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The colorful diversity of potatoes from Peru.
Credit: C Robin Buell, Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University
This ScienceLives article was provided to LiveScience in partnership with the National Science Foundation.
C. Robin Buell is a Professor of Plant Biology at Michigan State University. Buell studies plant genome sequences and deciphers the genomes of their pathogens. She discovers how components of the genome confer function and phenotype to both the plant and the microbes that feed on it.
Buell has published extensively in plant genomics and bioinformatics. Her recent work, published in the journal Nature, describes the genome of the potato, the world's third most important crop. Buell has worked on the genomes of Arabidopsis (small flowering plants related to cabbage and mustard), rice, potato, maize, switchgrass, pine, wheat, carrot, and recently, medicinal plants including ginseng, Echinacea, Gingko and Hoodia.
Name: C. Robin Buell
Institution: Michigan State University
Field of Study: Genomics/Bioinformatics
What inspired you to choose this field of study?
I became interested in plants while I was an undergraduate student. In addition to a fascinating introductory botany class I got a job as a lab assistant in a plant physiology research lab, which led me to graduate school. I choose to study plant genes when the technology became available to sequence whole genomes and in 1999 I got an opportunity to work at The Institute for Genomic Research. At the time, The Institute for Genomic Research was one of the premiere institutes for genomics and I was able to contribute my knowledge of plant biology to the institute's efforts to understand the structure and function of plant genomes.
What is the best piece of advice you ever received?
This was from a mentor who I asked whether I should apply for a faculty position that was advertised. He told me: "You can't turn down a job offer you don't have." This is so true and unless you apply or test the dimensions of your world, you won't know what else was out there to do. This philosophy lead me to leave my position as an Assistant Professor at Louisiana State University after two years and start a faculty position at The Institute for Genomic Research to pursue genomics research.
What was your first scientific experiment as a child?
Although I did not do research as a child, I liked science throughout elementary, middle and high school. Since I grew up in a rural area (there were only three high schools in the entire county), we did not have a wide range of science classes, especially advanced-level classes. However, I was able to take biology, physics and chemistry courses, all of which were the most interesting and challenging classes. While I toyed with the idea of being a nuclear engineer, I choose to pursue biology in college.
What is your favorite thing about being a researcher?
The coolest thing about being a research scientist is that every day at work is different. That is, the research is dynamic and one experiment leads to another. Thus, you are not easily bored by the science. So, while the training period seems long (four to five years for a Ph.D. plus another two to four years of postdoctoral training), your lifelong career will build on not only the knowledge you gained in courses and in research, but also the ability to generate a hypothesis, and then test it through rigorous experimentation and interpretation. Therefore, being in research allows you the opportunity to push the boundaries of not only your own knowledge, but human knowledge about biology.
What is the most important characteristic a researcher must demonstrate in order to be an effective researcher?
An effective researcher must be passionate for the science as barriers (administrative, financial and scientific) arise and in spite of these limitations, you need to champion your ideas, staff and results.
What are the societal benefits of your research?
My research enables a broader group of scientists to study biological and agricultural processes. For example, my work on the potato genome will allow potato breeders develop new, improved potato varieties quicker than the current 15 year timeframe it takes to develop a new variety.
Who has had the most influence on your thinking as a researcher?
My postdoctoral mentor had the most impact on me as a researcher. Her can-do attitude coupled with seasoned advice was powerful in showing me that every problem (scientific, administrative and logistical) can be solved. This glass-half-full attitude is hard to find, let alone sustain and I was really fortunate to have worked with such a wonderful person who enlightened me as to how to approach the myriad of tasks and challenges encountered in research.
What about your field or being a researcher do you think would surprise people the most?
Most people have the notion that university faculty members have the summer off and as such, we have a "cushy" job. In fact, the university pays our salary for only nine months of the year. If we work in the summer, we take our pay out of research grants we've been awarded or we go without pay. Stopping a research program for three months because you lack funding for your salary is not realistic and as a consequence, a lot of university researchers work without pay over the summer months because they can't pay their own salary.
If you could only rescue one thing from your burning office or lab, what would it be?
In my lab, we do a lot of computational work and we store backup tapes of terabytes of data in a fire safe. These tapes represent many years of research that cannot be recreated.
What music do you play most often in your lab or car?
Believe it or not, I listen to country music. I became a fan of country music when I worked at Louisiana State University and had five undergraduates working in my lab. At the time, I disliked country music, but since there were five students and I only spent a short period of time in the lab, I felt I could not ask them to change the station. As a consequence of this indoctrination, I became familiar the artists, their songs, and within a summer, I became a fan of country music.
Editor's Note: This research was supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF), the federal agency charged with funding basic research and education across all fields of science and engineering. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. See the ScienceLives archive. | <urn:uuid:8fa37ead-897d-473f-86da-965ef6a9e7fa> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.livescience.com/16539-plant-genomes-buell-sl-nsf.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644062327.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025422-00134-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965438 | 1,349 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Should you sew left to right?
The cut thread should disappear into the fabric. If you’re not working with layers, just take a single stitch after you’ve knotted the thread, then cut it near the fabric’s surface. Unless otherwise specified, sew from right to left if you’re right-handed and from left to right if you’re left-handed.
Do left handed people throw with their left hand?
While most people prefer to use their right hand to brush their teeth, throw a ball, or hold a tennis racket, left-handers prefer to use their left hand. This is the case for around 10% of all people.
What does it mean to sew wrong sides together?
The ‘wrong side’ means the back of the fabric or the side that will be hidden when the project is finished. When you sew two bits of fabric together it’s common to hear the phrase, ‘right sides together’ or ‘right sides facing’. This means that the ‘right sides’ of the fabric will be touching as you sew the seam.
Do left-handers have higher IQ?
Although data suggested that right-handed people had slightly higher IQ scores compared to left-handers, the scientists noted that intelligence differences between right and left-handed people were negligible overall.
Why is it so rare to be left-handed?
Most of the current research suggests that left-handedness has an epigenetic marker — a combination of genetics, biology and the environment. Because the vast majority of the population is right-handed, many devices are designed for use by right-handed people, making their use by left-handed people more difficult.
Can 2 right-handed parents have a left handed child?
A straightforward genetic link hasn’t been proven, and it is possible for two right-handed parents to have a left-handed child. Theories include: Genes – perhaps genetic factors predispose a child to favour the right hand. A single gene might be passed from parents to children to influence which hand a child favours. | <urn:uuid:d287dc7e-e3b8-42aa-8067-2336a63b465e> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://katieskitchenblog.com/mosaic/frequent-question-can-a-left-handed-person-use-a-regular-sewing-machine.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304287.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220123141754-20220123171754-00151.warc.gz | en | 0.943304 | 442 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Travelling back home from Kansas last July, we serendipitously revisited the little village of St. Charles, Missouri. As the sign says, it was the first Missouri state capitol. Here is the website for the village: http://www.stcharlescitymo.gov/?TabId=305
St. Charles, Missouri is a beautiful historic village, founded in 1765 as Les Petites Côtes and known as the third oldest city West of the Mississippi. It sits on the Mississippi River, just north of St. Louis, full of little cafes and shops and pleasant views. It is the scene of many festivals and activities. It lies near the Katy Trail, a 225 mile long state park.
A quote from Wikipedia about the founding of St. Charles:
- In the year 1765, a French Canadian, called Blanchette Chasseur, animated by that love of adventure which characterizes all who have lived a roving and restless life, ascended the Missouri, with a few followers, for the purpose of forming a settlement in the then remote wilderness.
According to Hopewell’s rather romantic account, Blanchette met another French Canadian (Bernard Guillet) at the site of St. Charles in 1765. Blanchette, determined to settle at the site, asked if Guillet, who had become the chief of a Dakota tribe, had chosen a name for it.
- “I called the place ‘Les Petites Côtes’ ” replied Bernard, “from the sides of the hills that you see.”
- “By that name shall it be called”, said Blanchette Chasseur, “for it is the echo of nature — beautiful from its simplicity.”
Blanchette settled there in 1769 under the authority of the Spanish governor of Upper Louisiana, and served as its civil and military leader until his death in 1793. During this time perhaps only a couple dozen buildings were built. Although the settlement was under Spanish jurisdiction, the settlers themselves remained primarily French Canadians.”
If you want to read more of this articel, click here:
As you walk the brick-lined streets and sidewalks, you can imagine what it was like in the mid-1800s with steamships & paddle boats floating down the river. Its streets were walked by some famous personalities from history: Daniel Boone, Jean Baptiste Pointe du Sable (who founded Chicago), Mark Twain (Samuel Clements), & Abraham Lincoln just to name a few.
Di Olivas, which sells all kinds of olive oils and balsamic vinegars on tap. You can sample any of them if you like (little paper cups are provided).
We purchased a bottle of the garlic flavored olive oil and a special tip to insert to make it easier to apply it to bread. We have enjoyed putting it on toasted baguette slices – yum!! Here is their website: http://diolivas.com/ where you can order their products online.
Walking on down the street, there are so many lovely little shops and cafes.
We were there just after the Spring flooding and we could see little piles of sand on the streets & sidewalks where the river water had risen up into the street and deposited them.
If you are passing through St. Louis and have time, take an hour or two to visit this charming little village. Or if you have more time, schedule it into your vacation and stay at a B & B or camp nearby.
For a list of all the specialty shops, click on this link: http://www.greatriverroad.com/stcharles/stcharlesshop.htm
And for a list of the restaurants available, click on this link: http://www.greatriverroad.com/stcharles/stcharleseat.htm
For a list of where to stay, hotels & bed & breakfasts: http://www.greatriverroad.com/stcharles/stcharlesbb.htm | <urn:uuid:85fa91eb-0b16-4f22-98cd-071fd033914b> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://serendipitouscookery.com/2013/08/10/historic-st-charles-missouri/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337516.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20221004152839-20221004182839-00287.warc.gz | en | 0.950758 | 842 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Diverticular disease occurs when pouches (diverticula) in the intestine, usually the large intestine or colon, become inflamed.
Diverticulosis is the presence of many diverticula along the intestinal wall. It occurs more commonly in countries such as the U.S. where the diet is generally low in fiber. More than 50% of adults over age 70 have diverticula, and 80% have no symptoms.
Most diverticula occur in the sigmoid colon, the curved part of the large intestine closest to the rectum, and they tend to become more numerous as we age.The inflammation may be local (just in the area of the diverticulum), or may spread to the abdominal lining (peritoneum), called peritonitis. Small (microscopic) or large perforations (holes in the intestinal wall) occur in 15 to 20% of people who have diverticula.
Signs and Symptoms
Often diverticula cause no symptoms, although you may experience irregularities in bowel habits. If symptoms do appear, they may include the following:
- Abdominal pain, especially after a meal on the lower left side of the abdomen
- Either painless rectal bleeding or passing of blood in stool
- Irregular bowel movements, including constipation or diarrhea
Some people with diverticulitis develop fistulas, or abnormal passageways from the intestines into the abdomen or to another organ, such as the bladder. This may lead to a urinary tract infection, gas in the urine, pain while urinating, or a more frequent need to urinate.
Some people develop peritonitis, an inflammation of the lining of the abdomen. Symptoms of peritonitis may include sudden abdominal pain, muscle spasms, guarding (involuntary contraction of muscles to protect the affected area), and possibly sepsis, the term for an infection that has spread to the blood. Peritonitis can be life threatening if left untreated.
What Causes It?
The cause of diverticular disease is unknown, but several factors may contribute to changes in the wall of the colon, including aging, the movement of waste through the colon, changes in intestinal pressure, a low fiber diet, and physical abnormalities.
Who is Most At Risk?
These factors increase the risk for developing diverticular disease:
- Low fiber diet
- Advanced age (more than half of people over age 70 have the condition)
- Male gender, for diverticulitis
- Physical inactivity
- Family history of diverticular disease
The following may contribute as well:
- High fat intake
- Lack of regular physical activity
- Use of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, cortico steroids, and opiate analgesics
What to Expect at Your Provider's Office
Your health care provider will examine your abdomen for tenderness, swelling, and guarding, and may try to detect any unusual mass around the intestines. Your provider may also test your blood, urine, and stool for signs of infection or blood. A computed tomography (CT) scan, ultrasound, and other imaging techniques may help locate diverticula and any inflammation, fistulae, abscesses, or other abnormalities.
To help prevent diverticular disease:
- Eat a high-fiber (25 to 35 g per day), low-fat diet that contains lots of vegetables. This diet is also beneficial for overall health, and may reduce the risk of heart disease and cancer.
- Avoid red meat.
- Avoid foods that may block the opening of a diverticulum and lead to inflammation, such as high-fat foods.
- Exercise regularly. One study found that men and women who run have a lower risk of diverticular disease than those who do not run.
For mild symptoms, your health care provider may recommend a clear liquid diet and prescribe antibiotics. More serious cases may require hospitalization, intravenous (IV) feeding to rest the intestine, IV antibiotics, and IV antispasmodics, which relax the intestine. Eating a high-fiber diet and taking psyllium supplements may help following an attack. Your provider may recommend starting fiber supplementation at a low dose and gradually increasing the dose. Taking too much fiber too quickly may cause a worsening of symptoms including diarrhea, gas, or bloating.
Your doctor may prescribe antibiotics to fight infection, antispasmodics to relieve cramping, and analgesics to relieve pain.
Surgical and Other Procedures
If you have repeated episodes of diverticulitis, respond poorly to medical therapy, or have other complications, your provider may recommend removing part of the colon. If you have severe complications, or if your condition worsens within 1 to 2 days of attack, you may need surgery right away.
Complementary and Alternative Therapies
Nutrition plays an important role in preventing and treating gastrointestinal disease, especially diverticulosis. You may help minimize attacks and improve treatment results by following specific dietary recommendations.Nutrition and Supplements
Eat a diet that is high in fiber (25 to 35 g per day). The following foods may be associated with a lower risk of diverticular disease:
- Whole-grain bread
Food is the best source of fiber, but you may also use fiber supplements to increase your fiber intake. Many fiber supplements include insoluble fiber supplements, such as psyllium and glucomannan (3 to 5 g per day of either supplement). Your doctor may also suggest soluble fiber supplements, such as flaxseed and oat bran, which can be less irritating than insoluble supplements. Talk to your doctor to find the right combination for you.
Glutamine (400 mg, 4 times per day, between meals) is an amino acid found in the body that helps the intestine function properly. While there is no evidence that glutamine helps reduce symptoms of diverticular disease, it may be beneficial for overall intestinal health. DO NOT take glutamine if you are diabetic or have seizures, liver disease, or a history of mania or manic episodes.
Omega-3 fatty acids, such as those found in fish oil, may help fight inflammation. (On the other hand, some omega-6 fatty acids, found in meats and dairy products, tend to increase inflammation.) If you have diverticulitis, eat a diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids, or take a supplement (1,000 mg, 1 to 2 times per day). This type of diet may also help prevent colon cancer. DO NOT take high doses of a fish oil supplement if you are on blood-thinning medication unless supervised by your doctor. Omega-3 acids have a blood-thinning effect, and can increase the effect of blood-thinning medications, such as warfarin (Coumadin) and aspirin.
Probiotics, such as Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Saccharomyces boulardii, and bifidobacteria help maintain the health of the intestines. In one study, people who had diverticulitis were more likely to remain symptom-free after 1 year when they were treated with Lactobacillus casei and mesalazine. Some probiotics may not be right for people with severely suppressed immune systems.Herbs
Herbs are a way to strengthen and tone the body's systems. As with any therapy, you should work with your health care provider before starting treatment. You may use herbs as dried extracts (capsules, powders, or teas), glycerites (glycerine extracts), or tinctures (alcohol extracts). Unless otherwise indicated, make teas with 1 tsp. herb per cup of hot water. Steep covered 5 to 10 minutes for leaf or flowers, and 10 to 20 minutes for roots. Drink 2 to 4 cups per day. You may use tinctures alone or in combination as noted.
The following herbs are often used to treat gastrointestinal illness:
- Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) may be helpful in treating diverticulosis. It contains fiber and works as a bulk forming laxative, softening stool and speeding transit time through the intestine. Use ground flaxseed, 15 g per day.
- Slippery elm (Ulmus fulva) is a demulcent (protects irritated tissues and promotes healing). Take 60 to 320 mg per day. Or mix 1 tsp. powder with water and drink 3 to 4 times a day.
- Cat's claw (Uncaria tomentosa) is an anti-inflammatory. DO NOT take cat's claw if you are pregnant, have an autoimmune disease, or have Leukemia. Cat's claw can interfere with a variety of medications. Speak with your doctor.
- Wild yam (Dioscorea villosa). Talk to your doctor before taking wild yam if you have or are at risk of having breast cancer, prostate cancer, or any hormonally-influenced condition. There is some concern that Wild yam may increase clot formation in people with Protein S deficiency, a disorder that predisposes people to form clots.
- Marshmallow (Althaea officinalis) is a demulcent and emollient. To make tea, steep 2 to 5 g of dried leaf or 5 g dried root in 1 cup boiling water, strain, and cool. Avoid marshmallow if you have diabetes. Marshmallow can interfere with the absorption of many medications and can interact negatively with lithium.
- Chamomile (Matricaria recutita) 1 to 3 cups of tea per day. To make tea, steep 3 g flower heads in 1 cup boiling water, strain, and cool. Chamomile can have estrogen-like effects, so DO NOT use it if you are pregnant, taking birth control pills, or have a history of hormone-related cancers. High doses may interact with blood-thinning medications. DO NOT use chamomile if you are allergic to Ragweed or related plants.
- Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) can reduce spasms and inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. DO NOT take licorice for a long period of time, or if you have high blood pressure, heart failure, kidney disease, or hypokalemia. Look for products that contain only DGL, which means the majority of the blood pressure raising component of licorice has been removed.
While few studies have examined the effectiveness of specific homeopathic remedies, professional homeopaths may recommend one or more of the following treatments for diverticular disease based on their knowledge and clinical experience. Before prescribing a remedy, homeopaths take into account a person's constitutional type, includes your physical, emotional, and intellectual makeup. An experienced homeopath assesses all of these factors when determining the most appropriate remedy for a person.
- Belladonna, used for abdominal pain and cramping that comes on suddenly and feels better with firm pressure. It is particularly helpful if constipation accompanies the pain.
- Bryonia, used for abdominal pain that worsens with movement and is relieved by heat. It is particularly useful if vomiting or constipation with dry, hard stools accompanies the pain.
- Colocynthis, used for sharp, cramping abdominal pains that improve with pressure. It is particularly useful if pain is accompanied by restlessness and diarrhea.
Acupuncture may help relieve pain and other symptoms. Acupuncturists treat people with diverticular disease based on an individualized assessment of the excesses and deficiencies of qi (or energy) located in various meridians. Acupuncture and Chinese medicine in general may promote gastrointestinal health.
If you develop a fever, tenderness in the abdomen, or bleeding from the rectum or in the stool, tell your health care provider right away. You may be hospitalized for a fever higher than 101°F (38.3°C), worsening symptoms, signs of peritonitis, or increased white blood cell count found in laboratory tests.
Most people with diverticulitis respond well to antibiotics and bowel rest. About one third of people who develop diverticulitis have a second episode, and of this group, half generally have a third attack. About 20% of people develop complications after the first attack, 60% after a second attack. Complications may include:
- An abscess (pocket of pus)
- Blocked intestine
- A perforation (hole) in the intestine leading to peritonitis, sepsis, and even shock
- Fistulas, which may also lead to sepsis
If you have experienced bleeding once, you are at high risk for bleeding again.
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Crowe FL, Balkwill A, Cairns BJ, et al. Source of dietary fiber and diverticular disease incidence: a prospective study of UK women. Gut. 2014;63(9):1450-6.
Feldman. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2010.
Ferri F. Diverticular Disease. Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2015, 1st. ed. St Louis, Mo: Elsevier Mosby; 2014.
Floch M, White J. Management of diverticular disease is changing. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12(20):3225-8.
Fox J, Stollman N. Feldman: Sleisenger & Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders; 2006:2613-2617.
Gaertner WB, Kwaan MR, Madoff RD, et al. The evolving role of laparoscopy in colonic diverticular disease: a systemic review. World J Surg. 2013;37(3):629-38.
Hjern F, Wolk A, Hakansson N. Obesity, physical inactivity, and colonic diverticular disease requiring hospitalization in women: a prospective cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107(2):296-302.
Hjern F, Wolk A, Hakansson N. Smoking and the risk of diverticular disease in women. Br J Surg. 2011;98(7):997-1002.
Humes D, Smith J, Spiller R. Colonic Diverticular Disease. American Family Physicians. 2011;84(10).
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Review Date: 3/25/2015
Reviewed By: Steven D. Ehrlich, NMD, Solutions Acupuncture, a private practice specializing in complementary and alternative medicine, Phoenix, AZ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. | <urn:uuid:5a661019-8420-4327-8027-d7f191d376df> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://www.stlukes-stl.com/health-content/medicine/33/000051.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806856.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123180631-20171123200631-00634.warc.gz | en | 0.8754 | 3,728 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Applications are now available online as a fillable Adobe PDF form - click on the How to Apply button on the left.
What is Safe Routes to School?
The Safe Routes to School Program was created by the U.S. Congress as part of a federal transportation bill called SAFETEA-LU. The primary reason for developing this nationwide program is this country's growing epidemic of childhood obesity and diabetes. One of the causes of the epidemic is children's decrease in physical activity. To this end, Safe Routes was created to accomplish three goals:
- To enable and encourage children, including those with disabilities to walk and bicycle to school
- To make bicycling and walking to school a safer and more appealing transportation alternative, thereby encouraging a healthy and active lifestyle from an early age
- To facilitate the planning, development and implementation of projects and activities that will improve safety and reduce traffic, fuel consumption and air pollution near schools
Safe Routes to School is a reimbursement program -- not a grant program. This means that the selected applicants will be entitled to request reimbursements from SDDOT for an amount agreed upon at the time of selection. The applicant first must spend funds that it already has secured -- cash will not be provided up-front. Any work on the project that was performed prior to the project's selection is not eligible for reimbursement.
There are two main criteria that will determine if your school and your project are eligible for funding under the Safe Routes to School Program:
- Program funding is only for elementary and middle schools
- Programs and projects must be within a two-mile radius of the school
CHECK IT OUT!
South Dakota Bi-Monthly SRTS Newsletter | <urn:uuid:b6d1b18a-4195-45ec-b8b2-c428f83f745f> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.sddot.com/services/school/Default.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738662159.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173742-00277-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950905 | 344 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Learn how to make a simple pair of electrical jumpers using clothespins.
