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However, fertiliser and byproducts from sugar cane harvesting methods form a component of surface runoff into the Great Barrier Reef lagoon. Principal agricultural activity is sugar cane farming in the wet tropics and cattle grazing in the dry tropics regions. Both are considered significant factors affecting water quality. ASUS A8H CPU Fan
Copper, a common industrial pollutant in the waters of the Great Barrier Reef, has been shown to interfere with the development of coral polyps. Flood plumes are flooding events associated with higher levels of nitrogen and phosphorus. In February 2007, due to a monsoonal climate system, SONY UDQFRZH13CF0 CPU Fan
plumes of sediment runoff have been observed reaching to the outmost regions of the reef.
Runoff is especially concerning in the region south of Cairns, as it receives over 3000 mm of rain per year and the reefs are less than 30 kilometres (19 mi) away from the coastline. Farm run off is polluted as a result of overgrazing and excessive fertiliser and pesticide use. HP COMPAQ 2510P CPU Fan
Mud pollution has increased by 800% and inorganic nitrogen pollution by 3,000% since the introduction of European farming practices on the Australian landscape. This pollution has been linked to a range of very significant risks to the reef system, including intensified outbreaks of the coral-eating Crown of Thorns Starfish which contributed to a loss of 66% of live coral cover on sampled reefs in 2000. APPLE 661-4951 CPU Fan
It is thought that the mechanism behind excess nutrients affecting the reefs is due to increased light and oxygen competition from algae, but unless herbivory is unusually low, this will not create a phase shift from the Great Barrier Reef being primarily made up of coral to being primarily made up of algae. HP Pavilion dv6-3034ca CPU Fan
It has been suggested that poor water quality due to excess nutrients encourages the spread of infectious diseases among corals. In general, the Great Barrier Reef is considered to have low incidences of coral diseases. Skeletal Eroding Band, a disease of bony corals caused by the protozoan Halofolliculina corallasia, HP G56-126NR CPU Fan
affects 31 species of corals from six families on the reef. The long-term monitoring program has found an increase in incidences of coral disease in the period 1999-2002, although they dispute the claim that on the Great Barrier Reef, coral diseases are caused by anthropogenic pollution. Compaq Presario C556CA CPU Fan
Elevated nutrient concentrations result in a range of impacts on coral communities and under extreme conditions can result in a collapse. It also affects coral by promoting phytoplankton growth which increases the number of filter feeding organisms that compete for space. SONY Vaio VGN-NR360E CPU Fan
Excessive inputs of sediment from land to coral can lead to reef destruction through burial, disruption of recruitment success or deleterious community shifts. Sediments affect coral by smothering them when particles settle out, reducing light availability and potentially reducing photosynthesis and growth. HP Pavilion dv5170us CPU Fan
Coral reefs exist in seawater salinities from 25 to 42%. Salinity impacts to corals are increased by other flood-related stresses.
The Australian and Queensland Governments have committed to act to protect the reef, and water quality monitoring programmes are in place. SONY Vaio VPC-EE3WFX/WI CPU Fan
However, theWorld Wildlife Fund has criticised that progress against these commitments has been slow, saying that as many as 700 reefs are at risk from sediment runoff.
Most people believe that the most significant threat to the status of the Great Barrier Reef and of the planet's other tropical reef ecosystems is climate change, consisting chiefly of global warming and the El Niño effect.[ HP G56-126NR CPU Fan
and turn colourless, revealing their white calcium carbonate skeletons, under the stress of waters that remain too warm for too long. At this stage the coral is still alive, and if the water cools, the coral can regain its zooxanthellae. If the water does not cool within about a month, the coral will die of starvation. Australia experienced its warmest year on record in 2005. HP 3MLX8TATP20 CPU Fan
Abnormally high sea temperatures during the summer of 2005-2006 have caused massive coral bleaching in the Keppel Islandgroup.
Most scientists studying the issue believe that climate change poses a massive threat to the future of the Great Barrier Reef. SONY Vaio VGN-NW240F/S CPU Fan
A draft report by the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the world's preeminent gathering of climate scientists, states that the Great Barrier Reef is at grave risk and will be "functionally extinct" by 2030, warning that coral bleaching will likely become an annual occurrence. SONY Vaio VPC-EB1Z0E/B CPU Fan
However, a few scientists hold that coral bleaching may in some cases be less of a problem than the mainstream believes. Professor Ridd, from James Cook University in Townsville was quoted in The Australian (a conservative newspaper) as saying; "They are saying bleaching is the end of the world, but when you look into it, that is a highly dubious proposition".Compaq Presario CQ60-514NR CPU Fan
Research by scientist Ray Berkelmans "... has documented astonishing levels of recovery on the Keppel outcrops devastated by bleaching in 2006." A related article in The Australian newspaper goes on to explain that; "Those that expel their zooxanthellae have a narrow opening to recolonise with new, temperature-resistant algae before succumbing. Toshiba Satellite X205-S9800 CPU Fan
In the Keppels in 2006, Berkelmans and his team noticed that the dominant strain of zooxanthellae changed from light and heat-sensitive type C2, to more robust types D and C1."
Nevertheless, most coral reef researchers anticipate severely negative effects from climate change already occurring, and potentially disastrous effects as climate change worsens. ASUS G2P CPU Fan
The future of the Reef may well depend on how much the planet's climate changes, and thus, on how high atmospheric greenhouse gas concentration levels are allowed to rise. On 2 September 2009, a report by the Australian Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authorityrevealed that if carbon dioxide levels reached 450 parts per million corals and reef habitats will be highly vulnerable.Compaq Presario CQ60-430SA CPU Fan
If carbon dioxide levels are managed at or below 380 parts per million they will be only moderately vulnerable and the reefs will remain coral-dominated.
Global warming may have triggered the collapse of reef ecosystems throughout the tropics. Increased global temperatures are thought by some to bring more violent tropical storms, DELL BFB0505HA CPU Fan
but reef systems are naturally resilient and recover from storm battering. Most people agree that an upward trend in temperature will cause much more coral bleaching; others suggest that while reefs may die in certain areas, other areas will become habitable for corals, and new reefs will form. HP Pavilion dv5-1272et CPU Fan
However, the rate at which the mass bleaching events occur is estimated to be much faster than reefs can recover from, or adjust to.
However, Kleypas et al. in their 2006 report suggest that the trend towards ocean acidification indicates that as the sea's pH decreases, corals will become less able to secrete calcium carbonate. Toshiba AB7005HX-SB3 CPU Fan
In 2009, a study showed that Porites corals, the most robust on the Great Barrier Reef, have slowed down their growth by 14.2% since 1990. It suggested that the cause was heat stress and a lower availability of dissolved calcium to the corals.
Climate change and global warming are one of the greatest threats to the reef. Toshiba Satellite A500-18T CPU Fan
A temperature rise of between two and three degrees Celsius would result in 97% of the Great Barrier Reef being bleached every year. Reef scientist Terry Done has predicted that a one-degree rise in global temperature would result in 82% of the reef bleached, two degrees resulting in 97% and three degrees resulting in "total devastation".[37HP Pavilion dv5-2135dx CPU Fan
] A predictive model based on the 1998 and 2002 bleaching events has concurred that a temperature rise of three degrees would result in total coral mortality.
Climate change has implications for other forms of life on the Great Barrier Reef as well - some fish's preferred temperature range lead them to seek new areas to live, ASUS EEE PC 1201NL CPU Fan
thus causing chick mortality in seabirds that prey on the fish. Also, in sea turtles, higher temperatures mean that the sex ratio of their populations will change, as the sex of sea turtles is determined by temperature. The habitat of sea turtles will also shrink.
The Crown-of-Thorns Starfish is a coral reef predator which preys on coral polyps by climbing onto them, SONY Vaio VGN-NW240D/T CPU Fan
extruding its stomach over them, and releasing digestive enzymes to absorb the liquified tissue. An individual adult of this species can eat up to six square metres of living reef in a single year. Geological evidence suggests that the Crown-of-Thorns Starfish has been part of the Great Barrier Reef's ecology for "at least several thousand years", Compaq Presario CQ60-418DX CPU Fan
but there is no geological evidence for Crown-of-Thorns outbreaks. Large outbreaks of these starfish can devastate reefs. In 2000, an outbreak contributed to a loss of 66% of live coral cover on sampled reefs in a study by the CRC Reefs Research Centre. Although large outbreaks of these starfish are believed to occur in natural cycles, SONY Vaio VGN-NW240D CPU Fan
human activity in and around the Great Barrier Reef can worsen the effects. Reduction of water quality associated with agriculture can cause the crown-of-thorns starfish larvae to thrive. Overfishing of its natural predators, such as the Giant Triton, is also considered to contribute to an increase in the number of crown-of-thorns starfish. SONY VGN-BX197XP CPU Fan
The CRC Reef Research Centre defines an outbreak as when there are more than 30 adult starfish in an area of one hectare.
The unsustainable overfishing of keystone species, such as the Giant Triton and sharks, can cause disruption to food chains vital to life on the reef. Fishing also impacts the reef through increased pollution from boats, Toshiba Satellite L645D-S4056 CPU Fan
by-catch of unwanted species (such as dolphins and turtles) and reef habitat destruction fromtrawling, anchors and nets. Overfishing of herbivore populations can cause algal growths on reefs. The Batfish Platax pinnatus has been observed to significantly reduce algal growths in studies simulating overfishing. Toshiba AB7805HX-GB3 CPU Fan
Sharks are fished for their meat, and when they are part of bycatch, it is common to kill the shark and throw it overboard, as there is a belief that they interfere with fishing. As of 1 July 2004, approximately one-third of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park is protected from species removal of any kind, including fishing, without written permission. However, illegal poaching is not unknown in these no-take zones. Toshiba Satellite L500-208 CPU Fan
Shipping accidents continue to be perceived as a threat, as several commercial shipping routes pass through the Great Barrier Reef. The GBRMPA estimates that about 6000 vessels greater than 50 metres (164 ft) in length use the Great Barrier Reef as a route. From 1985 to 2001, 11 collisions and 20 groundings occurred along the Great Barrier Reef shipping route, HP 535441-001 CPU Fan
with human error identified as the leading cause of shipping accidents.
Reef pilots have stated that they consider the reef route safer than outside the reef in the event of mechanical failure, since a ship can sit safely while being repaired. The inner route is used by 75% of all ships that travel over the Great Barrier Reef. Toshiba Satellite P100-444 CPU Fan
As of 2007, over 1,600 known shipwrecks have occurred in the Great Barrier Reef region.
Waste and foreign species discharged from ships in ballast water (when purging procedures are not followed) are a biological hazard to the Great Barrier Reef. Tributyltin (TBT) compounds found in some antifouling paint on ship hulls leaches into seawater and is toxic to marine organisms and humans; as of 2002, efforts are underway to restrict its use. HP Pavilion dv7-3114eo CPU Fan
In April 2010, the bulk coal carrier Shen Neng 1 ran aground on the Great Barrier Reef, causing the largest grounding scar to date. The spill caused damage to a 400,000sqm section of the Great Barrier Reef and the use of oil dispersant resulted in oil spreading to reef islands 25 km away. HP Mini 110-1125SA CPU Fan
It was suspected that the Great Barrier Reef is the cap to an oil trap, after a 1923 paper suggested that it had the right rock formation to support "oilfields of great magnitude". After the Commonwealth Petroleum Search Subsidies Act of 1957, exploration activities increased in Queensland, including a well drilled atWreck Island in the southern Great Barrier Reef in 1959. HP KSB06105HA CPU Fan
In the 1960s, drilling for oil and gas was investigated throughout the Great Barrier Reef, by seismic and magnetic methods in the Torres Strait, along "the eastern seaboard of Cape York to Princess Charlotte Bay" and along the coast from Cooktown toFraser Island. Compaq Presario CQ60-210eo CPU Fan
In the late 1960s, more exploratory wells were drilled near Wreck Island in the Capricorn Channel, and near Darnley Island in the Torres Strait, but "all results were dry".
In 1970, responding to concern about oil spills such as the Torrey Canyon, two Royal Commissions were ordered "into exploratory and production drilling for petroleum in the area of the Great Barrier Reef".HP Pavilion dv7-2250sf CPU Fan
After the Royal Commissions, the federal and state governments ceased allowing petroleum drilling on the Great Barrier Reef. A study in 1990 concluded that the reef is too young to contain oil reserves. Oil drilling remains prohibited on the Great Barrier Reef, yet oil spills due to shipping routes are still a threat to the reef system, HP 434678-001 CPU Fan
with a total of 282 oil spills between 1987-2002.
Tropical cyclones are a cause of ecological disturbance to the Great Barrier Reef. The types of damage caused by tropical cyclones to the Great Barrier Reef is varied, including fragmentation, sediment plumes, and decreasing salinity following heavy rains (Tropical Cyclone Joy). HP G60-230us CPU Fan
The patterns of reef damage are similarly 'patchy'. From 1910–1999, 170 cyclones' paths came near or through the Great Barrier Reef. Most cyclones pass through the Great Barrier Reef within a day. In general, compact corals such as Porites fare better than branching corals under cyclone conditions. HP Pavilion dv6365us CPU Fan
The major damage caused by Tropical Cyclone Larry was to underlying reef structures, and breakage and displacement of corals, which is overall consistent with previous tropical cyclone events. Severe tropical cyclones hit the Queensland coast every 200 to 300 years; however, HP 535439-001 CPU Fan
during the period 1969–1999 most cyclones in the region were very weak – category one or two on the Australian Bureau of Meteorology scale.
On 2 February 2011, Severe Tropical Cyclone Yasi struck northern Queensland and caused severe damage to a stretch of hundreds of kilometres within the Great Barrier Reef. COMPAQ 6910c CPU Fan
The corals could take a decade to recover fully. Cyclone Yasi had wind speeds of 290 kilometers per hour. HP G62-110SO CPU Fan
On the second day of the 2013 round of the biennial training exercise 'Talisman Saber', in which 28,000 US and Australian military personnel conduct joint activities over a three-week period,four unarmed bombs were dropped into the Great Barrier Reef by two US AV-8B Harrier jets that were unable to land with the weight of the weapons. IBM Lenovo IdeaPad G510 CPU Fan
To minimize potential harm to the reef, the four bombs, weighing a total 1.8 metric tons (4,000 pounds), were dropped into more than 50 meters (164 ft) of water away from the reef's coral structures. The bomb drop was originally planned to occur at the Townshend Island bombing range, DELL Precision M6400 CPU Fan
but after controllers reported that the area was not clear of hazards, the emergency jettison occurred. Australian senator Larissa Waters responded to the news by asking, "Have we gone completely mad? Is this how we look after our World Heritage area now? Letting a foreign power drop bombs on it?" SONY Vaio VPC-EB290X CPU Fan
Human impact on coral reefs is significant. Coral reefs are dying around the world. In particular, coral mining, pollution (organic and non-organic), overfishing, blast fishing and the digging of canals and access into islands and bays are serious threats to these ecosystems. HP Envy 17-1090eo CPU Fan
Coral reefs also face high dangers from pollution, diseases, destructive fishing practices and warming oceans. In order to find answers for these problems, researchers study the various factors that impact reefs. The list of factors is long, including the ocean's role as a carbon dioxide sink, Toshiba Satellite A210-1CF CPU Fan
atmospheric changes, ultraviolet light, ocean acidification, biological virus, impacts of dust storms carrying agents to far flung reefs, pollutants, algal blooms and others. Reefs are threatened well beyond coastal areas.
In 2008 estimates assembled from coral reef specialists from around the world indicated that 19% of the existing area of coral reefs has been already been lost, Dell Vostro 3450 CPU Fan
and that a further 15% are likely to be lost over the subsequent 10–20 years. Only 46% of the world’s reefs could be currently regarded as in good health. About 60% of the world's reefs may be at risk due to destructive, human-related activities. The threat to the health of reefs is particularly strong in Southeast Asia, Toshiba Satellite A10-103 CPU Fan
where 80% of reefs are endangered. By the 2030s, 90% of reefs are expected to be at risk from both human activities and climate change; by 2050, all coral reefs will be in danger.
In the Caribbean Sea and tropical Pacific, direct contact between coral and 40–70% of common seaweeds cause bleaching and death of coral tissue viaallelopathic competition. Compaq Presario A900 CTO CPU Fan
The lipid-soluble extracts of seaweeds that harmed coral tissues also produced rapid bleaching. At these sites bleaching and mortality was limited to areas of direct contact with seaweeds or their extracts. The seaweed ten expanded to occupy the dead coral's habitat. However, as of 2009, only 4% of coral reefs worldwide had more than 50% algal coverage. ACER Aspire 4736ZG CPU Fan
Further, there is no recent global trend towards algal dominance.
Competitive seaweed and other algae thrive in nutrient-rich waters in the absence of sufficient herbivorous predators. Herbivores include fish such asparrotfish, surgeonfish, tangs and unicornfish.
Over fishing, particularly selective over fishing, can unbalance coToshiba Satellite A10-103 CPU Fan
ral ecosystems by encouraging the excessive growth of coral predators. Predators that eat living coral, such as the crown-of-thorns starfish, are called corallivores. Coral reefs are built from stony coral, which evolved with large amounts of the waxcetyl palmitate in their tissues. SONY MCF-519PAM05 CPU Fan
Most predators find this wax indigestible. The crown-of-thorns starfish is a large (up to one meter) starfish protected by long, venomous spines. Its enzyme system dissolves the wax in stony corals, and allows the starfish to feed on the living animal. Starfish face predators of their own, such as the giant triton sea snail. SONY Vaio VPC-EB290X CPU Fan
However, the giant triton is valued for its shell and has been over fished. As a result, crown-of-thorns starfish populations can periodically grow unchecked, devastating reefs.
Although some aquarium fish species can reproduce in aquaria (such as Pomacentridae), most (95%) are collected from coral reefs.[ HP Pavilion dv7-2043cl CPU Fan
Intense harvesting, especially in South-East Asia (including Indonesia and the Philippines), damages the reefs. This is aggravated by destructive fishing practices, such as cyanide and blast fishing. Most (80–90%) aquarium fish from the Philippines are captured with sodium cyanide. HP Pavilion dv7-2130ev CPU Fan
This toxic chemical is dissolved in sea water and released into areas where fish shelter. It narcotizes the fish, which are then easily captured. However, most fish collected with cyanide die a few months later from liver damage.[ Moreover, many non-marketable specimens die in the process.HP 608772-001 CPU Fan
It is estimated that 4,000 or more Filipino fish collectors have used over 1,000,000 kilograms (2,200,000 lb) of cyanide on Philippine reefs alone, about 150,000 kg per year. A major catalyst of cyanide fishing is poverty within fishing communities. In countries like the Philippines that regularly employ cyanide, more than thirty percent of the population lives below the poverty line. Toshiba Satellite A100-194 CPU Fan
Dynamite fishing is another destructive method for gathering fish. Sticks of dynamite, grenades, or home-made explosives are detonated in the water. This method of fishing kills the fish within the main blast area, along with many unwanted reef animals. The blast also kills the corals in the area, eliminating the reef's structure, HP Pavilion tx1205/ CT CPU Fan
destroying habitat for the remaining fish and other animals important for reef health. Muroami is the destructive practice of covering reefs with nets and dropping large stones onto the reef to produce a flight response among the fish. The stones break and kill the coral. Muroami was generally outlawed in the 1980s. HP Pavilion dv6640ep CPU Fan
Fishing gear damages reefs via direct physical contact with the reef structure and substrate. Gill nets, fish traps, and anchors break branching coral and cause coral death through entanglement. When fishermen drop lines by coral reefs, the lines entangle the coral. The fisher cuts the line and abandons it, leaving it attached to the reef. COMPAQ Presario CQ42-401TU CPU Fan
The discarded lines abrade coral polyps and upper tissue layers. Corals are able to recover from small lesions, but larger and recurrent damage complicates recovery.
Bottom dragging gear such as beach seines can damage corals by abrasion and fracturing. A beach seine is a long net about 150 meters (490 ft) with a mesh size of 3 centimeters (1.2 in) Toshiba Satellite A300D CPU Fan
and a weighted line to hold the net down while it is dragged across the substrate and is one of the most destructive types of fishing gear on Kenya’s reefs.
Bottom trawling in deep oceans destroys cold–water and deep–sea corals. Historically, industrial fishers avoided coral because their nets would get caught on the reefs. HP Pavilion dv8397ea CPU Fan
In the 1980s, "rock–hopper" trawls attached large tires and rollers to allow the nets to roll over rough surfaces. Fifty-five percent of Alaskan cold–water coral that was damaged by one pass from a bottom trawl had not recovered a year later. Northeast Atlantic reefs bear scars up to 4 kilometers (2.5 mi) long. HP Pavilion dv9821ea CPU Fan
In Southern Australia, 90 percent of the surfaces on coral seamounts are now bare rock. Even in the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area, seafloor trawling for prawns and scallops is causing localized extinction of some coral species.
Reefs in close proximity to human populations are subject to poor water quality from land- and marine-based sources. HP COMPAQ TC4200 CPU Fan
In 2006 studies suggested that approximately 80 percent of ocean pollution originates from activities on land. Pollution arrives from land via runoff, the wind and "injection" (deliberate introduction, e.g., drainpipes). Runoff brings with it sediment from erosion and land-clearing, SONY Vaio VGN-NW228F CPU Fan
nutrients and pesticides from agriculture, wastewater, industrial effluentand miscellaneous material such as petroleum residue and trash that storms wash away. Some pollutants consume oxygen and lead to eutrophication, killing coral and other reef inhabitants.
An increasing fraction of the global population lives in coastal areas. HP G62-b16ST CPU Fan
Without appropriate precautions, development (e.g., buildings and paved roads) increases the fraction of rainfall and other water sources that enter the ocean as runoff by decreasing the land's ability to absorb it.
Pollution can introduce pathogens. HP 580696-001 CPU Fan
For example, Aspergillus sydowii has been associated with a disease in sea fans, andSerratia marcescens, has been linked to the coral disease white pox.
Reefs in close proximity to human populations can be faced with local stresses, including poor water quality from land-based sources of pollution. HP Pavilion dv6-3049tx CPU Fan
Copper, a common industrial pollutant has been shown to interfere with the life historyand development of coral polyps.
In addition to runoff, wind blows material into the ocean. This material may be local or from other regions. For example, dust from the Sahara moves to the Caribbean and Florida. HP G42-380LA CPU Fan
Dust also blows from the Gobi and Taklamakan deserts across Korea, Japan, and the Northern Pacificto the Hawaiian Islands. Since 1970, dust deposits have grown due to drought periods in Africa. Dust transport to the Caribbean and Florida varies from year to year with greater flux during positive phases of the North Atlantic Oscillation. Toshiba Qosmio G30-167 CPU Fan
The USGS links dust events to reduced health of coral reefs across the Caribbean and Florida, primarily since the 1970s. Dust from the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa in Indonesiaappeared in the annular bands of the reef-building coral Montastraea annularis from the Florida Reeftract.
Sediment smothers corals and interferes with their ability to feed and reproduce. HP Pavilion dv7-1157cl CPU Fan
Pesticides can interfere with coral reproduction and growth.
Excess nutrients, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus can cause eutrophication, upsetting the balance of the reef by enhancing algal growth and crowding out corals.This nutrient–rich water can enable blooms of fleshy algae and phytoplankton to thrive off coasts. Compaq Presario CQ40-408AX CPU Fan
These blooms can create hypoxic conditions by using all available oxygen. Biologically available nitrogen (nitrate plus ammonia) needs to be below 1.0 micromole per liter (less than 0.014 parts per million of nitrogen), and biologically available phosphorus (orthophosphate plus dissolved organic phosphorus) HP Mini 110-1110ET CPU Fan
needs to be below 0.1 micromole per liter (less than 0.003 parts per million of phosphorus). In addition concentrations of chlorophyll (in the microscopic plants called phytoplankton) needs to be below 0.5 parts per billion. Both plants also obscure sunlight, killing both fish and coral. High nitrate levels are specifically toxic to corals, while phosphates slow down skeletal growth. HP Pavilion dv7-1157cl CPU Fan
Excess nutrients can intensify existing disease, including potentially doubling the spread of Aspergillosis, a fungal infection that kills soft corals such as sea fans, and increasing yellow band disease, a bacterial infection that kills reef-building hard corals by fifty percent.
A study released in April 2013 has shown that air pollution can also stunt the growth of coral reefs; HP Pavilion dv6-3163eo CPU Fan
researchers from Australia, Panama and the UK used coral records (between 1880 and 2000) from the western Caribbean to show the threat of factors such as coal-burning coal and volcanic eruptions. The researchers state that the study signifies the first time that the relationship between air pollution and coral reefs has been elucidated, HP Pavilion dv9740us CPU Fan
while former chair of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority Ian McPhail referred to the report as "fascinating" upon the public release of its findings.
Marine debris is any solid object that enters coastal and ocean waters. Debris may arrive directly from a ship or indirectly when washed out to sea via rivers, streams, and storm drains. HP COMPAQ NX9420 CPU Fan
Human-made items tend to be the most harmful such as plastics (from bags to balloons, hard hats to fishing line), glass, metal, rubber (millions of tires!), and even entire vessels.
Plastic debris kills several reef species. Derelict (abandoned) fishing nets and other gear—often called "ghost nets" because they still catch fish and other marine life despite being abandoned—can entangle and kill reef organisms and break or damage reefs. HP Pavilion dv7-4150ec CPU Fan
Even remote reef systems suffer the effects of marine debris. Reefs in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands are particularly prone to the accumulation of marine debris because of their central location in the North Pacific Gyre. From 2000 to 2006, NOAA and partners removed over 500 tons of marine debris there. HP Pavilion dv5-1102tu CPU Fan
Rising sea levels due to climate change requires coral to grow to stay close enough to the surface to continuephotosynthesis. Also, water temperature changes can induce coral bleaching as happened during the 1998 and 2004 El Niñoyears, in which sea surface temperatures rose well above normal, bleaching or killing many reefs. SONY VGN-SZ220 CPU Fan
High sea surface temperature (SST) coupled with high irradiance (light intensity), triggers the loss of zooxanthellae, a symbiotic algae, and its dinoflagellate pigmentation in corals, turning coral white. Zooxanthellae provide up to 90% of their hosts' energy supply. Healthy reefs can often recover from bleaching if water temperatures cool. HP Pavilion dv7-6011tx CPU Fan
However, recovery may not be possible ifCO
2 levels rise to 500 ppm because concentrations of carbonate ions may then be too low.
Warming seawater may also encourage an emerging problem: coral disease. Weakened by warm water, coral is much more prone to diseases including black band disease, white band disease and skeletal eroding band. HP Pavilion dv5-1040eb CPU Fan
If global temperatures increase by 2 °C during the twenty-first century, coral may not be able to adapt quickly enough.
Warming seawater is also expected to cause migrations in fish populations to compensate for the change. ASUS F3Jv CPU Fan
This puts coral reefs and their associated species at risk of invasion and may cause their extinction if they are unable to compete with the invading populations.
A 2010 report by the Institute of Physics predicts that unless the national targets set by the Copenhagen Accord are amended to eliminate loopholes, then by 2100 global temperatures could rise by 4.2°C and result in an end to coral reefs. IBM ThinkPad R50p 2887 CPU Fan
Ocean acidification results from increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide. Oceans absorb around one–third of the increase.The dissolved gas reacts with the water to form carbonic acid, and thus acidifies the ocean. This decreasing pH is another issue for coral reefs.
Ocean surface pH is estimated to have decreased from about 8.25 to 8.14 since the beginning of the industrial era, and a further drop of 0.3–0.4 units is expected.[33SONY VGN-CS36GJ/R CPU Fan
] Before the industrial age the conditions for calcium carbonate production were typically stable in surface waters since the carbonate ion is at supersaturated concentrations. However, as the ionic concentration falls, carbonate becomes under-saturated, making calcium carbonate structures vulnerable to dissolution. Toshiba Satellite A215-S4807 CPU Fan
Corals experience reduced calcification or enhanced dissolution when exposed to elevated CO
Bamboo coral is a deep water coral which produces growth rings similar to trees. The growth rings illustrate growth rate changes as deep sea conditions change, including changes due to ocean acidification. Toshiba Satellite Pro M10-SP405 CPU Fan
Specimens as old as 4,000 years have given scientists "4,000 years worth of information about what has been going on in the deep ocean interior".
Rising carbon dioxide levels could confuse brain signaling in fish. In 2012, researchers reported on their results after studying the behaviour of baby clown and damselfishes for several years in water with elevated levels of dissolved carbon dioxide, HP Pavilion dv4-1120us CPU Fan
in line with what may exist by the end of the century. They found that the higher carbon dioxide disrupted a key brain receptor in the fish, interfering with neurotransmitter functions. The damaged central nervous systems affected fish behaviour and diminishing their sensory capacity to a point "likely to impair their chances of survival".Compaq Presario C550EM CPU Fan
The fishes were less able to locate reefs by smell or "detect the warning smell of a predator fish". Nor could they hear the sounds made by other reef fish, compromising their ability to locate safe reefs and avoid dangerous ones. They also lost their usual tendencies to turn to the left or right, damaging their ability to school with other fish. Toshiba Qosmio E15-AV101 CPU Fan
Within the last 20 years, once prolific seagrass meadows and mangrove forests, which absorb massive amounts of nutrients andsediment, have been destroyed. Both the loss of wetlands, mangrove habitats and seagrass meadows affect the water quality of inshore reefs. Toshiba Satellite L645D-S4056 CPU Fan
Coral mining is another threat. Both small scale harvesting by villagers and industrial scale mining by companies are serious threats. Mining is usually done to produce construction material which is valued as much as 50% cheaper than other rocks, such as from quarries. The rocks are ground and mixed with other materials, like cement to make concrete. Toshiba Satellite A305-S6837 CPU Fan
Ancient coral used for construction is known as coral rag. Building directly on the reef also takes its toll, altering water circulation and the tides which bring the nutrients to the reef. The pressing reason for building on reefs is simply lack of space.
Boats and ships require access points into bays and islands to load and unload cargo and people. HP Pavilion dv7-4087cl CPU Fan
For this, parts of reefs are often chopped away to clear a path. Negative consequences can include altered water circulation and altered tidal patterns which can disrupt the reef's nutrient supply; sometimes destroying a great part of the reef. Fishing vessels and other large boats occasionally run aground on a reef. Two types of damage can result. HP Pavilion dv5-1118es CPU Fan
Collision damage occurs when a coral reef is crushed and split by a vessel's hull into multiple fragments. Scarring occurs when boat propellers tear off the live coral and expose the skeleton. The physical damage can be noticed as striations. Mooring causes damage which can be reduced by using mooring buoys. Toshiba Satellite A665-S6050 CPU Fan
Buoys can attach to the seafloor using concrete blocks as weights or by penetrating the seafloor, which further reduces damage.Coral in Taiwan is being threatened by the influx of human population growth. Since 2007, several local environmental groups conducted research and found that much of the coral populations are being affected by untreated sewage, an influx of tourists taking corals for souvenirs, HP Pavilion G72-259WM CPU Fan
without fully understanding the destructive impact on the coral's ecological system. Researchers reported to the Taiwanese government that many coral populations have turned black in the southeast coast of Taiwan. Potentially, this could lead to loss of food supply, medicinal sources and tourism due to the breakdown of the food chain. HP Pavilion dv6-3109ca CPU Fan
The global standard for recording threatened marine species is the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. This list is the foundation for marine conservation priorities worldwide. A species is listed in the threatened category if it is considered to be critically endangered, endangered, or vulnerable. Other categories are near threatened and data deficient. HP Pavilion dv6782eg CPU Fan
By 2008, the IUCN had assessed all 845 known reef-building corals species, marking 27% as Threatened 20% asnear threatened and 17% as data deficient.
The coral triangle (Indo-Malay-Philippine archipelago) region has the highest number of reef-building coral species in threatened category as well as the highest coral species diversity. SONY UDQF2PH52CF0 CPU Fan
The loss of coral reef ecosystems will have devastating effects on many marine species, as well as on people that depend on reef resources for their livelihoods.
The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef system. The reef is located in the Coral Sea. A large part of the reef is protected by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Toshiba UDQFRPH33CCM CPU Fan
Particular environmental pressures include runoff, salinity fluctuations, climate change, cyclic crown-of-thorns outbreaks, overfishing, and spills or improper ballast discharge.
Southeast Asian coral reefs are at risk from damaging fishing practices (such as cyanide and blast fishing), overfishing, sedimentation, pollution and bleaching. Toshiba Satellite A505-S6980 CPU Fan
Activities including education, regulation and the establishment of marine protected areas help protect these reefs.
Indonesia is home to one-third of the world's coral reefs, with coral that covers nearly 85,000 square kilometres (33,000 sq mi) and is home to one-quarter of its fish species. HP Pavilion dv7-2025es CPU Fan
Indonesia's coral reefs are located in the heart of the Coral Triangle and have fallen victim to destructive fishing, tourism and bleaching. Data from LIPI in 1998 found that only 7 percent is in excellent condition, 24 percent is in good condition and approximately 69 percent is in poor-to-fair condition. TOSHIBA Satellite L300 CPU Fan
According to one source, Indonesia will lose 70 percent of its coral reef by 2050 if restoration action does not occur.
In 2007, Reef Check, the world's largest reef conservation organization, stated that only 5% of Philippines 27,000 square kilometres (10,000 sq mi) of coral reef are in "excellent condition": HP G62-a10EJ CPU Fan
Tubbataha Reef, Marine Park in Palawan, Apo Island inNegros Oriental, Apo Reef in Puerto Galera, Mindoro, and Verde Island Passage off Batangas. Philippine coral reefs is Asia's second largest.
Coral reefs in Taiwan are being threatened by human population growth. Dell MF60100V1-Q000-G99 CPU Fan
Many corals are affected by untreated sewage and souvenir-hunting tourists, not knowing that this practice destroys habitat and causes disease. Many corals have turned black from disease off Taiwan's southeast coast. HP Envy 15 CPU Fan,HP Pavilion dv7-1190er CPU Fan,Toshiba Satellite A105-S4074 CPU Fan
commenter cet article | <urn:uuid:5049befd-e9aa-42a5-8c05-821f4975edb3> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://batterys.over-blog.com/article-however-fertiliser-and-byproducts-from-sugar-121206699.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825900.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023111450-20171023131450-00209.warc.gz | en | 0.928025 | 8,584 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Animals in the Toilet
Always Turn the
Bathroom Light On
Seattle's rat hunters
According to a report on the rat population in Seattle, Washington, 2010 may be the "year of the rat" because of the mild weather of the past winter. This video report describes the problem but also offers suggestions to keep the rats out of your toilet.
There have always been stories of creatures found in our sewers, but alligators and snakes in the sewers are just an urban legend... aren't they? This alligator on the left was discovered in a sewer in Mississippi during the effort to assess and clean the main sewer following Hurricane Katrina in the Fall of 2005. A Florida Power & Light crew putting in lines for an addition to the Orlando International Airport found the nest of 87 snakes in a culvert they were using. Visit Sewerhistory.org for more on these and other similar stories.
ACCORDING TO the legend, New Yorkers purchased the alligators while vacationing in Florida, intending them as cute little pets for their apartments back home. When the animals grew too large and too menacing, they were summarily flushed down the toilet and into the sewer system, where they grew even larger by feasting on rats and raw sewage. After years of breeding in this dark, sunless world, blind and albino alligators eventually were produced. From "Sewergators in the News".
Youths Shoveling Snow Into Manhole
See the Animal Churning in Icy Water.
From The New York Times, February 10, 1935:
Reptile Slain by Rescuers ... The youthful residents of East 123d Street, near the murky Harlem River, were having a rather grand time at dusk yesterday shoveling the last of the recent snow into a gaping manhole.
Salvatore Condulucci, 16 years old, of 419 East 123d Street, was assigned to the rim. His comrades would heap blackened slush near him, and he, carefully observing the sewer's capacity, would give the last fine flick to each mound.
Suddenly there were signs of clogging ten feet below, where the manhole drop merged with the dark conduit leading to the river. Salvatore yelled: "Hey, you guys, wait a minute," and got down on his knees to see what was the trouble.
What he saw, in the thickening dusk, almost caused him to topple into the icy cavern. For the jagged surface of the ice blockade below was moving; and something black was breaking through. Salvatore's eyes widened; then he managed to leap to his feet and call his friends.
"Honest, it's an alligator!" he exploded.
Aftenpolten, Norway: A three-year-old boy got the fright of his life on a trip to the toilet on Wednesday.
The youngster was lucky that his mother had come along to open and raise the toilet seat. The startled woman found a carnivorous teju, or tegus, a large black and yellow South American lizard, lurking there newspaper Bergensavisen reports.
Reviewed by: Troy Howarth on June 30, 2004
The Film: An alligator, flushed down the toilet when it was a baby, has grown to monstrous size and outgrows its sewer dwelling place. Before long it is on the loose in the big city, and the body count continues to rise....
Frogs Clog Up Toilets!
Frogs have been blamed for blocking up public toilets in New South Wales. They were discovered in the cisterns of toilets at Bodalla Oval sitting on the flaps that let the units refill. The toilets had only been working intermittently and no one knew why. Inspectors from Eurobodalla Shire Council found the source of the problem. The council's works and facilities committee chairman Keith Dance told ABC News Online it will now be taking some "frog-friendly" measures to discourage the creatures from making their homes in the toilets. He says the remedy would probably be as simple as flyscreen or netting placed across the top of the cisterns to stop the frogs getting in. Mr Dance says no frogs will be harmed in the process.
... ... Story filed: 12:37 Friday 5th April 2002 by Ananova
Online edition of The Daily Mirror (UK),
By John Kelly
MEET Keith...a 10ft boa constrictor who has been captured after popping up in the loos at a posh block of flats. The snake had terrified tenants since it was first spotted in a toilet last week, after living in sewage pipes for three months. People had to put bricks on their loo seats to stop the Keith slipping into their bathrooms. Firemen were even called in to try to track him down in the pipework. But it was not until Saturday night that a plucky resident finally trapped him in a bucket.
For the rest of the story.
JACKSONVILLE, FL -- Going to the bathroom will never be the same for one local woman, not since she was bitten by a water moccasin who was apparently hiding in her toilet. Alicia Bailey spent three days in the hospital. She's now at home but she's not resting comfortably. She remembers what happened the night she got up to go to the bathroom. "Walked in (to the bathroom) opened up the lid to the toilet and got bit by the water moccasin on the leg." For the rest of the story visit First Coast News, Channel 12
It was very inconvenient when a snake took refuge in their toilet. The two-metre (six feet six inches) long python was first seen early on Tuesday morning as taxi driver Tan Kok-chye relaxed in the living room of his 10th-floor apartment after finishing his shift, Singapore's Straits Times reported. He and his wife called the police, but the snake slithered away. The family thought the snake ... more
Local media in Malaysia reported a grandmother had a frightening experience during a late-night visit to the bathroom when a python placed its jaws tightly around her foot. The incident, in Seberang Tuan Chik village in rural Terengganu state, occurred when the snake entered through a hole in the floor of the house, which is slightly raised above the ground in keeping with Malay tradition. The python tried to drag Ngah Hitam, 72, down the hole, but it appears to have bit more than it could chew - the hole was too small to accommodate the grandmother. The rest of the story ... | <urn:uuid:30072461-7b21-4534-92be-579ed4440f6e> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.toiletology.com/Animals-toilet.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375098685.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031818-00046-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974789 | 1,352 | 2.59375 | 3 |
In contemporary history, physical education in the Philippines developed into the Bureau of Physical Education and School Sports. The nation's Executive Order No. 81 series of 1999 then integrated BPESS into the Philippine Sports Commission, which has since assumed BPESS's departmental roles.Continue Reading
Before the foundation of either BPESS or PSC, the development of physical education in the Philippines was conducted by one of three staff bureaus within its Department of Education, Culture, and Sports. Referred to as DECS, the department began as the Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sports under the country's Education Act of 1982. Sports organizations in the early 20th century were cultivated alongside educational programs that were simultaneously sponsored by the government, including the Philippine Amateur Athletic Federation and the Department of Public Instruction.
Passed in 1990, the Republic Act 6847 came to be known the Philippine Sports Commission Act upon its creation as a primary governmental sporting institution, and it continues to function with the Department of Education through collaborating in nationally accredited physical education programs. The Department of Education and the Philippine Sports Commission additionally cooperate in hosting annual sporting events such as the Paralong Pambansa, in which student athletes participate from around the nation.Learn more about Modern Asia | <urn:uuid:ec24c28e-f56e-4573-8d30-874ea9f63952> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.reference.com/history/history-physical-education-philippines-3ae05374fd4268ab | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125938462.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20180420135859-20180420155859-00526.warc.gz | en | 0.972992 | 247 | 2.625 | 3 |
This course will explore the role played by disease in human evolution, from the emergence of the human lineage to the present day. We will evaluate both infectious and non-infectious diseases, and examine the way in which populations and disease organisms have co-evolved. Related issues to be explored include the nature of the virulence and pathogenicity of infectious agents, and the impact of vaccination on pathogen evolution. In addition, we will discuss the epidemiological transition and the rise of complex diseases of modernization (e.g., diabetes, cancer) that has occurred in the past several centuries. Overall, the course will provide a broader understanding of the influence of disease processes on the evolution of the human species.
Section 301 - LEC -
SCHURR, THEODORE GEORGE
UNIVERSITY MUSEUM 330
Department of Anthropology
Museum, Room 325, 3260 South Street Philadelphia, PA 19104
Phone: (215) 898-7461 Fax: (215) 898-7462 | <urn:uuid:a37bb16b-af8f-49df-b01d-a8fce38feaae> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | https://www.sas.upenn.edu/anthropology/pc/course/2012C/ANTH244 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398449258.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205409-00344-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.905563 | 209 | 2.890625 | 3 |
The kumbhas here arrayed, filled with precious substances for the abhishekam.
Sadhaka Nandinatha and Sadhaka Satya are the pujaris today.
Outside we have a picture of the Extreme SuperMoon. Well, almost, the actual perigee occured on the 19th.
During every orbit the point when the moon is closest to the earth is called “perigee,” which is an average distance of 364,397 kilometers.
On a longer cycle, our lunar sibling reaches the closest it every gets to earth, the super perigree. It occured on full Moon, the 19th — the moon was just 356,577 kilometers away from earth and visibly very much bigger than usual. The last time it was so close was in March, 1993.
Since perigee occured just a few degrees away from the full moon point, it gave us all a spectacular night of the supermoon.
Focus on being a soul, not the body, mind and emotions. When we think of ourselves as a soul we're able to move forward and get closer and closer to Siva. That's the whole idea of Saiva Siddhanta. A negative self-concept is an obstacle. We can change our self-concept through applying Gurudeva's teachings, affirming every day that we are a divine being. Vasana daha tantra: Going back and understanding experiences; clearing up the reactions to the past. | <urn:uuid:8f6714da-2dd7-4c8e-8913-105cf03671ba> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.himalayanacademy.com/blog/taka/2011/03/21/chitra-puja-day-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860118807.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161518-00203-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953527 | 306 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The ten tips listed below, if followed, provide you with a good chance to do well in the examinations.
Prepare Well in Advance
It is not good to leave preparation for the exams to the last minute though some students are accustomed to this practice. It is a good idea to set a timetable and follow it. The timetable should have the number of subjects and the days of the exams. This gives you a clear idea of the time available and it becomes easier in the preparation phase. It also gives you an idea as to how much time you should spend for each subject as some may need more preparation time.
Put Your Study Space in Order
Before you start your studies, it is important to organize space to spread out your text and notes. The space should be well lit with a comfortable chair for you to sit on. Ensure that you put away all your distractions like the mobile and computer games. This helps you to focus more on the lessons. Organize yourself appropriately depending on whether you like silence or light background music during your studies. It is a good idea to take time out and organize the space in whatever way that suits you before you set out to study.
Use Visual Aids for Study
The effect of revising your lessons is enhanced when you use visual aids. Writing as many points down when studying a topic is also helpful. When the exams come closer these can be condensed into small flow diagrams or mnemonics. This helps you to recall all the salient points quickly.
Go Through Old Questions
Practicing on all the old questions that are available is one of the effective ways for improving your performance in exams. This gives you a fair idea of how the questions can be laid out. You can also time yourself and this will help you allocate optimum amount of time for each section of the exam questions.
Practice Explaining Answers
It is good idea to explain answers to the questions to your brother/sister or parents when you are preparing for an exam. This ensures that you understand whatever you have learned. Your parents will also be able to guide you as to where you need to put in more effort.
Organize Group Study
Studying with friends during exams definitely helps. Your friends may have answers to your unanswered questions and vice versa. It is also important, though challenging, to focus only for a specific amount of time during group study and not digress from the subject of study.
It is not a good idea to study for too many hours together. It is important to take breaks at regular intervals during the preparation time for best results. Study during times of the day when you are most productive be it early mornings or night-times. It is good idea to move outdoors for short breaks as sunshine is known to do a lot of good for a tired brain.
Have the Right Kind of Snacks
Avoid junk food and eat those foods that can increase your energy levels. This will keep your brain and body functioning well. Weave nutritious food habits into your daily diet and this pays to increase concentration and memory power. Some recommended foods are seeds, fish, yogurt, nuts, blueberries, etc. It is important to consume food that release energy slowly before a test. Sugared foods, on the contrary, can cause your energy levels to crash quickly and it can hamper your performance in the examination.
Prepare for Your Exam-day
Prepare well in advance for your exam day. Do not leave your preparations for the last minute. Be sure of the venue and time of the test and the mode of transport that you are going to use to get to the venue. Be clear about the journey time to the venue and it pays to do a ‘dry run’ when you find some free time. It is also a good idea to travel with friends and classmates to the venue if you plan it well in advance. It is important to be on time for the test.
Keep Yourself Well Hydrated
Ensure that your brain needs to be sufficiently hydrated for it to function optimally. It is not only important to drink sufficient quantities of water through the preparation time but also on the day of the examination. | <urn:uuid:28a6401d-9f20-4385-9687-19cd6c7e9c32> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://studentflairblog.com/ten-tips-on-how-to-prepare-for-exams/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141733122.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20201204040803-20201204070803-00208.warc.gz | en | 0.95688 | 845 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Electrical current is found in power lines, transformers, breaker boxes, and power outlets and switches. Exposure to electric current can cause shock, injury and electrocution. Workers that service electrical sources need to get training on electrical safety, assume electrical equipment and lines are live, and use lock out/tag out procedures. Proper guarding and clearance around electrical equipment can prevent accidental worker exposure to electrical currents.
A shock can occur when a worker’s body becomes part of the flow of an electrical circuit.
The severity of injury depends on the voltage and time that the electrical current passes through the body. Low voltage causes pain and slight burns, a large voltage can cause severe burns and stop the heart. A minor shock may cause a large injury if a surprised worker takes a fall.
To avoid the risk of accidental shock, live electrical components operating at 50 volts or more must be guarded with covers or other permanent barriers to prevent accidental contact by workers and their tools. Equipment can also be locked behind an enclosure, in a room, or at an elevated height. These areas should have restricted access and warnings against unauthorized entry. Permanent markings on electrical equipment with the voltage, current or wattage provide power output information for workers.
Electrical boxes and equipment are best stored in areas free from moisture, chemicals, and excessive temperatures.
Electric cabinets with ventilation holes need to remain clear to allow air circulation. Electric parts that ordinarily spark or arc require covers and isolation from combustion sources. Equipment should be securely mounted to the surface that it rests on.
There should be adequate working space to allow workers to safely maneuver around electrical equipment. Electrical equipment with a voltage of 0-150 requires 36 inches of clearance. A voltage of 150-600, where there are energized parts on one side, also needs 36 inches of clearance. Equipment with a voltage of 150-600 and exposed energized and grounded parts on either side requires 42 inches of clearance; equipment with exposed energized parts on both sides must have 48 inches of clearance.
The clearance workspace around electrical equipment is not intended for storage. The area should be kept clear to allow safe movement and to prevent a fire hazard. Electric equipment workspaces require adequate lighting for safe work; light operating switches should not be near live electrical feeds. Enclosures need at least one entrance and enough headroom to work safely.
With adequate clearance and guarding around electrical equipment, workers can avoid accidental exposure to electric shock. | <urn:uuid:dc67ef6a-15bc-4d39-8897-14a73257d5da> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.safeatworkca.com/safety-articles/electric-equipment-guarding-and-workspaces/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103617931.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220628203615-20220628233615-00541.warc.gz | en | 0.919935 | 494 | 3.90625 | 4 |
Cattle Herd Not Killed By GMO Grass; Deaths Still A Mystery
Rumors have been flooding the internet that a herd of cattle in Texas was killed by genetically modified grass. The truth is that the grass, Tifton 85, is a hybrid, not a GMO. However, it is true that the grass was tested and was found to be producing cyanide.
A few weeks ago an 80-acre ranch in Elgin, Texas was the scene of a horrifying tragedy. A herd of cattle had recently been released into the pasture both owned by Jerry Abel. Abel had been turning cows into that same pasture with the same grass for the past 15 years. It should have been another perfect summer of grazing.
When bellowing was first heard coming from the field it was thought that the pregnant heifer was giving birth. When they went to check on her they found that they couldn't have been more wrong. Some of the cattle were already dead, others were in convulsions. In a short time 15 of the 18 cows were dead.
Other ranchers in the area have started testing their grass and have received the same results -- the grass is producing cyanide. The USDA is on the case and the deaths are under investigation. One of the possibilities that they are considering is if the recent drought in Texas somehow played a part. They are also looking into any chance of a spontaneous mutation that may have occurred. (Sources: CBS, Examiner.com)
Tifton 85 is a Bermuda grass hybrid that is high in hydrocyanic acid which may be concentrated during drought. The hybrid grass first started being used experimentally in the late 1980s and prized for its improved nutritional value, high dry matter yield, and drought tolerance. Genetically modified plants were also entering into limited experimental use at that time. (Sources: Tifton, Wikipedia)
Hybridization is vastly different from genetic modification. A hybrid is a cross-breed of two "parent" plant species that are related to select for the most desired traits of both. This has been going on for many centuries and makes use of the natural reproductive processes of the plants. Genetically modified plants are created by either injecting non-related genetic material, including those from animal sources, into the plant material and then cloning the result, or by introducing the new genetic material into an organism via bacteria. (Source: Rodale)
While the grass on other ranches have also tested positive for cyanide, no other cattle deaths have been reported. It is not yet known what truly happened. Until it is understood how and why the grass began producing cyanide, the field is being left to the grasshoppers. Well, at least as long as they live.
Laurie Kay Olson
Animal News Blogger | <urn:uuid:3f7243ab-0f9b-4fc9-a67f-6381c734a2ac> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://petslady.com/articles/cattle_herd_not_killed_gmo_grass_deaths_still_mystery_57182 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375097475.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031817-00264-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.985173 | 564 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Today you will discover what Signs to look when You Have a Hernia and what to do about it!
Worried you might have seriously injured yourself lifting something heavy?
Can’t seem to get rid of bothersome acid reflux?
You might want to consider whether you have developed a hernia or not.
What is a Hernia?
Medically speaking, a hernia occurs when an internal organ, like the intestines, actually protrudes through the lining of tissue which is supposed to keep it intact. That includes the abdominal wall and even the diaphragm. Hernias can either develop quickly and without warning, or over an extended amount of time. Weakness and damage to connective tissues meant to hold organs in place typically results from injury, chronic coughing, older age, congenital defects, or surgery.
If you’re worried about developing a hernia, keep an eye out for these 5 warning signs:
When it comes to the most common type of hernia, an inguinal hernia, the most standout symptom will literally stand out. A visible bulge under the skin around the abdomen or groin area may be tender, burn or ache. Coupled with additional symptoms like mild to severe discomfort when bending over, coughing, lifting, or laughing, as well as a dragging or heavy feeling in feeling in your groin, a hernia can result in weakness and pressure at the site of the bulge.
While heartburn and acid reflux can result simply from stomach acid backing up into the esophagus, when accompanied by difficulty swallowing, belching, abdominal pain, feeling super full, or even vomiting blood, chances are you might have a hiatal hernia. A hiatal hernia happens when your stomach actually protrudes up into your chest cavity through the opening meant to allow the esophagus through the diaphragm down into the stomach, the hiatus.
If a visible lump appears discolored and dark, red, or purple, this may indicate an inguinal hernia has become strangulated. This means that blood flow to the section of trapped organ tissue protruding through the abdominal wall has been cut off. In addition to discoloration of a bulge by the pubic bone or abdomen, a strangulated hernia may cause symptoms including sudden and increasing pain, vomiting, nausea, fever, and the inability to pass bowels or gas.
If you have recently had surgery in your abdominal area and are experiencing pain, tenderness, swelling, and fever around the incision site, you may be dealing with an incisional hernia. Occasionally, a surgical wound that isn’t fully healed will be compromised enough to let a loop of intestines poke through, creating a hernia under the skin. This may occur right at your incisional scar or in the weakened tissue surrounding it.
Swollen Belly Button
Most common in infants younger than 6 months, an umbilical hernia occurs under or around the belly button area, resulting from a portion of intestines poking through the abdominal wall near the belly button. In addition to an unexpected bulge, babies might exhibit symptoms including pain, fever, and vomiting. As their abdominal walls strengthen over the next few years, the hernia will typically be pushed back in and correct itself.
How are hernias treated?
Depending on the type and severity of your hernia, surgical intervention may or may not be required. For example, with an inguinal hernia that is not trapped (incarcerated) or strangulated by the surrounding tissue, a doctor might show you how to actually push it back into place and wear the best hernia belt to compress it and keep it in while the weakened tissue repairs itself.
An incarcerated or strangulated hernia on the other hand can require surgical procedures to correct the hernia and reinstate blood flow so the cut off tissue doesn’t die.
The video below shows: 3D medical open procedure.
A hiatal hernia might require dietary modifications to mitigate uncomfortable acid reflux symptoms, or medication to reduce your stomach acid. And incisional hernias following surgery may be addressed with further procedures that place a mesh-like patch to keep the hernia contained while the abdominal wall re-strengthens.
If you experience any of the symptoms above, seek a medical evaluation immediately. Even if there isn’t anything drastic a doctor needs to do to address the hernia right away, it’s best to have it diagnosed and examined to prevent further life-threatening complications. | <urn:uuid:860c50d1-1625-4f28-8959-e1d3a9e4bda0> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://www.curehacks.com/signs-hernia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822116.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017144041-20171017164041-00113.warc.gz | en | 0.931757 | 946 | 2.515625 | 3 |
(Reuters Health) – Children who see young social media influencers promote junk food may consume more unhealthy calories, a new study suggests.
Advertising aimed at kids has long been linked to an increased risk that children will make unhealthy food choices and press their parents to buy them more processed, sugary, and calorie-loaded foods. Studies also suggest children can be easily swayed to try junk food endorsed by celebrities and cartoon characters. Less clear, however, is how their eating habits are impacted by social media influencers.
For the current study, researchers in the UK recruited 176 children, ages 9 to 11, and showed them Instagram profiles for two of their age group’s most popular YouTube video bloggers. The children were randomly assigned to view three types of Instagram profiles: healthy food marketing, junk food promotions, or endorsements unrelated to food.
After kids saw the Instagram profiles, researchers served four snacks – jelly candy, chocolate buttons, carrots, and seedless white grapes – and let kids eat as much as they wanted for 10 minutes. None of these foods were the same items kids saw on Instagram.
On average, kids who saw junk food promotions consumed 448 calories, compared with 389 calories for children who saw healthy food marketing and 357 for those who didn’t see any food promotions, the study found.
While all of the kids ate much more candy than carrots or grapes, kids who saw junk food promotions consumed more sweets than the other children: an average of 385 calories compared with 320 calories for kids who saw healthy food marketing and 292 calories for those who didn’t see food promotions.
“Children look to social media for role models, and are likely to imitate the behavior of media characters that they look up to and admire,” said lead study author Anna Coates of the University of Liverpool in the U.K.
“Unlike adults, children are more impulsive and are less motivated to resist food marketing as they are not driven by long term health goals,” Coates said by email.
One of the YouTube stars shown to kids in the study was a 26-year-old female with about 12.1 million subscribers on YouTube; the other was a 23-year-old male with about 4.1 million subscribers.
There wasn’t a meaningful difference in the total calories consumed or the amount of candy eaten by kids who saw healthy food promotions or no food marketing at all, researchers report in Pediatrics.
One limitation of the study is that many of the kids were already familiar with the two video bloggers featured in the experiment, and it’s possible that their food choices were impacted by how much they liked or disliked these “vloggers” before they joined the study, researchers note.
Another drawback is that the experiment didn’t look at how kids may actually engage with social media content, the study authors note. It didn’t assess how children might be influenced by content “liked” or shared by their friends in the real world.
Even so, the results offer fresh evidence of how social media can negatively impact kids’ eating habits, said Jennifer Harris of the Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity at the University of Connecticut in Storrs.
“We already knew that food companies spend a lot of money to popular social media influencers to appeal to teens and increase the ‘cool’ factor for their products,” Harris, who wasn’t involved in the study, said by email. “But this is the first study to show that this type of marketing increases children’s consumption of any available junk food – not just the advertised products.”
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Copper is an essential trace element with a great importance in industry, environment and biological systems. The great advantage of ion-selective sensors in comparison with other proposed techniques is that they are measuring the free metal ion activity which is responsible for their toxicity. Porphyrins are known to be among the best ionophores in formulation of ion-selective sensors.
A symmetrically substituted meso-porphyrin, namely: 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-allyloxyphenyl)porphyrin (TAPP) was used in the construction of a new copper selective-sensor and was also tested for the removal of copper from waste waters. The potentiometric response characteristics (slope and selectivity) of copper-selective electrodes based on TAPP in o-nitrophenyloctylether (o-NPOE), dioctyl phtalate (DOP) and dioctyl sebacate (DOS) plasticized with poly(vinyl chloride) membranes are compared.
The best results were obtained for the membrane plasticized with DOP. The sensor has linear response in the range 1x10-7 – 1x10-1 M with 28.4 ± 0.4 mV/decade near-Nernstian slope towards copper ions and presents good selectivity. Due to its chelating nature, the same porphyrin was also tested for the retention of copper from synthetic copper samples, showing a maximum adsorption capacity of 280 mg/g.
Keywords:Porphyrins; Ion-selective electrode; Potentiometry; Copper; PVC membrane, Detection, Removal
Trace metals are toxic for many life forms when their concentration exceeds a certain limit. This is the reason why their presence in the environment is an important problem and must be precisely monitored. Copper is an essential trace element with a great importance in industry, environment and biological systems. Considered to be the second toxic metal to aquatic life, copper appears in waters and wastewaters from mining industries, refineries, paper and dyeing. Besides, in the recycling process of Li-batteries technical developments regarding Ni, Co and Mn recovery implies copper monitoring in synthetic leach liquor resulted from reductive leaching. Due to the increased interest in environmental protection, both its detection and removal are very important and many methods were used during the time for this purpose.
Several techniques were used for copper monitoring such as: atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), UV–Vis spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), anodic stripping voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry [1-5]. Generally, these methods requires expensive instruments, qualified personnel, sample pretreatment and are hard to use in environmental conditions.
