess” is named after a Khoi San princess.
Legend has it that a Khoi San princess once lived with her family in the Elephant's Eye Cave on Constantiaberg in Cape Town, a city on the tip of the African continent.
Every morning she would walk down the mountain and swim in one of the necklace of sparkling vleis at the base of the mountain. One morning tragedy struck and the princess was kidnapped by Portugese sailors, the first ever to round Cape Point in their attempts to establish direct trade relations with the far east.
Her tears created the smallest vlei in the string of wetlands, known ever since as Princess Vlei.
This legend has informed the robust community led campaign, the Forum, to stop the commercial development.
Campaign leader Philip Bam said: “The vlei has tremendous significance for the Khoi people where the legend has it that this is where the Khoi princess was abducted, violated and killed and so it has that kind of emotional and cultural significance and we think that if you want to desecrate that memory then a commercial mall will really do that. What we want to do is preserve that memory and turn the place into a memory park and have a center where we can celebrate the Khoi heritage in this area. This is where the first nation of South Africa dwelled and of course we are descendants of the first nation and I think we have to be given that particular recognition. It's very important for the identity of the people of this area because disease in the 1700s almost wiped out the Khoi population and then the political engineering through the decades almost obliterated the memory of who we really are and where we come from and so this is a golden opportunity for us to start bringing back that memory and to start respecting that memory again.”
The Forum has led a community-led rehabilitation project at the Vlei that they affectionately termed the “The Dressing of The Princess.” The community planted indigenous fynbos plants, removed alien vegetation and litter and created new walkways at the vlei.
The proposed commercial development on a portion of the vlei has been over a decade in the making.
In 1998 Insight Property developers set their sights on developing the shopping mall on a portion of the public open space.
Approval was given by the City of Cape Town subject to the outcome of a Public Participation Process (PPP), Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and the rezoning of the area from a public space to business.
Several objections during the PPP, as well as questions regarding the findings of the EIA led to a halt in the process, which resulted in the allocated time for the Record of Decision (ROD) lapsing. When the developers then applied for the extension of the rezoning application, the city turned it down.
The community's relief was short-lived though, since the developers appeal found a sympathetic ear in the provincial government and the application for the land to be rezoned from a public space to business was granted in April this year.
Bam and supporters demand that the zoning of the land should revert back to public space.
A handful of events were planned by the Forum to save the pocket of land in the area and this included the tree planting ceremony that culminated into a tea party for the elders.
Norling was the guest of honor at the event and she remembers the Vlei when it was untamed and a place to tread carefully.
She warned her sons not to swim there because “it was not a healthy vlei. It was all bush and not like today where it is beautiful.”
Eighty-nine-year-old John Pietersen has lived near the Princess Vlei for his whole life, and remembers swimming in the vlei and taking his horses to cool down in the water. He recounted the popular legend that the Khoi Princess had, on her death, become a mermaid who would lure young men to their death if they swam in the wrong part of the vlei.
Other events planned by the Princess Vlei Forum included tree planting at the Vlei during National Arbor Week, September 1 – 7; and on Heritage Day in South Africa on September 27th, local indigenous elders were be honored.
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Based on the large number of over-tired parents of small children out there, it is usually assumed that these children are constantly on the move. However, research has found that children are sedentary 73 to 84 per cent of the time that they are awake. Additionally, even though we know that “screen time” can have many detrimental effects on child development both physically and socially, most children are now exposed to “screen time” too early in life and for far too long.
The Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology (CSEP) and ParticipACTION released Canada's first ever physical activity guidelines for the early years. Basically, the guidelines state that all children aged four and under should be moving more and sitting less throughout the day. The following guidelines are based on research of sedentary behaviours of children and are supported by the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group (CHEO-HALO).
Physical Activity Guidelines:
Activity for this age group is usually “interactive, floor-based play” and includes supervised activities like tummy time, pushing and pulling, reaching and grasping, and crawling.
Age 1 to 4:
At least 3 hours per day.
Activity for this age group should be varied and spread throughout the day. It is encouraged to expose children to different environments so that they can develop movement skills like running, dancing, playing outside, and climbing stairs.
At least 1 hour of “energetic play” per day.
By this age, children should be engaging in at least 60 minutes of energy-requiring activities such as skipping, riding their bike, running, and hopping throughout the day.
Keep in mind that these are the minimum recommendations – more activity provides greater benefits in a child's life.
Screen Time and Sedentary Behaviours
Not only is it important to encourage physical activity at all ages, it is also crucial to limit the amount of time spent being sedentary each day. Sedentary behaviours are those that require little movement and include being seated or reclined for long periods of time. Common sedentary behaviours for children include: using computers, tablets, smartphones, playing video games, watching television or movies, and sitting in strollers, high chairs, or any other seat where the child is restrained.
The guidelines for sedentary behaviours for the early years are as follows:
Children should not be seated for more than one hour at a time.
Screen time for children under the age of 2 is not recommended.
Screen time for children aged 2 to 4 should be limited to less than one hour per day.