PHOTO: WAYNE FUGATE
Folks who enjoy fiddling with "nuts 'n' volts" often need
to make temporary electrical connections — and there's a
handy little item called a jumper that's designed to handle
just that job. (Even people who only occasionally deal with
electricity will almost certainly be familiar with the
large jumpers used to start cars.)
I needed one such connector a few months back. However, a
quick search through my toolbox revealed that I was flat
out of the ready-made units and even lacked the alligator clips that would have
allowed me to put one together quickly. Well, the nearest electrical supply store was several
mountainous miles away — and while I couldn't justify
wasting the trip (and the fuel) for such a small purchase,
neither could I allow myself to weasel out of the job at
hand for lack of a simple component.
So, with a mixture of resignation and anticipation, I set
out to cobble together a homemade jumper. I began by
drilling two 1/8-inch-diameter holes through one jaw of each
of a quartet of spring-type wooden clothespins. Then I
stripped an inch or so of insulation from the ends of two 4-foot lengths of soft, multistrand No. 12 copper wire.
To assemble the jumpers, I threaded a bare wire end through
each spring and pair of holes. The
end of the stripped wire was wrapped around the portion
going into the first hole, to secure the assembly. (I was
careful, though, to keep the bare wire from making contact
with the springs.)
I've found that my homemade jumpers work fine in all but
the tightest spots. And better still, the insulating
quality of the dry wood prevents shocks! | <urn:uuid:bdc364d9-0d8b-4024-b265-358062b34990> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.motherearthnews.com/print.aspx?id=%7B44CEB7FF-B648-4B4B-80BA-605D599F4343%7D | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500813887.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021333-00184-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938268 | 406 | 2.578125 | 3 |
|utahraptor size feet||0.24||1||5556||97|
|utahraptor size tall||0.51||0.2||1459||72|
|utahraptor size chart||1.78||0.8||5943||70|
|utahraptor size to human||1.71||0.9||9650||54|
|utahraptor size and weight||1.93||0.4||5575||83|
|utahraptor size compared to human||0.6||0.3||8728||42|
|utahraptor real size||1.04||0.6||518||12|
|utahraptor size in feet||1.42||0.3||8231||3|
|size of utahraptor||0.73||0.8||5639||12|
Utahraptor Is the Largest Raptor Yet Discovered Utahraptor's claim to fame is that it was by far the biggest raptor ever to walk the earth; adults measured about 25 feet from head to tail and weighed in the neighborhood of 1,000 to 2,000 pounds, compared to 200 pounds for a more typical raptor, the much later Deinonychus , not to mention the 25- or 30-pound Velociraptor .How tall is an Utahraptor?
Utahraptor was up to 7 feet tall, and weighed somewhat less then 500 kilograms; around the size of a polar bear.How long is the Utahraptor?
Utahraptor ostrommaysorum is a large (around five meters or 18 feet long), feathered, predatory theropod dinosaur from Utah’s early Cretaceous (~124 million years ago). Utahraptors sported huge sickle claws on their second toes, with the largest specimen measuring at 22 cm (8.7”) long. | <urn:uuid:e5760a14-b527-4605-8ce7-303288ebf76d> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.au-e.com/search/utahraptor-size | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964361253.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20211202084644-20211202114644-00628.warc.gz | en | 0.818465 | 467 | 3.046875 | 3 |
This article was written by Anna Malzy
In response to ‘please name your favorite feminist’ responses ranged from the obvious – Germaine Greer and Caitlin Moran; to the sweet – you, my wife; to the slightly left of field – Charlton Heston (‘because he wasn’t afraid of body hair’).
The person I will be celebrating this week is Audre Lourde. Poet, writer and activist, she described herself as ‘a black, lesbian, mother, warrior poet.’ What’s not to love?
Audre was born in New York in the 1930s and started writing poems while she was still at school, like all the best dreamers. Her first poems were rejected by her school newspaper for being “too romantic,” but she went on to publish several collections and her book ‘From a Land Where Other People Live’ was nominated for the National Book Award in 1974.
Her poems cover themes of liberation, racism, sexism, and anger to name but a few. Audre makes me want to reclaim the notion of being an ‘angry feminist’ with pride because, as she says, “anger expressed and translated into action…is a liberating and strengthening act.” She reminds us that as long as one person is still shackled by forces of sexism, racism, homophobia, transphobia, ableism, or any other means of oppression, no one is completely free.
She was, and still is, accessible, beautiful, political and passionate. She had no fear of calling up oppression when she saw it, and posed vital challenges to the assumptions of racism within western feminism. She reminds us that feminism is complex and layered, because people are complex and layered, but “without community, there is no liberation.”
“When we speak we are afraid our words will not be heard or welcomed. But when we are silent, we are still afraid. So it is better to speak.” | <urn:uuid:ea38f5a5-7baf-4010-9d1b-317e564ef1b8> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | https://beingfeministblog.wordpress.com/2013/02/24/feminist-of-the-weekaudre-lourde/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645281115.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031441-00029-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981775 | 418 | 2.859375 | 3 |
[For trouble viewing the images/movies on this page, go here]
The line of Saturn's rings disrupts Cassini's view of the moons Tethys and Titan.
Larger Titan (3200 miles, 5150 kilometers across) is on the left. Tethys (660 miles, 1062 kilometers across) is near the center of the image. This view looks toward the Saturn-facing sides of Tethys and Titan. This view looks toward the northern, sunlit side of the rings from less than one degree above the ring plane.
The image was taken in visible red light with the Cassini spacecraft narrow-angle camera on Dec. 7, 2011. The view was acquired at a distance of approximately 1.4 million miles (2.2 million kilometers) from Tethys and 1.9 million miles (3.1 million kilometers) from Titan. Image scale is 8 miles (13 kilometers) per pixel on Tethys and 12 miles (19 kilometers) on Titan.
The Cassini Solstice Mission is a joint United States and European endeavor. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington, D.C. The Cassini orbiter was designed, developed and assembled at JPL. The imaging team consists of scientists from the US, England, France, and Germany. The imaging operations center and team lead (Dr. C. Porco) are based at the Space Science Institute in Boulder, Colo. | <urn:uuid:0a2f141c-decd-4a20-827f-6f1ae37db3e7> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.ciclops.org/view/7030/Welcome_Disruption | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187820487.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20171016233304-20171017013304-00461.warc.gz | en | 0.913322 | 315 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Also, though they are technically different, in general, you can use the terms tube or pipe interchangeably.
People have been forming and fabricating tubing for thousands of years. Some of the earliest pipes were handmade from reeds, as we have learned from artifacts from China circa 2000 B.C. Also, the Romans were famous for their aqueduct piping with which they transported water all across Rome and beyond.
One of the earliest iterations of tube fabrication machinery was created by James Russell in 1824. He invented his method in response to the growing need for pipes to power London’s coal burning lamp system; steel pipe transported the gas from the coal. Russell’s method of fabricating and forming tubing involved a rolling mill. To perform it, first, he would heat flat iron strip until it was malleable. Then, using a drop hammer, he would fold and weld it. Finally, he would send it through a groove and rolling mill. In 1825, another inventor, Comenius Whitehouse, rendered Russell’s invention obsolete when he created a process called butt-welding. Butt welding became the basis for modern pipe making. During the first version of butt welding, manufacturers started by heating thin sheets of iron, and then drawing them through a cone-shaped outlet. This movement would cause the edges of the iron sheet to take on a tube shape. To finish the pipe, manufacturers would weld its two ends together. The first American plant focused on using Whitehouse’s process opened in Philadelphia in 1832.
In the 1840s, metalworkers began creating seamless tubes using drills. They found that if they drilled a hole into a solid, circular billet, they could then heat it and draw it through a series of dies in order to form a pipe. This form process did not last long, though, because it was difficult to drill through solid metal, and the process created tube walls with uneven thicknesses. To remedy this, in 1888 a manufacturer developed a method in which metalworkers could create a hollow tube by casting a solid billet around a fireproof brick core.
In the late 1800s and early 1900s, manufacturers began creating automotive parts. To create important parts, like oil lines and gas lines, as well as bike parts, they opened the first seamless tube manufacturing plant in 1895. The next innovation in tube fabrication came in the early 1900s, when engineers developed a process for hot forming tube elbows. Using elbow benders, they were able to produce bent tube products more quickly and on a much greater scale. Then, in 1911, John Moon built machinery to accommodate continuous tube forming.
In the 1960s, engineers invented the high frequency induction bending machine, which allowed them to create more precise results. Then, engineers developed Computer Numerical Controlled, or CNC, technology. Basically, CNC technology lets manufacturers map out their design on the computer, then the computer tells the machine what to do. CNC tube machining has made tube fabrication much faster and easier and has given manufacturers the ability to create products with more complex designs, tighter bends, and thinner walls. It has also allowed them to produce products at a much higher volume.
After CNC technology, engineers developed other types of computer influences, such as CAD (computer aided design) software. Innovations like these have made tube forming machinery more useful than ever and has spurred on the popularity of tubing companies like Universal Tube. As time goes on, we can expect tube forming machinery to create more and more precise results.
How It Works
Common forming services include cutting, bending, and joining. Other processes performed by tube forming machinery include packing, tube flaring, threading, coining, and nitinol heat setting.
Packing is a bending process that works by filling, or packing, a tube with material that helps form it. One example of this is ice packing, and another is sand-packing/hot-slab forming.
Ice packing is pretty straightforward. During this process, manufacturers fill a tube with a water solution, freeze it, then bend it. The solution contains properties that make ice flexible. Most often, this technique is used to make trombones.
Sand-packing/hot-slab forming starts when manufacturers fill a tube with fine sand. They continue the process by capping the tube at its ends and place it in a furnace. There, the furnace heats it up to at least 1600℉. Once appropriately heated, the machine or the operator moves the tube on a slab with built-in pins. Here, the manufacturer bends it around the pins using a mechanical force like a crane or a winch. Once the tube has cooled, he or she removes the sand. The sand decreases distortion in the tube’s cross-section.
The objective of tube flaring is to form the end of a length of tubing into a funnel shape, or tube flare. This straightforward process is performed by tube end forming machines.
Next, tube threading is the process by which the end of a tube acquires raised helical ribs, or threads. Tubes may receive external threading or internal threading. Either way, internal threading and external threading are designed to connect to each other and allow separate pieces of tubing to connect as well.
In the context of tube forming, to coin means to flatten. So, coining is actually a process during which manufacturers flatten the tubing using custom tooling, dies, and power presses.
Nitinol Heat Setting
Finally, nitinol heat setting is a much more specific process than those above. Manufacturers perform it only on nickel titanium, which is a half nickel-half titanium shape-memory alloy, in nitinol heat setting. During this process, the tubing is forced through a die and then bake it at high temperatures. They repeat the baking several times until the shape is heat-set.
As a rule, tube forming machinery must maintain a high level of accuracy. For this reason, tube forming machines are usually either automated manufacturing cells or dedicated machines.
Automated manufacturing cells can be programmed to work on any number of applications.
Dedicated machines are designed for specific jobs and cannot accommodate design alterations.
There are many types of machinery that fall under the respective umbrellas of automated manufacturing cells and dedicated tube forming machines. In general, tube forming machinery is quite diverse. Among its ranks are tube cutting machines, tube end forming machines, bending machines, tube notchers, tube rollers, and tube swaging machines.
Tube cutting machines cut tubing into different lengths and produce ends. They are very precise, allowing for both circular and square ends that are burr-free.
Tube end forming machines also perform cutting tasks, but they are created specifically to produce a tube end. As such, they can also perform chamfering, end expansion roll beading, end reduction, flanging, flaring, and notching.
Bending machines, which may also be called tube benders or tube bending equipment, curve and twist lengths of tube. Within this large group of machines are many smaller groups of bend machines, such as roll benders, rotary draw benders, and mandrel tube benders.
Roll benders work by sending a tube through a series of pressure-applying rollers that gradually change its bend radius.
Pipe benders can perform a similar procedure on pipes. When used on pipe benders, they may be called exhaust pipe benders.
Tube notchers, as their name implies, create notches in tubes. They do so by cutting down vertically and perpendicularly into the surface of the tubing.
Tube rolling machinery is a type of roll form machinery. It conducts a process akin to tube fabrication that rolls strips of metal into all tube diameters.
Tube mill equipment, also known as tube mills, is machinery that is almost identical and sometimes described interchangeably with tube rolling machinery. Tube mill equipment produces tubing or piping when it takes a strip of metal and roll forms it continuously until its edges meet, where they are welded.
Tube swaging machines, or swaging machines, are cold metalworking machines that use high pressure or high pressure and a die to permanently join multiple tubes.
Hydroforming machines form tubes using fluid pressure. The pressure pushes the tube material into the forming die, where it undergoes extreme shape deformation. Hydroforming machines create strong parts with uniform thickness.
Design and Customization
When designing tube forming machinery, manufacturers consider a number of different application factors, such as the complexity of the tubes to be made (cuts, bends, flaring, etc.), the length of the tubes to be made, the desired wall thicknesses, the material you plan to use (metal tube made from steel, stainless steel, aluminum, etc. or plastic tube made from PVC, polycarbonate, ABS, etc.), the volume of products the machinery must form every day, the desired level of automation, any required integration into preexisting systems, and standard requirements.
Manufacturers make your machinery using state-of-the-art equipment. To make machines perfect for your application, machinery manufacturers can customize a variety of system details, such as the control system, form system capabilities, and form system functions (tube cutting, pipe threading, automatic feeding, automatic sorting, etc.) and in-line secondary operations (coating, painting, powder finishing, etc.)
Choosing a Manufacturer
If you are in the market for tube forming machinery, it is in your best interest to work with an experienced and reliable tube forming machinery supplier. To help you get a leg up, we’ve compiled a list of those manufacturers we trust most. You will find their information and profiles wedged in between our industry info paragraphs. Before you start looking them over, we recommend you take some time to write down your specifications, so that you can focus your search. Remember to write down considerations like the size and shape of the tubes you intend to create, the complexity of the tubes you intend to create, your daily product volume, if you have any existing systems, your industry standard requirements, your machine and tooling budget, your delivery deadline, your delivery preferences, your installation assistance preferences, and your post-installation assistance preferences.
Once you’ve written all of these down, you can start browsing. Pick out three or four tube forming machine manufacturers in which you are most interested. Then, reach out to each of them to discuss your application. Make sure to touch all of the points on your specifications list. After talking with representatives from each company, compare and contrast your conversations. Determine which company will provide the best services for you and let them know you want to work with them. | <urn:uuid:6231a94e-1a3f-46cc-8a43-000ed4221802> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.tubeformingmachinery.com/bottom/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154126.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731203400-20210731233400-00547.warc.gz | en | 0.948055 | 2,203 | 3.78125 | 4 |
How we change what others think, feel, believe and do
Happiness is experienced as a warm feeling. When we are happy we feel a sense of meaning and purpose in our lives. We are also more grateful, friendly and forgiving with others.
We feel happiness when we feel we are achieving our goals, and especially so when we achieve a hard-won goal. Positive anticipation and attendant happiness happens when we predict that we will achieve our goals and feel confident about those predictions, perhaps because they have been right recently.
Happiness is generally considered to be the opposite to sadness, although the complexities of these emotions mean this is more of a general statement than an exact one.
Czikszentmihalyi (1992), in his long study of happiness identified what he called an 'autotelic' personality - a person who set their own goals, short- and long-term, and then had great fun in achieving them.
Seligman (2002) defines three components of happiness as pleasure, engagement and meaning. He then expands this in Seligman (2011) to PERMA: Positive emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning/purpose, and Accomplishment.
Achor (2010) defines happiness as simply 'the joy we feel striving after our potential'.
Happiness can be increased by things that remind us of happy things, from up-beat music to comedies. A particularly powerful trigger of happiness are words. Read a paragraph that contains words like 'new' and 'exciting' and 'wonderful' and you will start to feel good. Happiness also increases when we decrease exposure to things that make us unhappy.
Happiness is sometimes contrasted with joy, with happiness being a state or mood and joy being the positive experience that is triggered by an event such as receiving good news or achieving a goal.
Internally, happiness is caused by seratonin being created in the brain. Happy people produce lots of seratonin, whilst sad people produce very little.
Much of the chance of being happy is inherited, with 50% due to genetics. A further 10% is caused by environmental factors, which leaves 40% which is driven by conscious (or maybe less thinking) choice. (Lyubomirsky et al., 2005).
Happy people tend to be more optimistic and adventurous. This appears in such as shopping habits, where happy people will buy more and also buy more different and unusual things.
People tend to be attracted to other people who are happy, which gives some credit to theories that connect it to evolutionary benefit.
Happiness is not a permanent state, and no matter what we get, we will always swing between happiness and sadness. Just look at the miserable rich people out there. In terms of income, it has been shown that once we have a roof over our heads and food on the table, increasing amounts of money cannot buy more happiness.
So if you want someone to do something adventurous, get them happy. Do this by helping them to set and achieve goals (or at least believe that they will achieve them some time soon).
Czikszentmihalyi, M. (1992), Flow: The Psychology of Happiness, London: Rider [also published as 'Flow: The psychology of optimal experience']
Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K.M. and Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing Happiness: The Architecture of Sustainable Change, Review of General Psychology, 9, 111-131
Seligman, M. (2002). Authentic Happiness. New York: Free Press.
Seligman, M. (2011). Flourish. New York: Free Press.
And the big | <urn:uuid:8fe24ae5-eef6-43e0-86c7-2497d8ad1057> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://changingminds.org/explanations/emotions/happiness.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998879.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20190619003600-20190619025600-00195.warc.gz | en | 0.95219 | 762 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Traveling from Tennessee in 1875 to seek better lives for their families, David C. Lane and brothers Joseph and Aaron Brown settled in the western part of Eastland County and established the community of Scranton – named after a surveyor employed by the Houston & Texas Central Railroad. By 1880 the community had enough school-age children to build its own school. That same year a cotton gin was constructed to help the local farmers prepare their crops for market. Elisha E. Chunn, recently arrived from Alabama, opened Scranton’s first general store in 1891 – the same year that the town received a post office.
Scranton was prosperous enough after the turn of the 19th Century that the area’s farmers raised money through subscriptions to build a college preparatory school. In 1903 Alabama educator, Orrin C. Britton helped open the Scranton Academy for high school students on a 12-acre site. The academy included a two-story main building, separate boys and girls dormitories, a dining hall and athletic fields. At its peak, the Scranton Academy had a student body of more than 350, with some students traveling from as far away as Fort Worth. World War I devastated the school when its oldest male students enlisted in the military. As a result, the school closed in 1917.
Meanwhile, as the town became a regional trade center during the 1910s, a dry goods store, hardware store, and two grocery stores opened in Scranton. The Scranton Reporter started publication in 1911. A boll weevil infestation in 1917 crippled the cotton industry, forcing most farmers to switch to peanuts as a cash crop. Despite discovery of the Ranger oil field in 1917, the cumulative effects of the Great Depression sent most Scranton residents to the cities for jobs. The population decline continued after World War II, effectively sealing Scranton’s fate.
Scranton School Gymnasium – This concrete-framed stone structure was built during the Depression with funding from the WPA. Owned by the Scranton School District, it was the center of activity for the community. The building was destroyed by fire in the 1960s. | <urn:uuid:e60d84c6-9734-45d1-9716-371d15cdd739> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://lost-texas.com/2015/04/18/scranton/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818696653.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170926160416-20170926180416-00013.warc.gz | en | 0.969332 | 451 | 3.109375 | 3 |
TYPE EIA flange connectors are commonly used to connect two components in a high power coaxial transmission line. EIA stands for “Electronic Industries Alliance” which is a standards body that defines the interface configuration. Typically these are only required in very high power transmitting installations (10s of kW to MW) where the feedline diameters may be several inches. One side of the connection is denoted as a male connection, or bullet, while the other side is denoted as the female connection, or cup. The mounting flange design, inner and outer conductor dimensions are standardized by the EIA. They are commonly referred to by the outer diameter of the outer conductor in fractional inches. Sizes covered under these 3 standards range have 7/8 ,1-5/8 and 3- 1/8 inch outside diameter (OD) for 50 ohm designs. EIA flange connectors products range also cover both within adaptors and external adaptors with N ,7/16 DIN connectors. . EIA flange designs are commonly used in military applications connecting high power antennas for ground or airborne radar as well as commercial applications in industrial equipment, broadcast and telecom infrastructure. | <urn:uuid:5d6b5e79-3319-4fb6-b485-936e326eab3a> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | http://fscommunication.com/a/downloads/EIA_flange_Series_coaxial_connector/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662675072.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220527174336-20220527204336-00098.warc.gz | en | 0.951028 | 240 | 2.59375 | 3 |
As the Common Core State Standards are rolled out around the country, parents and teachers are starting to piece together how it could change the way things are done in school. So far, 45 states and the District of Columbia have adopted the standards, though some states are backing away.
Some educators are looking forward to incorporating the new standards, encouraged by what they consider to be a higher level of rigor, but others believe big questions must be addressed before the standards are adopted. KQED's Forumdove into the subject recently.
“I think we’re really moving in the right direction. We’re actually expecting students to think, talk about their thinking and analyze their thinking," said one Bay Area elementary school teacher who called in.
But she and others believe the heavy focus on assessments is too early at this point in the process.
"The problem is, just like everything in education, we’re putting the cart before the horse with assessments," she said. "Instead of spending our time training teachers on how to do this well, we’re spending our time trying to develop ways to measure this way of teaching that we haven’t even been trained how to do and haven’t even been able to pilot yet."
Some teachers argue that testing students (and likely, teacher performance) before educators have been adequately trained on the new system is unfair and that assessing the efficacy of Common Core is taking precedence over training teachers to implement it well.
Alice Mercer, a sixth-grade teacher at Bancroft Elementary School in Sacramento, agreed: “My concern is that a lot of this revolving around testing rather than the instruction at this point.”
Mercer is also concerned that educators are not being adequately trained on how to implement the new standards.
““The majority of [teachers in my school] have not been to a single Common Core training so far,” Mercer said.
Though the standards themselves may provide a common set of criteria for students, there's no common training to learn about its implementation, other educators said.
“Some of the best and brightest teachers from my school have been putting together Common Core trainings but there’s no manual, there’s no specific program that has been developed learn how to get all of done,” said a history teacher who called in during the show.
And when it comes to tech integration, critics believe schools are investing in technologies that will only be used as testing tools, and gloss over their true potential for learning, a common criticism of profit-driven companies overshadowing the need for better learning outcomes.