The potentiometric method with ion-selective sensors was widely developed in the last years due to its simplicity, low cost and fast analysis and a lot of the reported sensors were used in the environmental analysis . The great advantage of ion-selective sensors is that they are measuring the free metal ion activity which is responsible for their toxicity. This is the reason why a lot of copper-selective sensors based on different ionophores were reported. Several organic compounds, such as: 1-(2-hydroxybenzylidene) thiosemicarbazide , Schiff bases [8,9], 2-mercaptobenzoxazole , bezo-substituted macrocyclic diamide , 6-methyl-4-(1-phenylmethylidene)amino-3-thioxo-1,2,4-triazin-5-one , porphyrin derivatives , cyclic tetrapeptide derivatives , 7-hydroxy-3-(2-methyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2H-chromen-2-one , tetraazacyclotetradecane derivative , dimethyl 4,4’-(o-phenylene)bis(3-thioallophanate) , succinimide derivative , polyindole were tested as ionophores.
For copper removal, many materials and waste materials were reported in the literature [20-26]. The efficiency of removing the metals from wastewaters by adsorption method depends on the physical and chemical composition of the adsorbents.
In the present paper, 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-allyloxyphenyl)porphyrin (TAPP) (Scheme 1) was used in the formulation of a new copper-selective sensor and also tested for the removal of copper from synthetic waste waters. The best obtained sensor has a linear response in the in the range 1x10-7 – 1x10-1 M with near-Nernstian slope of (28.4 ± 0.4) mV/decade towards copper ions, in a pH range from 2 to 8, with a detection limit of 9x10-8 M. The removal tests were conducted using 5 mg of the same TAPP porphyrin and two copper synthetic samples of 20 and 50 mg/L concentrations. The maximum adsorption capacity was of 280 mg/g.
Results and discussion
Working concentration range and slope
The behaviour of any ion-selective sensor depends on the nature and structure of the ionophore used in the membrane composition. Due to the fact that free porphyrins have donor atoms in their structure, the expectations are to have good affinity to transition metals ions. This was proved by several papers reported in the literature [13,27,28] that mention different porphyrins as sensing material. Besides the critical role of the ionophore, the nature of the plasticizers having different dielectric constants influence the mobility of the ionophore in the membrane phase. The selection of the best plasticizer can improve the sensor potentiometric answer in terms of sensitivity and sometimes also of selectivity. There are some reports which recommend lower dielectric constant plasticizers for some divalent metal selective sensors and others in which the best results were obtained by using plasticizers characterized by big dielectric constants . In this respect, this work was focused on obtaining and comparatively presentation of three sensors having the same weight percentage composition of the membrane, but using three different plasticizers: sensor A – plasticized with o-nitrophenyloctylether (o-NPOE, Ɛ = 24), sensor B – plasticized with dioctyl phtalate (DOP, Ɛ = 7) and sensor C – plasticized with dioctyl sebacate (DOS, Ɛ = 4).
The three sensors were tested in copper solutions from 10-7 – 10-1 M and the obtained results are presented in Figure 1 and Table 1. Analyzing the results, it seems that all of them are copper-selective, having near-Nernstian slopes in different concentration ranges. Sensor B, plasticized with DOP works in the widest concentration range from 1x10-7 – 1x10-1 M, with a slope of (28.4 ± 0.4) mV/decade.
Figure 1. The potentiometric copper responses of electrodes A-C. The figure presents the potentiometric responses of the new obtained sensors based on TAPP plasticized with A – NPOE, B – DOP and C – DOS.
Table 1. Potentiometric response characteristics of the copper-selective sensors A-C
From the obtained data it can be highlighted that there is no specific rule in choosing the plasticizer due to the fact that DOP has medium values of the dielectric constant comparatively with those of NPOE and DOS, so that selecting of one plasticizer should be made after performing tests.
Effect of interfering ions
The selectivity coefficients show the influence of the interfering ions on the potential response of the sensor. They were determined by separate solution method using equation (1) and describe the preference of the sensor for the primary ion (Cu2+) relative to the interfering ions, which in our case were: monovalent (Na+, Li+) , divalent (Ni2+, Mn2+, Co2+, Zn2+, Pb2+) and trivalent (Fe3+ and Al3+). The obtained values are presented in Table 2.
Table 2. Selectivity coefficients of the obtained sensors
The data presented in Table 2 put into evidence that also in the terms of selectivity the best results were obtained for sensor B, having the membrane plasticized with DOP. The sensor has very good selectivity in comparison with the other tested cations and was further used in all the determinations.
From Table 2, it results that the sensor A has Fe3+ as interfering ion, but it could not be declared as an iron-selective sensor due to the values of the slopes which are sub-Nernstian.
Effect of pH
The pH function of sensor B was obtained in solutions having different values of the pH and is presented in Figure 2. The potential of the sensor determined as a function of pH remains constant over the pH range from 2 to 8, which may be taken as the working pH range of the sensor.
Figure 2. The pH effect of the test solution on the potential response of the best obtained sensor. The figure presents the influence of pH on the potential response of the sensor. Solutions having different values of the pH were used.
Response time and lifetime
The average time for the copper-selective electrode to reach 95% of the final potential value after successive immersion of the electrode in a series of copper ion solutions, each having a 10-fold difference in concentration, was measured. The response time from 10-3 to 10-2 M copper solutions was of 10 s, but it became longer for diluted solutions.
One of the most important characteristics of a sensor is its lifetime. In our case, the sensor having the membrane plasticized with DOP has also the best lifetime, of 6 weeks. During this period of time no significant change of the potential was noticed. The stability and reproducibility of the best obtained sensor were also tested. The standard deviation of 15 replicate measurements made for the 1 × 10−3 M solution was ±0.4 mV.
The potentiometric response characteristics of the present sensor comparatively to those of some other sensors reported in the literature are presented in Table 3.
Table 3. Response characteristics of the proposed sensor comparatively to other similar electrodes presented in the literature
Determination of copper from synthetic solutions
For analytical application, the sensor was tested for copper-detection in two synthetic samples, comparatively to the AAS method. The samples of 20 and 50 mg/L copper were further used for the removal tests using as adsorbent the same TAPP porphyrin. The results are presented in Table 4 for five replicates and they were found to be in close agreement.
Table 4. Determination of copper in synthetic samples
Determination of copper from spent lithium ion batteries
The synthetic leach liquor composition was: 50 g/L of Co, 10 g/L of Li, 7 g/L of Al, 5 g/L of Ni, 2 g/L of Fe, 3 g/L of Cu, 1.5 g/L of Mn. Due to the ionic strength of the synthetic solution, sodium nitrate was added to copper samples to brought them to the same ionic strength . The obtained results using the sensor based on three measurements were of 2.97 ± 0.05 g Cu/L.
Due to the fact that 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-allyloxyphenyl)porphyrin was found to be a good ionophore for copper(II) ions, we have tried to use the same TAPP porphyrin as copper adsorbent material. For this purpose, the two synthetic samples used in the analytical application of the sensor, of 20 and 50 mg/L Cu2+ were further used for the adsorption experiment. The adsorption rate has been analysed using equation (2) and plotted in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Adsorption isotherms of copper(II) with different initial concentrations on TAPP. The figure presents the adsorption rate for two different initial copper concentrations of 20 and 50 mg/L, at different time intervals.
The copper concentration was increased from 20 to 50 mg/L to obtain the maximum removal capacities for the targeted copper ions. High removal rates were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and the equilibrium was attained in about 60 min. After that time, a plateau was established. The maximum adsorption was of 280.2 mg of copper per gram of adsorbent (TAPP). The distribution coefficients, which show the affinity of the adsorbent towards the copper ions, were calculated according to equation (3) and the removal capacities, according to equation (4). All the values are listed in Table 5.
Table 5. Copper adsorption capacity, distribution coefficient and removal capacity
Analysing the values, it results that TAPP can also be used with good results as an efficient adsorbent for copper(II) ions.
The detection and removal of copper ions using 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-allyloxyphenyl)porphyrin (TAPP) was investigated. Porphyrin (TAPP) was embedded as ionophore in a PVC matrix, using dioctyl phtalate (DOP) as plasticizer, for obtaining a new copper-selective sensor. The resulted sensor is characterized by good sensitivity, very good selectivity and short response time of 10 s. The electrode was used for the potentiometric detection of copper in synthetic samples with a good precision level. The same TAPP porphyrin was tested for the retention of copper from synthetic copper samples with a maximum adsorption capacity of 280 mg/g.
The porphyrin 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-allyloxyphenyl)porphyrin (TAPP) was synthesized, purified and characterized in accordance with previously published procedures . For membrane preparation, poly(vinyl)chloride (PVC) high molecular weight, bis(2-ethylhexyl)sebacate (DOS), o-nitrophenyloctylether (NPOE), dioctylphtalate (DOP), sodium tetraphenylborate (NaTPB) and tetrahydrofurane (THF) were purchased from Fluka and Merck. All salts, acids and base were of analytical reagent grade. Double distilled water was used. The performance of each sensor was investigated by measuring its potential in the concentration range 10-5- 10-1 M of different cationic solutions. In the case of copper(II) the solutions were made in a concentration range up to 10-8 M. Stock solutions, 0.1 M, were prepared by dissolving metal nitrates in double distilled water and standardized if necessary. All working solutions were prepared by gradual dilution of the stock solutions.
Electrode membrane preparation and measurements
The membranes have the weight percentage composition as follows: 1% (0,005 g) ionophore, 33% (0,165 g) PVC and 66% (0,330 g) plasticizer. Sodium tetraphenylborate was used as additive (20 mol% relative to ionophore). The electroactive material and the solvent mediator were mixed together, and then the PVC and the appropriate amount of THF (3–5 mL) were added and mixed to obtain a transparent solution. This solution was transferred onto a glass plate of 20 cm2, and the THF was allowed to evaporate at room temperature leaving a tough, flexible membrane embedded in a PVC matrix. The round shape pieces of membranes (diameter = 8 mm) were cut out and assembled on the Fluka electrode body. The measurements were carried out at room temperature using a Hanna Instruments HI223 pH/mV-meter by setting up the following cell:
Ag|AgCl|KNO3 (0.1 M)|sample|ion-selective membrane|0.01 M KCl|AgCl, Ag.
Prior to EMF measurements, all the sensors were conditioned for 24 h by soaking in 0.01 M Cu2+ solution. Potentiometric selectivity coefficients were determined according to the separate solution method using the experimental EMF values obtained for 0.01 M of the tested cations and a theoretical slope of 29.6 mV/decade of activity for copper(II) cation, calculated by the equation (1):
The detection limit of each sensor was established at the point of intersection of the extrapolated linear mid-range and final low concentration level segments of the calibration plot. The effect of pH on the potentiometric response of the sensor was obtained by introducing the best obtained sensor in solutions of HNO3, NaOH and different buffers, in a pH range from 1 to 12.92.
The copper removal experiments were carried out by stirring 5 mg of TAPP in 100 mL of copper solution at 25°C. Two different copper concentrations of 20 and 50 mg/L were tested. The solution from each vial was analysed to determine copper concentration after different time intervals. The removal rate was calculated using equation (2):
Where Qe is the quantity of copper adsorbed on the porphyrin at the time if equilibrium (mg/g), C0 is the initial concentration of copper in the aqueous solution (ppm), Ce is the final cooper concentration at the time of equilibrium (ppm), m is the mass of porphyrin used as adsorbent (g), V is the volume of the solution (L).
The distribution coefficient (Kd) shows the affinity of the adsorbent towards copper ions and was calculated using the equation (3)
The removal capacities of copper ions (%) taking into consideration the two different initial concentrations, are calculated by equation (4):
The authors declare that they have no competing interest.
DV, IP have made the potentiometric measurements and design the whole concept of research, DV, VAC have made the removal measurements and the initial draft of the manuscript, HP has made the AAS measurements, GFC and EFC have synthesized and characterized the porphyrin ionophore and prepared the final draft of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under Grant Agreement 266090 (SOMABAT), by UEFISCDI Romanian co-financing EU-7FP- SOMBAT - Module III- nr. 128 EU/2011, by IPA MIS, Project RoS-NET No. 464 and is a result of collaboration between the coauthors within the project POSDRU/21/1.5/G/38347. All are gratefully acknowledged.
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.. “Difficulties are things that show a person what they are,”
The advancement of the sciences is not the only factor affecting discoveries, the economic and political necessities of the time are another. It is impossible, however, to ignore the rule of chance in the fate of a discovery. Whatever the role of luck, it must not be over-estimated, and we should acknowledge that a large part must be played by the attitude of the researcher and his observation skills. A stroke of luck there may be, but in scientific research, it is not purely accidental.
12 July 1854 – 14 March 1932
In its first fifty years, photography was the preserve of a relatively small number of professionals and enthusiastic amateurs. It was expensive, time-consuming, awkward, and very specialised. All that changed in 1888, when American inventor George Eastman began selling a cheaper camera, which was also easier to use.
George Eastman was born on a small farm in New York State, USA. When he was five years old, the family moved to the city of Rochester, also in New York. His father died when George was just eight years old, and the family fell on hard times. As a result, George had to leave school aged 13, to find a job. He was keen to learn, though, and was mainly self-taught.
Eastman’s interest in photography was sparked at age 24 when, while working as a bank clerk, he planned a trip abroad. A colleague suggested he take a record of his trip, so Eastman bought a camera. The camera was a large, unwieldy box, which had to be mounted on a heavy tripod, and instead of film, there were individual glass plates that had to be coated with light-sensitive emulsion in situ and held in large plate holders. For outdoor shots, the plates had to be prepared in a portable tent that doubled as a dark room.
In 1878, Eastman read about ‘dry plates’, invented in 1871 by the English photographer Richard Leach Maddox. The emulsion was sealed onto the plates with gelatine. These plates could be stored, then used whenever desired, making obsolete much of the equipment Eastman had bought. While he was still working at the bank, Eastman devoted all his spare time to finding the perfect way to mass-produce dry plates.
Above is a dry-plate camera
In 1880, Eastman set up the Eastman Dry Plate Company. He began making and selling dry plates in 1881 and soon realised that glass could be replaced by a lighter, flexible material. In 1884, he had the idea of making the flexible plate into a roll. A roll holder could be mounted in place of the plate holder inside the camera. His first camera to feature a roll film, dubbed the ‘detective camera’, became available in 1885. The roll was made of paper, but this was far from ideal since the grain of the paper showed up on the prints. Meanwhile, other people were working on flexible dry plates, too. Several experimented with a material called nitrocellulose, also known as celluloid. Eastman began selling celluloid film in 1889. Eastman’s real stroke of genius was his realisation that to be successful, he would need to expand the market for photography, and that would mean, in Eastman’s own words, making photography ‘as convenient as a pencil’. To do that, he had to invent a new, smaller, affordable camera. In 1888, the first Kodak camera went on sale. It was an immediate success.
Below is Eastman’s first camera, the Kodak
The camera came loaded with a roll able to record 100 photographs. Once a camera’s owner had taken the pictures, he or she had only to send the camera to Eastman’s company and wait for the pictures and for the return of the camera, newly loaded with film. The key to Kodak’s success was changing the perception of photography to something that anyone could do it. Eastman had a simple phrase that did just that: ‘You just press the button, we do the rest’.
The first camera with mass-market appeal, the Kodak, retailed at $25 (5 shillings in the UK). This was only half what Eastman paid for the first camera he bought, but it was still prohibitively expensive for everyday photography. In 1900, the Eastman Kodak Company introduced the first of its most successful range of cameras: The Brownie. Eastman Kodak made and sold 99 different models of Brownies between 1900 and 1980.
The first Brownie was a cardboard box that contained a roll holder, a roll of film, and a lens. On the outside, there was a shutter button and a spool winder. The epitome of simplicity. It sold for just $1 (equivalent to about $20 in 2010) and brought in the era of the ‘snapshot’ – a photograph taken without preparation that can capture a moment in time which would otherwise be lost.
After its introduction to still photography in 1925, 35mm roll film dominated the market in affordable photography until the introduction of consumer digital cameras in the 1990s. At the heart of a digital camera is a charge-coupled device (CCD). On the surface of this semiconductor chip are millions of light-sensitive units; each one stores and releases an amount of charge that depends upon the intensity of light that falls on it, and a computer translates those charges into digital information.
His famous quote: ‘Light makes photography. Embrace light. Admire it. Love it. But above all, know light. Know it for all you are worth, and you will know the key to photography.’
Above is Eastman’s house
Eastman changed the name of his company to Eastman Kodak and cornered the market in affordable photography. He never married, nor did he have any children. He was a great philanthropist, giving away large sums of money to universities, hospitals, and dental clinics. He was one of the first American Industrialists to embrace and implement the concept of employee profit-sharing. He made outright gifts from his own money to each of his workers. His generosity extended to many causes. He gave large sums of money to the struggling Mechanics Institute of Rochester, which became the Rochester Institute of Technology. His high regard for education led him to contribute to the University of Rochester and to the Hampton and Tuskegee institutes.
University of Rochester, New York
‘The progress of the world depends almost entirely upon education’, he wrote. In another quote, he expanded his belief: ‘The life of our communities in the future needs what our schools of music and other fine arts can give them. It is necessary for people to have an interest in life outside their occupations.’
Rochester Institute of Technology
Dental clinics in Rochester and in Europe were also a focus of his concern. ‘It is a medical fact,’ he said, ‘that children can have a better chance in life with better looks, better health, and more vigour if the teeth, nose, throat, and mouth are taken proper care of at the crucial time of childhood.’
Eastman contributed $100 million of his wealth for philanthropic purposes during his lifetime.
His last two years were painful as he was suffering from a degenerative bone disease and at age 77 he took his own life in 1932 by shooting himself in the heart.
He left a note that read: ‘My work is done, why wait?’
George Eastman Museum
Out of all the geniuses about whom I have written here, this Man has my greatest respect and affection.
AUGUSTE AND LOUIS LUMIÈRE
19 October 1862 – 10 April 1954 and 5 October 1864 – 6 June 1948
While no single person can be credited with inventing moving pictures, two French brothers, Auguste and Louis Lumière stand out for their foresight and their important contributions; using a film camera-projector that they designed, they put on some of the earliest public film screenings and helped to define cinema.
Auguste and Louis Lumière were born in Besancon, France, where their father Antoine had a photographic studio. In 1870, they moved to Lyon, and their father opened a small factory that made photographic plates. In 1882, Auguste and Louis helped to bring the factory back from the brink of financial collapse by mechanising the production of plates, and by selling a new type of plate that Louis had invented the previous year. The firm moved to a larger factory in Montplaisir, on the outskirts of Lyon, where it employed 300 people.
The Lumière Factory in Montplaisir
In 1894, the brothers’ father attended a demonstration of the Kinetoscope, a moving picture peep-show device developed at the laboratory of the American inventor Thomas Edison. The Kinetoscope was not a projector – only one person could watch a film at a time – but it was fast becoming popular entertainment. Antoine saw a commercial opportunity and, returning to Lyon, suggested his sons work on producing an apparatus that could record and play back moving images.
The Lumière Cinematographe
Louis, the more technically minded of the two brothers, designed the camera-projector, while Auguste designed the housing for the light source. Louis developed the film transport mechanism, inspired by a similar device in sewing machines, which allowed each frame of the film to stop momentarily behind the lens.
The Lumière brothers patented their camera-projector, the Cinematographe, in February 1895. Louis shot their first film, which was called ‘La Sortie de l’Usine Lumière a Lyon’ (Workers Leaving the Lumière Factory in Lyon), and the pair showed the film to the Societe d’Encouragement de l’Industrie Nationale, in Paris in March 1895, the first public screening of a film. The film was shot at 16 frames per second and, at that rate, it runs for just under 50 seconds. It features most of the nearly 300 workers – mostly women – walking or cycling out of the factory yard.
After several other screenings in France, their father arranged for the first performances to a paying audience. Ten films were shown 20 times a day. The opening night, at the Salon Indien – the empty basement of the Grand Cafe in Paris – was in December 1895. Auguste and Louis did not attend because they felt the technology still needed more work.
On July 7, 1896, the Lumière brothers showcased six films at the Watson Hotel in Bombay and this marked the birth of Indian cinema as we know it today. They arrived in India after having proved their cinematic excellence in Paris. By and by, skilled Indian painters — MF Husain was one of them — became adept at turning out giant Hindi film posters, few of which, sadly, have survived. Known today as the Esplanade Mansion, this building, which dates to 1869, is the oldest surviving cast-iron structure in India.
Below is Watson’s Hotel
The Lumière Cinematographe was an all-in-one film camera, printer, and projector. For shooting, only the camera was needed: the wooden box. The magic-lantern lamphouse – the large black box – contained the light source for projection. The film holder can be seen protruding from the camera-projection box.
Below is an illustration of how the Lumière brothers were constantly improving their original design.
After a slow start, the show became a great success. In 1896, the Lumière brothers sent their agents abroad, demonstrating their Cinematographe and arousing great interest. They also ordered 200 or so of the camera-projectors to be constructed and opened agencies in several countries to sell them. The Lumière franchise was very successful, but they refused to sell their devices to anyone except through their own agent.
Below is the Lumière Cinematographe
By 1897, Thomas Edison had developed a system of sprocket holes that was incompatible with the Cinematographe and that was quickly becoming the standard in a rapidly developing industry. By 1905, Edison’s system would predominate and the Lumière brothers would leave the film business.
Auguste’s interests turned to chemistry and medicine. In 1910, he founded a laboratory in Lyon, where his 150 staff carried out research into cancer and other diseases. Auguste invented a dressing for burns, called tulle gras, which is still in use today, and pioneered the use of film in surgery, which helped a generation of medical students. Meanwhile, in the early 1900s Louis demonstrated a sequence shot on a new, wider-format film, and later experimented with panoramic and stereoscopic (3-D) films.
The Diamond Jubilee procession of Queen Victoria below
The Lumières’ film of Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee procession in London, 1897 had circular sprocket holes, characteristic of the Lumières’ system. Other early filmmakers used 35mm film with rectangular Edison perforations, which became the industry standard. Later Cinematographes could run ‘standard’ 35mm film.
In 1904, the Lumière brothers perfected a colour photography system called Autochrome; they had been working on colour photography since the early 1890s. Autochrome was the most important colour photographic process until colour film became available in the 1930s.
The above colour photograph dates from c1910, taken with the Lumières’ Autochrome system. Shown are Andree Lumière (Auguste’s daughter), Suzanne Lumière (Louis’ daughter), Lazare Sellier (a friend of Antoine Lumière) and Josephine Lumière (Antoine’s wife).
When shooting, a glass slide coated with randomly scattered red-, green-, and blue-pigmented starch grains was held in front in front of the (black and white) film; the same slide was required for viewing.
Looking at the development of motion picture technology, from very early 1895, we can only admire the amount of inspiration required, also scientific research, superb manufacturing, skillful quality control, mechanical engineering and creative presentation, which made possible the illusion and magic of moving pictures. It is a huge story and only some aspects could be included here. My only regret is that the hundreds of brilliant and unseen people, those who worked in factories and labs, who made it all possible are not here either.
Below are two images from the film, Gone With The Wind, one of the loveliest films ever made | <urn:uuid:c7e1bdac-9119-4587-958b-e1f2234b6ed4> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://naturetails.blog/2020/10/03/the-great-scientific-discoveries-part-6/?like_comment=1899&_wpnonce=23eaece2a4 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300573.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20220129062503-20220129092503-00521.warc.gz | en | 0.974337 | 3,115 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Hummingbirds are incredible flyers, with the ruby-throated hummingbird beating its wings 80 times every second, an ability that inspired this blog’s name. These tiny birds can fly forwards, hover, and are the only known birds to fly backwards as well. But although zooming backwards is the rarest of the hummingbird’s flying tricks, a paper in the Journal of Experimental Biology reveals that it takes no more energy than moving forwards.
In the top video, an Anna’s hummingbird hovers in the still air of an inactive wind tunnel and sips sucrose from a syringe. When researchers turned on the air, the bird had to push backwards in order to reach its snack, as seen in the following video.
To make the bird fly forwards, the researchers just reversed the position of the syringe. Although it looks similar to the other two videos, in the clip below, the hummingbird is flapping forwards.
Clearly, it’s hard to tell these modes of flight apart. To quantify the differences, researchers took high speed videos like these, to measure the birds’ posture and wing motion, and monitored oxygen intake, to see how much energy flying took. They found that hummingbirds breathe just as heavily during backwards and forwards flight. In fact, flight in either direction was actually more energy-efficient for the hummingbird than hovering in still air. Their ability to dart and dodge makes hummingbirds nectar-gathering pros…even if they’re not so great at sitting still. | <urn:uuid:5f2f79c8-3b02-46bd-b7b9-a4a31bafd14d> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/80beats/2012/09/28/watch-this-hummingbirds-fly-forwards-and-backwards-with-equal-ease/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163048688/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131728-00070-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94701 | 316 | 3.625 | 4 |
In recent years, unemployment has seen the biggest decline for Black women compared to other racial and gender demographics. In 1890, for example, before the arrival of many migrant communities, 40 per cent of all black women were employed – more than any other racial group. But we ask, where exactly are these jobs?
Firstly, there are some parts of the country that are less favorable for black job seekers. On June 8, the Economic Policy Institute – a research organization based in Washington D.C. – revealed that black unemployment in Detroit and Minneapolis was at a rate of over 20 percent. St. Louis, Las Vegas and Memphis were not far behind.
The South in general can also be particularly difficult for black female workers. Because there is a concentration of black communities in the South, much seasonal and agricultural work means employment levels fluctuate for black workers.
The financial crisis was also still problematic for black women. The secondary labor market that support many black women in employment was severely hit by high rates of bankruptcy and job losses.
There is good news for black women though. Improvements to organizational structures have allowed for an increase in the amount of black women in positions of higher employment.
A few years ago Essence Magazine’s Jayme S. Gayney profiled America’s top 25 Greatest Companies for Black Women. Some standouts included Coca Cola, Colgate, Citigroup and Comcast at various locations across the country.
Companies surveyed were reviewed on their treatment of diversity through policy implementation and general treatment of all workers. These policies were tested in practice by research from the
Looking for work? Check out Monster’s diversity job listings on BlackPlanet.com here! | <urn:uuid:d3082fc2-aab2-4af6-baeb-fda91f1e4839> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://hellobeautiful.com/2010/06/11/top-cities-to-find-work-as-a-black-woman/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657131304.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011211-00218-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967116 | 341 | 2.984375 | 3 |
shilling (plural shillings)
- A coin formerly used in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Malta, Australia, New Zealand and many other Commonwealth countries.
- The shilling was worth twelve old pence, or one twentieth of a pound sterling.
- 1915, Mrs. Belloc Lowndes, The Lodger, chapter I:
- A great bargain also had been […] the arm-chair in which Bunting now sat forward, staring into the dull, small fire. In fact, that arm-chair had been an extravagance of Mrs. Bunting. She had wanted her husband to be comfortable after the day's work was done, and she had paid thirty-seven shillings for the chair.
- The currency of Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania and Uganda.
- (US, historical) A currency in the United States, differing in value between states.
- (US, historical, New York and some other states) The Spanish real, formerly having the value of one eighth of a dollar.
- (in UK, etc): s. or s or / (solidus)
- (in Kenya): Ksh; (in Somalia) So. Sh.; (in Tanzania) TSh; (in Uganda) UGS
In East Africa, the names of the currencies usually use the proper noun for the country, not its adjectival form: "Kenya shilling", "Tanzania shilling", etc. Amounts are written with a solidus, probably from the UK usage: "2/50" is 2 shillings, 50 cents (not pence); 30 shillings only is written "30/=".
- Present participle of shill. | <urn:uuid:6160de6e-d60f-4e4e-8670-056925b7e446> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/shilling | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375090887.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031810-00149-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.912825 | 354 | 3.0625 | 3 |
perl compare dates example is a perl compare dates document that shows the process of designing perl compare dates format. A well designed perl compare dates example can help design perl compare dates example with unified style and layout.
perl compare dates example basics
When designing perl compare dates document, it is important to use style settings and tools. Microsoft Office provide a powerful style tool to help you manage your perl compare dates appearance and formatting. A style can apply a consistent look across the whole document instead of having to format each section individually, in the style setting, you can make arrangement for section headers, body text font, header section font, paragraph spacing, color scheme for SmartArt, charts, and shapes etc. a customized perl compare dates styles may help you quickly set perl compare dates titles, perl compare dates subheadings, perl compare dates section headings apart from one another by giving them unique fonts, font characteristics, and sizes. By grouping these characteristics into styles, you can create perl compare dates documents that have a consistent look without having to manually format each section header. Instead you set the style and you can control every heading set as that style from central location. you also need to consider different variations: perl validate date, perl validate date word, perl compare two dates, perl compare two dates word, date comparison in perl, date comparison in perl word, perl date add, perl date add word
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perl compare dates example
using perl how do i compare dates in the form of yyyy example, . how do i compare a date to the strings in this array for example, delete the strings more than day ago perl what is the best way to compare dates in perl i then need to compare the dates and see if one is before the other. how can i in the examples below, dt and dt are datetime objects. how to compare string date time in perl compare two date time strings like. youre slacking, perl subscribers convert the datetimes in your case these are local datetimes how to compare two dates hi monks, i am new to perl and was wondering how to compare two dates in mm dd yyyy format. for example, if a date in column b is equal solve almost any datetime need with time piece datetimes come up all the time in programming, so being fluent in handling time piece has been in perl core since version . , so you should already just initialize two time piece objects and compare them with an compare dates as strings when you can there are many excellent date and time modules on cpan, including most effective perl free sample chapter files and filehandles. how do i find the number of days between two dates perl has many different modules to handle dates. the following example uses the delta days method to calculate how old the same person is in perldoc date manip perldoc q how can i compare two dates and find the difference re faq 4 14 how can i compare two dates and find the difference re faq . how can i compare two dates and find the difference the latest version of the complete gt perlfaq is at http faq.perl.org . so please include relevant details for gt corrections to examples that do not work on perl function to compare two dates this function can be used to compare two dates using perl. please find here below sample script in which this function is called date simple gregorian dates up to year are handled correctly, but we rely on perls builtin overloading is used so you can compare or subtract two dates using standard example use date simple ymd pbd ymd , , d string . | <urn:uuid:0cd56d38-660f-4b9f-9954-075a1b7fab7a> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.slipbay.com/perl-compare-dates-example/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320077.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623170148-20170623190148-00441.warc.gz | en | 0.858623 | 901 | 2.828125 | 3 |
February 11, 2016
More Unique Artifacts Uncovered at “Jaguar City” Honduras
The National Geographic team has dug up 200 artifacts from a site in Honduras now known as the Jaguar City. Ornate sculptors of animals, vessels, metates that may have been thrones have been uncovered. Metate legs show Maya style sky bands and unknown glyph styles. The artifacts had been placed on a red clay floor around the sculture of a vulture. Some vessels had death god imagery on them. Signs of mutual breaking of artifacts when the city was abandoned have also been found. The team has found earthworks, plazas, pyramids, irrigation canals, reservoirs and mounds. The culture that created this site is unknown, but it is Maya related in some of its art work, and (my note), some of the art work looks more similiar to Central American art from Nicaragua and Costa Rica. The city was discovered by using lidar technology to peer through heavily canopied jungle from above.
Ancient Origins has the story with photos here;
National Geographic has more photos and a slideshow here of the digs;
(My note: There is a lot of controversy surrounding this dig because of the belief the team was claiming they had found the legendary “White City” of fable. And some folks disliked the Honduran government seeing this as a tourist attraction. At no point did the professional team digging there now make this claim. And all interesting archaeological sites in Mesoamerica are promoted by their host governments for tourism. There is the concern that this pristine wilderness may be ruined by this kind of promotion. And that is a real concern. But archaeologists dig in pristine areas all the time to uncover the ancient history of the Americas. This is real archaeology. The finds are illuminating this culture which has many ties far afield. And the team has announced they have found an even larger site nearby.)
Mike Ruggeri’s Ancient Maya News on Tumblr
Mike Ruggeri’s Ancient Maya News Magazine | <urn:uuid:4275fe8e-6300-4407-b1d4-091dad84d5d7> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://ruggeri.news/2016/02/12/february-11-2016-more-unique-artifacts-uncovered/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303356.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220121101528-20220121131528-00436.warc.gz | en | 0.937981 | 546 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The project “Introducing the NEXT STEP for Innovation and Creativity in Schools through artistic, scientific and cultural initiatives” is granted funds from ERASMUS+ for a period of 24 months 2021-2023.
Europe stands before a unique potential to reinvent science learning by opening its schools to creative and innovative approaches which locate education at the heart of a learning continuum occurring in interaction with a wide spectrum of societal actors. We thus need to ensure relevant and meaningful engagement of all societal actors with science and increase the uptake of science studies and science-based careers, employability and competitiveness in light of a new world in which we learn to deal with the realities of a global pandemic.
The Creative and Innovative school seems to be an effective vehicle for such a new participatory reengineering of schooling. Yet current actions towards the Creative and Innovative school still struggle with traditional organisational structures, out-of-date curricula and lack of a long-term vision.
The NEXT STEP project is proposing a whole school approach to science learning. Building on previous successful European open schooling and STE(Arts)M initiatives, the project will bring about the NEXT STEP in education by providing a roadmap for the transformation of school classrooms into open and creative learning spaces.
NEXT STEP will look at different examples and research findings which show the need to rethink classrooms organisation in order to facilitate the Creative and Innovative school and wellbeing at school. In this framework the NEXT STEP project will design and set in operation the STEAM IDEAS’ Square, an innovative learning environment which will be the nucleus of the school’s activities. NEXT STEP will demonstrate how these environments
- can offer opportunities for deeper learning of STEAM
- can improve the innovation and creative capacities of learners
- can support the new role of teacher as a coach of the learning process
- can facilitate effective cooperation with external stakeholders
- can inspire policy-makers, school heads and school staff to imagine the schools of tomorrow
Partners in the Next Step-project are:
- Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, HVL (Norway)
- Science View (Greece)
- Nuclio (Portugal)
- Dundalk Institute of Technology (Ireland)
- Ellinogermaniki Agogi (Greece) | <urn:uuid:a9e8d1b1-3363-4f8a-a2e3-4b80c5dda22e> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://casecenter.no/projects/next-step/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057615.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20210925082018-20210925112018-00505.warc.gz | en | 0.924537 | 470 | 2.703125 | 3 |
The electric motor is one of the key reason behind the biggest advancements in the fields of engineering and technology ever since the invention of electricity. Electric motors are an important part of the modern-day life being used in domestic appliances such as dishwashers, fans, mixers, vacuum cleaners to subway system, electric vehicles and so on.
Electric motor is an electro-mechanical device or machine that is used to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy by producing a producing rotational force.
The working principle behind the operation of an electric motor mainly depends on two main physical principle — Ampere’s law and Faraday’s law.
- Ampere’s law states that when a straight current carrying conductor interacts with a magnetic field at a right angle to the magnetic field, then the magnetic field exerts a force on the current-carrying conductor.
- Faraday’s law states that when the magnetic field around a closed loop or coil of conductor, then a voltage or electromotive force (emf) is induced in the coil.
In an electric motor, a current-carrying conductor is placed in between two magnets and is connected to a power source. When the power source is turned on, current starts flowing in the conductor, and magnetic lines of force flow from north to south. By the Fleming’s left hand rule, a downward and an upward force starts acting on the conductor, thereby producing a rotating force.
What are the six parts of an electric motor?
The six main parts of electric motor are:
- Stator or Armature: It is a copper winding around the main axis which generates a magnetic field around the rotor.
- Rotor: It is a moving component which has copper winding on it. The rotor rotates because of a torque is produced around the rotor’s axis when there is an interaction between the magnetic field of the rotor and stator winding.
- Main shaft: It is a metal component that is extended to allow a place for drive pulley or load attachment. It is actually an extension of the rotor.
- Brush: It is a small rotary conductor located at the end of the main rotor which transfers electric power between to the main moving rotor, keeps the current flow in the same direction even though the rotor rotates.
- Bearing: It is a special component required for the smooth rotation of the shaft. It has light friction style so as not to hinder shaft rotation.
Motor housing: Motor housing holds and protects all other parts of motors. It serves the user also from any casualty during high speed rotation of the shaft. Other than that that, the ratings and other vital information about the motor is placed on the electric motor housing.
What are the different types of electric motors?
Depending on the nature of current they are operated on, the electric motor is mainly classified into two broad categories — the alternating current (AC) motor and the Direct Current (DC) motor. The AC motor is powered by alternating current, whereas the DC motor takes direct current as an input.
- Alternating Current (AC) motor: This motor converts alternating current into mechanical power. AC motor is further classified into two major categories:
- Synchronous motor — A synchronous motor changes the alternating current into mechanical power at speed synchronized with the frequency of the supply current; The shaft of this motor rotates at the desired speed, which is synchronized with the supply current frequency. To know more, see Synchronous motor.
- Asynchronous motor — An asynchronous motor, also known as induction motor can be made without electric connections of rotor. This motor uses the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction to transform electric power into mechanical power to produce torque.
- Direct Current (DC) motor: DC motor is a type of motor that transforms direct current (DC) electrical energy into mechanical energy. It relies on the principle that when a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, then a force is exerted on the conductor, and torque develops. Nearly all categories of DC motors are fitted with an internal mechanical or electronic mechanism that periodically changes the current’s direction in the motor’s armature part.
How do you know if a motor is AC or DC?
We can identify whether a motor is AC or DC by observing visually the terminal box, stator and rotor.
- Terminal box:
- A delta connected AC induction or asynchronous machine up to around 5 HP (delta connected), has three for line 1, 2, 3 and one for ground total four terminals would be in the box.
- For higher rating six terminals (R1,2. Y1,2, B1,2.). Two for each of the winding and a neutral, total seven (in slip-ring motor 3 more. Including brush, total ten).
- For synchronous motors, the rotor field is supplied by slip rings, hence total nine.
- D.C motors have two armature terminals (A1, A2) and two fields terminals (F1, F2) total four terminals in the box.
- AC asynchronous or induction motor rotor would be caged or wound.
- AC synchronous motor’s rotor would be round or salient pole and has field winding (F1, F2), and mounted on bearings.
- For DC motors the armature or rotor is the wound type rotor, supplied with commutator and brushes, the rated DC, through terminal marked A1 and A2.
- AC motors have fins on the surface for stator, and are wound type (producing a rotating magnetic field, and loss in stator)).
- For DC motors poles are mounted on a cylindrical stator, and are supplied by field (F1, F2) terminals, and they generally have no fins, on the surface.
What are the uses of an electric motor in daily life?
The electric motors have major applications in many industries as the source of mechanical power to the industries. Some time if required they are used as generators also. Motors of medium size and standard dimensions are usually used as generators. The larger motors are used in applications such as in water pumps or ship propellers or pipeline compressors and many more. Some use of electric motor in daily life includes the following:
- The major applications of electric motor are in the machines such as blowers, fans, machine tools, pumps, turbines, power tools, alternators, compressors, rolling mills, ships, movers, paper mills.
- The electric motor is an important machine in different applications like HVAC- heating ventilating & cooling equipment, home appliances, and motor vehicles. | <urn:uuid:12da3204-7704-48ec-a46a-81c810c4fe8d> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://china-gearboxes.com/what-is-an-electric-motor-and-what-is-the-principle-of-the-electric-motor/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334992.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220927064738-20220927094738-00143.warc.gz | en | 0.919069 | 1,380 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Lack of interactivity in your everyday clothes? Then smart clothing is definitely for you. This futuristic approach to fashion uses ‘wearable’ tech to connect our clothing to the internet, transforming what we wear.
Smartwatches are the most successful example of this type of technology, but this is just the beginning. Within the next several years, we could see a variety of innovations that combine fashion and technology seamlessly.
Google Glass has been on the market for a few years. In fact, by 2023, experts suggest that 10% of all eyewear, including glasses and headsets, will be connected to the internet.
Having access to the internet through your eyewear will allow us instant access to information, turning our vision into a digital interface.
As well as browsing Facebook hands-free, smart eyewear has more significant potential as a learning tool, offering a completely new way to share instructions and information.
While smart eyewear is fairly well established, the concept of bio-couture, which is growing clothing using bacteria, is definitely a bit more left field. By 2025, though, this concept could be a very real possibility.
This bizarre process uses a harmless bacteria to produce, spin, and shape pure cellulose fibres into clothing materials. Effectively ‘growing’ clothes in this way is an eco-friendly solution to the problems associated with manufacturing fabrics.
Amazingly, this bio-couture clothing would also be self-cleaning, meaning you wouldn’t have to waste time and energy on washing your clothes. Result!
As well as growing clothes out of bacteria, in 2025 you could also be charging your phone through your jacket, thanks to innovative solar cells that harvest energy from the sun.
Researchers in Japan are currently developing this technology, which would allow solar cells to be installed into clothing. While existing solar panels are too large and rigid to be used effectively in this way, these tiny solar cells are pliable and could actually be stitched into clothing like any other material.
These amazing solar cells are just three millionth of a metre thick, and are specially designed to both absorb light, while also blocking out water and air. The concept is still in development, but nevertheless represents an exciting innovation for smart clothing.
In addition to clothing, in the future we could also be wearing lots of other tech in a similar way to smartwatches, including wearable drones. The tech company Frogtech expects drones to be the next evolution in mobile devices, going above and beyond what we expect from our phones and tablets. Literally.
Amongst their various concepts is a product called Flare, which you wear on your wrist, and use to navigate new cities. When you need directions you simply tell Flare where you want to go, and it flies ahead of you, guiding you to your destination.
Don’t delete Google Maps from your phone just yet, though – this tech isn’t expected until 2030. | <urn:uuid:10e6f436-ccb8-4e79-85e6-5a91e63a7e0b> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://americanfashiontv.com/2018/06/12/smart-clothing-of-the-future/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202303.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20190320064940-20190320090940-00302.warc.gz | en | 0.961916 | 609 | 2.828125 | 3 |
There is much debate about whether teaching is an art or a science. Certainly there is an art to great teaching; but it is clear that, like basic biological principles inform medicine, scientific understanding of how people learn can inform education. In an ideal world, teachers or curriculum developers would have the time to read academic journals on topics such as cognitive science and development, know exactly how to adjust their practice based on what they learn, and see improvements in students’ learning as a result.
It’s, of course, not that easy. Research studies are typically performed in very controlled settings. They rarely provide specific direction to educators in real-world classrooms with students of varying interests, motivation levels, and cognitive abilities.
Given this complexity, teachers must be empowered to test out research-backed principles, record what happens, and determine what works. In other words, they must be given the supports and flexibility to be scientists in their own classrooms. What role can school leaders and educational researchers play in this process?
Evaluating evidence and research findings is challenging, particularly in education technology where many digital learning tools are marketed as evidence-based or research-based. Ideally, there would be a trusted third party reviewer to evaluate these claims. Without one, practitioners must be provided with the skills necessary to differentiate evidence from proof. Doing so will require educators to think beyond their own experience and overcome confirmations bias — the tendency to seek information that confirms our own hypothesis.
Complicating matters, researchers are very careful not to overstate the implications of their findings while those marketing ed-tech products confidently present research findings as proof their tool can improve student outcomes across a broad range of learning environments. This has led to the development of many common education myths. For example, countless assessments, guidebooks and professional development workshops are built around the concept that students are auditory, visual or kinesthetic learners (called learning styles). While individual do learn differently, there currently is no scientific evidence to support the learning styles view.
There have been some attempts to support inundated practitioners in deciphering good research and evidence from bad. Cognitive psychologist Daniel Willingham offers four steps for evaluating evidence, and psychology teacher Nick Rose explains six good habits to develop when evaluating a scientific claim. Still more efforts are needed to help practitioners judge the quality of the research and evidence, which will require increased interaction between learning scientists and educators.
Identifying high-quality, trustworthy research is only the first step to improving teaching and learning through implementation of learning science findings. Even the best educational research and evidence-based tools are not applicable to all schools and classrooms. Quality research findings can guide decision making, but educators play a critical role in translating findings to their own unique learning environment.
For example, there is ample evidence that students who have a growth mindset – meaning they believe intelligence can be developed through hard work and dedication – are more motivated and achieve higher grades. There are games, curricula, and entire professional development programs aimed at helping teachers foster a growth mindset in students. But for teachers to really determine if these interventions work for their students, they must evaluate the effect of teaching growth mindset on student motivation, engagement, and achievement.
Education researchers should support teachers in this process, and in doing so, can begin to ask better and more relevant questions. As a first step, scientists need to come to consensus on the key research-backed principles on learning and start a two-way dialogue with educators on how best to use these guidelines to support students.
Teachers are busy. It’s not reasonable to solely assign educators the complex tasks of translating research to the classroom, measuring how changes affect student learning, and forming conclusions about whether it improved their practice.
For this reason, every school needs a “research champion” to sort through the scientific literature, support research partnerships with universities, run experiments to address key practitioner needs, and help teachers perform action research studies in their classrooms.
In 1930, former Dean of the School of Education at New York University wrote in an article published in The Journal of Educational Research: “Research service should be maintained for every school system, regardless of its size. Scientific study is necessary everywhere in present-day education.” While this is not a new idea, it is more important than ever given the rapid pace of change in education, and the opportunities afforded by technology.
Researchers embedded within schools, working closely with teachers, can ensure that research studies align with schools’ goals, simultaneously building the skills educators need to become scientists in their classrooms.
Teachers, we want to hear how you evaluate evidence in the classroom. Tell us in the comments below! | <urn:uuid:9baeca02-319a-4ff4-acba-103eebe5f089> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://digitalpromise.org/2014/09/25/empowering-educators-to-be-scientists/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257649961.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20180324073738-20180324093738-00582.warc.gz | en | 0.958447 | 943 | 3.90625 | 4 |
You may have heard about the latest open source language to hit the scene, Python, but haven’t given it much thought and aren’t quite sure what it is or how to begin learning it. You’re in luck! This guide will help you get started with Python and even give you some homework help fundamentals of Python if you’re not quite ready to tackle the real thing just yet.
Python Homework Help – Get Your Fundamentals Down!
Writer’s Block, who doesn’t have it? As you can see from the above blog posts, even the most talented and accomplished bloggers struggle with Writer’s Block from time to time. The thing about this block is that it’s not easy to get over, and if you don’t know how to recognize when it’s happening to you, then it’s going to be that much harder to get over it. Writer’s Block doesn’t just come in one form either; there are several different kinds of writer’s block that we could all potentially face at any given time.
Introduction To The Basics
Python is a versatile language that you can use on the backend, frontend, or full stack of a web application. In this guide, we’ll introduce you to the basics of Python so that you can begin your journey to becoming a Python programmer. First, we’ll cover what Python is and why it’s a popular language. Then, we’ll dive into data types, variables, strings, and math operators. Finally, we’ll wrap up with conditionals and loops so that you can start writing your own Python programs!
In Python, basic syntax refers to the proper way to write code. This includes things like how to use indentation, how to use comments, and how to declare variables. Getting your basic syntax down is essential for writing correct Python code. Here are some resources to help you with that First, read this great tutorial about Python Syntax
Second, check out this explanation of The Difference Between Variables And Constants in Python
Third, go through this slideshow on creating a simple if statement in Python
Intricacies Of Data Types | Homework Help Fundamentals Of Python
There are many data types in Python, and each has its own set of rules and guidelines. It can be confusing to keep track of all of them, but luckily there are some resources that can help. The Python documentation is a great place to start, as it covers the basics of each data type. If you’re still struggling, there are plenty of online tutorials and forums where you can ask for help from more experienced programmers. With a little effort, you’ll be able to master the fundamentals of Python in no time!
Loops And If Statements
If you’re just getting started with Python, you may be wondering how to get your homework done. Loops and if statements are two of the most important concepts in the language. In this post, we’ll give you a quick overview of both so you can hit the ground running. First up is loops. What’s a loop? A loop is when you tell Python to do something over and over again until it gets tired. There are three types of loops: for loops, while loops, and nested loops (a for loop inside a while loop). Let’s take a look at each one. For Loops: The syntax for using a for loop is as follows:
Functions And Modules
A function is a block of code that takes an input and gives an output. Functions can be written into modules, which are like mini-programs that you can import into your main program. Modules help you organize your code and make it more reusable. You can learn more about functions and modules by reading our Python homework help guide.
Python Programming Assignment Pdf
If you’re starting to learn Python, then you need some Python homework help. This guide will give you some tips on where to find help and how to get started.
First, it’s important to understand the basics of Python programming. You can find plenty of resources online and in books to help you with this. Once you have a good understanding of the basics, you can start working on more advanced concepts.
Next, you’ll need to find some resources that can help you with your Python homework. There are a few different places you can look for help:
-Online forums: There are many online forums dedicated to programming languages like Python.
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Fundamentals Of Python: First Programs 2nd Edition Solution Manual Pdf
Are you new to programming in Python and looking for some help with your homework? Don’t worry, we’ve got you covered. In this post, we’ll give you a quick overview of the basics of Python programming. We’ll also provide some resources that can help you get started on your homework. Keep reading below to find out more about these resources and why they’re so important.
Python is an interpreted high-level programming language created by Guido van Rossum in 1991. It’s free, open-source software and its design philosophy emphasizes code readability, notably using significant whitespace indentation as a delimiter instead of curly brackets or keywords like if/then/else which most other languages use for syntactical clarity or tokens like semicolons at the end of statements which are usually mandatory in other languages (e.g., C). Python has an extensive standard library that covers areas such as object-oriented programming, GUI development, web development (see Web frameworks), numerical analysis and computer science.
Fundamentals Of Python Answers
Are you having trouble with your Python homework? Don’t worry, you’re not alone. Many students find Python to be a difficult language to learn. But with a little help, you can get your fundamentals down and start writing code like a pro! The following is an example of a simple program that prints Hello World!: print(Hello World!) If this doesn’t make sense, don’t panic. There are plenty of resources available to help you out!
Fundamentals Of Python First Programs Answers
If you’re starting to learn Python, you might be feeling a bit overwhelmed. There’s so much to learn! But don’t worry, we’re here to help. This blog post will give you some tips on where to start with your Python homework.
1) Practice writing code
2) Pick a tutorial
3) Read the first few chapters of Programming in Python
4) Watch video tutorials and podcasts
Python Exercises, Practice, Solution
Fundamentals Of Python: First Programs Pdf
It can be tough getting started with Python. In this post, we’ll give you some tips to get your Python homework help fundamentals down. We’ll start with the basics of writing a Python program. Then, we’ll move on to some more advanced concepts. By the end of this post, you should have a good understanding of the basics of Python programming.
What is the difference between a function and a procedure?
A function is a type of procedure that takes one or more arguments and returns a value, while a procedure is a type of function that does not return a value. Functions can be used to perform mathematical operations, manipulate strings, and so on. Procedures are typically used to perform actions such as printing to the screen or reading from a file.
What is the difference between a function and a subroutine?
A function is a piece of code that takes one or more input parameters and produces a single output value. A subroutine is a piece of code that can be called from other parts of your program. Functions are typically used to perform simple calculations, while subroutines are used to perform more complex tasks.
How often are the answers updated?
If you’re stuck on a Python homework problem, don’t fret! Our experts are here to help. We update our answers regularly, so you can be confident you’re getting the most up-to-date information. | <urn:uuid:b7e9f232-2b37-4098-ba83-612459fb059e> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://domyassignment.online/homework-help-fundamentals-of-python/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948620.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20230327092225-20230327122225-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.894455 | 1,859 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Moltke was selected as chief of the Prussian General Staff in 1857 and confirmed in that office in September 1858. Thus began the era of the great triumvirate—Otto von Bismarck (chancellor), Moltke, and Albrecht von Roon (1803–79; minister of war from 1859)—that within 13 years was to change the map of Europe.
Moltke entered upon his new official duties at a time when a technical revolution was changing the whole conception of war. The rearmament of the German infantry with the breech-loadingneedle gun had been proceeding since 1848 and was almost complete. Breech-loading guns for the artillery were on the way but were not finally introduced until 1861. Much more significant, however, was the rapid development of railways.
Moltke was among the first senior officers to appreciate the important role that railways could play in the deployment, movement, and supply of armies on a great scale. Hitherto, the movement of troops had been restricted by the paucity and seasonal unreliability of road communications. The aim of every great field commander had been to bring the strongest possible force in the best possible condition onto a small battlefield where he could control the entire army. Moltke saw that the advent of railways had changed this. Many more men and much more equipment could now be deployed much faster on vastly wider fronts. In place of battlefields of a few square miles, there would be long battlefronts of perhaps hundreds of miles. The limited flank attack by a few battalions would give place to wide turning movements by many divisions. Supplied by railways, troops would be able to keep the field in all weather throughout the year.
At the same time, Moltke appreciated that new command techniques and a much more highly trained body of staff officers would be required to realize his new conception of warfare. The mounted staff officer with his necessarily confined outlook would give way to one with a much wider view, capable of compiling intricate railway-movement tables for vast numbers of men, animals, and equipment and of arranging for daily trainloads of supplies. Moltke saw, too, that changes were necessary in another direction. Whereas, previously, commanders had kept a very tight hold on their subordinates and had been able always to give short and explicit orders, it was clear to Moltke that this system would not work in an army of perhaps millions locked in battle along a front that might extend for hundreds of miles. He therefore instituted the system of “general directives” in place of rigid “operation orders.” In these directives the recipient was given a long-term task in general terms but was allowed considerable latitude and was expected to use his discretion and initiative in carrying it out. When Moltke joined the General Staff, its “chairborne” officers were held in little esteem by the “real” soldiers. He built up the new system of the Prussian General Staff, which later became the model for all armies organized on modern lines.
Some of Moltke’s theories and methods were tested in practice by the Prussian forces in the short German–Danish War over Schleswig-Holstein in 1864. A far more instructive opportunity of testing them came with the Seven Weeks’ War, which Prussia, under Bismarck’s guidance, launched against Austria and certain other German states in the summer of 1866. This war, for which initially Prussia deployed some 256,000 men in three armies on a front of 260 miles (nearly 420 kilometres), culminated in Prussia’s overwhelming victory at Königgrätz (Sadowa). Moltke’s contribution to victory was rewarded by Prussia with a donation of money that enabled him to buy an estate at Kreisau in Silesia (since World War II in the Wrocław Province of Poland), and the military result vindicated his system in the eyes of some older and hitherto recalcitrant generals. The war also served to expose deficiencies in the functioning of the system, among them ill-trained staff officers and an inadequate intelligence service. With the newly secured cooperation of his subordinates, he remedied these shortcomings before the final proving of his notions in 1870–71. He was also responsible for the official Prussian history of the Seven Weeks’ War, Der Feldzug von 1866 in Deutschland (1867; The Campaign of 1866 in Germany, 1872).
Prussia’s triumph of 1866 excited the envy of France, whose emperor Napoleon III was tempted to seek an increase in prestige at Prussia’s expense or through intervention in German affairs. To eliminate this challenge, Bismarck envisaged war against France, and Moltke and Roon, having profited from the lessons of 1866, were able to tell him, at the end of 1869, that in their judgment the Prussian Army was capable of defeating the French and that the time seemed ripe. Consequently, Bismarck, in the next few months, provoked Napoleon III into hostilities; the Franco-German War began in July 1870, Moltke deploying some 384,000 men in three armies.
The Germans’ great victory at Sedan on Sept. 2, 1870, brought the fall of the Second Empire in France and was soon followed by the proclamation, at Versailles on Jan. 18, 1871, of a new German Empire. France sued for peace in February and accepted Bismarck’s terms in May 1871. Moltke, whose military machine had been far more efficient than France’s, was created Graf (count) in October 1870, after Sedan, and appointed field marshal in June 1871, after the peace treaty.
Moltke was chief of the General Staff for 17 more years from 1871. For part of this time he was occupied with planning for the eventuality of Germany’s having to fight a war on two fronts—against Russia in the east as well as against France again in the west. In August 1888, however, the old man at last resigned his post, not least because of his lack of sympathy with the manners and ideas of his new sovereign, the emperor William II. He had, however, already chosen his own immediate successor, Alfred von Waldersee.
On resigning office in 1888, Moltke retired to Kreisau. He died during a visit to Berlin in 1891. A tall, spare figure, he had a tanned face that usually wore an expression of grave austerity. His acute intelligence was obvious to all who met him, but, though he was a considerable linguist, he was habitually so taciturn that he was described as being “silent in seven languages” (he knew at least German, Danish, French, English, Italian, and Turkish, besides any Slavic or Iberian languages that he might have picked up). No indiscreet or unkind word is recorded as having passed his lips, and to his military colleagues he became “the Golden Man,” without enemies or detractors. His married life was affectionate and happy but childless. As a writer, he is sometimes reckoned among the masters of 19th-century German prose. | <urn:uuid:060d4b94-1ccf-4aa2-a5ae-73a76db801b9> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Helmuth-von-Moltke/Chief-of-the-general-staff | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303512.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220121162107-20220121192107-00242.warc.gz | en | 0.982698 | 1,519 | 3.828125 | 4 |
The Balfour Declaration wasn’t like a bolt out of the blue. It wasn’t by some miraculous Jewish power, nor Jewish capital. To understand it, we must look at the wider historical background.
It was the end of World War I. Those days were characterized primarily by the dissolution of empires and the regrowth of the national idea. And at the end of every imperial era, the result is another wave of national liberation. The dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, as well as the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, created new nation states. Borders were moved.
The national liberation, almost every national liberation, exacted a heavy toll. Populations were relocated, usually forcibly, to give the idea of national liberation some substance.
It didn’t end there. The dissolution of the Soviet Union also led to the establishment of a series of nation states. The dissolution of Yugoslavia, a multinational state, led to the establishment of seven national entities—as well as to wide-scale ethnic cleansings.
Several months before the Balfour Declaration, French Foreign Ministry official Jules Cambon sent a letter to Zionist leader Nahum Sokolow, stating that “it would be a deed of justice and of reparation to assist, by the protection of the Allied Powers, in the renaissance of the Jewish nationality in that Land from which the people of Israel were exiled so many centuries ago.” Britain had coordinated with France and the United States before making the declaration.
Two months after the Balfour Declaration, US President Woodrow Wilson issued his Fourteen Points, which were linked by the right to self-determination. In other worlds, recognizing the right of each community that had been under imperial rule to independence, freedom and sovereignty. The idea of national liberation and of a nation state is an anti-imperial idea. It’s true that in the current era, the post-national and anti-national voices are echoing again, even in little Israel, but these voices appear to suffer from a weak historical memory.
Zionism was a national movement, one of many, which jumped on the bandwagon of the same idea, just like the top representatives of the Arab world sought sovereignty and independence based on the same idea. Unlike other people, who were a national minority under a give territory, the Jews were a national minority under many states and empires.
There was one moment in history, immediately after the Balfour Declaration, when the Jewish nationality and Arab nationality even shared joint interests. This was reflected in the Faisal–Weizmann Agreement, which was signed in 1919. In an article published just a few days ago, Prof. Efraim Karsh elaborates on the Arab and Muslim acceptance of the Balfour Declaration and the Jewish nationality idea. Even Talaat Pasha, one of the rulers of the declining Ottoman Empire, which turned into the Turkish nation state, expressed support for the Jewish right to a national home in Palestine.