Keeping children active and minimizing sedentary time creates positive health habits that will, hopefully, continue as the child gets older. You don't have to go out and enrol your kids in every sport out there – it can be as simple as going outside to explore your neighbourhood instead of watching that 30 minute television show.
To download a copy of the Physical Activity Guidelines for the Early Years, you can go to csep.ca/guidelines and participACTION.com.Back To Articles | <urn:uuid:2a5dfe47-630d-4f30-9fbe-d291b9ed3a1a> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.fitness.com/articles/1450/play_more_sit_less.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164030159/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133350-00046-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95961 | 638 | 3.8125 | 4 |
War Master WMAPF005 French Morane-Saulnier M.S.406 Fighter - Arme de l'Air, 1re Escadrille de Chasse, Nimes, France, 1941 (1:72 Scale)
"A lost battle is a battle one thinks one has lost."
- Marshal Ferdinand Foch
The M.S.406 was a French Armee de l'Air fighter aircraft built by Morane-Saulnier starting in 1938. Numerically it was France's most important fighter during the opening stages of World War II. The type was generally free of problems but was largely under-powered, under-armed, as compared to the next generations of fighters appearing then. Most critically it was out performed by Messerschmitt Bf 109E's during the crucial early days of the war before France surrendered. Although it was one of the few more modern fighters available in quantity at the time, its shortcomings in performance and light armor resulted in high casualties, despite valiant effort on the part of French pilots. The design held its own in the early stages of the war (the so-called Phony War), when the war opened in earnest in 1940, 400 were lost in combat for only 175 kills in return (as well as more destroyed on the ground).
The aircraft type was initially developed to meet a 1934 specification of the French Government by Morane-Saulnier, which had formerly worked on parasol monoplanes. The first flight was in 1935 as the M.S.405. Seventeen 405 prototypes were made, leading to the production version, the 406. Production began in January of 1939 with deliveries to the French air force beginning in March, although engine shortages hampered production. Later versions of the series and included better armor and more guns, and the aircraft formed the basis of aircraft and variants.
After the fall of France, Germany took possession of a large number of 406's and 410's. The Luftwaffe used a number for training, and sold off a number of others. They saw action in Syria against the RAF, also Finland purchased a number and upgraded them with captured Soviet engines and German cannon, while additional examples were passed off to Italy and Croatia. Both Switzerland and Turkey also operated the type.
Pictured here is a 1:72 scale diecast replica of a French Morane-Saulnier M.S.406 fighter that was attached to the Arme de l'Air, 1re Escadrille de Chasse, then deployed to Nimes, France, during 1941. Now in stock!
Wingspan: 5.75 inches
Length: 4.5 inches
Release Date: November 2011
Historical Account: "Companion of the Liberation" - The Ordre de la Liberation was instituted on November 16th, 1940, by General de Gaulle, in the order n 7 signed in Brazzaville. The aim of the Order is to reward people, or military or civilian communities, who will have distinguished themselves in the work of liberating France and her Empire.
There are no criteria relating to age, sex, rank, origin or nationality, nor are there any requirements in the nature of the deeds, apart from their exceptional quality.
The Order has one single rank, awarding the title of Compagnon de la Liberation (Companion of the Liberation). General de Gaulle, founder of the Order, has been the only Grand Matre (Grand Master) of the Order.
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LIFE: in the Frame of Mindfulness
2010 Dhamma Talk Series
Notes on the first talk:
A Matter of Mindfulness
The theme this year – Mindfulness – is a hot topic in the world of psychology and therapy. The other hot topic by the way, is consciousness … but as yet the field of study has failed to investigate the highly specific model of consciousness found in Buddhism.
The Buddha was quite well versed in the philosophies of his time, and had likely studies the Vedas in depth. He had the idea of the ‘Amata’ or deathless – which is an aspect of existence that does not ‘die’. This is not immortality of the body. It should be quite clear that people’s bodies cannot last forever. But more importantly it does not mean immortality of the mind either – in Buddhism it is a fundamental teaching that the mind is also impermanent.
Still, there is a quality that can be discovered and touched, that is unchanging, or in Buddhist terms ‘Unconditioned’. This is enlightenment.
It’s all well and good hearing about it, and learning all kinds of hymns and vedas dedicated to this ‘Amata’, but how to actually see it and know it directly? Until that point it is just a philosophy.
The message of this enlightenment had disseminated throughout Asia and Europe with the Ariyan Peoples, who had a highly specified tradition of story telling. It’s important to recognise that this idea needed to be around – if you never heard of it, or the path of practise, there would probably not be anyone attaining and teaching it.
The Buddha then, set out to pursue the other main spiritual tradition of the time, the Samana life – that of a renunciate living in the forest. This tradition predates the Ariyans arrival in India, and seemed focussed on emulating the life of forest animals, with all kinds of ascetic practices. By the Buddha’s time it had developed into a vast array of groups and practises.
When ascetic practises failed to reveal anything ultimate, the Buddha abandoned them and attained enlightenment by himself under the Bodhi tree.