“We do not want all of these iPads and all of this investment in technology that’s going to be happening over the next year, to be turning these devices into glorified test booklets," wrote Arun Ramanathan, executive director of the Education Trust-West in a tweet. "These are powerful instruments that can really also accelerate student learning, especially for students who are behind."
Listen to the show here:
Want to stay in touch?
Subscribe to receive weekly updates of MindShift stories every Sunday. You’ll also receive a carefully curated list of content from teacher-trusted sources. | <urn:uuid:4629ff89-6a79-406c-955e-7228fbf7e3f8> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/30577/are-you-ready-for-common-core-teachers-weigh-in | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653183.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606214755-20230607004755-00430.warc.gz | en | 0.97015 | 673 | 3.0625 | 3 |
JEDWABNE, Poland — The Jews who survived the axes were burned alive in a barn on the outskirts of town. The Germans had just recaptured the area from the Soviets, but it was not the Germans who bolted the doors, poured the gasoline and lit the fire.
On July 10, 1941, villagers here turned against their neighbors — although some would later claim they were taking orders from the Germans. Szczepan Sulewski, a retired baker, remembers running over from a neighboring village to watch the incineration of the Jews. Now 88, he does not remember why the Jews had to burn; he remembers only the screams and how difficult it was, as a boy of 10, to catch a glimpse of the fire.
“Everybody lived well with the Jews,” he said in his living room filled with cigarette smoke. A nervous grin played on his face. “You could do business with the Jews.”
What happened at Jedwabne, where more than 300 Jews perished, profoundly challenges a national narrative that portrays Poland as a victim: first of Nazi Germany, then of Soviet Russia. Disputes over the massacre seemed to reach an uneasy truce more than a decade ago, but a new “Holocaust law” has exploded the powder keg of historical memory again.
All of a sudden, it seems, Jedwabne never happened. The muddy path to the barn is yet another road to nowhere.
Starting in March, publicly invoking Polish complicity in Nazi atrocities will be a punishable offense. Israel has likened the provision to “Holocaust denial,” and the United States says it is an attack on “academic inquiry.” In no small fashion, the law has thrust Poland into a bitter debate over the nature of its history and, to an even greater extent, the nature of its identity.
“There is no nation that has a totally clear conscience,” said Adam Michnik, 71, the editor in chief of the Gazeta Wyborcza, Poland’s largest daily newspaper and a former leader of the anti-Communist opposition. “Every nation had its Ku Klux Klan, and this was ours.”
The government disagrees: Poland is a nation of victims, and victims only.
Since it rose to power in 2015, the populist right-wing Law and Justice party has shown a clear interest in reshaping the way history is presented and understood. In the past two years, the government has sanitized the Museum of the Second World War in Gdansk to emphasize Polish heroism, commissioned a new Warsaw museum to venerate the “cursed soldiers” who continued fighting Communism after 1945, and sought to recast the history of the Solidarity movement.
“Currently, the history of World War II in the West concentrates on the Holocaust. But other aspects — other victims — are forgotten,” said Mateusz Szpytma, the deputy president of Poland’s Institute of National Remembrance, a government-funded research organization devoted to investigating crimes committed on Polish soil between 1939 and 1989.
“As a nation, we as Poles — we are the victims of the Second World War, but if you emphasize only our negative relations with the Jews, and in such articles where the only word used is ‘Nazi’ and not ‘German,’ what you’re seeing now is essentially a self-defense mechanism,” he said.
Polish identity has leaned heavily on collective suffering and even a sense of martyrdom, sociologists say.
In the 19th century, the romantic poet Adam Mickiewicz, a towering figure here who is a mainstay on nearly every school reading list, called his perennially occupied country the “Christ of Nations” whose suffering would somehow save Europe. Many appear to have internalized the metaphor.
As elsewhere in Eastern Europe, 45 years of Communist rule also took a toll on the Polish view of history: The postwar government exploited anti-Nazi sentiment, invoking a black-and-white version of a war against foreign fascism. Even in the face of naked Polish anti-Semitism — as in the 1946 Kielce pogrom and a 1968 anti-Jewish purge — the collective understanding of the past never strayed far from Polish victimhood.
“National narratives — national mythologies — are very difficult to change,” said Geneviève Zubrzycki, a sociologist who has written extensively on nationalism and religion in postwar Poland. “It’s very difficult to be both martyr and perpetrator.”
Similar controversies, Zubrzycki said, have erupted for decades: The Carmelite nuns who opened a convent near Auschwitz in the mid-1980s and the crosses displayed at Auschwitz in the late 1990s were attempts to assert Polish control over a place the world had declared a site of Jewish suffering.
But the new “Holocaust law” represents a “crucial difference,” said the historian Jan Gross, whose best-selling 2000 book on the Jedwabne massacre, “Neighbors,” triggered the most intense debate over Poland’s wartime past, at least until now.
“You have now empowered a regime that is openly drawing on xenophobic nationalism in Polish society as a means of legitimizing its power,” he said in a telephone interview. “And the main pull of this xenophobic nationalism is anti-Semitism.”
This, for many historians, is the root of the law — which, they say, subtly and falsely equates Polish and Jewish suffering.
“Every Jew who was born a Jew was doomed to die. That wasn’t the case with the Poles,” said Pawel Spiewak, the director of the Jewish Historical Institute in Warsaw.
Then there are the numbers. The government says 6 million Polish citizens were killed during the war — a figure often cited to show the immensity of Polish suffering, one that some scholars see as imprecise but that conveniently matches the approximate number of Jews murdered in the Holocaust. But of that number, 3 million to 3.2 million were Jewish Poles. Given that nearly 10 percent of Poland’s prewar total population was Jewish, many scholars object to any separation of Jewish history from Polish history in that period.
“One of the stunning things is that the Holocaust has been mentally externalized for Poles,” Gross said. “It’s as if something happened to ‘them,’ not to ‘us,’ even though it’s really the most dramatic episode of Polish history — 3 million Polish citizens were killed in the most brutal way imaginable, in a very short span of time. But in common parlance, this is somehow the story of someone else, of non-Poles.”
Anna Zalewska, Poland’s minister of education, has described Jedwabne on national television as an event that has engendered “many understandings and very biased opinions.” A new high school curriculum devotes 15 lessons to World War II — only one of which deals with the Holocaust. Many educators fear a rising tide of revisionism.
“When we read the curriculum, what we see is either that we were brave and good or that we lost everything in dramatic circumstances — that’s the picture of Poles we get. There’s no grayness,” said Slawomir Broniarz, the president of the Polish teachers union, which has formally condemned the new law.
“Suddenly we are back to Communist times, and everything is ideology.”
Jan Wróbel, a popular journalist who also teaches history in a Warsaw charter school, said that the government’s obsession with World War II reminds him of his own days as a student — and of how much potential there can be for jarring misconceptions.
“I’m 54. In my school, which was a normal Polish school, I generally thought that in Auschwitz most of the victims were Polish,” he said. “I can’t remember the moment anyone told me that, but it was never clear that it was predominantly Jews.”
Some teachers say they will continue discussing Jedwabne and other examples of Polish complicity in the Holocaust.
“I just tell them that the Poles were there, and that they committed this crime — and that this is all based on facts, on sources,” said Artur Sierawski, who teaches history in a Warsaw public high school. “Usually they’re surprised, and silent for a while.”
But the urban-rural divide is as strong in Poland as everywhere, and Jedwabne — today a town of fewer than 3,000 inhabitants — is far from Warsaw. Teachers here applaud the new law as a corrective that will end what they see as the smearing of their home.
“If someone asks us what happened here, what should we say? I tell them about the Soviet occupation, that the Jews worked with the Soviets, that they greeted the Soviets with flowers,” said Stanislaw Zebrowski, 57, who teaches history in a nearby middle school. The belief that Jews overwhelmingly sided with the Soviets is deeply ingrained in Polish narratives of the war. But it remains a matter of contentious debate among historians, given that Jews also suffered handily under Soviet occupation.
The Jews, Zebrowski said, “helped the Soviets by pointing out people who were later sent to camps in Siberia.” Members of his own family were among those deported, and he said that Jews probably had been responsible.
“I don’t feel bad about that,” he was quick to add.
© 2018 | The Washington Post | <urn:uuid:d1281dac-d969-43da-a729-b1856dfb95fe> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/2018/02/22/poland-s-new-holocaust-law-comes-up-against-massacre-of-jews-in-1941 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100508.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203161435-20231203191435-00109.warc.gz | en | 0.972425 | 2,047 | 2.796875 | 3 |
The word “Channuka” means “dedication”. It refers, of course, to the dedication of the Temple that took place when the Hasmoneans recaptured the Temple from the Syrian-Greeks, purified it and rededicated it for the service of God.
The fact is that this was not the only Temple-dedication that our nation witnessed. We dedicated the Tabernacle in the wilderness, we dedicated the Tabernacle at Shiloh, the First Temple under Solomon and the original dedication of the Second Temple. The Hasmonean dedication that we commemorate on Channuka was only a rededication of the Second Temple that had been defiled by the Syrian-Greeks. So why is this dedication singled out to be celebrated with a national holiday?
We must understand the historical context of this particular dedication. All the other dedications took place while God still spoke to us through the prophets. The spirit of God that had come to dwell with us through the dedication of the Temple allowed the prophets amongst us to hear God’s voice. We lost that gift.
When prophecy ceased, the Jewish people were devastated. Their heavenly Father was no longer talking with them. They felt that God was no longer with them. Then the persecutions began. Now God was not even allowing them to keep His Law! But under the leadership of Matisyahu, the remained loyal. They fought back and God crowned their efforts with victory.
Now they entered the Temple. How they wanted to light the Menorah! But they encountered an obstacle. They only had one little bit of pure oil. They did not give up, they did what they could. And God reached out and miraculously made the oil last. How their hearts were filled with joy! Their Father was with them! The gift their Father had given them was the ability and the opportunity to serve Him. They then realized that every time we fulfill one of God’s commandments – it is an embrace from God! Our Father is giving us the opportunity of serving Him! We saw that God could remove that ability from us in an instant. The fact that we can observe His commandments is the greatest gift He could give us.
Although we lost the Temple, we still have the gift of being able to fulfill God’s commandments. That gift still shows us that wherever we are God is our miniature sanctuary in exile (Ezekiel 11:16).
The lights of the Menorah testify that He is always with us.
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Yisroel C. Blumenthal | <urn:uuid:b29a9c29-e2c6-43cc-97c7-93e426f24783> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://judaismresources.net/2011/12/26/channuka-ezekiel-1116/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057329.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20210922041825-20210922071825-00316.warc.gz | en | 0.978663 | 570 | 2.96875 | 3 |
The challenges confronting the conservation of the planet’s richness of life threaten to overwhelm our collective efforts to limit species loss and degradation of ecosystems and the services that they deliver. The foundation of biodiversity conservation for well over a century have been protected areas (PAs). While successful, they are increasingly vulnerable to land use changes taking place around them. In response to these trends, conservationists and international organizations have developed and actively supported a new biodiversity conservation paradigm: biodiversity mainstreaming. It is the process of embedding biodiversity considerations into policies, strategies and practices of key public and private actors to promote conservation and sustainable use of natural resources beyond PA boundaries. This STAP Advisory Document on Mainstreaming Biodiversity in Practice reports on the outcome of two workshops on this issue that took place in Cape Town, South Africa in 2004 and 2013. In 2004, the objective was to review the concept of biodiversity mainstreaming, to promote best practices in GEF projects focused on production landscapes and seascapes, and to assess the effectiveness of such interventions. In 2013, the objective was to assess lessons learned following investments totaling over US$ 1.6 billion made since 2003 by the GEF in over 300 mainstreaming projects in 135 countries. Case studies and perspectives on mainstreaming are also included. The report concludes that while progress has been made to mainstream biodiversity into broader policy and practice areas, it is clear that greater care needs to be brought to the design, implementation, and assessment of mainstreaming projects to inform and improve future efforts.
Publication Date: April 2014
Authors: Brian J. Huntley, Kent H. Redford. | <urn:uuid:756b5966-6e93-4f74-89ff-33b0d5f2ef71> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.stapgef.org/mainstreaming-biodiversity-in-practice/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736678861.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215758-00119-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941554 | 327 | 3.21875 | 3 |
In my last MM, I talked about using semicolons as “softer periods” to join two sentences into one. That’s the main use of this mark of punctuation, but there’s another instance in which you’ll see it: the complex list. This use of the semicolon is unrelated to its main function.
Here’s a simple list:
Fred went to the store and bought milk, eggs, and cat food.
It’s pretty easy to figure out the items in this list, as they’re separated from one another with commas:
A = “milk”
B = “eggs”
C = “cat food”
But what if A, B, and C are longer and more complex? What if you get lists within your lists?
Joe Doe is survived by his wife, Nancy Smith, his sister Samantha, his three sons, Paul, Edward, and James, his daughter, Jane, six grandchildren, Sally, Janine, Robert, John, Peter, and Frank, and one great-grandchild.
A complex list is a list in which at least one individual item contains a comma. For instance, in the above sentence, C = “his three sons, Paul, Edward, and James.” The commas that separate C from B and D blend together with the commas inside C. That makes the above sentence pretty hard on a reader: she can’t tell immediately where C begins and ends. Instead, she has to read slowly, grouping the names into categories as she goes. The point of punctuation is to make things easier for your reader. In the above sentence, punctuation is not going its job.
Semicolons clarify complex lists by replacing the commas between items. Here’s what the above sentence looks like when punctuated correctly:
Joe Doe is survived by his wife, Nancy Smith; his sister Samantha; his three sons, Paul, Edward, and James; this daughter, Jane; six grandchildren, Sally, Janine, Robert, John, Peter, and Frank; and one great-grandchild.
Having even one item with one internal comma is enough to trigger complex-list punctuation, but if you don’t have at least three items, you don’t have a list:
Fred went to the store and bought milk and a bunch of pet supplies, including cat food and bird seed.
“Milk” and “pet supplies” aren’t a list, and “cat food” and “bird seed” aren’t a list, either. Only when you get three or more items to you have to start thinking about list-punctuation issues. | <urn:uuid:64b0aa16-3259-4048-93f9-61789c97e2a1> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://the-active-voice.com/2012/05/13/mm-semicolons-part-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154214.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20210801123745-20210801153745-00219.warc.gz | en | 0.961572 | 584 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Download Previous Year Diploma Paper of Highway Engineering HE 5th Sem/Civil/Dec 2017 Paper
Highway Engineering HE 5th Sem/Civil/Dec 2017 Diploma PSBTE Paper
Q1. Fill in the Blanks 10×1.5=15
a. Flexible pavements ________ resist tensile stresses.
b. Sheep foot roller is useful for compacting ______ soil.
c. ________ are longitudinal depressions in flexible pavements.
d. Cement concrete roads are examples of ________ pavements.
e. Carriage way and shoulders combined together is known as ________ .
f. Dust nuisance can be prevented by spraying __________ .
g. Softening point test is conducted by _____________ .
h. The drains constructed on up slope of hill side are known as ________ .
i. The vertical curves having their convexity downward are called _______.
j. The minimum shoulder width recommended by IRC is _____________ .
Q2. Attempt any TEN questions. 10×3=30
i. Sight distance
ii. Super elevation
iii. Functions of IRC.
iv. Factors affecting alignment of road.
v. Necessity of soil stabilization.
vi. Typical X-section of road in cutting.
vii. Cut back & emulsion.
viii. Prevention of landslide.
ix. Prime coat & tack coat.
xi. Ruling Gradient
Q3. Attempt any three questions. 3×10=30
a. Compare flexible pavement with rigid pavement.
b. Draw typical x-sections of a NH in cutting and in embankment.
c. Explain ductility test of bitumen. Give its significance.
d. What is a landslide? What are the causes of landslide? What are the factors to prevent land sliding?
Functions of IRC.
Factors affecting alignment of road.
Necessity of soil stabilization.
Typical X-section of road in cutting.
Cut back & emulsion.
Prevention of landslide.
Prime coat & tack coat.
Highway Engineering HE 5th Sem/Civil/ dec 2017 Diploma PSBTE Paper
Compare flexible pavement with rigid pavement.
Typical x-sections of a NH in cutting and in embankment.
Ductility test of bitumen and its significance.
What is a landslide? What are the causes of landslide? What are the factors to prevent land sliding?
Landslide and causes of landslide
Factors to prevent land sliding
Short Note d) Cutback
Short Note e) Formation width.
Different joints provided in rigid pavements.
Soil erosion and methods to control soil erosion.
Soil stabilization and different methods of soil stabilization
MY YOUTUBE CHANNEL
JK Smart Classes Upload Lecture for Degree classes like B.TECH,M.TECH in any stream like ECE,EE,ME and Civil Engineering
Engineering Classes Upload Lecture for Polytechnic Diploma classes in any stream like ECE,EE,ME and Civil Engineering | <urn:uuid:10a337a6-87d2-4077-8e6d-ba49fda77d0b> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.psbtepaper.com/highway-engineering-he-5th-sem-civil-dec-2017-diploma-paper/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057416.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20210923013955-20210923043955-00223.warc.gz | en | 0.839769 | 647 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Who doesn’t want happiness? And not happiness in the hereafter, but happiness in the here-and-now? We know that accumulating wealth doesn’t bring happiness and we hear that we should be helping others to experience self-satisfaction. We understand that self-acceptance and self-love will help us experience happiness, but how do we, practically and experientially, do this?
The Buddhist Brahma-Viharas are four limitless attitudes that are said to bring true and abiding happiness to the practitioner. Brahma-Viharas, literally “dwelling place of Brahma”, or God, are the four attitudes of unlimited love, unlimited compassion, unlimited empathetic joy, and unlimited equanimity.
All we need is love
Love, or metta, is the foundation – the underlying motivation of all actions. From love, compassion (karuna) arises. Compassion is the natural response to suffering – our own and others – when we are working from the foundation of love.
When metta (love) meets happiness, empathetic joy (mudita) results. Love becomes compassion in response to suffering, and joy in response to happiness.
Strength in equanimity
Equanimity (upekkha) acts to balance the three other attitudes of love, compassion and joy. Equanimity is essential to stop encounters with suffering from sliding into depression and encounters with joy from sliding into narcissism and indulgence.
Equanimity is not indifference; it simply makes the other three attitudes more effective.
The four limitless attitudes in practice
The skill in cultivating the Brahma-Viharas is in making these limitless. It’s easy to have positive attitudes towards loved ones and far harder to do so with those we dislike. Equanimity may be the hardest attitude to cultivate, especially towards our most dear loved ones when they endure horrendous circumstances.
The Buddha taught the Brahma-Viharas in the context of karma, or cause-and-effect, as well as the process of fabrication.
Karma follows that we need to cultivate ‘right intentions’ and learn to recognise ‘wrong intentions’ so that we can make conscious choices that lead to happiness – not only now, but into the future. Not only that, we need to encourage all people we encounter to make good decisions as well. When we are able to make compassion universal, we can always trust that our intentions will develop into right actions.
Further, when we have sufficiently developed our Brahma-Viharas, we mitigate the results of past bad actions as our mind is so expansive that repercussions are barely noticed.
Emotions and actions
The process of fabrication is our emotions becoming actions. If we can use knowledge to inform and influence our emotions, these will become useful to end suffering and cultivate the Brahma-Viharas.
Our emotions cause us to act, leading to the creation of either good or bad karma. When we become more consciously aware of our emotions, starting with breath awareness, we can positively transform these, cultivating the Brahma-Viharas while also mastering concentration, which leads to bliss.
The Brahma-Viharas teach us that neither our head nor or heart are superior; rather, these need to work mindfully and skilfully in concert. Our heart needs our head to cultivate skilful emotions, discern these, and act upon them. Our head needs our heart to remember the importance of putting an end to suffering – all beings’ suffering.
Nurturing happiness begins in our body-mind, with our breath. When we cultivate the four limitless attitudes, these result in loving-kindness. We are no longer victims of circumstance or complacent to our ‘natural’ emotions and perspectives but rather willing participants in the causes of happiness – our own, and each others’.
By Brook McCarthy, Yoga Reach.
Learn how to cultivate the four limitless attitudes and loving-kindness, starting with yourself, at Sally’s upcoming Bali retreat at the COMO Shambhala Estate in Ubud, Bali.
Article Written: July 2013 | <urn:uuid:832a8aee-710d-46b4-923b-c03125091272> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://restorativeyoga.com.au/nurturing-happiness/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250625097.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124191133-20200124220133-00182.warc.gz | en | 0.918579 | 859 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Face Coverings for Children During COVID-19 : Tips for parents and caregivers on safely slowing the spread by children wearing masks.
To protect us and others from COVID-19, the CDC now recommends cloth face coverings be used when outside. But what about children? Read on for answers to some frequently asked questions about cloth face coverings and children during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Should children wear cloth face coverings?
Children under the age of 2 years should not wear cloth face coverings.
When do children need to wear cloth face coverings?
There are places where children should wear cloth face coverings. This includes places where they may not be able to avoid staying 6 feet away from others. For example, if you take them to the doctor, pharmacy, or grocery store.
However, there are other places where children do NOT need to wear a cloth face covering:
- Outside, if they can stay at least 6 feet away from others and can avoid touching surfaces. For example, it is fine to take a walk as long as your children stay 6 feet away from others and do not touch tables, water fountains, playground equipment or other things that infected people might have touched.
- Caution: you may need to reconsider the use of cloth face coverings if the face coverings are a possible choking or strangulation hazards to your child.
- Wearing the cloth face covering causes your child to touch their face more frequently than not wearing it.
Staying home and physical distancing is still the best way to protect your family from COVID-19. Especially for younger children who may not understand why they cannot run up toward other people or touch things they shouldn’t, it’s best to keep them home. Children who are sick (fever, cough, congestion, runny nose, diarrhea, or vomiting) should not leave home.
For the full article from the American Pediatric Academy please follow the link below! | <urn:uuid:44b51d07-70a8-44fc-8545-a36b1325cf96> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://celebrationpediatrics.com/childrens-face-mask-safety-tips/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178351134.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20210225124124-20210225154124-00628.warc.gz | en | 0.947573 | 407 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Playgrounds can help children be active and healthy. They’re a place where children can run, jump, climb, slide and play with peers.
Adults and caregivers need to ensure that children stay safe in the playground. Most playground injuries are caused when children fall from the equipment, but they can also happen if a child gets caught in or cut by equipment that isn’t well cared for or that fails to meet the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) standards for play equipment.