The main argument presented by the Balfour Declaration opponents is that it ignores the national aspirations of the area’s residents. That’s inaccurate. First of all, the Balfour Declaration itself forbids causing them any harm. Second, their national aspirations were honored as part of the Arab state which the Arab leaders those days, including Emir Faisal, wanted to establish on most parts of the Middle East.
Five years after the Balfour Declaration, after it had already been adopted by the League of Nations, another decision was made, to establish another entity—Transjordan—on lands governed by the British mandate that were allotted to the Jewish state.
Another partition took place in 1947, and the western side of the Jordan River was divided between the Jewish Yishuv and Palestine’s Arab residents. Their national right was honored. It was implemented in all neighboring states. This recognition applied also to those who later became Palestinian.
But the Arab world itself prevented the implementation of this right. The lands were in its possession. There was no occupation. Yet no Palestinian state was created from 1949 to 1967. So the claim that Palestine’s residents were ignored is groundless.
It’s true that there was a Nakba. Palestinians fled and were expelled. It happened in almost every national conflict, and it happened to the Palestinians also because of the Arab rejection of any compromise, especially the Partition Plan.
The claims of injustice suffered by Palestine’s Arab residents because of the Balfour Declaration should be looked into on the background of the reality and norms in the first half of the 20th century. Hundreds of millions of people have gained national liberation and independence, and tens of millions experienced some kind of “Nakba,” including the Jewish Nakba of Jews in Arab countries. The historical context shouldn’t prevent a solution to the conflict. On the contrary, it will put the conflict in its real place. | <urn:uuid:71c0f5a7-7fd9-4dbb-ad0c-1ddd6a76c52d> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://middleeasttransparent.com/en/each-nation-has-its-own-nakba/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104655865.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20220705235755-20220706025755-00139.warc.gz | en | 0.968012 | 1,016 | 3.90625 | 4 |
Quadratic Equation Help
Hi, i'm very new to this forum and i am stuck on this problem. Perhaps i'm just having a brain freeze, but i'd like to know how to solve this question.Thanks :). And apologies if this is in the wrong part of the forum.
The height, h(t) metres, of a batted baseball as a function of the time, t seconds, since the ball was hit can be modelled by the function:
Question: How many seconds after it was hit did the ball hit the groud, to the nearest tenth of a second?
The answer key tells me 4.9 seconds, however, i am unable to arrive at that answer. My idea was to substitute h(t) with 0 to get the x intercept, but the numbers greatly confused me.
Any help? Thanks in advance :)
h(t) = 0 the ball hits the ground.
gah. solved lol. thanks xD. i missed the square root step xP. | <urn:uuid:0aa8eb34-3483-45fb-a91b-97015708786b> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://mathhelpforum.com/algebra/167108-quadratic-equation-help-print.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701148428.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193908-00267-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948974 | 211 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Earth System Topics: Time/Earth History
Results 1 - 10 of 35 matches
The Cosmic Calendar
Erika Grundstrom, Vanderbilt University
In this activity, one takes ALL of time, from the beginning of time (i.e., the Big Bang) all the way up to today, but one compresses it into one year. One can do this for all levels of students depending on how ...
Geologic Mapping Exercise
Andrew Smith, Vincennes University
This exercise is designed to simulate some of the mapping aspects of a basic geological investigation. This mock geological investigation is a good wrap-up exercise because it incorporates a variety of geological ...
The Four-Winged Dinosaur
Tasha Dunn, Illinois State University
This is assignment is completed in two parts: It begins in class with a showing of the Nova documentary "The Four-Winged Dinosaur." It continues as a homework assignment in which students write a short ...
Illinois through time
Surangi Punyasena, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
This assignment serves as an introduction to geologic time, using Illinois as an example. It uses the Paleo Portal website to illustrate each geologic period.
The science behind Plate Tectonics
John Weber, Grand Valley State University
Plate tectonics is a quantitative, robust and testable, geologic model describing the surface motions of Earth's outer skin. It is based on real data and assumptions, and built using the scientific method. New ...
Build a Delta!
Douglas Clark, Western Washington University
This is a 3-part lab that allows new geomorphology students to experience first-hand the scientific method by investigating the processes and results of river-delta formation.
Darwin and the Galapagos Islands
Mitchell Colgan, College of Charleston
In this assignment the students read the Chapter 17 "Galapagos Archipelago" from The Voyage of the Beagle by Charles Darwin, and they examine a website about the Galapagos Islands. The students answer two ...
Stacey Cochiara, New Jersey City University
This is an extra credit assignment for students to learn details about the geology of their hometown.
Michael Kimberley, North Carolina State University at Raleigh
Students are invited to hour-long discussions of controversial geologic topics on Sunday afternoons. Those who attend (about half the class) submit page-long essays through Vista for comments and assessment. A ...
Field Lab - Stromatolites
Emma Rainforth, Ramapo College of New Jersey
The lab requires students to make detailed observations on an outcrop, both about the fossils (stromatolites) and the lithology. It addresses the two 'content goals' of the course: assessing mode of life ... | <urn:uuid:14d75c78-9387-47d7-8cd3-a62904050ce8> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/time/activities.html?q1=sercvocabs__13%3A14 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500826322.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021346-00007-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.882295 | 572 | 3.25 | 3 |
The intersection of environmental conservation and technology has become a critical concern. As the global community works diligently to address climate change through initiatives like carbon trading, the safeguarding of environmental data has emerged as a paramount issue. In this article, we delve into the realms of carbon trading and cybersecurity, exploring how they converge and why it is essential to protect our environmental data in the digital age.
Carbon trading, also known as emissions trading, is a market-based approach aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It operates on the principle of cap-and-trade, where a regulatory body sets a limit (cap) on the total amount of emissions allowed. Companies and organizations are then allocated permits equal to the cap, each representing a specific amount of emissions. These permits can be traded among participants, providing an economic incentive for reducing emissions. The goal is to encourage businesses to decrease their carbon footprint, ultimately curbing global warming.
The Digital Transformation of Environmental Data
With the advent of technology, environmental data collection and management have undergone a significant transformation. Traditionally, data on emissions, environmental impact assessments, and sustainability reports were stored in physical documents. However, these have been progressively digitized and integrated into complex digital ecosystems. This digital shift has undoubtedly brought efficiency and accessibility, but it has also introduced a host of cybersecurity challenges.
The Convergence of Carbon Trading and Cybersecurity
The convergence of carbon trading and cybersecurity is an essential aspect of modern environmental stewardship. Environmental data is now a valuable commodity in carbon trading, and its protection is crucial for the integrity of the market. Here’s why:
Data Accuracy and Transparency:
Carbon trading relies on accurate data reporting. Any unauthorized alteration of environmental data can disrupt the functioning of the market, leading to unfair advantages for some participants and disadvantages for others. Strong cybersecurity measures are essential to ensure data integrity and transparency.
Environmental data often contains sensitive information about an organization’s operations and environmental performance. Cyberattacks or data breaches can expose this information, potentially harming the reputation of the company and leading to legal consequences.
Environmental data breaches can have financial repercussions. For example, a breach can result in fines for non-compliance or the devaluation of carbon credits, which can directly impact an organization’s bottom line.
Intellectual Property Protection:
Many organizations invest heavily in developing technologies and methods to reduce their carbon emissions. These innovations are valuable assets, and cybersecurity is necessary to protect them from theft or sabotage.
Environmental activists may target companies participating in carbon trading. Cybersecurity measures are vital to safeguard against potential attacks or disruptions by activist groups.
The Importance of Robust Cybersecurity
Encryption is a fundamental cybersecurity practice that protects data in transit and at rest. It ensures that even if data is intercepted or stolen, it remains unreadable without the decryption key.
Limiting access to environmental data to authorized personnel is crucial. Implementing strict access controls helps prevent unauthorized individuals from tampering with or stealing sensitive information.
Regular Audits and Monitoring:
Continuous monitoring and periodic audits of environmental data systems are essential to identify and address vulnerabilities promptly. This helps maintain data integrity and security.
Human error is a leading cause of data breaches. Proper training and awareness programs for employees can significantly reduce the risk of accidental data exposure.
Incident Response Plan:
Organizations should have a well-defined incident response plan in place. This plan outlines the steps to take in the event of a cybersecurity breach and helps minimize damage and downtime.
As many organizations store their environmental data in the cloud, it’s crucial to choose secure cloud service providers and implement additional security measures, such as multi-factor authentication.
Regular Updates and Patch Management:
Keeping software, operating systems, and security systems up to date is vital to address known vulnerabilities and reduce the risk of cyberattacks.
Collaboration with Cybersecurity Experts: Engaging with cybersecurity experts and consultants can provide organizations with the latest insights and best practices to protect their environmental data.
The convergence of carbon trading and cybersecurity underscores the undeniable importance of safeguarding environmental data in the digital age. In an era where data is as valuable as any tangible asset, protecting the integrity and confidentiality of environmental information is paramount. Carbon trading relies on accurate data reporting, data privacy, and robust cybersecurity to ensure a fair and functioning market.
As we continue our collective efforts to combat climate change, it is imperative that organizations participating in carbon trading place cybersecurity at the forefront of their environmental initiatives. By doing so, they can not only contribute to a greener planet but also ensure that the data supporting their environmental commitments remains safe and sound in our ever-connected world. | <urn:uuid:47700d9f-4c2c-45b5-9474-c8a2c07f5361> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://techbullion.com/carbon-trading-and-cybersecurity-safeguarding-environmental-data-in-the-digital-age/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679515260.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211143258-20231211173258-00799.warc.gz | en | 0.919149 | 944 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Adenosine diphosphate could be compared to a partially-charged battery. Both ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and ADP (adenosine diphosphate) consist of the nucleotide adenine, a sugar called ribose, and either two or three phosphate groups. The bonds holding the three phosphate groups together require great energy to build, and when these bonds are broken, a great amount of energy is released.
When ATP is used to provide energy for cellular activities, the bond between the second and the third phosphate groups is broken and energy is released. Through the process of cellular respiration, glucose provides the energy to rebuild ADP and a phosphate group into ATP. | <urn:uuid:573e56fe-051d-439d-9ba8-3306fab465a1> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://socratic.org/biology/energy-in-cells/role-of-atp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376826968.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20181215174802-20181215200802-00346.warc.gz | en | 0.937875 | 144 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Adversaries may attempt to obtain information about attached peripheral devices and components connected to a computer system. Examples may include discovering the presence of iOS devices by searching for backups, analyzing the Windows registry to determine what USB devices have been connected, or infecting a victim system with malware to report when a USB device has been connected. This may allow the adversary to gain additional insight about the system or network environment, which may be useful in constructing further attacks.
Likelihood Of Attack
The table below shows the other attack patterns and high level categories that are related to this attack pattern. These relationships are defined as ChildOf and ParentOf, and give insight to similar items that may exist at higher and lower levels of abstraction. In addition, relationships such as CanFollow, PeerOf, and CanAlsoBe are defined to show similar attack patterns that the user may want to explore.
Meta Attack Pattern - A meta level attack pattern in CAPEC is a decidedly abstract characterization of a specific methodology or technique used in an attack. A meta attack pattern is often void of a specific technology or implementation and is meant to provide an understanding of a high level approach. A meta level attack pattern is a generalization of related group of standard level attack patterns. Meta level attack patterns are particularly useful for architecture and design level threat modeling exercises.
The adversary needs either physical or remote access to the victim system.
The adversary needs to be able to infect the victim system in a manner that gives him remote access.
If analyzing the Windows registry, the adversary must understand the registry structure to know where to look for devices.
Identify programs that may be used to acquire peripheral information and block them by using a software restriction policy or tools that restrict program execution by process whitelisting.
A Related Weakness relationship associates a weakness with this attack pattern. Each association implies a weakness that must exist for a given attack to be successful. If multiple weaknesses are associated with the attack pattern, then any of the weaknesses (but not necessarily all) may be present for the attack to be successful. Each related weakness is identified by a CWE identifier.
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September 30, 2019 | <urn:uuid:553c9ed7-e0bd-47c5-b390-dbe5ecdee04f> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/646.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496665521.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20191112101343-20191112125343-00153.warc.gz | en | 0.913892 | 451 | 2.828125 | 3 |
ASU professor designs biohybrid devices modeled after sperm to help cancer patients
Assistant professor Jagannathan Rajagopalan poses at his office in the Engineering Research Center. Rajagopalan designed the structure for biohybrid swimmers. (Photo by Andrew Ybanez)
Recently referred to as “sperm-bots” or “bio-bots”, biohybrid swimmers are a recent breakthrough in the science of biomechanics. Biohybrid swimmers are small-scale functional devices that are modeled in the likeness of sperm.
The development was the result of research done by ASU professor Jagannathan Rajagopalan and a research unit at the University of Illinois.
“This is actually the first demonstration of actually powering a device using a cell at the small scale,” Rajagopalan said. “That is the novelty.”
Biohybrid swimmers are sperm-structured devices that were given rat and mice heart cells. The contraction of the cardiac cells on the devices enabled them to have movement.
Rajagopalan said he and the research group in Illinois were the first to demonstrate that structures could be powered by cells, and not an external force, on the nanoscale.
Rajagopalan got his doctorate at the University of Illinois, and in 2012 he joined the ASU community as an assistant professor. The research began in Illinois, and the majority of it took place there, he said.
The research development was funded by the National Science Foundation, Rajagopalan said.
According to the NSF official website, the foundation supports risky endeavors, concepts and a variety of projects.
Rajagopalan designed the process to create the biohybrid structures, and used PDMS, a kind of polymer, as a platform for them.
“(They're) powered by biology, so to speak,” Rajagopalan said.
The filament acts as a car and the cells as the engine that gives it power, he said. Rajagopalan said using cardiac cells was purposeful because the contraction of muscle cells was necessary in generating propulsion.
“I basically designed the device, the process to make the structure (and) I also initially showed that the cells can be put on the structure,” Rajagopalan said.
Rajagopalan said he shifted his attention away from the biological aspect and intends to analyze the structure’s limitations and its potential applications in other areas.
“Most of my contribution was in the design,” Rajagopalan said.
In theory, Rajagopalan said the new development could possibly lead to a self-sustained biohybrid swimmer, and it can be utilized to help cancer patients. He said it could potentially transmit medicines directly to cancer cells.
Rajagopalan said the theory has not been tested but may be a conceivable application with future developments.
He said his interest is the engineering aspect and that he and a student were applying the material used for the biohybrids toward a different project.
Rajagopalan and mechanical engineering graduate student Timothy Sowers said they are conceptualizing a small-scale measuring beam made out of the same material as the biohybrid.
Sowers said a potential application of the beam, if successful, would be useful in measuring the mass of cells during the cell cycle.
“The process of the cell cycle isn’t understood very well,” he said.
Data gathered from the measuring device could aid in further understanding the cell cycle, Sowers said.
Although separate from the biohybrid research, the application represents the numerous advancements that could be possible because of the new development.
Taher Saif is a researcher of biomechanics at the University of Illinois.
Saif said he led the research group in Illinois and was Rajagopalan's professor when he was a student there. He said Rajagopalan later became his post-doctoral researcher at the University of Illinois where the research and conceptualizing of the biohybrid swimmers initiated.
“Small scale swimmers are different from the others because they can swim by themselves,” he said. "This is the first time they can swim by themselves.”
Reach the reporter @[email protected] or @_KennedyScott | <urn:uuid:814f2a5c-c3c5-458e-a756-c251dea3b062> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.statepress.com/article/2014/02/asu-professor-designs-sperm-like-structure/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608617.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20170525214603-20170525234603-00027.warc.gz | en | 0.967881 | 914 | 2.96875 | 3 |
The book of Job is a catechism on the theology of the cross. Throughout the centuries countless believers, bruised by the rod of suffering, have embarked on a pilgrimage into the heart of this ancient story to inquire, “Why do the innocent suffer?” Many have retreated from the answers sadly disappointed, others passionately frustrated, and still others-like Job-faithfully content. Perhaps the reason some find the answers inadequate is because they have failed to ponder a far weightier question, “How is God known by man?” Truly, that question lurks behind every syllable of this holy book. And it is that question which jerks the head of the sufferer upward, and rivets our eyes on the cross of Jesus Christ. For only there is the divine understanding of suffering revealed.
The Life and Times of Job
The prologue of Job introduces the reader to a patriarchal hero who is exemplary in piety, blessed with affluence, paternally productive (seven sons, three daughters), and the scrupulous household priest of his close-knit family (1:1-5). All is well in the life and times of Job. Then one day the satanic serpent slithers into the throne-room of Yahweh and argues that Job walks in the path of righteousness only because of his material blessings. Satan challenges God, “But put forth thy hand now and touch all that he has; he will surely curse thee to thy face” (1:11). Soon thereafter, through a blitzkrieg of natural and supernatural disasters, Job loses livestock, servants, and all ten of his children. Unmoved, however, from his firm stance of faith, Job confesses, “Naked I came from my mother’s womb, and naked I shall return there. The Lord gave and the Lord has taken away. Blessed be the name of the Lord” (1:21).
The devil reappears before God and this time argues, “Skin for skin! Yes, all that a man has he will give for his life. However, put forth thy hand, now, and touch his bone and his flesh; he will curse thee to thy face” (2:4-5). With divine approval Satan then “smote Job with sore boils from the sole of his foot to the crown of his head” (2:7). At this, even Job’s wife mutters, “Curse God and die!” Nevertheless, Job persists in his integrity.
With the advent, however, of Job’s three friends-Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar-and a seven-day, seven- night vigil of silent suffering, the tenor of the account changes. What follows in the main body of the book (chaps. 3-37) are three cycles of ever intensifying debate-like speeches between Job and his unholy trinity of accusatory friends. Job vigorously defends his innocence in the face of their legalistic claims that he must have sown vast seeds of iniquity to be reaping such ghastly fruits. Finally, when the friends have blunted their arguments against the iron wall of Job’s defense, a spectator named Elihu enters the fray. He first chides Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar for their poor arguments and then proceeds to offer his views. Although sharpening the previous arguments, Elihu too falls short in his endeavor to probe into the mystery of suffering.
Finally, wisdom speaks. Hiding and revealing himself within whirlwind and storm, Yahweh puts Job on the stand in the celestial courtroom, twice interrogating him (chaps. 38-39, 40-41). The divine questions are exquisitely crafted to evoke humility, awe, fear, faith, and wisdom in Job. In response to this twofold interrogation, Job twice utters confessions of repentance and faith, ultimately coming to terms with his suffering and his God.
The epilogue paints a joyous portrait of complete reversal-one might even say “resurrection.” Job is publicly vindicated by God, while his friends are indicted because they did not speak of God rightly (42:7). The suffering patriarch becomes their sacerdotal intercessor, offering sacrifices to atone for the sins of their mouths. The Lord then restores Job’s fortunes by doubling the number of livestock he had previously possessed, granting him ten more children, and bestowing upon him a long life and, finally, a blessed end. | <urn:uuid:3b771679-e4d4-4548-963d-cd1291ff8186> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://intelmin.org/?p=6863 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084890991.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20180122034327-20180122054327-00607.warc.gz | en | 0.957568 | 942 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Silicon Valley, California--
New state-of-the-art silicon etching techniques, promise to solve some of the most difficult problems which have plagued engineers working with today's most advanced data storage systems.
Venture capitalists flocked to the roll-out of the new "Rosetta" silicon dioxide storage medium, and many believe this will be the much anticipated "next wave" of technology which will rejuvinate Silicon Valley, whose economy has been suffering since the collapse of the Internet Bubble, and the downturn of the semiconductor indusrty at the end of the last decade.
Each year, data loss...due to such causes as computer glitches, hard drive crashes, fires, and theft...costs businesses millions of dollars. Silicon Valley economists are excited, because the newly announced storage technology breakthrough promises to solve all of these age-old problems, at the same time.
The new methods involve an advanced laser etching technique, which leaves units of data permanenty burned into massive slabs of basalt... a form of rock with a high percentage of silicon dioxide. Data is stored on the surface of the rocks in a coded form called "hieroglyphics".
Earlier types of storage media included punched cards and magentic tapes, which were subject to fading, molding, moisture damage, and complete loss in the event of a fire. More modern forms of data storage, based on magnetic media, laser or semiconductor technology, also exhibit frailty from a variety of environmental factors.
The new basalt storage medium has created a great deal of excitement, because it seems to be immune to the weaknesses of the traditional data storage types.
Research suggests that these etchings in basalt will endure unchanged for centuries. Nobody will have to fear the sudden irreversable loss of data.
Fire and lightining strikes will leave this data storage medium unphased. Even a major fire, which might burn down a business, will leave these slabs of basalt untouched.
Extensive testing has taken place, under a wide variety of environmental conditions, and the results suggest that this form of data storage is immune to damage from static electricity and occasional high-voltage spikes.
An additional advantage of the new storage medium is being discussed. It should cut down on the data loss from theft. It would take a pretty big thief to walk off with one of these gigantic slabs of basalt, unnoticed. | <urn:uuid:a7cb13f5-404d-493f-9a47-f1a5472199fe> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.thespoof.com/spoof-news/science-technology/6073/new-data-storage-medium-brings-hope-for-silicon-valley-rebound | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463318.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00281-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947105 | 496 | 3.015625 | 3 |
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| David Weiner, PhD |
Weiner is an associate professor in the Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and the Department of Otorhinolaryngology of the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. He is also a member of the Center for AIDS Research at the University of Pennsylvania. His research can be divided into the exploration of novel methods for the generation of antiviral immune responses, and dissecting the molecular virology of HIV-1. Weiner's lab was the first to identify an HIV gene that is associated with viral latency and silent infection. This should provide important clues about how silent infections are established in HIV-infected people, and how these silent infections later give way to AIDS.
How do we traditionally make vaccines?
There are two traditional types of vaccines. There are live vaccines, and perfect examples are the Sabin polio vaccine, the oral polio vaccine, or the famous smallpox vaccine. Both of these vaccines we take from a bottle and are actually a live organism. It replicates in our body. It is customized by our body because as it grows inside of us, each one of our cells is different from every other person's, and so it is really a tailored vaccine. Our immune response grows to control it, and by learning how to control this weakened pathogen, it then learns how to fight off the true deadly pathogen. And so, those are live vaccines.
Now, because live vaccines grow in our bodies and are customized by our bodies, and because our immune system actually has to fight off the infection, they are really the best vaccines, immunologically-speaking. They frequently give life-long protection and frequently give broad protection. The body makes immune responses against all the proteins that are contained within these live antigens, and so they are very effective.
Then the other type of vaccine is the non-live vaccine. The most famous of these is the Salk polio vaccine, which is a killed polio vaccine that is injected and you make an immune response to this killed antigen. [Your body] learns how to see the real polio virus when you come in contact with it, and your immune system then makes antibodies and blocks the infection.
So what's the problem? The problem is that killed vaccines aren't spreading infections, and they are specific strains: whatever one is in the bottle, that's the one everyone gets, and it may not be the same as the one in the wild, which can change. So non-live vaccines produce limited immune responses, frequently antibodies, part of the T-cell responses, but not all of them. While they're the safest because we are really good at killing things, they are not necessarily the most effective immunologically and they don't protect against many different types of infectious agents.
The live vaccines, which produce the best immune responses and give us our best protection, can be a risk because they are live and some individuals have weakened immune systems. For example, unintended people, who we didn't want to vaccinate such as parents who are changing the diaper of their children who had gotten the oral polio vaccine, can get infected and that could be a problem. You could have reversion to a form that may cause some side effects in a very, very small number of people, or you could have side effects in people who are immune compromised. While they are the best, they are not the safest, and that is where vaccinology has stood historically.
The live virus stimulates a cellular immune response, is that correct?
There are really three types of immune responses that we normally are trying to induce to protect against infectious agent by vaccines. We try to produce antibodies, which are soluble proteins that are released by B-cells in our blood, and these soluble proteins bind to infectious agents and can directly inactivate them. However, once viruses and some bacteria, for example, are within cells, antibodies have trouble getting into cells to destroy them, and so there is a type of T-cell that takes care of that.
There are two actual T-cell cell responses that are important: T-helper cells and T-killer cells. T-helper cells are like the generals of the immune response. They tell the B-cells to make more antibodies and they also tell killer T-cells to find viruses and bacteria hiding within cells and destroy the cell, and so they wipe out the viral factory and eliminate the infection.
Non-live vaccines are very good at producing antibody-based responses, but because they are actually outside the cells of our bodies when they are injected, they are not very good; they are, in fact, exceptionally poor at teaching the immune system to make killer T-cells to find viruses or bacteria within cells and destroy those factories. Only live vaccines typically do that, and that is really another separation between those two vaccine approaches.
With the HIV virus, you really need a vaccine that is going to stimulate the killer T-cells, because it is already inside the cell, so the antibodies aren't going to help. So you are trying to generate both responses?
With HIV we really, even after 18 or 20 years of studying this virus, are still not sure what type of immune response we need to control infection. We believe we need antibodies at some level because they will blunt the overall infection process when someone is exposed, but they probably won't prevent the virus from getting within cells where it can set up shop and become viral factories that will continue to replicate. And for that, we'll need T-cells, killer T-cells particularly.
A lot of live vaccines were considered important because they would produce both killer T-cells and perhaps antibody responses, whereas non-live vaccines would only produce the antibody responses. But the problem with the live vaccine approach for HIV is, of course, that they actually could revert, at least in the laboratory they have, to disease-causing forms. The risks are great with those, and they would need a lot more work before they could ever be used in a person.
Is that one of the major challenges and why we don't have a vaccine for HIV? What are some other challenges?
HIV is kind of the textbook example of all the problems with making a vaccine. It has a very high replication rate, so initially when someone is infected, the virus spreads very rapidly and replicates very rapidly, and basically the immune system must contend with this really rapid replication and dissemination of virus, which is a problem.
It also infects many different cell types, but in particular it infects memory T-cells very early. Memory T-cells are called "memory" because they last a long time. HIV basically infects a pool of T-cells that lasts a very long time, and that is really a problem.
It also integrates, which means the genetic material of HIV actually is inserted into our chromosomes and becomes permanently part of the chromosomal material of that cell. Once infection happens, the only way to get rid of that infection, we believe, is to destroy that cell. Again, that would require killer T-cells.
Every time the virus goes through a single replication cycle, every time it grows, it changes a little bit, and so within a single individual there are many different variations of this virus. Then as they spread through a population, there are many different variations, and so we have to come up with a vaccine that can prevent all these different variations.
It seems like almost an insurmountable task. What is the new strategy that you have helped develop?
About 13 years ago, we started trying to develop a way to make a vaccine approach that would be as safe as a non-live killed vaccine approach. It would basically change the way these non-live vaccines work to actually also induce the really desired immune response of killer T-cells. It also has advantages of being easy to manufacture, as well as a host of other advantages.
What we turned to was to use pieces of genetic material without viral vectors so they couldn't replicate, they could be easily manufactured in the lab, that would encode small pieces of viral gene products or bacterial gene products. The trick was whether we could develop a way to deliver them into a mouse and then eventually a person, and get the body to be fooled into taking up the small piece of genetic material and thinking that it now should make the proteins that are encoded within the genetic material.
If it did this, we reasoned that the cell that took up this genetic material would become a factory for whatever the viral protein was that we had encoded. As soon as it did that, the immune system would now see this cell as having a foreign protein, and that would look to the immune system just like a virally-infected cell, and teach it how to make the cellular immune response of killer T-cells.
But because the cell would also leak out antigen and the B-cells would see that antigen and be able to make antibodies, and because the leaked antigen would also stimulate helper T-cells, you would get basically all three components of an immune response: the antibodies, the killer T-cells, and the helper T-cells that are the essence of a live attenuated vaccine without any of the risks of spreading infection, in a non-live, non-replicating system.
Is this what is known as a DNA-based vaccine? I've heard the term "naked DNA." Could you define that term?
DNA vaccines are really plasmids in most cases, in all the cases now that have gone to the clinic. We actually steal them from bacteria-they are the genetic sex factors of bacteria when they go through their mating cycle. They transfer a small circle of DNA from one bacterium to another, in order to keep up their genetic diversity, the same way all living populations need to keep up genetic diversity. That is their mechanism.
Well, these small circles are very handy. They have a sequence on them that says "grow the bacteria to large amounts." [We] can put sequences into them to make them very specific and maintained in a way that we can regulate them and control them. And they are also very useful in that we can put other pieces of DNA inside them, and the pieces that we put in are regulatory reagents that have the instructions for making a gene product in a human cell or a mammalian cell, as well as the viral antigen.
These small circles then are highly purified from the bacteria and they have been formulated by several groups in many different ways. They are not really naked. They are actually in different solutions and formulations. Local anesthetics have been used to coat them, which help them get into cells, polyethylene glycol solutions, particles, and microbeads have been used.
But the thing that makes them all the same is they are all non-viral or nonliving, and they don't contain protein structures that are associated with living infectious agents, and so they are just the genetic material on its own.
So you actually take one or more genes and alter the plasmid with those genes, the code for the antigenic proteins?
Right, we put in antigen proteins, and we also, in the case of HIV, depending on the gene, can completely destroy its function. So if it were ever to meet up with a real virus inside a person, it couldn't help that virus in any way. In fact, if it would interact with the virus it might even prevent its replication. It might even have a negative effect on the virus. You take these pieces and you include pieces of, let's say, the envelop, the outer portion of the virus, and that hopefully will produce antibodies and killer T-cells. Then we can also use the core antigens of the virus, the matrix, as a part of the replicative enzymes, some of the accessory genes that are part of this virus, and let the T-cells get used to seeing all of the virus.
You specifically exclude genes that would enable the pathogen to reconstruct itself and cause disease, and that is a key part of this?
That is very important. We don't include the promoters, which are called the genetic regulatory sequences of the virus, which are at the far right-hand end and left-hand end of the genetic sequence, which are really important. The virus needs them to replicate. We also delete essential functions in something that is going to go into people such as the protease genes, which have destruction in them, and the reverse transcriptase genes. We also rearrange multiple components of the virus to make sure that it can't reshuffle itself into some novel fashion, and we can test these laboratory assays.
What bacteria do you use for the plasmids?
The bacteria that is used is a very highly developed strain of bacteria, but where they all came from, all the bacteria that we use in most of our genetic manipulations, really are gut bacteria that originally came from people, E. coli. It is not the E. coli that we associate with disease from contaminated meat, for example. It is a laboratory adapted strain, and it is a strain that isn't pathogenic.
How are these vaccines delivered into the body?
There are three basic ways that people have delivered DNA vaccines into the body. One is a device called the gene gun, in which the DNA is precipitated on micro-size gold beads, and actually shot into the outer layers of the skin by this device called a gun, which is really not a gun. It is just a pressure device that shoots the gold beads into the outer layers of the skin.
The other way that's our way of actual delivery, is really to mimic the traditional old-style vaccines because we are very interested in delivery of vaccines to the developing world, and the technology has already been used across the globe is needle and syringe. Ours are formulated so they just can be injected with traditional needle and syringes.
The third way is there are topical deliveries of DNA vaccines that some groups are studying where they have formulations that can be put directly into the skin or injected directly into the skin.
So you are actually injecting the genetically altered plasmids-it is just the plasmids in a liquid form?
It is plasmids in liquid with a formulation such as local anesthetic or a microbead to get it across the outer membrane and get it taken up by cells in a more efficient way. The delivery of plasmids actually has another advantage. One of the problems with multiple boosting with vaccines, when you give a vaccine multiple times, is that you start developing an immune response to the vaccine, and then the boosting doesn't work so well because the immune system really prevents any real seeing of the foreign antigen now. The immune system is too quick, it wipes out the antigen as it is getting into our body, and so three or four boosts, we start to not see continued boosting of immune responses, and this is a problem with some vaccines.
DNA vaccines get around this because there is no protein, and so they can be, in theory, boosted forever, because until the DNA gets into the cell and converts- uses the enzymes of the cell to convert the DNA sequence to RNA and into protein-there is nothing for the immune system to react to.
You started with mice to test these. What is happening with the tests now?
We started in mice and we went through many years of development of formulation and then we moved to nonhuman primate studies and showed that the vaccines were safe. We published in larger primates that we actually prevent HIV infection, and in a smaller primate model we've shown that we can impact on viral replication, lowering viral replication, and protecting CD-4 T-cells after viral challenge with a pathogenic virus.
We've moved on to studies in human beings with our collaborators, and these studies have taken two forms. We've studied the DNA vaccines; actually, the first DNA study was from our group in HIV infected people as an immune therapy, and that was conducted here at Penn. And then a subsequent study at the National Institute of Health was in the area of normal na√ve HIV non-infected individuals as a "punitive" prophylactic approach. As of this time, we've gotten up to about 170 people who have received these vaccines of ours and there has been no significant adverse events; they have been very well tolerated and they've been immunogenic.
And now many, many groups are in the clinic with DNA vaccines besides us and our collaborators at Wyeth. We also have Merck that is in the clinic, and many other groups are in the clinic with DNA vaccines.
You were saying your group uses it as a therapeutic vaccine as opposed to a preventative vaccine, or they are being used both ways?
We have two separate studies. The first study that actually entered the clinic was a therapeutic vaccine study here, and the second study of ours that entered the clinic, which was the first prophylactic study, was in collaboration with the NIH Clinical Center. Since that time, we have maintained both programs and we are actively studying both approaches. Those programs have grown over the years as we've met certain hurdles and felt that we've improved the potency of the vaccines, which has been the issue with DNA.
When it is used as a prophylactic vaccine, how do you counsel the patient? How do you test that it is working, because you can't tell them to go out and have unsafe sex? How do you test that it is working?
At this point in time and through trials, we will never say that we have a vaccine that works. In fact, we tell patients that we don't have any evidence that this will be of any value at all. I think one of the real implications of this is that people who volunteer for these vaccine trials are the true heroes here. They are really being complete good Samaritans and putting up with a lot of travel to the clinics. They are getting injected with these experimental vaccines, not just DNA, but all the vaccines that are being tested, and none of them are shown to have any efficacy at this point in time, and that has to be kept in mind.
But in some ways, the vaccine trials themselves have a tremendous benefit in some unexpected ways. I would like to bring your attention to [studies] in Thailand: in some of the vaccine studies, not DNA, but the larger scale studies of vaccines through the counseling of the recruitment effort. As people are brought in to be part of their studies, as they were counseled, the actual attack rate of the virus in those populations dropped and made those trials more and more difficult, because you needed more and more people. But it shows that just the counseling can have a major impact and is very important.
So you are having a public health effect with the education that you are providing, so that is great. How do you actually know that the vaccine is working when you inject it into the muscle cells? I am referring to those micrographs in the Scientific American article, where you made the muscle cells glow green. How do you tell that the vaccine is working?
That was a graduate student in the lab who used a very clever approach. He actually included genes that encode for a protein that will fluoresce, green fluorescent protein, and this protein taken up by cells actually is green, and then when exposed to ultraviolet light will fluoresce green, so you can see it. When you take out your biopsies and look at them under the microscope and expose it to UV light, the cells that have taken up the vaccine glow green.
What is the benefit of being able to engineer the vaccine to carry genes from different strains? Why is that so important with HIV?
With HIV and some other infectious agents like the flu, for example, the variability is really an enormous issue, the ability of the virus to change. If the virus can change in so many different ways, then the more strains we might be able to include. We might be able to prevent it; we might be able to produce a vaccine that will be protective against multiple strains.
We don't really need a vaccine that is 100% effective to wipe out infection. One of my favorite examples of that is the Salk polio vaccine. It was really only in North America and only about 70% effective, yet it pretty much was responsible for wiping out polio from North America, and that is because so many people were protected that the virus really couldn't spread anymore.
If we can make a collection of antigens that will prevent spread in enough people, it doesn't have to be 100%. I believe the same thing can occur for HIV; it will be prevented from spreading and will be able to be contained, and possibly eliminated.
You are at a point now where you are taking this to the next level of effectiveness. You are using the molecules and adding it to the vaccine to make it more effective. Can you explain this?
One of the real advances of DNA vaccines is that not only can you mix different viral antigens or bacterial antigens, and not only can you combine different virus antigens if you want to make cocktail vaccines, but because it is genetic material, it allows us to bring the power of genomics, the ability to put in other genes that regulate functions exactly as part of the vaccine itself.
So instead of hunting for the right antigen that would produce the right immune response, we can actually build in the central controls of the immune system to tell the vaccine what type of immune response we want the body to make. This has really not been done before in any real fashion, and certainly not in normal healthy people in any way.
What we have done is actually tested a wide variety of immune modulated molecules, molecules that the immune system uses that we understand at different levels through basic science and think we know how they might work in people, and actually test them as part of the vaccines themselves.
For example, we include a gene called a cytokine that might expand T-helper cells as part of the vaccine and test that first in basic research studies and ask the question, "Well, does that make our protection better in some small animal challenge models? Does that do anything good for us?" If not, we'll go on to another.
We've gone through this procedure now for years and years, and come up with a very small cadre of immunologically relevant molecules that now when our nonhuman primate studies produce them, they change these nonliving, non-replicating DNA vaccines into molecules able to produce an immune response, the equivalent of a live viral infection.
We think that this break-through in the primates will translate into a similar increase in immunogenicity in people, and we are very excited about that. That doesn't mean it is going to work in people yet, of course. We get excited and then, of course, people really are where the rubber meets the road, but we are very excited that this could make a big difference and allow us to produce a very strong immune response with injections, with lower doses, and in a very controlled fashion, and produce the type of immune response we want.
So, for certain pathogens where antibodies are particularly important, we would include the instructions just for making antibodies. We don't need to worry about T-cell responses in those individuals because in some cases you might be concerned that T-cell responses might not be good to certain pathogens.
In others such as HIV, we really want strong T-cell responses. We've included the instructions for expanding T-cell immunity and shown that these work in our animal models and now we are ready to test them in people. We think that this will be a magnitude jump, a 10-fold enhancement of the vaccine potency.
Once we established that they are safe in people and immunogenic, now we want to get the immunogenicity up, and increasing the immunogenicity in this way will have several effects. First of all, it will make more people respond to the vaccine on one or two injections rather than multiple injections, which is a big advantage for the patient. None of us like to take many, many injections if we can get away with one or two to do the same thing rather than five or six. That is a big advantage.
The next thing is we think it will make the immune response more consistent across individuals. And the third is because the magnitude will be so much higher, it will be a lot easier to measure and follow who we have successfully vaccinated, rather than using very more invasive tests to figure that out. So we think we can actually use very simple tests to follow people who have been vaccinated successfully and make the whole procedure a lot more friendly.
How would you do the test for successful vaccination; what would you do?
We are producing very little antibody responses, and antibody responses are very easy to follow. You take a small drop of blood and the assays, analyze a plate format, which can be automated. It is very easy to follow and quantitate those levels. Those levels may have a relationship to the T-cell response under the right circumstances.
One of the things we wanted to do was produce vaccines where we could actually see the antibody response very easily, so we could make a very rapid, very simple screen for how effective our vaccine was. These types of screens are used in the now licensed hepatitis B vaccine. Actually, the amount of antibody one produces is taken as efficacy of protective vaccination, and so these new vaccines do that in our animal models, and so we are very excited about that.
Tell me specifically what cytokines you are using.
Well the ones we've studied are interleukin-12, which is produced by antigen presenting cells, cells that actually stimulate the immune response and give instructions to T-cells to particularly expand T-cell immunity.
They also affect some B-cells, however. They also do cause B-cells to respond as well, but they are really good at stimulating T-cells, and we've shown DNA vaccines that contain these stimulate very, very strong cytotoxic T-cell responses. They are very good at killing.
And the other cytokine genes we are very interested in is IL-15, and IL-15 actually has a lot of problems in getting expressed well. The body highly regulates it in very complicated ways for where it is expressed, and to make a DNA vaccine to use it, we had to engineer around that. [This] one is also particularly good at driving memory T-cells, so not only will the person who receives the vaccine make a strong immune response, but we believe that their immune response will last longer and that is a very important thing as well.
These engineered vaccines may have many advantages because they are sort of like designer vaccines. We hopefully are making them in a safe fashion to do what we would like them to do, and to make the whole procedure be just one injection and you would have life-long immunity, for example. That would be our dream.
I want to make sure I got this straight. You take the plasmid and you put the antigen-coding gene and the IL-12-coding gene, so you have multiple genes then on this plasmid?
That is correct. One of the things you can do with DNA , since to the cell DNA is DNA, it doesn't read the DNA outside the cell; it just takes up whatever's there. So you can actually make plasmids that have multiple genes in them, your viral antigen as well as your cytokine gene, for example, or you can mix different plasmids together to make a cocktail, and that might be particularly attractive for multiple strains of HIV.
So you would make a vaccine specific for a subtype-C, which is in Asia, and subtype-A and D, which might be in North Africa, for example, and subtype-B, which is in North America. By combining them, you wind up with a vaccine that might, in theory, produce immune responses against the vast majority of viral strains of HIV on earth.
So would you need two plasmids though? Couldn't you put one plasmid with the different strains on it, and IL-12, and make one giant plasmid?
I love that. There is an issue of manufacturing them, and the manufacturing process where we take the bacteria that we grow in the lab in small 1.0 liter flasks and grow them; a company will grow them in several-hundred liter flasks.
The larger the plasmids, as I said, are used by bacteria and bacteria have a big chromosome and a little circle of DNA called a plasmid. They like the little circle to be little. They start to get cranky, and so there is a size limitation. We have to think about that, to engineer it. Otherwise, they are not happy and they won't make as many plasmid copies.
Can you define the difference between a cytokine and a chemokine?
We've also tested chemokines as well, so chemokines are pro-inflammatory. They are very early responders to the immune response. They are made by many different tissues and they are important in attracting lymphocytes and other cells of the immune system to certain areas. They direct traffic.
Cytokines are more in some ways like immune hormones. They actually can convert a resting T-cell to an activated T-cell or a memory T-cell, so they sort of push T-cells through developmental programs, and so that is really the difference. Whereas the chemokines really are traffic cops, they tell cells to go here or there, and wind up in certain regions, cytokines provide instructions that, you are a T-cell that we want to be now a memory T-cell, change to a memory T-cell.
To reiterate: You have tested these new augmented vaccines with the IL-12 on chimps and humans both?
Not humans. We are going to start human studies with these in the new year and we have two different studies planned, one with the vaccine trial network with our collaborators at Wyeth, and with the National Cancer Institute, and that will be normal, healthy, na√ve, HIV-naive individuals.
Then here at Penn, Robert McGregor will direct a study of patients who are on HAART therapy, have very low viral loads, and now are DNA vaccinated with specific cytokines in an effort to build up their T-cells, particularly their affector T-cells, and help control viral loads, and maybe even lower viral loads.
So these trials are going to help you answer some of these big questions that are left? What are some of the challenges?
Right now, DNA vaccines by themselves, even highly engineered forms without the cytokine genes, produce immune response, cellular immune responses. T-helper responses are pretty high, most people respond. But for killer T-cell responses, we are really getting less than a third of the patients to have an adequate response. What we would like to do is get that up about 85%. If we can get it to 85% or 80%, I think we would be very close to where we think we need to be for really considering testing these wide-scale.
Now, so that is where we want to go. We have to increase our number of responders in the killer T-cell type assay, or CDA T-cell assay about three-fold, three to five-fold. And if we get it up there, I think that we would really seriously consider that we've reached the next level.
Now there's another trick you can do with DNA which I should point out that is through collaboration we are doing and other groups are doing as well, and that is use the DNA first as a primer, and it is mentioned in the Scientific American article, and then boost with another vector vaccine, a live vector. Those also will boost T-cell responses, and so those combinations might be very effective with a cytokine gene and then a vector boost, post the original injection.
So are you talking about a live vector virus, and HIV live virus?
No, not HIV. It's basically one of the other approaches that other groups are using, to take a virus that has already been used for a different pathogen that is a vaccine already, and put into that vaccine HIV antigens. What will happen there is this vaccine that's already been used in million of people now can be tested to see will it produce an immune response against HIV.
Now the problem with those approaches is because they are viral, again because they have protein antigens, and because they have many antigens that are from the virus, the other virus, not HIV. The immune system frequently has trouble seeing HIV in all that mix. Now what the DNA does in those circumstances, by giving the DNA vaccine first, is it focuses the immune response on looking for the HIV antigen, and then when you come back with the viral vector, the T-cells that see the HIV antigen now out-compete the immune response to the rest of the virus and are expanded first, and so you get very strong boosting.
Would it hurt someone with a weakened immune system at all?
You bring up exactly the right question. These are exactly questions that need to be answered and addressed, and all of those are very important issues. But that is another way that groups are considering trying to boost immune responses in an HIV vaccine setting.
What are professional antigen presenting cells?
Well, professional antigen presenting cells are the cells in our body that run around eating up foreign proteins. What they do after they eat them is they chew them up and they display small pieces of everything they eat on their surface in association with our matrix compatibility antigens, the transplant antigens that are a problem in transplantation.
By doing that, they basically allow T-cells to bump into them as they travel around the body or go to specific immune sites such as the spleen or the lymph nodes. T-cells then get to see these small fragments of anything they've eaten. If it turns out it is a foreign antigen they respond, and that is why they are called professional antigen presenting cells, because they kind of present the antigen to the T-cell. They are sort of delivery machines for the T-cell. They are frequently cells that elaborate the cytokines I spoke of that expand T-cells, so they are really the cells that make the decision on expanding T-cells, and we don't really understand how they make the decision.
That is one of the ways that engineering DNA vaccines to contain their own cytokine genes basically makes a nonprofessional antigen presenting cell such as muscle function in some ways as an antigen presenting cell, or that it allows an antigen presenting cell that takes up the cDNA vaccine to now only make the instructions we want it to make, not make instructions that don't stimulate an inflammatory immune response.
Isn't one of the criticisms of an HIV vaccine, that it would stimulate killer T-cells, but that is what the virus attacks, so that might be a problem in itself?
The vaccines would require stimulating helper T-cells, which are really the cells that are attacked by HIV. Helper T-cells express a service antigen called CD4. It is a protein on their surface and it is very important in their interaction with professional antigen presenting cells.
Killer T-cells express a different antigen for their interactions called CD8, and that interacts also with professional antigen presenting cells; it is very important in their interaction. But CD4 cells are critical for expanding CD8 and B-cells, and so vaccines especially killed vaccines that expand CD4s actually could be providing cells that now could get infected by HIV.
CD8s are relatively resistant to HIV and, in fact, if we encode the cytokine instructions for expanding CD8s directly that do not require necessarily very many CD4s, the CD4s maybe will get around that problem as well. That is another reason why we are very dedicated to the engineering side. We would like to engineer a way, and we've actually found a different group of molecules that can do that in animal studies that are not yet ready for the clinic, that will bypass the ability of using CD4.
We've done and experiment with another group where we have taken a strain of mice that lacks CD4 cells completely and developed a DNA vaccine that will respond just fine, producing CD8 killer T-cells in these mice, in the complete absence of CD4. Those instructions over a few years may be very interesting, perhaps in an immunotherapy setting for HIV where really you need CD8s, and already patients may have lost some CD4s.
Your research can have some tremendous implications on the public health system, especially for developing countries: Can you explain why DNA vaccines could really be a platform of choice in developing countries where it is hard to deliver treatments and drugs?
DNA vaccines really in some ways change the way we think about making vaccines. One plasmid is really very similar in manufacturing to any other plasmid. A plasmid that contains the gene for viral protein-A is really the same in manufacturing as viral protein-B. This is clearly not the case for any other vaccine modality that we use. The hepatitis B surface antigen has completely different properties than the killed hepatitis A vaccine, and the whole manufacturing system, and every step of the way that you use in producing the facility to make those is unique, and many of the steps are unique, and, therefore, the individuals involved in manufacturing them are unique.
Some people like to say, "DNA is DNA is DNA," and I think we are showing that by proving that we can move DNA from one organism to another. You can develop the same manufacturing for one strain of HIV or another strain of HIV, or for a prostate cancer vaccine, or for a CMV vaccine, or for a hepatitis vaccine. And because that is likely to be a lot cheaper and a lot more uniform process, that has significant implications in the developing world.
Another way that this also may have significant implications is because DNA is fairly stable, and it may be able to withstand long periods without refrigeration and that is, of course, very important in tropical environments, especially in poorer places where refrigeration may be a problem. Actually we are seeing some of that. South Africa actually at some of the AIDS meetings, has said they may want to manufacture their own DNA vaccine. Because DNA is DNA, they possibly can at least do a lot of the initial steps in doing that. They can create one that is maybe tailored specifically for their region, and grow it up, and go through purification steps in a way that is affordable. Whether they can really go all the way or not, I don't know, but it does allow a lot more players at the table and it allows a lot more people in groups to think about very novel ways of applying this technology to public health.
In concept, it should be cheaper because it is the same platform over and over. Right now, it is not so cheap because it is relatively new. It is just like computer chips when you make the first ones, even if you say in the future they are going to be very cheap. The first ones you make are not very cheap, but once you go through the process and you start to get up to making millions of doses and everybody is very comfortable making them, I believe the price will drop dramatically.
Are they doing DNA vaccine research in some of these countries?
We are collaborating with the U.S. military on developing vaccines for Uganda, and we have another collaboration with another researcher on developing a vaccine approach for Kenya. There are other groups such as the VRC that is looking at South Africa as a place to develop DNA vaccines, and I know Merck is interested. Many groups are thinking about developing DNA vaccines for Africa, for South America, for China, and for India. So DNA is sort of becoming an infectious approach to making vaccines in many of these really important areas.
Also with malaria, there is a lot of work now in DNA vaccines through the Navy and other groups.
How far away are we from actually having a vaccine?
I believe in the next year we will learn about the envelope subunit approach of VaxGen, which those Phase 3 trials, we should start getting those data from those trials. Now that is a subunit approach, just the envelope protein itself designed to produce the antibodies, and maybe some T-helper cell responses.
Many people have felt that it is unlikely to be very effective, but we are very interested in seeing how those vaccine approaches come out, because it likely doesn't induce very broad immune responses. But everyone is hopeful we will learn something very important from that. We've certainly learned, because of their pioneering efforts, how to run Phase 3 trials and get the data.
Probably following that, there will be vaccine studies of pox viruses with Aventis Pasteur, and those should follow in the next few years after that. A couple of years behind them will probably be the DNA vaccines, so DNA vaccines will probably start getting data back maybe from larger trials in five to seven years. If the earlier parts of those trials start producing very strong immune responses, I think you'll see a large number of candidates that we are starting to feel a little more comfortable with, get to trial.
But it is really important to realize that just because we feel comfortable with them doesn't mean we are right, and I can give you two examples of that. One is the original development of a herpes vaccine, which was done by Chiron about a decade ago. Chiron's vaccine was a subunit approach for herpes and when Science polled scientists in the field and asked how effective this vaccine would be when the Phase 3 trials were running, overwhelmingly individuals said it was likely to be highly effective. Well, when the trials were completed it didn't show any efficacy in those early trials.
Conversely, the original rotavirus vaccine that ultimately had some other issues associated with it, because it didn't prevent infection completely in animal models was thought overwhelmingly not to be a very effective vaccine. Well, ultimately it was 80-90% effective in preventing death and disease.
So it is really important that we run trials, because just because we think something--and even if we are in agreement--it doesn't mean we are going to be right. We can only learn this by going through the process.
You were saying that you are not necessarily trying to prevent this disease either; it is a therapeutic approach, right?
Right, the "floor and the ceiling" is we don't need to be 100% effective. I believe even if we are 50% effective, we might have a significant impact in many ways. Now that will present a lot of issues for public health designs in that whole system.
There is another way that we may be very effective and cause another huge problem, and that is if the vaccines don't prevent infection, but prevent death and disease. Then we would have a whole population of people who are infected, but won't progress. And you might imagine that it is really staggering just to think about the challenges of managing that situation. Certainly it will be a benefit, but those benefits carry with them a whole bunch of issues that we then have to solve.
Because vaccines are down the road, how important is it to continue really strong public health policies and prevention information and education, and get that information out to people?
I think the public health approach is perhaps one of our most important weapons in this campaign against AIDS. Just the example of the vaccine trial organization dropping attack rates eight-fold or ten-fold shows you how potent they are-that's basically dropping the attack rate 90%. If we had a vaccine that dropped the attack rate 90%, we'd be very excited. So public health can have an incredible impact. I think that should be our front line defense against HIV. There's no issue there that it should be something we rally behind. Since we really can't predict when we will have a vaccine-or once we have a vaccine, how effective it will be-I can't see in the foreseeable future that we can relax at all our vigilance in the public health efforts.
There are so many advantages, it sounds like, to DNA vaccines. Could just summarize the advantages to a DNA vaccine?
The advantages are that they are simple to manipulate; they bring the power of genomics to vaccine approaches where you can build a vaccine in a very rapid and cheap fashion-the way you might want it to be-and it allows all the creativity of genomics. They're easily scalable in manufacturing; they could be mixed as combinations. My daughter Rebecca several years ago, when she was smaller, drew a cartoon of a little girl's arm and a vaccine-I didn't put her up to this. She was visiting and she was drawing with crayons in my office and the vaccine was multiple colors-purple, red, green and blue, I think. I wasn't sure what she was doing, and Jean Boyer asked Rebecca, "What are you doing there?" She says, "I'm making the vaccine that you're making." We asked her what that was vaccine about, and she says, well, the colors are all the good things you need, and none of the bad things that would hurt you. I think that that's really what a DNA vaccine could really be like. We can take out the things we don't want and put in only what we need and make them function very specifically, and in a relatively, hopefully cheap and easily reproducible fashion.
What are the really big questions-what are the open-ended questions you're really working on now?
Some of the unanswered questions are making these vaccines very consistent from person to person. Knowing that the T-cell response is related to the antibody response magnitude so that we can use very simple Elisa-based tests and formats for it if we ever get to Phase 3 studies. Because doing Phase 3 studies on T-cell biostates is really a lot more difficult, and certainly a lot more difficult for developing world. Elisa-based assays would be much simpler. Some of the other problems are in the logistics of vaccine development and implementation. For example, in a trial site we looked at in Uganda, the roads are not permanent. They move. And so when the vaccine's actually administered by going out to those sites, visiting with the people and taking samples and follow-up is difficult-and so the military there has come up with using the Global Positioning System to actually find where each person is, rather than a road on the map. There are all these wonderful, clever people trying to figure out ways to make these next vaccine approaches and studies and designs really implementable. And those are really challenges.
In science, I think coming up with and showing that the approaches that we've made induce long-term memory T-cells is a challenge. Then really coming up with an approach in nonhuman primates that completely prevents infection, which we don't have yet.
I know there are people out there who probably say that vaccines just aren't going to work for HIV: that you're never going to find something that's going to really work. What is your response to that?
I think that vaccines have taken a lot of hits across the board recently. But I think that if we look at the data: Smallpox wiped out a billion people in the last 100 years it was on this earth. That's much more people than were killed in all of WWI, all of WWII, the Vietnam war-any way you want to stack it up. Vaccines are our number one public health success other than plumbing, really. There's nothing that comes close. Smallpox was eliminated-except now, for the threat of bio-terrorism-from the earth. It wiped out half of Europe twice. Polio, which ravaged North America and Western Europe and many parts of the globe is near extermination-not there yet. We don't think about vaccines in this country so much. If you just think about hospitalization visits, they have made such an enormous impact in our lives.
Now, we can't predict the success of DNA as a vaccine approach. But because of the advances in the science, and what we see in the immune responses, maybe HIV-because HIV is tough-will take time. But I am an optimist. I believe we will get HIV to succumb. But I also believe that, along the way, we're going to learn how to use DNA, because as we have to make it better and better for HIV, it'll become very useful for many, many other pathogens, and also cancer approaches.
Monoclonal antibodies took about 20 years from the time they first came on the scene to actually deliver us really wonderful, useful products- such as for treating autoimmune disease. In the middle, people got very tired of them and started badmouthing them. When they came back and were successes, it was almost as if we had rediscovered them, like a lost teddy bear or something. I'm more than hopeful that DNA vaccines will be the same way. It takes a little while to get there. Science takes time, and it takes so many people. Not just scientists. It takes all these people, [including] the media. Everybody participates in bringing these things to fruition. The public. And so it takes time. But I believe we will get there. | <urn:uuid:955bff59-82f1-4325-a58b-dfb5724ad38d> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.learner.org/courses/biology/units/hiv/experts/weiner.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119647865.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030047-00200-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97644 | 10,222 | 3.25 | 3 |
Answer to Question #60160 in Mechanics | Relativity for tanvi dalsania
A student measures the distance traversed in free fall of a body , initially at rest in a given time. He uses this data to estimate g , the acceleration due to gravity. If the maximum percentage errors in measurement of the distance and the time are e1 and e2 respectively , the percentage error in the estimation of g is (1) e2-e1 (2) e1+2e2 (3) e1+e2 (4) e1-2e2
I'm highly satisfied with the quality of your work. Thank you very much!
While I'm very impressed with the math, physics and find computer science help perfect... It was still hard for me to find electrical engineering help with your site.
One of the areas I will need help with are circuit analysis. | <urn:uuid:88599855-5640-4709-a251-e24d2565b69c> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.assignmentexpert.com/homework-answers/physics/mechanics-relativity/question-60160 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039746639.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20181120191321-20181120213321-00549.warc.gz | en | 0.905776 | 182 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Presentation on theme: "Acids and Bases SC Physical Science Standard PS-3.8 Classify various solutions as acids or bases according to their physical properties, chemical properties."— Presentation transcript:
SC Physical Science Standard PS-3.8 Classify various solutions as acids or bases according to their physical properties, chemical properties (including neutralization and reaction with metals), generalized formulas, and pH (using pH meters, pH paper, and litmus paper).
Acids and Bases Acids produce H + in solutions HCl H + (aq) + Cl - (aq) Bases produce OH - in solutions NaOH Na + (aq) + OH - (aq) H20H20 H2OH2O
Determining pH pH- a measurement of hydrogen ion concentration pH scale ranges from 0 – 14 pH of an acid is 0 – 7 Acids have more H+ than OH-. The lower the pH the more acidic the solution. pH of a base is 7 – 14 Bases have less H+ than OH-. The higher the pH the more basic the solution. pH of neutral is 7 Neutral has equal H+ and OH-. Neutral is neither acid nor base. Water is neutral.
pH is tested for two ways: 1. pH meter- gives a digital reading of the pH of a solution 2. indicator- a compound that turns different colors based on the pH of the solution it is in (example: litmus paper, phenolphthalein)
Properties of Acids -P-Produce H + (H 3 O + ) in solution -F-Formulas start with H - Taste sour -N-Neutralize bases -C-Corrosive to skin and tissue -A-Acids turn litmus paper red
Corrosive to metals -react with metals to produce hydrogen gas Are electrolytes in solution -conduct electricity
Common Acids Acetic Acid - HC 2 H 3 O 2 - Vinegar Folic acid - orange juice
Phosphoric acid - H 3 PO 4 - soda Ascorbic acid - vitamin C - citrus fruits
Hydrochloric acid -HCl - stomach acid Sulfuric Acid -H 2 SO 4 - Car batteries, industry
Properties of Bases -P-Produce OH - in solution -H-Have OH in formula -T-Taste bitter - Neutralize acids -C-Corrosive to skin and body tissues -T-Turn Litmus paper blue
Acid – Base Neutralization Neutralization- The process of Acids and Bases reacting to form a Salt and Water. This is called neutralization because the in forming water, the H+ and the OH- are equal in solution. | <urn:uuid:2f3a6b1c-897c-44b8-b9ca-f8552e0dbe8e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://slideplayer.com/slide/7932462/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100677.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207153748-20231207183748-00140.warc.gz | en | 0.8284 | 559 | 4.03125 | 4 |
The science behind art restoration with Alicia H. Coutts, Director and Head Conservator at Toronto Art Restoration Inc. (TARI), and Emily Joyce, Paintings Conservator!