Shortly afterwards, having been invited to teach what he had discovered he declared
Open for those who [wish to] hear are the doors to the deathless (Amata)
The Pali Text Society makes a note here “the ‘quest’ in folklore and in the great early religious traditions alike is for immortality, the undying. Early Buddhism is in line with these traditions”
The Buddha also points out at this point that
this Dhamma won by me, is deep, difficult to see, difficult to understand, peaceful, excellent… but for a generation that delights in sense pleasure, it is hard to understand – that is the calming of habitual tendencies, renunciation of attachment, destruction of craving, dispassion, stopping, nirvana.
There is a body of modern intellectual ‘seekers’ who try and teach that sense desires should be indulged, and that ‘Buddhism’ should not be the exclusive realm of renunciate ordained Sangha. Well, you don’t have to be ordained, but Buddhism is all about attaining to that which lies beyond mere sense pleasures. Too many people turn Buddhism, and other religions into a philosophy.
One way to describe this importance of the practical path, is an ‘orthopraxy’ vs an ‘orthodoxy’.
An orthodoxy is a set of teachings that should be believed. Emphasis is on understanding correctly and accepting.
An orthopraxy is a way of practise. It is concerned with the right way to practise, and the right action to follow.
This is why Ajahn Jayasaro calls Buddhism an ‘education-system, not a belief-system’ – something we have invited him to talk about on November 2nd 2010.
The Difficulty of Teaching
What the ego creates, is more ego. Swapping one set of ideals for another is still just an activity of the ego, or self-centric mind. Yet how else can change be made, how else can you come to something new?
Worldly values focus on learning, exams, qualifications, husband/wife/family, jobs, pensions …. all of which are fine and not at all blameworthy.
Swapping these for spiritual values however, is still an activity of the ego. Do you want to be a spiritual guru? Do you think you can have endless compassion? Or unconditional loving kindness? Or a real direct knowledge of life after death .. or some other such thing? What the ego can gain is just a set of ideas, a set of opinions. And that is what orthodoxy is all about.
So we need a tool. Something that can make a change that the ego cannot envision. Buddhism is all about tools. Practical tools that will work on the willing participant. The Buddha said that if you focus on the right aspects of experience, wisdom will arise. It is Wisdom that does the work for you.
If for example you focus your attention on what you like, what you want, you will have increased desire for those things. You are fostering desire, not wisdom. If you focus on what you don’t like, you will develop the angry, non-accepting mind. If you focus on your fears, you will develop jealousy and grasping.
Focussing on the right aspects, the mind naturally changes and grows.
The main tool of Buddhism, is called Mindfulness.
Mindfulness is the almost universal translation of the word Sati-sampajannya. There are other better translations, but ‘mindfulness’ is the one that has stuck.
Some descriptions of mindfulness :
*Seeing and knowing what is happening in the present moment
*’Witnessing’ the body and mind.
*A non-judgemental acceptance and willingness to experience.
There are many such definitions, that can be googled up.
‘Sati’ really means to recall, or remembering. It is not the same as memory – which has a much wider meaning (sannya in the Pali), but is one aspect of it. It is the deliberate calling of something to your mind. So for example, marana-sati is ‘mindfulness of death’ or keeping in mind your own mortality (as a practise to set proper priorities). You can call different things to mind.
‘Sampajannya’ is the feeling of awareness. In English we might say the feeling of being ‘conscious’, but as the word ‘consciousness’ has a different and very specific meaning in Buddhism we should stick to awareness.
Most of the time, you are caught up in what you are aware of. The feeling of ‘yourself’ is lost. Take a chess player – totally absorbed in the game. The chess player is highly conscious, and acutely aware of the game. Awareness itself is different. You know yourself as present. In fact everyone has many moments of this awareness every day, but because it is not pointed out, you don’t really notice it.
It is like gravity – no one noticed it until Newton. Or like the Greek [which one was it?] who first realised that air is a substance. Awareness is always there, but until you talk about it, teach it, look for it, it will be overlooked.
Focussing on awareness, you separate the object of mind from the observing of it. So you see the desiring mind, rather than just what you desire. You see the angry or complaining thinking, rather than just being caught in what you think etc.
It may be uncomfortable at first, to be aware of yourself. Humans like to be absorbed in things. Conversations, movies, books…. you feel more comfortable when you are not aware of the subject, you yourself (no need to get confused with non-self, this will become clear in other talks).
This ability to step back from your experience and observe what is actually happening is what we develop with mindfulness practise. Over the last decade it has become an important therapeutic tool in psychology – but stripped of its original context. There has been a lot of research into it, with proven results.
Look up the MBSR program for the longest running study. Effects on blood pressure, gene expression, healing and a variety of physical markers can be measured and catalogued. One study found that treatment of cirrhosis is 4x faster if the patients follow mindfulness practise while receiving treatment. Cortisol, the stress hormone that dampens down your digestive and immune systems, is measurably reduced by mindfulness practise. The medical profession has paid attention and there are a number of books being published on mindfulness from their perspective. The Mindful Manifesto is one, and you can even pay for courses in mindfulness via their website (Buddhism has been teaching it for free for 2500 years!).
There are lots of guides to practising mindfulness meditation around. There are different systems, but don’t get confused between them. The method varies, but the quality itself is what is developed.