When choosing a playground:
- Make sure the structures are right for your child’s age and stage of development.
- Make sure your child can reach and climb equipment on his own.
- Look for proper surfaces:
- Good playground surfaces use sand, wood chips and synthetic (man-made) materials—such as shredded rubber—that are soft. These materials will help absorb a child’s fall.
- The fill should be deep and loose. For preschool equipment, the fill should be at least 15 cm (6 inches) deep. The fill should be at least 30 cm (12 inches) deep for full sized equipment.
- Grass, dirt, asphalt or concrete are not safe surfaces for playground equipment.
- Check that the equipment has strong handrails and barriers to help prevent falls.
- Equipment should be firmly anchored in the ground.
- Make sure there is no garbage, glass or animal feces on or around the equipment.
- Swing seats should be made of a soft material like plastic – not wood or metal.
Before your child uses a playground:
- Check your child’s clothing. Make sure there are no drawstrings or other cords, which can get trapped in equipment.
- Use a neck warmer instead of a scarf and mitten clips instead of a cord during the colder months.
- Take off bicycle helmets. Your child’s head could get caught in a space between narrow openings and become stuck when the helmet is too big to pull back through.
- Put away skipping ropes while using playground equipment.
- Check for signs indicating the equipment meets CSA standards and the recommended age range for children using the equipment.
Supervise your child
- Stay close to your child. An adult should be present to supervise children younger than 5 years old at all times.
- Make sure that your child uses the equipment safely and correctly.
- Teach your child to watch for other children and to take turns on playground equipment.
Get involved in playground safety
Communities can make sure their local public playgrounds meet CSA standards. You can:
- Have a certified expert inspect the playground to look for dangers and prioritize any changes that should be made.
- Make sure the changes are made so that the playground is safe.
- Keep the playground equipment, surface and grounds clean.
- Report injuries to the playground operator, such as the municipality, school, or child care facility.
If you are concerned about the safety of your local playground, contact the people who operate it.
- The CSA has established standards for play spaces and equipment. The current recommended standards can be purchased at www.csa.ca or by calling 1-800-463-6727.
- Contact your local or provincial injury prevention centre, your nearest children’s hospital, or Parachute for safety checklists that will help you check for basic playground hazards.
Some communities have non-traditional outdoor play spaces instead of playground equipment. Some examples include community flower or vegetable gardens, and sand or water play areas. These play areas are less expensive to develop, and can be designed to challenge children’s development without the risk of falls or getting trapped. Visit www.evergreen.ca to see examples of alternative playgrounds.
More information from the CPS:
Reviewed by the following CPS committees:
- Injury Prevention Committee
Last Updated: June 2017 | <urn:uuid:963c2f78-1297-4c26-948d-dd9c8b77b8cd> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.caringforkids.cps.ca/handouts/playground-safety | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512592.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20181020055317-20181020080817-00245.warc.gz | en | 0.924525 | 804 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Toxic mercury contaminating more species, report shows
Published 4:00 am, Wednesday, September 20, 2006
Mercury pollution from power plants and other industrial sources has accumulated in birds, mammals and reptiles across the country, and only cuts in emissions can curtail the contamination, says a report released Tuesday by a national environmental group.
The report is the first major compilation of studies investigating mercury buildup in such wildlife as California clapper rails, Maine's bald eagles, Canadian loons and Florida panthers. In all, scientists working with the National Wildlife Federation found 65 studies showing troublesome mercury levels in 40 species.
"From songbirds to alligators, turtles to bats, eagles to polar bears, mercury is accumulating in nearly every link of the food chain," said Catherine Bowes, an author of the report who manages the federation's mercury program in the northeastern states.
High mercury levels in popular fish such as swordfish and canned albacore tuna prompted government health warnings in 2004 aimed at pregnant women and children. Mercury is a neurotoxin that can damage fetuses and cause mental retardation, learning disabilities, cerebral palsy, blindness and deafness.
The contamination also can kill or harm wildlife. According to the study:
-- Common loons stopping at Walker Lake in Nevada on their way to Saskatchewan have been contaminated with mercury lingering from past gold mining operations.
-- At least one endangered Florida panther has died from mercury poisoning, probably from consuming raccoons with high mercury levels.
-- Western and Clarke's grebes in Clearlake (Lake County) have shown altered hormone levels because of mercury poisoning.
-- River otters in New York, Maine, Vermont, Massachusetts and Nova Scotia have elevated levels of mercury and in some places are showing such neurological effects as difficulty in walking. One otter died from mercury poisoning.
Airborne mercury, which eventually falls to the land and water, comes mostly from coal-fired power plants or medical and trash incinerators. Sewage treatment plants, chlorine-manufacturing plants and runoff from abandoned gold and mercury mines can flow directly into water and wetlands.
The main source of mercury in humans comes from consuming big predator fish such as swordfish, shark, king mackerel, tilefish and albacore tuna, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Birds and other wildlife also eat mercury-contaminated fish as well as insects, crayfish and other small organisms. The mercury accumulates at higher levels up the food chain to raccoons, mink, river otters, panthers and polar bears, the study found.
David Evers, a leading avian ecologist who specializes in contaminants at the nonprofit BioDiversity Research Institute in Gorham, Maine, said mercury-contaminated insects contribute to the high levels of the element in birds, bats and some other wildlife species.
"Traditional, conventional thinking was that the fish food web was the only pathway of concern. But our studies have found that there are other food webs of concern, including insects," Evers said.
The report from the National Wildlife Federation is consistent with what California researchers from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Geological Survey and San Francisco Estuary Institute in Oakland have found in California clapper rails, Caspian and Forster's terns and other shorebirds feeding in the southern end of San Francisco Bay.
Guadalupe Creek, which flows through San Jose, carries inorganic mercury from a now-closed mercury mine. The mercury converts to the toxic form, methylmercury, in the former Cargill salt ponds being restored in the South Bay.
Letitia Grenier, a conservation biologist at the San Francisco Estuary Institute, has researched mercury in songbirds in the wetlands. She praised the work of Evers and other East Coast researchers.
"It's important for us to open our minds. We should question where there are other habitats where we could have mercury accumulations. It's great that we're finally looking at mercury in animals," Grenier said.
The National Wildlife Federation issued the study as part of a lobbying effort for regulations to control mercury emissions at coal-fired power plants and other sources.
The Electric Reliability Coordinating Council, a trade group for power generating companies, criticized the study Tuesday as redundant, given past studies. In a statement, spokesman Scott Segal said emissions of mercury have been reduced by 40 percent since 1990. | <urn:uuid:99aac102-1cb3-4280-9dc6-453aef0935ff> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.sfgate.com/green/article/Toxic-mercury-contaminating-more-species-report-2488346.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701148834.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193908-00014-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938063 | 915 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Dec 16, 2003
Semiconducting nanotubes show high mobility
Scientists at the University of Maryland, US, have found that semiconducting carbon nanotubes have a mobility higher than that of any known material at room temperature. The researchers believe the nanotubes hold great promise for replacing conventional semiconductor materials in applications such as computer chips and biochemical sensors.
“This is the first measurement of the intrinsic conduction properties of semiconducting nanotubes,” said Michael Fuhrer of Maryland University. “It is an important step forward in efforts to develop nanotubes into the building blocks of a new generation of smaller, more powerful electronics.”
To measure the properties of the nanotubes the researchers grew tubes at least 300 microns long onto catalyst iron nanoparticles on a silicon substrate. The technique resulted in about 5 to 10 nanotubes more than 100 microns long per square millimetre, and around 30 short (about 5 microns long) nanotubes over an area of 100 square microns. The scientists contacted some of the long nanotubes with chromium/gold contacts deposited by electron-beam lithography. Then they carried out electrical measurements by applying drain and gate voltages relative to the source electrode.
The nanotubes exhibited p-type behaviour, and one of the devices had a field-effect mobility of 79,000 sq. cm/Vs at 300 K, a value 70 times that of silicon. The scientists estimated the intrinsic mobility of the nanotubes at more than 100,000 sq. cm/Vs at room temperature - almost 25% higher than any previous semiconducting material.
“Many challenges remain before nanotubes can be used instead of silicon in computer chips,” said Fuhrer. “The contact resistance between nanotube and metal electrodes must be controlled, nanotube batches must be prepared that contain only semiconducting nanotubes, and nanotubes must be placed with precision on substrates.” That said, Fuhrer believes that significant progress is taking place in all these areas and the challenges do not seem insurmountable.
The researchers reported their work in Nano Letters. | <urn:uuid:e222f904-06c5-47b1-9603-87bc77c24398> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://nanotechweb.org/cws/article/tech/18770 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535922087.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909042116-00033-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.901368 | 452 | 3.4375 | 3 |
When should a lymph node be biopsied?
If your lymph nodes remain swollen or grow even larger, your doctor may order a lymph node biopsy. This test will help your doctor look for signs of a chronic infection, an immune disorder, or cancer.
What percentage of lymph node biopsies are cancer?
Overall, 34% (117 of 342) of biopsies showed malignant disease, either lymphoreticular (19%; 64 of 342) or metastatic (15%; 53 of 342), and 15% (52 of 342) tuberculous lymphadenitis. Forty-five percent (153 of 342) showed benign, non-specific, self-limiting disease (Table 1).
What are the signs that you have a cancerous lymph node?
What Are Symptoms of Cancerous Lymph Nodes?
- Lump(s) under the skin, such as in the neck, under the arm, or in the groin.
- Fever (may come and go over several weeks) without an infection.
- Drenching night sweats.
- Weight loss without trying.
- Itching skin.
- Feeling tired.
- Loss of appetite.
- Cough, trouble breathing, chest pain.
Should I get a lymph node biopsy?
If your doctor says you should get a lymph node biopsy, it’s because they need to check for signs of disease, such as cancer. They take out a small piece of one of your lymph nodes and sends it to a specialist, who will look at it under a microscope.
What size lymph node should be biopsied?
Nodes are generally considered to be normal if they are up to 1 cm in diameter; however, some authors suggest that epitrochlear nodes larger than 0.5 cm or inguinal nodes larger than 1.5 cm should be considered abnormal.
What size lymph node is concerning?
Lymphadenopathy is classically described as a node larger than 1 cm, although this varies by lymphatic region. Palpable supraclavicular, iliac, or popliteal nodes of any size and epitrochlear nodes larger than 5 mm are considered abnormal.
What percentage of lymph nodes are cancerous?
Over age 40, persistent large lymph nodes have a 4 percent chance of cancer. Under 40 years of age, it is only 0.4 percent. Children are very much more likely to have swollen nodes.
Is a 2 cm lymph node big?
In general, normal lymph nodes are larger in children (ages 2-10), in whom a size of more than 2 cm is suggestive of a malignancy (i.e., lymphoma) or a granulomatous disease (such as tuberculosis or cat scratch disease).
What size are cancerous lymph nodes?
Lymph nodes measuring more than 1 cm in the short axis diameter are considered malignant. However, the size threshold does vary with anatomic site and underlying tumour type; e.g. in rectal cancer, lymph nodes larger than 5 mm are regarded as pathological.
How fast do cancerous lymph nodes grow?
Chemotherapy combinations cure about 50 percent of patients, meaning there are many who need other choices. This lymphoma is very rapidly growing, and lymph nodes double in size within a few days to a few weeks. While it is rapidly growing, it is curable in many patients when diagnosed early.
What was your first lymphoma symptom?
The best way to find HL early is to be on the lookout for possible symptoms. The most common symptom is enlargement or swelling of one or more lymph nodes, causing a lump or bump under the skin which usually doesn’t hurt. It’s most often on the side of the neck, in the armpit, or in the groin.
What is the survival rate of lymph node cancer?
The overall 5-year relative survival rate for people with NHL is 72%. But it’s important to keep in mind that survival rates can vary widely for different types and stages of lymphoma.
5-year relative survival rates for NHL.
|SEER Stage||5-Year Relative Survival Rate|
|All SEER stages combined||89%|
How painful is a lymph node biopsy?
You will feel only a quick sting from the needle if you have a local anesthesia to numb the biopsy area. If you have a core needle biopsy, you may feel some pressure when the biopsy needle is put in. You may have general anesthesia if your lymph node biopsy is part of a larger surgery.
What can I expect after a lymph node biopsy?
After your biopsy, you may have some stiffness or pain, in your arm or leg on your affected side (the side where your lymph nodes were removed). If you still have stiffness or pain 6 weeks after your procedure, call your doctor.
Does a neck lymph node biopsy hurt?
It shouldn’t hurt. This will be the end of your test if your lymph nodes look normal. Any changes on the ultrasound need looking into further. If you need a biopsy, your doctor cleans your skin and may numb the area with local anaesthetic. | <urn:uuid:74cc5de7-ac65-4878-b62b-6d3293357e23> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://livingdonorsarepeopletoo.com/blood-and-veins/when-do-they-biopsy-lymph-nodes.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154089.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731141123-20210731171123-00084.warc.gz | en | 0.906479 | 1,081 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Five Strategies for Human Rights Education
Editor's note: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), a seminal international document that outlines the 30 rights that all human beings are entitled to regardless of nationality or the absence of nationality, just celebrated its 70th anniversary. Since its adoption by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948, this aspirational document has served as the first comprehensive agreement of globally shared fundamental values and has led to other significant agreements that keep nations accountable for human rights at the international level. Today, Marissa Gutierrez-Vicario, the co-chair of Human Rights Educators USA (HRE USA) and the founder and executive director of Art and Resistance Through Education (ARTE), shares strategies for human rights education in schools and afterschool programs.
By Guest Blogger Marissa Gutierrez-Vicario
Despite the anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, earlier this year the Trump administration announced that it would withdraw from the United Nations Human Rights Council, "an inter-governmental body with the United Nations system made up of 47 States responsible for the promotion and protection of all human rights around the globe." Thus, never has there been a greater moment to teach about, uphold, and promote human rights education in the classroom or during afterschool programming.
Human Rights Educators USA describes human rights education as a "lifelong process of teaching and learning that helps individuals develop the knowledge, skills, and values to fully exercise and protect the human rights of themselves and others; to fulfill their responsibilities in the context of internationally agreed upon human rights principles; and to achieve justice and peace in the world." Furthermore, this lifelong process of human rights education empowers communities and is an important tool for creating a more equitable and just world, where individuals and their communities, once educated on their human rights, would be able to exercise and practice these rights.
Below are five strategies that educators can utilize to educate, inspire, and activate youth around human rights in their own communities.
1. Make Language Accessible
Educators can deepen students' understanding of the UDHR and human rights by making the language in the UDHR, including legal jargon, more accessible. As the most translated document in the world, the document can be found in most languages, and a simplified version is also available.
They can also use the UDHR to facilitate and strengthen the educational experiences of English-language learners in the classroom; students might be familiar with the concept of human rights, but they may not be familiar with certain words in English. For instance, a Spanish-speaking student might have difficulty defining the word "sweatshop" in English. However, this student may understand what the word is in their native language or might be able to better identify the concept if presented with an image alongside the English word to help further their understanding of the concept. While a simple technique, it can help create a more welcoming and human-rights-friendly classroom.
- The University of Minnesota Human Rights Resource Center has an online human rights education library.
- The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights has a special website dedicated to resources commemorating the 70th anniversary of the UDHR.
2. Include Visual Aids
Educators should use visuals whenever and wherever possible in their human rights curriculum. This might include photography, examples of artwork, infographics, media (particularly film or YouTube clips), which should be subtitled whenever possible. For instance, a lesson plan on human rights in national security should include the geographical context before a discussion on torture and the Guantanamo Bay Detention Camp. It may help further students' understanding by pinpointing on a map where the camp is located in Cuba and how far it is from the United States. Visuals are essential for making ambiguous human rights concepts more concrete, and even personal.
- For further UDHR and human rights education resources, Human Rights Educators USA has a digital resource library.
- UNIS Human Rights Project is an organization that uses photography to educate about human rights.
- For younger audiences, there is an Amnesty International UDHR picture book, We Are All Born Free, available.
3. Encourage in Storytelling
Educators should cultivate safe, respectful, and exploratory spaces within their classrooms and programs for young people to share their own stories about human rights. Many students may be familiar with the concepts of human rights from their own experiences; however, exposure to human rights education might be the first opportunity they have to connect their own stories to a larger, human rights framework.
In order to encourage ethical storytelling, human rights educators can interview community members and then share those stories through personalized comic books and magazines or a classroom/program podcast.
In any activity or lesson plan that involves personal student storytelling, educators should be mindful of creating a safe and welcoming learning space for all of their students, including any immigrant students with undocumented status.
- The Center for Global Education's resource roundup on immigration and migration.
- Transformative Story for Social Change has an online handbook available.
- StoryCorps has examples of storytelling podcasts.
4. Use Art
Art-making involves critical thinking and provides space for creators to understand an issue from different vantage points, move away from stereotypes, and think about a particular issue on a different level. Educators can also use art to gauge student understanding of human rights issues that are being discussed in the classroom or program. For instance, educators frequently use tools like graphic novels (e.g., Persepolis, Maus) and political cartoons to help deepen student understanding about human rights and social issues. Students can also draw what they learned about a human rights issue after a discussion on a particular topic. They can also produce a public mural as a larger, culminating event. For mural projects, as students develop the messaging for a particular human rights issue that is especially meaningful to them, educators can gauge and assess how much students have learned about a topic and what aspects of the human rights issue have most resonated with them.
- The World as it Could Be, a human rights education program using the creative arts.
- Examples of past ARTE projects focusing on human rights and muralism.
- Artist Meredith Stern's linocut prints, an artistic version of the UDHR.
5. Invite Action
Educators can promote student action or advocacy on a particular human rights issue. Taking action imbues individuals with a sense of agency, and educators have an opportunity to encourage their students to interact with the world beyond their classroom or program, whether signing a petition or creating a community event to increase awareness about a specific local or global human rights issue.
- Amnesty International has a wealth of resources focusing on student action. This includes letter-writing campaign templates that can be incorporated into lessons and action toolkits to support student-organizing campaigns.
- The Advocates for Human Rights' lesson plans help high school youth understand the extent to which international human rights standards are being fulfilled in the United States and can be used as a foundation for creating action projects on human rights issues they care about.
- The Center for Global Education's Global Leadership Performance Outcomes describe the knowledge and skills young people need to take action and make a difference in the world.
Despite the United States' withdrawal from the United Nations Human Rights Council, educators can encourage and further human rights education in the classroom and in afterschool programs through these simple, but impactful, strategies. It is this very movement of human rights education that will keep the Universal Declaration of Human Rights alive for another 70 years.
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The Earth's atmosphere is unique within the solar system and gives rise to a diverse range of weather phenomena. Forecasting of weather is important, both to peoples everyday lives and to businesses. Meteorologists use a combination of computer modelling and experimental measurements in order to predict the weather. Examples of weather forecasting instruments include the thermometer, barometer, rain gauge and anemometer.
A thermometer is an instrument that is used to measure temperature. The most well-known type of thermometer consists of a glass tube in which liquid mercury is placed. When temperature increases, the volume of mercury increases leading to the level rising. A decrease in temperature leads to a reduction in the volume and a decrease in the mercury level. A scale on the side of the tube allows the temperature to be read. Another type of thermometer, called the spring thermometer, completely fills a glass tube with mercury and a metal diaphragm connected to a spring is placed at the bottom of the tube. As the temperature rises, the pressure upon the diaphragm also rises leading to tension in the spring. The spring then rotates a dial to point to the temperature.
A barometer is an instrument used to measure pressure which is the force air places upon a surface. There are several different types of barometer. The simplest consists of a tube filled with liquid mercury and sealed on one end. The tube is then inverted and placed in a bowl of liquid mercury. The weight of air pushing down on the bowl is balanced with the weight of the mercury pushing down within the tube. At standard atmospheric conditions this leads the mercury level within the tube to fall to a height of approximately 76 centimeters (29.9 inches). Increases in atmospheric pressure causes the mercury level within the tube to increase in height, while a decrease in atmospheric pressure causes the mercury level within the tube to go down. A more sophisticated instrument for measuring pressure is the aneroid barometer. This consists of a sealed capsule, with flexible sides and mounted in a box. A change in pressure alters the thickness of the capsule. A lever attached to the capsule magnifies these changes, leading a pointer to move upon a scaled dial.
Sciencing Video Vault
Rain gauges are used to measure the amount of rainfall that occurs within a fixed amount of time. The simplest type of rain gauge consists of a tube with a scale on it, but these have to be regularly emptied and are therefore no longer used in automated weather stations. One step up from the simple tube consists of a tube on digital weighing scales. The weighing scales are connected to a computer that plots rainfall as a function of time. However, this type of rain gauge also has to have its vessel regularly emptied. A far more elegant solution is the tipping-bucket rain gauge that consists of a funnel connected to a tube that drains into a bucket. The bucket is balanced upon a pivot, such that it tips over when a set volume of water is captured. When this occurs, a second bucket automatically moves into position to catch more rain. Each time a bucket tips, an electronic signal is sent to a data logger which allows the total amount of rainfall to be recorded.
An anemometer is used to measure wind speed. The simplest type of anemometer consists of a tubular axis upon which four arms are placed at 90 degree intervals. Cups are placed upon each of the four arms and as these capture wind, it leads to the rotation of the arms about the tubular axis. A permanent magnet is mounted at the bottom of the axis, and once per rotation it activates a Reed switch, which sends an electronic signal to a computer. The computer calculates the wind speed from the number of turns per minute. A more sophisticated device is the sonic anemometer. This operates by measuring the time taken for a sound pulse to travel between two sensors. The time taken for sound to travel between the sensors depends upon the distance between the sensors, the intrinsic speed of sound in air, and upon the air speed along the sensor axis. Since the distance between the sensors is fixed, and the speed of sound in air is known, the air speed along the sensor axis can be determined. | <urn:uuid:2d6c7929-14b9-4e63-a361-c229146954b7> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://sciencing.com/information-weather-forecasting-instruments-22256.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247495001.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20190220125916-20190220151916-00498.warc.gz | en | 0.931322 | 845 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Sometimes home repairs require you to make a hole in the wall. And these holes require specific patches. It's similar to when your dentist makes a hole in your tooth to perform a root canal. Sometimes a filling will be sufficient to patch the hole, but sometimes a filling won't quite be strong enough. Read on to learn more about getting a root canal and a filling.
Opening the Tooth
A root canal requires your dentist to open the tooth. The damaged dental pulp (which is the tooth's internal nerve) is removed before the pulp canal is irrigated and then filled. Once this has happened, your dentist will close the entry hole. The best method for this depends on the size of the hole and the location of the tooth.