Join us for a colourful and fascinating conversation exploring the world of art restoration. The art of preserving and restoring art is surprisingly far more scientific than one might imagine. The art of art conservation uses science to paint a complete picture of a painting’s lifetime and Alicia and Emily masterfully guide us through these steps. They use chemistry and scientific techniques to clean, protect, preserve and restore art. Something as simple as removing the dirt off of paintings involves some pretty cool chemistry like testing the solubility, alkalinity, and pH of substances.
Join us and witness first-hand the process of restoring three-dimensional geese sculptures, a part of the renowned art installation, Flight Stop, by the late Canadian artist, Michael Snow. Highlights also include the restoration of an oil painting, a discussion of the history and chemistry of paint and paint materials, and a conversation on how to increase support and recognition of underrepresented communities within heritage conservation. | <urn:uuid:4184becf-d960-4278-8b38-ee0d992e3194> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://scientistsinschool.ca/event/spotlight-the-science-behind-art-restoration-alicia-coutts-emily-joyce/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499845.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20230131055533-20230131085533-00061.warc.gz | en | 0.911243 | 233 | 2.734375 | 3 |
“It [my research] would take place at 11:50PM”: Constructing a Realistic Simulation to Study Online Information Evaluation for School Projects
When students explore a search results page for a school-related project, what leads them to select a resource? We explore this question in our IMLS-funded research study, Researching Student Information Choices: Identifying and Judging the Credibility of Online Sources. In this session we introduce our novel simulation-based research method. We designed a simulated environment to study students’ online information-seeking behavior and understand their point-of-selection behavior when they determine that a resource potentially meets their research need. Simulated search engine results pages were used to examine students’ information selection decisions for an age-appropriate research prompt. The simulation collected quantitative data and served as the basis for think-aloud protocols that captured students’ cognition in action. This provided us not only with reliable data on what students decided but also rich data on why they made different judgments about the helpfulness, citability, credibility, and container of various online resources. The controlled environment also allowed us to make direct comparisons within and across student groups representing 4th grade through graduate school. The challenges of developing and employing a simulation to study information behavior include the time, effort, and expertise required and the trade-offs between creating a realistic environment and ensuring that the data captured can be meaningfully analyzed and used to address research questions. However, the result of using a simulated environment in combination with standard LIS research methods aids a deeper understanding of how and why students' select the online resources they do during their initial search process.
22 February 2020
GEORGIA INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFORMATION LITERACY
- User Research
- Research Methods | <urn:uuid:464d7204-bc59-47a3-944b-e21c8255c338> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.oclc.org/research/presentations/2020/constructing-a-realistic-simulation-to-study-online-information-.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510387.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928095004-20230928125004-00459.warc.gz | en | 0.937574 | 379 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Coastline of the Baltic Sea in Kołobrzeg and historical lighthouse.
|Gmina||Kołobrzeg (urban gmina)|
|• Mayor||Janusz Gromek|
|• Total||25.67 km2 (9.91 sq mi)|
|• Density||1,800/km2 (4,700/sq mi)|
|Time zone||CET (UTC+1)|
|• Summer (DST)||CEST (UTC+2)|
|Postal code||78-100 to 78-106|
|Area code(s)||+48 94|
Kołobrzeg [kɔˈwɔbʐɛk] ( listen) (German: Kolberg ( listen)) is a city in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in north-western Poland with some 47,000 inhabitants (as of 2014[update]). Kołobrzeg is located on the Parsęta River on the south coast of the Baltic Sea (in the middle of the section divided by the Oder and Vistula Rivers). It has been the capital of Kołobrzeg County in West Pomeranian Voivodship since 1999, and was in Koszalin Voivodship from 1950 to 1998.
During the Early Middle Ages, Slavic Pomeranians founded a settlement at the site of modern Budzistowo. Thietmar of Merseburg first mentioned the site as Salsa Cholbergiensis. Around the year 1000, when the city was part of Poland, it became seat of the Diocese of Kołobrzeg. During High Middle Ages, the town was expanded with an additional settlement a few kilometers north of the stronghold and chartered with Lübeck law. The city later joined the Hanseatic League. Within the Duchy of Pomerania, the town was the urban center of the secular reign of the prince-bishops of Cammin and their residence throughout the High and Late Middle Ages. When it was part of Brandenburgian Pomerania during the Early Modern Age, it withstood Polish and Napoleon's troops in the Siege of Kolberg. From 1815, it was part of the Prussian province of Pomerania. During the 19th century a Polish community started to organize itself. As the Nazis took power in Germany, the local Jewish population was discriminated against, determined to be subhuman and eventually subjected to genocide. In 1945 Polish and Soviet troops seized the town, while the remaining German population which had not fled the advancing Red Army was expelled. Kołobrzeg, now part of post-war Poland and devastated in the preceding Battle of Kolberg, was rebuilt but lost its status as the regional center to the nearby city of Koszalin.
- 1 Etymology
- 2 History
- 3 Demographics
- 4 Millennium Memorial
- 5 Tourist destination
- 6 Train connections
- 7 Sport
- 8 Notable residents
- 9 International relations
- 10 References
- 11 External links
"Kołobrzeg" literally means "by the shore" in Polish: "koło" translates as "by" and "brzeg" translates as "coast" or "shore". Kashubian: Kòłobrzeg has a similar etymology. The original name of Cholberg was taken by Polish and Kashubian linguists in the 19th and 20th centuries to reconstruct the name. After German settlement, the original name of Cholberg evolved into German: Kolberg ( listen).
Slavic Pomeranian stronghold at modern Budzistowo
According to Piskorski (1999) and Kempke (2001), Slavic immigration reached Farther Pomerania in the 7th century. First Slavic settlements in the vicinity of Kołobrzeg were centered around nearby deposits of salt and date to 6th and 7th century.
In the late 9th century, a Slavic Pomeranian fortified settlement was built at the site of modern part of Kołobrzeg county called Budzistowo near modern Kołobrzeg, replacing nearby Bardy-Świelubie, a multi-ethnic emporium, as the center of the region. The Parseta valley, where both the emporium and the stronghold were located, was one of the Slavic Pomeranians' core settlement areas. The stronghold consisted of a fortified burgh with a suburbium.
The Pomeranians mined salt in salt pans located in two downstream hills. They also engaged in fishing, and used the salt to conserve foodstuffs, primarily herring, for trade. Other important occupations were metallurgy and smithery, based on local iron ore reserves, other crafts like the production of combs from horn, and in the surrounding areas, agriculture. Important sites in the settlement were a place for periodical markets and a tavern, mentioned as forum et taberna in 1140.
In the 9th and 10th centuries, the Budzistowo stronghold was the largest of several smaller ones in the Persante area, and as such is thought to have functioned as the center of the local Slavic Pomeranian subtribe. By the turn from the 10th to the 11th century, the smaller burghs in the Parseta area were given up. With the area coming under control of the Polish Duke Mieszko I, only two strongholds remained and underwent an enlargement, the one at Budzistowo and a predecessor of later Białogard (Belgard). These developments were most likely associated with the establishment of Polish power over this part of the Baltic coast. In the 10th century the trade of salt and fish led to the development of the settlement into a town.
Piast Poland and conversion
During Polish rule of the area in the late 10th century, the chronicle of Thietmar of Merseburg (975-1018) mentions salsa Cholbergiensis as the see of the Bishopric of Kołobrzeg, set up during the Congress of Gniezno in 1000 and placed under the Archdiocese of Gniezno. The congress was organized by Polish king Bolesław Chrobry and Holy Roman Emperor Otto III, and also led to the establishment of bishoprics in Kraków and Wrocław, connecting the territories of the Polish state. The city mentions this as an important event not only in religious, but also political dimension as it unified Polish territories.
The missionary efforts of bishop Reinbern were not successful, the Pomeranians revolted in 1005 and regained political and spiritual independence. In 1013 Bolesław Chrobry removed his troops from Pomerania in face of war with Holy Roman Emperor Henry III. The Polish - German war ended with Polish victory, which was confirmed by the 1018 Peace of Bautzen.
During his campaigns in the early 12th century, Bolesław III Wrymouth reacquired Pomerania for Poland, and made the local "Griffin" dynasty his vassals. The stronghold was captured by the Polish army in the winter of 1107/08, when the inhabitants (cives et oppidani) including a duke (dux Pomeranorum) surrendered without resistance. A previous Polish siege of the burgh had been unsuccessful; although the duke had fled the burgh, the Polish army was unable to break through the fortifications and the two gates. The army had however looted and burned the suburbium, which was not or only lightly fortified. The descriptions given by the contemporary chroniclers make it possible that a second, purely militarily used castle existed near the settlement, yet neither is this certain nor have archaeological efforts been able to locate traces thereof.
During the subsequent Christianization of the area by Otto of Bamberg at the behest of Boleslaw, a St. Mary's church was built. This marked the first beginnings of German influence in the area. After Boleslaw's death, the Duchy of Pomerania regained independence, before the dukes became vassals of Denmark and the Holy Roman Empire in the late 12th century.
Besides St. Mary's, a St. John's church and a St. Petri's chapel were built. A painting of the town of Kołobrzeg from the 13th century is located in the Museum of Polish Arms in the modern city.
From the foundation to the Thirty Years' War
During the Ostsiedlung, a settlement was founded by German settlers some kilometers off the site of the Slavic one. The official city website mentions that it was located within the boundary of today's downtown of Kołobrzeg and that certain part of inhabitants of the Polish town moved to the new settlement. On May 23, 1255 it was chartered under Lübeck law by Duke Wartislaw III of Pomerania, and more settlers arrived, attracted by the duke. Hermann von Gleichen, German bishop of Kammin also supported the German colonisation of the region. The settlers received several privileges such as exemption from certain taxes and several benefits, making it difficult for the Slavic population to compete with Germans, and as result Slavs impoverished.
Henceforth, the nearby former stronghold was turned into a village and renamed "Old Town" (Latin: antiqua civitatae Colbergensis, German: Altstadt, Polish: Stare Miasto), first documented in 1277 and used until 1945 when it was renamed "Budzistowo". A new St. Mary's church was built within the new town before the 1260s, while St. Mary's in the former Pomeranian stronghold was turned into a nuns' abbey. In 1277 St. Benedict's monastery for nuns was founded, which in the framework of the Pomeranian Reformation in 1545 was then changed into an educational institution for noble Protestant ladies.
Already in 1248, the Kammin bishops and the Pomeranian dukes had interchanged the terrae Stargard and Kolberg, leaving the bishops in charge of the latter. When in 1276 they became the souvereign of the town also, they moved their residence there, while the administration of the diocese was done from nearby Köslin (Koszalin). In 1345, the bishops became Imperial immediate dukes in their secular reign.
In 1361, Kolberg joined the Hanseatic League.
When the property of the Bishopric of Kammin was secularized during the Protestant Reformation in 1534, their secular reign including the Kolberg area became intermediately ruled by a Lutheran titular bishop, before it was turned into a Sekundogenitur of the House of Pomerania.
In the 15th century the city traded with Scotland, Amsterdam and Scandinavia. Beer, salt, honey, wool and flour were exported, while merchants imported textiles from England, southern fruits, and cod liver oil. In the 16th century, the city reached 5,000 inhabitants. According to the city's website, the Slavs in the city were discriminated, and their rights in trade and crafts were limited, with bans on performing certain types of professions and taking certain positions in the city
Modern era: In Prussia
Kolberg, with most of Farther Pomerania, was granted to Brandenburg-Prussia in 1648 by the Treaty of Westphalia and, after the signing of the Treaty of Stettin (1653), was part of the Province of Pomerania. It became part of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701. In 1761, during the Seven Years' War, the town was captured after three subsequent sieges by the Russian commander Peter Rumyantsev. At the end of the war, however, Kolberg was returned to Prussia.
During Napoleon's invasion of Prussia during the War of the Fourth Coalition, the town was besieged from mid-March to July 2, 1807, by the Grande Armée and by Polish forces drawn from insurgents against Prussian rule (a street named for the commander leading Polish soldiers is located within the present-day city). The city's defense, led by then Lieutenant-Colonel August von Gneisenau, held out until the war was ended by the Treaty of Tilsit. Kolberg became part of the Prussian province of Pomerania in 1815, after the final defeat of Napoleon; until 1872, it was administered within the Fürstenthum District ("Principality District", recalling the area's former special status), then it was within Landkreis Kolberg-Körlin. Marcin Dunin, archbishop of Poznań and Gniezno and Roman Catholic primate of Poland, was imprisoned by Prussian authorities for ten months in 1839-1840 in the city and after his release, he tried to organise a chaplaincy for the many Polish soldiers stationed in Kolberg.
In the Nineteenth century the city had a small but active Polish population that increased during the century to account for 1.5% of the population by 1905. The Polish community funded a Catholic school and the Church of Saint Marcin where masses in Polish were held (initially throughout the season, after about 1890 all the year), were established. Dating back to 1261 Kolberg's Jewish population amounted to 528 people in 1887, rising to 580 two years later it was 580, and although many moved to Berlin after that date they numbered around 500 by the end of the Nineteenth century
When the Nazis took power in Germany in 1933, the Jewish community in Kolberg comprised 200 people, and the antisemitic repression by Germany's ruling party led several of them to flee the country. A Nazi newspaper, the Kolberger Beobachter, listed Jewish shops and business that were to be boycotted. Nazis also engaged in hate propaganda against Jewish lawyers, doctors, and craftsmen. At the end of 1935, Jews were banned from working in the city's health spas. During Kristallnacht, the Jewish synagogue and homes were destroyed, and in 1938 the local Jewish cemetery was vandalised, while a cemetery shrine was turned to stable by German soldiers. In 1938, all Jews in Kolberg, as all over Germany, were renamed in official German documents as "Israel" (for males) or "Sarah" (for females). In the beginning of 1939, Jews were banned from attending German schools and the entire adult population had its driving licenses revoked. After years of discrimination and harassment, local Jews were deported by the German authorities to concentration camps in 1940.
Second World War
The city website mentions that during the Second World War the German state brought in forced labour workers, among them Poles. The city's economy was changed to military production-especially after the German invasion of the Soviet Union. The forced labourers were threatened with everyday harassment and repression; they were forbidden from using phones, holding cultural events and sports events, they could not visit restaurants or swimming pools, or have contact with the local German population. Poles only allowed to attend a church mass once a month - and only in the German language. They also had smaller food rations than Germans, and had to wear a sign with the letter P on their clothes indicating their ethnic background. Additionally, medical help for Polish workers was limited by the authorities. Arrests and imprisonment for various offences such as "slow pace of work" or leaving the work space were everyday occurrences.
In 1944, the city was designated a "stronghold" (Festung) — Festung Kolberg. The 1807 siege was used for the last Nazi propaganda film, Kolberg shortly before the end of the war by Joseph Goebbels . It was meant to inspire the Germans with its depiction of the heroic Prussian defence during the Napoleonic Wars. Tremendous resources were devoted to filming this epic, even diverting tens of thousands of troops from the front lines to have them serve as extras in battle scenes. Ironically, the film was released in the final few weeks of Nazi Germany's existence, when most of the country's cinemas were already destroyed.
On 10 February 1945, the German torpedo-boat T-196 brought about 300 survivors of the General von Steuben, which had been sunk by Soviet submarine S-13 to Kolberg. As the Red Army advanced on Kolberg, most of the inhabitants and tens of thousands of refugees from surrounding areas (about 70,000 were trapped in the Kolberg Pocket), as well as 40,000 German soldiers, were evacuated from the besieged city by German naval forces in Operation Hannibal. Only about two thousand soldiers were left on 17 March to cover the last sea transports.
Between 4 March and 18 March 1945, there were major battles between the Soviet and Polish forces and the German army. Because of a lack of anti-tank weapons, German destroyers used their guns to support the defenders of Kolberg until nearly all of the soldiers and civilians had been evacuated. During the fights, Polish soldiers' losses were 1013 dead, 142 MIA and 2652 wounded. On 18 March, the Polish Army re-enacted Poland's Wedding to the Sea ceremony, which had been celebrated for the first time in 1920 by General Józef Haller.
After World War II the region was placed under Polish administration by the Potsdam Agreement under territorial changes demanded by the Soviet Union. Most Germans fled or were expelled and replaced with Poles expelled from the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union.
Before the end of World War II the town was predominantly German Protestant with Polish and Jewish minorities. Since 1945, Polish Catholics make up the majority of the population. Around the turn from the 18th to the 19th century an increase of the number of Catholics was observed, because military personnel had been moved from West Prussia to the town. The mother tongue of a number of soldiers serving in the garrison of Kolberg was Polish.
In 2000 the city business council of Kołobrzeg commissioned a monument called the Millennium Memorial as a commemoration of "1000 years of Christianity in Pomerania", and as a tribute to Polish-German Reconciliation, celebrating the meeting of King Boleslaw I of Poland and King Otto III of Germany, at the Congress of Gniezno, in the year 1000.
It was designed and built by the artist Wiktor Szostalo in welded stainless steel. The two figures sit at the base of a 5-meter cross, cleft in two and being held together by a dove holding an olive branch. It is installed outside the Basilica Cathedral in the city center.
Kołobrzeg today is a popular tourist destination for Poles, Germans and due to the ferry connection to Bornholm also Danish people. It provides a unique combination of a seaside resort, health resort, an old town full of historic monuments and tourist entertainment options (e.g. numerous "beer gardens").
Bike path to Podczele
The town is part of the European Route of Brick Gothic network. A bike path "to Podczele", located along the seaside was commissioned on July 14, 2004. The path extends from Kołobrzeg to Podczele. The path has been financed by the European Union, and is intended to be part of a unique biking path that will ultimately circle the entire Baltic Sea. The path has been breached on Mar 24, 2010 due to the encroachment of the sea associated with the draining of the adjacent unique Eco-Park marsh area. The government of Poland has allocated PLN 90,000 to repair the breach, and the path re-opened within a year. It was also extended in 2011 to connected with Ustronie Morskie 8 km (5 mi) to the east.
South of Bagicz, some 4 kilometres (2 miles) from Kołobrzeg, there is an 806-year-old oak (2008). Dated in the year 2000 as the oldest oak in Poland, it was named Bolesław to commemorate the king Boleslaus the Brave.
Kołobrzeg is also a regional cultural center. In the summer take place - a number of concerts of popular singers, musicians, and cabaters. Municipal Cultural Center, is located in the Park teatralny. Keep under attachment artistic arts, theater and dance. Patron of youth teams and the vocal choir. Interfolk organizes the annual festival, the International Meeting of the folklore and other cultural events. Cinema is a place for meetings Piast Discussion Film Club.
In Kołobrzeg there are many permanent and temporary exhibitions of artistic and historical interest. In the town hall of Kołobrzeg is located Gallery of Modern Art, where exhibitions are exposed artists from Kołobrzeg, as well as outside the local artistic circles. Gallery also conducts educational activities, including organized by the gallery of art lessons for children and young people from schools.
In town, there is a museum of Polish weapons (Muzeum Oręża Polskiego), which are presented in the collections of militaria from the early Middle Ages to the present. The palace of Braunschweig include part of museum dedicated to the history of the city. In their collections branch presents a collection of rare and common measurement tools, as well as specific measures of the workshop. The local museum is also moored at the port of ORP Fala patrol ship, built in 1964, after leaving the service transformed into a museum.
- Kotwica Kołobrzeg - football club
- Petrus Pachius (1579-1641/42), pastor, teacher, poet
- Karl Wilhelm Ramler (1725–1798), poet, translator, director at Berlin theater
- Magnus Hirschfeld (1868–1935), physician,sociologist and early 20th century Gay rights campaigner
- Paul Oestreich (1878–1959), educator, reformer
- Hans-Jürgen Stumpff (1889–1968), German general of Luftwaffe, co-signer of unconditional surrender 8 May 1945 in Berlin
- Günther Angern (1893–1943), Wehrmacht general
- Karl Neitzel (1901–1966), German U-boat commander
- Werner Krüger (1910–2003), German engineer
- Erika von Brockdorff (1911–1943), German resistance fighter
- Karl-Heinz Marbach (1917–1995), German U-boat commander
- Egon Krenz (born 1937), last communist leader of East Germany.
- Heidrun Hartmann (born 1942), botanist
- Christine Lucyga (born 1944), politician
- Dariusz Trafas (born 1972), athlete, javelin throw national record holder
- Robert Szpak (born 1989), athlete, javelin throw, 2008 World Junior Champion
- Paweł Hołda (born 1988), composer, songwriter, guitarist cooperating with Polish and foreign artists [www.soundcloud.com/pawel-holda]
Famous persons connected with the city
- Marcin Dunin archbishop of Poznań and Gniezno, primate of Poland. Imprisoned in the fortress in the city
- Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, (1778–1852), "father of gymnastics", was imprisoned in Kolberg fortress during the early 1820s
- Adolf von Lützow, (1782–1834) officer, received Pour le Mérite-order for protecting Kolberg against Napoléon Bonaparte troops.
- Lyonel Feininger, American-German artist, painted at between 1924 and 1935
- Jan Pogány, classical composer, conductor and cellist.
- Wiktor Szostalo, sculptor and former Solidarity activist.
Twin towns — sister cities
Kołobrzeg is twinned with:
- Bad Oldesloe, Germany
- Barth, Germany
- Berlin Pankow, Germany
- Koekelberg, Belgium
- Follonica, Italy
- Landskrona, Sweden
- Nexø, Denmark
- Nyborg, Denmark
- Pori, Finland
- Simrishamn, Sweden
- Feodosiia, Ukraine
- (German) Gustav Kratz: Die Städte der Provinz Pommern - Abriss ihrer Geschichte, zumeist nach Urkunden (The Towns of the Province of Pomerania - Sketch of their History, mostly according to historical Records). Berlin 1865 (reprinted in 1996 by Sändig Reprint Verlag, Vaduz, ISBN 3-253-02734-1; reprinted in 2011 by Kessinger Publishing, U.S.A., ISBN 1-161-12969-3), pp. 81–99 (online)
- ADIPS Sp. z o.o. "DICT - English Polish Dictionary". Dict.pl. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ADIPS Sp. z o.o. "DICT - English Polish Dictionary". Dict.pl. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- Piskorski, Jan Maria (1999). "Die Urgeschichte (bis zum Ende des 11. Jahrhunderts)". In Piskorski, Jan Maria. Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten (in German). Zamek Ksiazat Pomorskich. p. 29. ISBN 978-8390618487.
- Kempke, Torsten (2001). "Skandinavisch-slawische Kontakte an der südlichen Ostseeküste". In Harck, Ole; Lübke, Christian. Zwischen Reric und Bornhöved: Die Beziehungen zwischen den Dänen und ihren slawischen Nachbarn vom 9. Bis ins 13. Jahrhundert: Beiträge einer internationalen Konferenz, Leipzig, 4.-6. Dezember 1997 (in German). Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 15. ISBN 3-515-07671-9.
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- Historic calendar of the city's Official webpage
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- Gerhard Köbler, Historisches Lexikon der Deutschen Länder: die deutschen Territorien vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart, 7th edition, C.H.Beck, 2007, p.341, ISBN 3-406-54986-1
- Ole Harck, Christian Lübke, Zwischen Reric und Bornhöved: Die Beziehungen zwischen den Dänen und ihren slawischen Nachbarn vom 9. Bis ins 13. Jahrhundert: Beiträge einer internationalen Konferenz, Leipzig, 4.-6. Dezember 1997, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2001, pp.15,16, ISBN 3-515-07671-9
- Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek, Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert, Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273-305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister, Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft - Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich der Germania Slavica, BWV Verlag, 2007, p.263, ISBN 3-8305-0378-4
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- Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek, Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert, Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273-305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister, Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft - Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich der Germania Slavica, BWV Verlag, 2007, p.282, ISBN 3-8305-0378-4
- Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek, Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert, Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273-305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister, Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft - Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich der Germania Slavica, BWV Verlag, 2007, p.278, ISBN 3-8305-0378-4
- ‘Historical eras’ Official webpage of the city: The local Slavic population engaged in fishery, salt trade and various crafts.
- Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek, Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert, Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273-305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister, Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft - Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich der Germania Slavica, BWV Verlag, 2007, p.274, ISBN 3-8305-0378-4
- Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek, Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert, Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273-305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister, Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft - Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich der Germania Slavica, BWV Verlag, 2007, p.289, ISBN 3-8305-0378-4
- ‘Historical eras’ Official webpage of the city Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Epoki" defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- Epoki Historyczne Official website of city of Kołobrzeg
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- Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek, Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert, Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273-305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister, Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft - Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich der Germania Slavica, BWV Verlag, 2007, p.275, ISBN 3-8305-0378-4
- Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek, Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert, Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273-305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister, Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft - Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich der Germania Slavica, BWV Verlag, 2007, pp.273-274, ISBN 3-8305-0378-4
- Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek, Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert, Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273-305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister, Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft - Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich der Germania Slavica, BWV Verlag, 2007, pp.274 ff, ISBN 3-8305-0378-4
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- Torsten Kempke in Ole Harck, Christian Lübke, Zwischen Reric und Bornhöved: die Beziehungen zwischen den Dänen und ihren slawischen Nachbarn vom 9. bis ins 13. Jahrhundert : Beiträge einer internationalen Konferenz, Leipzig, 4.-6. Dezember 1997, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2001, p.16, ISBN 3-515-07671-9
- Epoki historyczne
- Copy of the charter (in Latin), printed in Heinrich Gottfried Philipp Gengler, Codex juris Municipalis Germaniae Medii Aevi: Regesten und Urkunden zur Verfassungs- und Rechtsgeschichte der deutschen Städte im Mittelalter, F. Enke, 1863, p.609, free view
- Gerhard Köbler, Historisches Lexikon der Deutschen Länder: die deutschen Territorien vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart, 7th edition, C.H.Beck, 2007, p.341, ISBN 3-406-54986-1:"1255 erhielt die deutsche Siedlung nördlich der slawischen Siedlung Stadtrect von Lübeck."
- Jörg Jarnut, Peter Johanek, Die Frühgeschichte der europäischen Stadt im 11. Jahrhundert, Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998, pp.273-305, republished in Winfried Schich, Ralf Gebuhr, Peter Neumeister, Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft - Siedlung und Wirtschaft im Bereich der Germania Slavica, BWV Verlag, 2007, p.280, ISBN 3-8305-0378-4
- Franz Manthey: Polnische Kirchengeschichte. Hildesheim 1965, p. 31.
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An image map is an image that has been divided into regions called hotspots; when a user clicks a hotspot, an action occurs (for example, a new file opens).
Client-side image maps store the hypertext link information in the HTML document—not in a separate map file as server-side image maps do. When a site visitor clicks a hotspot in the image, the associated URL is sent directly to the server. This makes client-side image maps faster than server-side image maps, because the server does not need to interpret where the visitor clicked.
Dreamweaver does not alter references to server-side image maps in existing documents; you can use both client-side image maps and server-side image maps in the same document. However, browsers that support both types of image maps give priority to client-side image maps. To include a server-side image map in a document, you must write the appropriate HTML code.
When you insert a client-side image map, you create a hotspot area and then define a link that opens when a user clicks the hotspot area.
You can create multiple hotspot areas, but they are part of the same image map.
Select the circle tool and drag the pointer over the image to create a circular hotspot.
Select the rectangle tool and drag the pointer over the image to create a rectangular hotspot.
Select the polygon tool and define an irregularly shaped hotspot by clicking once for each corner point. Click the arrow tool to close the shape.
After you create the hotspot, the hotspot Property inspector appears.
The names of all the frames you’ve named in the current document appear in the pop‑up list. If you specify a frame that doesn’t exist, the linked page loads into a new window that has the name you specified. You can also select from the following reserved target names:
- _blank loads the linked file into a new, unnamed browser window.
- _parent loads the linked file into the parent frameset or window of the frame that contains the link. If the frame containing the link is not nested, the linked file loads into the full browser window.
- _self loads the linked file into the same frame or window as the link. This target is the default, so you usually don’t need to specify it.
- _top loads the linked file into the full browser window, thereby removing all frames.
- _new loads the linked file in a new browser window.
The target option isn’t available until the selected hotspot contains a link.
You can easily edit the hotspots you create in an image map. You can move a hotspot area, resize hotspots, or move a hotspot forward or back in an absolutely-positioned element (AP element).
You can also copy an image with hotspots from one document to another, or copy one or more hotspots from an image and paste them on another image; hotspots associated with the image are also copied to the new document. | <urn:uuid:de6c121b-eb56-4e52-af3a-bbaaa8f65d1d> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://helpx.adobe.com/sea/dreamweaver/using/image-maps.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145443.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200221045555-20200221075555-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.8441 | 631 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Date of this Version
GCB Bioenergy (2012) 4, 875–888; doi: 10.1111/j.1757-1707.2012.01164.x
Biofuels are now an important resource in the United States because of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007. Both increased corn growth for ethanol production and perennial dedicated energy crop growth for cellulosic feedstocks are potential sources to meet the rising demand for biofuels. However, these measures may cause adverse environmental consequences that are not yet fully understood. This study 1) evaluates the long-term impacts of increased frequency of corn in the crop rotation system on water quantity and quality as well as soil fertility in the James River Basin and 2) identifies potential grasslands for cultivating bioenergy crops (e.g. switchgrass), estimating the water quality impacts. We selected the soil and water assessment tool, a physically based multidisciplinary model, as the modeling approach to simulate a series of biofuel production scenarios involving crop rotation and land cover changes. The model simulations with different crop rotation scenarios indicate that decreases in water yield and soil nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) concentration along with an increase in NO3-N load to stream water could justify serious concerns regarding increased corn rotations in this basin. Simulations with land cover change scenarios helped us spatially classify the grasslands in terms of biomass productivity and nitrogen loads, and we further derived the relationship of biomass production targets and the resulting nitrogen loads against switchgrass planting acreages. The suggested economically efficient (planting acreage) and environmentally friendly (water quality) planting locations and acreages can be a valuable guide for cultivating switchgrass in this basin. This information, along with the projected environmental costs (i.e. reduced water yield and increased nitrogen load), can contribute to decision support tools for land managers to seek the sustainability of biofuel development in this region. | <urn:uuid:f70b887e-bcda-4263-accf-dcc57c244508> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usgsstaffpub/627/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105455.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20170819143637-20170819163637-00363.warc.gz | en | 0.904941 | 386 | 3.015625 | 3 |
If you came to this website, you most probably wonder: “What is psoriasis?” We know the answer to this question and will be glad to share all the information we have with you. On our website we provide a comprehensive description of this dermatological condition. This article is your best choice for psoriasis 101.
First of all you need to know psoriasis definition, so here it is: psoriasis is a chronic skin disease, which manifests itself in the form of skin peeling and rashes. It is characterized by undulating course with periods of remission and periods of exacerbations. The disease can develop at any age, even in children, but most often psoriasis affects young adults. And if you nervously think to yourself: “Is psoriasis contagious?”, stop be concerned, as it is not.
The term derived from the Greek word psoriasis translated as pruritus or itching. This symptom most clearly characterizes this noninfectious dermatological problem. This dermatosis results in skin cells dividing about thirty times faster, causing the loss of intercellular junction. This leads to the formation of the characteristic scales. The immune system of the body is also involved in the pathological process, attacking own cells, which causes chronic inflammation in the lesion.
The non-infectious nature of the disease was proven in the 19th century. Since that time, numerous studies try to define psoriasis causes. However, as for the majority of systemic diseases, a single cause has not yet been found. There exist several theories:
- Immune theory stating that the disease is the result of immune system dysfunctions.
- Hereditary factors associated with congenital pathologies of genetic material. If the parents suffer from this skin disease, the risk of dermatosis in their baby is 50% higher.
- Endocrine factors caused by disorders of endocrine organs (pituitary, pancreas and thyroid).
- Metabolic disorders are another possible cause of psoriasis.
- Stress can lead to the onset of the disease or aggravation of its symptoms.
Types of Psoriasis
There are many classifications of psoriasis based on the severity of the condition, the nature of lesions, localization of lesions, etc. Usually they define the following types of psoriasis:
- Psoriasis vulgaris, or plaque, or vulgar psoriasis is the major of all types of psoriasis. The most characteristic of all chronic plaque psoriasis symptoms is the appearance of traditional plaques covered with white-gray scales.
- Guttate psoriasis is the second most common and is diagnosed in every tenth patient. It is manifested by small drop-shaped scaly rash all over the body.
- Pustular variant is characterized by the formation of pustules.
- Inverse psoriasis is located on flexor surfaces of the skin.
- Erythrodermic psoriasis is a severe form of the disease, since it affects almost the entire surface of the skin and causes systemic reactions (fever, swollen lymph nodes).
- Psoriatic arthritis is characterized by joint damage. It is accompanied by inflammation in the joints and connective tissue. Psoriatic arthritis most commonly affects small joints of the distal phalanges of fingers and toes.
By stages of the pathological process they define progressive, stable and retrogressive psoriasis.
The most common of all psoriasis symptoms is appearance of spots on the skin, covered with white or grayish scales, which are easily separated. For those who want to know does psoriasis itch it will be useful to learn that another common symptom is psora, or itching, that gave the disease its name.
Localization of lesions
Psoriatic rash can appear anywhere on the surface of the skin, as a rule, in areas of extensor surfaces (elbows, knees) of large joints and in areas that are constantly exposed to trauma or friction, such as hands. Nail psoriasis can affect nails of fingers or toes. The favorite localization on face is in ears, near the hair line or on the scalp.
There are two specific signs of psoriasis:
- The Koebner phenomenon is that psoriatic lesions appear in areas subject to injury (abrasion, scratches, etc.). It is characteristic for the advanced stage of the disease.
- Voronov symptom is the formation of a pale rim around the newly formed papules not yet covered by scales. It is a kind of cardiovascular response of the body and shows further progression of the disease.
These symptoms of psoriasis allow to distinguish the disease from other dermatoses of similar course.
Possible complications include arthritis and depression caused by low self-esteem due to even a mild form of the disease. Therefore, in psoriasis treatment it is important to pay attention not only to the elimination of symptoms and normalization of the immune system functions, but also to the psychological condition of the patient.
Psoriasis vs Eczema
Eczema is also a chronic skin disease with a relapsing course. The main difference of psoriasis vs eczema is that the eczema rash elements are vesicles filled with liquid, and psoriasis rash consists of dry scaly plaques. The development of eczema is caused by allergies and change in the total body reactivity. As a rule, there is a primary focus of inflammation or physical disease (sinusitis, worm infestation, gastritis, colitis).
Three main components that make the difference between eczema and psoriasis are called the “psoriatic triad”:
- the “stearin spot” phenomena (scraping the top layer of psoriatic plaques enhances the peeling);
- the “wet film” phenomena (if you remove all the scales from a psoriatic skin lesion, you can see smooth, pinkish, slightly wet surface);
- the “blood dew” phenomena (when removing the wet terminal film the area get covered with tiny droplets of blood, also known as point hemorrhage).
The combination of all three attributes eliminates the error in diagnosis.
The disease must be diagnosed by a dermatologist on the basis of typical clinical picture. To clarify the diagnosis skin biopsy is made.
Methods of Psoriasis Treatment
Understanding what psoriasis is, you can better imagine the possible methods of its treatment. Since this is a chronic disease, it cannot be completely cured. However, a quick relief for psoriasis can be achieved by reducing the clinical manifestations. An integrated approach to the treatment of scaly rash is the use of drugs and physiotherapy techniques. There are also home remedies for psoriasis that can be a great help for psoriasis itch relief.
Drugs for psoriasis
The most popular are medications for external use. They may include several components, which prevent excessive division of skin cells and reduce itching. Most often they contain the following ingredients:
- Glucocorticosteroid hormones that reduce inflammation and inhibit the reactivity of the immune system. When applied topically hormones have less pronounced systemic effects.
- Vitamin D is a component of a large number of drugs for topical application. Its highest efficacy for psoriasis is shown in combination with ultraviolet irradiation.
- Activated zinc quickly removes redness and itching. This component is substantially harmless to the organism.
Among the drugs for systemic treatment of psoriasis are:
- corticosteroids, as they regulate the metabolism and eliminate the areas of inflammation, but they have pronounced withdrawal symptoms;
- cytotoxic agents inhibit cell division in the epidermis, but also weaken the immune system;
- NSAIDs only reduce the severity of itching and inflammation but do not affect the primary causes.
Vitamins and anti-allergic drugs are used in addition to the primary therapy.
Since there is no really effective drug to fight psoriasis, all drugs are administered in combination with physiotherapy.
Physiotherapy and Home Remedies for Psoriasis
Among the most frequently used procedures for the treatment of systemic diseases such as psoriasis are the following methods:
- Hirudotherapy, which uses leeches. It improves blood circulation and normalizes the immune response.
- Cryotherapy during which the patient spends a few minutes in the room with air temperature of 130 degrees Celsius. The procedure significantly reduces the itching and eliminates the inflammation and edema.
- PUVA therapy combines phototherapy and chemotherapy. After administration of a light-sensible drug, which is accumulated in cells with a high ability to regenerate the patient is exposed to light. The latter has a particular wavelength and helps to activate the photosensitizer. Thus selectivity effect is reached and only the damaged cells are affected.
Sometimes the treatment of psoriasis includes effective use of homeopathic methods or home remedies. The most popular recipes include tar in combination with any other substances that help reducing inflammation and itching. Tar is mainly used for the treatment of lesions located on the scalp, at the same time strengthening hair and hair follicles.
Another method is a salt bath, and this one can be used at home by taking bathes with sea salt, at SPAs and sea health resorts. The sea salt contains various minerals that have soothing and calming effect. It is recommended to have a bath with sea salt up to 4 times per week.
It is impossible to prevent the onset of the disease, but there are methods to the number of exacerbations. It is necessary to protect your skin from overdrying, avoid prolonged exposure to the sun and injuries. You can take a sun bath for 15 minutes daily, but not in high heat. Treat any skin problems as soon as they arise.
You should also refrain from drinking alcohol, avoid stress as much as possible, watch your weight and lead a healthy lifestyle, the most important component of which is a special diet your doctor will prescribe you. | <urn:uuid:0d50b630-67d6-443b-aaf2-d3ca84d29e9c> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://psoriasismedication.org/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947968.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425213156-20180425233156-00316.warc.gz | en | 0.9416 | 2,079 | 3.265625 | 3 |
There are plenty of exercises for preserving vision. Keep reading to understand the connection between healthy eyes and physical activity!
Learn how to improve your eyes and vision with exercise. #ophlalmogist #eyecare #vision #visioncare #goodvision #2020vision #exerciseTweet
Exercise and Eye Health: What’s the Connection?
Although physical exercises won’t affect your eyes directly as they do with your body muscles, there’s still a connection between the two.
Through physical workouts, you can manage your diabetes and high blood pressure. It’s necessary to control these health conditions because your retina’s blood vessels are severely affected.
This can cause some eye disorders. With the help of regular exercise, you can tackle certain health-affected eye problems.
There are other reasons why staying healthy curbs eye risks:
- Regular 30 minutes of walking or running reduces the risk of cataracts. That’s an age-related eye condition.
- To save your eyes from glaucoma, you don’t even need to do high-intensity training! Moderate to low-impact exercises work fine for reducing pressure inside your eyes.
- Including physical exercises in your weekly routine (at least 3 to 4 times per week) is enough to lower wet age-related macular degeneration! This chronic eye condition causes a blind spot in your central vision or can cause blurry vision.
Apart from these above points, a study shows exercising as a means to promote healthy blood vessels! Continue reading to learn more.
Physical Exercise Promotes Healthy Eye Blood Vessels
According to a study by the American Academy of Ophthalmology in 2020, becoming physically active has boosted the eye’s resilience.
There are some eye problems like macular degeneration, neovascular glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy caused by the overgrowth of blood vessels in your eye. The study reported that exercising may protect your eyes from this excessive growth.
So, how much should you exercise for healthy eyes?
Regularly done, moderate-level exercises are enough to strengthen your eye health. Studies by WHO, AHA (American Health Association), and CDC recommend 150 minutes of aerobic exercise weekly. If you calculate it day-wise, it’s approximately 30 minutes daily and five days per week.
You don’t even have to join a gym or do something extraordinary. Dancing, swimming, cycling, walking, or even active gardening is fine. Staying physically active is what matters at the end of the day.
List of Aerobic Exercises to Improve Eyesight
Studies to understand the interrelation between exercise and eyesight are still in progress. But for now, it’s evident that exercising manages your health better and can prevent causing a few health-related eye conditions.
Aerobic exercises increase the body’s ability to use oxygen and increase your heart rate. These activities can lower your blood pressure and increase the good cholesterol in your body!
Here are some aerobic exercises to get you started:
- Climbing Stairs
List of Eye Exercises for Better Eye Health
Apart from the regular physical exercises, there are many eye exercises to improve your visual health!
But before reading further, here’s what you should know. There are no effective eye exercises to treat conditions like astigmatism vision, hyperopia, or myopia.
Eye exercises can only help these refractive errors by optimizing your visual skills and delaying the need for glasses.
Let’s begin with five great eye exercises that you should do daily:
1. Focus Change
In this exercise, you’ve got to shift your focus. Take a seat and move your finger slowly back and forth. Move it three times. While you do so, change your focus from the finger to something at a distance.
2. Figure Eight
While you’re seated, pick a point on the floor about ten feet ahead of you. Focus on it while tracing an imaginary eight-figure for 30 seconds and switch directions.
3. The 20–20 rule
If you have a job that requires you to lock your eyes on a computer screen for hours, they are going to strain. Try this 20-20-20 rule: Look at something at a 20-foot feet distance for 20 seconds every 20 minutes.
Continuous exposure to computer screens can lead to eye dryness. Blink your eyes 10 to 15 times. Close them for about 20 seconds. Keep your eyes lubricated by repeating this exercise a few times a day.
Rub your palms together. Place them on your eyelids gently and feel your eye muscles relax.
It’s important to keep your body moving—not only for your physical health but also for your visual health.
Visit an eye doctor regularly. Keep checking your prescription glasses to avoid wearing the wrong numbers.
Author Bio: Aaron Barriga is the online marketing manager for Insight Vision Center. With a knack for understanding medical procedures and an interest in eye and vision health, Aaron loves to share what he knows and what he learns. He blogs to inform readers about the latest eye care technology and other topics related to eye care, especially LASIK. Aaron loves collecting coasters from the different bars and restaurants he visits during his travels. | <urn:uuid:54dc02d5-6a28-4f35-8b1b-d8f039bf558c> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://femmefitalefitclub.com/how-to-preserve-your-vision-with-exercise/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104248623.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220703164826-20220703194826-00283.warc.gz | en | 0.927147 | 1,132 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Not only do I love to nap, I’m goddamn good at it. Give me a pillow and a 20-minute timer and I’m set to snooze and feel refreshed afterwards. I thought I was just a particularly sleepy gal, but as it turns out, my nap habit actually has more in common with my cleft chin and susceptibility toward heartburn — that is, it’s genetic.
Publishing their findings in Nature Communications in early February, researchers analyzed nap data and genetic information from over 453,000 people via the U.K. Biobank and 541,000 people via 23andMe. Together, they found 123 regions of the human genome linked with taking naps. Among these genes are ones previously linked to sleep disorders like narcolepsy, wakefulness and obesity-hypersomnolence, or obesity and excessive daytime sleepiness. Several of the genes identified were associated with the neuropeptide orexin, which can produce feelings of being alert.
While the researchers were indeed able to connect one’s genes with their napping habits, it’s not necessarily good or bad news. As they refined the data, they also found a potential link between these napping genes and higher blood pressure and waist circumference. They assert, though, that the relationship between genes, napping and health issues need to be further studied before more specific claims can be made.
One particularly interesting take away from the study was that men reported more frequent daytime napping than women, and that genes can’t quite explain this difference. Generally, the researchers believe napping habits are the result of people either biologically requiring more sleep than others, people waking up earlier than their bodies require or to compensate for poor quality sleep. With future research, they could find that genes play a further role in these causes.
Increasingly, we’re learning that sleep needs are far more individualized than we may have thought. Rather than needing eight hours of sleep, some may need much less, while others may be better suited for nine hours at night and a quick nap in the afternoon. Perhaps someday, we’ll be able to test our genes to know exactly what it is we need to serve our body best. | <urn:uuid:2d400161-0297-44fa-9e1e-62d68795bf04> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://stg.melmagazine.com/en-us/story/sleep-genetics-nap-habit | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00526.warc.gz | en | 0.957004 | 465 | 2.578125 | 3 |
14 May 2014
Chimney swifts (Chaetura pelagica) return in April from their winter homes in South America.
In this week’s hot weather they’re zooming high above the rooftops eating insects and courting. In flight they look like cigars with wings. Here are some fun facts about them.
- Chimney swifts are small. Stretch out your fingers as wide as you can. The wingspan of a chimney swift is the distance from the tip of your thumb to the tip of your pinky finger. If you have big hands, your hand is wider than the bird.
- Chimney swifts “sing” a dry chittering song that is loudest when they’re courting.
- Though most mating occurs at the nest chimney swifts can mate in flight!
- Swifts cannot perch horizontally. Their legs+feet are shaped like garden claws so they can only cling upright to the inside of a chimney or hollow tree.
- They nest in chimneys, constructing a half-moon cup of dead twigs glued with their sticky saliva.
- To build a nest they grab dead twigs with their feet as they fly past trees, then transfer them to their bills to carry home. I have never seen a swift gathering or carrying twigs. It’s something to look forward to.
- The female lays 4-5 eggs which both parents incubate for 19 days. Because they delay incubation until the next-to-last egg, most of the eggs hatch on the same day. The young fledge at 28-30 days.
- Sometimes one or two non-mated swifts will help a pair incubate, brood and feed their young.
- Chimney swifts can live an amazingly long time, averaging 4.6 to 5.5 years. Some have lived to be 15.
- In flight they sometimes look as if their wings are out of synch, one wing up and the other down. This illusion is caused by their very rapid side-to-side turns.
(photo by Jim McCullough, Creative Commons license on Wikimedia Commons. Click on the image to see the original) | <urn:uuid:fc1aa95e-397e-4831-ae66-2fa814eabbd3> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.birdsoutsidemywindow.org/2014/05/14/fun-facts-about-cigars-with-wings/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056890.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20210919125659-20210919155659-00443.warc.gz | en | 0.947451 | 460 | 2.984375 | 3 |
A new study conducted at George Mason
University confirms predictions that electrical fields can be used
to modify waves traveling through brain tissue. This is perhaps the
first example of electric modification of neuronal thresholds to
control wave movement. Indeed, it is one of the first times waves
have been controlled in an excitable medium through changing
thresholds. The researchers begin with a section of rat brain; the
tissue consists of 6 layers of 2-dimensional sheets of neurons.
neural wave is initiated at one end of the network and the signal is
observed at the other end. By using electrical fields, the
excitability of individual neurons can be modified. Doing this can
slow down, speed up, or stop any wave propagating through the
sample. Previously neural waves had only been modified by
pharmacological means. This action can be negated only by washing
out the drug used, which takes seconds, whereas the electric method
takes only microseconds to have an effect.
One potential application for modifying brain waves would be in mitigating
epileptic seizures. (Richardson
et al., Physical Review Letters, 21 January 2005; lab website,www.neuraldynamics.org;
contact Bruce Gluckman, [email protected], 703-993-4384 or Steven Schiff,
[email protected]) Part of the George Mason contingent also was involved
in the recent discovery of true spiral waves in the sensory cortex of
the brain (Huang
et al J Neurosci 24: 9897-9902, 2004). | <urn:uuid:b0997ce4-cdb7-49f3-8eff-5128a33cbc20> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.aip.org/pnu/2005/split/718-3.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163047545/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131727-00093-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.887287 | 337 | 3.578125 | 4 |
NASA has doled out the largest prize in aviation history, in an effort to help make future aircraft cleaner and greener.
A team called Pipistrel-USA.com, of State College, Pa., has taken home the $1.35 million top prize, NASA officials announced Monday (Oct. 3).
The space agency helped organize a competition called the CAFE Green Flight Challenge, which tasked teams to design, build and demonstrate super-efficient aircraft.
Team eGenius, of Ramona, Calif., came in second and scored $120,000. Both top finishers demonstrated working electric planes.
"NASA congratulates Pipistrel-USA.com for proving that ultra-efficient aviation is within our grasp," Joe Parrish, NASA's acting chief technologist at NASA Headquarters in Washington, said in a statement. "Today we've shown that electric aircraft have moved beyond science fiction and are now in the realm of practice." [ 10 Future Public Transportation Vehicles ]
Fourteen teams registered for the competition, whose guidelines instructed them to build aircraft that could fly 200 miles (322 kilometers) in less than two hours using less than one gallon of fuel per passenger, or the equivalent in electricity.
Three of the original 14 teams met these requirements and competed in a fly-off over the past week near Santa Rosa, Calif. Both Pipistrel-USA.com and eGenius flew the 200 miles using just over a half-gallon of fuel equivalent per passenger, NASA officials said.
"Two years ago the thought of flying 200 miles at 100 mph in an electric aircraft was pure science fiction," said Jack Langelaan, team leader of Team Pipistrel-USA.com. "Now we are all looking forward to the future of electric aviation."
The competition marked the culmination of more than two years of work for the teams involved. Collectively, the competing teams spent more than $4 million to design, develop and test their aircraft. The technologies demonstrated during the challenge could find their way into commercial aviation in the future, officials said.
The competition was managed by the Comparative Aircraft Flight Efficiency (CAFE) Foundation under an agreement with NASA. It was sponsored by Google.
Follow SPACE.com for the latest in space science and exploration news on Twitterand on. | <urn:uuid:adf55d37-ad08-4644-8fa4-347eeac95a1b> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna44778896 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057508.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20210924080328-20210924110328-00398.warc.gz | en | 0.949484 | 468 | 2.6875 | 3 |
October 22, 2020
IntelBrief: The International Discussion about Human Rights is Barely Audible
The global conversation on human rights has been muted. From Xinjiang to Yemen, human rights abuses are happening every single day, as governments that have typically been steadfast in calling for action to right these wrongs now stand by silently. Washington’s failure to exert moral leadership domestically and globally is especially apparent. Moreover, the absence of U.S. leadership as a defender of global human rights sends a signal to dictators and autocrats that they will receive no pushback from the Trump administration. Whether poisoning opposition politicians or assassinating journalists and dismembering their bodies, authoritarians cloaked as world leaders are emboldened to act with impunity. In line with the Trump administration’s transactional approach to international relations, Washington has embraced authoritarian heads of state, including Russia’s Vladimir Putin, China’s Xi Jinping, Turkey’s Recep Tayyip Erdogan, and Saudi Arabia’s Mohammed bin Salman.
Even as it continues to destroy Hong Kong’s democracy and systemically persecutes, abuses, and imprisons Uighurs on a mass scale, China was re-elected to the United Nations’ Human Rights Council (UNHCR) on October 13, 2020. Russia, which has credibly been accused of again using the nerve agent Novichok to try and murder a Putin critic, Alexei Navalny, was also elected to the UNHCR. To add to this paradox, Cuba was elected to a two-year seat at the council. It is hard to fathom how UNCHR, an ‘inter-governmental body within the United Nations system responsible for strengthening the promotion and protection of human rights around the globe and for addressing situations of human rights violations and make recommendations on them,’ would welcome these states given their abhorrent human rights records. While the United States itself has a checkered past with human rights and has supported dictatorships when it suited U.S. self-interests— it has historically been a powerful voice and symbol for democratic movements abroad.
The international community has also struggled to affect positive change in autocratic regimes for some time. The UN Security Council is essentially paralyzed on human rights issues, leaving public criticism, ‘naming and shaming,’ and ‘strongly-worded’ condemnations as its primary tactics. But relying on global shame has barely worked to change the behavior of shameless leaders. China is particularly effective at silencing criticism from other governments, using a form of hostage diplomacy by detaining visiting academics or travelers as leverage. China’s economic pressure, once viewed as an effective approach to ‘soft power,’ is hardening quickly, with pounding financial consequences for any organization or country that dares to speak out against its human rights abuses at home.
Anti-U.N. sentiment and a disdain for multilateralism peaked under the current U.S. administration, which has contributed to a lack of global leadership on protecting human rights. The United States withdrew from the UNHRC in 2018, citing in part the Council’s hypocrisy in elevating countries like China to a position of authority. While the U.S. Department of State does still speak out on some human rights issues, such efforts have been immediately undercut by President Trump’s public adoration for ‘strongman’ rulers and transactional diplomacy. The United States can still be a leader in the struggle for universal human rights, but it will require looking internally first to addressing issues of socio-economic and racial injustice domestically. By working to restore American institutions and address legitimate grievances of U.S. citizens, the United States can lead by example. Democracy is more than just voting in elections, it also includes consistently cultivating institutions to be free from partisan political influence and protecting the rights of minorities. As authoritarianism thrives, accompanied by rising nationalism and an increase in xenophobia and anti-Semitism, there is no better time for global defenders of human rights to be active than right now. The United States has the potential to restore its image around the world as a strong defender of human rights and a moral leader that can provide assistance to citizens of any nation struggling for the right to live free from persecution. | <urn:uuid:2e314efa-d5a3-4ff0-a508-ad918dc19ef4> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://thesoufancenter.org/intelbrief-the-international-discussion-about-human-rights-is-barely-audible/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363641.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20211209000407-20211209030407-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.955869 | 879 | 2.625 | 3 |
Canada–United States relations
|Canadian Embassy, Washington, D.C.||United States Embassy, Ottawa|
|Ambassador Gary Doer||Ambassador (Vacant)|
Relations between Canada and the United States have spanned more than two centuries. This includes a shared British cultural heritage, warfare during the 1770s and 1812, and the eventual development of one of the most stable and mutually-beneficial international relationships in the modern world. Each is the other's chief economic partner and tourism and migration between the two nations has increased rapport. The most serious breach in the relationship was the War of 1812, which saw the United States attempt a failed invasion.The border remained the same after the war and was demilitarized. Apart from minor raids, it has remained peaceful. Military collaboration began during World War II and continued throughout the Cold War on both a bilateral basis through NORAD and through multilateral participation in NATO. A high volume of trade and migration between the United States and Canada has generated closer ties, especially after the signing of the Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement in 1988.
Canada and the United States are currently the world's largest trading partners, share the world's longest border, and have significant interoperability within the defence sphere. Recent difficulties have included repeated trade disputes, environmental concerns, Canadian concern for the future of oil exports, and issues of illegal immigration and the threat of terrorism. Nevertheless, trade between the two countries has continued to expand in both absolute and relative terms for the last two hundred years, but especially following the 1988 FTA and the subsequent signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994 which has since further merged the two economies.
The foreign policies of the neighbours have been closely aligned since the Cold War. However, Canada has disagreed with American policies regarding the Vietnam War, the status of Cuba, the Iraq War, Missile Defense, and the War on Terrorism. A serious diplomatic debate is whether the Northwest Passage is in international waters or under Canadian jurisdiction.
There are close cultural ties between modern day Canada and the United States, advanced by such similarities as the language as both predominantly speak English.
Meanwhile co-operation on many fronts, such as the ease of the flow of goods, services, and people across borders are to be even more extended, as well as the establishment of joint border inspection agencies, relocation of U.S. food inspectors agents to Canadian plants and vice versa, greater sharing of intelligence, and harmonizing regulations on everything from food to manufactured goods, thus further increasing the American-Canadian assemblage.
According to Gallup's annual public opinion polls, Canada has consistently been Americans' favorite nation, with 96% of Americans viewing Canada favorably in 2012. According to a 2013 BBC World Service Poll, 84% of Americans view their northern neighbor's influence positively, with only 5% expressing a negative view, the most favorable perception of Canada in the world. However, Canadian views of the U.S. are much more sharply divided, with 45% viewing U.S. influence positively and 45% viewing U.S. influence negatively. Despite this, Most Canadians perceive the United States positively, with 64% of Canadians viewing the U.S. favorably in 2013.
- 1 Country comparison
- 2 History
- 2.1 Colonial wars
- 2.2 Mingling of peoples
- 2.3 American Revolution
- 2.4 War of 1812
- 2.5 Conservative reaction
- 2.6 Alabama claims
- 2.7 Dominion of Canada
- 2.8 Emigration to and from the United States
- 2.9 Alaska boundary
- 2.10 Reciprocal trade with U.S.
- 2.11 Canadian autonomy
- 2.12 World War II
- 2.13 Cold War
- 2.14 Nixon Shock 1971
- 2.15 1980s
- 3 Anti-Americanism
- 4 Relations between political executives
- 5 Military and security
- 6 Trade
- 7 Environmental issues
- 8 Illicit drugs
- 9 Diplomacy
- 10 Diplomatic missions
- 11 See also
- 12 References
- 13 Further reading
- 14 External links
|Populations||314,598,200 (October 2012) (3rd)||34,951,600 (October 2012) (37th)|
|Area||9,526,468 km² (3,794,101 sq mi)||9,984,670 km² (3,854,085 sq mi)|
|Population density||33.7/km² (87.4/sq mi)||3.41/km² (8.3/sq mi)|
|Largest city||New York City||Toronto|
|Government||Federal presidential constitutional republic||Federal parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy|
|First Leader(s)||George Washington||Sir John A. Macdonald|
|Current Leader||Barack Obama||Stephen Harper|
|Official languages||None at federal level, but English de facto||English and French|
|Main religions[when?]||78.4% Christian, 14.1% Unaffiliated, 0.6% Islam, 0.7% Buddhism, 1.7% Judaism, 0.4% Hinduism, 1.2% Other, 0.8% Don't Know/Refused Answer||67.3% Christian, 3.2% Islam, 1.0% Jewish, 1.1% Buddhism, 1.5% Hinduism, 1.4% Sikhism|
|GDP (nominal) (2011)||$15.094 trillion ($48,386 per capita)||$1.736 trillion ($50,435 per capita)|
|GDP (PPP) (2011)||$15.094 trillion ($48,386 per capita)||$1.396 trillion ($40,541 per capita)|
|Military expenditures[when?]||$711 billion (4.7% of GDP)||$22.8 billion (1.5% of GDP)|
Before the British conquest of French Canada in 1760, there had been a series of wars between the British and the French which were fought out in the colonies as well as in Europe and the high seas. In general, the British heavily relied on American colonial militia units, while the French heavily relied on their Indian allies. The Iroquois Indians were important allies of the British. Much of the fighting involved ambushes and small-scale warfare in the villages along the border between New England and Quebec. The New England colonies had a much larger population than Quebec, so major invasions came from south to north. The Indian allies, only loosely controlled by the French, repeatedly raided New England villages to kidnap women and children, and torture and kill the men. Those who survived were brought up as Francophone Catholics. The tension along the border was exacerbated by religion, the French Catholics and English Protestants had a deep mutual distrust. There was a naval dimension as well, involving privateers attacking enemy merchant ships.