The most common way to develop mindfulness in meditation is to use an object of attention like the breathing. Focus on it. As the attention wanders away, bring it back. It is the catching of the mind that wanders that is important – so the more times you catch it, the better. Don’t worry about absorbing into the breathing too much. It is a practise of interrupting your usual tendency to get absorbed in activity.
Coming back to the breath you can then observe your object of attention – observe the thought that is trying to get your attention. Observe the pain that is trying to distract you. Observe the sleepiness or inherent tiredness in the mind. From observation comes wisdom – this is real. There is no orthodox set of beliefs needed here – you are directly observing your own experience.
You can see this process of detaching from the object of attention, and recalling into mind awareness (=mindfulness). This is detachment in Buddhism. It is immediate. It is not some philosophy that you should try to force fit on to your life.
So many people think that ‘attachment’ is a bad thing ….. if your kids come home hungry you don’t tell them to feed themselves because, hey man, you are not attached. You don’t fail to turn up for work because you don’t want any attachments! You still live and act in the world exactly as you did before, but internally you have this willingness and ability to observe, or witness what is happening in your body and mind directly.
We have skipped through several different topics …. many of which deserve a lot more detailed attention. Not least, the method of mindfulness meditation. But the idea is to get an overview of what mindfulness is, why it is important in Buddhism, and what kind of effects it has.
Over the next 5 weeks, the Dhamma Talk Series will go into more details and explore some of the fascinating insights that come from this practise. It is all a Matter of Mindfulness. | <urn:uuid:5db18e37-76a3-44d9-a2d8-8068495fc3df> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | http://www.littlebang.org/notes-a-matter-of-mindfulness/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304872.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220125190255-20220125220255-00450.warc.gz | en | 0.953579 | 2,368 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Book Tickets Online
AboutSt Mary’s Parish Church can be found in a quiet corner of the town square and stands on the site of a Cistercian Abbey built in 1199. It was of similar size and architecture to the one in Greyabbey and survived until 1543 when it was closed by order of Henry VIII. The present church dates from 1840. The North Transept was added in 1912 and the South Transept added in 2008.
Study the right-hand pillar of the entrance gates which bears an interesting inscription. The names of Thomas Andrews and James Lemont, eighteenth century churchwardens, are legibly engraved into the upper stone.
Pass through the entrance and on your left you will see the Andrews Mausoleum. It contains no burials but is built over the tomb of the ancestors of Thomas Andrews, Titanic architect. Read the inscriptions on the walls of the Mausoleum. It is in need of restoration and the Andrews family have plans to complete this work, subject to funding. Take time to view the beautiful grounds surrounding the church, some of the earlier graves date back to 1600.
The interior of the church may be viewed in daylight hours and here you will see exhibited nineteen stones from Comber Abbey under the care of the Northern Ireland Environment Agency. Of major importance is a monument to three members of the York Fencibles regiment killed at the Battle of Saintfield in 1798. They are Captain Chetwynd, Lieutenant Unite and Ensign Sparks. The minister of the church at that time, Reverend Robert Mortimer, was also killed at the Battle. There are many other interesting memorials around the church, as well as some beautiful examples of stained glass. The stained glass window in the South Transept depicts scenes from the history of Comber and surrounding area.
The town of Comber is situated in a lovely part of Northern Ireland with plenty to do and explore locally. Comber itself is of course famous for the Comber Potato and Thomas Andrews who designed the Titanic. | <urn:uuid:8f868738-be96-4b5a-8758-253342877dea> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://discovernorthernireland.com/things-to-do/st-marys-comber-p704901 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335190.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20220928082743-20220928112743-00609.warc.gz | en | 0.965088 | 417 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Biodiesel is a fuel made from long chain fatty acids that can be found in vegetable oil and animal fats. These fatty acids are linked with a methanol molecule to form biodiesel. The biodiesel is a safe, reliable, inexpensive, and clean fuel that can be run in any diesel vehicle. The process of converting vegetable oil to biodiesel can be done by almost anyone, and can be a rewarding experience that contributes to your independence and environmental responsibility.
Filter your waste oil to remove any particulates. This can best be done using a coffee filter. Then heat the oil to remove any water that may be in it. If it is not making popping sounds around 48.9 degrees Celsius, there is no water in it. Otherwise, heat to 100 degrees C and stir carefully to bring water to the top to evaporate. Then heat to 129 degrees C for 10 minutes and let cool.
Quickly measure out lye into a plastic bag on the scale, and then close the bag. Do not allow the lye to remain exposed to the air for long, as it will absorb moisture. Measure out methanol and pour it into the 1/2 litre plastic container using a funnel. Use the other funnel to pour the lye into the plastic container, and screw the cap on tightly. Swirl the mixture for about a minute at a time, five or six times, until the lye is completely dissolved in the methanol, creating methoxide. The solution will get hot. It should take between 10 minutes and half an hour to completely dissolve.
Heat the oil to 54.4 degrees Celsius, and carefully pour into a blender. Carefully add the methoxide to the oil with the blender still turned off. Tightly replace the lid, and turn the blender on low. Mix for 20 to 30 minutes.