The Amount of Pressure
Your front teeth, namely your incisors and canines, are the teeth that are most prominent when you speak and smile. These teeth are intended to grip and tear your food. While they face a certain amount of pressure to grip and tear your food, they won't be subjected to the same forces as rear molars (which chew your food). The size of your molars also means that more of the tooth's structure must be removed for a root canal to be performed.
A Composite Filling
This means that a front-facing tooth with a relatively small opening for the root canal will often only need a filling. This will be a composite filling material, applied in a thin layer which is then cured with a UV light before another layer is added, and so on until the filling has reached the necessary thickness and strength. When only a small amount of the tooth's structure was removed to permit the root canal, a filling will do the trick.
A Dental Crown
When a significant amount of the tooth's structure was removed for the root canal, a filling won't offer the necessary reinforcement. A filling will still be applied, but this will only be a temporary measure. You will have a follow-up appointment to have a dental crown fitted, and this will involve a small amount of the tooth (filling and all) being removed so that the dental crown can fully encase the tooth without increasing its mass.
So what is best after a root canal—a filling or a crown? There's no definitive answer, and it depends on the location of the tooth, along with how much of its structure must be removed to allow the root canal.Share
18 March 2021
Being born with naturally soft teeth, I've spent a lot of time in and out of the dentist's office. Not only have I learned a lot about basic dental care, I've also discovered many tips for dealing with broken teeth, extractions, implants, and more. I decided that I wanted to make the most of my experience by sharing what I've learned with others. True first-hand experience is a great teacher, and I knew that my story could help. I created this site to do just that, and I hope that the information here helps you to understand what to expect from your dental problems. | <urn:uuid:99c08dc0-23b5-4c19-b42c-c37fc259ef38> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | http://millwoodsmusic.com/2021/03/18/after-your-root-canal-will-you-need-a-filling-or-a-dental-crown/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653183.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606214755-20230607004755-00663.warc.gz | en | 0.960719 | 621 | 3.09375 | 3 |
- a Renaissance fiddle with a pear-shaped body tapering into a neck that ends in a sickle-shaped or scroll-shaped pegbox.
Origin of rebec
Examples from the Web for rebec
One of them is a rebec with three strings; the other is a small violin.
Mention is made of a Rebec, attributed to Andrea Amati, dated 1546.The Violin
The rebec was not known in Arabia until nearly two centuries after we find the crwth mentioned by Venance Fortunatus.
Bonnivet, during his investment of Milan, had posted Bayard with a small corps in the village of Rebec.A Popular History of France From The Earliest Times
Francois Pierre Guillaume Guizot
This rebab is an exact counterpart of the rebec formerly popular in Western Europe.Musical Myths and Facts, Volume I (of 2)
- a medieval stringed instrument resembling the violin but having a lute-shaped body
Word Origin and History for rebec
medieval stringed musical instrument, early 15c., from Middle French rebec (15c.), an unexplained alteration (perhaps somehow influenced by bec "beak") of Old French ribabe (13c.), ultimately from Arabic rebab. Cf. Old Provençal rebec, Italian ribeca. It has three strings and is played with a bow. | <urn:uuid:e1d1a882-afb4-42e8-aff5-8b516ced0360> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.dictionary.com/browse/rebec | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221209884.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815043905-20180815063905-00487.warc.gz | en | 0.938807 | 293 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Neonicotinoids and Bees
Much has been written, claimed and disputed regarding the impact (or otherwise) of three neonicotinoids – imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and clothianidin – on bees. It seems that everyone has an opinion and everyone draws their own conclusions from the evidence. Others seem to ignore experimental data in order to make an ?anti-pesticide' stand. To those not directly involved in the work the situation is very confusing. A proposal from the European Commission for a partial ban on some insecticides in order to protect bees has failed in part because of the vote by the German government. Germany had abstained, so that the proposal was neither rejected nor approved. The German beekeepers' association has strongly criticized Germany's agricultural ministry. EU health commissioner Tonio Borg wants to ban the use of three neonicotinoids in maize, sunflower, rape and cotton growing for at least two years. Their use in winter cereal and plants that do not attract bees is to continue for the moment. The European Commission will review the measures after two years. Both Germany and the UK are reported to have abstained. Germany's agriculture ministry said the high level of protection for bees in Germany would be undermined if the European Commission's proposal was implemented. The German beekeeper's association on the other hand said the Commission's planned partial ban was considerably better than current bee protection in Germany. So we have the situation where there is a desire from the EU to restrict the use of neonicotinoids in certain situations, but a failure of the ministers to approve such a restriction. The article by Peter Campbell suggests that the recommendations made were based on faulty data and poor interpretation. But this is clearly not the end of the issue.
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Document Type: Regular Paper
Publication date: 2013-04-01
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Joint food, which contains glucosamine and chondroitin, is a joint health food that helps nutrition of joints and cartilage, nutritional metabolism of joints to weaken adults, maintain health status of middle age and health of young adults.
Glucosamine is a substance found mainly in molluscs such as lobsters, crabs, shrimp and squid, and is an important component of the human joints and cartilage. If you use many joints, health care is required accordingly. Supplementation of glucosamine, a component of the joints and cartilage, helps strengthen the joints. Glucosamine is a naturally occurring substance in the human body and is a major component of cartilage.
Chondroitin is used for bone, cartilage,
Chondroitin helps keep the fluid in the cartilage joints.
MSM is the source of sulfur. Cartilage has high sulfur content and requires sulfur for connective tissue formation.
- Arthritis and joint pain (pain in hands, feet, knees, shoulders, back, neck etc)
- Osteoporosis, rheumatism - When a bone is injured
- Postmenopausal women - Young men and women with weak bones
- Joint pain with a lot of athletes and labor - Joint pain caused by golf
Green Lipped Mussel (Green Mussel)
Maori people from New Zealand live in coastal areas, but joints are healthy and active. Studies have shown that the secret comes from the habit of eating a lot of green mussels native to the New Zealand coast alone.
Green mussel powder contains various vitamins, minerals,
It is a healthy food rich in omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids and mucus glycoproteins that are beneficial to the human body. In particular, high quality natural protein is a natural essential amino acid that can only be extracted from New Zealand green mussel. In recent 30 years experiment, it showed excellent gastritis prevention effect and it removes unnecessary various human body.
Our bodies have a powerful inflammatory substance called leukotrienes, which cause excessive amounts of inflammation, and leukotrienes are formed through the body's lipoxygenase pathway, which affects the induction and expansion of inflammation. Green Lipped Mussel Powder helps maintain healthy joints by inhibiting the enzyme Lox and inhibiting the production of the inflammatory mediator leukotriene.
Green Lipdose Muscle is suitable for healthy people who do a lot of exercise as well as people with joint inflammation. It is an excellent health food that improves the mobility and flexibility of the human body and relieves joint swelling and inflammation.
1. Prevention of gastritis and removal of body trash
2. Pain relief and cartilage regeneration effect by arthritis
3. Joints, pelvis, hands and knees are strengthened. | <urn:uuid:f2920b01-760d-4e10-b1d3-65c21fddd646> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://anznaturalhealth.com.au/supplements/joint-bone.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578532050.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20190421180010-20190421202010-00437.warc.gz | en | 0.931661 | 579 | 2.921875 | 3 |
In this post I’ll be talking about the history of vinyl records.
- When production started and ended.
- How they came about and how they work.
- Why they went away (sort of).
- How come they are making a come back.
Plus at the end there is an interesting short video that shows you the process that goes into making a record.
Before Vinyl Records-We had Shellac???
Before we had vinyl records the most common records we had were made of a shellac compound (as in furniture finish) and spun at 78 RPM s (revolutions per minute). Shellac was sort of a rough surface so it was somewhat noisy. The grooves were large ( 4 times larger than grooves on a 33 rpm vinyl record) so a 12 inch 78 rpm record could contain about 5 minutes of sound per side. Somewhat limited, huh?
The first 78 records were 10 inch diameter and could hold about 3 minutes of sound. The 78 records were thick and brittle and would break very easy. Because of the limited play time available on the 78 record a collection of songs or a symphony had to be distributed in sets of several records that were usually sold in albums. The 78 RPM record was invented around 1900 and were obsolete by around 1960.
We could go into more detailed technical stuff on how development of the record and various playing speeds were determined but I won’t bore you with those details. I find them fascinating but they are beyond the scope of this blog. (for now) I did embed a video at the bottom of this post that shows the manufacturing process of making a 78 RPM single in 1946 at the RCA plant.
Here Comes The 33 1/3 Vinyl Record (Or LP For Long Playing)
In 1931 RCA Victor released what they called “Program Transcription” discs (10″) that played at 33 1/3 RPMs and was made of shellac. They did have finer grooves and they required a special needle to play. They also introduced a 12″ disc for “serious” classical music which was pressed in their new vinyl based compound which resulted in a much quieter playing surface.
They could hold up to 15 minutes of music per side. Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony, performed by the Philadelphia Orchestra, was the first 12-inch recording issued. After 1933 few if any Transcriptions were being recorded so RCA Victor discontinued any more development into the long playing record due to this and several other factors.
In 1948 Columbia introduced it’s 33 1/3 RPM record. It was made of vinyl plastic rather than shellac so was much more flexible and less prone to breakage. It also had a smaller groove known as “microgroove” and many or these early records had “Microgroove” written on the label. They came in 10″ and 12″ diameter sizes. Each side could hold over 20 minutes of music.
The new LPs were perfect for classical music because of their extended play length and also collections of 9 or 10 individual pop songs could be put on a single record.
According to the 1949 Columbia catalog their first 12 inch LP was Mendelssohn’s Concerto in E Minor by Nathan Milstein playing violin with the New York Philharmonic. In the late 70s because of the beginning of the compact cassette tapes followed in 1983 by the introduction of the Compact Disc (CD), the popularity of the vinyl LP began to decline. Vinyl LPs did enjoy a bit of a comeback in the early 2010s and the LP is still being produced today.
And Along Comes The 45-Trendy and Very Cool
I like to think 1949 was a very good year. The first reason being, I was born that year, and the second reason was the advent of the 45 RPM 7 inch vinyl single. If a person wanted just a single song instead of a full album then the 45 was the way to go.
They became popular in jukeboxes, which had been using 78s because they were smaller and with 45s cold hold many more songs.
RCA Victor who dropped out of the LP game after the demise of the Program Transcription disc came roaring back in 1949. At the beginning, with the finer groove, RCA made “Extended Play” (EP) 45s which could have 2 or 3 songs on each side but shortly on they gave way to becoming the replacement to the 78s for singles and that is where the 45 became extremely popular.
I remember you could get small carrying cases where you would store your 45s. If you were going to a party or a friends house you could grab your little case of 45s and have music to share with your friends. You can still find these cases today at yard/estate sales or in thrift stores.
If you are into flipping stuff on Ebay these cases are fast movers in the resale market. I’ve picked them up at thrift stores for a couple bucks and can sell rather quickly on Ebay for $20 or more depending on the style.
They used to make record players that only played 45 rpm records that were very portable like a small suitcase and had a built in speaker. You could stack 10 or so 45s on the spindle and after one completed playing the next one on the stack would drop onto the turntable and begin to play. Sort of the old fashion “playlist” as you could put your favorite songs in the order you wanted them to play and then go dance and not have to stop to go put on the next song.
There is so much more concerning the history of vinyl records available to read. The information can get quite detailed and technical so it is really beyond the scope of this post. Perhaps sometime down the road I may go a little more in depth but that is for another day. If you are interested you can google “history of vinyl records” and come up with lots of information. In this post I have attempted to give just a brief summary. Records have been made in speeds other than 45, 33, and 78 and have come in various other sizes as well but for various reasons they did not last long.
If you have a few minutes watch the video below to see how a 78 RPM single was made in 1946 from start to finished product at the RCA plant. It is quite interesting.
Please feel free to leave some comments, I’d love to discuss records with anyone.
If you have ever wanted to have your very own blog or website and didn’t know where to start or how to do it HERE this is the place where I learned how to make my blog. It is free to check out and even if you don’t want to join you can still have two free websites to keep as long as you want. There is a wealth of information here as well as video tutorials that walk you through each step. If you need additional help over some spots you don;t understand you can contact me and I’ll be there to assist.
Hope to see you on the inside! | <urn:uuid:3e1c2827-4dac-4997-b0c8-7567d96dd3dc> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://getvinylrecords.com/history-of-vinyl-records-forty-years-of-awesome | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202199.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20190320024206-20190320050206-00439.warc.gz | en | 0.983946 | 1,467 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Once contracted, ADS can spread to a medical community at large and is highly virulent and can kill millions. In a notable case from the early 20th century the disease Pellagra was thought to be contagious, but the vector was unknown. By 1914 Pellagra reached epidemic proportions in the American South. Between 1906 and 1940 more than 3 million Americans were affected by pellagra with more than 100,000 deaths. Pellagra deaths in South Carolina numbered 1,306 during the first ten months of 1915; 100,000 Southerners were affected in 1916. At this time, the scientific community held that pellagra was probably caused by a germ or some unknown toxin in corn.
In 1915, Joseph Goldberger showed it was linked to diet by inducing the disease in prisoners. His study of 11 prisoners should have convinced the medical community. Before the experiment the prisoners were eating fruits and vegetables from the prison garden and were in good health. Goldberger started feeding them only corn. About two weeks into the experiment, the prisoners complained of headaches, confusion, and loss of appetite. In the third week, seven of the 11 broke out in pellagra, and two prisoners begged for release. Goldberger cured them, feeding them fruits and vegetables again. In 1920s he connected pellagra to the diet of rural areas with corn-based diets rather than infection, contrary to the common medical ideas of that time. Despite all his efforts few physicians believed him and pellagra continued to ravage the South and people around the world well into the 1940s when his ideas were finally accepted.
Medical and scientific history is rife with such examples from Copernicus to hand washing to the multiple mutation model of cancer pathology to the slow adoption of new technology. As the pace of change goes up, the need to adopt and adapt rapidly is critical. Caution is still very important, but once presented with clear evidence that an intervention may be successful, a little experimentation is warranted. ADS has killed millions from the medicine man shaking a bag of bones over a “patient” to doing a bad job of disease management. If there are better tools, we need to adopt them or at least open our minds, practices, and hospitals to pilots.
We also have had good success with an adjuvant therapy called “running Challenges.” In these Challenges, stakeholder organizations such as Governments, Universities, NGOs, Corporations, and Medical Institutions can drive adoption by offering grants and partnerships for the best new ideas that help solve the big problems they see. It works beautifully and more are coming all the time. | <urn:uuid:08d8168f-a8ef-4d73-9fa9-9a063cedd991> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.medstartr.vc/post/a-cure-for-adoption-deficiency-syndrome | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320305052.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20220127012750-20220127042750-00522.warc.gz | en | 0.978059 | 527 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Known collectively as the Bretton Woods Institutions after the remote village in New Hampshire, U.S.A., where they were founded by the delegates of 44 nations in July 1944, the Bank and the IMF are twin intergovernmental pillars supporting the structure of the world's economic and financial order. That there are two pillars rather than one is no accident. The international community was consciously trying to establish a division of labor in setting up the two agencies. Those who deal professionally with the IMF and Bank find them categorically distinct. To the rest of the world, the niceties of the division of labor are even more mysterious than are the activities of the two institutions.
December 19, 2011
Tak Kutemui Kubur UMNO!
If you have difficulty distinguishing the World Bank from the International Monetary Fund, you are not alone. Most people have only the vaguest idea of what these institutions do, and very few people indeed could, if pressed on the point, say why and how they differ. Even John Maynard Keynes, a founding father of the two institutions and considered by many the most brilliant economist of the twentieth century, admitted at the inaugural meeting of the International Monetary Fund that he was confused by the names: he thought the Fund should be called a bank, and the Bank should be called a fund. Confusion has reigned ever since.
Similarities between them do little to resolve the confusion. Superficially the Bank and IMF exhibit many common characteristics. Both are in a sense owned and directed by the governments of member nations. The People's Republic of China, by far the most populous state on earth, is a member, as is the world's largest industrial power (the United States). In fact, virtually every country on earth is a member of both institutions. Both institutions concern themselves with economic issues and concentrate their efforts on broadening and strengthening the economies of their member nations. Staff members of both the Bank and IMF often appear at international conferences, speaking the same recondite language of the economics and development professions, or are reported in the media to be negotiating involved and somewhat mystifying programs of economic adjustment with ministers of finance or other government officials. The two institutions hold joint annual meetings, which the news media cover extensively. Both have headquarters in Washington, D.C., where popular confusion over what they do and how they differ is about as pronounced as everywhere else. For many years both occupied the same building and even now, though located on opposite sides of a street very near the White House, they share a common library and other facilities, regularly exchange economic data, sometimes present joint seminars, daily hold informal meetings, and occasionally send out joint missions to member countries. (Sambung bacaan anda di sini). | <urn:uuid:d56c4ca4-c623-477b-96b5-d9cc9c58eaf1> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://azlishukri.blogspot.com/2011/12/tak-kutemui-kubur-umno.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321497.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627170831-20170627190831-00610.warc.gz | en | 0.973332 | 558 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The Wisdom Journey through Judges.
The book of Judges records a very dark period in Israel’s existence, a time characterized by the nation’s disobedience to God, rebellion against His moral standards, and even the embrace of idolatry. It was a time when “everyone did what was right in his own eyes.” Such evil was worthy of God’s judgment, and that judgment came repeatedly, as the Israelites fell under the domination of one nation after another. Yet in the darkness, God’s grace was illuminated as He raised up deliverers, or judges, to rescue His people and give them hope and reason to follow Him in faith. God’s grace is still present for us, even in our darkest times. | <urn:uuid:1b8cca54-a3a4-41df-92a8-c1974732bd95> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.wisdomonline.org/twj-library/the-journey-through-judges | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679101779.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210092457-20231210122457-00173.warc.gz | en | 0.9829 | 157 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Similar to doing an MOT on a car, scientists believe they can run a blood test to check how fast a person’s internal organs are ageing, and even predict which ones might soon fail.
The Stanford University team say they can monitor 11 major body parts, including the heart, brain and lungs.
They tried it on thousands of adults, mostly middle-aged or older.
One in five reasonably healthy adults aged 50-plus might have at least one fast-ageing organ, the results suggest.
And one to two in every 100 might have several organs that test older than their birthday years.
While the idea of the check-up might be scary, it could be an opportunity to intervene and change course, the researchers say.
Knowing which organs are in rapid decline could help reveal what health issues may be looming, the researchers say in the journal Nature.
Organ age gap
For example, an “old-for-its-time” heart increases the risk of heart failure, while a rapidly ageing brain might be more prone to dementia.
In the study, having one or more organs ageing fast was linked with a higher risk of certain diseases and death over the next 15 years.
The body parts they checked include:
- Blood vessels (arteries)
- Immune tissue
The blood test looks for levels of thousands of proteins to give clues on which organs are ageing at different rates.
The pattern of proteins detected appeared to be specific to particular organs.
Researchers trained a machine-learning algorithm to make the predictions using lots of blood test results and patient data.
One of the investigators, Dr Tony Wyss-Coray, explained: “When we compared each of these organs’ biological age for each individual with its counterparts among a large group of people without obvious severe diseases, we found that 18.4% of those aged 50 or older had at least one organ aging significantly more rapidly than the average.
“And we found that these individuals are at heightened risk for disease in that particular organ in the next 15 years.”
The university has now submitted the paperwork to patent the test, in case it can be used and sold in the future.
More studies are needed to check how good it really is at predicting organ age and health before that though.
Some of Dr Wyss-Coray’s earlier work suggests the biological ageing process is not steady but comes in bursts, with some rapid accelerations in people’s mid-30s, early-60s and late-70s.
Prof James Timmons, an expert in age-related health and diseases at Queen Mary University of London, has also been studying blood markers of biological age. His work focuses on detectable gene changes, rather than proteins.
He said the latest findings by Dr Wyss-Coray were impressive, but needed validating in more people, particularly younger ones from diverse ethnic backgrounds.
“Is this ageing or a new way to detect early age-related disease biomarkers? The authors favour the former, I don’t think the latter is ruled out,” he said.
Dr Wyss-Coray said: “If we can reproduce this finding in 50,000 or 100,000 individuals it will mean that by monitoring the health of individual organs in apparently healthy people, we might be able to find organs that are undergoing accelerated ageing in people’s bodies, and we might be able to treat people before they get sick.”
Prof Paul Sheils, an expert in the biology of ageing at Glasgow University, said it was still important to look at the whole body, not just individual organs, to build the most accurate picture of a person’s health.
Caroline Abrahams from the charity Age UK said it while it was great that science was exploring earlier detection of serious age-related diseases, consideration was needed about how people might feel living with the knowledge.
Should it become a reality, she said people would want emotional and clinical support alongside the test results and that the NHS would need to be ready for that – and have the funding to provide it. | <urn:uuid:eb5ed152-4000-42ac-990d-8dd84b0967cd> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.hieda.org.uk/2023/12/08/blood-test-shows-if-organs-are-ageing-fast-or-slowly/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227121318-20240227151318-00735.warc.gz | en | 0.962644 | 850 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Periodically I receive something inspiring from a friend 1 who was considerate enough to include me in his thoughts. The “Three Little Pigs” is one of those inspiring stories, a fairy tale that has made its way into popular culture and back into my life with new meaning.
Originally a tale written in England, it became extremely popular in the United States with Walt Disney’s adaption of the tale. The moral of the story has inspired generations to work hard toward success, with the expectation that the hard work will eventually lead to favorable outcomes.
The earliest credited “Three Little Pigs” story was written by James Orchard Halliwell in 1849. The story appeared in a book titled, “Popular Rhymes and Nursery Tales.” It is not known whether Halliwell, who later used the name Halliwell-Phillipps, created the story or simply passed it down from previous generations. Halliwell was credited by fellow English author Joseph Jacobs when he adapted the story for a book titled “English Fairy Tales”.
As you know, the basic story outline of “The Three Little Pigs” is a real estate story of three pigs, and each builds a home. One takes little time in building the home out of straw and spends the rest of his time playing and relaxing. A second pig builds a home out of sticks, which takes slightly longer, but he too over-values relaxation time. A third pig chooses to build a home out of bricks, quality building materials which require a great deal of time and effort. He values taking the time to build a home properly versus using cheaper products to get it done more quickly, protecting his time to play. When the Big Bad Wolf comes to the homes, only the third pig’s house of bricks stands up to the pressure applied by the wolf.