England seized Quebec from 1629 to 1632, and Acadia in 1613 and again from 1654 to 1670; These territories were returned to France by the peace treaties. The major wars were (to use American names), King William's War (1689-1697); Queen Anne's War (1702-1713); King George's War (1744-1748), and the French and Indian War (1755-1763).
New England soldiers and sailors were critical to the successful British campaign to capture the French fortress of Louisbourg in 1745, and (after it had been returned by treaty) to capture it again in 1758.
Mingling of peoples
From the 1750s to the 21st century, there has been extensive mingling of the Canadian and American populations, with large movements in both directions.
New England Yankees settled large parts of Nova Scotia before 1775, and were neutral during the American Revolution. At the end of the Revolution, about 75,000 Loyalists moved out of the new United States to Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and the lands of Quebec, east and south of Montreal. From 1790 to 1812 many farmers moved from New York and New England into Ontario (mostly to Niagara, and the north shore of Lake Ontario). In the mid and late 19th century gold rushes attracted American prospectors, mostly to British Columbia (Cariboo, Fraser gold rushes) and later to the Yukon. In the early 20th century, the opening of land blocks in the Prairie Provinces attracted many farmers from the American Midwest. Many Mennonites immigrated from Pennsylvania and formed their own colonies. In the 1890s some Mormons went north to form communities in Alberta after the LDS Church rejected plural marriage. The 1960s saw the arrival of about 50,000 draft-dodgers who opposed the Vietnam War.
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, about 900,000 French Canadians moved to the U.S., with 395,000 residents there in 1900. Two-thirds went to mill towns in New England, where they formed distinctive ethnic communities. By the late 20th century, they had abandoned the French language, but most kept the Catholic religion. About twice as many English Canadians came to the U.S., but they did not form distinctive ethnic settlements.
Canada was a way-station through which immigrants from other lands stopped for a while, ultimately heading to the U.S. In 1851–1951, 7.1 million people arrived in Canada (mostly from Continental Europe), and 6.6 million left Canada, most of them to the U.S.
At the outset of the American Revolution, the American revolutionaries hoped the French Canadians in Quebec and the Colonists in Nova Scotia would join their rebellion and they were pre-approved for joining the United States in the Articles of Confederation. When Canada was invaded during the American Revolutionary War, thousands joined the American cause and formed regiments that fought during the war; however most remained neutral and some joined the British effort. Britain advised the French Canadians that the British Empire already enshrined their rights in the Quebec Act, which the American colonies had viewed as one of the Intolerable Acts. The American invasion was a fiasco and Britain tightened its grip on its northern possessions; in 1777, a major British invasion into New York led to the surrender of the entire British army at Saratoga, and led France to enter the war as an ally of the U.S. The French Canadians largely ignored France's appeals for solidarity. After the war Canada became a refuge for about 75,000 Loyalists who either wanted to leave the U.S., or were compelled by Patriot reprisals to do so. Among the original Loyalists there were 3500 free blacks. Most went to Nova Scotia and in 1792, 1200 migrated to Sierra Leone. About 2000 black slaves were brought in by Loyalist owners; they remained slaves in Canada until the Empire abolished slavery in 1833. Before 1860, about 30,000-40,000 blacks entered Canada; many were already free and others were escaped slaves who came through the Underground Railroad.
War of 1812
The Treaty of Paris (1783), which ended the war, called for British forces to vacate all their forts south of the Great Lakes border. Britain refused to do so, citing failure of the United States to provide financial restitution for Loyalists who had lost property in the war. The Jay Treaty in 1795 with Great Britain resolved that lingering issue and the British departed the forts. Thomas Jefferson saw the nearby British imperial presence as a threat to the United States, and so he opposed the Jay Treaty, and it became one of the major political issues in the United States at the time. Thousands of Americans immigrated to Upper Canada (Ontario) from 1785 to 1812 to obtain cheaper land and better tax rates prevalent in that province; despite expectations that they would be loyal to the U.S. if a war broke out, in the event they were largely non-political.
Tensions mounted again after 1805, erupting into the War of 1812, when the Americans declared war on Britain. The Americans were angered by British harassment of U.S. ships on the high seas and seizure ("Impressment") of 6,000 sailors from American ships, severe restrictions against neutral American trade with France, and British support for hostile Indian tribes in Ohio and territories the U.S. had gained in 1783. American "honor" was an implicit issue. The Americans were outgunned by more than 10 to 1 by the Royal Navy, but could call on an army much larger than the British garrison in Canada, and so a land invasion of Canada was proposed as the only feasible, and most advantegous means of attacking the British Empire. Americans on the western frontier also hoped an invasion would bring an end to British support of Native American resistance to the westward expansion of the United States, typified by Tecumseh's coalition of tribes. Americans may also have wanted to annex Canada.
Once war broke out, the American strategy was to seize Canada - perhaps as a means of forcing concessions from the British Empire, or perhaps in order to annex it. There was some hope that settlers in western Canada—most of them recent immigrants from the U.S.—would welcome the chance to overthrow their British rulers. However, the American invasions were defeated primarily by British regulars with support from Native Americans and Upper Canada (Ontario) militia. Aided by the powerful Royal Navy, a series of British raids on the American coast were highly successful, culminating with an attack on Washington that resulted in the British burning of the White House, Capitol, and other public buildings. Major British invasions of New York in 1814 and Louisiana in 1814–15 were fiascoes, with the British retreating from New York and decisively defeated at the Battle of New Orleans. At the end of the war, Britain's American Indian allies had largely been defeated, and the American's controlled a strip of Western Ontario centered on Fort Malden. However, Britain held much of Maine, and, with the support of their remaining American Indian allies, huge areas of the Old Northwest, including Wisconsin and much of Michigan and Illinois. With the surrender of Napoleon in 1814, Britain ended naval policies that angered Americans; with the defeat of the Indian tribes the threat to American expansion was ended. The upshot was both sides had asserted their honour, Canada was not annexed, and London and Washington had nothing more to fight over. The war was ended by the Treaty of Ghent, which took effect in February 1815. A series of postwar agreements further stabilized peaceful relations along the Canadian-US border. Canada reduced American immigration for fear of undue American influence, and built up the Anglican church as a counterweight to the largely American Methodist and Baptist churches.
In later years, Anglophone Canadians, especially in Ontario, viewed the War of 1812 as a heroic and successful resistance against invasion and as a victory that defined them as a people. The myth that the Canadian militia had defeated the invasion almost single-handed, known logically as the "militia myth", became highly prevalent after the war, having been propounded by John Strachan, Anglican Bishop of York. Meanwhile the United States celebrated victory in its "Second War of Independence," and war heroes such as Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison headed to the White House.
In the aftermath of the War of 1812, pro-imperial conservatives led by Anglican Bishop John Strachan took control in Ontario ("Upper Canada"), and promoted the Anglican religion as opposed to the more republican Methodist and Baptist churches. A small interlocking elite, known as the Family Compact took full political control. Democracy, as practiced in the US, was ridiculed. The policies had the desired effect of deterring immigration from United States. Revolts in favor of democracy in Ontario and Quebec ("Lower Canada") in 1837 were suppressed; many of the leaders fled to the US. The American policy was to largely ignore the rebellions, and indeed ignore Canada generally in favor of westward expansion of the American Frontier.
At the end of the American Civil War in 1865, Americans were angry at British support for the Confederacy. One result was toleration of Fenian efforts to use the U.S. as a base to attack Canada. More serious was the demand for a huge payment to cover the damages caused, on the notion that British involvement had lengthened the war. Senator Charles Sumner, the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, originally wanted to ask for $2 billion, or alternatively the ceding of all of Canada to the United States. When American Secretary of State William H. Seward negotiated the Alaska Purchase with Russia in 1867, he intended it as the first step in a comprehensive plan to gain control of the entire northwest Pacific Coast. Seward was a firm believer in Manifest Destiny, primarily for its commercial advantages to the U.S. Seward expected British Columbia to seek annexation to the U.S. and thought Britain might accept this in exchange for the Alabama claims. Soon other elements endorsed annexation, Their plan was to annex British Columbia, Red River Colony (Manitoba), and Nova Scotia, in exchange for the dropping the damage claims. The idea reached a peak in the spring and summer of 1870, with American expansionists, Canadian separatists, and British anti-imperialists seemingly combining forces. The plan was dropped for multiple reasons. London continued to stall, American commercial and financial groups pressed Washington for a quick settlement of the dispute on a cash basis, growing Canadian nationalist sentiment in British Columbia called for staying inside the British Empire, Congress became preoccupied with Reconstruction, and most Americans showed little interest in territorial expansion. The "Alabama Claims" dispute went to international arbitration. In one of the first major cases of arbitration, the tribunal in 1872 supported the American claims and ordered Britain to pay $15.5 million. Britain paid and the episode ended in peaceful relations.
Dominion of Canada
Canada became a self-governing dominion in 1867 in internal affairs while Britain controlled diplomacy and defense policy. Prior to Confederation, there was an Oregon boundary dispute in which the Americans claimed the 54th degree latitude. That issue was resolved by splitting the disputed territory; the northern half became British Columbia, and the southern half the states of Washington and Oregon. Strained relations with America continued, however, due to a series of small-scale armed incursions named the Fenian raids by Irish-American Civil War veterans across the border from 1866 to 1871 in an attempt to trade Canada for Irish independence. The American government, angry at Canadian tolerance of Confederate raiders during the American Civil War, moved very slowly to disarm the Fenians. The British government, in charge of diplomatic relations, protested cautiously, as Anglo-American relations were tense. Much of the tension was relieved as the Fenians faded away and in 1872 by the settlement of the Alabama Claims, when Britain paid the U.S. $15.5 million for war losses caused by warships built in Britain and sold to the Confederacy.
Emigration to and from the United States
After 1850, the pace of industrialization and urbanization was much faster in the United States, drawing a wide range of immigrants from the North. By 1870, 1/6 of all the people born in Canada had moved to the United States, with the highest concentrations in New England, which was the destination of emigrants from Quebec and the Maritimes; people from Ontario moved into nearby Michigan. It was common for people to move back and forth across the border, such as seasonal lumberjacks, entrepreneurs looking for larger markets, and families looking for jobs in the textile mills that paid much higher wages than in Quebec.
The southward migration slacked off after 1890, as Canadian industry began a growth spurt. By then, the American frontier was closing, and hundreds of thousands of farmers looking for fresh land moved from the United States north into the Prairie Provinces. The net result of the flows were that in 1901 there were 128,000 American-born residents in Canada (3.5% of the Canadian population) and 1.18 million Canadian-born residents in the United States (1.6% of the U.S. population).
A long-standing controversy was the Alaska boundary dispute, settled in favor of the United States in 1903. At issue was the exact boundary between Alaska and Canada, specifically whether Canada would have a port near the present American town of Haines that would give an all-Canadian route to the rich new Yukon goldfields. The dispute was settled by arbitration, and the British delegate voted with the Americans—to the astonishment and disgust of Canadians who suddenly realized that Britain considered its relations with the United States paramount compared to those with Canada.
1907 saw a minor controversy over USS Nashville sailing into the Great Lakes via Canada without Canadian permission. To head off future embarrassments, in 1909 the two sides signed the International Boundary Waters Treaty and the International Joint Commission was established to manage the Great Lakes.
Reciprocal trade with U.S.
Anti-Americanism reached a shrill peak in 1911 in Canada. The Liberal government in 1911 negotiated a Reciprocity treaty with the U.S. that would lower trade barriers. Canadian manufacturing interests were alarmed that free trade allow the bigger and more efficient American factories to take their markets. The Conservatives made it a central campaign issue in the 1911 election, warning that it would be a "sell out" to the United States with economic annexation a special danger. Conservative slogan was "No truck or trade with the Yankees", as they appealed to Canadian nationalism and nostalgia for the British Empire to win a major victory.
Canada demanded and received permission from London to send its own delegation to the Versailles Peace Talks in 1919, with the proviso that it sign the treaty under the British Empire. Canada subsequently took responsibility for its own foreign and military affairs in the 1920s. Its first ambassador to the United States, Vincent Massey, was named in 1927. The United States first ambassador to Canada was William Phillips. Canada became an active member of the British Commonwealth, the League of Nations, and the World Court, none of which included the U.S.
Relations with the United States were cordial until 1930, when Canada vehemently protested the new Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act by which the U.S. raised tariffs (taxes) on products imported from Canada. Canada retaliated with higher tariffs of its own against American products, and moved toward more trade within the British Commonwealth. U.S.-Canadian trade fell 75% as the Great Depression dragged both countries down.
Down to the 1920s the war and naval departments of both nations designed hypothetical war game scenarios with the other as an enemy. These were primarily exercises; the departments were never told to get ready for a real war. In 1921, Canada developed Defence Scheme No. 1 for an attack on American cities and for forestalling invasion by the United States until Imperial reinforcements arrived. Through the later 1920s and 1930s, the United States Army War College developed a plan for a war with the British Empire waged largely on North American territory, in War Plan Red (interestingly, American war planners had no thoughts of returning captured British territory.)
In 1938, as war clouds gathered in Europe, U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt gave a public speech at Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, declaring that the United States would not sit idly by if another power tried to dominate Canada. Diplomats saw it as a clear warning to Germany not to attack Canada.
World War II
The two nations cooperated closely in World War II, as both nations saw new levels of prosperity and a determination to defeat the Axis powers. Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King and President Franklin D. Roosevelt were determined not to repeat the mistakes of their predecessors. They met in August 1940 at Ogdensburg, issuing a declaration calling for close cooperation, and formed the Permanent Joint Board on Defense (PJBD).
King sought to raise Canada's international visibility by hosting the August 1943 Quadrant conference in Quebec on military and political strategy; he was a gracious host but was kept out of the important meetings by Winston Churchill and Roosevelt.
Canada allowed the construction of the Alaska Highway and participated in the building of the atomic bomb. 49,000 Americans joined the RCAF (Canadian) or RAF (British) air forces through the Clayton Knight Committee, which had Roosevelt's permission to recruit in the U.S. in 1940-42.
American attempts in the mid-1930s to integrate British Columbia into a united West Coast military command had aroused Canadian opposition. Fearing a Japanese invasion of Canada's vulnerable coast, American officials urged the creation of a united military command for an eastern Pacific Ocean theater of war. Canadian leaders feared American imperialism and the loss of autonomy more than a Japanese invasion. In 1941, Canadians successfully argued within the PJBD for mutual cooperation rather than unified command for the West Coast.
The United States built large military bases in Newfoundland, at the time, a British crown colony. The American involvement ended the depression and brought new prosperity; Newfoundland's business community sought closer ties with the United States as expressed by the Economic Union Party. Ottawa took notice and wanted Newfoundland to join Canada, which it did after hotly contested referenda. There was little demand in the United States for the acquisition of Newfoundland, so the United States did not protest the British decision not to allow an American option on the Newfoundland referendum.
Following co-operation in the two World Wars, Canada and the United States lost much of their previous animosity. As Britain's influence as a global imperial power declined, Canada and the United States became extremely close partners. Canada was a close ally of the United States during the Cold War.
Nixon Shock 1971
The United States had become Canada's largest market, and after the war the Canadian economy became dependent on smooth trade flows with the United States so much that in 1971 when the United States enacted the "Nixon Shock" economic policies (including a 10% tariff on all imports) it put the Canadian government into a panic. This led in a large part to the articulation of Prime Minister Trudeau's "Third Option" policy of diversifying Canada's trade and downgrading the importance of Canada – United States relations. In a 1972 speech in Ottawa, Nixon declared the "special relationship" between Canada and the United States dead.
Issues in Canada–U.S. relations in the 1980s included the kidnapping of Sidney Jaffe from Canada by an American bail bondsman, U.S. testing of cruise missiles on Canadian soil, and the signing of the Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement.
Since the arrival of the Loyalists as refugees from the American Revolution in the 1780s, historians have identified a constant theme of Canadian fear of the United States and of "Americanization" or a cultural takeover. In the War of 1812, for example, the enthusiastic response by French militia to defend Lower Canada reflected, according to Heidler and Heidler (2004), "the fear of Americanization." Scholars have traced this attitude over time in Ontario and Quebec.
Canadian intellectuals who wrote about the U.S. in the first half of the 20th century identified America as the world center of modernity, and deplored it. Imperialists (who admired the British Empire) explained that Canadians had narrowly escaped American conquest with its rejection of tradition, its worship of "progress" and technology, and its mass culture; they explained that Canada was much better because of its commitment to orderly government and societal harmony. There were a few ardent defenders of the nation to the south, notably liberal and socialist intellectuals such as F. R. Scott and Jean-Charles Harvey (1891-1967).
Looking at television, Collins (1990) finds that it is in English Canada that fear of cultural Americanization is most powerful, for there the attractions of the U.S. are strongest. Meren (2009) argues that after 1945, the emergence of Quebec nationalism and the desire to preserve French-Canadian cultural heritage led to growing anxiety regarding American cultural imperialism and Americanization. In 2006 surveys showed that 60 percent of Quebecers had a fear of Americanization, while other surveys showed they preferred their current situation to that of the Americans in the realms of health care, quality of life as seniors, environmental quality, poverty, educational system, racism and standard of living. While agreeing that job opportunities are greater in America, 89 percent disagreed with the notion that they would rather be in the United States, and they were more likely to feel closer to English Canadians than to Americans. However, there is evidence that the elites and Quebec are much less fearful of Americanization, and much more open to economic integration than the general public.
The history has been traced in detail by a leading Canadian historian J.L. Granatstein in Yankee Go Home: Canadians and Anti-Americanism (1997). Current studies report the phenomenon persists. Two scholars report, "Anti-Americanism is alive and well in Canada today, strengthened by, among other things, disputes related to NAFTA, American involvement in the Middle East, and the ever-increasing Americanization of Canadian culture." Jamie Glazov writes, "More than anything else, Diefenbaker became the tragic victim of Canadian anti-Americanism, a sentiment the prime minister had fully embraced by 1962. [He was] unable to imagine himself (or his foreign policy) without enemies." Historian J. M. Bumsted says, "In its most extreme form, Canadian suspicion of the United States has led to outbreaks of overt anti-Americanism, usually spilling over against Americans resident in Canada." John R. Wennersten writes, "But at the heart of Canadian anti-Americanism lies a cultural bitterness that takes an American expatriate unawares. Canadians fear the American media's influence on their culture and talk critically about how Americans are exporting a culture of violence in its television programming and movies." However Kim Nossal points out that the Canadian variety is much milder than anti-Americanism in some other countries. By contrast Americans show very little knowledge or interest one way or the other regarding Canadian affairs. Canadian historian Frank Underhill, quoting Canadian playwright Merrill Denison summed it up: "Americans are benevolently ignorant about Canada, whereas Canadians are malevolently informed about the United States."
According to Paul Pirie, a Canadian analyst and historian, the American Revolution was in itself essentially a "failure", and should thus be renounced by the American people, citing a variety of reasons, ranging from higher incarceration rates and less life satisfaction in the United States in comparison to other English-speaking nations, particularly Canada.
Relations between political executives
The executive of each country is represented differently. In the United States, the president is both head of state and head of government, and his "administration" is the executive. In Canada the prime minister is head of government only, and his or her "government" or "ministry" directs the executive.
|This section requires expansion. (May 2012)|
Mulroney and Reagan
Relations between Brian Mulroney and Ronald Reagan were famously close. This relationship resulted in negotiations on a potential free trade agreement, and a treaty of acid rain causing emissions, both major policy goals of Mulroney, that would be finalized under the presidency of George H. W. Bush.
Chrétien and Clinton
Although Jean Chrétien was wary to appearing too close to the president, personally, he and Bill Clinton were known to be golfing partners. Their governments had many small trade quarrels over magazines, softwood lumber, and so on, but on the whole were quite friendly. Both leaders had run on reforming or abolishing NAFTA, but the agreement went ahead with the addition of environmental and labor side agreements. Crucially, the Clinton administration lent rhetorical support to Canadian unity during the 1995 referendum in Quebec on independence from Canada.
Bush and Chrétien
Relations between Chrétien and George W. Bush were strained throughout their overlapping times in office. Jean Chrétien publicly mused that U.S. foreign policy might be part of the "root causes" of terrorism shortly after the September 11 attacks. The Americans did not appreciate his "smug moralism", and Chrétien's public refusal to support the 2003 Iraq war was met with chagrin in the United States, especially among conservatives.
Bush and Harper
Stephen Harper and George W. Bush were thought to share warm personal relations and also close ties between their administrations. Because Bush was so unpopular in Canada, however, this was rarely emphasized by the Harper government.
Shortly after being congratulated by Bush for his victory in February 2006, Harper rebuked U.S. ambassador to Canada David Wilkins for criticizing the Conservatives' plans to assert Canada's sovereignty over the Arctic Ocean waters with military force.
Harper and Obama
President Obama's first international trip was to Canada on February 19, 2009. Aside from Canadian lobbying against "Buy American" provisions in the U.S. stimulus package, relations between the two administrations have been smooth.
They have also held friendly bets on hockey games during the Winter Olympic season. In the 2010 Winter Olympics hosted by Canada in Vancouver, Canada defeated the US in both gold medal matches, allowing Stephen Harper to receive a case of Molson Canadian beer from Barack Obama, in reverse, if Canada lost, Harper would provide a case of Yuengling beer to Obama. During the 2014 Winter Olympics, alongside US Secretary of State John Kerry & Minister of Foreign Affairs John Baird, Stephen Harper was given a case of Samuel Adams beer by Obama for the Canadian gold medal victory over the US in women's hockey, and the semi-final victory over the US in men's hockey.
Canada-United States Regulatory Cooperation Council (RCC) (2011)
On February 4, 2011, Harper and Obama issued a "Declaration on a Shared Vision for Perimeter Security and Economic Competitiveness" and announced the creation of the Canada-United States Regulatory Cooperation Council (RCC) "to increase regulatory transparency and coordination between the two countries."
Health Canada and the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under the RCC mandate, undertook the "first of its kind" initiative by selecting "as its first area of alignment common cold indications for certain over-the-counter antihistamine ingredients (GC 2013-01-10)."
Critics of the plan have compared Regulatory Cooperation Council (RCC) to the SPP, without Mexico. On Wednesday, December 7, Harper flew to Washington to meet with Obama and sign an agreement to implement the joint action plans that had been developed since the initial meeting in February. The plans called on both countries to spend more on border infrastructure, share more information on people who cross the border, and acknowledge more of each other's safety and security inspection on third-country traffic. An editorial in The Globe and Mail praised the agreement for giving Canada the ability to track whether failed refugee claimants have left Canada via the U.S. and for eliminating "duplicated baggage screenings on connecting flights". The agreement is not a legally-binding treaty, and relies on the political will and ability of the executives of both governments to implement the terms of the agreement. These types of executive agreements are routine—on both sides of the Canada-U.S. border.
Military and security
The Canadian military, like forces of other NATO countries, fought alongside the United States in most major conflicts since World War II, including the Korean War, the Gulf War, the Kosovo War, and most recently the war in Afghanistan. The main exceptions to this were the Canadian government's opposition to the Vietnam War and the Iraq War, which caused some brief diplomatic tensions. Despite these issues, military relations have remained close.
American defense arrangements with Canada are more extensive than with any other country. The Permanent Joint Board of Defense, established in 1940, provides policy-level consultation on bilateral defense matters. The United States and Canada share North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) mutual security commitments. In addition, American and Canadian military forces have cooperated since 1958 on continental air defense within the framework of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). Canadian forces have provided indirect support for the American invasion of Iraq that began in 2003. Moreover, interoperability with the American armed forces has been a guiding principle of Canadian military force structuring and doctrine since the end of the Cold War. Canadian navy frigates, for instance, integrate seamlessly into American carrier battle groups.
In commemoration of the 200th Anniversary of the War of 1812 ambassadors from Canada and the US, and naval officers from both countries gathered at the Pritzker Military Library on August 17, 2012, for a panel discussion on Canada-US relations with emphasis on national security-related matters. Also as part of the commemoration, the navies of both countries sailed together throughout the Great Lakes region.
War in Afghanistan
Canada's elite JTF2 unit joined American special forces in Afghanistan shortly after the al-Qaida attacks on September 11, 2001. Canadian forces joined the multinational coalition in Operation Anaconda in January 2002. On April 18, 2002, an American pilot bombed Canadian forces involved in a training exercise, killing four and wounding eight Canadians. A joint American-Canadian inquiry determined the cause of the incident to be pilot error, in which the pilot interpreted ground fire as an attack; the pilot ignored orders that he felt were "second-guessing" his field tactical decision. Canadian forces assumed a six-month command rotation of the International Security Assistance Force in 2003; in 2005, Canadians assumed operational command of the multi-national Brigade in Kandahar, with 2,300 troops, and supervises the Provincial Reconstruction Team in Kandahar, where al-Qaida forces are most active. Canada has also deployed naval forces in the Persian Gulf since 1991 in support of the UN Gulf Multinational Interdiction Force.
The Canadian Embassy in Washington, DC maintains a public relations web site named CanadianAlly.com, which is intended "to give American citizens a better sense of the scope of Canada's role in North American and Global Security and the War on Terror".
The New Democratic Party and some recent Liberal leadership candidates have expressed opposition to Canada's expanded role in the Afghan conflict on the ground that it is inconsistent with Canada's historic role (since the Second World War) of peacekeeping operations.
2003 Invasion of Iraq
According to contemporary polls, 71% of Canadians were opposed to the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Many Canadians, and the former Liberal Cabinet headed by Paul Martin (as well as many Americans such as Bill Clinton and Barack Obama), made a policy distinction between conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq, unlike the Bush Doctrine, which linked these together in a "Global war on terror".
Canada and the United States have the world's largest trading relationship, with huge quantities of goods and people flowing across the border each year. Since the 1987 Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement, there have been no tariffs on most goods passed between the two countries.
In the course of the softwood lumber dispute, the U.S. has placed tariffs on Canadian softwood lumber because of what it argues is an unfair Canadian government subsidy, a claim which Canada disputes. The dispute has cycled through several agreements and arbitration cases. Other notable disputes include the Canadian Wheat Board, and Canadian cultural "restrictions" on magazines and television (See CRTC, CBC, and National Film Board of Canada). Canadians have been criticized about such things as the ban on beef since a case of Mad Cow disease was discovered in 2003 in cows from the United States (and a few subsequent cases) and the high American agricultural subsidies. Concerns in Canada also run high over aspects of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) such as Chapter 11.
One ongoing and complex trade issue involves the importation of cheaper prescription drugs from Canada to the United States. American drug companies—often supporters of political campaigns—have come out against the practice.
A principal instrument of this cooperation is the International Joint Commission (IJC), established as part of the Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909 to resolve differences and promote international cooperation on boundary waters. The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement of 1972 is another historic example of joint cooperation in controlling trans-border water pollution. However, there have been some disputes. Most recently, the Devil's Lake Outlet, a project instituted by North Dakota, has angered Manitobans who fear that their water may soon become polluted as a result of this project.
Beginning in 1986 the Canadian government of Brian Mulroney began pressing the Reagan administration for an "Acid Rain Treaty" in order to do something about U.S. industrial air pollution causing acid rain in Canada. The Reagan administration was hesitant, and questioned the science behind Mulroney's claims. However, Mulroney was able to prevail. The product was the signing and ratification of the Air Quality Agreement of 1991 by the first Bush administration. Under that treaty, the two governments consult semi-annually on trans-border air pollution, which has demonstrably reduced acid rain, and they have since signed an annex to the treaty dealing with ground level ozone in 2000. Despite this, trans-border air pollution remains an issue, particularly in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence watershed during the summer. The main source of this trans-border pollution results from coal-fired power stations, most of them located in the Midwestern United States. As part of the negotiations to create NAFTA, Canada and the U.S. signed, along with Mexico, the North American Agreement On Environmental Cooperation which created the Commission for Environmental Cooperation which monitors environmental issues across the continent, publishing the North American Environmental Atlas as one aspect of its monitoring duties.
Currently neither of the countries' governments support the Kyoto Protocol, which set out time scheduled curbing of greenhouse gas emissions. Unlike the United States, Canada has ratified the agreement. Yet after ratification, due to internal political conflict within Canada, the Canadian government does not enforce the Kyoto Protocol, and has received criticism from environmental groups and from other governments for its climate change positions. In January 2011, the Canadian minister of the environment, Peter Kent, explicitly stated that the policy of his government with regards to greenhouse gas emissions reductions is to wait for the United States to act first, and then try to harmonize with that action - a position that has been condemned by environmentalists and Canadian nationalists, and as well as scientists and government think-tanks.
In 2003 the American government became concerned when members of the Canadian government announced plans to decriminalize marijuana. David Murray, an assistant to U.S. Drug Czar John P. Walters, said in a CBC interview that, "We would have to respond. We would be forced to respond." However the election of the Conservative Party in early 2006 halted the liberalization of marijuana laws for the foreseeable future.
A 2007 joint report by American and Canadian officials on cross-border drug smuggling indicated that, despite their best efforts, "drug trafficking still occurs in significant quantities in both directions across the border. The principal illicit substances smuggled across our shared border are MDMA (Ecstasy), cocaine, and marijuana." - The report indicated that Canada was a major producer of Ecstasy and marijuana for the U.S. market, while the U.S. was a transit country for cocaine entering Canada.
Views of presidents and prime ministers
Presidents and prime ministers typically make formal or informal statements that indicate the diplomatic policy of their administration. Diplomats and journalists at the time—and historians since—dissect the nuances and tone to detect the warmth or coolness of the relationship.
- Prime Minister John A. Macdonald, speaking at the beginning of the 1891 election (fought mostly over Canadian free trade with the United States), denied Tory allegations that he wanted to amalgamate with the U.S. saying: "As for myself, my course is clear. A British subject I was born—a British subject I will die. With my utmost effort, with my latest breath, will I oppose the ‘veiled treason’ which attempts by sordid means and mercenary proffers to lure our people from their allegiance." (February 3, 1891.)
- Prime Minister John Sparrow Thompson, angry at failed trade talks in 1888, privately complained to his wife, Lady Thompson, that "These Yankee politicians are the lowest race of thieves in existence."
- After the World War II years of close military and economic cooperation, President Harry S. Truman said in 1947 that "Canada and the United States have reached the point where we can no longer think of each other as 'foreign' countries."
- President John F. Kennedy told Parliament in Ottawa in May 1961 that "Geography has made us neighbors. History has made us friends. Economics has made us partners. And necessity has made us allies. Those whom nature hath so joined together, let no man put asunder."
- President Lyndon Johnson helped open Expo '67 with an upbeat theme, saying that "We of the United States consider ourselves blessed. We have much to give thanks for. But the gift of providence we cherish most is that we were given as our neighbours on this wonderful continent the people and the nation of Canada." Remarks at Expo '67, Montreal, May 25, 1967.
Trudeau's famous "sleeping with an elephant" quotation
- Prime Minister Pierre Elliot Trudeau famously said that being America's neighbour "is like sleeping with an elephant. No matter how friendly and even-tempered the beast, if one can call it that, one is affected by every twitch and grunt."
- Prime Minister Pierre Elliot Trudeau, sharply at odds with the U.S. over Cold War policy, warned at a press conference in 1971 that the overwhelming American presence posed "a danger to our national identity from a cultural, economic and perhaps even military point of view."
- President Richard Nixon, in a speech to Parliament in 1972 was angry at Trudeau, declared that the "special relationship" between Canada and the United States was dead. "It is time for us to recognize," he stated, "that we have very separate identities; that we have significant differences; and that nobody's interests are furthered when these realities are obscured."
- In late 2001, President George W. Bush did not mention Canada during a speech in which he thanked a list of countries who had assisted in responding to the events of September 11, although Canada had provided military, financial, and other support.
- Prime Minister Stephen Harper, in a statement congratulating Barack Obama on his inauguration, stated that "The United States remains Canada’s most important ally, closest friend and largest trading partner and I look forward to working with President Obama and his administration as we build on this special relationship."
- President Barack Obama, speaking in Ottawa, Ontario at his first official international visit in February 19, 2009, said, "I love this country. We could not have a better friend and ally."
These include maritime boundary disputes:
- Dixon Entrance
- Beaufort Sea
- Strait of Juan de Fuca
- San Juan Islands
- Machias Seal Island and North Rock
Territorial land disputes:
and disputes over the international status of the:
A long-simmering dispute between Canada and the U.S. involves the issue of Canadian sovereignty over the Northwest Passage (the sea passages in the Arctic). Canada’s assertion that the Northwest Passage represents internal (territorial) waters has been challenged by other countries, especially the U.S., which argue that these waters constitute an international strait (international waters). Canadians were alarmed when Americans drove the reinforced oil tanker Manhattan through the Northwest Passage in 1969, followed by the icebreaker Polar Sea in 1985, which actually resulted in a minor diplomatic incident. In 1970, the Canadian parliament enacted the Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act, which asserts Canadian regulatory control over pollution within a 100-mile zone. In response, the United States in 1970 stated, "We cannot accept the assertion of a Canadian claim that the Arctic waters are internal waters of Canada…. Such acceptance would jeopardize the freedom of navigation essential for United States naval activities worldwide." A compromise of sorts was reached in 1988, by an agreement on "Arctic Cooperation," which pledges that voyages of American icebreakers "will be undertaken with the consent of the Government of Canada." However the agreement did not alter either country's basic legal position. Paul Cellucci, the American ambassador to Canada, in 2005 suggested to Washington that it should recognize the straits as belonging to Canada. His advice was rejected and Harper took opposite positions. The U.S. opposes Harper's proposed plan to deploy military icebreakers in the Arctic to detect interlopers and assert Canadian sovereignty over those waters.
Canada and the United States both hold membership in a number of multinational organizations such as:
- Arctic Council
- Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
- Food and Agriculture Organization
- G-20 major economies
- International Chamber of Commerce
- International Development Association
- International Monetary Fund
- International Olympic Committee
- North American Free Trade Agreement
- North American Aerospace Defense Command
- North American Numbering Plan
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization
- Organization of American States
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America
- UKUSA Community
- United Nations
- World Health Organization
- World Trade Organization
- World Bank
Canadian missions in the United States
Canada's chief diplomatic mission to the United States is the Canadian Embassy in Washington, D.C.. It is further supported by many Consulates located through United States of America. The Canadian Government supports Consulates in several major U.S. cities including: Anchorage, Atlanta‡, Boston‡, Buffalo‡, Chicago‡, Dallas‡, Denver‡, Detroit‡, Houston, Los Angeles‡, Miami‡, Minneapolis‡, New York City‡, Philadelphia, Phoenix, Raleigh, Sacramento, San Diego, San Francisco/Silicon Valley‡, San Juan, and Seattle.‡
- ‡ denotes mission is Consulate General
There is also a trade office located in Palo Alto.
American missions in Canada
The United States's chief diplomatic mission to Canada is the United States Embassy in Ottawa. It is further supported by many consulates located through Canada. The American government supports consulates in several major Canadian cities/regions including: Calgary, Halifax, Northwest Territories‡, Nunavut‡, Montreal, Quebec City, Southwestern Ontario‡, Toronto, Vancouver, Winnipeg, and Yukon‡.
- ‡ denotes mission is a Virtual Presence Post (VPP)
- Comparison of Canadian and American economies
- Continental One Highway
- Definitions of Canadian borders
- Etiquette in Canada and the United States
- Foreign relations of Canada
- Foreign relations of the United States
- Garrison mentality
- Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America
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- Lumsden, Ian, ed. The Americanization of Canada, ed. ... for the University League for Social Reform (University of Toronto Press, 1970). ISBN 0-8020-6111-7 pbk.
- Graeme S. Mount and Edelgard Mahant, An Introduction to Canadian-American Relations (1984, updated 1989)
- Molloy, Patricia. Canada/US and Other Unfriendly Relations: Before and After 9/11 (Palgrave Macmillan; 2012) 192 pages; essays on various "myths"
- Mount, Graeme S. and Edelgard Mahant, Invisible and Inaudible in Washington: American Policies toward Canada during the Cold War (1999)
- Muirhead, Bruce. "From Special Relationship to Third Option: Canada, the U.S., and the Nixon Shock," American Review of Canadian Studies, Vol. 34, 2004 online edition
- Stuart, Reginald C. Dispersed Relations: Americans and Canadians in Upper North America (2007) excerpt and text search
- Tagg, James.. "'And, We Burned down the White House, Too': American History, Canadian Undergraduates, and Nationalism," The History Teacher, Vol. 37, No. 3 (May 2004), pp. 309–334 in JSTOR
- Tansill, C. C. Canadian-American Relations, 1875-1911 (1943)
- Thompson, John Herd, and Stephen J. Randall. Canada and the United States: Ambivalent Allies (4th ed. McGill-Queen's University Press, 2008), 387pp, the standard scholarly survey
- History of Canada - U.S. relations
- Canadian Embassy in Washington, D.C.
- Embassy of the United States of America in Ottawa, Ontario
- Canadian Society of New York - formed in 1897 to foster a spirit of good will between Canada and the United States. For 106 years it held an annual gala to honor distinguished Canadians or Americans who devoted their careers to strengthening the ties between the two countries.
- Canadian Association of New York
- Congressional Research Service reports on Canada-U.S. Relations | <urn:uuid:c5f246cf-b4f0-442c-bf2d-099aabf77bb3> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada-United_States_relations | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010795590/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091315-00004-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932457 | 15,200 | 2.921875 | 3 |
A high-fat diet can lead to obesity in the next generation, according to researchers.
In recent decades, the world has seen a rise in diabetes so rapid that it seems unlikely that DNA mutations are to blame.
Epigenetic inheritance, on the other hand, could offer some explanation as to the sudden expansion of the condition.
While parents transmit genetic information to their children through DNA, scientists now believe that epigenetic modifications may also be passed on to the offspring's genetic material.
Epigenetic inheritance refers to the passing on of traits that do not feature in the DNA, or genes. Epigenetic information is currently thought to involve RNA transcripts and chemical modifications of the chromatin.
Could environmental influences on parents affect their children?
According to the authors of the current study, both Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and Charles Darwin hypothesized that parents could pass on to their children traits that they acquire as a result of exposure to environmental influences.
However, the extent to which environmental conditions impact future outcomes remains unclear.
Factors that affect the offspring's future health outcomes are thought to include what the mother consumes while she is pregnant or lactating, which molecules are present in the father's semen and the microbiota of either parent.
Peter Huypens, of Helmholtz Zentrum München in Germany, and colleagues fed mice a high-fat, low-fat or normal diet over a period of 6 weeks. The mice were genetically identical.
Mice that consumed a high-fat diet developed obesity and glucose intolerance.
The team then created a new generation by implanting embryos using sperm and eggs from the mice that had eaten different diets into healthy surrogate mothers.
The use of surrogates enabled them to separate environmental factors from the epigenetic factors that were present only in the sperm or eggs.
Parental diet impacts offspring's susceptibility
The new generation of mice then consumed a high-fat diet.
Offspring of two obese parents gained significantly more weight on a high-fat diet than those with only one obese parent. Offspring of two lean parents gained the least weight on a high-fat diet. Similar patterns emerged for glucose intolerance.
However, female offspring were more prone to severe obesity, while males were more affected by blood glucose levels than females.
Maternal influence also appeared to be greater than that of the father. Lead author Prof. Johannes Beckers says this is also true for humans.
The authors conclude that epigenetic factors in gametes play an important role in passing on the risk of obesity and diabetes from parents to offspring.
Prof. Martin Hrabě de Angelis, director of the Institute of Experimental Genetics (IEG), who initiated the study, says:
"This kind of epigenetic inheritance of a metabolic disorder due to an unhealthy diet could be another major cause for the dramatic global increase in the prevalence of diabetes since the 1960s."
The researchers believe this is the first study to demonstrate that offspring can inherit an acquired metabolic disorder epigenetically, through eggs and sperm, in keeping with the theories of Lamarck and Darwin.
Medical News Today recently reported on the establishment of microbiota in infants. The inherited microbiome is thought to affect children's chance of developing conditions such as obesity in later life. | <urn:uuid:9074eeb6-4705-4472-98c6-57dacaa3f2d6> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/308094.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608956.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20170527152350-20170527172350-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.946478 | 665 | 3.578125 | 4 |
They both start with a T, and they are both pretty destructive. When you hear about a tornado or a tsunami, you know it is going to be big news. Both are forces of nature that serve humans a big slice of humble pie, but what is the difference between a tornado vs tsunami?
When nature strikes, it often does so indiscriminately. It is important to know the difference between the kinds of natural disasters that can occur. In this article, we will compare tornadoes and tsunamis, dishing out the similarities and the differences between the two. With this knowledge you can differentiate between the two and also have some natural disaster facts for your next quiz night.
Let’s get to know what they are first.
Tornadoes form large columns of rotating air created by differences in air pressure and temperature.
Tsunamis form a gigantic series of waves due to movements of tectonic plates.
Similarities Between Tornadoes and Tsunamis
Tornadoes and tsunamis are very different natural phenomena. The causes are very different and very unique. The two of them are similar only in the way of being natural disasters, that they are unpredictable and that they can cause a lot of damage when they occur.
Tsunamis and tornadoes draw a lot of media attention simply because of their unwelcomed arrival, and the wake of damage that they bring along. They impact everything that they touch and pass through.
Another similarity is that they depend on a fluid as their mode of destruction. Tornadoes use air and tsunamis use water.
Differences Between Tornadoes and Tsunamis
Now let’s take a closer look at some of the key differences between Tsunamis and Tornadoes:
|Tornadoes are formed when cool and warm air meet and turn in to columns of air that create and updraft and downdraft. The winds come from different directions and speeds. The collision forces the winds to create the columns of air during a thunderstorm. With the right temperature of cold winds, clouds are formed which in turn form a funnel. When the funnel touches the ground, it can move in any direction and, depending on the strength of the winds, stay for anywhere between a few minutes to three hours.||Tsunamis are caused by earthquakes under the sea or ocean. The sea floor deforms for a short amount of time and moves vertically. The displacement of water moves up, causing the water to move forward in the shape of a wave. The waves grow in height as they reach shallow water. Coastal areas are in the most danger when tsunamis occur. Apart from seismic activities (otherwise known as earthquakes), landslides and storms can also cause tsunamis.|
|Tornadoes are primarily funnel shaped. They are wider at the base of the cloud and thinner near the ground. Depending on their shape, they can have different names, such as wedge tornado, rope tornado, cone tornado, and satellite tornado. They vary in size but the overall shape is the same. The top is always wider than the point at which the tornado touches the ground.||Tsunamis come in the form of tidal waves. The waves move in troughs and crests, moving forward, causing flooding.|
Tsunamis can have a height of about 100 meters. The waves are not always too high in the open seas, but as it travels closer to land and becomes shallow, the amplitude of the waves increases.
|Tornadoes can move in any direction depending on the strength of winds from opposing directions. The stronger wind tends to push the tornado forward. A tornado can move as fast as 95 mph, but the wind speeds can go up to 350 mph.||Tsunamis move outward from the source of displacement and the waves move towards land. Tsunamis can move at the speeds of 30 mph.|
|Winds pick up objects, uproot trees, telephone poles, and are even capable of flinging cars in different directions. Tornadoes can destroy large buildings, tear off the roofs of houses, and break glass windows through sheer force of the winds. The damage done by tornadoes can be found in the path, which can be one mile to 50 miles long.||Tidal waves come crashing inland. They can destroy boats, buildings, bridges, cars, trees, telephone lines, and power lines. Tsunamis can also be large enough to flood communities. The way a tsunami damages is with two phases. The first part of the damage comes from the smashing force of the water that it brings along at high speeds. The next phase is caused by the water moving back to the sea, pulling items and sometimes people along with it.|
|Yearly over 1000 tornadoes are recorded in the United States alone.||Yearly only 2 tsunamis are recorded on average globally.|
How Is It Measured?
|Tornadoes are measured for their strength and the damage that they can do based on their speed. This is measured on the Enhanced Fujita Scale, which is from 0 to 5, with 5 being the highest level and the most dangerous. They are also measured by barometric pressure, doppler radar, and “turtles”, which are small devices that measure humidity, temperature, pressure, and the wind’s speed and direction.||Tsunamis are measured with tide gauges, satellites, and the DART system. Tide gauges measure the height of the sea waves. Satellites also measure the height of the sea surface by relying on electro-magnetic pulses. The DART system is the Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis system. This is a collection of stations that are deployed in the Pacific Ocean. These stations are connected to a sea-bed bottom pressure recorder that detects the passage of tsunamis. The information is transmitted to a surface buoy, which uses sonar to collect information.|
How to Stay Safe
|Look for cover. The best is to go underground, however in the absence of a basement or a bunker, make sure you lie low, close to the ground. This is especially important to know when you are in your house. Make sure that you are avoiding the windows so that you do not get hit by glass if it breaks. If you are on foot, do not try to outrun a tornado. Try to look for a place to stay low and avoid being near a tree or pole. If you are in a car, pull over and look for shelter or find a ditch to lay in. You will not be able to outrun a tornado in a vehicle.||Try to find higher ground as soon as you hear a tsunami warning. Listen very carefully to the emergency information and alerts. Always follow instructions that are provided. Stay safe until the officials announce that it is safe to come out. Tsunamis can have follow up waves, and these waves can be more severe. If you are on a boat, go out to sea.|
|Twister||Tidal waves, seismic waves|
Final Comparison: Tornado vs Tsunami
Tornadoes and tsunamis are powerful natural phenomena that leave a big mark in the human memory. Historic data has shown how much these monsters have caused damage to the areas that they have met. Both of them are indiscriminately destructive, incredibly dangerous, and immensely towering.
While they differ in causes and modes of destruction, the two always play by their own rules. The areas that they hits are at their mercy. We will never learn to control them. | <urn:uuid:95ca47bc-bc7c-4afd-878c-f1fe6bd0906c> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.tornadoxtreme.com/tornado-vs-tsunami/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499857.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20230131091122-20230131121122-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.951821 | 1,668 | 3.65625 | 4 |
ACIM Text Reading for July 10
Chapter 21 ~ Reason and Perception
VI. The Function of Reason
Perception selects, and makes the world you see. It literally picks it out as the mind directs. The laws of size and shape and brightness would hold, perhaps, if other things were equal. They are not equal. For what you look for you are far more likely to discover than what you would prefer to overlook. The still, small Voice for God is not drowned out by all the ego’s raucous screams and senseless ravings to those who want to hear It. Perception is a choice and not a fact. But on this choice depends far more than you may realize as yet. For on the voice you choose to hear, and on the sights you choose to see, depends entirely your whole belief in what you are. Perception is a witness but to this, and never to reality. Yet it can show you the conditions in which awareness of reality is possible, or those where it could never be.
Reality needs no cooperation from you to be itself. But your awareness of it needs your help, because it is your choice. Listen to what the ego says, and see what it directs you see, and it is sure that you will see yourself as tiny, vulnerable and afraid. You will experience depression, a sense of worthlessness, and feelings of impermanence and unreality. You will believe that you are helpless prey to forces far beyond your own control, and far more powerful than you. And you will think the world you made directs your destiny. For this will be your faith. But never believe because it is your faith it makes reality.
There is another vision and another Voice in Which your freedom lies, awaiting your choice. And if you place your faith in them, you will perceive another Self in you. This other Self sees miracles as natural. They are as simple and as natural to It as breathing to the body. They are the obvious response to calls for help, the only one it makes. Miracles seem unnatural to the ego because It does not understand how separate minds can influence each other. Nor could they do so. But minds cannot be separate. This other Self is perfectly aware of this. And thus it recognizes that miracles do not affect another’s mind, only Its Own. There is no other.
You do not realize the whole extent to which the idea of separation has interfered with reason. Reason lies in the other Self you have cut off from your awareness. And nothing you have allowed to stay in your awareness is capable of reason. How can the segment of the mind devoid of reason understand what reason is, or grasp the information it would give? All sorts of questions may arise in it, but if the basic question stems from reason, it will not ask it. Like all that stems from reason, the basic question is obvious, simple and remains unasked. But think not reason could not answer it.
God’s plan for your salvation could not have been established without your will and your consent. It must have been accepted by the Son of God, for what God wills for him he must receive. For God wills not apart from him, nor does the Will of God wait upon time to be accomplished. Therefore, what joined the Will of God must be in you now, being eternal. You must have set aside a place in which the Holy Spirit can abide, and where He is. He must have been there since the need for him arose, and was fulfilled in the same instant. Such would your reason tell you, if you listened. Yet such is clearly not the ego’s reasoning. Your reason’s alien nature to the ego is proof you will not find the answer there. Yet if it exists for you, and has your freedom as the purpose given it, you must be free to find it.
God’s plan is simple; never circular and never self-defeating. He has no Thoughts except the Self-extending, and in this your will must be included. Thus, there must be a part of you that knows His Will and shares it. It is not meaningful to ask if what must be is so. But it is meaningful to ask why you are unaware of what is so, for this must have an answer if the plan of God for your salvation is complete. And it must be complete, because its Source knows not of incompletion.
Where would the answer be but in the Source? And where are you but there, where this same answer is? Your Identity, as much a true effect of this same Source as is the answer, must therefore be together and the same. O yes, you know this, and more than this alone. Yet any part of knowledge threatens dissociation as much as all of it. And all of it will come with any part. Here is the part you can accept. What reason points to you can see, because the witnesses on its behalf are clear. Only the totally insane can disregard them, and you have gone past this. Reason is a means that serves the Holy Spirit’s purpose in its own right. It is not reinterpreted and redirected from the goal of sin, as are the others. For reason is beyond the ego’s range of means.
Faith and perception and belief can be misplaced, and serve the great deceiver’s needs as well as truth. But reason has no place at all in madness, nor can it be adjusted to fit its end. Faith and belief are strong in madness, guiding perception toward what the mind has valued. But reason enters not at all in this. For the perception would fall away at once, if reason were applied. There is no reason in insanity, for it depends entirely on reason’s absence. The ego never uses it, because it does not realize that it exists. The partially insane have access to it, and only they have need of it. Knowledge does not depend on it, and madness keeps it out.
The part of mind where reason lies was dedicated, by your will in union with your Father’s, to the undoing of insanity. Here was the Holy Spirit’s purpose accepted and accomplished, both at once. Reason is alien to insanity, and those who use it have gained a means which cannot be applied to sin. Knowledge is far beyond attainment of any kind. But reason can serve to open doors you closed against it.
You have come very close to this. Faith and belief have shifted, and you have asked the question the ego will never ask. Does not your reason tell you now the question must have come from something that you do not know, but must belong to you? Faith and belief, upheld by reason, cannot fail to lead to changed perception. And in this change is room made way for vision. Vision extends beyond itself, as does the purpose that it serves, and all the means for its accomplishment.
ACIM Workbook Lesson for July 10
I am the holy Son of God Himself.
Here is your declaration of release from bondage of the world. And here as well is all the world released. You do not see what you have done by giving to the world the role of jailer to the Son of God. What could it be but vicious and afraid, fearful of shadows, punitive and wild, lacking all reason, blind, insane with hate?
What have you done that this should be your world? What have you done that this is what you see? Deny your own Identity, and this is what remains. You look on chaos and proclaim it is yourself. There is no sight that fails to witness this to you. There is no sound that does not speak of frailty within you and without; no breath you draw that does not seem to bring you nearer death; no hope you hold but will dissolve in tears.
Deny your own Identity, and you will not escape the madness which induced this weird, unnatural and ghostly thought that mocks creation and that laughs at God. Deny your own Identity, and you assail the universe alone, without a friend, a tiny particle of dust against the legions of your enemies. Deny your own Identity, and look on evil, sin and death, and watch despair snatch from your fingers every scrap of hope, leaving you nothing but the wish to die.
Yet what is it except a game you play in which Identity can be denied? You are as God created you. All else but this one thing is folly to believe. In this one thought is everyone set free. In this one truth are all illusions gone. In this one fact is sinlessness proclaimed to be forever part of everything, the central core of its existence and its guarantee of immortality.
But let today’s idea find a place among your thoughts and you have risen far above the world, and all the worldly thoughts that hold it prisoner. And from this place of safety and escape you will return and set it free. For he who can accept his true Identity is truly saved. And his salvation is the gift he gives to everyone, in gratitude to Him Who pointed out the way to happiness that changed his whole perspective of the world.
One holy thought like this and you are free: You are the holy Son of God Himself. And with this holy thought you learn as well that you have freed the world. You have no need to use it cruelly, and then perceive this savage need in it. You set it free of your imprisonment. You will not see a devastating image of yourself walking the world in terror, with the world twisting in agony because your fears have laid the mark of death upon its heart.
Be glad today how very easily is hell undone. You need but tell yourself:
I am the holy Son of God Himself. I cannot suffer,
cannot be in pain; I cannot suffer loss, nor fail to do
all that salvation asks.
And in that thought is everything you look on wholly changed.
A miracle has lighted up all dark and ancient caverns, where the rites of death echoed since time began. For time has lost its hold upon the world. The Son of God has come in glory to redeem the lost, to save the helpless, and to give the world the gift of his forgiveness. Who could see the world as dark and sinful, when God’s Son has come again at last to set it free?
You who perceive yourself as weak and frail, with futile hopes and devastated dreams, born but to die, to weep and suffer pain, hear this: All power is given unto you in earth and Heaven. There is nothing that you cannot do. You play the game of death, of being helpless, pitifully tied to dissolution in a world which shows no mercy to you. Yet when you accord it mercy, will its mercy shine on you.
Then let the Son of God awaken from his sleep, and opening his holy eyes, return again to bless the world he made. In error it began, but it will end in the reflection of his holiness. And he will sleep no more and dream of death. Then join with me today. Your glory is the light that saves the world. Do not withhold salvation longer. Look about the world, and see the suffering there. Is not your heart willing to bring your weary brothers rest?
They must await your own release. They stay in chains till you are free. They cannot see the mercy of the world until you find it in yourself. They suffer pain until you have denied its hold on you. They die till you accept your own eternal life. You are the holy Son of God Himself. Remember this, and all the world is free. Remember this, and earth and Heaven are one.
ACIM Q & A for Today
Q #59: After all this time of studying the Course, I’m still not real clear on what forgiveness really is. Let’s say my ego mind labels someone as being a jerk. Well, I know on one level that I can’t possibly be right in that evaluation — I don’t really know this person and besides, I can’t judge another even if sometimes I do. So, what’s the next step? Not only have I made an unfair judgment; I’ve ended up feeling guilty for it.
A: When you take a minute or two to think differently about your judgment of another person, as you describe in your question, you have begun the forgiveness process, “A light has entered the darkness” (M.1.1:4). The first step is being willing to admit that we are wrong in our evaluation, and that there is another way of looking at the person. The next steps are being willing to let go of the original judgment, ask for another way of perceiving, and accept the new perception when it comes to you. This does not mean that you will no longer see people do foolish things. It means that you will not confuse the person’s true identity with the foolish behavior, nor condemn him for it, nor consider it a “sin.” People do and say foolish things; that is a fact. There are then two interpretations: one according to the ego, which says this foolish behavior makes this person a “jerk”; the other according to the Holy Spirit (forgiveness), which says the foolish behavior does not change the real fact that this person is not a “sinner,” and does not deserve my condemnation. This applies as well to the judgment against yourself. We might say that calling another person a “jerk” is foolish behavior. This does not mean you are a sinner deserving of punishment, but that you have made a mistake, and are in need of a new perception, a correction, forgiveness. The guilt that seems to be at the end of the process, after judging a person as a “jerk,” was actually already present in the mind prior to the “attack.” The guilt was projected out to the “jerk” in the form of the judgment, which then seems to cause the guilt. This is an example of the Course teaching: “Ideas leave not their source, and their effects but seem to be apart from them. Ideas are of the mind. What is projected out, and seems to be external to the mind, is not outside at all, but an effect of what is in, and has not left its source” (T.26.VII.4:7,8,9). The origin of the process is a thought of separation in the mind, followed by a judgment against yourself for the thought, and guilt for having thought it. The guilt is then projected out to someone else in the form of an attack, and it then returns to the mind in the form of guilt for the attack. This is the circular thinking of the ego’s game of guilt. Forgiveness asks that we recognize the original thought, and accept responsibility for the process. The way to forgive yourself for the original thought of separation is to offer forgiveness to the “jerk” by seeing him as no different from yourself; i.e., being in need of healing and of correction, and no different in his true identity as a holy Son of God: “Let not the form of his mistakes keep you from him whose holiness is yours. Let not the vision of his holiness, the sight of which would show you your forgiveness, be kept from you by what the body’s eyes can see. Let your awareness of your brother not be blocked by your perception of his sins and of his body. What is there in him that you would attack except what you associate with his body, which you believe can sin? Beyond his errors is his holiness and your salvation. You gave him not his holiness, but tried to see your sins in him to save yourself. And yet, his holiness is your forgiveness” (T.22.III.8:1,2,3,4,5,6,7). | <urn:uuid:5306afcb-5908-4166-b5a6-93cd5588aaef> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://understandacim.com/2017/07/10/acim-text-reading-workbook-lesson-for-july-10-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376827769.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20181216143418-20181216165418-00384.warc.gz | en | 0.976675 | 3,318 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Above photo: A camp for internally displaced people in Dori, Burkina Faso November 24, 2020. Zohra Bensemra/Reuters.
Amid a raging global pandemic, a record 55 million people were displaced from their homes but still living in their countries by the end of
Amid a raging global pandemic, a record 55 million people were displaced from their homes but still living in their countries by the end of 2020, according to the latest report from the Internal Displacement Monitoring Center..
While the figures have been increasing steadily for over a decade, as per the Geneva-based center’s annual reports, ferocious storms, floods and conflicts displaced more people within their own country in 2020 – in spite of the global pandemic – than in any other year covered by the IDMC’s reporting.
55 million people were living in #internaldisplacement at the end of 2020; 23.4M under the age
of 18 & 2.6M over the age of 65.
— IDMC (@IDMC_Geneva) May 20, 2021
Shockingly, the report found that internally displaced people outnumbered refugees, those who flee to another country, by a ratio of two to one.
The research center, which is part of the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC), also cautioned that their figures were likely a “significant underestimate” as global pandemic travel restrictions frustrated efforts to more accurately collect data.
“It’s shocking that someone was forced to flee their home inside their own country every single second last year,” said NRC Secretary-General Jan Egeland. “We are failing to protect the world’s most vulnerable people from conflict and disasters.”
Roughly 48 million of the total 55 million became internally displaced in their home countries as a result of internal conflict, while the remaining seven million were forced to flee natural disasters.
Extremist groups operating in countries such as Ethiopia, Mozambique and Burkina Faso, along with persistent conflicts in countries like Congo, Syria and Afghanistan were major drivers of human displacement in 2020.
The remainder was caused by numerous, particularly intense, cyclone seasons throughout the Americas and the Asia-Pacific regions, along with protracted rainy seasons in both the Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa, further exacerbating the plight of internally displaced peoples the world over.