Pour the mixture into a 2-litre bottle and screw the cap on tightly. Allow the mixture to cool and settle for 12 to 24 hours. Once it is settled, there will be two distinct layers: the top lighter-coloured layer is the biodiesel, and the bottom darker layer is the glycerine by-product. Carefully pour off the top layer of biodiesel into another 2-liter soda bottle, leaving the glycerine behind. You will have to let it settle again if glycerine mixes into the new bottle.
Test your fuel by putting 150mL of biodiesel in a plastic soda bottle with 150mL of water. Shake it up well for 10 seconds, and then let it settle. If the mixture forms two distinct layers, with biodiesel on top and water on bottom, you have made quality fuel. If they stay mixed in a light yellow mousse, you will have to repeat the batch, and probably need to measure your ingredients more closely.
Wash your biodiesel fuel by combining it with 1/2 litre of fresh water in a 2-liter bottle. Mix together and let them settle, just like in the wash test. Poke a small hole in the bottom of the bottle and allow water to drain out. Cover the hole with duct tape and repeat the process two or three more times until biodiesel is translucent. | <urn:uuid:7c71db31-9388-4b70-85ef-a4566cc8311f> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://letsfixit.co.uk/vehicles/how-to-convert-cooking-oil-waste-into-biodiesel-fuel/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347406785.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20200529214634-20200530004634-00286.warc.gz | en | 0.920507 | 654 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Heartworms in Gallatin County…
Can you believe Spring is almost over? Where has the time gone?! That being said, it’s time to start thinking about heartworm prevention, but you may be asking yourself, “Is it really a problem to be concerned with in our area?”
The answer is yes! Let’s first start with some fun and interesting facts about heartworms:
1. Heartworms live for a long time
Did you know that it takes about six months for the larvae to fully mature?
- The average life span in dogs is 5 to 7 years.
- The average life span in cats is 1 to 3 years.
The test that we carry is called an antigen test, which only detects adult heartworms.
2. Cats can get heartworms too
They are called ‘atypical’ hosts, but that doesn’t mean that they are not susceptible to them.
Most larvae do not reach the adult stage in cats due to their small heart size. The top four symptoms to watch for in cats are:
There is no treatment available for cats. Usually by the time the symptoms are seen, it is usually too late.
3. They live in other species too
Here is a fun fact for you…
Did you know they can live in Ferrets and Sea Lions?
4. They have been diagnosed in ALL 50 states
The life cycle of the larvae is very dependent on temperature. That is why you generally see higher numbers in the states that have a warmer humid climate. Prevention is very effective. It is rare that it doesn’t work.
The American Heartworm Society recommends testing yearly and giving prevention monthly. For more information, click here for resources, tools, and videos.
We recently had a dog come up positive during routine testing. He had spent his entire life in Montana. There has also been mention from other clinics in our area with other positive heartworm dogs since the beginning of this year.
5. Testing is VERY important
Make an appointment today and take advantage of the $5 off manufacturer coupon! | <urn:uuid:10ea8762-6f67-4ffd-959e-e4a87c4431ab> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://hardawayvet.com/heartworms-in-gallatin-county-5-things-you-didnt-know/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039744561.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20181118180446-20181118202446-00108.warc.gz | en | 0.963856 | 436 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Predictive Maintenance Overview 270
This class describes predictive maintenance (PdM), which is a data-based approach to conducting maintenance. PdM uses real-time and historical data from machines and sensors to anticipate maintenance requirements. PdM offers many benefits over other approaches to maintenance, such as preventive and reactive maintenance. It allows organizations to maintain processes and equipment with less downtime, fewer unnecessary repairs, and less labor, and enables them to respond to emergencies more efficiently.
After completing this class, users will be able to identify differences between PdM and other common approaches to maintenance, as well as the technology and software required for PdM. This information will prepare them to successfully implement or improve PdM processes.
Number of Lessons 12
- Predictive Maintenance
- Other Maintenance Approaches
- Advantages of PdM
- Review: Types of Maintenance
- Data for PdM
- IIoT and Digital Twins for PdM
- Software for PdM
- Review: PdM Software and Technology
- Condition Monitoring
- Adopting PdM
- Prescriptive Maintenance
- Final Review
- Describe predictive maintenance.
- Describe other major approaches to maintenance.
- Describe the advantages of predictive maintenance.
- Describe the types of data used for predictive maintenance.
- Describe the relationship between PdM, the IIoT, and digital twins.
- Describe software for predictive maintenance.
- Describe the types of conditions PdM can monitor.
- Explain how to adopt a PdM approach.
- Describe prescriptive maintenance.
A sensor that detects movement and speed. Accelerometers are used to detect and measure vibration.
A substance's ability to neutralize bases. Acidity in lubricants can be monitored by oil analysis to prevent corrosion.
Relating to sound. Acoustic monitoring analyzes audible and inaudible process noises.
A substance added to oil to improve lubrication or cooling. Levels of additives can be monitored by oil analysis.
The use of innovative technology and processes to improve the manufacturing of products. Advanced manufacturing technologies include smart devices that can collect and manage large amounts of data.