The primary moral lesson learned from “The Three Little Pigs” is that hard work and dedication pay off. While the first two pigs quickly built homes and had more free time to play, the third pig labored in the construction of his house with a focus on his workmanship and a more judicious use of time. Compared to the other two pigs, the third pig’s extra effort paid off in that his home lasted. The idea that taking the time to perform a task the right way has been adopted by many work organizations and taught by teachers and parents of children for many generations.
Walt Disney and the Great Depression
In 1933, Walt Disney released an eight-minute animated film of the “Three Little Pigs.” The short film inspired many Americans through the Great Depression 2. Americans used the Big Bad Wolf as a symbol of the strife in their lives. Just as the third little pig was able to overcome adversity through hard work, many Americans believed that their hard work would eventually lead them out of the Great Depression.
No matter whether it is real estate construction, hospitality services, or e-commerce, the benefits of diligence cannot be over-stated, and the shackles of slothfulness cannot be more impeding. It is a practice at VisionWise Capital to “Do your job well, even when no one is looking.”
If a focus on workmanship and dedicated endurance is appealing to you, call to speak to me at (949) 441-5580. I will explain how the moral of our story works well… We apply our dedication and hard work to making your income grow.
Give me a call! Send me an email! The time is right to be ready!
1. Story provided by Jerry Sommerville
2. According to the Encyclopedia of Disney Animated Shorts | <urn:uuid:8df10ef8-366f-4ade-8c51-5857bd2a28d9> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://visionwisecapital.com/every-great-story-has-a-story/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711150.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20221207053157-20221207083157-00835.warc.gz | en | 0.969045 | 774 | 3.0625 | 3 |
In September 1967, the Arab States put forward the Khartoum Resolution in the wake of their defeat in the June 1967 Six Day War with Israel. The resolution set down their intransigence in accepting the nation of Israel with a call of “no peace with Israel, no recognition of Israel, no negotiations with it,” in a policy that would stymie any chance of peace in the region for decades. It became known as “the Three No’s.”
Today, the Palestinian Arabs have adopted their own version of the policy which can be called “The Three Denials”: deny the history of the Jews; deny the rights of the Jews; deny the acceptance of the Jews.
It will similarly block any chance for peace in the region.
Deny the History of the Jews
There was once a time when the Arab world accepted the basic history of the Jews in the holy land. In 1925, the Supreme Muslim Council published a guidebook for the Temple Mount which clearly identified the place as the location of the Jewish Temples.
“The site is one of the oldest in the world. Its sanctity dates from the earliest times.
Its identity with the site of Solomon’s Temple is beyond dispute. This, too, is the spot, according to universal belief, on which David built there an altar unto the Lord, and offered burnt offerings and peace offerings.”
However, the acting president of the Palestinian Authority Mahmoud Abbas somehow came to the conclusion that acknowledging Jewish history in Jerusalem would undermine the claim that the site is purely a Muslim holy site. As such, he repeatedly charged that Israel is trying to “Judaize” Jerusalem. He asserted that Israel is getting rid of “the Arab character of the city.” He was recently successful in putting forward resolutions before the United Nations that referred to the Temple Mount in Islamic terms that denied any connection of Jews. So when the new UN Security General Antonio Guterres clearly stated that “it is completely clear that the Temple that the Romans destroyed in Jerusalem was a Jewish temple,” the Palestinians went crazy and demanded an apology.
Perhaps revisionist history should not come as a surprise, as Abbas wrote his doctoral thesis on Holocaust denial.
Deny the Rights of the Jews
The follow up to the denial of Jewish history in their holy land is to deny Jews the rights to live there.
Abbas stood at the UN General Assembly and claimed that Israel is “colonizing” Arab land. He claimed that Jews first began to colonize Palestine with the British declaration of the Balfour Declaration in 1917. He has now demanded an apology from the United Kingdom and for it to “bear its historic, legal, political, material and moral responsibility for the consequences of this declaration, including an apology to the Palestinian people.” Abbas has stated that the colonization continues post-1967, as Israel seized additional Palestinian land in the 1967 war.
To Abbas, it has always been Palestinian land, so Jews have no rights to any part of it.
As such, Abbas has called for a new Palestinian country to be free of any Jews. He has retained a Jordanian law that condemned to death any person selling land to Jews, and was able to get former US President Barack Obama to agree that Jews should not be allowed to live in “Palestinian Land.” A sorry note in US-Israel relations.
Beyond the rights of living in the land, Arabs have denied the basic rights of Jewish access to their holy places.
The Jordanians evicted all Jews from the West Bank and Jerusalem after they illegally annexed the land in 1950 in a move that was not recognized by the world. They denied Jews any visitation rights into Jerusalem, just as they denied Jewish rights to visit the Cave of the Jewish Patriarchs in Hebron. Abbas has similarly called for Jews to be expelled from the Jewish Temple Mount and Jerusalem today.
Deny the Acceptance of Jews
Abbas has stated that he will never recognize Israel as a Jewish State. The declaration received support from the Arab States:
“The council of the Arab League confirms its support for the Palestinian leadership in its effort to end the Israeli occupation over Palestinian lands, and emphasizes its rejection of recognizing Israel as a ‘Jewish state’.”
So much for the principle of two states for two people. The Palestinians – at best – are seeking one state that is 100% Arab and second state that is a mix Arab and Jewish, with no preferences for Jews at all.
The Global Response
The world seemed to understand the Arab States “3 No’s” in 1967, and would soon push forward a “Zionism is racism” resolution at the United Nations. It would take many years for that resolution to be rescinded, and for some Arab states to begin to make peace with Israel.
For many years the United States under Obama and the United Nations under UNSG Ban Ki Moon also seemed to endorse the “3 Denials” of the Palestinian Arabs. The UN routinely passed resolutions which inverted facts regarding rights and access to holy places and disregarded the history of Jews in the holy land. Obama endorsed the #AlternativeFacts as well.
Not surprisingly, the region went backwards. Three wars against Israel from Gaza and wars spreading throughout the region under the watch of inept leadership. The responses from Ban Ki Moon and Obama? That they stood with Gaza and sought the inclusion of the terrorist group Hamas into a joint Palestinian leadership.
However, there is now a new president in the United States, and a new Secretary General at the United Nations. Antonio Guterres showed that he will not deny the history of Jews in Israel in an attempt to appease the anti-Semitic Palestinian Arabs. Hopefully, but he and President Trump will break “The 3 Denials” of the Palestinians and advance peace in the region.
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Join Facebook group: FirstOne Through Israel Analysis | <urn:uuid:9a9a7d42-8950-45f2-8d21-89fadbfac037> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://firstonethrough.wordpress.com/2017/01/31/the-palestinians-three-denials/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500550969387.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20170728143709-20170728163709-00586.warc.gz | en | 0.956563 | 1,244 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Chemistry Threatning Masterpieces Of Art
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Art Art Apr 24, 2017 09:19 AM EDT
The term "nothing lasts forever" strikes again as recent news talks about how some famous old masterpieces of art are now slowly coming to an end. This is due to nature and how it uses chemistry to end things.
Laboratory Equipment talked about how art dealers have a really good chance of making it in the market but this point becomes almost impossible when the art tries to destroy itself. Recently some odd spots have been seen on some old paintings that are considered masterpieces of history.
These paintings are oil paintings and this phenomenon occurs mainly because of the oil and the formation of the paint itself.These oil formations and compositions eventually make an alkaline soap which then erupts due to its foamy texture. Of course, given enough time it tends to displace other materials out of the way and hence create the spot.
Eureka Alert also linked a video on this phenomenon and showed that these famous paintings do not come with a huge noticeable spot, but rather thousands of tiny microscopic pop marks which, if seen collectively, ruins the painting as a whole.
This phenomenon started recently where thousands of priceless oil paintings now have thousands of popped holes in them and this is really driving the art world insane and causing a huge debate on the value and significance of these paintings.
These soap remainders are created by lead. The paint content of the art itself has lead in it and this lead reacts with the oil in the oil paintings. This reacts and creates a lead soap. This soap is highly reactive and therefore it bursts.
This is quite the sad discovery and it could mean the end of all the old oil paintings in the world. Perhaps it may increase its value but it does not seem like it. | <urn:uuid:97122294-b366-4316-9a9b-2d59c277af16> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.designtimes.com/articles/3255/20170424/chemistry-threatning-masterpieces-art.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987835748.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20191023173708-20191023201208-00218.warc.gz | en | 0.969991 | 369 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Earlier this month, we wrote about how roboticists use swarms of ants as models for programming collective groups of robots, but past experiments in swarming bots (or drones) have only utilized dozens of machines. In a new demonstration of the open-source kilobots project, Harvard roboticist Mike Rubenstein shows off how a system of over a thousand tiny robots could organize themselves to elegantly form two-dimensional shapes. The kilobots--which unfortunately sound like "killerbots"--are to be a test bed for new algorithms that govern swarms of autonomous robots. And rest assured, the only way these robots could hurt you is if you tried to eat one, said Rubenstein in an NPR interview. Watch a video of the kilobots in action below. | <urn:uuid:045e23ac-cbab-4331-b3cb-30887d28e814> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.tested.com/tech/robots/463617-brief-witness-kilobot-swarm/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982292675.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195812-00117-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.916852 | 156 | 3.640625 | 4 |
In modern laboratories, bacteria are usually identified by characterization of the genome: identifying the characteristics of the DNA and RNA of a sample species. This type of testing is generally considered more reliable (and soon, less expensive) than actually growing bacterial cultures and exposing them to various types of antibiotics to see which drugs kill or inhibit the bacterial growth. But if more than identification is required, and if an antibiotic that usually works against a particular bacterial strain is ineffective, then it may be necessary to actually grow the bacteria and perform an "old fashioned" culture and sensitivity test.
How is a Culture and Sensitivity Test Done?
Your rabbit-experienced vet will take a sample of infected tissue or discharge from the infected area (the capsule of an abscess is the best location from which to take a sample, as the internal pus often contains only dead bacteria that will not grow in culture), and send it in a special culture tube to a licensed laboratory for testing.
In the lab, technicians will spread a sample of the infective material onto a plate of nutrient substance (usually agar, a type of gel made from algae) and allow to grow whatever species of bacteria were in the bunny's infected area.
With a sufficient population of bacteria grown on the plate in the form of a "lawn", the technicians will perform two main operations:
2. DETERMINE THE BACTERIAL POPULATIONS SENSITIVITY TO A RANGE OF ANTIBIOTICS.
In three to seven days after the sample is taken, your vet will receive the results from the lab, including the species of bacteria and the range of antibiotics to which the bacteria are sensitive (S), resistant (R) and intermediate (I). Again, "sensitive" means that the bacteria were inhibited or killed by that particular antibiotic, and this is what you want to hear.
Choosing and Using the Appropriate Antibiotic
Note that not all antibiotics are safe for rabbits! Any oral penicillins (e.g., amoxycillin, ampicillin, penicillin) or lincosamines (e.g., clindamycin) should be avoided, as they can cause fatal cecal dysbiosis by killing normal, beneficial intestinal microorganisms and allowing dangerous ones to proliferate. Be sure your bunny is seen by a veterinarian who is familiar with the special medical needs of rabbits. If you don't already have such a vet, you can find one via the list linked at the House Rabbit Society's Veterinary Referral Page.
Commonly used antibiotics that are safe for rabbits include the fluoroquinolones (e.g., Baytril and ciprofloxacin), sulfas of various types, chloramphenicol, aminoglycosides (e.g., gentamycin, tobramycin, amikacin--though these are not a first choice as they can be toxic to the kidneys), and injectible Penicillin-G Procaine. It's critical that the appropriate rabbit-safe antibiotic for the particular infection be prescribed and administered for a course long enough to allow the bunny's immune system to conquer the infection (with a little bit of help from the antibiotics).
It can take several weeks of antibiotics (sometimes a combination of two different ones!) to get the problem under control. Don't delay having your bunny properly diagnosed and treated. Almost any infection can develop into a much worse problem if left to its own devices.
It is also extremely important to
Why Bother with a Culture and Sensitivity Test?
One cautionary note. Some veterinarians who are not as experienced with rabbits as they are with cats and dogs will take one look at a rabbit with "snuffles" or other infection and proclaim that the problem is caused by Pasteruella multocida. Although this bacterial species is not uncommonly carried by rabbits, please do not let anyone convince you that your rabbit's problem is caused by Pasteurella unless that diagnosis is confirmed via culture and sensitivity test! Not only are some strains of Pasteurella resistant to commonly prescribed antibiotics such as Trimethoprim sulfa, Baytril (enrofloxacin) and even ciprofloxacin, but infections in rabbits also can be caused by even more resilient strains of bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Staphylococcus aureus, and others. Without a culture and sensitivity test to positively I.D. the pathogen, you could not only delay your rabbit's return to good health, but also be throwing good money after bad by treating with an antibiotic that is not effective against the particular strain of bacteria your bunny has.
If no bacteria grow at all, then it's possible that the bunny has a fungal infection. If this is the case, antibiotics will likely make the problem worse, not better. Hence, it's very important to check for fungal species if the culture and sensitivity test comes back negative for bacteria. Completely different medications are needed to control infections caused by fungi.
Followup: Backtracking to the Cause
Once an infection is under control, it's wise to do a bit of detective work and seek possible causes, especially if the condition is chronic. For example, runny eyes and nose or jaw abscesses can be caused by dental problems such as molar spurs or molar roots extending into the sinuses. This is much more common in older rabbits, but all rabbits should routinely have their molars checked for spurs, which are not only painful, but potentially dangerous. A tear duct flush will sometimes temporarily stop runny eye problems, but ultimately it is best to do a complete check for molar problems including visual inspection for spurs and even radiographs to detect molar root infections.
Good care, healthy diet, a happy, calm environment, and your constant vigilance for problems are your bunny's best bets for a long, healthy, infection-free life. But when even those things fail, it's good to know there are medications that can help, as long as they're used wisely, appropriately, and always under the supervision of a good, rabbit-savvy veterinarian. | <urn:uuid:1be13451-ef0e-4847-8c97-1b42ff4d323b> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.bio.miami.edu/hare/culture.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657113000.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011153-00036-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943525 | 1,282 | 3.640625 | 4 |
The Solar Photon Random Walk Model simulates the path of photons in radiative transport as they escape from the Sun. Photons do not travel in a straight line, but rather collide with larger particles and get redirected. This simulation models that process using a random walk in polar coordinates. The random walk parameters are adjustable to match different models of the structure of the sun, or the user can input their own values.
The Solar Photon Random Walk Model was created using the Easy Java Simulations (EJS) modeling tool. It is distributed as a ready-to-run (compiled) Java archive. Double clicking the ejs_comp_phys_photon_random_walk.jar file will run the program if Java is installed.
Please note that this resource requires
at least version 1.5 of
%0 Computer Program %A Onken, Drew %D July 26, 2011 %T Solar Photon Random Walk %7 1.0 %8 July 26, 2011 %U http://www.compadre.org/Repository/document/ServeFile.cfm?ID=11349&DocID=2343
Disclaimer: ComPADRE offers citation styles as a guide only. We cannot offer interpretations about citations as this is an automated procedure. Please refer to the style manuals in the Citation Source Information area for clarifications. | <urn:uuid:9fd903a9-cb2f-43ef-8e54-80a8b32d7e23> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.compadre.org/Astronomy/items/detail.cfm?ID=11349 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320023.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623063716-20170623083716-00586.warc.gz | en | 0.844598 | 279 | 2.921875 | 3 |
How ‘Green’ Is Your Ride?
If you live in an urban area, you may have started seeing cars on the road with a striking accessory – a hot pink fuzzy mustache attached to the front grille. Maybe you’ve seen cars with bright orange “mirror socks.” Or perhaps you’ve noticed an increase in large black SUVs and town cars circling around hotels and tourist attractions. These cars are part of the growing number of online-enabled transportation providers. After downloading the company app to their smartphone, customers can use the app to “e-hail” the vehicles, pay for the trip and even rate the driver. Some services, such as Uber, use town cars and SUVs, among other vehicles. Others such as Lyft (of pink mustache fame), Sidecar and UberX connect individual private drivers with people who are looking for a ride.
Last month, the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) adopted rules to regulate online-enabled transportation services such as UberX, Lyft and Sidecar, creating a new category of “transportation network companies” (TNCs). Companies providing these services claim that they use personal vehicles to provide their services. The CPUC tentatively concluded that Uber, which does not involve use of personal vehicles, fell within the existing category of for-hire passenger carriers (limousines, airport shuttles, charter and scheduled bus operators), but deferred a definitive ruling on Uber’s status.
The CPUC’s ruling made California the first state in the US to legalize these new services, which have faced legal and regulatory obstacles across the country. During the California proceeding, and in other proceedings across the country, proponents of TNCs touted their “green” credentials by claiming that the services reduce the negative environmental impacts of driving by matching people with common interests and common destinations.
If TNCs truly reduce traffic, it might be possible that we could see a drop in the amount of automobile emissions. The CPUC’s September 19, 2013 decision, however, casts doubt on this scenario. The CPUC concluded, “In our review of the filings and supporting documents, there is no evidence that TNC drivers have a common work-related or incidental purpose with their passengers. Instead, drivers transport passengers entirely at the convenience of the passenger.” That means drivers can, for instance, cruise metropolitan areas to pick up passengers as soon as the passengers hail them online.
Critics of app-based transportation services argue that what we are actually seeing is a de facto deregulation of the taxi industry. While California regulators may consider Uber’s SUVs and town cars to be like limousines, customers are using them like taxis. Similarly, there appears to be little evidence to support TNCs’ ride sharing claims, making them operate much more like taxis than a casual carpool.
Over the last half-century, multiple US cities experimented with taxicab deregulation. Unfortunately, in most instances this resulted in an oversupply of cabs, leading to a deterioration of vehicle and driver quality, and most cities that were deregulated at one time or another abandoned deregulation. The entry barriers and start-up costs for app-based transportation services are significantly lower than for traditional taxi services. Will the influx of app-based service lead to a glut of cars on the road providing transportation for hire? Does that result align with desired goals to reduce transportation emissions?
This is a significant concern because of the difference in the types of cars used for taxis and those being used for app-based transportation services. Across the country, more and more taxi fleets are converting to “clean” vehicles (hybrids or compressed natural gas vehicles). This movement began in San Francisco, which passed the Clean Air Taxi Act in 2008. The purpose of the legislation was to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the San Francisco taxi fleet by twenty percent from 1990 levels by 2012. By 2012, San Francisco’s taxis had far exceeded this goal, reducing the average per-vehicle greenhouse gas emissions by forty-nine percent, all while nearly doubling the size of the city’s taxicab fleet. In July 2013, the San Francisco Municipal Transportation announced that ninety-seven percent of San Francisco’s taxis are “clean” vehicles, up from approximately fifteen percent in 2008. (Full conversion to “clean” vehicles is difficult due to the lack of alternative fuel wheelchair accessible vans.)
In addition to their environmental benefits, the shift to alternative fuel taxis has also been a hit with drivers, who appreciate the fuel savings and quieter ride. There are also times when hybrids are more in demand, such as after Hurricane Sandy, when taxi drivers were desperately trying to get a hold of hybrids to avoid the long lines caused by gas shortages in the Northeast. Other cities have followed San Francisco’s lead, either through regulation, government incentives or market forces. New York, Los Angeles and Chicago have also seen a significant increase in the percentage of alternative fuel vehicles in their taxicab fleets. Indeed, if you have gotten into a taxi in any urban area in the US lately, there is good chance that it was an alternative fuel vehicle.
Although exact figures on the percentage of hybrid vehicles in the app-based transportation fleets are unavailable, there is little doubt that that it is nowhere close to San Francisco’s ninety-seven percent. While Uber recently debuted its hybrid-based UberX service, it does not appear to have achieved the popularity of its more traditional town cars and SUVs. And current regulations do not require TNCs to use alternative fuel vehicles.
Where you once saw taxis circling luxury hotels in major cities, you are now just as likely to see Uber black cars or mustachioed SUVs. It is still too soon to tell how the addition of app-based transportation services will affect the for-hire transportation industry and goals to reduce transportation emissions. It could result in an oversupply of vehicles, as thousands of app-based vehicles hit the road, in addition to the traditional taxis, limos and town cars. Or it could result in app-based vehicles replacing taxis, since the barriers to entry are so much lower for the new services. Either way, there are likely to be environmental implications from the growing number of vehicles on the road. As other jurisdictions may consider the California model, and as these services grow, it is important to study and evaluate the nationwide environmental impact of this “disruption” in the transportation industry.
Lori Anne Dolqueist is a partner with law firm Manatt, Phelps & Phillips, LLP in San Francisco and focuses her practice on regulatory matters before the California Public Utilities Commission. Tara S. Kaushik is a senior associate with Manatt, Phelps & Phillips in the San Francisco office, where she focuses her legal practice on energy regulatory matters. The authors represent members of the taxicab industry in matters related to the issues discussed in this article.
This column is part of a series of articles by law firm Manatt, Phelps & Phillips, LLP’s Energy, Environment & Natural Resources practice. Earlier columns in the third edition of this series discussed California’s Green Chemistry Regulations, Retail Hazardous Waste Reform, Environmental Screening Tools, Nanotechnology Regulation, Federal Chemical Regulation Reform, Efforts to Address Climate Change and What the Sequester Means for Environmental Regulation.
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- UAB Getting First Solar Array | <urn:uuid:963425f2-2af2-4947-9e13-eb8fafaace83> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.environmentalleader.com/2013/10/28/how-green-is-your-ride/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860116587.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161516-00040-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950568 | 1,625 | 2.609375 | 3 |
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Unformatted text preview: situation for the entire class? Is she does so, how should she do it? What can the class learn from the incident? A. I think this would make a great learning situation for the class and even the school. To create an assembly with all of the students from each grade level and have a speaker present the issues with students crossing other student’s personal boundaries. This could be explained in many different ways and students could be asked how they would feel if something similar was to happen to them. This could be ended with a writing assignment for each student to work on. The students would be able to learn self respect as well as learning that people have boundaries and you cannot do whatever you please to everyone just because you may think it’s funny. To have students realize that other people have feelings as well....
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This note was uploaded on 02/14/2010 for the course AED 204 Teaching A taught by Professor Carananez during the Spring '08 term at University of Phoenix.