The highest number of internally displaced people were found in China (five million), amid regular and catastrophic flooding, followed by Bangladesh and the Philippines, which each saw around 4.4 million people displaced. | <urn:uuid:0a3620d9-21cf-4163-ad48-a00bcc2f6645> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.anarchistfederation.net/war-and-climate-disasters-displaced-a-record-of-55-million-people-in-2020/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487643703.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20210619051239-20210619081239-00126.warc.gz | en | 0.967558 | 530 | 2.625 | 3 |
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Transcript of Elf Owl
Elf owls are the smallest in the world; the total length of an adult is 12.4 to 14.4 cm. Adults weight 35 to 55 grams. Males and Female resemble each other, but the total length of the female is 3% larger than the male, and female is 6% larger in mass. Elf owls have short tails,yellow irises, conspicuous white eye eyebrows marks and two rows of white spots on the wings. Their backs are grayish brown with buff mottling; cinnamon brown blurry vertical streaks occur on the breasts their bills are greenish yellow and their legs and feet are tan to dull yellow
Elf owls primarily eat insects(especially moths, beetles and crickets) but occasionally they eat small mammals and reptiles like spiny lizards, ear less lizards, blind snakes, and kangaroo rats. In southwestern Arizona, elf owls change their diets based on the weather.They eat mainly moths, and crickets until the summer rainy seasons. Then they switch to scarab beetles.They search for food in the ground, in the air, and lower to mid level vegetation.
The elf owl lives in Arizona and
New Mexico during spring and summer. In the winter,it is found on central and southern Mexico.
Elf owls live in a variety of habitats including upland deserts subtropical woodlands, montane evergreen and canyon riparian forests. Elf owl nest in old woodpecker holes in columnar cacti
Habitat and Environment
The elf owl has good eye sight so that they can hunt at night. The elf owl can catch its prey in complete darkness by using its hearing to pinpoint its food. Another characteristic that helps them hunt is their silent flight. The elf owl also has talons so that it can grab its prey without falling.
Elf owls are nocturnal; most of their activity occurs at dust and before dawn. They move by walking and hopping, and they can climb like parrots. When elf owls hunt they strike in straight lines. hey also flu in u-shaped arcs between perches and sometimes they glide and hover. Some populations are migratory, others sedentary.
Vegetation: All the plants or plant life of a place
Talons: A claw especially of a bird of prey.
Nocturnal: Done or occurring at night
Perches: a pole or rod, usually horizontal,serving as a roost for birds.
Glide: to move silently without being noticed
Hover: To hang suspended in the air
Migratory: pertaining to a migration
Sedentary: Characterized by a sitting posture
Did you know the elf owls length its just of 12 to 14 centimeters?!! In this presentation you will learn a lot of things about elf owls. I hope you like my presentation.
The night vision device is an optical instrument that allows images to be produced in levels of light approaching total darkness. So, how do they work? that depends in the type of technology that is being used. There are actually two types of technology that can be used , and they're both very different. Its important to understand something about light. Did you know not all the light is visible? It's true! The light we can see is called the visible light. There are other types of light such as the infared and ultraviolet cant be seen by the naked eye.
the first practical night vision devices were developed in Germany in the mid-1930 and were used my both german tanks and infantry during WWll (world war 2). U.S military scientist had simultaneously developed their own night vision devices that first saw during WWll and the Korea war. The invention was invented because soilders at night combat could get confused.
Impact on life
Night vision devices have allowed humans to easily blend into and exploit environment that was once only conquered through the use of flashlights and flood lamps.Whether in google or binocular form, these devices have given people a significant edge, first military combat and more recently surveillance security and rescue operations.
Glossary (for inventions)
related to sight or the light
simultaneously: at the same time
exploit: make full use of a resource
significant edge: something important | <urn:uuid:8bc0974b-0822-4519-bc56-f05d81158ec8> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://prezi.com/z5ne8a_tec8a/elf-owl/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689490.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923052100-20170923072100-00423.warc.gz | en | 0.951222 | 1,015 | 2.90625 | 3 |
North Texas is one of the better places in the country to grow a diverse garden. The combination of mid- to upper-temperatures — without being too tropical — allows gardeners to grow a wide range of plants. The region does have some downsides, though — namely, the excessive summer heat and sudden winter ice storms. Because of these harsher conditions, it’s best to find plants that work well with the main weather phenomena, especially those plants that have been bred specifically for yards in the north part of the state.
North Texas has a wonderful climate for plants that attract and feed bees and butterflies, which are essential for pollination. Cercis canadensis var. texensis, or the Texas redbud, is a small tree or shrub that grows up to 20 feet high and provides abundant nectar for bees and butterflies. Rosemary (Rosemarinus officinalis) is another good pollinator that thrives in North Texas (even though it is a non-native plant), which also has the benefit of providing a great herb to add to dishes. Other good pollinators include the shrub Mahonia trifoliolata, sunflowers, lantana, phlox, purple coneflower, and many, many more.
Moon Garden Plants
The balmy summer nights in Texas are perfect for outdoor lounging and entertaining. Gardeners can add to the ambiance of their nightly gatherings by planting a moon garden filled with white- and silver-blooming plants that shine in the moonlight. Moonflower vine, appropriately enough, is a perfect plant for this garden, as are white lilies and daisies, and grasses like Japanese silver grass. The lights in your yard, when placed correctly, can also illuminate flowers in different colors, like four-o-clocks.
Don’t forget that the plants in your garden will often have to deal with triple-digit temperatures and unexpected droughts. Salvia farinacea — also known as a Henry Duelberg plant — is very heat- and drought-tolerant. Lacey oak (Quercus laceyi) and Chinkapin oak (Quercus muehlenbergii) are drought-tolerant native trees that you can plant. One thing to look out for with all drought-tolerant plants is moisture levels: ensure that these plants are placed in well-draining soil and are of a variety that can handle humidity without having too many fungal problems.
Rare Native Plants
Why not give some room in your garden to a rare plant? North Central Texas gardeners can plant the Texas gold columbine — a cultivated columbine that is derived from the very rare Hinckley’s golden columbine (Aquilegia chrysantha var. hinckleyana), and which grows in only one spot in Texas. The Texas gold variety is a beautiful perennial even when it isn’t blooming — and when it does bloom, it does so for months. This is a hardy plant that deserves more room in Texas gardens.
Who said your garden had to be all flowers? Texas has a very long growing season, despite the occasional ice storms. Many vegetables have two potential growing seasons per year, in spring and fall. Grow everything from beets and beans to tomatoes and turnips. Start small if you’re not used to handling vegetables, and maybe look at container gardens at first. But once you get the hang of it, make the transition to raised beds that can provide much of your vegetable intake for the year. Be aware that the heat and humidity in Texas can also promote pests, so be vigilant and look for varieties that are less susceptible to problems. Also take the time — if you’re near wooded or undeveloped areas — to erect fencing to keep out deer.
Citrus, Believe It or Not
The citrus trees you can plant in North Texas are no longer restricted to south Texas grapefruit. Several satsuma mandarins such as ‘Orange Frost’ have been created specifically for cold-hardiness (and deliciousness), so people in the northern part of the state have a chance to grow a wider variety of citrus. And, if you can create an appropriate microclimate in your yard that adds a little warmth, you can try several varieties of lemon, lime, kumquat, and orange.
In all of these categories, Texas gardeners have an advantage thanks to Texas A&M’s AgriLife Research, which has created several varieties of plants known as Texas Superstars. These varieties have been cultivated specifically to deal with the harsher temperatures of Texas, from the winter cold to the awful heat. Gardeners can choose from flowering plants to fruit trees and more; for example, Satsuma ‘Orange Frost’ and Texas gold columbine are both Superstars.
Your garden will look lush and productive during the day, but what about at night? Proper lighting from Creative Nightscapes can make your garden glow. Whether you want to showcase your moon garden or show off your columbines and redbuds, Creative Nightscapes can add appropriate lighting that provides you with a lovely landscape. | <urn:uuid:08468cfb-624e-4150-bb39-27e59038ee72> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://creativenightscapes.com/landscape-lighting/native-texas-plants/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376824119.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20181212203335-20181212224835-00408.warc.gz | en | 0.93663 | 1,082 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The federal government has less than one month until the United States falls off the so-called “fiscal cliff” of automatic tax hikes and deep spending cuts, which will occur on January 1 unless Congress agrees on a strategy to avoid the potential economic calamity.
The primary point of contention among members of Congress is that of balancing the budget through increasing tax rates on those who earn over $250,000 per year, limiting the amount of tax deductions, or a combination of the two. Democrats want to raise tax rates for the wealthy, while Republicans want to focus on closing tax loopholes and on capping the amount of deductions that Americans can take.
It is unclear if cutting back tax deductions alone would be an effective strategy. According to the Tax Policy Center, capping deductions at $50,000 per household would raise an extra $749 billion over a decade. That would be $300 billion more than the government would get from raising the top two income tax rates, as proposed by President Obama. Lower caps on deductions would raise even more.
What kind of long-term strategy might President Obama and Congress agree on before the Bush era tax rates expire in 2013? Are they letting cutthroat politics get in the way of our economic well-being?
Robertson Williams, senior fellow, The Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center | <urn:uuid:a100fc43-a1b6-41ce-9278-16af1eb1ee37> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.scpr.org/programs/airtalk/2012/12/03/29516/tax-deductions-101-everything-you-need-to-know-abo/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948579564.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20171215192327-20171215214327-00392.warc.gz | en | 0.963228 | 272 | 2.578125 | 3 |
I'm trying to understand Shakespeare's play, King Lear. Can you explain these quotes from Act 1, Scene 1?
I am sure my love's more ponderous than my tongue.
As the play opens, King Lear is getting ready to retire his reign of Britain. Vain and shallow, the aging ruler requires his three daughters to profess their adoration for him in order to claim any portion of his kingdom. Two of the daughters — Goneril and Regan — overflow with flattery. Cordelia, however, stays true to herself by keeping her words real and reserved, confident that the purity of her affection is more telling than sweet talk.
Nothing will come of nothing.
Honesty and absolute devotion escape Lear. He expects to hear flowery phrases in praise of his majesty and in declaration of his daughters' love. Cordelia continues to disappoint, even after the King warns that her silence will affect her inheritance.
Love is not love
When it is mingled with regards that stand
Aloof from the entire point.
Shakespeare introduces the disparity between true love and selfish pretenses early in King Lear. The egotistical king sets up an auction of sorts as he prepares to divide his kingdom. The daughter who raises her voice to the highest exaltation of her father wins good favor. Cordelia, unwilling to participate in the bidding, loses out in the bargain. Her decency does win the attention of the King of France, who seems to grasp the concept of incorruptible love. | <urn:uuid:1e6e8f1b-b087-4771-b97b-72e076ad4314> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.cliffsnotes.com/cliffsnotes/subjects/literature/im-trying-to-understand-shakespeares-playking-lear-can-you-explain-these-quotes-from-act-1-scene-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794868003.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20180527044401-20180527064401-00154.warc.gz | en | 0.96484 | 308 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Hi, I’m Emerald Robinson, and in this “What Is” video, we’ll answer the question, “What is Fire?”
Fire is scientifically defined as a chemical reaction that results in heat, light, and smoke. We call this type of chemical reaction “oxidative combustion,” that is, the reaction requires oxygen, and actively burns fuel. Fire is also an “exothermic reaction,” because it gives off heat.
When we think of fire, we picture a flame, a mass of burning ionized gas or vapor. If the flame is hot enough, it may ionize the gas into the state of matter known as plasma.
Pyrologists, scientists who study fire, have defined four conditions required for a fire to burn:
First, there must be fuel; Second, there must be oxygen. Third, there must be an initial source of heat to ignite the fire, and fourth, there must be conditions for a “chain reaction,” events that occur when a reaction’s products automatically start the reaction all over again. In fire, the key product is heat, which turns more fuel to vapor, enabling it to burn, which then produces more heat, and so on.
A fire’s “life cycle” has four phases:
• Ignition, when fuel, oxygen, and a source of heat combine and start the chemical reaction,
• Growth, which happens when the fire’s flames begin the chain reaction, igniting more fuel,
• Full development, when most of the fuel is being consumed, and
• Decay, which happens when the fuel is mostly consumed, the fire’s heat is decreasing, and the fire is “burning out.”
A fire is put out, or “extinguished” when one or more of the components is removed. For example, fire extinguishers remove the source of the oxygen by replacing it with carbon dioxide, while dumping water on a campfire removes its heat.
Fire can be destructive, but it’s been used by humans for almost a million years to cook our food, provide light and keep us warm. | <urn:uuid:2a1b239c-f708-40ee-bbdc-1bd2bcdd0986> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.redorbit.com/news/video/education_1/1112810935/what-is-fire/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500824970.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021344-00367-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929738 | 458 | 4.40625 | 4 |
Cylindrical Lapping Using Helilaps - Technical Article
Introduction To Cylindrical Lapping
Cylindrical Lapping is a two motion (rotation and reciprocation), low pressure, abrasive machining process which utilises a lapping tool along with an abrasive in a compound form. The lapping process results in stock removal ranging from a few Microns to several Tenths of a millimetre. Any desired surface finish can be achieved.
The following imperfections in cylindrical geometry can be corrected with helical laps:
- Correction of I.D. or O.D.
- Correction of out of round conditions
- Correction of bell-mouthed bores
- Correction of barrel-shaped bores
- Improvement in straightness of I.D. and O.D.
In addition to geometrical improvements, lapping can also provide:
- Improvement and refinement of surface finish quality
- Close tolerance accuracy at minimal cost compared to other finishing methods.
Cylindrical geometries that have been achieved with helical laps:
- 0.00014mm. roundness
- 0.00028mm. straightness
- Surface finish better than 0.025 Ra
Helical Laps are extremely versatile. They can be used on any machine with rotating spindle capacity, such as a drill, lathe or honing machine. Helical Laps can be used on virtually any material. Cast Iron, tool steel, carbide, stainless steel and ceramics are a few.
Internal Helical Laps are manufactured with radial grooves or without radial grooves. Radial grooves are advantageous in applications requiring stock removal greater than 0.01mm. Helical Laps without radial grooves are recommended for applications where the bore has interruptions or cross-holes. Expansion of internal Helical Laps is achieved by moving the lap (manufactured with tapered I.D) up an arbor which has a mating tapered O.D.
External Helical laps can be contracted by tightening an adjusting screw on the external lap holder. External laps are manufactured with either a straight or helical slot. Helical slots are most beneficial when lapping a shaft with a keyway. External laps should be shorter than the length of the O.D. being lapped, but long enough to span recesses or interruptions.
General Guidelines For Cylindrical Hole Lapping
These guidelines are intended to serve as an introduction to lapping
For most applications using a lap slightly longer than the bore length will be sufficient. Using the following rule will allow you to obtain the correct lap length:
LAP LENGTH = BORE LENGTH PLUS 30% OF THE BORE LENGTH
The fit between the lap and the part being lapped should be such that the part can be stopped from rotating with some effort by a firm grasp of the hand. The fit should be monitored at the beginning of each lapping operation and adjusted accordingly.
Lapping Compounds And Abrasives:
Please contact KEMET Int. Ltd for a recommendation regarding your particular lapping application. We offer a full range of lapping compounds and abrasives. The most popular being kemet diamond compound and sabre aluminium oxide compound.
100 to 300 RPM is acceptable for most applications.
When the fit between the lap and the workpiece does not meet the criteria previously established, an adjustment must be made. Make this adjustment by gently tapping the lap up the arbor taper with the use of a lap expander and a mallet until the appropriate fit is once again achieved. Checking the fit after each successive tapping is necessary to ensure that over expansion of the lap does not occur. If this does occur, it is recommended that a lap puller be used to bring the lap down to the desired size.
Dressing The Lap
For more difficult applications where dimensions of straightness and/or roundness less than 0.001mm are called for, it is recommended that an external lap be used to “dress” (lap) the outer diameter of the internal lap. The operation will remove any “high spots” on the lap. Doing so will ensure a higher degree of dimensional stability.
Correcting Common Types Of Geometrical Flaws
The illustrations below define these commonly encountered geometric shapes:
This characteristic shape is most likely the effect of a stroke length which is to long. This will cause the generation of a “high spot” on the central area of the lap. It is also possible that the fit between the lap and work piece is to loose.
Adjust the stroke. Dress the lap and adjust the fit as described in the “Lap Expansion” section. Ensure that the lapping abrasive is evenly distributed on the lap. Continue monitoring this until lapping is complete. Remove excess abrasive as required.
This condition is generally caused by too short a stroke length and inherently a build-up of abrasive on the ends of the lap. This causes the lap to wear excessively in the centre.
Correct the stroke length. Dress the lap to ensure straightness and roundness. Assure that no abrasive build-up appears on the ends of the lap and that the lap is uniformly covered with abrasive. The use of a clean cloth or paper towel is advised.
Taper (Either Direction)
Lap the component on the half of the bore with the smaller end of the taper until a bellmouth shape is achieved. Once this is done refer to the section above.
Blind Hole Lapping Technique
A “Blind Hole” can be defined by the illustration below:
For successful lapping of such a hole, it is required that these modifications be made;
- Remove the undercut (laps under 9/64” have no undercut on the End of the lap with the small inner diameter
- Remove the protruding portion of the arbor.
- Relieve the lap diameter.
“A” = less than 50% of the bore length unless you get uneven wear on the lap and an error in the bore being lapped
Blind bore lapping using modified lap and arbor
If the diameter of the through hole is large enough to accommodate the outer diameter of the arbor then no arbor modification is required.
A series of arbors with incremental increases in small-end diameters can be made to suit your application. This is desirable when a higher volume of pieces are to be lapped. This replaces an arbor-grinding modification.
Removing helilaps from their arbors
It is advisable to retract the lap after use. As the lap is made of high-grade cast iron, this will allow it to “relax” which increases the life of the lap itself.
It is recommended that the specially-designed retraction tool is used, as shown in Fig. 3. This will prevent any malformation of the arbor.
Spirally slotted lap with uniform lines of contact
The HELILAP, made of a good quality, close-grained, lapping iron has a tapered bore to enable it to slide on a high-tensile, hardened and ground steel arbor. When the lap is driven up the arbor, expansion occurs, and by utilisation of uniform points of contact around the circle, the roundness of bores and diameters can be held to extremely fine limits. Also, because the points of contact extend on the circle through the length of the lap, parallelism can be guaranteed. The lap will contract on being pulled down the slope of the arbor but this contraction is limited and care should be taken in selecting the correct lap size.
External lapping employs some of the same “rules of thumb” as internal lapping. However, there are fundamental differences.
The length of the lap should be less than the length of the workpiece. A shorter length lap is generally best when a higher degree of sensitivity is required by the operator. KEMET Int. Ltd would be pleased to recommend a particular length lap for your application.
When a shaft has two lands or any other interruptions, ensure the lap is long enough to span at least two lands. The illustration below may help to clarify.
The fit between the lap and work piece is critical. The fit should be such that the lap can be stopped from rotating with some effort by a firm grasp of the hand (abrasive already applied).
When dressing an internal lap, primarily stroke the “high spots”. Continue dressing the lap until a uniform resistance is felt throughout the entire surface. When lapping a work piece the stroke should completely traverse the piece. The lap should, at the end of the stroke, slightly overlap the ends of the work piece. Allowing the piece to exit the bore of the external lap will cause rounding of edges. | <urn:uuid:f03968f3-02c6-40a9-86f3-b2f86701de05> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://kemet.co.uk/blog/toolroom/cylindrical-lapping-using-helilaps-technical-article | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189031.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00643-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920211 | 1,844 | 2.625 | 3 |
In more than three years of work european scientists finally made future lighting technology ready to market.
They developed flexible lighting foils that can be produced roll-to-roll – much like newspapers are printed. These devices pave the path towards cheaper solar cells and LED lighting panels. The project named TREASORES was led by Empa scientist Frank Nüesch and combined knowhow from nine companies and six research institutes in five european countries.
In November 2012, the TREASORES project (Transparent Electrodes for Large Area Large Scale Production of Organic Optoelectronic Devices) started with the aim of developing technologies to dramatically reduce the production costs of organic electronic devices such as solar cells and LED lighting panels. Funded with 9 million Euro from the European Commission and an additional 6 million Euros from the project partners, the project has since then produced seven patent applications, a dozen peer-reviewed publications and provided inputs to international standards organisations.
New transparent electrodes and barrier materials
Most importantly, the project has developed and scaled up production processes for several new transparent electrode and barrier materials for use in the next generation of flexible optoelectronics. Three of these electrodes-on-flexible substrates that use either carbon nanotubes, metal fibres or thin silver are either already being produced commercially, or expected to be so as of this year. The new electrodes have been tested with several types of optoelectronic devices using rolls of over 100 meters in length, and found to be especially suitable for next-generation light sources and solar cells. The roll of OLED light sources with the project logo was made using roll-to-roll techniques at Fraunhofer Institute for Organic Electronics, Electron Beam and Plasma Technology (Fraunhofer FEP) on a thin silver electrode developed within the project by Rowo Coating GmbH. | <urn:uuid:93485c37-c0b4-4697-b56b-7e03b5a98ea1> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.learn.ca/tag/flexible-solar-cell/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719784.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00538-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931864 | 379 | 3 | 3 |
Staying motivated to lead a more healthful life can be difficult, what with fattening foods, television and laziness always tripping people up. But there may be another way to keep us on the right track: guilt.
Used for centuries by parents to keep their children in line, researchers wondered how guilt would factor in to inspiring people to stick to a more wholesome lifestyle. Researchers from the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine surveyed 100 male and female cardiology outpatients on their feelings about guilt, which was defined as "a negative feeling linked to a particular action and is viewed as separate from the individual; in other words, someone can see themselves as a good person who has done a bad action." Got that?
Here's what they found: Most study participants -- 65% -- said guilt supplied motivation to make lifestyle changes. This was linked with having children. Can't imagine why.
Among those surveyed, 66% had had a major cardiovascular event, and 21% of those people said they had feelings of guilt associated with their health. Half wished they had taken better care of themselves, but had no guilty feelings. | <urn:uuid:b2329e4e-7888-4994-ae1d-5e8759ddefc1> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://articles.latimes.com/2011/apr/05/news/la-heb-guilt-20110405 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500801235.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021321-00093-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.986906 | 230 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Shade the fractions of the shapes. Shade one-half. Shade three-quarters. And shade one-third.
In this problem, we’re given three different shapes. And each shape has been split into equal parts. We’re told to shade fractions of the shapes. And we’re given three different fractions to shade, half of the first shape, three-quarters of the second shape, and one-third of the final shape. Let’s go through each shape one by one.
The first shape has been split into four equal parts. So each part is worth a quarter. But we’re asked to shade a half, which is one out of two equal parts. How could we shade a half if the shape has been split into quarters? We need to shade two-quarters in, because two-quarters is the same as a half. There’s more than one way to answer this question. We could shade these two-quarters in or these two-quarters. And we could even shade a half like this. As long as we shade two-quarters, we’ve got the correct answer.
Now, let’s look at the second shape. We’re asked to shade three-quarters. We can see that the shape is split into four equal parts. So just like the first shape, it’s been split into quarters again. But this time, we are asked to shade a number of quarters. Three-quarters is the same as three out of four equal parts. Again, it doesn’t matter which three parts we colour in as long as we shade three out of four. Let’s shade in these three parts for now. We’ve shaded in three-quarters.
For the final shape, we’re asked to shade one-third. The shape has been divided into three equal triangles. Even though one of them is upside down, they are all the same size. So each triangle represents one-third. We need to shade one-third. That’s one out of three equal parts. So we need to shade in any one of these triangles. Let’s colour in this one. One out of three is the same as a third.
We’ve used our knowledge of fractions to help us answer the question. Remember, there’s more than one way to solve the problem. To shade half of the first shape, we need to shade any two parts because two-quarters is the same as one-half. To shade the second shape correctly, we need to shade any three parts. This will show three-quarters. And to shade the final shape correctly, we need to shade any one out of the three triangles. This is the same as one-third. If you have time, here’s a challenge for you. How many different ways can you find to answer this question correctly? Happy shading! | <urn:uuid:0244ff34-d6ea-42af-bf82-d0766c0ffcfa> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.nagwa.com/en/videos/570164879291/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146414.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200226150200-20200226180200-00424.warc.gz | en | 0.964187 | 608 | 4.34375 | 4 |
Art plays a crucial role in the healing process for patients and families at the Children's Hospitals & Clinics of Minnesota. Whether it's the one-on-one art therapy or the infusion of kid-friendly installations throughout the buildings, art helps to make the hospital more familiar and friendly for all who walk through the doors. The Arts & Healing program commissioned more than 700 pieces of art.Writing/Essay/Journal Children's Hospitals of St. Paul and Minneapolis use art as a healing tool for the patients and families that walk through their doors. Art provides a welcome distraction from what would otherwise be a sterile and maybe even scary hospital visit. Write about a time when you faced a scary situation and made it better by doing something to help you to “be in the moment” and forget about some of your stress. What did you do and how did it help? Activity One of the interactive art pieces at the Children’s Hospital is Supra Capsularia, which allows patients to create and deposit their own mini time capsules. Make your own time capsule out of a shoebox that represents who you are. Include some of the following information: family, culture, gender, hopes, fears, important experiences, goals, accomplishments, likes, and dislikes.
Air Date 4/26/14 | <urn:uuid:69749397-1196-4629-bef0-2e2f86d44f67> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.tpt.org/mn-original/profile/the-gallery-at-childrens-hospital/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247499009.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20190221031117-20190221053117-00217.warc.gz | en | 0.948198 | 267 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Butterflies in your stomach, feeling sick, dry mouth, quickened breathing, sweating? Sound familiar? Well if it does you are not alone.
Anxiety can be felt by anyone. In fact most recent statistics indicate that there were 8.2 million cases of anxiety in the UK (Mental Health Foundation 2013) and thats just those officially recorded. Globally the second most prevelent mental health issue was anxiety (depression being the first – will come to that in another blog) Global Burden of Disease 2013. As therapists, anxiety is something we work with a lot. Helping clients understand what anxiety is and how it effects them is important in coping with anxiety. A technique we teach to clients to help manage anxiety is Grounding, its really simple and very effective, a great tool to have up your sleeve.
So what is anxiety?
Basically anxiety is a primeval survival mechanism that alerts us to danger and helps us to deal with emergencies by preparing the body to “fight” or “flee” and is commonly known as the “fight / flight” response. Anxiety is what we can feel when are worried or afraid and is often linked to thoughts about things we think may happen immediately in a situation or things we think might happen in the future. Feeling anxious isn’t nice and for some it can be overwhelming and very frightening. Panic attacks are an extreme anxiety reaction are can be completly debilitating for the person experiencing them.
Triggers and symptoms
Anxiety and triggers can be as unique as the person experiencing them. There are however some common triggers that can influence anxiety difficulties – childhood difficulties such as experiencing a loss or separation, past experiences such as bullying or social exclusion. Current life stressors including financial problems, work pressures, exhaustion or being out of work. Physical illness such as living with a serious health condition or mental health problems such a depression can trigger anxiety as can taking certain drugs or medications. Typical symptoms include fast heart rate, sweating and hot flushes, nausea, pins and needles, trouble sleeping, jaw clenching and headaches and other body pains.
Grounding for anxiety
Grounding can be done at anytime, anywhere. You can ground standing, sitting or laying down. When you feel yourself becomming anxious – heart racing, feeling hot, racing thoughts………follow the steps described below and tame your anxiety.
1 STOP . You can say Stop in your head, out loud, see a stop sign etc – whatever works for you. You can literally stop what you are doing and stand with both feet on the ground, if you are sitting put both feet on the ground.
2 BREATHE. In through your nose and out through your mouth at a steady pace (if you need too, count in your head to 3 for breaths in and then the same for breaths out). Really focus on the feel and the sound of your breath, take all your focus to it. Do this 3 – 4 times or for as long as you feel you need to. This can be sufficient in helping to calm you down and refocus, however, you can also do step three too.
3 FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION. Keep your breathing steady and focus your mind , try any of the following…
* take your attention to your toes / feet, feel them in your shoes or on the floor, wiggle your toes
* carry a small item with you in your pocket like a pebble or cyrstal and focus your attention on it, the shape, texture, temperature etc
* look around you and focus on something and really study it, like a picture, flowers, a sign. Break them down and focus on the colours, shapes, items etc
* what can you hear? focus on the birds singing or the rain pit pating, or focus on your breath
* as you breathe in and out just allow your self to slow down or have a soothing mantra to use such as ” I am able to “cope” or “This will pass”
Allow yourself to just be in this space for as long as feel comfortable and then gently open your eyes and smile. Great stuff. Now go and enjoy your day!
For more information on anxiety visit our downloads page at humansense.online | <urn:uuid:80aed275-9a3e-4264-a531-23764e8768ba> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.humansense.online/2018/11/01/feeling-flighty-get-grounded/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506480.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923062631-20230923092631-00598.warc.gz | en | 0.961307 | 883 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Science… where would we be without it? Probably in church sacrificing goats. Well, relax goats! A bunch of us like to exercise reason these days. Like this little lot…
Cosmic Inflation… I consider myself a smart person but I had a hard time wrapping my head around this one. What I understood was that 380,000 years after the Big Bang, matter started to coalesce into clumps that would become stars and galaxies. This was as far back as we could go; however, earlier this year, a space probe helped to tell us what happened in the year directly after the Big Bang. Inflation reasons that the universe expanded faster than the speed of light and caused ripples in the fabric of Space-Time – where is Mr. Spock when you need him? It was these ripples that helped matter eventually form into clumps that would become stars and galaxies. Kinda trippy but also super interesting.
Why is the solar system flat? First I learned two things from this video: 1) The reason why the solar system is flat and 2) the planetary model for atoms is wrong. Mind blown. So back to the original question… the solar system is flat because of collision and three dimensions. When a star system is forming the cloud of matter is moving all around in the three dimensions but it is also spinning in a circular plane as well. It’s the collision of the different particles of matter that cancels out the energy of the up and down motion due to collision. On top of that there is a law of physics that says the total amount of spinning in a particular system always stays the same… hence… an almost flat disk of solar system-ness.
Which came first, the chicken or the egg? This question has been asked since the ancient times. I’ll give you the answer from this video… it’s the egg! But where did the egg come from? Well, long ago there was a species of proto-chickens. Two of them mated and because of genetic variances a chicken egg was formed which birthed the first chicken. Now it’s not really as easy as I’ve made it sound but there you go. Egg wins!
Why do bats carry so many diseases? This is actually pretty topical since the recent e-bola outbreak. I’ll break it down into as simple terms as I can. Bats fly and to fly they have to use an inordinate amount of energy, in extending this energy they leave themselves susceptible to all sorts of viruses. However, because of evolution bats have developed strong defenses to either kill off the viruses or at least keep them at bay. Every now and then a virus evolves to live through these batty defenses and because humans are constantly invading animals natural habitats it’s only natural that we’d expose ourselves to these viruses. Moral of the story… leave the bats alone.
How does coffee affect the brain? I write this as I’m chugging my second cup of morning joe. I had previous thought that the caffeine in coffee stimulates the brain… not so. The caffeine actually just inhibits the brain from up-taking the chemical that makes you drowsy. It’s really quite simple. Caffeine is also not as addictive as other drugs. The brain learns to balance out the intake of caffeine with dopamine produced in the body. When you quit caffeine full stop, the brain gets confused and cranky and then you have a headache. Don’t quit cold turkey.
How to break the speed of light? What? No! This is impossible! This is equal parts true and not true. Einstein’s theory of relativity still stands. Anything with matter can’t move faster than light but if you point a laser pointer at the moon and flick your wrist. The image of it travels 20 times faster than the speed of light because of the speed it’s moving across the face of the moon. It’s math that I won’t delve into partially because I last took a math class in 2002. So tonight go into your backyard and break the speed of light. I promise you won’t hurt Einstein’s feelings.
The science of orgasms. Being that this is a sex positive website, I thought it would be great to include this video in the post. We’re all aware of the physical sensations during an orgasm but also the part of the brain that regulates self-evaluation, reason, and control shuts off in both sexes. This also turns off fear and anxiety in conjunction with the body releasing chemicals related to pleasure, love, and bonding. Furthermore, directly after an orgasm, the body experiences a deep feeling of relaxation. In women, emotions are dampened causing a trance like state, and in men the aggression centers are hindered. So basically if more people started having sex, people would be more peaceful, leading to a better world. Go forth and have sex!
Higgs Boson! You probably remember hearing about this back in 2012. Well, what is it and what does it mean? In the simplest terms I can give… A particle gets more or less mass depending on how it interacts with the Higgs field (the thing that gives mass to subatomic particles). The Higgs Boson is the movement in this field. Are you following me? I hope so. It gets confusing but this video explains it pretty well and it’s in cartoons. Cartoons help you understand anything… even Higgs Bosons.
Common physics misconceptions. I’m mad. I’m mad because I was taught a set of knowledge in school and it turns out that it’s not necessarily correct. 1) Gravity’s source is not mass but a combination of energy and momentum, which in turn gives light gravity. Light gets bent when it passes by other objects and in turn that light attracts the matter it is passing by, however minuscule that attraction is. 2) Relativity. Velocities do not add up. Because of some complex math equation we now know that when two objects are moving at speeds relative to the ground you can just add them together. The difference is very small but it’s still a difference. I feel cheated. I really liked my physics teacher too.
Where did Earth’s water come from? Well, it came from the sky! When the solar system was forming the elements that make up water were far enough from the Sun to stay in a frozen state. A specific kind of meteor, which is really a frozen ice ball, came crashing into the Earth as it formed and brought all the water that we have today. That bottled water that you’re drinking… yeah, it came from around Uranus. Think about that for a second. | <urn:uuid:13afdb99-4ccc-4944-b234-8307854ac878> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.badoink.io/life/around-the-net/top-ten-science-videos/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280723.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00104-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959975 | 1,403 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Soil Erosion and Degradation Research Group (SEDER).
Departament de Geografia. Universitat de València. Blasco Ibàñez, 28, 46010, Valencia, Spain
Soil conservation and orchard production
Soil conservation is the key to maintaining the food production, soil sustainability, and the functionality of terrestrial ecosystems. However, chemical agriculture, based on synthetic chemical fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides, has led to soil degradation where soil quality became secondary to other agricultural factors, such as water, microclimate, and the variety of the crop. In too many instances soils are not properly managed, despite their key role in the functioning of terrestrial biogeochemical cycles, plant and animal nutrition, and the success of human societies. And one of those instances is chemically farming orchards.
Although soil erosion problems have been present in Spain since the Neolithic period due to human impact and enviromental conditions (droughts, high rainfall intensities, steep slopes), farmers developed agricultural systems to control the soil and water losses by means of terracing (García Ruiz, 2010).
Citrus production in Spain
Spanish citrus production has grown from sustainable management in the traditional orchards of alluvial plains and fluvial terraces of Júcar, Turia and Segura basin in Murcia and Valencia, to plantation on slopes without terraces. These new mechanized production systems have replaced the traditional production systems that were based on flood irrigation and dry farming on terraced hillsides.
New citrus plantations results in extreme erosion rates
The consequences of this new intensive monoculture of citrus plantation management and high chemical usage have been an increase in erosion rates, as demonstrated by the SEDER research group (www.soilerosion.com) (Cerdà et al., 2007; Cerdà and Jurgensen, 2008; Cerdà et al., 2009a; 2009b; 2009c). Soil erosion measured during a single rainfall event (180 mm day-1) resulted in soil erosion rates higher than 50 Mg ha-1 y-1. Deep rill and gully formation damaged the farms and the roads, with a high economic lost.
Most of these new orchards are located on slopes to avoid the frosts caused by temperature gradient inversions that often develop during the coldest days in winter. In addition, urbanisation of the traditional citrus production zones near the Mediterranean Coast (traditional flooding irrigation) has pushed the new orange orchards to steeper slopes in order to find cheaper land. These changes in land management and population distribution has resulted in the establishment of new orange, lemon and clementine orchards on steeper soils, which use drip-irrigation systems and the pumping of groundwater for summer irrigation. An example of this change in land use is the traditional “huertas” of the Júcar River and the Coastal Plain of Castellón, where the amount of agricultural land has decreased, while the area of citrus plantations in Valencia, Murcia and Huelva have increased (Cerdà and Doerr, 2007).
Citrus fruits are a crop of great economic importance in Spain, and one of the stalwarts of the economy in Valencia, which produced over 70 % of the total Spanish citrus crop in 1997-1998 (5,461,000 Mg). In addition, the area of land in citrus orchards has increased by 20 % since 1982 to 2002, and new non-registered citrus establishments likely double this figure. Other Mediterranean regions of Spain, such as Murcia and Andalucía, show similar increases as in the Valencia Region (MAPA, 2004). However, the new production system by means of monoculture on steep slope resulted in low prices of oranges in the market due to the over-production, a landscape change and extreme soil erosion rates.
Cerdà, A. & Doerr, S.H. 2007. Soil wettability, runoff and erodibility of major dry-Mediterranean land use types on calcareous soils. Hydrological Processes, 21, 2325. 2336. DOI: 10.1002/hyp.6755.
Cerdà, A. & Jurgensen, M.F. 2008. The influence of ants on soil and water losses from an orange orchard in eastern Spain. Journal of Applied Entomology-Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie. 132, 306-314. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0418.2008.01267.x.
Cerdà, A., Bodí, M. B. & Hevilla-Cucarella, E.B. 2007. Erosión del suelo en plantaciones de cítricos en laderas. Valle del riu Canyoles, Valencia. Agroecología, 2, 12-33.
Cerdà, A., Jurgensen, M.F. & Bodí, M.B. 2009a. Effects of ants on water and soil losses from organically-managed citrus orchards in eastern Spain. Biologia, 3, 527-531. DOI: 10.2478/s11756-009-0114-7.
Cerdà, A., Giménez-Morera, A. & Bodí, M.B. 2009b. Soil and water losses from new citrus orchards growing on sloped soils in the western Mediterranean basin. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 34, 1822-1830. DOI: 10.1002/esp.1889.
García Ruiz, J.M. 2010. The effect of land uses on soil erosion in Spain. A review. Catena, 81, 1-11. DOI: 10.1016/j.catena.2010.01.001.
González-Peñaloza, F.A., Cerdà, A., Zavala, L.M., Jordán, A., Giménez-Morera, A., & Arcenegui, V. 2012. Do conservative agriculture practices increase soil water repellency? A case study in citrus-cropped soils. Soil and Tillage Research, 124, 233-239. DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2012.06.015. | <urn:uuid:6675a2f8-53b8-493d-8bd5-e4b0155ed7c6> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://gsoil.wordpress.com/2012/12/25/the-impact-of-citrus-production-an-approach-from-the-soil-system/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864776.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622182027-20180622202027-00005.warc.gz | en | 0.847428 | 1,345 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Bamboo orchids (Arundina spp.) are so named because the tall stems look like bamboo and the flowers resemble the blooms of Cattleya orchids. The flowers are fragrant and attract butterflies and bees. The blooms appear intermittently throughout the year, with the heaviest blooming in the spring and summer. Bamboo orchids grow best in areas with lowest temperatures in the 40s Fahrenheit, although they can tolerate light freezes.
The flowers on bamboo orchids are white, pink, purple or mauve with yellow or purple lips. The blooms open one at a time from the top of the stems. Each flower is two to three inches across and lasts for three or four days. The plants have slender, grasslike leaves and grow five to eight feet tall. Small shoots or plants called keikis form at the base of the inflorescence. In the wild, the canes tip over onto the ground, and the keikis root to form a colony of plants.
Bamboo orchids are terrestrial orchids, also called ground orchids. Terrestrial orchids grow best in light, rich, organic soil. If you grow a bamboo orchid in a pot, use a potting mix of equal parts of fine fir bark, sphagnum moss and sand. Before planting a bamboo orchid outside, work partially decomposed pine bark, well-rotted compost and peat into the soil until the organic matter makes up 60 to 70 percent of the planting mix.
Place bamboo orchids near a window with bright light when grown indoors. The plants like at least 50 to 70 percent humidity, so mist the plants regularly. A bowl of water placed near the plant increases the humidity as the water evaporates. Outside, bamboo orchids need to be planted in well-drained soil amended with organic matter in an area that does not flood. The plants need sun, but grow better when shaded at noon. The plants should not be crowded and need to be protected from the wind. Do not let the soil dry out, whether in pots indoors or outside in the garden. The plants need rain or supplemental irrigation every three days. Spread a layer of mulch 3 inches deep around the plant, but do not let the mulch touch the stems. Apply an organic or slow-release fertilizer every six to eight weeks according to the manufacturer’s directions.
Increase your bamboo orchids by dividing the roots of the plant into several sections, with three or four growing stems per section. Cut the stems back by half and plant each section in a pot of planting mix or in the ground in an area that has been amended with organic matter. Another way to increase your bamboo orchids is to remove the keikis from the stems. Plant keikis with no roots in damp sand until roots grow at least two inches long. Plant keikis with roots in pots of planting mix until the roots are well established and new growth appears from the stems. Then plant in a larger pot of planting mix or in the ground in soil amended with organic matter. | <urn:uuid:f273a3d3-371f-446b-8c7e-be19f052c61c> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://homeguides.sfgate.com/soil-types-favored-bamboo-orchid-plant-77605.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945493.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20180422041610-20180422061610-00588.warc.gz | en | 0.933989 | 641 | 3.25 | 3 |
Curriculum At A Glance
| Reading |
- recognizes letters of the alphabet
- associates sounds with letters of the alphabet
- understands basic phonological/phonetic principles (ex., knows rhyming words, knows words that have the same initial and final sounds and
- blends individual sounds into words
- understands how print is organized and read (ex., locating print on a page, matching print to speech, knowing parts of a book, reading from top-to-bottom and left-to-right and sweeping back to left for the next line
- uses a variety of sources to build vocabulary (ex., word walls, other people and life experiences)
- develops vocabulary by discussing characters and events from a story
- uses strategies to comprehend text (ex., retelling, discussing, asking questions, using illustrations and sequences of events)
- knows the main idea or essential message from a read-aloud story or informational piece
- selects materials to read for pleasure
counts, reads and writes numerals to 10 or more and counts backwards from 10 to 1
knows that cardinal numbers indicate quantity and ordinal numbers indicate position
uses language such as before or after to describe relative position in a sequence of whole numbers
compares 2 or more sets (up to 10) and identifies which set is equal to, more than or less than.
uses concrete materials to represent whole number and fractional parts of a whole (ex., one-half and one-fourth)
counts orally by 1s, 2s, 5s, and 10s using concrete materials, pictures and hundred chart to show the concept of numbers
demonstrates and describes the effect of putting together and taking apart sets of objects
creates, acts out with objects, and solves number problems
estimates the number in a set and verifies by counting
builds models to show that numbers are odd or even
- measures and communicates length, distance and weight of objects using nonstandard, concrete materials
- describes the concepts of time, temperature and capacity
- uses direct and indirect comparison to sort and order objects
- uses uniform, nonstandard units to estimate and verify by measuring length and width of common classroom objects
- knows and compares the value of a penny, nickel, dime, and quarter
- knows measurement tools and uses them for length, weight, capacity and time
- The student…
- knows and sorts 2-dimensional shapes (ex., circles, squares and triangles) and 3-dimensional objects (ex., cubes and cones)
- recognizes and creates symmetrical figures
- knows the attributes of circles, squares, triangles and rectangles
- identifies simple patterns of sounds, physical movement and concrete objects
- classifies and sorts objects by color, shape, size, kind and which do not belong in a group
- predicts, extends and creates patterns
- knows that symbols can be used to represent missing or unknown quantities (ex., fill in the missing number in 5, 6, _ , 8)
- Data Analysis & Probability
- The student…
- knows how to display answers to simple questions involving two categories or choices using concrete materials or pictures on a graph or chart
- interprets data in pictorial or concrete materials (ex., pictures on a graph or chart)
- interprets data in pictorial or concrete graphs
- uses concrete materials, pictures or graphs to show range and mode
- knows if a given event is more likely, equally likely, or less likely to occur
Ideas for Helping Your Child at Home
- Make flash cards for upper and lower case letters and practice them daily OUT OF ORDER.
- Take your child to the library to get a library card and choose books.
- Talk, sing, listen and read to your child every day.
- Put letters in a bag and have your child reach for a letter and say the sound. Have him/her reach in for another letter. If your child does not know a sound, say the sound and put it back in the bag. Count how many sounds they can do in a minute.
- Write a note each day to put in your child’s lunch box or on your child’s pillow.
- Read a nursery rhyme. Reread leaving out the last word of every other line of the rhyme for your child to say.
- Allow your child to help you sort the groceries before putting them away (canned goods, boxes or items that need refrigeration).
- Have a bag of various objects. Have your child sort by size, then shape, color, texture, etc.
- Practice counting orally to 100 by 1s, 2s, 5s and 10s using a hundred chart
Kindergarten Sight Words- write, read, and spell the following:
I a to see my like and go the is here said have play are she he for
Kindergarten Word Families- write, read, and spell the following:
-at cat, bat, sat, fat, mat, rat
-an can, ban, fan, tan, man, ran, Nan
-it fit, mit, pit, sit, hit, bit, kit
-ig fig, pig, wig, jig, big, dig
-ug bug, tug, rug, pug, dug, mug
-ut cut, nut, rut, hut, but
-et pet, wet, met, get, set, net
-en pen, ten, hen, men, Ben, Ken
-ox box, fox, lox, pox
-ot not, hot, got, pot, dot | <urn:uuid:983f4090-dc1c-424b-86f9-388293410673> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | https://www.ocps.net/lc/southeast/enp/AC/kindergarten/Pages/default.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131305143.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172145-00265-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.88334 | 1,168 | 4.5625 | 5 |
Updated 11 Oct 2019
Traditional means of navigating are dependent upon a magnetic compass to indicate direction and a sextant to fix the position of the ship. Both instruments have limitations but skilled navigators have been using them successfully for centuries before and after the invention of alternatives such as the gyrocompass and GPS.
A sextant is used to measure the angle between the horizon and a celestial body such as the Sun or the Pole Star. Once the angle is determined it can be used to determine the latitude of the ship. Measuring the longitude involves measuring the angle between two celestial bodies at a any specific time. Before the advent of modern systems such as GPS, the use of sextant depended upon a means of determining the exact time. Until marine chronometers were developed in the 18th century there was no accurate means of determining time and therefore the longitude of the ship was something of guesswork.
A chronometer capable of receiving time signals is still required equipment on ship and in the IMO’s guidelines for bridge layout it is suggested that it be at the documentation and planning workstation on the bridge. In practice, GPS or any other satellite navigation system has superseded the use of sextants for determining position and the need to determine the exact time no longer exists.
Although there is still a requirement under SOLAS for a ship to have a magnetic compass there is no longer a mention of a sextant. There is however a requirement under STCW for navigators to be able to perform celestial navigation which would most definitely involve the use of a sextant. Many navigators and some ship operators will ensure that a sextant is available on board for use in emergencies such as a power failure which would take out the gyrocompass and the GPS, or a loss of the GPS signal which could result from jamming or GPS satellite malfunctions.
This very short description of celestial navigation may seem dismissive of methods that have been used for centuries by commercial vessels and which is still seen as a desirable skill by leisure navigators and indeed many commercial and military navigators, but it has been superseded on the modern ship by satellite positioning systems.
Satellite Positioning Systems
Navigating is defined as the process or activity of accurately ascertaining one’s position and planning and following a route. Except when in port or sight of land, the first is very difficult and without knowing the exact position of a ship to begin with, navigation is impossible beyond sailing in a general direction. Accurate navigation requires a means of determining a ship’s exact position and direction at all times and under all conditions.
Before the advent of satellite navigation systems such as GPS, most vessels were required by SOLAS to be equipped with a radio direction finder (RDF) for determining exact position at sea. RDF systems such as Decca Navigator and LORAN-C make use of radio signals transmitted from a series of shore-based radio stations. The signals would be on different frequencies allowing triangulation to be used when two or more (preferably three) signals were received and identified by the equipment on board ship.
Unlike the satellite systems that replaced them, RDF technology was not available outside of the radio range of the transmitters. However, since precise location and direction is needed most during approach to land and ports this was not a major shortcoming, except perhaps for giving the vessel’s position during emergencies.
The requirement to install RDF systems was dropped from SOLAS at the turn of the century but there are moves to re-instate the technology as a standby in case of satellite system malfunctions.
Satellite navigation has caused a revolution in marine navigation and feeds in to so many modern systems including ECDIS, AIS and the latest gyrocompasses. It is also an essential technology in making dynamic position possible. The most commonly-used satellite system is GPS but there are alternatives. Currently the only functioning alternative with any pedigree is the Russian GLONASS system. The European Galileo system was due to reach Full Operational Capability (FOC) in 2019 but has suffered problems and looks to be delayed. The UK’s impending departure from the EU could also see the UK withdrawing from the project and establishing its own system instead.
The Chinese BeiDou system is another that aims to rival GPS. It was first commissioned on a local basis in 2000 and the first generation system decommissioned at the end of 2012. The second generation of the system, officially called the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) and also known as COMPASS or BeiDou-2, became operational in China in December 2011 with a partial constellation of 10 satellites in orbit. Since December 2012, it has been offering services to customers in the Asia-Pacific region.
In 2015, China started the build-up of the third generation BeiDou system (BeiDou-3) for global coverage constellation. The first BDS-3 satellite was launched on 30 March 2015 and there are now 46 satellites in orbit.
Since late 2018, discussions have been taking place between Russia and China with the aim of co-operating on satellite positioning technology. In September 2019, the two countries announced they will soon put in place an agreement involving their respective satellite navigation systems, aiming to promote the compatibility and interoperability of the BeiDou and GLONASS systems. It is said that the resulting service will have more accurate positioning and be more robust than the US GPS system.
Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS)
DGPS is an enhancement to Global Positioning System that provides improved location accuracy, from the 15m nominal GPS accuracy to about 10cm in case of the best implementations. DGPS uses a network of fixed, ground-based reference stations to broadcast the difference between the positions indicated by the satellite systems and the known fixed positions.
The first reference stations were established by US and Canadian authorities but a number of commercial DGPS services are now available. These services sell data (or receivers for it) to users who require better accuracy than GPS offers. Almost all commercial GPS units, even hand-held units, now offer DGPS data inputs.
Satellite navigation systems have transformed navigation at sea as well as on land and in the air but are not infallible. More importantly they are not commercial systems but are controlled by state actors. GPS for example is controlled by the US military and, although it is currently made freely available, the system can be turned off or its accuracy degraded by the US authorities. A similar situation exists with the alternatives from Russia, China and the EU.
The system is also not immune from jamming and atmospheric interference. The issue of jamming has become very topical with the discovery that readily-available $10 gadgets can be used to disrupt the GPS system over localised areas. So far there have not been many examples of this being done maliciously but the possibility cannot be ruled out. It has been claimed that the tanker Stena Impero impounded by Iran in July 2019 was fooled into straying into Iranian waters by interference with its GPS systems.
GPS jamming or spoofing are both factors that many believe should be addressed by manufacturers as the shipping industry addresses concerns over cyberattacks.
A non-malicious and natural danger to the safety of navigation is the fact that solar flares and mass corona ejections could knock out many of the satellites needed for GPS and other systems to function.
LORAN and eLoran as GPS alternatives
In recognition of the potential problems with GPS some countries are re-introducing an improved LORAN system. Enhanced Long Range Navigation (eLORAN), is the next generation of LORAN and has a reported accuracy near that of conventional GPS positioning in coast-wise and harbour applications and uses the infrastructure that is already in place.
Its effectiveness is a result of solid-state transmitters, advanced software applications and uninterruptible power sources, along with a new generation of shipboard receivers. Because the signal is much more powerful than GPS, eLORAN is not nearly as susceptible to jamming.
An eLORAN receiver gets its location information by measuring the arrival times of the pulses of at least three eLORAN stations. Using the measured timing values, the user is able to determine latitude and longitude of the receiver’s position and its time with reference to universal time (UTC).
With conventional LORAN the absolute accuracy of the latitude/longitude position is a function of effects to the signal passing over irregular terrain. These deviations from modelled propagation are known as Additional Secondary Factors (ASFs).
By measuring and mapping the ASFs, and adjusting the measured arrival times accordingly, the user’s position accuracy of 20-50m can be achieved. By using Differential eLORAN techniques, the position accuracy can be further improved to the order of 10m.
In early 2013, The General Lighthouse Authorities (GLAs) of the UK and Ireland announced that ships in the Port of Dover, its approaches and part of the Dover Strait can now use eLORAN technology as a backup to GPS. The ground-based eLORAN system provides alternative position and timing signals for improved navigational safety.
The GLAs’ plan was to extend their current trials and to continue building a European consensus in favour of eLORAN and to prepare for the introduction of eLORAN services in 2018. However, it would appear that potential European partners are less keen and on 31 December 2015, eight European LORAN stations in France, Norway, Denmark and Germany were decommissioned although they have been mothballed in case of a rethink of the decision.
However, in the Netherlands, a local company Reelektronika has, on request of the Dutch Pilots Corporation, developed and successfully tested Enhanced Differential LORAN (eDLORAN). The company said in January 2014 an accuracy of 5m was achieved at sea and in the Rotterdam Europort harbour area. A complete test system has been implemented that includes the eDLORAN reference station and the eDLORAN receiver for the pilots. New equipment for vessels using the system has been developed and released in 2017.
The US also has most of the infrastructure in place to initiate eLORAN without much delay and Russia and China also have LORAN systems that can be upgraded. The Russian system is commonly referred to as Chayka rather than LORAN but operates on the same principles. In December 2014, the US Department of Defense (DoD) decided to investigate future possibilities and in January 2015 invited tenders for possible supply of some 50,000 eLORAN receivers. The DoD is looking at both stand-alone eLORAN receivers and receivers that integrate eLORAN and GPS. More specifically they are looking for data on the size, weight, power and cost of eLORAN receivers designed for maritime, aviation, vehicular and timing applications.
In June 2015, a US Coast Guard LORAN mast in Wildwood NJ was reactivated for a year-long demonstration and research eLORAN project. Its signal is receivable at distances of up to 1,000 miles. As well as maritime uses, the US believes that eLORAN can provide navigation for drones in its airspace. The project involves two engineering companies, UrsaNav, a supplier of eLORAN technology, equipment and services, and Harris (which recently acquired Exelis), provide funding and technology for the tests supported by the USCG, Department of Defense, Department of Homeland Security and other federal agencies under a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement.
Elsewhere, regular jamming of GPS signals by North Korea is alleged by the government in South Korea. In 2015 it was announced that this had prompted the South Korean government to implement an eLORAN system that will cover the entire country. The goal of the South Korean system is to provide better than 20m positioning and navigation accuracy over the country. The South Korean government hopes to expand coverage to the entire Northeast Asia in close collaboration with Russia and China in the near future. India and Saudi Arabia are also said to be interested in the technology. | <urn:uuid:b1d896f6-a45b-4f06-82bd-c08d92eba2c4> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://shipinsight.com/guides/position-fixing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987795403.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20191022004128-20191022031628-00409.warc.gz | en | 0.96471 | 2,505 | 3.65625 | 4 |
The player who throws the first two stones in a curling team is called the lead. This position is crucial to the success of the team, as they are responsible for getting play off to a good start. If the lead stones aren’t played well, this can change the entire team’s strategy for the rest of the end. As well as throwing the first two stones, a lead needs to be a strong sweeper as they will be brushing for each of the other player’s shots.
As the lead throws the stones at the start of an end, there usually aren’t many stones in play for them to have to navigate. However, the placement of lead stones still need to be precise in order to ensure the second, vice, and skip have the best chance to make their shots.
A lead will very rarely throw takeouts, as any guards cannot be removed at this stage due to the free guard zone, and the house will often be empty this early in an end. Instead, their main shots will be to setup their team by drawing behind opposition guards or placing guards of their own. However, there are three specialty shots for leads that they may throw late in a game…the tick shot, the throw-through, and the peel of shame!
Beyond setting up each end for their team, leads also have other responsibilities. In club curling, it is usually the lead who meets with the opposition before the game to decide the hammer. Then of course, the lead will sweep for their teammates as they throw stones three through eight. While sweeping they will likely use a stopwatch to time stones, and to keep track of the ice.
Together with the second, the lead forms the “front-end” of the team. They will be working together the most often, and their relationship is critically important if a team are to be successful. This front-end duo need to be strong sweepers and develop a great chemistry, constantly discussing the ice conditions and communicating them with the skip.
There is sometimes a stigma in curling that because the lead throws first they are the worst player, or the least important in a team. This could not be further from the truth, as without a good lead it is very difficult to win a curling match. Leads are given the responsibility of throwing two great shots to set the team up for the rest of the end, and their sweeping and knowledge of the ice can make all the difference to the shots thrown by their teammates.
For more on curling terminology, visit our glossary page!
Hopefully you might like to come and give curling a try.
For a one-off session, visit our Try Curling page to book a two hour session for yourself, or bring friends and family.
Alternatively, you could book a place on one of our Learn To Curl courses which run over a series of 4 weekly two hour sessions. | <urn:uuid:bfd4d9dc-b73c-4695-a55a-dfe530abac98> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | http://www.secc.rocks/2021/12/learn-to-curl-lead/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104597905.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220705174927-20220705204927-00522.warc.gz | en | 0.977699 | 598 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Tuesday, February 07, 2012
Austria's crown jewels offer a unique insight into medieval Europe
The crown almost certainly once graced the head of the first German emperor Otto I more than 1,000 years ago. For hundreds of years it has been one of the most potent symbols of the Holy Roman Empire, the German kingdom which stretched across most of Central Europe.
Today it rests together with the other Austrian crown jewels behind reinforced glass in the Imperial Treasury or 'Schatzkammer' at the Hofburg palace in the Austrian capital Vienna.
'Around 280,000 visitors come here every year,' said Anja Priewe who works for the marketing department of the city's tourist authority. Tourists flock to see the imperial regalia but few of them take the time to look closely at particular objects.
Click here to read this article from Monsters and Critics | <urn:uuid:7bc82c0d-c373-4f7d-a7f8-3fd736f20604> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://medievalnews.blogspot.com/2012/02/austrias-crown-jewels-offer-unique.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886104565.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818043915-20170818063915-00683.warc.gz | en | 0.932675 | 176 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Printing emerged in Mainz, Germany, with Johannes Gutenberg’s invention of the printing press in the 1450′s, and spread across Europe with remarkable speed. In 1470 there were fourteen printing houses on the continent. By 1480 more than a hundred. From Germany printing moved almost immediately into France and Italy. It arrived in Holland in 1472, Belgium in 1473, Spain in 1474 and finally reached England in 1477.
The printing press proved to be a critical factor in moving Europe out of the ages of Medievalism, setting in motion the accelerated progress in art, literature, and learning known as the Renaissance.
The Incunable Era
The so-called Incunable Era (ca. 1450-1500 AD) represents the decline of illuminated manuscripts and the beginning of printed books using metal type. It was such a vast departure from the hand copying of books that the improvements it provided placed the art of illuminated manuscripts into extinction as demand for the new printed books increased. A generic term coined by English book collectors in the seventeenth century, Incunabula (plural) and Incunabulum (singular) is a Latin term meaning “in the cradle.” It refers to books printed before 1501, during the “infancy” of printing.
Within the 45 years that the Incunable era spanned, tens of thousands of books were printed. This meant that knowledge was suddenly available at a fraction of the cost of a handwritten book, which spurred literacy and furthermore challenged the power held by the church and ruling elite.
The printed book arrived along with an emerging middle class of tradesman and artisans rising in social, political, and economic power. The new explosion of knowledge, coupled with the emerging humanist world view of the Renaissance, swept away the intellectual darkness of the Middle Ages.