An automatic warning that a program or system is not functioning correctly. Alarms can be triggered by abnormal machine conditions reported by real-time data.
AI. The ability of a machine or computer to imitate intelligent human behavior. Artificial intelligence allows machines to perform a process with autonomy.
A system or process that does not require human intervention to operate. Automated systems can increase the efficiency of industrial processes.
An extra copy of original data files on one or more separate devices. Backups are critical for maintaining data in case original files are lost or damaged.
The state of a system or component while it is in good working order. Baseline conditions are compared to future states in order to detect potential faults.
A friction-reducing device that allows one moving part to glide past another moving part. Bearings operate using a sliding or rolling mechanism.
A catastrophic malfunction that prevents a component or process from operating correctly. Breakdowns usually result in lost productivity and maintenance expenses.
The practice of storing data on remote servers that can be accessed through the internet. Cloud computing makes it possible for manufacturers to store data without active human management of storage systems or equipment.
Hosted on a remote server that is accessed through an internet connection. Cloud-based data storage can be cheaper than local storage but is less secure.
Computerized maintenance management system. A software package that organizes and tracks data about a company's maintenance operations. A CMMS is an important tool for PdM.
A data visualization tool that displays different thermal signatures as different colors. On color maps, warm colors like red and orange indicate higher temperatures.
CAD. A computer software program that aids in the automated design and technical precision drawing of a part, product, process, or building. Computer-aided design can create three-dimensional digital models used for digital twins.
computerized maintenance management system
CMMS. A software package that organizes and tracks data about a company's maintenance operations. A computerized maintenance management system is an important tool for PdM.
The use of sensors and data to monitor and detect changes in equipment operations. Condition monitoring can be used alone in condition-based maintenance or for PdM data collection.
CBM. A maintenance approach that involves collecting data related to machine operation in order to service a machine before a maintenance issue causes a breakdown. Condition-based maintenance is similar to PM and PdM but is usually used to identify emergent maintenance requirements, rather than to predict maintenance requirements.
A fluid used to decrease the temperature of machine components. Coolants include water, oil, and synthetic fluids.
CM. A maintenance approach that involves performing repairs after a problem becomes apparent but before it causes failure. Corrective maintenance addresses problems before reactive maintenance becomes necessary.
Protection against criminal or unauthorized access to computer networks, programs, and data. Cybersecurity is a major concern for the IIoT.
data maintenance plan
A set of specific, proactive tasks that ensure the availability and security of collected data. A data maintenance plan should include plans for obtaining storage space and creating procedures for backup, memory loss, cybersecurity, deletion, and archiving.
Computer storage that holds data and is searchable. Databases are used to store and organize maintenance data for PdM.
A virtual representation of a physical object, such as a part or machine. Digital twins are important tools for PdM because they can reflect actual, current conditions and simulate machine or process behaviors without damaging the physical asset.
A period of time when production stops, often due to mechanical failure or unplanned maintenance needs. Unscheduled downtime can be minimized by using a predictive maintenance strategy.
A type of real-time data that is reported constantly. Dynamic data tracks variable information, such as the current location of a cutting tool.
A dangerous electrical condition that prevents current from completing its circuit as intended. Electrical faults include short circuits and open circuits.
An imaging technique that uses interference between magnetic fields to measure material quality and detect surface defects. Electromagnetic analysis can detect cracks, corrosion, and other defects and is often used to study tubing.
Maintenance required when an unexpected breakdown presents an immediate threat to safety or equipment. Emergency maintenance can be required even when more proactive maintenance strategies are in place.
enterprise asset management
EAM. A software package that combines computerized maintenance management software with asset management tools. Enterprise asset management systems offer more complex tools related to maintenance, monitoring, and asset lifecycle management than CMMS systems but do not expand into other organizational departments like enterprise resource planning systems do.
enterprise resource planning
ERP. A software package that takes the data from internal and external information systems and integrates it throughout the organization. Enterprise resource planning systems maintain a single database that contains the data needed for a variety of business functions, such as maintenance, supply chain management, financials, projects, human resources, and customer relationship management.
A catastrophic malfunction that prevents a machine, component, or process from operating correctly. Failures can render equipment unusable, cause hazardous conditions, and result in unplanned downtime.
The number of sound wave oscillations or vibrations that occur in a unit of time. Frequency is measured in hertz (Hz).
A force that resists motion between components that are in contact with one another. Increased friction raises heat and can cause damage.
Information that was collected previously and stored for later analysis. Historical data includes reports and documentation.
HR. The department in a company that is responsible for recruiting talent, establishing workplace policies, tracking employee performance, managing employee compensation and benefits, and taking corrective action on performance issues. Human resources tools are usually available in enterprise resource planning software.
Industrial Internet of Things. A network of physical devices used in manufacturing that contain computing systems that allow them to send and receive data. The IIoT allows devices to exchange data without any human intervention.
Industrial Internet of Things
IIoT. A network of physical devices used in manufacturing that contain computing systems that allow them to send and receive data. The Industrial Internet of Things allows devices to exchange data without any human intervention.