- Spring '08 | <urn:uuid:1151ba80-b45e-40db-91ae-e9c0b8ed5817> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://www.coursehero.com/file/5786028/Checkpoint-Sexual-Harassment-Scenario/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121869.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00643-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97712 | 254 | 3.203125 | 3 |
News Headline: A Catalog of Cancer Genes That’s Done, Or Just a Start
Outlet Full Name: New York Times
Author: Carl Zimmer
Cancer is a disease of genes gone wrong. When certain genes mutate, they make cells behave in odd ways. The cells divide swiftly, they hide from the immune system that could kill them and they gain the nourishment they need to develop into tumors.
Scientists started identifying these cancer genes in the 1970s and their list slowly grew over the years. By studying them, scientists came to understand how different types of cancer develop and in some cases they were even able to develop gene-targeting drugs. Last May, for example, the Food and Drug Administration approved a drug known as Tarceva to treat lung cancer in which a gene called EGFR has mutated.
The National Institutes of Health, hoping to speed up the identification of cancer genes, started an ambitious project in 2005 called the Cancer Genome Atlas. They analyzed 500 samples from each of over 20 types of cancer and found a wealth of new genes. The data have helped scientists discover more of the tricks cancer cells use to thrive at our expense.
“The Cancer Genome Atlas has been a spectacular success, there’s no doubt about that,” said Bruce Stillman, the president of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
But now, as the Atlas project is coming to an end, researchers at the Broad Institute of M.I.T. and Harvard have published a study in the journal Nature that has scientists debating where cancer research should go next. They estimated that scientists would need to examine about 100,000 cancer samples —10 times as many as the $375 million Cancer Genome Atlas has gathered — to find most of the genes involved in 50 cancer types.
“We now know what it would take to get a complete catalog,” said Eric S. Lander, the founding director of the Broad Institute and a co-author of the new study. “And we now know we’re not close to done. We have a lot left to learn.”
Traditionally, scientists have identified cancer genes by comparing healthy cells with cancerous ones. If they find a statistically unusually high number of cells with mutations in a particular gene, they can then examine it to see if it really does help drive cancer — or if it is just carrying a harmless mutation.
Dr. Lander and his colleagues suspected this method could miss some genes. While some cancer genes affect most cells of a given type of cancer, other genes are only involved in a fraction of them. (EGFR, the gene treated with Tarceva, is mutated in only about 10 percent of cases of nonsmall cell lung cancer.) Small samples of cancer cells might not contain the less common mutations.
The Broad researchers suspected that they could catch some of these missing genes by looking at several cancer types at once, because some genes are not limited to a single type of cancer.
For their new study, the scientists examined cancer samples from the Cancer Genome Atlas, as well as cancer samples from the Broad’s own collection. All told, they analyzed 4,742 samples from 21 types of cancer.
The new study detected many of the genes that other scientists have previously linked to those 21 types of cancer. But they also found new genes that had been overlooked before. All told, they identified 33 genes that they consider strong candidates for playing a role in cancer — a potential increase of the catalog of cancer genes of 25 percent.
“This was eye-opening to me,” said Dr. Lander.
Dr. Lander and his colleagues began to wonder how many genes could be found if scientists looked at more cancer samples. Was the cancer catalog almost finished, or only just begun?
“We were able to ask for the first time, ‘Are we there yet?’” said Dr. Lander.
They extrapolated from their own results to gauge how many more samples scientists would need to look at to find most cancer genes involved in at least 2 percent of cancers of a given type.
To find most cancer genes involved in the 50 most common types of cancer, the researchers estimated that they would have to analyze 100,000 samples. In other words, the atlas has gotten us a tenth of the way to the finish line.
Dr. Harold Varmus, the director of the National Cancer Institute, said the study has raised valuable questions. “The paper provides some models about what we might think about doing next,” he said. He said the agency is now considering testing Dr. Lander’s hypothesis on a few types of cancer by gathering more samples.
Dr. Lander and his colleagues argue for finishing off the cancer gene catalog. “Completing the genomic analysis of this disease should be a biomedical imperative,” they wrote in their new paper.
In an interview, Dr. Lander said knowing most genes involved in cancer would be a powerful weapon against the disease. “How could we think of beating cancer in the long term without having the whole catalog?” he said. “It would be crazy not to have the information.”
But Dr. Stillman of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory said completing the atlas has to be weighed against other needs. “Whether we need to know every cancer gene, I’d like to see an argument for how that’s going to help the advancement of new therapy,” he said.
For many researchers, the question comes down to whether extending the atlas project would be the best use of existing research funds. “There’s no question that it would be valuable. The question is whether it’s worth it,” said Dr. Bert Vogelstein, a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator at Johns Hopkins University.
Some scientists say it might make more sense to study common cancer genes that have already been identified, instead of searching for relatively rare genes that might not turn out to be helpful in fighting cancer.
Also in question is who would pay for advancing the cancer catalog project. “We still don’t know how much money we’re going to have this year,” said Dr. Varmus of the National Cancer Institute’s budget. “We’re not going to set off tomorrow and do 100,000 complete genomes.”
Dr. Lander argued that the project could be done for a reasonable cost, and might also be supported by philanthropic organizations or international partners. In any case, he said, he welcomed a debate about when science will finish the cancer gene catalog.
“If people say, ‘I would rather not know that for five years, or 10 years,’ that’s a reasonable argument,” said Dr. Lander. “But I would rather know that sooner.” | <urn:uuid:8341985c-f379-45b0-89c2-61d74f0d6ebc> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.lungcancerfoundation.org/2014/02/a-catalog-of-cancer-genes-thats-done-or-just-a-start/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701151880.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193911-00249-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959776 | 1,435 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Sophocles was born around 496 in Athens. His father was a wealthy business man and an active politician. Despite his father’s prestige and power in the state, Sophocles was drawn to the arts. Even very young, Sophocles won many 1st prizes in wrestling and music competitions. He was further drawn to the arts by Aeschylus, the first of the three great tragedians. Sophocles studied under Aeschylus and later was considered the second of these three (the third being Euripides). In his adulthood, Sophocles most likely employed carpenters. He wrote over 120 plays, although only a small percentage remain in tact. Over 18 of his plays won 1st prize at Great or City Dionsia of Athens. In addition to these employments, Sophocles fufilled his duty to his city-state, meeting requirements and being elected as general for two terms. He was elected treasure of the Delian League and general of the Athenian army under Pericles. Sophocles is also founded a cult for the god Asclepius, which is linked to the opening of the first public hospital. .
Sophocles’ life spanned the Golden Age of Athens. The city-state was at it’s cultural and political high. All male citizens were required to participate in local politics while all citizens lived by and loved their city-state. Sophocles’ #reading audience understood the importance of a good tyrant and obedience to their home. Kings were not only supreme rulers, but judges and model citizens. After time, however, kings lost power to Archons: noble-born, educated, but in the long run intolerant and narrow. citizens were soon relieved of the Archons when Solon claimed the throne. He reformed Athens government so all had a say and repealed many of Draco’s harsh laws. Following his reforms, numerous tyrants competed for power. Though possible to become oppressive, most tyrants served the people well and kept peace. | <urn:uuid:2c5b399d-7279-4d6d-9a57-19f952188048> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.exampleessays.com/viewpaper/58621.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541864.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00019-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.989131 | 426 | 3.4375 | 3 |
In his provocative new book “Bomb Power” (Penguin Press, 2010) historian Garry Wills argues that the rise of the National Security State and the ongoing expansion of presidential authority, including the spread of government secrecy, are rooted in the development of the atomic bomb in World War II.
“At the bottom of it all has been the Bomb,” writes Prof. Wills. “All this grew out of the Manhattan Project, out of its product, and even more out of its process. The project’s secret work, secretly funded at the behest of the President, was a model for the covert activities and overt authority of the government we now experience.”
The thesis of the book is not always clear or consistent. Most often, the author refers to the secret creation of the bomb as a “model” or a precedent that would later be exploited in other contexts. But sometimes the bomb project is seen as an integral part of other seemingly unrelated expressions of presidential authority and “the seed of all the growing powers that followed.” And sometimes, for Prof. Wills, there is nothing else besides the bomb: “Executive power has basically been, since World II, Bomb Power” (p. 4).
The failure to clearly distinguish or demonstrate the bomb’s asserted role — whether it is the model, the origin or the driving influence behind the growth of executive power — limits the force of the book’s argument. If the bomb project was merely a model for organizing government activity (“the Manhattan Project showed modern Presidents the way”), then it should in principle be subject to replacement by other models. But if it is now inextricably intertwined with the whole machinery of government, then government might be beyond the possibility of reform unless and until the bomb itself can be eliminated.
Prof. Wills, the author of many award-winning books, writes fluently and engagingly on a wide range of topics. But in “Bomb Power,” his history is occasionally garbled.
In a chronology of the development of the National Security State, he says that covert action was authorized and defined in 1947 in the National Security Act, “despite misgivings expressed by Dean Acheson and others,” and that the 1947 Act also required regular notification to congressional intelligence committees (pp. 82-84). But the original National Security Act was famously silent on covert action, only assigning to CIA “such other functions and duties… as the President… may direct.” The statutory definition of covert action that Prof. Wills quotes was not enacted into law until 1991. Likewise, notification to Congress of intelligence operations abroad was not required by law until the Hughes-Ryan Act in 1974.
But what is most disturbing of all is the author’s casual, world-weary dismissal of the possibility of change, and especially of efforts to rein in government secrecy. “The hope of decreasing the mountains of secrecy is vanishing or gone,” he declares flatly (p. 138). “Consider all of the classified material [now in existence],” he told National Public Radio earlier this week. “To declassify that is immensely time consuming and expensive. So, it’s not going to happen.”
This is a lazy and destructive message and, I think, a false one.
Though it is hard to reconcile with Prof. Wills’ theory of inexorably expanding executive power, the President of the United States last month issued an order imposing significant new limits on national security secrecy. Stating that “No information may remain classified indefinitely,” President Obama set maximum classification lifetimes for all records, including intelligence records. He directed that a backlog of 400 million pages of records awaiting declassification will not only be declassified but will also be made publicly available within four years. He established a new internal review process, with public reporting requirements, to eliminate obsolete classification practices in every classifying agency at the front end of the process. Perhaps these and numerous other related steps will all fail. But nothing in Prof. Wills’ argument dictates that outcome, and “Bomb Power” does no one any favors by fostering public cynicism and declaring defeat before the battle is over. | <urn:uuid:b9df251e-7b90-405c-807d-abc3170a0015> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://fas.org/blogs/secrecy/2010/01/bomb_power/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802766267.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075246-00086-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949264 | 885 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Galvanic Corrosion is an accelerated form of corrosion that occurs when two dissimilar metals are in an electrical contact. The more noble metal drives the corrosion of the active metal and this can be a very fast process. For example if an aluminum frame is connected with steel bolts then aluminum rapidly corrodes and after a few months the whole construction may collapse. So how to prevent galvanic corrosion? First, one should connect only those materials that have a similar electrochemical activity. Second, dielectric corrosion resistant coatings should be applied on the metal parts so that the electrochemical processes cannot take place. | <urn:uuid:3d227a2d-700f-4a8d-8b07-8d2c162e53e4> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://captaincorrosion.com/2015/11/05/galvanic-corrosion/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573289.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20190918131429-20190918153429-00489.warc.gz | en | 0.882773 | 122 | 3.578125 | 4 |
The History of Hand Crafted Soap
Making Handmade Soap: An Age-Old Tradition
The earliest recorded evidence of the making of handmade soap dates back to around 2800 BC in ancient Babylon. The recipe for the soap consisted of ashes, oil and sesame seed oil. A recipe was found for handcrafted soap on a clay tablet around 2200 BC. This recipe consisted of water, alkali and cassia oil. It is also thought that the ancient Egyptians bathed regularly and made their own soap consisting of animal and vegetable oil and alkaline salts.
There is early evidence of the Romans using soap as well. Zosimos of Panopolic c. 300 AD describes the process of making handmade soap using lye and recommends using it to wash clothes and the body.
By the late 6th century, handcrafted natural soap was well known in Italy and Spain. In documents that date back to around 800 AD refer to soap making as "women's work." Soaps were then produced by chemists and were made from vegetable oils such as olive oil and aromatic oil such as thyme oil and lye. As society evolved, soap was perfumed and colored and some were made in a solid form while others were liquid.
By the second half of the 15th century, in France, the making of handmade soap was concentrated to a few areas then distributed throughout the country. During the 16th century, most handcrafted soaps were produced by small-scale artisans and used vegetable oils rather than animal fat.
Today the most popular soap making process is the cold process method, which is a traditional process involving olive oil and lye that's been perfected over the years. As you can see, although cold process soap making is an age-old tradition, soap making has come a very long way since it originated in 2800 BC. | <urn:uuid:2b21e840-0e34-4d5c-a0f7-a3648a628a96> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://earthessentialssoap.com/history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657137948.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011217-00095-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.988972 | 378 | 3.3125 | 3 |
“We’ve just opened up the Nat Turner Memorial War Training Fund and we’ll be soliciting donations from all Americans who love liberty and freedom. We know that freedom isn’t free. We believe that America has produced some great examples of freedom fighters. Of course, Francis Scott Key was not one of those people. In any event, contributions may be sent to the following address:Nat Turner Memorial War Training Fund 1731 Free African Way Alexandria, Virginia
Josh Howard didn’t do that because he was making a flip, off the cuff remark. He did what many people feel, but don’t always say in public. He said what most self-respecting Americans would do if the anthem were written by a Communist who threatened to bomb the Congress. Francis Scott Key was far worse. He was someone who trafficked in the commerce of humanity and undermined the very principles he allegedly defended. A bomb in Washington DC might do some damage (I’m sure it would do some good.) Nothing, however, is worse for a democracy than the principle of justice for some. Francis Scott Key was a staunch practitioner of this principle – as were his kith and kin.
Check this out:
In 1814, Francis Scott Key wrote new words for a well-known drinking song, “To Anacreon in Heaven,” to celebrate America’s recent victory over the British. However, only in 1931, following a twenty-year effort during which more than forty bills and joint resolutions were introduced in Congress, was a law finally signed proclaiming “The Star Spangled Banner” to be the national anthem of the United States.
(…from American Treasures Of The Library Of Congress )
O say, can you see by the dawn’s early light
What so proudly we hailed at the twilight’s last gleaming ?
Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight,
O’er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming !
And the rockets’ red glare, the bombs bursting in air,
Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there.
O say, does that Star-spangled Banner yet wave
O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave?
On the shore, dimly seen through the mist of the deep
Where the foe’s haughty host in dread silence reposes,
What is that which the breeze, o’er the towering steep,
As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses ?
Now it catches the gleam of the morning’s first beam–
In full glory reflected, now shines on the stream;
‘Tis the Star-spangled Banner, O long may it wave
O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave!
O thus be it ever when freemen shall stand
Between their loved homes and the foe’s desolation !
Bless with victory and peace, may our heav’n-rescused land
Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation.
Then conquer we must, for our cause it is just–
And this be our motto: “In God is our trust !”
And the Star-spangled Banner in triumph shall wave
O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave.
It seems to me that Josh was on to something. I don’t know how much he was aware of it – but it doesn’t matter. He made have learned the real deal from his elders while sitting at their side getting his hair braided in some pre-Trans Atlantic twist from the plains of a forgotten Continent. He might have deciphered it from the relics of old Freedman’s Bureau activities in and around the county of his birth. He might have asked someone, “What’s the difference between a ‘free man’ and a ‘freed man’?” Maybe it wasn’t any of this. Maybe it was simply an intuitive rejection of something that didn’t resonate in his heart of hearts. Maybe it’s because he already HAS a national anthem:
- Lift every voice and sing,
- ‘Til earth and heaven ring,
- Ring with the harmonies of Liberty;
- Let our rejoicing rise
- High as the listening skies,
- Let it resound loud as the rolling sea.
- Sing a song full of the faith that the dark past has taught us,
- Sing a song full of the hope that the present has brought us;
- Facing the rising sun of our new day begun,
- Let us march on ’til victory is won.
- Stony the road we trod,
- Bitter the chast’ning rod,
- Felt in the days when hope unborn had died;
- Yet with a steady beat,
- Have not our weary feet
- Come to the place for which our fathers sighed?
- We have come over a way that with tears has been watered,
- We have come, treading our path through the blood of the slaughtered,
- Out from the gloomy past,
- ‘Til now we stand at last
- Where the white gleam of our bright star is cast.
- God of our weary years,
- God of our silent tears,
- Thou who has brought us thus far on the way;
- Thou who has by Thy might
- Led us into the light,
- Keep us forever in the path, we pray.
- Lest our feet stray from the places, our God, where we met Thee,
- Lest, our hearts drunk with the wine of the world, we forget Thee;
- Shadowed beneath Thy hand,
- May we forever stand,
- True to our God,
- True to our native land.
Francis’ song doesn’t have any lyrics like this:
Maybe Francis’ song really wasn’t meant for Josh. Do you think people are mad at Josh because he’s had a moment of clarity?
True to hisGod, true to his native land? | <urn:uuid:31e0cb3c-52f4-4f2d-8225-9b2d986cd6f5> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://temple3.wordpress.com/2008/09/19/what-josh-howard-should-have-said/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125948549.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20180426203132-20180426223132-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.956865 | 1,321 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Dressings, Nonimpregnated, Biological, Acellular Matrix
Definition : Biological dressings made of an acellular matrix derived from animal tissues. These dressings are typically a matrix of extracellular components (e.g., collagen, proteoglycans, elastins) derived from animal (e.g., pig) or human cadaver skin. Acellular matrix dressings are intended to maintain a moist wound environment, absorb wound exudates, and promote wound healing; they are used as skin substitutes in the management of wounds such as ulcers.
Entry Terms : "Skin Substitutes, Acellular Matrix" , "Acellular Matrix Skin Substitutes" , "Skin Dressings, Biological, Acellular Matrix"
UMDC code : 24838 | <urn:uuid:f69c85c1-08d3-4da7-9582-38abb90ff799> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://productguide.optometricmanagement.com/term/8562/dressings-nonimpregnated-biological-acellular-matrix | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280761.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00314-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.816717 | 164 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The medical industry, including the medical instrument, medical device, and especially the medical implant sectors, is growing at an exceptional rate. As innovations are made and introduced to the market rapidly, the field continues to grow and evolve.
At the same time, the medical industry as a whole — plus manufacturers, care providers, and the public — is challenged by rising healthcare costs as prices rise nearly as quickly as technologies adapt. This puts medical instrument and medical device manufacturers in a uniquely challenging position as they must balance quality — a non-negotiable factor in the health field — with efficiency, and speed with precision.
For example, medical devices are now being designed to be smaller and more discreet. Smaller components, some of which have super-tight tolerances on the micron level, can be difficult to manufacture, so companies often turn to machining to have these components produced. Machining, though, can be very costly and time consuming.
The Benefits of Metal Stamping for Medical Devices
Metal stamping, often overlooked in favor of machining when it comes to small and complex parts, has seen its own share of technological advances over the years. Today, metal stampers can stamp very small, very complex shapes to the exact specifications required by the medical industry.
In fact, metal stamped components are already in use in a range of medical instruments, devices, and implant components. Here is just a small sampling:
Jaw housings are crucial components of the devices used during laparoscopic surgery. Small and perfectly cylindrical, jaw housings are traditionally machined from a metal tube. In fact, it used to be widely believed that this was the only way to manufacture them — that metal stamping could not physically produce them. However, jaw housings can be stamped to tolerances well within those required by the health care industry and are generally half as expensive as machined ones.
Various medical devices are designed for permanent implantation into the human body, including drug pumps, cochlear devices, pacemakers, and internal defibrillators. These products require enclosures — almost exclusively made of titanium — to protect them from the human body, which can reject foreign objects. Today, with the proper tool design considerations, titanium can be stamped as easily as steel.
Then there are implantable components, encompassing internal components of implantable devices such as battery cases and freestanding medical components such as brackets, clips, and clamps. Implantable components are incredibly small — smaller than a human fingernail or scalpel tip. With the advent of cutting-edge microstamping equipment and techniques, metal stampers can now expediently and cost-effectively manufacture these tiny components.
These are just a few examples of the complex medical-grade components that metal stampers can now offer to medical device manufacturers and others operating in the health care field. In the continual balancing act between quality and cost, it’s time to explore metal stamping as a viable production process.
Ready to take a deeper look into the design of precision metal stamped medical device components? Download our newest eBook to learn more about design considerations, prototyping utilization, materials, and more criteria for metal stamped medical components. | <urn:uuid:d66380e4-4e46-465c-94fd-cbf4e058f490> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.keatsmfg.com/blog/2016/09/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202199.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20190320024206-20190320050206-00330.warc.gz | en | 0.954508 | 656 | 3.25 | 3 |
How do you prevent allergic reactions?
You may not be able to prevent an allergic reaction. But there are steps you can take to prevent allergic reactions in the future. After you identify your allergies, you can:
- Avoid exposure to allergens.
- Seek medical treatment if you have allergens. You can buy the medicine for allergic treatment at the Canadian Pharmacy.
- Bring medicine to treat anaphylaxis.
How to treat allergic reactions?
If you experience an allergic reaction and you don’t know what caused it, you might need to check with your doctor to determine what your allergies are. If you have allergies and experience recognizable symptoms, you may not need to seek medical treatment if symptoms occur mildly. In most cases, commercially available antihistamines can effectively control mild allergic reactions. If you’re looking for the best allergic medical, you should visit canadapharmacy.com.
If you or someone you know has a severe allergic reaction, you should seek emergency medical attention. Check if the person is breathing, take it to the hospital, and give cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if needed. People with severe allergies often carry emergency medication with them such as EpiPen, who injects epinephrine. Epinephrine opens the respiratory tract and increases blood pressure. This drug is called a rescue drug. If the person is unable to use the drug, help him or her to use it. If the person is unconscious, you must:
- Lay the person flat on his back
- Lift the person’s leg
- Cover people with blankets
This method will help prevent shock. | <urn:uuid:09e69853-3ef2-4301-839f-a9fd3bc9b14f> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.terminal-damage.org/preventing-and-treating-allergic-reactions.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296944606.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323003026-20230323033026-00157.warc.gz | en | 0.923304 | 338 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Easter brings about many images of bunnies, candy, and hidden eggs. It’s one of the markings of spring and renewal. Using the common imagery and themes around this holiday, there are plenty of educational activities to do with your kids that represent Easter. Art, science, and math are just a few subjects to cover in these fun educational Easter activities.
Educational Easter Activities your kids will love
Painting Easter Eggs
This is a pretty common activity for Easter, but it’s still educational and fun. Though the lessons may vary depending on the age of your children, topics like cooking as well as color theory can be implemented in this activity. Have your children help you hard-boil the eggs you’re going to paint. There’s a lot of science involved in cooking, so explaining the process can be educational. Plus, cooking is a great way to make memories.