During the Incunable Era many of the traditions of the old book arts still continued. Often, print masters would decorate incunabulum by hand with flourishing letters and other embellishments. All illustrations from this period were also prepared from wood block prints hand engraved by skilled artists.
The first Incunabulum is generally considered to be the Gutenberg Bible of 1455.
Honouring the legacy of Gutenberg’s creation, the Paperblanks Gutenberg collection display facsimile versions of the illuminated pages of the 1455 masterpiece. | <urn:uuid:d11cf8bb-d65a-4a1a-88d5-5131dcd6ee4e> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://blog.paperblanks.com/2012/02/the-incunable-era/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394021384410/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305120944-00016-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942946 | 490 | 4.28125 | 4 |
Futures Underlying Contracts divide into two general underlying asset categories: commodities and financials. Each category splits into separate individual asset subcategories. Commodities are bulk physical assets. Financial futures are based on underlying assets trading in the marketplace. Currency futures are based on monetary denominations of various nations, and the trade which connects them. Futures contracts are used to secure future prices in advance. Contracts also secure the quality of an asset to be delivered if they have discernible quality grades. Physical contracts are often defined in grades, such as differing strains of foods or differing production qualities.
Commodity Futures Division
Commodity Futures divide into three general categories: Agricultural, Energy, and Metals. These categories further divide into separate classifications.
Agricultural Futures are traded at many exchanges, and are a major future market division. Contracts are heavily used by farmers and industry producers to control future prices received for their goods in the open market. Crops, due to disasters or pests, can come in a wide number of qualities. Even at the same quality level, there are substantial varieties between goods. Just think of how many types of grapes and apples you can purchase at a single grocery store. Futures allow for both quality and crop category control. If a deliverer cannot meet specific quality requirements, they may substitute a higher end or lower end good. The prices charged via the contract will be raised or reduced accordingly. Contracts are also useful for producers, retailers, restaurants, and other receivers to specify their delivery point. Futures may allow purchasers to prepare their supply chain by specifying or identifying delivery locations. Agricultural futures categories include Cocoa, Coffee, Concentrated Juices, Corn, Livestock varieties, Soy, Sugar, and Wheat.
Energy Futures trade products used to generate power and fuels. Energy contracts are actively traded to secure prices and supply chains which are otherwise easily interruptible. These contracts are a necessary resource for avoiding price shocks. Many oil nations are in geopolitically unstable areas. Securing prices and supply with futures is essential for crucial energy resources. Energy futures categories include coal, crude oil, electricity, ethanol, natural gas, nuclear, solar, and wind. Sources which are not deliverable, like wind, are often settled in cash. Their profit and loss is determined by reported rates versus average rates, and the difference’s implied effects on production capacity.
Futures with precious and common metals as the underlying asset are heavily traded. This market can be volatile due to geopolitical and production concerns. Precious metals are often used to store value when calamity hits equity markets. Metals have readily accessible market values, while equities are based on far more abstract estimations of corporate future cash flows. Metal futures can be used to secure prices before geopolitical or economic concerns result in price increases. Producers can use futures to secure a steady supply of gold in the future at current prices to ensure any unseen incident does not disrupt their supply or expenditures. Metal futures traders have the luxury of not being concerned with local production grades. Unlike agricultural futures, mined ores and alloys are refined to purity standard before reaching the financial marketplace. Metal futures categories include Aluminum, Copper, Gold, Nickel, Palladium, Platinum, Silver, Steel, and Zinc. Most alloys are manufactured from these combinations, with a notable exception being steel, which is so widely used it trades its own futures. All of these metals are commonly used for industry purposes; others have previously been used as currency and are still seen as viable for value preservation in market crashes.
Financial Futures Divisions
Financial Futures divide into multiple categories. These futures have financial instruments as their underlying asset. Commodity futures used to be the major category, but financial futures have slowly overtaken them as the primary futures market. Financial Futures include currency, equity, index, interest rate, and transportation futures.
Currency Futures are commonly established by institutional participants within the foreign exchange marketplace. Currency futures allow investors to guarantee future exchange rates today. One of the currency pairs is almost always the American Dollar, due to its high usage in foreign exchange markets. Currency values change regularly due to geopolitical, economic, business, and natural events. Currency futures give investors the ability to secure a specific amount of coinage in trade for another before events disrupt or improve exchange rates.
Equity Futures are contracts with shares as their underlying investment. They are only transacted on shares which have very active trading. If the share’s trading volume or liquidity cannot support futures trading, there will not be a futures contract available for that asset.
Transportation Futures are used to control shipping rates and secure freight shipping. The price of transporting commodities heavily affects expenses for producers, refiners, manufacturers, and retailers. Reducing these costs by securing rates in advance and hedging against future rate increases lowers production costs.
Index Futures use financial indexes as their underlying assets. The buy side or sell side position is taken based on expectations that index price levels will rise or fall by the delivery date. The purchase of index futures bet the index price will rise. Sell-side positions bet the index price will fall.
Interest Rate Futures
Interest Rate Futures are used to hedge against interest changes. Interest rates adversely affect multiple asset categories; futures can provide profits from interest rate movements via buy or sale positions. This profit offsets potential risks created by rate changes. Interest rate futures are created in both long and short terms. Speculators often use futures to acquire profit from interest rate changes while avoiding direct bond or treasury trading.
Weather Futures are one of many odd future categories. The future’s contract depends on average weather conditions for a defined time period in relation to contract values. They can be measured in wind, precipitation, occurrences, temperature, or other measurements. Weather futures are heavily traded due to their impact on commodities. Inclement weather conditions can easily ruin commodity production cycles, especially in agriculture.
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International Economic Analysis:
- Major Currency Economic Summaries
- Performance of Major Imports and Exports
- Mandates of Central Banks versus Expectations
- Performance Indexes of Major Economies
- Economically Correlated Currency Projections
- Large Funds Currency Sentiment Readings
- List of Technical Indicators to Look For
- Occasional: Foregin Exchange Technicals Markups
American Markets Analysis:
- Summaries of American Economic Structure
- Performance of Major
- Federal Reserve Mandate versus Expectations
- Performance Indexes of U.S Economy
- Economically Correlated U.S Dollar Projections
- Large Trading Fund Index Sentiment Readings
- Market Wide Earnings Versus Valuations
- Fundamental Ranking of U.S Business Sectors
- Best and Worst Future Consensus Estimates
- Occasional: Firm Fundamental Strength Report
- List of Technicals to Look for While Trading
Investment and Finance, Serviced by Amazon
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The page you requested could not be found. Try refining your search, or use the navigation above to locate the post. | <urn:uuid:d11b91b8-a8fd-4231-ba6d-64db60c68384> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://wealthce.com/curriculum/futurescommodity/futures-underlyings/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655890105.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20200706042111-20200706072111-00297.warc.gz | en | 0.90113 | 1,468 | 3.296875 | 3 |
We begin their tale in the middle by focusing on a most unusual circumstance. Recorded in the Atchison county Missouri marriage book A, pg 109, in an identical fashion to all white newlyweds, we see “at the home of Alfred Kime, . . . Elijah, a black servant belonging to Alfred* Graves . . . and Mariah, a black servant belonging to Alfred Kime . . . were by me joined together with their mutual consent in the bonds of wedlock.” This was on 6 September 1857, by Samuel T Page, an elder of the Christian Church at Madison Creek. Alfred Kime and Caroline Kime signed as witnesses.
Very few marriages of slaves were recognized in this manner. It was so uncommon, that after the end of the civil war, when Missouri passed a law to recognize all slave marriages, Elijah & Mariah participated in that process, and so their children were also listed; Dixie, Ellin, George D, Mary Ann, & Sharlotty. That document is the only place I’ve found Dixie.
In another less common action, Elijah Graves became part owner of a parcel of land in February 1869, of land that was less than 2 miles from the farm where he and Mariah had married. It was there we find Elijah, Maria with children Ellen, George, Mary, & Charlotte Graves in the 1870 census for Tarkio township, Atchison county, Missouri. (The other owner was Donald T Seigel, and Andy Seigel, a mulatto, was farming next to them. I haven’t found a connection as yet.) But after three farming seasons, they sold the land in October of 1871. We might guess they moved at that time. The family is NOT in the 1876 Atchison county state census, and the Nodaway county census isn’t digitized, and in fact appears to no longer exist.
By the 1880 census, Elijah, Maria, George D, Mary A, & Charlotte Graves are living in the town of Marysville, Nodaway county, Missouri. Elijah was working as a laborer, but both Mary & Charlotte had been attending school. Ellen has left the household as well.
But then the trail runs cold. Where did they go? Other former slaves from Atchison county moved north into Fremont county Iowa, or even further north in Iowa, or crossed over to Nebraska City. Some moved south to St. Joseph or Kansas City. But with a 20 year gap between the 1880 and the 1900 census, the chances are high their family had marriages and births and deaths, and searching has been thus far fruitless.
So perhaps we need to look farther backward, at their slaveholders. In 1860, Mariah & Elijah, while legally married, were owned by different people. Aaron Graves and Alfred Kime lived close enough to each other in Tarkio township, Atchison county, Missouri that in the 1860 census, they were enumerated right after each other. Their slaves were also listed one right after the other in the 1860 Atchison county Slave Schedule. AS Graves had four slaves, including a mulatto male age 25, that matches up with the 1870 & 1880 Elijah. Alfred had only one slave, a black female age 25, that corresponds to Mariah. Neither slaveholder listed any young children, which makes us wonder when Dixie was born. Based on the normal spacing of a marriage & childbirth, I’d expect her to have been born about 1858. But there is no evidence of Dixie on the slave schedule. (I assume the Slave Remarriage document listed the kids in age order, oldest to youngest – that holds true for the rest of the kids.)
Mariah’s ownership is fairly clear. The wife of Alfred Kime was Caroline Farmer before her marriage. When her father, Jeremiah Farmer died in 1855, his will specified that Caroline Kime and her two brothers would each get an equal share of the estate, for the other siblings had already been given the bulk of their share. (Jeremiah is very helpful is naming nearly everyone of his heirs, even if he only gives them a small amount.) While we don’t have any sale or record of division of the estate that includes slaves, Jeremiah’s inventory had “a black girl named Mariah, and a black boy named Jesse.” Those are surely the same as the 1850 Atchison county Slave Schedule, where Jeremiah had just two slaves, an 18 yo female, and a 15 yo male. His family was living near various relatives and in-laws in Atchison county. In 1840, it appears Jeremiah was on the Platte county Misssouri census, and was NOT a slave owner at that time. I haven’t found any wills or other records that would detail how Jeremiah acquired Mariah & Jesse.
Mariah stated in 1870 that she had been born in Missouri, but in 1880 said she had been born in Kentucky.
Elijah’s path to Atchison county is not completely clear. His owner, Aaron S Graves, lived in Marion county, Kentucky, as recorded in the 1850 census and owned 3 slaves in the 1850 Marion county KY Slave Schedule. My best guess is that at least the two youngest slaves, Elijah and unidentified female are in both the 1850 & 1860 census schedules as property of Aaron Graves, but the age is off one way or the other. (The persons in the 1850 slave schedule BOTH have a birth date that would have aged only 4 years in the 10 between the enumerations.) I strongly suspect that the reported ages in the 1850 were not accurate, because it is a known problem (even today) of young people of African-American descent being thought older than they were. While Aaron could have bought & sold slaves, as a small slaveholder, and having a young family, it seems less likely he had the money to do that. But it is possible. One of the most common routes to slave ownership for small farmers was inheritance. Aaron’s father-in-law, John Montgomery died in Kentucky and his slaves were sold 1 January 1850 – however none were purchased by Aaron Graves. Aaron’s father James Graves lived until 1865, and also moved from Kentucky to Missouri, along with multiple other family members. Many went to Nodaway county, where we see James & his son Richard listed as owners of 12 slaves in 1860. There is a high likelihood that Elijah was related to some of the slaves of his owner’s father, brothers, & uncles, which may explain why Elijah moved his family to Maryville, in Nodaway county between 1871 & 1880.
Although we are not positive about Elijah’s whereabouts in 1850, what IS certain, however, is that Elijah reported in 1870 & 1880 that he was born in Kentucky.
This family of former slaves remained in Atchison county longer than either of their slaveholders. By 1865, Alfred & Caroline Kime had moved to Nebraska City, but couldn’t have taken Mariah along to a free state. Alfred Kime remained in eastern Nebraska for the rest of his life, where both Caroline & Alfred are buried. By 1870, Aaron Graves family moved to Saline county, Missouri, and then to Bosque county, Texas, where they are found in 1880.
I would love to hear from anyone who recognizes this family group.
Elijah Graves – b 1835 Kentucky & Mariah Kime – b 1832 Kentucky or Missouri
Married 6 September 1857, Tarkio township, Atchison county, Missouri
Dixie Graves – b Atchison county, MO
Ellen Graves – b 1860, Atchison county, MO
George D Graves – b 1862, Atchison county, MO
Mary Ann Graves – b 1864, Atchison county, MO
Charlotte Graves – b 1866, Atchison county, MO | <urn:uuid:cc012ae3-7bfd-4d8d-b162-96a5f2ced184> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://historicalpursuits.wordpress.com/2017/06/29/where-did-elijah-mariah-graves-go/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886106996.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20170820223702-20170821003702-00229.warc.gz | en | 0.983051 | 1,640 | 2.640625 | 3 |
There are a number of different styles or formats for citations. Which style you use depends upon the subject discipline you are working in. If you are uncertain about which style to use, ask your professor. Each style includes the same basic parts of a citation, but may organize them in a slightly different way. The style guides are located in the reference area and on reserve at the library's circulation desk. Library staff can help you locate them.
|The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA)|
The APA style is often used by students in the social sciences.
|MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers|
The MLA (Modern Language Association) style, is often used by students in languages and literature.
|A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations|
This commonly-used style by Kate Turabian is a student version of a longer guide, The Chicago Manual of Style. It is often used by students in Biblical studies, history, and political science. | <urn:uuid:3fda4518-107d-41ea-bed5-219092e9d2db> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://library.oc.edu/Navigator/index.php?section=6&page=5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794863626.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20180520151124-20180520171124-00153.warc.gz | en | 0.92131 | 208 | 2.984375 | 3 |
GANG TIPS FOR PARENTS
Prevention is the key to controlling gang activity. Many parents are unaware that their children are involved in gang activity. Many of the younger gang members are not aware of the realities of the violence associated with gang membership or the finality of death. A child’s self-esteem is nurtured in a supportive home where he or she feels safe, loved, and valued.
GANGS 101 TRAINING
In this course, you will learn about the fundamentals and how to identify a gang presence and potential threat whether in the community, schools or correctional facility as well as the most common factors causing a rise in gang membership.
A child with a positive self-esteem is more likely to avoid dangerous situations and be less open to gangs. Building self-esteem must begin at a very early age an continue throughout childhood.
- Spend quality time with your child – if you don’t; gangs will
- Get involved in your child’s school activities
- Be a good listener to your child and help them develop their self esteem.
- Communicate with them about their hopes and dreams as well as their fears and concerns.
- Know where your child is at all times
- Require them to call if they are going to be late
- Encourage good study habits
- Monitor internet sites that your child may visit
- Monitor your child’s social media presence.
- Be involved in community activities with your child
- Get to know your child’s friends and their parents
- Avoid denial. Parents sometimes refuse to believe their kids could be involved
- Make surprise visits to your child’s school and see if they have changed their clothes from when he/she left the house
- Have one on one talks with your child at least once a month
- Know what is in your child’s rooms – there is no such thing as a child’s privacy
- At an appropriate age, which may be younger than you think, have truthful discussions about drugs, sex, alcohol, gangs, and tobacco
- Monitor and control your child’s behavior. Be firm but fair
- Be a good role model for your child and set standards for acceptable behavior
- Build positive self-esteem in your child.
- Teach your child how to cope with peer pressure and bullying
- Help your child develop good conflict resolution skills
- Give your child positive role models to identify with as well as those who are local they can go to for help if needed.
- Contact the parents of a child that you see could be moving in a direction that you feel could be unsafe. The parent’s buddy system.
- Notify school administrators and local law enforcement of gang graffiti as soon as it appears
- Parents should explain that associating with gangs, attending parties that are sponsored by gangs, using gang hand signs symbols, slang, language or wearing commonly known gang attire or mimicking gang behavior is absolutely not acceptable – not just by your standards but could land them being threatened by the gang itself.
- Educate yourself on gangs and how they negatively impact communities by requesting a Gang Awareness class from us or your local law enforcement agency.
- Contact your legislators about supporting gang reduction efforts. | <urn:uuid:c7ab70e8-6b3c-422f-a3a7-139d5d553384> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.gangenforcement.com/gang-tips-for-parents.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039563095.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20210422221531-20210423011531-00453.warc.gz | en | 0.954165 | 671 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Gardening and taking care of plants means doing a lot of things in order to ensure that the plants can grow strong and healthy. There are many factors that you have to consider when it comes to plant care. You have to think about watering at the right rate. You need to consider the soil that you have used.
One other major concern of gardening and taking care of plants is ensuring that your plants are getting the right amount of fertilizer and plant food. This is very crucial in the growth of plants. Here are some of the more common signs that your plants are not getting enough plant food:
• It is not flowering.
• The blooms that it produces are significantly smaller than normal.
• The leaves on it are falling at a great rate.
• The stem of the plant is very weak.
These are the normal symptoms that you have to keep in mind when it comes to undernourished plants. You need not have to worry about all of this, because it is still quite easy to remedy. You can get the best plant food that is available and add it once every week. Remember to use small amounts only since you are just after for the plant to be revived. Once you see the plant starting to grow well then you can switch to regular rate of adding plant food.
On the other end of the spectrum is something that you have to avoid as well and that is to use too much fertilizers.
• The leave tips are becoming brown.
• The leaves are starting to droop.
The different types of chemicals have different effects on the plants in the soil that is why there is no one single best plant food that can be used for all types of plants. While one type of fertilizer can make plants look lush and green another it might prevent one from blooming. That is why it is best to do some research first on the kind of soil that can be found on a certain location before planting anything there.
Organic and Chemical- There is an on-going argument right now between those who believe in organic fertilizers and those who go for chemicals. Each one claims that one is better than the other. Mostly I go for organic plant food because it is a lot healthier. Here are some of the more common substances that are needed by plants for growing properly:
• Nitrogen- This is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere but plants need it in the soil in order to be able to produce chlorophyll which is needed in its photosynthesis and more plant cells. Chemical fertilizers usually have nitrogen in the form of ammonium nitrate.
• Phosphorus- This is needed by plants in order for them to bloom and be able to produce flowers.
• Potassium- This is used by plants in order to manufacture its own food.
These are just some of the substances that are needed by plants in large quantities and must be found in the plant food. | <urn:uuid:e73ff3af-a90f-48e5-a91a-335e8576097c> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | http://articleomniscient.com/7335/finding-the-best-plant-food | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703529080.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20210122020254-20210122050254-00004.warc.gz | en | 0.975585 | 594 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Freshwater pests in the Otago Region include waterweeds like lagarosiphon, pest fish, and invasive alga like didymo, lindavia (lake snow) and cyanobacteria. These introduced species cause enormous damage to our unique freshwater habitats and diminish our recreational opportunities.
Aquatic weeds can also have adverse economic impacts including clogging dams and drains, and reducing suitable habitat for eel and whitebait. Once freshwater pests become established, they are difficult and costly to control. If we can prevent them getting into our waterways in the first place we have a better chance at stopping their spread.
One of the most visible and well knows pest plants in Lake Wānaka is Lagarosiphon.
Lagarosiphon and other invasive weeds have had a devastating impact on our lakes and how we can use them. These weeds are primarily spread by human activities, such as accidental transfer through boating and fishing gear contaminated with plant fragments. Pieces of plant as small as 1 cm have the potential to start a new infestation. Lagarosiphon has been managed in Lake Wanaka since 1974 to help protect the lake and other pristine and iconic lakes in the Otago region.
You can help stop the spread. Protect our waters from freshwater pests.
- Drainage and machinery contractor – ensure any weed is removed from machinery before moving to other water-bodies and waterways.
- Fisherman or eeler – remove all fragments of weed from nets, fishing equipment and waders before you leave the area. Salt bath and/or bleach fishing nets.
- Boat operator – check boats, motors, trailers and anchor lockers for tag-along weeds immediately on removal of equipment from the water.
- Aquarium owner – don’t dispose of aquarium contents into or near a waterway.
- Tramper and hunter – check dogs, boots and boats for weed before you leave the area.
- Landowner – don’t allow drainage equipment, eel nets or boats into water bodies on your property unless they are free of weeds. | <urn:uuid:9c10ea24-0f31-4630-b9bb-027027dfff98> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://waiwanaka.nz/actions/invasive-species/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585302.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20211020055136-20211020085136-00338.warc.gz | en | 0.930249 | 430 | 2.75 | 3 |
Wrapper class in java provides the mechanism to convert primitive into object and object into primitive.
Since J2SE 5.0, autoboxing and unboxing feature converts primitive into object and object into primitive automatically. The automatic conversion of primitive into object is known as autoboxing and vice-versa unboxing.
The eight classes of java.lang package are known as wrapper classes in java. The list of eight wrapper classes are given below:
|Primitive Type||Wrapper class|
Wrapper class Example: Primitive to Wrapper
Wrapper class Example: Wrapper to Primitive | <urn:uuid:5b9a814d-64e0-434b-bb8d-17140fb21359> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://anishsir.in/java-oops-concepts/wrapper-class-in-java | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039745486.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20181119064334-20181119090334-00526.warc.gz | en | 0.729802 | 126 | 2.78125 | 3 |
This book is one of four traditional rhymes translated into Te Reo
Oscar the Bear has real animals to help tell this rhyme with a cat, dog and several cows.
This book could be used as a resource when studying poetry.
36 running words
Entry Te Reo reader level
Kaiwhakamāori Piripi Walker
Summer Rose books, created by Carolyn Collis, are teaching resources for educators of young children.
This series provides a fun way for children to learn about the Te Reo Māori language, build reading confidence and improve general knowledge. | <urn:uuid:6f3b4526-7517-4f6d-aad1-886daa82e022> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://www.summerrosecottage.co.nz/gallery/Te%2BReo%2BLanguage/hey-tira-tira/332781 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986659097.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20191015131723-20191015155223-00154.warc.gz | en | 0.931736 | 122 | 2.5625 | 3 |
|Ted Cheskey holds a Black-capped Chickadee|
Ted had set-up mist nets close to the river’s edge with the hope of catching small songbirds. Within an hour, four Black-capped Chickadees and one American Goldfinch had flown into the nets. The birds were very gently removed from the nets, placed in cloth bags and brought back to the Nature Canada tent where they could be weighed and banded.
|Ted holds a Black-capped Chickadee that has just been banded.|
How does it work?
Special nets or other types of live traps are strategically placed in a birds’ habitat. Birds that happen to fly into the net, or enter a trap are collected and inspected for a bird band. If a bird has been banded before, information about the bird, including, age, sex, location, time and date when a bird has been caught is recorded and then submitted to the bird banding office of the Canadian Wildlife Service. If the captured bird does not have a band, one is gently added to a leg (like a bracelet) and information about the bird is noted and submitted to the government.
|Close-up of a bird band.|
|I'm ready to release a Black-capped Chickadee|
Bird banders occasionally capture birds banded by another bander. Non-banders can also come across banded birds, but this often happens under unfortunate circumstances. As a non-bander, you’re likely to find a banded bird that has died from striking a window (one of the most common human-causes of death in songbirds), a vehicle, or one that has been killed by a cat. If you find a banded bird, you can report your finding by phone, on the web or via mail.
Here are three ways you can submit your findings:
Phone :1-800-327-BAND (2263)
Mail: Write down some basic facts, put the band in an envelope, and send it to “AVISE BIRD BAND, WASHINGTON DC, USA.” The most important facts to report are the number on the band – and it is a long one, make sure you report it accurately – the date and location where you found it; the apparent cause of death, if you found a dead bird; your contact information. Don’t worry about trying to identify the bird, as the band contains that information. The banding office will send you a certificate of appreciation in return for your effort, letting you know what type of bird it was, and where and when it was banded. This information goes into a database that is shared between Canada and the USA and is accessible to the public and scientists.
The Lac Deschênes Naturehood Tour was coordinated by Nature Canada, the Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club and the Club des Ornithologues de l’Outaouais. It used the same concept as a studio or winery tour to better acquaint local citizens with the globally significant Lac Deschênes Important Bird Area (IBA) that’s found right in the heart of the National Capital Region.
Birding experts from both naturalist clubs and Nature Canada were stationed at each tour stop to help visitors explore the natural wonders of one of this region’s best areas for birding.
The event was part of a larger project, My Naturehood, which focuses on celebrating birds, raising public awareness about birds and other wildlife, and protecting significant habitats in Lac Deschênes Important Bird Area.
Visitors to the Houle Street Boat Launch site included a junior birder (who was eager to discuss the State of Canada’s Birds with Ted), local nature-enthusiasts, birders from the Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club and the Outaouais Birding Club and a Chinese environmental lawyer who was visiting the city of Ottawa.
|Ted explains the banding process to Naturehood Tour participants.|
|Cave swallow by nebirdsplus via Flickr|
We were lucky to spot such a rare sighting!
We’d like to extend a big thank-you to the volunteers from both the Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club and the Outaouais Birding Club for supporting the Naturehood Tour and to the funders of My Naturehood. | <urn:uuid:4bcaeabd-183f-4cd7-b1b5-1925b71f7d65> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://naturecanadablog.blogspot.ca/2012/11/banding-chickadees-at-lac-deschenes.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708711794/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125151-00039-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945691 | 913 | 3.046875 | 3 |
How Fast Can a Black Bear Run?
A black bear can run at speeds of 35pmh which is around 56.3km/h. The general black bear and subspecies information on this page refers to the North American black bear, to see information on Asian black bears just click the blue link. The body of an American black bear is around 1.5-2 meters long which is about 4.9-6.6 feet. The North American black bear is around 0.7-0.9 meters tall at the shoulder which is about 2.3-3 feet. As for weight, a male American black bear can weigh anywhere from 70-272kg which is about 154-600 pounds. A female American black bear can weigh anywhere from 40-170kg which is about 88-375 pounds. Black bears see in color and have excellent night vision. Black bears also have an excellent sense of smell. Unlike grizzlies and brown bears, black bears don't have that distinctive shoulder hump. A black bears claws are shorter than the claws of a grizzly. The claws of a black bear are around 4cm which is about 1.6 inches long. Black bears are good at climbing trees and they are also good swimmers. As for diet, black bears eat things like roots, fruits, insects, fish, honey, smaller mammals, and carrion. As for lifespan, a black bear can live over 25 years in the wild. There are many subspecies of black bear. Some of the subspecies of the American black bear are the Kermode bear and the glacier bear. Even though they are called black bears their fur can come in other colors like brown, blue, and on Princess Royal Island in British Columbia 1 in 10 black bears are white. The ones on Princess Royal Island where 1 in 10 are born with white fur are Kermode bears. Kermode bears are not albino, they have white fur because of a recessive gene. Glacier bears are the black bears born with silvery blue fur. Glacier bears in the wild are found in Southeast Alaska. Most glacier bears in Southeast Alaska are found in Glacier Bay National Park. Even though breeding begins in the spring and early summer, the fertilization of the egg is delayed until November or December. The gestation period for a black bear is around 235 days. A black bear will have 1-6 offspring. The offspring of a black bear are referred to as cubs. | <urn:uuid:d840b0eb-02ff-48ec-830b-265bd3ca435c> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.howfastcanarun.com/how-fast-can-a-black-bear-run.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946564.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20180424041828-20180424061828-00195.warc.gz | en | 0.958704 | 498 | 2.90625 | 3 |
An oxygenating toothpaste is a type of toothpaste that releases oxygen when it is used to brush your teeth and tongue.
Why would you want a toothpaste like that? What's the advantage?
To combat the bacteria that can cause bad breath. That's the long and the short of it.
The bacteria that cause bad breath live on the very back of your tongue, almost down your throat.
Everybody in the world has these bacteria - they are a normal part of our digestion. They break down proteins in foods.
But sometimes they can become over-active, and break down proteins at a higher rate. When this happens, they release gas compounds that cause bad breath. These are called volatile sulphur compounds, or VLCs for short.
You can read more about this process at bad breath mouthwash.
It's important to remember that these bacteria are not "an infection". They are at the back of everybody's tongue, all the time. Problems only occur when they become over-active.
The bacteria grow best in low-oxygen conditions. So they can thrive at the back of the tongue where there is very little oxygen. But this is also their weak spot. They don't do well if there is much oxygen around. In fact, they HATE oxygen.
If we can get some oxygen to the back of the tongue, it really slows the VLC-producing bacteria down. And that means they breed more slowly and break down proteins more slowly, and so produce less of the bad-breath causing VLC compounds!
It's not easy to get oxygen to the back of your tongue - remember, these bacteria live halfway down your throat. AND, some chemicals in normal toothpastes and mouthwashes can interfere with the oxygenation process.
For example, if you are trying to use an oxygenating mouthwash, you must also use a matching oxygenating toothpaste. Why? Because most normal toothpastes contain sodium lauryl sulfate, which will inactivate the oxygen-releasing process!
So you need to use matching products. In my experience, I think the best ones are from TheraBreath.
According to the manufacturer, "all the ingredients used in TheraBreath products include the oxygenating molecule Oxyd-8, tea tree oil, zinc gluconate, essential mint oils, xylitol, CoQ10, and aloe vera. TheraBreath products DO NOT contain alcohol, sodium lauryl sulfate, saccharin, benzalkonium chloride, or any artificial colors or flavours."
So, if you're looking for an effective oxygenating toothpaste, be sure to use products that won't interfere with each other, such as the TheraBreath line-up! | <urn:uuid:5aed90eb-a79e-4cf9-82e2-be27f5610738> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.dental-health-advice.com/oxygenating-toothpaste.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119646008.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030046-00062-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934992 | 572 | 2.953125 | 3 |
See H. Gutner, Gowns by Adrian: The MGM Years 1928-1941 (2001).
(born 1100?, Abbot's Langley, near St. Albans, Hertfordshire, Eng.—died Sept. 1, 1159, Anagni, near Rome [Italy]) Pope (1154–59), the only Englishman ever to hold the office. He served in France and Italy before a successful mission to Scandinavia led to his election as pope. Adrian crowned Frederick I Barbarossa emperor in 1155, after Frederick had turned over Arnold of Brescia, leader of a revolt in Rome. The relationship quickly soured, however, as a result of Adrian's policy toward the Normans of southern Italy and his assertion that Frederick had received the imperial crown as a benefice. His controversial bull Laudabiliter supposedly gave Ireland to Henry II of England, a claim that was later refuted. Adrian's refusal to recognize the king of Sicily, William I, stirred revolt in the Campania.
Learn more about Adrian IV with a free trial on Britannica.com.
Hadrian, bust in the National Archaeological Museum, Naples.
Learn more about Hadrian with a free trial on Britannica.com.
The male and female given name Adrian is derived from the Latin Hadrianus, which is more familiar to English speakers as Hadrian. The name means "from Adria", a port on the Adriatic Sea. Adrian was the name of several early Christian saints and martyrs. The name is connected to the ancient Anglo-Saxon tribes of Great Britain, becoming widely known in England in the twelfth century, when Nicholas Breakspear took it as his regnal name when he became the first and only English pope, Adrian IV. | <urn:uuid:df4d1f38-089c-4498-b990-dafcace3baa4> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.reference.com/browse/Adrian | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119649048.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030049-00194-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970263 | 367 | 2.78125 | 3 |
9. Varieties of Zurvanism
- 10. Classical Zurvanism
- 11. Zurvan
The Dawn and Twilight of Zoroastrianism
Chapter 9. The Varieties of Zurvanism (Part 1)
The Pahlavi Books
The Pahlavi books, which were in the main written in the ninth century A.D., some three centuries after the fall of the Sassanian Empire and the extinction of the Zoroastrian religion as the official creed of the Iranian peoples, remain our principal source for the Zoroastrianism of the Sassanian period. They do not, however, give us any clear picture of the theological development and the gradual crystallization of the orthodox dualist position that must have taken place during this period. No hint is allowed to appear in them that throughout its silver age Zoroastrian dualism was carrying on a running fight with the Zurvanite heresy in one form or another. That such a fight did go on can only be discovered from the inscriptions and from the Christian and Manichaean polemics directed against the Zoroastrians. What the exact nature of this heresy was, is, then, extremely difficult to determine. Traces of it, however, survive in the Pahlavi books themselves, and one 'Zurvanite' treatise written in New Persian in the thirteenth century, incongruously known to us as the 'Ulama-yi Islam', 'The Doctors of Islam', still survives.
Of the Pahlavi books themselves by far the most important from the theological point of view is the Denkart, a corpus of religious knowledge that runs into nearly a thousand printed pages. The first two books and part of the third are no longer extant, but what remains of the third book is our most important source of Zoroastrian theology and religious science-for the Zoroastrians claimed that the full religious revelation contained in the Good Religion held the keys of the physical as well as the spiritual universe: it was an all-embracing 'gnosis' or 'science'. Of the remaining Pahlavi books two contain passages that are at least 'semi'-Zurvanite in tendency. These are the Menok-i Khrat, 'The Spirit of Wisdom', and the Selections of Zadspram. The first of these is an imaginary dialogue between a wise man and personified Wisdom. In places it shows a tendency towards fatalism which is foreign to Zoroastrian orthodoxy.
Priestly Brothers: Manushchihr and Zatsparam
In the ninth century, it would appear, the religious life and thought of the Zoroastrian community was dominated by two brothers, both of whom were high priest. The one was Manushchihr, High Priest of Shiraz and Kerman, the other Zatsparam, High Priest of Sirkan. Both brothers have left treatises dealing with the central doctrines of Zoroastrianism, and it is clear from Manushchihr's own Epistles, which are directed explicitly against his brother's innovations in the matter of purifactory rites, that he regarded him as little better than a Manichee. 'You should know,' Manushchihr writes to his brother, 'that were you to speak in the assembly of the Tughazghaz, you would find few to contradict you.' The Tughazghaz were not only a Turkish tribe, which was bad enough; they were also Manichee, which was very much worse. This was a serious accusation, and it is apparent from Zatsparam's own writings that the charge was not baseless. Zatsparam is Zurvanite to the extent that he at least recognized Zurvan, for him a highly personalized Infinite Time, as a principle independent of both Ohrmazd and Ahriman and as, in some sense, the arbiter between them. He was the last protagonist of a once powerful heresy; but the heresy is already a much diluted version of the original, for Zatsparam dare no longer affirm that Ohrmazd and Ahriman are originated beings deriving from Infinite Time which alone is uncreated.
If Zatsparam can be regarded as the last of the Zurvanites, Manushchihr saw himself as the very embodiment of orthodoxy, and his major work, the Datastan-i Denik, 'The religious Norm', can be regarded as an authoritative statement of orthodoxy. Equally orthodox in the dualist sense is the Shkand-Gumanik Vichar, an 'Analytical Treatise for the Dispelling of Doubts', by a certain Mardan-Farrukh who also flourished in the ninth century. This is in some ways that most interesting of all the Zoroastrian books since it presents a philosophical justification of Zoroastrian dualism in a more or less coherent form; and it further contains a detailed critique of the monotheistic creeds, Islam, Judaism, and Christianity as well as an attack on Zoroastrianism's dualistic rival, Manichaeanism.
Of the remaining Pahlavi books only the so-called Bundahishn need detain us. Bundahishn means 'original creation', and this indeed is one of the topics with which the book deals. Apart from this, however, it deals, somewhat cursorily, with a wide variety of topics ranging from Ahriman's attack on the good creation and the resurrection of the dead on the one hand to a discussion on the nature of plants, animals, etc., on the other.
The Influx of Greek and Indian Ideas
Such, then, are the main sources on which we must rely for our information on the Zoroastrianism of the Sassanian period. The 'orthodoxy' they reflect is that imposed on the Zoroastrian Church by Khusraw I. It is, however, not to be supposed that that monarch had eliminated all questionable doctrine from the corpus of writing in the Pahlavi tongue which constituted the Sassanian Avesta. This corpus, which probably bore little relation to what of the original Avesta had survived in the Avestan language, had already been heavily adulterated with extraneous material, and this material, once it had become embedded in it, passed off as having divine sanction. Shapur I, it will be recollected, had 'collected those writings from the Religion which were dispersed throughout India, the Byzantine Empire, and other lands, and which treated of medicine, astronomy, movement, time, space, substance, creation, becoming, passing away, qualitative change, logic, and other arts and sciences. These he added to the Avesta and commanded that a fair copy of all of them be deposited in the Royal Treasury; and he examined the possibility of basing every form of academic discipline on the Religion of the Worshippers of Mazdah.
Little is known of what 'writings from the Religion' can possibly have been circulating in India, but it is clear from the Denkart and the Shkand-Gumanik Vichar that Aristotelian philosophy had been adopted into the main stream of Zoroastrianism, and that this philosophy, on occasion, took on some very queer forms. We know from our Greek sources that some very curious works circulated under Zoroaster's name in the Hellenistic world, and that Zoroaster was supposed to have been the preceptor of Pythagoras whom he allegedly met in Babylon; and it can therefore be surmised that works circulating under Zoroaster's name might contain Pythagorean ideas. That this may have been so will come out in the sequel.
Dualist orthodoxy was first proclaimed by Karter shortly after the death of Shapur I, and in reasserting what he considered to be the principles of traditional dualism as against all watering-down of this 'true' doctrine, he singled out for attack not only the non-Iranian religions, but also the Zandiks. Who, precisely, were these Zandiks?
The 'Zandiks' and 'Dahris'
In Muhammadan times the word Zandik (in its Arabicized form Zindiq) continued to be used to indicate two classes of people who had only this in common, that they were recognized by neither Muslims, Christians, Jews, nor Zoroastrians, and that they were regarded by the Muslims as being particularly pernicious heretics, the shedding of whose blood was lawful. The two classes of heretic which the term covered were the Manichees on the one hand, and those materialists who believed in the eternity of the world and denied that there was a creator on the other. According to the Arab historian Mas'udi, the term was first used during the reign of Bahram I who-with the intervention of a reign lasting only one year-followed on Shapur I, that is to say, when the High Priest Karter was at the height of his power. The term Zandik was coined to denote all those who based their teaching on the Zand or 'commentary' on the Avesta rather than on the Avesta itself. The term was used both of the Manichees and of all those 'who believed in the eternity of the world and denied that it had been originated. In later times these two different types of Zandiks were differentiated, the Manichees being usually referred to simply as 'dualists', and the materialists as Dahris-dahr being the Arabic word for 'time'. The roots of both sects are, however, in Sassanian Persia, and long antedate the Muhammadan era.
The great Muhammadan theologian, Al-Ghazali, classifies the various philosophical schools into Dahris, naturalists, and theists. Of the Dahris he says:
'The first school, the Dahris, are one of the oldest sects. They deny the existence of a creator and disposer who is omniscient and omnipotent. They think that the world has always existed of itself and as it [now] is, without a creator; and that animals have always sprung from seed and seed from animals. So has it [always] been, and so will it be forever. These are the Zandiks.'
The Zandiks mentioned in Karter's great inscription, therefore, probably included both Manichees and materialists, and the 'commentary' or 'Zand' that at least the latter followed was probably to be found in those writings deriving from the Byzantine world which treated of movement, time, space, etc., and which were incorporated into the Avesta by Shapur I. In the Zoroastrian writings themselves these Dahris or Zandiks, who are equated with the Sophists, were felt to be un-Iranian. They must have constituted a hellenizing party which still claimed to be Zoroastrian, and which could defend its orthodoxy by saying that it was following authentic teachings of Zoroaster which, though lost in their original from when Persepolis was sacked by Alexander, had miraculously survived in a Greek translation; these translations had now been restored to their rightful place in the canon of the Avesta by the action of the king of kings.
Al-Jili, one of the later Muhammadan mystics, tells us that these same Dahris refrained from all acts of worship because, believing in the eternity of Time, they venerated it as God in his essence, as pure potentiality, and not as an actual creator. Jili, then, would have it that, beneath the materialism of the Dahris, there was a mystical element of pure contemplation of the Godhead in its essence; and, as we come to examine some of the more abstruse texts of the Denkart, we shall perhaps be disposed to agree with him. From the side of orthodox dualist Zoroastrianism, Mardan-Farrukh attacks the Dahris, but makes no allowance for any mystical element there may have been in their beliefs. For him they are out-and-out materialists.
'Different [from the atheists proper],' he says, 'are the atheists called Dahris. They give up their religious duties and make no effort to practise virtue: [rather] they indulge in endless discussion....They believe that Infinite Time is the first Principle of this world and of all the various changes and [re-]groupings to which its members and organs are subject as well as of the mutual opposition that exists between them and of their fusion with one another. [They believe too] that virtue goes unrewarded, that there is no punishment for sin, that heaven and hell do not exist, and that there is no one who has charge of [the rewarding of] virtue and [the punishment of] sin. [They believe too] that all things are material and that the spiritual does not exist.'
These were the 'Zandiks' or 'Dahris' whom Karter persecuted. This seems certain because Karter makes a point of affirming the very doctrines that the Zandiks deny. In no uncertain terms he bids the passer-by to remember that 'heaven exists and hell exists, and whoso is virtuous will go to heaven, and whoso is vicious will be cast into hell'. Since the Zandiks saw in Infinite Time the one ultimate and changeless principle from which all else proceeds, they must be considered as Zurvanite materialists. Their doctrines were almost certainly derived from those 'scientific' works which Shapur I had incorporated into the Avesta from Byzantium and India. Indeed, the idea that Time is the source of all things is perhaps derived from India rather than from the Hellenistic world. Already in the Maitri Upanishad (c. 500 BC?) we find Time identified with the supreme principle; and Time has two forms, the 'timeless', which is without parts, the eternal 'now', and time which is visible into parts as it is normally understood: the first is 'Time without form', the second the 'form' of Time.
From Time do contingent beings flow forth,
From Time too do they advance to growth;
In Time too do they return home.
Time, for the Indians, was not simply time as we understand it. As the Infinite it is the raw material, the materia prima, of all contingent being. As Being it is the source of all becoming: it is Infinite Time-Space and it becomes embodied in the universe, and 'this embodied Time is the ocean of creatures'. Ideas not unlike these reappear in the Denkart, and efforts, often not very successful, were made to adjust them to the exigencies of a dualist theology.
It would seem certain that at the time of this influx of Greek and Indian ideas into Sassanian Zoroastrianism, Zurvanism in its mythological form already existed; otherwise Mani's choice of Zurvan rather than Ohrmazd to represent his own 'Father of Greatness' would be inexplicable. Zurvan, then, already conceived of as infinite Time-Space, the whole intelligible universe from whom a good and an evil daemon proceed, or who gives birth to light and darkness before these-Zurvan, already referred to in the Avesta as the 'Infinite'-must inevitably have coalesced with the more abstract concept of infinite Time-Space as primal matter, the ultimate source of all things, which the Iranians probably derived from India, and which they combined with the Aristotelian key concepts of matter and form, potentiality and actuality.
'Classical' and Materialist Zurvanism
The two types of Zurvanism, however, were originally quite distinct and derived from quite different sources. Mythological Zurvanism starts as an attempt to explain what Zoroaster could have possibly meant when he said that the Holy and Destructive Spirits were twins. It picks on the Infinite (Time or Space) as being the only possible 'Absolute' from which the twins could proceed: it is the source of the good in the one and the evil of the other, of light and of darkness in which they respectively have their beings. It elevates Zurvan or Infinite Time to the status of father of the spirits of good and evil, the father of light and darkness. It thereby makes Ohrmazd, now identified with Zoroaster's Holy Spirit, subordinate to Zurvan-Zurvan himself remaining a shadowy figure over against which the cosmic drama plays itself out.
Materialist Zurvanism, the religion of the Zandiks, however, is quite different from this. Its leading idea, namely, that infinite Time-Space which is itself without form, though the source of all that has form, is probably of Indian origin, but the philosophical development of the idea is worked out along Aristotelian lines. The whole thing, as the Denkart says, is un-Iranian. Both types of Zurvanism, however, present a direct challenge to the orthodox dualism, and both challenge it where it is weakest-in its conception of a godhead which, though perfectly good, is nonetheless limited by a positive power of evil. Zurvanism brings a new dimension into Zoroastrianism-the dimension of an eternity which is not simply infinite duration, but a condition that is beyond space and time, and which, being itself a state of perfect rest, must also be the source from which all movement and all action proceed. Orthodoxy tried to wrestle with this problem and offered not one but many solutions. The result was that in the end their rigid dualism gave way to an unsure 'trialism' in which there were not to principles only, but three-Ohrmazd, the good God, Ahriman, the Devil, and a neutral principle of primal matter, infinite Time-Space which is beyond good and evil and possessed of neither intelligence nor will.
As we have had occasion to say time and time again, Zoroaster's God creates ex nihilo- he thinks the world into existence. In the words of another prophet he says: 'Be,' and it is. Both the Greeks and the Indians, however, accepted it as axiomatic that nothing can arise out of nothing. Either, then, God emanates both the intelligible and sensible orders from himself, or he gives form to an eternally existing primal matter. It was the latter view that predominated in Sassanian orthodoxy, and we find it explicitly stated that 'no form can be brought into being from not-being, nor can it be made to return thither. Creation is no longer a philosophically respectable idea: the Prophet's insight had been forgotten, and the Sassanian theologians became the victims of two alien philosophies which had no roots in Iran.
For, since the initiative of Shapur I, orthodoxy was in no position utterly to reject the new philosophy which had been grafted on to the restored Avesta; it could only seek to combine it with its own dualism as best it could. It is quite true that under Shapur II, Aturpat, son of Mahraspand, once that he had defeated his rivals, did his utmost to re-establish a more simple dualist belief in which the purely philosophical element was minimized; for, to judge from the extant sayings attributed to him, his emphasis was primarily on practical morality, and it would seem that only under Khusraw I was a balance struck between faith and reason. Khusraw certainly regarded faith in the revealed texts as being primary, but he also demanded that faith should be substantiated by reason. Should the two appear to conflict, then the decision rested with the authority of the college of Magi; they would have to decide how the various portions of the reconstituted Pahlavi Avesta, which presumably still contained the foreign material introduced by Shapur I, were to be interpreted and how they were to be reconciled.
The Zandik Ontology and Metaphysics
What the Zandiks appear to have done was to single out those passages from the 'Avesta' and Zand which suited their purposes, and to have ignored the ancient traditional doctrines altogether. This would be all the easier for them to do in that there never seems to have been any clear dividing-line between what was 'Avesta', that is, the 'received text' of revelation, and what was Zand or 'commentary', the two together being known to the Muslims indifferently as the Avesta u Zand or the Zand u Avesta which was later to appear in European languages as Zend-Avesta. These Zandiks or Zurvanite materialists, in fact, wholly denied three Zoroastrian dogmas, that is, the existence of a good God and an Evil Spirit, the freedom of the human will to choose between good and evil, and the rewarding and punishment of individual souls according to their good and evil deeds. Moreover, they also believed that 'all things are material and that the spiritual does not exist'.
Menok and Geteh
The pahlavi words for 'spiritual' and 'material' are, in this context, menok and geteh, and they derive from the Avestan words mainyu and gaethya. Mainyu derives from the same root as Latin mens and our own mind: it is what thinks, chooses, and wills-what distinguishes the purely spiritual gods as well as man from all the rest of creation. Gaethya derives from a root gay-, jay-, meaning 'to live'; it means anything that is possessed of physical life, and since all material things were regarded by the Zoroastrians of the 'catholic' period as being in some sense alive, gaethya came to mean 'material'. The two words, then, corresponded exactly to what is called 'spiritual' and 'material' in other Near Eastern religions.
With the introduction of Aristotelian terminology, however, these simple religious concepts became confused. 'Matter', for Aristotle, was of itself so nebulous a concept that it could hardly be said to exist at all until it received 'form'. Thus the classic pair of opposites is, for him, not matter and spirit, but matter and form. It is true that the Iranians found suitable words other than menok and geteh to express these ideas, but they re-deifined menok and geteh in accordance with Aristotelian principles. Because the menok or spiritual side of man which included mind, will, and consciousness, was regarded as being immaterial, the word was re-defined as meaning a single, uncompounded substance without parts, invisible and intangible; and because Aristotle's 'matter' was also invisible and intangible, 'matter' in its primary unformed state was also described as menok. Thus there are three forms of menok existence, the two menoks or 'spirit' of orthodox theology, neither of which is the material cause of the material and physical world, and a third menok, which is the totally unformed primal matter of Aristotelian philosophy, the unseen source of all material things. The Armenian historian, Eznik of Kolb, noticed this discrepancy and pointed out that the Zoroastrians were divided into sects, and that among them there were some who admitted two principles only while others accepted three. In fact, even the fully orthodox account of the creation admits the existence of a third entity between Ohrmazd who dwells on high in the light and Ahriman who prowls below in the darkness: this entity is the Void, otherwise called Vay; and 'Vay' is simply the Pahlavi form of the ancient god Vayu used now to mean the 'atmosphere' that separates the heavenly lights above from the infernal darkness below. To this mythological account of the creation we shall have to return once we have considered the various philosophical interpretations of creation preserved in the Denkart. Some of these come perilously near to the position of the Zandiks or materialist Zurvanites.
enok, we learn, used in the quite new sense of invisible and intangible primal matter, is uncompounded, and devoid of parts; it is called ras, the 'wheel'. The 'wheel' seems rather an odd name to apply to what Aristotle would have called 'primal matter' and calls for some explanation. It is, however, the word used elsewhere for the 'wheel' of heaven, the heavenly sphere in which the whole material creation is contained. This 'heavenly sphere' or firmament is thought of as comprising the whole material creation; it is the macrocosm in the image of which man, the microcosm, is made; it is the universe as it is when fully formed, the 'world' or geteh.
Matter, however, can neither be created nor destroyed; hence, primal matter, which is one, devoid of parts, and lacking all form, is also called ras, the 'wheel'. Itself eternal, it is the source of all becoming. It is infinite Time-Space, the Zurvan Akarana mentioned in the Avesta. Space is the pre-condition of matter, and Time is its eternity, and without infinite Time-Space there could have been no creation. The word 'creation', of course, implies a creator and in most of the cosmological passages in the Denkart Ohrmazd appear as the creator who fashions forth his creation from primal matter; he gives form to the formless Time-Space continuum. There are, however, two passages in which no reference at all is made to a creator; the whole process of creation is represented as an authomatic process of 'becoming' from a unitary, infinite and eternal Time-Space. Time-Space is the primal 'matter' from which all 'becoming' proceeds. 'Becoming' is perhaps not the best translation of the word bavishn which seems to stand for a state of indeterminate being from which the whole evolutionary process starts, for it is also called the 'seed' and the 'seed of seeds'. Even so it is posterior to Time-Space and originates from it. The whole process of evolution from primal matter (Time-Space) to the fully developed universe is seen as taking place in four stages. These are called 'becoming', the 'process of becoming', the 'stabilization of becoming', and finally the 'world', geteh. This scheme of things, which makes no mention of a creator God is, of course, wholly un-Zoroastrian; it is a purely materialistic and mechanistic interpretation of the universe, yet it lays claim to scriptural authority, for it uses phrase 'as is said in the Religion'. This 'Religion' is obviously not the Avesta as we know it; it can only refer to the Graeco-Indian writings imported into the Sassanian Avestan by Shapur.
This fourfold scheme of evolution, however, whatever its source, is repeated again and again in the Denkart, and efforts are made to fit it into a strictly dualist framework. The three stages that precede the emergence of the fully differentiated cosmos-becoming, the process of becoming, and the stabilization of becoming-are elsewhere equated respectively with two of the four 'natural properties', the hot and the moist; with the four elements (fire, air, water, and earth); and with organic life as manifested in animals and men. Again, 'becoming', that is, the hot and the moist, is called 'primal matter', 'unformed and the origin of all material forms'; the 'process of becoming', that is, the four elements, is 'mediary matter' or 'potential form', while the 'stabilization of becoming', defined as 'form detached from matter', is 'ultimate matter'.
To make confusion worse confounded the 'process of becoming' is also called the 'first form' and the 'stabilization of becoming' the 'second form', while living creatures are termed the 'third form'. 'Matter' and 'form' are, of course, basic to Aristotle's philosophy, but in the Denkart the author rarely seems to understand what the terms mean and uses them in an exceedingly arbitary way. The terminology is Aristotelian, but the evolutionary cosmogony we meet with seems to be peculiar to the Denkart. In substance it would seem to be nearer to Indian thought and particularly to the Maitri Upanishad, which also distinguishes three stages in the evolutionary process, than it is to Aristotle.
The two passages from the Denkart from which we have drawn these curious evolutionary ideas are thus almost indistinguishable from the mechanistic materialism of the Zandiks, for they are concerned exclusively with the development of the material world, and say nothing at all about spirit. Only in the last sentence of each is any reference made to good and evil. 'From the world (geteh),' we read, '[proceed] specific things and persons together with their respective operations, or, as the Religion says: "From the world proceeded that which grew together within both the two Spirits -righteousness and unrighteousness-"'. This, presumably, is a concession to traditional orthodoxy, but it is a strange one; for, though it mentions the 'two Spirits', that is, Ohrmazd and Ahriman (though not a word was said of them in what went before), it implies that good and evil, righteousness and unrighteousness, too, proceed naturally from the now fully differentiated and individuated material 'world'. We are moving in a circle of ideas in which Ohrmazd and Ahriman find no natural place.
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R. C. Zaehner
1913 - 1974 CE
Robert Charles Zaehner was a British academic who specialised in Eastern religions. He studied Greek, Latin, Persian, and Avestan at Christ Church College in Oxford. During 1936-37 he studied Pahlavi with Sir Harold Bailey at Cambridge, where he began work on his book Zurvan, a Zoroastrian Dilemma published in 1955. In 1939, he obtained a position as research lecturer at Christ Church. After reading the poet Arthur Rimbaud, Rumi the Sufi poet, as well as the Upanishads, Zaehner declared that he believed in 'Nature Mysticism'. Nevertheless, while working in Iran as an British intelligence officer during the Second World War, he became a Roman Catholic. His The Dawn and Twilight of Zoroastrianism was published in 1961. | <urn:uuid:1a4c1dc0-ad29-4955-a043-0eb6dcba10b9> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/reference/zaehner/dawnVarZur9_1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649105.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603032950-20230603062950-00262.warc.gz | en | 0.97139 | 6,375 | 2.59375 | 3 |
A Forgotten Empire Vijayanagar| by Robert Sewell Preface|Chapter 1|Chapter 2|Chapter 3|Chapter 4|Chapter 5|Chapter 6|Chapter 7|Chapter 8|Chapter 9|Chapter 10|Chapter 11|Chapter 12|Chapter 13|Chapter 14|Chapter 15|Chapter 16|Chapter 17
Origin of the Empire (A.D. 1316)
Muhammad’s capture of Kampli and Anegundi — Death of his nephew Baha-ud-din — Malik Naib made governor of Anegundi — Disturbances – Harihara Deva Raya raised to be king of Anegundi — Madhavacharya Vidyaranya — The city of Vijayanagar founded — Legends as to the origin of the new kingdom. The city of Vijayanagar is, as already stated, generally supposed to have been founded in the year 1336, and that that date is not far from the truth may be gathered from two facts. Firstly, there is extant an inscription of the earliest real king, Harihara I. or Hariyappa, the “Haraib” of Ibn Batuta, dated in A.D. 1340. Secondly, the account given by that writer of a raid southwards by Muhammad Taghlaq tallies at almost all points with the story given at the beginning of the Chronicle of Nuniz, and this raid took place in 1334.
For if a comparison is made between the narrative of Batuta and the traditional account given by Nuniz as to the events that preceded and led to the foundation of Vijayanagar, little doubt will remain in the mind that both relate to the same event. According to Ibn Batuta, Sultan Muhammad marched southwards against his rebel nephew, Baha-ud-din Gushtasp, who had fled to the protection of the “Rai of Kambila,” or “Kampila” as Firishtah calls the place, in his stronghold amongst the mountains. The title “Rai” unmistakably points to the Kanarese country, where the form “Raya” is used for “Rajah;” while in “Kambila” or “Kampila” we recognise the old town of Kampli, a fortified place about eight miles east of Anegundi, which was the citadel of the predecessors of the kings of Vijayanagar. Though not itself actually “amongst the mountains,” Kampli is backed by the mass of rocky hills in the centre of which the great city was afterwards situated. It is highly natural to suppose that the “Rai,” when attacked by the Sultan, would have quitted Kampli and taken refuge in the fortified heights of Anegundi, where he could defend himself with far greater chance of success than at the former place; and this would account for the difference in the names given by the two chroniclers. Ibn Batuta goes on to say that the Raya sent his guest safely away to a neighbouring chief, probably the Hoysala Ballala, king of Dvarasamudra in Maisur, then residing at Tanur. He caused a huge fire to be lit on which his wives and the wives of his nobles, ministers, and principal men immolated themselves, and this done he sallied forth with his followers to meet the invaders, and was slain. The town was taken, “and eleven sons of the Rai were made prisoners and carried to the Sultan, who made them all Mussalmans.” After the fall of the place the Sultan “treated the king’s sons with great honour, as much for their illustrious birth as for his admiration of the conduct of their father;” and Batuta adds that he himself became intimately acquainted with one of these — “we were companions and friends.”
There are only two substantial points of difference between this story and the traditional Hindu account given by Nuniz. One of these concerns the reason for the Sultan’s attack. According to the Hindus it was a war undertaken from pure greed of conquest; according to Muhammadan story it was a campaign against a rebel. The second is that while the Hindus declare that none of the blood royal escaped, Batuta distinctly mentions the survival of eleven sons, and proves his point incontestably. But this does not vitiate the general resemblance of the two accounts, while the synchronism of the dates renders it impossible to believe that they can refer to two separate events. We may suppose that since the eleven sons became followers of Islam they were for ever blotted out of account to the orthodox Hindu.
After the capture of the fortress the Sultan, according to Ibn Batuta, pursued Baha-ud-din southwards and arrived near the city of the prince with whom he had taken refuge. The chief abandoned his guest to the tender mercies of the tyrant, by whom he was condemned to a death of fiendish barbarity.
“The Sultan ordered the prisoner to be taken to the women his relations, and these insulted him and spat upon him. Then he ordered him to be skinned alive, and as his skin was torn off his flesh was cooked with rice. Some was sent to his children and his wife, and the remainder was put into a great dish and given to the elephants to eat, but they would not touch it. The Sultan ordered his skin to be stuffed with straw, to be placed along with the remains of Bahadur Bura, and to be exhibited through the country.”