IR. Invisible light energy emitted by heated objects. Infrared light can be used to capture a visual representation of an object's thermal signature as a color map.
IRT. The process of using a thermal camera to capture and create an image based on infrared radiation. Infrared thermography is used to monitor and detect changes in machine temperature.
A process that uses deviations in a laser's light path to show surface irregularities and refractive changes. Laser interferometry can reveal corrosion, undesired curves, and microscopic cavities.
A methodology that focuses on minimizing waste within manufacturing systems while also maximizing productivity. Lean manufacturing exploits all opportunities to safely eliminate waste.
The entire timeline of an asset, from its design, production, and use to its disposal and replacement. EAM and ERP systems can provide a continuous and comprehensive view of an asset's lifecycle and maintenance history.
Hosted internally on one or more devices. Local storage options provide more security than remote ones but are typically more expensive.
The application of lubricants, such as grease or oil, to moving machine components. Lubrication minimizes friction and reduces heat and wear.
ML. The process that enables a digital system to analyze data in order to build predictive models and make decisions autonomously. Machine learning is used to predict maintenance needs and make repair recommendations in prescriptive maintenance.
The erasure or failure of an electronic device on which data is stored. Memory loss can destroy critical maintenance data.
motor circuit analysis
MCA. A process that measures voltage and insulation degradation to determine the state of a motor's electrical components. Motor circuit analysis can be used to predict motor failures.
A group of hardware devices connected via cable or wireless methods. A network allows two or more devices to communicate and share information.
A machine testing method that involves inspecting a sample of a machine's lubricant. Oil analysis measures lubricant properties, contaminants, and wear debris.
A device that displays a visual representation of a waveform. Oscilloscopes can be used to display vibration and electrical changes.
A material's chemical reaction with oxygen. Oxidation can be detected by oil analysis.
Predictive maintenance. A maintenance approach that involves collecting data in order to anticipate and correct potential issues before they arise. A PdM approach involves performing maintenance before failures occur to prevent and helps prevent unscheduled downtime and reduce the labor, cost, and time needed for repairs.
Preventive maintenance. A maintenance approach that involves performing upkeep tasks at scheduled intervals while equipment is in working order. PM attempts to avoid breakdowns but can lead to unnecessary maintenance.
PdM. A maintenance approach that involves collecting data in order to anticipate and correct potential issues before they arise. A predictive maintenance approach involves performing maintenance before failures occur to prevent unscheduled downtime and reduce the labor, cost, and time needed for repairs.
RxM. A maintenance approach that uses artificial intelligence and machine learning to report potential outcomes of operating conditions, recommend actions, and suggest repairs. Prescriptive maintenance is emerging as a possible improvement on predictive maintenance.
PM. A maintenance approach that involves performing upkeep tasks at scheduled intervals while equipment is in working order. Preventive maintenance attempts to avoid breakdowns but can lead to unnecessary maintenance.
An imaging technique that uses electromagnetic radiation in the form of X-rays and gamma rays to view the inside of objects. Radiography can be used to detect changes in the density of a material.
RM. A maintenance approach that involves making repairs in response to product and equipment failure. Reactive maintenance often has unintended consequences such as unexpected downtime, higher part costs, shorter product lifespan, and overall greater service costs.
RTD. Information that is delivered and analyzed immediately after collection. Real-time data can be dynamic or static and can provide continuous machine monitoring.
RCM. A maintenance approach that creates maintenance schedules for a machine or process based on its condition, environment, and frequency of use. Reliability-centered maintenance prioritizes some machines over others to create the least interruptive maintenance schedules.
Occurring externally on another device or at a different geographic location. Remote monitoring allows for off-site data collection and enables immediate responses when sensors detect abnormal machine operations.
The origin of a problem. Troubleshooting attempts to identify the root cause of a problem rather than simply addressing the symptoms.
Maintenance that is performed at regular intervals. Routine maintenance tasks include lubricating, tightening, and replacing parts.
A device that detects the presence or absence of an object or certain properties of an object or substance and provides feedback. Sensors commonly monitor vibration, oil levels and chemistry, temperature, location, and sound.
To virtually duplicate real-world and real-time situations. Digital twins can simulate a maintenance process to evaluate behavior under various conditions without damaging the physical asset.
Capable of sending and receiving data. Smart devices generally require internet connectivity to enable data processing.
A set of digitized programs and operating procedures that control a computer and instruct it to perform specific tasks. Specialized software can be used to manage maintenance data for PdM.
A type of real-time data that is reported on a timed interval. Static data creates a timed log of information, such as the temperature of a machine every 10 seconds.
Total Productive Maintenance
TPM. A manufacturing improvement method that increases production and reduces waste through continuous attention to the condition of machines and processes. The goal of Total Productive Maintenance is to maximize equipment usefulness and limit waste.
A general direction in which something is developing. Trends indicate changes in data over time.
To systematically eliminate the various components of a system, circuit, or process from consideration in order to locate the source of a malfunction. Historical data can be used to troubleshoot unusual maintenance patterns.