To continue briefly the story given by Nuniz. After the capture of Anegundi in 1334 the Sultan left Malik Naib (whom Nuniz calls “Enybiquymelly” in his second chapter, and “Mileque neby,” “Meliquy niby,” and “Melinebiquy” in the third) as his local governor, and retired northwards. The country rose against the usurpers, and after a time the Sultan restored the principality to the Hindus, but made a new departure by raising to be Raya the former chief minister Deva Raya, called “Deorao” or “Dehorao” by Nuniz. He reigned seven years. During his reign this chief was one day hunting amongst the mountains south of the river when a hare, instead of fleeing from his dogs, flew at them and bit them. The king, astonished at this marvel, was returning homewards lost in meditation, when he met on the river-bank the sage Madhavacharya, surnamed VIDYARANYA or “Forest of Learning,” — for so we learn from other sources to name the anchorite alluded to — who advised the chief to found a city on the spot. “And so the king did, and on that very day began work on his houses, and he enclosed the city round about; and that done, he left Nagumdym, and soon filled the new city with people. And he gave it the name VYDIAJUNA, for so the hermit called himself who had bidden him construct it.”
Thus, in or about the year A.D. 1336, sprung into existence the great city which afterwards became so magnificent and of such wide-spread fame.
The chronicle continues by saying that the king constructed in the city of Vijayanagar a magnificent temple in honour of the sage. This temple I take to be the great temple near the river, still in use and known as the temple of Hampi or Hampe, having a small village clustering about it. On the rocks above it, close to a group of more modern Jain temples, is to be seen a small shrine built entirely, roof as well as walls, of stone. Everything about this little relic proves it to be of greater antiquity than any other structure in the whole circuit of the hills, but its exact age is doubtful. It looks like a building of the seventh century A.D. Mr. Rea, superintendent of the Madras Archaeological Survey, in an article published in the MADRAS CHRISTIAN COLLEGE MAGAZINE for December 1886, points out that the fact of mortar having been used in its construction throws a doubt upon its being as old as its type of architecture would otherwise make it appear. It is quite possible, however, that the shrine may have been used by a succession of recluses, the last of whom was the great teacher Madhava. If we stand on that rock and imagine all the great ruins of the city visible from thence, the palaces and temples, the statues and towers and walls, to be swept out of existence, we have around us nothing but Nature in one of her wildest moods — lofty hills near and far, formed almost entirely of huge tumbled boulders of granite, but with trees and grass on all the low ground. It was a lonely spot, separated by the river from the mere inhabited country on the farther side, where dwelt the chiefs of Anegundi, and was just such as would have been chosen for their abode by the ascetics of former days, who loved to dwell in solitude and isolation amid scenes of grandeur and beauty.
We shall, however, in all probability never know whether this hermit, whose actual existence at the time is attested by every tradition regarding the origin of Vijayanagar, was really the great Madhava or another less celebrated sage, on whom by a confusion of ideas his name has been foisted. Some say that Madhavacharya lived entirely at Sringeri.
There are a number of other traditions relating to the birth of the city and empire of Vijayanagar.
One has it that two brothers named Bukka and Harihara, who had been in the service of the king of Warangal at the time of the destruction of that kingdom by the Muhammadans in 1323, escaped with a small body of horse to the hill country about Anegundi, being accompanied in their flight by the Brahman Madhava or Madhavacharya Vidyaranya, and by some means not stated became lords of that tract, afterwards founding the city of Vijayanagar.
Another states that the two brothers were officers in the service of the Muhammadan governor of Warangal subsequent to its first capture in 1309. They were despatched against the Hoysala Ballala sovereign in the expedition under the command of Malik Kafur in 1310, which resulted in the capture of the Hindu capital, Dvarasamudra; but the portion of the force to which the brothers belonged suffered a defeat, and they fled to the mountainous tract near Anegundi. Here they met the holy Madhava, who was living the life of a recluse, and by his aid they established the kingdom and capital city.
A variant of this relates that the two brothers for some reason fled direct from Warangal to Anegundi. This account redounds more to their honour as Hindus. Though compelled first to accept service under their conquerors, their patriotism triumphed in the end, and they abandoned the flesh pots of Egypt to throw in their luck with their co-religionists.
A fourth story avers that the hermit Madhava himself founded the city after the discovery of a hidden treasure, ruled over it himself, and left it after his death to a Kuruba family who established the first regular dynasty.
A fifth, mentioned by Couto, who fixes the date as 1220, states that while Madhava was living his ascetic life amongst the mountains he was supported by meals brought to him by a poor shepherd called Bukka, “and one day the Brahman said to him, ‘Thou shalt be king and emperor of all Industan.’ The other shepherds learned this, and began to treat this shepherd with veneration and made him their head; and he acquired the name of ‘king,’ and began to conquer his neighbours, who were five in number, viz., Canara, Taligas, Canguivarao, Negapatao, and he of the Badagas, and he at last became lord of all and called himself Boca Rao.” He was attacked by the king of Delhi, but the latter was defeated and retired, whereupon Bukka established a city “and called it Visaja Nagar, which we corruptly call Bisnaga; and we call all the kingdom by that name, but the natives amongst themselves always call it the ‘kingdom of Canara.’ ” Couto’s narrative seems to be a mixture of several stories. His wrong date points to his having partly depended upon the original chronicle of Nuniz, or the summary of it published by Barros; while the rest of the tale savours more of Hindu romance than of historical accuracy. He retains, however, the tradition of an attack by the king of Delhi and the latter’s subsequent retirement.
Another authority suggests that Bukka and Harihara may have been feudatories of the Hoysala Ballalas.
Nikitin, the Russian traveller, who was in India in 1474, seems to favour the view that they belonged to the old royal house of the Kadambas of Banavasi, since he speaks of “the Hindoo Sultan Kadam,” who resided at “Bichenegher.”
Here we have a whole bundle of tales and traditions to account for the origin of the great kingdom, and can take our choice. There are many others also. Perhaps the most reasonable account would be one culled from the general drift of the Hindu legends combined with the certainties of historical fact; and from this point of view we may for the present suppose that two brothers, Hindus of the Kuruba caste, who were men of strong religious feeling, serving in the treasury of the king of Warangal, fled from that place on its sack and destruction in 1323 and took service under the petty Rajah of Anegundi. Both they and their chiefs were filled with horror and disgust at the conduct of the marauding Moslems, and pledged themselves to the cause of their country and their religion. The brothers rose to be minister and treasurer respectively at Anegundi. In 1334 the chief gave shelter to Baha-ud-din, nephew of Muhammad of Delhi, and was attacked by the Sultan. Anegundi fell, as narrated by Batuta, and the Sultan retired, leaving Mallik as his deputy to rule the state. Mallik found the people too strong for him, and eventually the Sultan restored the country to the Hindus, raising to be rajah and minister respectively the two brothers who had formerly been minister and treasurer. These were Harihara I. (“Hukka”) and Bukka I.
The First Vijayanagar Dynasty
[The following shows the pedigree of this dynasty as given in the EPIGRAPHIA INDICA (iii. p. 36). Inscriptions not yet satisfactorily examined will probably add to the information given.] | <urn:uuid:1bf01d01-1b68-4d89-95e3-83025b6c0665> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://hampi.in/a-forgotten-empire-chapter-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507446525.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005726-00278-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977902 | 3,177 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Microfluidic chip technology enables rapid multiplex diagnosis of plant viral diseases
21 Aug 2020
Early detection of diseases of crops at a gene level and protection of food safety
A research group composed of Professor Takayuki Shibata and his colleagues at the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology has applied a microfluidic chip technology to develop a multiplex genetic diagnostic device for the early detection and prevention of crop diseases. The group conducted a gene amplification experiment using four kinds of cucumber viruses on the palm-size diagnostic device, and successfully demonstrated that the rapid multiplex diagnosis can be performed within 1 hour of testing. This diagnostic device is a highly versatile technology that can be used for genetic diagnosis not only in viral diseases of crops, but also in various areas including human infections (e.g., the agriculture/livestock/fisheries industries, the food industry, and health/medical care). | <urn:uuid:50dce46f-ba68-42e5-af64-8340773dd147> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.tut.ac.jp/english/news/12963.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141197278.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20201129063812-20201129093812-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.921154 | 188 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Vikram SaraBhai Space Centre (VSSC) is the lead Centre for development of satellite launch vehicles and associated technologies. The Centre pursues active research and development in a host of distinct technology domains like aeronautics, avionics, composites, etc with a view to achieve self-reliance in the high tech realm of launch vehicle technology.The modern era of space research in India can be said to have formally started in 1961 when the Government of India entrusted the study of the subject of space research and of the peaceful uses of outer space to the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), functioning under the able leadership of Dr. Homi J Bhabha. In 1962 DAE set up Indian National Committee for space Research (INCOSPAR) with Prof. Vikram Sarabhai as chairman to organize a national space programme. One of the first things that INCOSPAR took up was the establishment of Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) at Thumba, near Thiruvananthapuram
November 21, 1963 was a golden day in the Indian Space chronology, when rocket-based research in the country had formally begun. (Dr Homi J Bhabha).A two-stage sounding rocket, Nike Apache, imported from the United States was launched on that day, heralding the operationalisation of Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS). TERLS was established at Thumba because the geo-magnetic equator of earth passed over the very place. Hence Thumba was selected as the site for establishes a rocket station that would launch sounding rockets intended for meteorological and upper atmospheric research
In 1969, INCOSPAR was reconstituted as an advisory body under the India National Science Academy (INSA) and the Indian Space Research Organisation was born. Government of India constituted the Space Commission and established the Department of Space (DOS) in 1972 and brought ISRO under DOS on June 01, 1972.After the sudden demise of Dr. Vikram Sarabhai on December 30, 1971, the whole space establishments at Thiruvananthapuram was rechristiened as Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre.
Over the last four decades VSSC has matured into a Centre of Excellence in launch vehicle technology. The successful completion of ASLV-D3 and ASLV-D4 missions and the subsequent operationalisation of Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) have established the soundness of the indigenous capability in design and development of complex launch vehicles and in carrying out launch missions.The Organisation of VSSC is structured in a matrix form comprising of Projects and Entities. The core proje ct teams manage project activities. System level activities of the projects are carried out by system development agencies. Major programmes of VSSC include Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV), Rohini Sounding Rocket, Space Capsule Recovery Experiment, Reusable Launch Vehicles and Air Breathing Propulsion.VSSC is a major R&D Centre with core competencies in varied disciplines. The Centre has well-defined and focused research activities and pursues research and development in the fields of aeronautics, avionics, composites, computer and information technology, control guidance and simulation, launch vehicle design, mechanical engineering, mechanisms vehicle integration and testing, propellants polymers and materials, propulsion propellants and space ordnance, and systems reliability.These research Entities are the system development agencies for the Projects and thus provide for the realization of the project objectives. Management systems area provides for programme planning and evaluation, human resource development, budget and manpower, technology transfer, documentation and outreach activities. The Centre has strong administrative and auxiliary services to support in its activities.
Most of launch vehicle development is carried out at VSSC. After the first Nike Apache sounding rocket, a series of rockets were launched from Thumba, which was followed by many other sounding rockets of various types such as Arcas and Dragon from USA, Judi-dart, Petrel and Skua from UK and Centaure from France. The USSR meteorological sounding rockets called M-100 were launched from TERLS every week from 1970 until 1993, launching 1161 rockets during that periodOver the years VSSC has designed, developed and launched a family of sounding rockets under the generic name, Rohini Sounding Rockets (RSR) to serve a range of scientific missions. The currently operational Rohini Sounding Rockets are RH-200, RH-300, RH-560 and their different versions. These sounding rockets are launched for carrying out research in areas like meteorology and upper atmospheric processes up to an altitude of about 500 km.
VSSC has a large workforce of about 4500 employees, most of them specialists in frontier disciplines. With its state of the art facilities in all the disciplines the Centre has grown expertise in a host of technology areas. Aerodynamic and aero thermal design, trajectory optimization for launch vehicles, mission planning, wind modeling, structural load estimation, are some of the specialist areas in aeronautics. The Centre is almost self reliant in avionics systems with capability for development, qualification and production of critical systems like navigation guidance and control, telemetry tracking and command, and control actuation systems. The Centre has matured in the development qualification and production of a larger spectrum of composite structures for launch vehicles and satellites. Expertise in design planning and production of launch vehicle hardware has been possible with the establishment of large in-house and industrial facilities. Aerospace mechanisms, integration activities and checkout operation of launch vehicles are its forte. Its R&D efforts have yielded some of the best solid propellant formulations with facilities to produce them. The materials and chemical requirements, propulsion studies, space ordnance systems and pyrotechnic devices are developed and produced in house. Considerable development has taken place in various areas of navigation systems so much so that a separate Unit called ISRO Inertial Systems Unit (IISU) has been established at Vattiyoorkavu
VSSC has its own contributions in the continuing expansion of space applications programmes like village resources centres, tele-medicine, tele-education, disaster management support and outreach through direct-to-home television, India’s first mission to Moon- Chandrayaan-1, etc. Thus the Centre is agog with activities that continue to pursue successful goals on all fronts in meeting the larger objective: achieving self-reliance in space technology and its applications for national development. | <urn:uuid:0ffe520b-d38d-482f-b818-41af3940d58e> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://www.sankalpindia.net/vikram-sarabhai-space-centre | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875142603.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200217145609-20200217175609-00536.warc.gz | en | 0.939003 | 1,351 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Baby-led weaning is gaining popularity, particularly among younger parents who seek a more natural and family-friendly way to feed their child. It involves your child in mealtimes. By offering your baby only finger foods and letting them feed themselves from the start (rather than spoon-feeding them puréed or mashed foods) you can offer a range of small, finger-sized pieces of food.
Some parents prefer baby-led weaning to spoon-feeding, while others combine a bit of both. There is no right or wrong way – the most important thing is that your baby eats a wide variety of food and gets all the nutrients they need.
The benefits of baby-led weaning
Baby-led weaning helps fine-tune motor development by supporting the development of hand-eye coordination, chewing skills, dexterity, and healthy eating habits. It also offers babies an opportunity to explore the taste, texture, aroma, and colour of a variety of foods right from their highchair.
It is an early and particularly important step for babies in learning self-regulation, so they teach themselves to stop eating when they feel full. Babies who self-feed cannot realistically be made to eat more than they need since they are feeding independently.
It can be a time saver as you won’t need to buy food jars or cook, puree, freeze, and defrost meals in advance. Your child can just eat what you are eating when you are eating it.
What foods are best for baby-led weaning
Examples of first finger foods include
- steamed broccoli florets with a stalk
- baked sliced apple without the peel
- moist and shredded meats
- poached or flaked salmon
- omelette cut into pieces
- strips of chicken
Substantial-size pieces-cut in long, thin strips, coin-shaped, or with a crinkle cutter-are easiest for your baby to manage
Baby-led weaning and choking
There is no evidence to suggest babies are more likely to choke with baby-led weaning, compared to spoon-feeding so try not to worry too much.
All babies have a strong gag reflex. You will be able to tell the difference between gagging and choking. When your baby gags they might cough and go red in the face but if they are choking, they will be silent.
To be safe, follow these rules:
- Always stay with your baby while they eat.
- Make sure your baby is sitting up when eating.
- Serve foods that aren't too hard. Raw apples are one of the biggest choking hazards for baby-led-weaning babies.
- Do not rush to help your baby if they gag. Babies sense parents' panic and can develop negative associations with eating. Instead, stay calm and give them time to work it out.
Tips for successful baby-led weaning
Prepare for a mess. The goal with baby-led weaning is to let your baby explore the foods they are eating and unfortunately, getting messy is part of the process. A good idea might be to place a plastic wipe-clean mat under the highchair to save time with cleaning up and replace a bib with a painting apron to avoid clothes getting stained.
Eat together. Sit at the table as a family and eat together so you can all talk with each other, and the baby feels included during mealtimes. You can give your child baby cutlery and show them how to use it and guide it to their mouth. Some babies just like to hold the cutlery to mirror the actions of a parent.
Consider a mixed approach. Especially when you start baby-led weaning, your child may not eat and swallow a lot of solids as they are only starting to experiment and learn. You may want to consider some spoon feeding at the beginning until they get the hang of self-feeding. | <urn:uuid:5c6c722f-aa3f-42b6-a8c4-992086f6c998> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.babocush.com/blogs/news/what-is-baby-led-weaning | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057119.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20210920221430-20210921011430-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.960756 | 806 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Coffee is a drink prepared from roasted coffee beans made from seeds of Coffea plant species. It is darkly colored, bitter and slightly acidic. The stimulating effect in humans, is due to its caffeine content, and is one of the most popular drinks in the world. From the coffee fruit, the seeds are separated to produce unroasted green coffee. The seeds are then roasted and then ground into fine particles that are typically steeped in hot water before being filtered out, producing a cup of coffee. The two most commonly grown coffee bean types are C. arabica and C. robusta.
The majority of the time, it is served hot, but chilled or iced coffee is also widely used. Numerous methods of making and serving coffee exist, including espresso, French press, caffè latte, and canned already-brewed coffee.
What are benefits of coffee?
Coffee is a popular beverage that researchers have researched in great detail and many health advantages associated with it, including its capacity to boost energy levels, encourage weight control, improve athletic performance, and guard against chronic disease.
Here are a few of coffee's health advantages.
- Boosts energy levels: Caffeine, a central nervous system stimulant found in coffee, is known for its ability to combat exhaustion.
- Coffee may help with weight loss: Some studies suggest that coffee may affect how fat is stored and enhance gut health, both of which may help with weight loss.
- Promotes heart health: According to a review, consuming three to five cups of coffee daily is associated with a 15% lower risk of developing heart disease. Three to four cups of coffee per day were linked to a 21% lower risk of stroke, according to another study of 21 research.
- Could support brain health: Research suggests coffee may help protect against several neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, even though trials have shown conflicting results.
- Linked to a lower risk of depression: Some research suggests that drinking coffee may reduce your risk of developing depression. One assessment of seven research found that daily coffee consumption was associated with an 8% decreased incidence of depression.
- May help prevent liver conditions: According to one study, coffee consumption above two cups per day was associated with a decreased risk of liver cancer and liver scarring in those with liver illness.
- Could reduce the incidence of type 2 diabetes: due to coffee's capacity to maintain the operation of your pancreas' beta cells, which are in charge of creating the hormone insulin to control blood sugar levels. Additionally, it has a lot of antioxidants and may have an impact on metabolism, inflammation, and insulin sensitivity, all of which are factors in the development of type 2 diabetes.
Who first discovered coffee?
There are several legends that describe the discovery of the first coffee bean and its incredibly distinctive energizing impact. The Ethiopian goat herder Kaldi, who lived in the ninth century, is credited with discovering coffee, according to a legend recorded in 1671. He noted that his goats began acting strangely after eating the fruits of a medium-sized, dark-green bush with yellow and red berries as he and his goats roamed the countryside of the Ethiopian kingdom Kaffa.
In order to satisfy his curiosity, he took some of those energizing `magic berries` to the following monastery where the chaplain would be able to explain its benefits to him. The chaplain was outraged as he violently threw the berries into the fire and dubbed it a diabolical temptation. The monks were seduced shortly after when the distinct and delicious fragrance of freshly roasted coffee came from the fire. They immediately extinguished the flames and, sooner or later, prepared the first batch of coffee.
What are the negatives of coffee?
People with panic or anxiety disorders may experience anxiety when they consume too much coffee. Coffee drinkers are advised to use a paper filter while making their brew since unfiltered coffee has been linked to an increased risk of premature mortality and may include additives that boost LDL, or bad, cholesterol levels.
How many types of coffees are there?
The four main varieties of coffee beans are as follows.
- Arabica (Coffee arabica): The most popular and most heavily advertised kind of coffee is Arabica. Actually, the flavour is sweeter and more delicate, and the coffee itself is typically less acidic.
- Robusta (Coffee caniphora): The second most popular type of coffee beans is called Robusta. Its name gives this bean justice, as it is recognised for its powerful and frequently harsh flavour characteristic. Because they contain such high levels of caffeine, Robusta coffee plants are much more hardy than their Arabica counterparts.
- Liberica: Rare coffee beans from Liberica are a treat. The coffee describes the flavour as having a little `woody` taste and compares the aroma to fruit and flowers.
- Excelsa Coffee liberica var. dewevrei): Although officially part of the Liberica family, Excelsa is a quite different species. In addition to having a tart, fruitier flavour, Excelsa is renowned for combining characteristics of both light and dark roast coffees to produce a distinctive profile that is highly sought after by coffee connoisseurs.
Which coffee type is best?
Arabica beans are the most widely produced variety and are thought to be of higher quality, making them one of the most well-known and well-liked varieties of coffee bean. In actuality, the Arabica variety makes up more than 60% of all coffee beans produced globally.
How many types of black coffee are there?
Different Types of Black Coffee
- Espresso Coffee
- Ristretto Coffee
- Long Black Coffee
- Drip Coffee
- Iced Black Coffee
- Flavored Coffee
- Americano Coffee
Which coffee has smoothest taste?
When coffee is brewed smoothly, its natural sweetness is more prominent. The smoothest and most conventional flavor profile is usually found in medium roasts.
Which type of coffee is sweet?
Among all the varieties of coffee, Mocha is one of the sweetest. A mocha is made by combining a shot of espresso with a spoonful of chocolate powder, adding steaming milk and 2 to 3 cm of froth on top, and finishing with a few sprinkles of chocolate powder. | <urn:uuid:c4a7eaaf-2cdd-4821-bede-14bf1f661405> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://blinkit.com/cn/tea-coffee-health-drinks/coffee/cid/12/1322 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710409.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20221127141808-20221127171808-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.966703 | 1,321 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Definition of Banding of chromosomes
Banding of chromosomes: Treatment staining of chromosomes to reveal characteristic patterns of horizontal bands. Thanks to these banding patterns, which resemble bar codes, each human chromosome is distinctive and can be identified without ambiguity. Banding also permits the detection of chromosome deletions (lost segments), duplications (extra segments), and other structural abnormalities.
Last Editorial Review: 3/19/2012
Back to MedTerms online medical dictionary A-Z List
Need help identifying pills and medications? | <urn:uuid:37ad7c8f-f444-42c0-af9c-3f40d8703e24> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2424 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131310006.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172150-00069-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.849094 | 105 | 3.546875 | 4 |
As a gardener, you want all parts of your garden and yard to look as good as possible. So it can be extremely disappointing to realize that the bark on one of your trees is starting to fall off or that your tree has become a host to a swarm of bark beetles.
You might wonder — does my tree need to be cut down or is there a way to save it?
There are certain signs that you’ll want to watch out that indicate that it is time to cut a tree down. While it is possible to recover the health of some trees, you don’t want to risk leaving a dead tree in your yard. You also don’t want to let a tree grow so large that it becomes a safety hazard due to the proximity of the tree to your house or the power lines.
Signs of a dying tree
Certain signs indicate that a tree is no longer healthy. These signs include brittle bark, limbs starting to fall off, lack of healthy leaves during the growing season, and large amounts of pests such as carpenter ants living in the tree. You may also notice the tree starting to lean in an usual way. You might also notice fungus, such as mushrooms, starting to grow on trees. However, sometimes fungal infections can be treated before they spread, allowing you to save the tree.
Hazards of a decaying tree
A decaying tree can cause a safety problem for you, your neighbors, or other people. Over time, the wood of a decaying tree becomes brittle, making it more likely that a branch or a limb will fall, which could cause a serious injury if someone is struck by the falling branch. A falling limb could also land on a house or a car, resulting in property damage. You could end up being held financially responsible if the branch of a decaying tree injuries someone or damages property.
Other reasons to remove the tree
Another reason to remove a tree, even if it isn’t dead, is if the tree is too close to your house or is interfering with a powerline. Even trees that aren’t dead could still fall over in a heavy storm. This could result in the tree damaging property or falling on the powerline. You could also decide that you just no longer want a tree and it has become a nuisance — maybe it is taking up too much yard space or leaves berries all over the place.
DIY or professional
Once you decide to remove a tree, consider whether you want to do it yourself or if you should hire a professional. Taking down trees can be tricky, especially if the tree is large or if it could fall on a powerline or your house. If you don’t have experience with tree removal, it could make sense to look into tree surgeon companies that can help remove the tree. If you cut the tree down yourself, look at an online tutorial before starting the process.
When to leave the tree alone
The only time you should consider leaving a dying tree alone is if the tree is located somewhere where it won’t pose a safety concern if it falls. For example, if you have a large property and the tree isn’t near a building or powerline. Or if it is located deep within the woods. Dying and fallen trees can make great habitats for animals, so if the tree can decay without causing harm, consider leaving it alone. It’ll eventually fall or decay due to natural circumstances.
Keep trees healthy
While all trees will eventually die, there are certain tips you can use to help your trees stay as healthy as possible. Make sure to plant trees where they’ll have plenty of room to grow and where they’ll have access to the appropriate amount of sunlight. Fertilizer and water the tree as needed to make sure it gets needed nutrients. And when you notice dead branches, trim them back so healthy branches can grow. The good news is, most trees are good at taking care of themselves!
When it comes to keeping a healthy garden, don’t overlook your trees! While trees might not need as much maintenance as your flowers, you still want to check on them regularly to make sure they’re healthy. If you suspect that you have a dead tree, don’t hesitate to reach out to a professional to see if it needs to be removed. | <urn:uuid:c50f8183-520d-46f4-86f3-98aae585b5bf> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://robinsonloveplants.com/category/tool-guides/Power-Tools/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038069133.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20210412175257-20210412205257-00486.warc.gz | en | 0.962638 | 890 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Beagle Heat Cycle: An In-Depth Look
I felt compelled to learn the nuances of heat in beagles, as I had a female beagle growing up. They are the best, aren’t they? Here is some stuff I learned over the years about the signs of a beagle heat cycle.
What Is The Beagle Heat Cycle?
Heat is an indicator that she is sexually receptive. It’s the equivalent to a human female’s menstruation. However, unlike human females, there is no menopausal period for beagles, and they can continue to breed into their later years. An un-spayed female beagle in veterinary terms is called a bitch.
On average, your female Beagle will have her first cycle when she is about 6 months old. However, this can occur as early as 4 months, and as late as 15 months old of age.
When she is in heat, she is “in season”. The veterinary term for this occurrence is the estrus cycle. She will enter estrus, or heat; seasonally in the spring and fall, where she becomes practically irresistible to their male canine counterparts.
What Are The Estrus Cycle (Heat) Phases For A Beagle?
This phase typically lasts between 3 days and 2.5 weeks. At this stage, your female beagle is not fertile, nor is she receptive to breeding. This is also when the hormone estrogen climbs in her body.
This phase has a similar duration of 3 days to 2.5 weeks. She is fertile at this stage, and she is amenable to mating with a male counterpart.
Be cognizant of any character changes, as in this stage it is very common to occur.
She will be seemingly linearly focused on being exceptionally affectionate and eager to get outside. Once outside, she will urinate more frequently to leave her pheromones on more surfaces, in order to further attract a mate.
This phase commonly lasts for 2 months for a pregnant female and 2 to 3 months for a non-pregnant one. If a male dog approaches her at this stage, she will reject his advances.
Also during this period, she will also eat abundantly and her character will normalize.
In the case of a pregnant beagle, diestrus ceases and is followed up with anestrus, the period of sexual inactivity. This phase usually lasts for 4 to 5 months and provides a rest period after delivery for her body to recover fully from the pregnancy.
Female beagles that haven’t been fertilized show no signs of transition from diestrus to anestrus.
After this 4 to 5 month duration, for the non-fertile bleeding that we referred, proestrus will eventually recur.
What Are The Signs Of A Beagle Heat Cycle?
Certain signs are exhibited in concurrence with the aforementioned stages of the estrus cycle they are in.
Red discharge from their vulva, otherwise known as spotting. During this phase, the lining of her uterus becomes softer. Spotting may or may not be apparent, as you may see small spots on the floor. In larger breeds of dogs, as you could imagine, it would be that much more obvious accordingly.
Enlargement of the vulva, as the cells of her uterine wall will expand.
Excessive licking is something your female beagle will do to her genital area, to clean any discharge that is being emitted from her vulva. This symptom is much more obvious, unlike the one immediately before this. After all, who tends to notice if their dog’s uterine walls have swelled? I most likely wouldn’t.
Behavior changes are not as apparent during the beginning of the heat, but they will become more pronounced during the second phase. Most female beagles become restless, but then again — others may become more withdrawn and less active.
Appetite changes occur during this phase as the body requires additional energy reserves, therefore her appetite will likely increase. However, if she is one of the others that becomes less active during this, she may have a decreased appetite.
Temperature increase is pretty much implied as a potential sign, right? After all, it is a heat.
This the only phase where can become pregnant by successful copulation or artificial insemination.
Furthermore, certain signs that frequently will carry from the first phase to this one include her appetite changes and increased body temperature. Signs of the estrus phase include:
Open to mating towards their male mates. She will no longer act aggressively towards male dogs. Also, she will become that much more attractive to males, in addition to being more attracted to male dogs herself.
More behavior changes are on the horizon. She will be likely to be ramped up like nobody’s business. A female will be laser-focused on trying to do the deed. She will become markedly more sensitive to noises, expressing more vocalizing and will likely be more active.
Change in gait and flagging is another common sign. You may notice that if you scratch just above your beagle’s tail with your hand, she pushes back and places her tail to the side. Also, her gait will change noticeably as she swings her hips more prominently, and wags her tail high up as she walks, otherwise known as flagging. These are tactics to further seduce a potential mate.
Discharge changes in color from her vulva, from originally red to a more yellow, pink, or even unnoticeable.
Vulva swelling declines and becomes softer.
Elevated frequency of urination happens as she uses her urine as a marker over various locations, to tell other dogs that she is in heat.
What Is A Silent Heat?
A silent beagle heat cycle is when your bitch goes through her season, but it is virtually asymptomatic.
Even if symptoms are incredibly muted; if your bitch is indeed in season, male dogs in the locality may still be very aware of it. If male dogs start hanging around your house, like a teenage boy waiting for his date, then chances are that she is in heat.
Do Beagles Experience Cramping?
Studies suggest that due to the female beagle’s behavior, she is very aware of her heat cycle and may feel cramping and discomfort as the uterus contracts.
They may wish to rest more often than normal, as they may be trying to avoid exacerbating any abdominal pain.
Make sure she has a comfortable, warm spot to rest. If you want to go the extra mile, you could always look into a heating pad to help soothe her abdominal muscles.
How Can I Keep My Female Beagle Safe From Males?
An un-spayed female beagle will be on every male dog’s radar within a 3-mile radius.
Yes, you read that right: A 3-mile radius. Every time she urinates while in heat, she dispenses a little blood, which leaves a strong aroma in the yard.
In light of this, you will have to keep a particular eye on all of her activities while outside, even if she is in a fenced yard. There is no way to predict how a male dog will act when a nearby female is in heat. When walking her, keep her on a retractable leash at a shorter length. Thank me later.
Is It Safe To Separate Dogs While Mating?
No. Let me reiterate this again. Absolutely, unequivocally no.
It can injure both of the dogs, as the male’s penis is swelling inside of the female’s contracting vulva. In addition, the last thing you want to deal with is the potential aggression of either dog. Regardless if you consider it embarrassing or not, once commenced this process can last up to 30 minutes.
Can My Beagle Receive An Abortion Shot?
In extreme scenarios, an abortion shot can be provided by her veterinarian, but that doesn’t come without its intrinsic risks.
What Is Pyometra In Beagles?
Pyometra, also known as a pyo, is an infection of the uterus (womb). It’s a common condition in female dogs who haven’t been spayed and it requires urgent veterinary treatment.
Pyos are only seen in females. The signs usually develop around four to six weeks after the female has finished bleeding from her last season. In some cases, the bitch may appear to be having a prolonged season.
The early signs of pyometra can include unusual tiredness, lack of appetite and an unquenchable thirst. These may also be followed by vaginal discharge. In the latter stages, your dog may be reluctant to move. If left untreated these signs will worsen to the point of dehydration, collapse and death from septic shock. If you observe any unusual signs in your female beagle, get her immediate veterinary help to address any issues.
Fortunately, most female beagles make a full recovery after treatment, if the condition is caught early. Spaying your dog before she develops a pyo will prevent this condition from occurring.
How Can I Prevent My Beagle From Going Into Heat?
Generally, a veterinarian can spay a dog when she is as young as two months old. However, it is best to consult with your veterinarian for specific recommendations regarding the best time to spay your dog.
Why Should I Spay My Beagle?
“Help control the pet population. Have your pets spayed or neutered.”
Wise words dispensed consistently for decades by Bob Barker and subsequently Drew Carey, on every episode of The Price Is Right. Words that have been taken to heart by millions, thankfully. The number of homeless animals that are euthanized every year is truly disheartening, however, it does give the reasoning for fervent hope.
In addition, it takes a marked toll on your beagle to give birth and raise her pups. As a matter of fact, the rigors can lead to premature aging or worse. Sad but true.
Fortunately, spaying your female beagle prior to her first heat cycle has marked health benefits, such as lowered frequency of cancers and diseases.
What Products Can Help My Beagle?
They can be an absolute lifesaver. Disposable Dog Diapers by Paw Inspired are quite an effective tool at trapping moisture and keeping your dog and your flooring and/or carpeting clean. As with a young child, you should be prepared to change these often to prevent irritation. While your beagle is in her proestrus stage, you should change her diaper two times per day, depending on how often she bleeds. If your female is in need of diapers, no worries; we’ve got you covered. Heck, there are even reusable types too.
Think of dog pads are more like little floor mats that are laid on your dog’s bed. Place the pad wherever your beagle may frequently rest. They are extremely absorbent and are quite advantageous for beagles who don’t like to wear diapers, and for owners who don’t care to have their female wearing diapers. Ready to defend your home from the messes? Yeah, I thought so. All-Absorb Training Pads to the proverbial rescue.
Think of these as the canine version of baby wipes. Their main purpose is to keep your beagle clean and fresh. While your beagle is in heat, simply wipe the blood off of her several times per day to ensure she doesn’t become irritated. Since they are a shorter hair breed, matting should be of minimal concern. So if you’re needing to pogo stick into beagle’s cleanliness, Pogi’s Cleaning Wipes will do the deed, by cleaning them clean.
Other Health Items
Need additional help? No problem — we get it.
We’ve provided you an extensive list of other items that may help your female beagle’s overall hygiene and heat cycle here.
An ovulating female dog will seek reassurance, attention, and sleep. Make sure you are able to fulfill as much of these three needs as possible and provide fun distractions for when you are unable to attend personally. She will appreciate it.
Disclosure: This page may contain affiliate links. As an Amazon Associate, we earn from qualifying purchases made through affiliate links on this site. The commissions do not impact the price you pay for those products, nor do they influence which product(s) we may or may not recommend on this site. After all — we just want your beagle to be happy and healthy. | <urn:uuid:35897179-461d-42a9-a1f3-ab52fc352b26> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://beagleslife.com/beagle-heat/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224650620.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20230605021141-20230605051141-00595.warc.gz | en | 0.966496 | 2,665 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Mediating mathematical meaning through discourse: An investigation of discursive practices of middle grades mathematics teachers
Date of Completion
The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics has responded to calls for reform of mathematics education by developing and promoting standards that focus on content and process, such as problem solving, reasoning, and communication. Discourse has been an integral part of the reform documents over the past two decades. Although meaningful discourse can enhance learning, research has revealed that the quality and type of talk are critical. Additionally, the role of the teacher in the orchestration of discourse has been identified to be not only essential, but also underestimated. ^ The purpose of this study was to develop a model of discursive practices in middle grades mathematics classes that specifically focused on how types of talk and verbal assessment interact to mediate mathematical meaning within whole group instruction. To accomplish this, grounded theory methodology, sociolinguistic strategies, and multiple-case study design were employed. The participants were a purposive sample of seven middle grades mathematics teachers (grades 4–8), identified as having characteristics indicative of expertise. Data were collected via semi-structured pre- and post-observation interviews and classroom observations. These were documented using field notes, classroom artifacts, audio and video recordings, and transcriptions. Transcripts of mathematics lessons were coded using sociolinguistic strategies that built on a social constructivist framework. Along with utilizing approaches reported in the research literature, additional analytical tools and techniques were developed and employed by the researcher. ^ The central result of the research was the development of a model to explain how middle grades mathematics teachers use language to mediate mathematical meaning. Additionally, the model of discourse served as a basis for the examination of the relationships of the types of talk and assessment; it further focused on and indicated tendencies toward either dialogic (generating meaning) or univocal (transmission of meaning). Finally, the research demonstrated that the model of discourse, when combined with multi-level analysis, could be used to build models of teaching. This research provides means to begin to make sense of the nature and role of discourse within middle grades mathematics classes and, ultimately, to explore how students come to understand and make meaning of mathematics. ^
Truxaw, Mary Patricia, "Mediating mathematical meaning through discourse: An investigation of discursive practices of middle grades mathematics teachers" (2004). Doctoral Dissertations. Paper AAI3144609. | <urn:uuid:3bb89558-6215-4e3c-b9b9-e548bd08ee26> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://digitalcommons.uconn.edu/dissertations/AAI3144609/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375098808.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031818-00125-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951936 | 493 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Wisdom teeth, also referred to as third molars, affect each individual in different ways. This includes the amount of time it takes for them to erupt, or become visible.
Wisdom teeth don't serve a particular purpose. Unlike the others, they are not necessary for chewing and swallowing. Instead, they are an extra set of molars that are often removed in order to prevent probable dental complications, including cysts and permanent tooth damage.
Of all the teeth, third molars are the last to come in. According to the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, this generally occurs at 17 years of age, although some people experience this sooner or much later. Not long after, wisdom teeth are extracted if they do not erupt properly.
Wisdom teeth are got their name because they are the last set of teeth to come in, at a time when young adults have presumably grown "wise." | <urn:uuid:86743ead-317e-49f1-bf25-c3da0acc17b2> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.ehow.co.uk/facts_7422010_long-wisdom-tooth-grow-in_.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608984.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170527171852-20170527191852-00130.warc.gz | en | 0.960055 | 187 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Use this format to improve communication in your marriage. Decide on an agenda in advance or at the beginning of each meeting. Don't try to tackle more than one or two problems in one session. Decide how long you will spend on problem solving. An hour or less works better than longer amounts of time. Agree also that you can stop the discussion if either person wants to do so. The person who wants to stop the discussion will set a time within the week for resuming the discussion.
Guidelines When Speaking
1. Be brief. A two sentence rule is effective in minimizing hostility and in keeping the discussion focused.
2. Be specific. Instead of complaining, "You're so messy", say, "I would like you to hang up your coat when you come in and I'd like you to put your dirty clothes in the hamper.
3. Omit insults, and accusations. Assume a "no-fault" attitude. Think instead, "We have a problem, what can we do about it."
4. Don't use labels. Calling someone "sloppy" or "lazy" is a generalization and it will anger your partner.
5. Avoid absolutes. Using words such as "never" or "always" are usually inaccurate and they also increase the hostility.
6. State things positively. Say, "I'd like you to take out the trash" rather than "You never help around here."
7. Say what you think and feel not what you think the other person thinks or feels. Mind reading doesn’t work.
Guidelines When Listening:
1. Listen to your partner and give signals, such as nodding your head or saying un-huh, to let him or her know you are listening.
2. Try to understand the main point in what your partner is saying and his or her feelings behind this.
3. Summarize aloud what you think your partner means and ask if you have understood him or her correctly. If your partner says you haven't understood, ask for further explanation. Repeat until you have understood your partner’s viewpoint.
4. Say you're sorry if you have clearly injured your mate. This doesn't mean you accept the blame. You can be sorry you have hurt him or her even though it was unintentional. If you realize you were at fault, admit it and ask for forgiveness. (A post on Forgiveness is coming in a few weeks.)
For Both Partners:
1. Find points of agreement and focus on these. Comment also on specific things you appreciate about your partner.
2. List all the possible solutions you can both think of whether they are practical or not. Write down at least ten solutions without censoring them or discussing them. Then go back and cross out any that either person could not consider. Choose the best idea of the remaining ones to try out.
3. These guidelines will take practice. Don't expect yourself or your partner to be able to follow them all immediately. Your session together is successful if you understand a little more about each other even if you do not reach solutions the first time. See previous posts on Communication Rules and Repetitive Arguments in Marriage.
“Be of one mind, full of sympathy toward each other, loving one another with tender hearts and humble minds.” 1 Peter 3:8 NLT | <urn:uuid:3301a66e-1ca7-4709-bc6f-fbf74b41f807> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://faithnotes-dottie.blogspot.com/2014/02/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668594.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20191115065903-20191115093903-00142.warc.gz | en | 0.957226 | 697 | 2.515625 | 3 |
By Kait Frasier
Imagine lifting the hood of a four-cylinder car you’ve been driving for years, only to discover that it’s been a six-cylinder all along.
This is how Lisa Welp and Ralph Keeling of Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego’s CO2 research group describe their recent work on global photosynthesis rates. Plants, it turns out, have been taking in roughly 40 percent more atmospheric carbon than they’ve been getting credit for.
Many atoms exist in both heavy and light forms, known as isotopes. Scripps researchers have monitored the isotopic ratios of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) for more than thirty years. The variation of oxygen isotopes contained in that CO2 was also recorded, because CO2 with heavy oxygen isotopes skewed the mass ratios measured for carbon. To remove the interference, the oxygen data was used in a calculation known as the “Craig correction,” developed in the 1950s by the late Scripps geochemist Harmon Craig.
No one thought of the oxygen dataset as anything more than a correction factor for many years. However, the global proportion of heavy to light oxygen isotopes in atmospheric CO2 is largely set by the rate of interaction with water in plant leaves, seawater, and soils. Eventually it became apparent that these data had their own story to tell.
“We’re trying to figure out what’s under the hood of ‘planet-ship’ Earth,” Keeling said.
Welp, who led the study, Keeling, and their coauthors took advantage of the unexplored oxygen composition data to recalculate the planet’s photosynthesis rate. Based on their calculations, Earth’s land plant population captures between 150 and 175 petagrams of carbon per year (roughly 20 percent of total carbon in the atmosphere).
Previous estimates of global carbon uptake have been made by scaling up from leaf-level measurements. However, plants uptake atmospheric carbon at different rates (for example, corn is more efficient than rose bushes). They also vary across seasons and are distributed unevenly around the globe. The new estimate is based instead on atmospheric measurements from a worldwide network of study sites.
What do we do with the knowledge that the earth has a bigger engine than we previously thought? Welp and her team are unsure. They have revised one number on the global carbon balance sheet, but carbon is constantly being cycled between rock, water, air, and organic reservoirs. The magnitudes of these exchanges are estimated through a web of interdependent calculations. Increasing estimates of global photosynthesis will have a ripple effect on other estimates.
“Just because we find higher rates of photosynthesis, it doesn’t mean that there’s a bigger land carbon sink than we thought,” Welp is quick to point out. Although plants remove carbon from the atmosphere through photosynthesis, they release most of it back through respiration. Only a small percentage is actually stored for a year or more, and that net storage is well quantified. If anything, plants have been working harder than expected in the face of rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations.
“It’s a good idea to know what you have before you run it too hard,” said Keeling. “Accurately measuring carbon uptake is necessary for understanding the planet’s atmospheric balance and predicting its future.”
According to this study, the way plants are predicted to work and to respond to climate change needs to be adjusted. It also serves as a reminder that our “planet-ship” still has some surprises under the hood.
Kait Frasier is a 3rd-year Scripps Oceanography graduate student in the laboratory of oceanographer John Hildebrand. | <urn:uuid:bc5a816b-58a5-4223-9315-04dcc1bdfb8e> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | https://scripps.ucsd.edu/news/2975 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936464193.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074104-00020-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955246 | 796 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Author : Valdez Christel.
Published : Thu, May 30 2019 :12 AM.
Format : jpg/jpeg.
Today we all know that benefits of math are considerable. Math is not a subject one learns by reading the problems and solutions. American children have very little practice with multi-step problems, and very few opportunities to think their way in to and through problems that do not look like all the others.
Now, consider one person is jumping on the ground to reach the third floor of a building. Can this person make it? Never, if he is not Spiderman. For this person, to reach the third floor by jumping is impossible or very hard and finally he gave up saying that it was very hard to reach third floor.
The most important thing about these math worksheets is that they are used for tutoring and not for the main course studies. That is why they are used by tutors to offer remedial tuition and by parents at home so that they can offer their kids extra tuition to sharpen their skills.
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Math worksheets for grade iplication free printable on download 4rd word problem | <urn:uuid:f22d0939-35aa-47fe-bad1-6e8db07b47d0> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://www.clubdetirologrono.com/4rd-grade-math-worksheets/4th-grade-worksheets-fourth-math-homeschool-with-answer-key-070f18a85f7c68caa9fb3d48dc9/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998100.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20190616102719-20190616124719-00548.warc.gz | en | 0.893629 | 892 | 3.109375 | 3 |
The Seattle Consent Decree:
How It Came About, What It Is, and What the Monitor Does
In 1994, in light of the Rodney King incident, Congress granted the Civil Rights Division of the United States Department of Justice ("DOJ") the authority to sue state and local governments to enjoin patterns or practices of unconstitutional policing, including unnecessary or excessive force and discriminatory policing. Since that time, DOJ has conducted a number of investigations of law enforcement agencies throughout the country. In most instances, the jurisdictions investigated have entered into settlements with DOJ in order to avoid or resolve a lawsuit.
Following a nine-month investigation of the Seattle Police Department ("SPD"), in December 2011, DOJ's Civil Rights Division and the United States Attorney's Office for the Western District of Washington found a pattern or practice of excessive force that violates the U.S. Constitution and federal law. The investigation also raised serious concerns that some police practices–particularly those related to pedestrian encounters with police–could result in discriminatory or biased policing.
The City of Seattle did not agree with these findings at that time but, in July 2012, concluded that it would be best to enter into a settlement with DOJ. The settlement is embodied in two documents: a Consent Decree and a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU). In this context, the Consent Decree is an agreement between DOJ and a municipality to eliminate unconstitutional policing. The agreement is presented to a federal judge for approval. With the judge’s signature, the document became an order of the Court, enforceable by the Parties and the federal court under the Court's inherent contempt powers. The MOU is a related side agreement between the parties not enforceable by contempt but by the DOJ as any private contract would be. In Seattle, the MOU dealt mainly with the creation of a Civilian Police Commission ("CPC") and the Crisis Intervention Committee ("CIC").
The Seattle Consent Decree is 76 pages with 210 separate paragraphs. It calls for the restoration of constitutional policing through substantial and far-reaching reform of the SPD’s use of force policies and practices, training, full and complete implementation of new policy, adoption of policies and training to eliminate discriminatory policing, and the development of improved relations, trust, and support among and from all of Seattle’s many and varied communities. To demonstrate that these reforms have been effectively implemented, SPD must collect and analyze data that shows that it is meeting the requirements of the Consent Decree and achieving "full and effective compliance."
The Consent Decree calls for the federal court to appoint a Monitor. The Monitor is charged with providing the SPD with technical assistance in meeting the requirements of the Consent Decree, to report to the Court, the City and DOJ, and to the Seattle community twice a year on the progress of the Police Department in achieving compliance, and to certify in the future whether SPD has reached "full and effective compliance" with the Consent Decree. Merrick Bobb was appointed as Monitor in late 2012. He has assembled a highly experienced and diverse team of individuals to work with and support him.
“Full and effective compliance” is a term of art. Its contours will become more clearly defined with the passage of time. It has both quantitative and qualitative aspects. The bedrock of the Consent Decree is a substantially improved relationship between the diverse communities of Seattle and SPD. It will become manifest when the SPD exhibits no tolerance for excessive force or biased policing and has systems in place to detect, track, and thoroughly and objectively consider use of force incidents, stops and detentions of civilians, allegations of discrimination, and the like. Likewise, it will become manifest when SPD officers fairly address allegations of unconstitutional misconduct. The DOJ, under its independent enforcement obligations, and the City of Seattle will work with the Monitor in determining how progress and compliance can be rigorously measured and verified.
After the SPD has achieved "full and effective compliance," it must remain in compliance for at least two more years until the Consent Decree is dismissed by the court. The Monitoring Team cannot currently anticipate when that point will be reached. Under the City’s and the SPD’s current leadership, good progress toward that end is being made. It is hoped that such progress will continue. Nevertheless, substantial challenges remain, with the Monitor and his team continually ready to assist SPD in reaching compliance–and to update the community and the Court as to its progress.
This website is the Monitor's official website. Here, the Monitoring Team provides updates on the latest news and progress related to the Consent Decree. The website houses archives of the Monitor's reports, recommendations to the Court, key SPD policies, and the like. It also provides members of the Seattle community with information on becoming involved with the process of implementing the Consent Decree. | <urn:uuid:06dc2575-5c35-480e-b7a5-81f74fc821df> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://www.seattlemonitor.com/overview | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376825112.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20181213215347-20181214000847-00443.warc.gz | en | 0.954618 | 974 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Glassfibre Reinforced Concrete is one of the most versatile building materials available to architects and engineers today.
Glassfibre Reinforce Concrete (GRC or sometimes GFRC) is a composite material comprising a mixture of hydraulic cement, silica sand, alkali resistant (AR) glass fibres and water. The glass fibres in GRC effectively reinforce the mortar mix thereby improving its tensile strength and characteristics. Click here for GRC Technical Information
GRC was developed in the 1960's as a corrosion free alternative to traditional steel reinforced concrete. Initially manufactured as an exterior cladding material, GRC can be moulded into a wide variety of complex shapes, profiles and architectural components. GRC is ideally suited to the popular fast-track approach of using lightweight, prefabricated cladding panels for the exterior of modern buildings.
The main advantage of GRC panels over the corresponding precast concrete alternatives is the considerable saving in weight. This results in savings in the costs of transportation, handling and erection of panels. If this weight advantage is considered at the design stage, it should be possible to affect substantial environmental and economic savings in design of foundations and superstructures for both low and high rise building constructions.
Other notable advantages of GRC cladding are its durability, seismic capabilities, chemical resistance, non-combustibility and good sound/heat insulation properties. | <urn:uuid:0e3ca4e6-2360-40b0-a3d3-641b15822300> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.grcnz.co.nz/overview.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046152156.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20210726215020-20210727005020-00149.warc.gz | en | 0.908412 | 283 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Encourage diversity through these picture books about kids with exceptional needs.
Disclaimer: Some of the following links are affiliate links. I make a small commission from some of the links on this site. You can read my full disclosure here.
Picture Books About Kids With Exceptional Needs
Books are gateways to discovering new worlds and learning about life from different perspectives. Here are some of my favorite picture books about kids with exceptional needs.
Zulay is usually very happy at school, except for when it comes to learning how to use her cane. With field day coming up, Zulay has to work hard to be able to participate in the annual race. Good thing she has some wonderful friends to encourage her along the way!
ClaraBelle Blue might ride in a wheelchair, but she is “just like you”! Follow this delightful sunshine as she goes about her day doing all of the things she loves best!
Doctors never expected Temple Grandin to talk–but the girl with an amazing visual brain set out to prove everyone wrong and ended up becoming an accomplished scientist and public speaker. The pictures in Temple’s head helped her to connect with animals in a special way, and she was able to use this connection to form new advancements in farming technology to benefit animals around the globe.
The kids that attend Cherry Street School love assigning fun nicknames for each other based on each person’s unique talents and interests. They are having trouble figuring out what nickname to give their classmate Katie; she doesn’t talk, walk, or act like other kids at all! The class works together to find a way to include Katie in their activities and give her a fun new nickname.
Piggie and Gerald want to play ball with their new friend, a snake. But Snake doesn’t have arms and isn’t able to lift the ball in the same way the other two can. How will they accommodate their differently-abled friend so all three of them can play together?
Jennifer Keelan noticed a problem. Many places that she loved going to like school, stores, and museums around town were not built to accommodate differently-abled people. Jennifer decided that even as a kid she could make a difference, and she climbed all the way up the Capitol steps–without her wheelchair–in order to help pass the Americans with Disabilities Act to make public places safer for people just like her!
An older sister introduces us to her younger and much-beloved brother Charlie. She explains that Charlie has autism and his brain doesn’t always do things the same way everyone else does. There are some things he has trouble with, but many things Charlie is very good at, like playing the piano and knowing facts about airplanes. His special brain and his autism make Charlie an interesting and unique individual.
Zara is a young girl in a wheelchair who loves nothing more than her dog, Moose. Sadly, Moose isn’t allowed at school, but that doesn’t stop him from visiting! I love this book for multiple reasons. We never learn why Zara is in a wheelchair, but it doesn’t matter. Instead, it focuses on a girl and her love for her dog.
As a child, the author had trouble with a stutter that made him self-conscious. He promised a jaguar that he would find a way to get rid of his speech impediment. As he reached adulthood, Rabinowitz did find a way to control his speech, and he credits his work with endangered animals for helping him get there.
Erik loves playing with his friends at the water table, but when water splashes all over his sleeve, Erik starts to feel totally overwhelmed and can’t seem to get excited about playing again. A kind friend who understands Erik’s sensory sensitivities gently helps him return to the fun.
Allie’s brother Jesse has autism, and Allie can’t stand watching other kids tease him for his quirks and unconventional ways of doing things. She sets out to gain a better understanding of her brother by working to see, hear, touch, taste, and smell just like Jesse. In the end, she finds her voice and stands up to those who criticize her brother.
Hwei Ming, daughter of the Peking Emperor, was born without sight. Her father is desperate for his daughter to see and enlists a whole slew of experts to work a miracle. When the emperor begins to give up hope, an elderly man with a seeing stick enters the city and teaches Hwei Ming how to “see” for the first time.
United States Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayer calls for a celebration of different abilities in this empowering book for children.
Davey is blind, and as a result, people are always trying to do everything for him. Davey is frustrated by this and wants to gain more independence, so he decides a kickball game is the perfect place to start!
Scully is partially deaf and so relies more heavily on her other senses to experience the world. The rain falling outside calls to Scully, who wants nothing more than to stick her face under the droplets and let them run down her cheeks, but her mother forces her to come in and stay inside all day. Scully is frustrated at her mother’s directive, and a family feud ensues.
William Hoy had always dreamed of playing baseball for a living, but his deafness caused him to first take the route of shoemaker. William still practiced hitting during his breaks at the shoe store, and when a coach discovered his talent, it was up to William to prove that he could make it in the big leagues, hearing or not.
A brother tells the world what things his wheelchair-bound sister loves and hates about being in her chair, and tells us that she likes these things “just because.” This brother-sister duo offer a compassionate look at a sibling pair who lovingly accept each other as they are.
In black and white pages, this intriguing book offers seeing people a glimpse of the colorful world experienced by people with blindness.
Trisha works extremely hard at school, but she has always been frustrated that she can’t seem to grasp reading and writing as quickly as her classmates. A loving teacher named Mr. Falker helps Trisha see that she is capable of learning and helps her believe in her abilities.
Helen Keller may have lost her eyesight and her ability to hear, but she never lost her ability to change the world. With an abundance of grit and determination and an understanding friend and teacher in Annie Sullivan, Helen learned to read, write, and speak aloud. Helen used her platform and story to raise awareness and influence people in arenas such as women’s suffrage, pacifism, labor unions, and opportunities for differently-abled people.
A girl and her best friend Benny don’t experience the world in exactly the same way since Benny has autism, but the two have a wonderful friendship that focuses on valuing the other just the way they are.
In this re-imagining of the familiar tale, Goldilocks is intrigued when she visits the bears’ home and discovers that Baby Bear uses a wheelchair to get around. She also notices he has a special bed with a lift that is motorized.
This book introduces Susan in a way that will connect her to young children. She loves to swing, swim, and laugh just like any other child, and when her wheelchair is revealed at the end of the story readers will understand that disabilities are not impediments to living life.
Cindy lives in a group home with other people who have Down Syndrome just like her. When she finds a puppy without a home, she is determined to give him one. Problem is…the rules of the house say no pets. How is she going to keep her new best friend around?
Charlie describes his best friend, Isabelle, who has Down Syndrome. The two are inseparable and enjoy many common interests as well as some differences. Charlie compassionately teaches readers how to respect and befriend children with exceptional abilities and, in this case, extra chromosomes.
A young girl is very excited about the upcoming birth of her new baby brother. She can’t wait to teach him things and play with him. Her father lovingly explains that some things might take the new baby longer to do as he will be born with Down Syndrome. Then the father lists all of the amazing things her brother will be able to do!
The true story of Emmanuel Ofoso Yeboah, a Ghanaian born with only leg who defied the odds. Most children with disabilities were not allowed to attend school, but Emmanuel decided he was going to get an education and hopped two miles to school and back each day. When he grew older, he became a proficient bicycler and rode 400 miles in 10 days, propelling himself by the strength of his one leg and his unbreakable spirit.
Ginny struggles to do well in school because her eyes are always making her see everything blurry and double. To help her eyes focus, the school nurse gives Ginny an eye patch to wear, and Ginny proudly becomes the Pirate of Kindergarten!
Will and Jake are pretty much inseparable, and Jake’s extra chromosome makes their friendship even more special. Rather than being a barrier, Down Syndrome is actually a connecting point for these two buddies.
Sammy feels like every part of his day has gone wrong, and he’s frustrated because no one seems to notice. No one, that is, except his autistic friend Benji. And Benji might know just how to help.
I love this picture book series that focuses on twice-exceptional kids. Every kid learns differently – and that’s okay!
A few of the ones I’ve read are:
- If You’re So Smart, How Come You Can’t Spell Mississippi?
- Last To Finish: A Story About the Smartest Boy in Math Class
When Moses’ school for the deaf takes Moses and his class to a play at the Little Theater for the Deaf, the class is enthralled with the way the actors use their hands and bodies to act without spoken words. After leaving the performance, the class decides to put on a play of their own.
Moses’s class is off on another field trip, and this time they are headed to a orchestra concert. Moses and his deaf classmates excitedly communicate about the concert through American Sign Language and ‘listen’ to the music using vibrations and touch.
Auggie’s much-beloved story, re-imagined for younger readers in this delightful picture book about a boy born with a facial difference. Auggie’s grit and determination to find a real friend and help others choose kind will have readers cheering him on as they turn the pages.
Ellie loves to bake, and she knows that someday her skills are going to get her a place in a professional chef’s kitchen. But her world is turned upside-down when her mom uproots her to live with her grandfather, who is sick and needs extra help at home. Starting at a new school in a new community might not be so bad, if it wasn’t for Ellie’s wheelchair, which seems to be a barrier to making friends. With spunk and sass, Ellie works to create a home in her new town.
After losing her legs in the Boston Marathon Bombing, Jessica wonders how she will re-learn to navigate the world. Then Rescue, a service dog, comes into her life and the two form a partnership that helps Jessica begin to hope again. This true story is written by Jessica herself and is one of my favorite picture books.
Kami, part of a Sherpa community living in the Himalayas, lovingly tends to his herd of yaks. But when some of the yaks wander away from the group in a snowstorm, Kami knows he must get help. His father cannot understand what the deaf Kami is trying to communicate, and Kami’s brothers must step in to help Kami be heard and save the day!
Stan’s class is making cards for the principal, but Stan gets really frustrated when he can’t seem to get his letters to go the right way and his writing slopes all over the page. His teacher and classmates help him understand that it’s ok if you aren’t a master the first time you try something and that being brave enough to get help for your struggles is something to be proud of! | <urn:uuid:3fb5ce6b-440f-49fd-a372-e760abe24fd3> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://learnincolor.com/picture-books-about-kids-with-exceptional-needs.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710801.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201053355-20221201083355-00586.warc.gz | en | 0.97646 | 2,606 | 3.140625 | 3 |
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