An electronic authentication method that grants access to a website or application only after a user successfully presents two or more pieces of evidence. Two-factor authentication provides better security than using only a single password.
Above the range of human hearing. Ultrasonic sounds can be detected by acoustic monitoring.
Rapid, repetitive, back-and-forth movement in a machine part or other component. Excessive vibration can cause premature component or machine failure.
A fluid's resistance to flow. Viscosity can be monitored by oil analysis.
Any thing or process that does not add value to a product. Scrap and waiting are common forms of waste.
WiFi. A network that uses radio waves to send and receive data instead of copper or fiber optic cable. In a wireless network, a device transmits a radio signal through an antenna. | <urn:uuid:cd4384d6-daa3-4aa1-b07a-c5395fb04ac8> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://learn.toolingu.com/classes/predictive-maintenance-overview-270/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500719.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20230208060523-20230208090523-00096.warc.gz | en | 0.88031 | 3,351 | 3.078125 | 3 |
All forest stages have special ecological roles, but the old-growth stage is especially important. It’s significant for many bird species as well as insects, fungi, reptiles and amphibians. Old-growth forests are one of the few land uses where topsoil is created instead of destroyed, and they are critical to our air and water quality. Northwest Ohio has three forests designated as “Old-Growth Forests,” including one at Secor Metropark. Join the founder of the Old-Growth Forest Network, Dr. Joan Maloof, as she talks about these special places and why we should help protect them.
To attend this Program, please click on this Zoom registration link.
This program is free and open to the public. Please invite a friend! | <urn:uuid:d55bcaf8-743f-4b06-9e09-1b4426f491d4> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.oakopenings.org/events/the-importance-of-old-growth-forests/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707948217723.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20240305024700-20240305054700-00806.warc.gz | en | 0.965858 | 161 | 3.28125 | 3 |
von Willebrand factor
The VWF gene provides instructions for making a blood clotting protein called von Willebrand factor. This protein contains regions that attach (bind) to specific cells and proteins during the formation of a blood clot. After an injury, clots protect the body by sealing off damaged blood vessels and preventing further blood loss.
Von Willebrand factor is made within endothelial cells, which line the inside surface of blood vessels, and bone marrow cells. The factor is made of several identical subunits. To facilitate binding to various cells and proteins, these subunits are cut into smaller pieces by an enzyme called ADAMTS13. Von Willebrand factor helps platelets stick together and adhere to the walls of blood vessels at the site of a wound. These groups of platelets form temporary clots, plugging holes in blood vessel walls to help stop bleeding. Von Willebrand factor also carries another blood clotting protein, coagulation factor VIII, to the area of clot formation.
More than 300 mutations in the VWF gene have been found to cause von Willebrand disease. Mutations in the VWF gene that reduce the amount of von Willebrand factor cause type 1 von Willebrand disease. People with type 1 von Willebrand disease have von Willebrand factor in their bloodstream, but at reduced amounts. Mutations that disrupt the function of the von Willebrand factor cause the four subtypes of type 2 von Willebrand disease. These mutations usually change one of the protein building blocks (amino acids) used to make von Willebrand factor, which can disrupt the factor's ability to bind to various cells and proteins needed to form a blood clot. Mutations that result in an abnormally short, nonfunctional von Willebrand factor generally cause the more severe type 3 von Willebrand disease. A reduction in the amount of von Willebrand factor or problems with its function slows the formation of blood clots, which causes the prolonged bleeding episodes seen in von Willebrand disease.
- coagulation factor VIII VWF | <urn:uuid:cab36ba8-7a09-4ccf-9ae1-5f6726379b1d> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/VWF | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400187390.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20200918092913-20200918122913-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.90357 | 426 | 4.0625 | 4 |
Gondwana Rainforests of Australia Under Threat
In 2000, Ray Stevens‘ earlier attempt at building a cableway to Springbrook came to the attention of UNESCO – the body that oversees World Heritage listings.
There is little difference between Stevens’ earlier proposal and this one, as shadowy as it is right now.
The Gondwana Rainforests is a serial property composed of 41 component parts, ranging in size from 36 hectares to 39,120 hectares. Each of the component parts conserve different values and are faced with different threats and management responses. More information is required for each component part before an assessment of the conservation status of the site as a whole can be more comprehensively assessed. However, in general the values for which the site was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1986, with a large extension in 1994, have been mostly maintained apart from a decline in some significant species. Despite state-of-the-art management, given the large number of threats from both within and outside the site and potential additional threats brought about by climate change, the conservation outlook at this point in time is good with some concerns.
Although the list of current and potential threatening processes to the property is long, there have been major management responses to these threats. However even with excellent management response, given the sheer number and diversity of threats, the multi-use functions of the property and the somewhat fragmented disposition of its component parts, as well as the unquantified effect of climate change, the threats are still assessed as high. | <urn:uuid:51ddf773-6815-4e1e-b328-1c38d9ae2021> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://cablewaynoway.com.au/iucn-state-of-conservation-soc-gondwana-rainforests-of-australia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986672548.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20191017022259-20191017045759-00111.warc.gz | en | 0.95377 | 309 | 3.390625 | 3 |
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