You can even talk about animals who lay eggs and create an animal science lesson. When coloring the eggs, talk about the color wheel and which colors mixed together make what color. Allow them to experiment and make new shades themselves. You can buy an egg painting kit or choose a child-friendly paint and create a kit yourself.
Easter’s relation to spring creates a lot of opportunities in terms of plants and educational activities related to them. You can plant a seed and explain the process as it grows, start a garden, or simply pick some flowers and go over the anatomy of their petals and stems. Print off some worksheets and help your children learn how to identify roots, leaves, and petals. For older kids, work on identifying stamens and discuss photosynthesis.
At the end of your lesson, you can put the flowers in a vase or even press them as a keepsake to remember this fun Easter activity. Just be sure you’re supervising your kiddos so they pick safe wildflowers and not flowers from a neighbor’s garden.
It’s easy enough to buy bubbles from the store and let your children run around outside, blowing bubbles into the air. However, making bubbles can be a fun chemistry lesson as well. First, make a bubble wand with a popsicle stick and a pipe cleaner. Allow them to shape the pipe cleaner into any fun shape, like a triangle or a flower, and glue it to the popsicle stick.
Next, combine ingredients to create the bubble solution: a mixture of dish soap, water, and sugar. Let them have fun creating shapes, learning how bubbles react to outside objects, and watch as their ingredients turn into bubble solution.
Outdoor Scavenger Hunt
An outdoor scavenger hunt not only gets the kids outside to run off some energy, it also helps them to begin identifying items and practice counting. To start, compile a list of outdoor items. For instance, seven small rocks, two purple flowers, four pinecones, etc. Allow them to go find these items through their ability to ask questions, identify items, find colors, and count.
It’s always important to incorporate math into everyday projects in order to improve their strength in STEM-related fields later on in life. Even small, math-related lessons like these can help them grasp numbers and patterns better. Not only that, but you can discuss each item after they’ve found them, turning it into an environmental activity as well.
Drawing the Seasons
Seasonal changes are very topical for Easter because of the holiday’s placement in terms of the equinox. Take this as an opportunity to teach your kids about the seasons, weather patterns, and why the other half of the world experiences opposite seasons. Allow them to draw what spring looks like to them, then summer, fall, and winter. Talk about what happens to plants and animals as the seasons change.
For older kids, you can draw moon phases and discuss Easter’s relation to the full moon. You can talk about tides, the ocean, and even a history lesson on how our Western version of Easter came to be or how other places celebrate this time of year.
Educational activities for kids don’t have to be elaborate or difficult; they can be simple and explanatory. Depending on the age of your children, you can teach them by doing some simple activities.
For example, you don’t have to know the exact reasoning for the chemical reaction that occurs when hard-boiling eggs in preparation for painting them, but showing them the reaction is still beneficial. Since Easter happens in the spring, many of these activities can happen outside; an exciting endeavor after a long winter. Whichever activity you choose, your kids will love having an educational activity to celebrate this time of year.
Author Bio: Brooke Faulkner is a writer and mom in the beautiful Pacific Northwest. You can check out more of her writing on twitter, @faulknercreek | <urn:uuid:7d550edd-39ff-491c-ba8c-9a7ac7783cc8> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://novembersunflower.com/educational-easter-activities-for-kids/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949958.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401094611-20230401124611-00560.warc.gz | en | 0.944988 | 1,024 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Depression takes many forms, all of which are debilitating. Loneliness, hopelessness, helplessness, anger, lack of energy, sleep and appetite disturbance are all outcomes of depression. Depression affects every area of your life. The negative thoughts are overwhelming and the exhaustion is bone deep.
According to the most recent research by the National Institute of Mental Health, 9.5 percent of the American population suffers from depression.
- Approximately 80% of people experiencing depression are not currently receiving any treatment.
- More than 90% of persons who die by suicide have a depressive disorder.
- Approximately 4% of adolescents develop serious depression each year.
- Suicide is the third leading cause of death for ages 10 to 24.
- Depression weakens the immune system, making the body more susceptible to other medical illnesses.
- By the year 2020, depression will be the 2nd most common health problem in the world.
Depression is one of the most treatable illnesses: 80-90% find relief
Are you or someone you love depressed? Follow this link to learn more about the common symptoms of depression.
Depression is very real and very dangerous. If you are experiencing symptoms of depression or know someone who is call 410-757-4720 410.849.9234, text or email me today for a free phone consultation or to schedule an appointment. | <urn:uuid:3e88c1f7-6fd9-4a4b-b6c2-5cfbb5f0db88> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.marystrueberlcpc.com/therapy-counseling-depression-annapolis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585424.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021133500-20211021163500-00042.warc.gz | en | 0.917686 | 279 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Customers have a large influence on the integrity, quality & supply of water within a community water system. Most of us do not even think twice about running a water faucet continuously while brushing our teeth or washing our dishes. Most of us do not know that a leaky toilet or dripping faucet can waste HUGE amounts of water, deplete our water source and drastically increase the cost of our water bills.
While New Hampshire is thought of as a water-enriched state, we still need to think about conserving water, especially since none of the system sources owned by Lakes Region Water Company are “under the direct influence of surface water.”
Most of our systems derive water from aquifers deep inside bedrock and contrary to popular belief, they DO NOT come from our neighboring lakes.
So how can you help conserve water?
- Conservation Rules
Prior to getting approval for a new water source within a community water system, each water system owner must design a water conservation plan. The use of water meters is probably the BEST way to encourage water conservation since large water use = large water bill. However, not all of our water systems are metered which means we must implement the use of a leak detection & audit program. The conservation plan, once approved, must immediately be put into effect & reported to the NHDES.
- Saving Water Indoors
At some point, you may have received an education mailing or two with tips on different ways to save water at home. While these tips may seem pretty obvious, they really can conserve a lot of water, which means more water will be available to you later. The NHDES has online Fact Sheets on indoor water conservation.
The following is a brief list of indoor water conservation tips:
- Repair all leaky faucets: One leaky faucet can waste up to 4,000 gallons of water per month and increase energy costs. (equivalent to an extra $75 charges for meter usage on your quarterly water bill).
- Install faucet aerators: They are cheap & can reduce water use by 60%.
- Clean food items in a bowl instead of running your faucet.
- Refrain from using garbage disposals: Compost food instead.
- Wash dishes by hand in a basin & not under a running tap.
- Run full-load dishwashers to save 15 gallons per load and hot water costs, too. Use the “light-wash” setting if available.
- Run full-loads of laundry only.
- Take quick showers & avoid baths. Showers use 3X less water.
- Install a low-flow showerhead, reducing water use to 3 gallons per minute, while maintaining adequate flow.
- Repair leaky toilets and flush handles stuck in the “on” position.
- Avoid using automatic bowl cleaners in the toilet as their chemicals rapidly degrade flapper valves, causing toilets to leak.
- When buying a new toilet, select a low-flush model that uses less than 1-1/2 gallons of water to flush, saving over 7,000 gallons per year per person.
- Lastly….SHUT OFF THE WATER WHEN NOT IN USE, just as you would your electricity.
- Saving Water Outdoors
Saving water outdoors can be just as easy as saving water indoors. It may take a little bit of extra time & planning, but it is worth it.
View the NHDES’ online Fact Sheet on Outdoor water use.
Below are some quick tips for outdoor water conservation:
- Set mower blades on a high setting (2″ to 3″) to provide natural ground shade and promote natural water retention by soil.
- Water lawn and garden early in the morning when evaporation is lowest.
- Use a rain gauge and water no more than 1 inch per week.
- Collect rainwater for watering plants using a barrel covered with a screen.
- Use rain sensors on automatic sprinkler systems.
- Operate in-ground sprinkler systems manually. Only use when less than an inch of rainfall per week has fallen. Set the sprinkler heads to water only the grass and not paved areas.
- Use drip irrigation to water flower beds and non-lawn landscaped areas. Or hand water these areas.
- Plant native species suited to your area. Ask your local nursery for plant and grass species that require less water.
- Sweep down decks and driveways instead of hosing them down.
- If washing your car, turn off the hose between rinses, or wash with a bucket and sponge and only use the hose for rinsing. REFRAIN FROM RUNNING WATER TO WASTE!
- Water Use Restrictions
At times, a water system owner may make the decision to implement water restrictions, commonly referred to as a “water ban.” Droughts, shortage of supply or other system difficulties may make it necessary for a water ban to be put into effect. This is usually a last resort option that most owners do not wish to utilize as it is an inconvenience to most customers. Water restrictions preserve water when water is scare and is no longer readily available. They help conserve water but also aid in protecting public health.
If your water system is put on a water ban, you will be notified by mail, email, telephone or hand-delivery. We will also post a notice on our homepage. This notice will list water uses that are permitted and those that are prohibited by customers and will note an approximate length the ban will be in effect. The most stringent form of water ban would be to prohibit any and all use of outdoor water (excluding emergencies such as in the event of a fire). During these times, if a customer is found to be disregarding the restrictions, he or she could face disconnection of water service. Click to learn about the rules for implementing water use restrictions. | <urn:uuid:e1f9ead0-149c-4faf-9d04-70a2d5c412e4> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | http://lakesregionwater.com/environment/conservation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703514423.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20210118061434-20210118091434-00714.warc.gz | en | 0.925686 | 1,222 | 2.921875 | 3 |
LAS VEGAS — The two major species of North American mammoth may actually have been one. DNA analysis of the Ice Age beasts’ remains suggests that the woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) interbred with what has been considered a separate, more southerly species — the Columbian mammoth (Mammuthus columbi).
Although separate animal species do interbreed now and then, mammoth mixing may have been more than an occasional fluke. Two Columbian specimens turn out to carry woollylike DNA inherited from their mothers, said Ross MacPhee of the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, who presented the findings November 3 at a meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology.
“Woolly and Columbian mammoths may be so close that they should really be regarded as the same thing,” he said. “One extraordinarily variable species.”
Both types of mammoths roamed the North American tundra tens of thousands of years ago. The smaller woolly mammoth was thought to have emigrated from Eurasia, while the larger Columbian was considered native to North America.
The new findings come from one well-preserved Columbian mammoth from Utah, and a second, less well-preserved one from Wyoming. DNA analysis placed both on the same branch of the genetic family tree as a cluster of woollies.
The results have left MacPhee “gobsmacked,” he said. “There will be resistance to this conclusion because it is so unexpected.”
Unexpected indeed. “Whoa!” said vertebrate paleontologist Russell Graham of Pennsylvania State University, as he hunched over and clutched his temples at the thought of combining mammoth species. He wants to see a lot more DNA evidence from more specimens, he said, but he relishes the chance that something so seemingly established still holds surprises.
The study’s authors themselves urge caution. They’re interpreting leftover DNA from animals that died more than 10,000 years ago, and in some cases are poorly preserved. Even MacPhee considers himself “a bit agnostic” until geneticists recover more mammoth DNA.
So far the team has decoded only DNA from cells’ little energy-generating structures called mitochondria, which mothers pass along to offspring. This DNA doesn’t always tell the same story as that extracted from the cell nucleus, noted study co-author Jacob Enk of McMaster University in Hamilton, Canada. Determining patterns in the nuclear DNA is a much bigger task. “That is the next step,” Enk said.
The mitochondrial DNA results were published May 31 in Genome Biology, and the research team has now moved on to other mammoth specimens from North America, some classified as woolly, some as intermediate Columbian-woolly. Very early results, Enk said, hint that these other animals might end up on the same branch as previously examined specimens. If so, then animals may have taken a variety of forms in a sort of woolly-Columbian mashup.
Some researchers have argued that North America had a third Ice Age mammoth, M. jeffersoni. Shaking up the mammoth family tree may show that M. jeffersoni is just a woolly-Columbian hybrid after all, as some scientists have suspected, said study collaborator Daniel Fisher of the University of Michigan. | <urn:uuid:9ee93279-ca1d-4993-ba3c-b94184bb82b8> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.sciencenews.org/article/dna-suggests-north-american-mammoth-species-interbred | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679099281.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20231128083443-20231128113443-00349.warc.gz | en | 0.959597 | 716 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Many people make new year’s resolutions at the start of the year. The new year begins with January which is named after the Roman God Janus. Janus is represented with two faces – one looking into the future and the other looking into the past. The ancient Romans treated the start of the year as a time to look ahead and would behave on the first day of the year as they intended to for the rest of the year. While there are many common themes for resolutions many people expect their enthusiasm and commitment to fade over time. There are a number of research findings which can guide people in keeping their new year’s resolutions.
Psychiatrist Dr Raj Persaud and Adrian Furnham look at implementation intentions and mental contrasting.
Psychologist Professor Wray Herbert wrote an interesting review of a study looking at the effect of using different phrases to guide intentions
Psychologist Jeremy Dean looks at #10 approaches to keeping new year’s resolutions including repetition and replacement strategies.
In this article, neuroscientist Johan Lehrer looks at the factors affecting willpower including distraction and training.
Educational psychologist Kendra Cherry gives a brief overview of the subject with links to further introductory resources.
With lots of approaches, there is no guarantee that resolutions can be maintained but there are many ways of trying.
An index of the site can be found here. The page contains links to all of the articles in the blog in chronological order. Twitter: You can follow ‘The Amazing World of Psychiatry’ Twitter by clicking on this link. Podcast: You can listen to this post on Odiogo by clicking on this link (there may be a small delay between publishing of the blog article and the availability of the podcast). It is available for a limited period. TAWOP Channel: You can follow the TAWOP Channel on YouTube by clicking on this link. Responses: If you have any comments, you can leave them below or alternatively e-mail [email protected]. Disclaimer: The comments made here represent the opinions of the author and do not represent the profession or any body/organisation. The comments made here are not meant as a source of medical advice and those seeking medical advice are advised to consult with their own doctor. The author is not responsible for the contents of any external sites that are linked to in this blog. | <urn:uuid:26b0f7e4-c550-4f53-9811-4c2c22bf5bd7> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://theamazingworldofpsychiatry.wordpress.com/2013/01/01/keeping-a-new-years-resolution/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886110573.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822085147-20170822105147-00496.warc.gz | en | 0.946362 | 484 | 2.796875 | 3 |
- More and more companies are beginning to replace workers with robots
- This will not necessarily bring manufacturing back to rich countries
- Even if it does, the phenomenon will not create industrial jobs
- A neo-Luddite reaction to this trend is possible
Globalization has led firms to offshore many of their production processes to take advantage of lower labor costs. Notably, they have established affiliates or outsourced to manufacturers in Asia. With recent trends toward economic nationalism, calls to “bring industry back home” have grown louder.
One important feature of globalization is that various locations around the world are gradually specializing in particular production processes. Adam Smith’s proverbial pin factory is now better represented by the “global factory” of products such as the iPhone, with a fragmentation of processes around the planet. Many of our products come from global value chains (GVCs). | <urn:uuid:c17d7c55-e8d0-4140-8ff3-130902d151e9> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.gisreportsonline.com/roboshoring-the-path-toward-deglobalization,economy,2598,report.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202496.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20190321051516-20190321073516-00208.warc.gz | en | 0.946432 | 179 | 2.703125 | 3 |
February 15, 2013 - 10:16 AM
By Charlotte Helston
When Leonard Gregoire was a kid growing up in 1930s Okanagan, he was ridiculed for speaking in his traditional Okanagan language. By then, many of his peers were learning to speak English, and he was one of few children to gain a lasting fluency in the Nsyilxcen language. Now, some 70 years later, things have changed.
His people are coming back to him.
They are listening to his words, spoken in a familiar but distant language, and they want to learn. Gregoire is one of just 18 known elders who can speak in the old way out of the Okanagan Indian Band's 1,800 people. Along with six other elders—Pauline Archachan, Virginia Gregoire, Cecilia Gottfriedson, Victor Antoine, William Marchand and Wilke John Louie—Gregoire is speaking to a new generation in the traditional tongue, transmitting the language and all its teachings before it is too late.
It's all part of an OKIB program begun a few weeks ago called "hinaugh chekwook"tl"ap il skwook"tl"eelt I'll "tl" ghugh "tl" a hap". The English translation shows the beauty of the language. It means "Sun rising over the hill on the fawn and the older people."
The early learning program for children aged one to four unfolds in a warm and welcoming house called the Language Nest where elders and children let conversation flow naturally. The home-like setting allows for vocabulary to be taught in the traditional way, as Gregoire learned from his parents.
Within the language nest there is a strict no English policy. The children spend 18 hours a week with fluent elders and staff learners in 100 per cent Nsyilxcen. Notepads are sometimes used to ask questions, but for the most part, staff and students pick up vocabulary as they partake in traditional practices. As children play with traditional birch bark toys, the voices of their elders, who chat with each other in Nsyilxcen, reinforce the sounds and pronunciation of the language. The interactive, land-based model throws institutionalized teaching out the window and does things the Okanagan way.
The importance of language is something Cecilia Gottfriedson's father used to talk about.
"My dad used to worry about language survival," Gottfriedson says. As a kid, she told her dad to give it up, to stop fretting about it. But now, as an elder of her community, she cherishes the old words and worries about their future too.
Hearing the words of her ancestors spoken by today's youth gives her hope. She's excited by the quick progress of the kids in the program who add more words to their vocabulary every day. Gottfriedson imagines a day when the kids are older and holding full conversations with her, and this makes her smile.
Support worker Rachel Marchand believes the program will revive the language at a time when it's teetering on the brink of endangerment.
"We realized our elders are all in their 70s and 80s, and in the next ten years our language could be gone," Marchand says. "Instead of having an endangered language, we are trying to revitalize it."
"Some of our elders say if you don't have your language, how can you prove you are part of the land? Without it, we really are assimilated."
The program emphasizes getting out on the land, and isn't restricted to the language nest. The afternoon activity is often a walk down the road and into a grove of trees. And the children aren't the only students. Program staff, including the elders, are learning too.
"It's neat to watch the elders outside saying, what's the word for this, the word for that?" Marchand says. "It's helping them to remember."
The eight participating fluent elders have held on to their language despite the impact of residential schools and the loss of their land. It wasn't easy retaining the language, and they know that strengthening it in the community won't be easy either. Gregoire says despite growing interest, not all band members are ready to learn.
"If people want to learn, they'll come. You can't force people," he says.
Victor Antoine agrees it's all about attitude. He says years of being told their language is worthless has done its damage on the people and left many disinterested in learning their own language.
"It's disheartening for me and other elders," Antoine says. "We are all that's left."
Antoine grew up traditionally with Okanagan being the language spoken at home. He wishes for more of that now.
"There are young people who do care. You have these programs, but it's not enough. Their parents should be here," he says.
Antoine says we live in an age of "spiritual loss," one in which communities are disconnected from each other and from their ancestors. He believes language can help stitch them back together.
"You teach language, you teach culture," he says.
Language nests have made a difference around the world in places like Hawaii and New Zealand, but not many in B.C. The Okanagan Indian Band’s program has taken inspiration from global nests, and from one in Adam’s Lake. Aside from the Adam's Lake nest, just one other in B.C. was developed by the Lil'wat Nation (formerly known as the Mount Currie Band).
There are seven children enrolled at the language nest. There are always at least two elders around, in addition to Rachel Marchand (support worker), Julie Brewer and Mariel Belanger (assistants). Natalie Chambers and Kama Steliga are the program consultants. They worked with Kevin Ned, education manager, to develop the program.
The language nest has received funding from the Department of Canadian Heritage First Peoples Culture Council and First Nations Aboriginal Early Childhood Development Reinvestment Initiative. This year's funding ends March 31 and the program consultants are seeking further funding to secure the future of the language nest, and the future of the Nsyilxcen language.
The children enrolled in the program are only a few years old, but one day, they will be the elders. They will be the ones keeping the language alive 70 years from now.
To contact a reporter for this story, email Charlotte Helston at [email protected] or call (250)309-5230.
Elders: Wilke John Louie, Adam Gregoire, Cecilia Gottfriedson, Leonard Gregoire, Virginia Gregoire and Pauline Archachan
Image Credit: Mariel Belanger
Elder William Marchand and assistant Julie Brewer accompany Devon and Matthias on a nest walk.
Image Credit: Mariel Belanger
Cecilia Gottfriedson, William Marchand and Victor Antoine (Elders) and Julie Brewer (assistant), Devon and Mikah (children)
Image Credit: Mariel Belanger
Education manager Kevin Ned joins elders and children at the language nest.
(CHARLOTTE HELSTON /InfoTel Multimedia)
News from © InfoTel News Ltd, 2013 | <urn:uuid:c1b26762-ffb4-45ef-b9c6-3de078016bf2> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://infotel.ca/newsitem/new-hope-new-interest-in-ancient-okanagan-language/it805 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541321.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00011-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96383 | 1,524 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Extension Educator, Horticulture
Not surprisingly, many ancient cultures in the temperate world revered evergreen plants. During the blinding cold of winter evergreens look as green and cheery as a summer's day. Ancient Romans believed holly warded off lightning strikes and witchcraft. Early Celtics used holly in their winter solstice celebrations. Holly continues in its long tradition as a winter decoration inside and outside the home.
Garden centers and florists sell lovely holly branches for winter decorations. Cut holly branches will last for weeks even out of water. To dress up those empty outside containers, stick in a few branches of holly, redtwig dogwood and evergreens.
Holly for fruit display in the landscape requires a bit of sex education. Hollies come as male or female plants. Both are needed for heavy fruit set. However, a single male can pollinate several females. How do you know if it's a male or female? Look under the leaves of course! Actually you would have to look closely at the flowers to sex an existing plant or wait to see which one has fruit. Fruit is produced on the females. When purchasing hollies their sex is usually quite clear with their sex appropriate names.
The Meserve hybrid hollies are known for their winter hardiness and durability. However any of the evergreen hollies appreciate a protected site out of wind and a bit of afternoon shade in summer. Soil should be moist, slightly acidic and well drained. If you are planning on adding hollies in the spring, prepare the soil now with plenty of compost and sulfur according to a soil test. The east side of a house is a prime location for evergreen hollies.
Of the Meserve hollies 'Blue Girl' and Blue Princess® and their corresponding 'Blue Boy' and Blue Prince® are good for our area. Blue Stallion® and Blue Maid® have lovely blue green leaves year around. Blue Stallion's® leaves are not quite as prickly so are better for high traffic areas. Although their leaves are not quite as blue-green as the Blue series China Boy® and China Girl® show good heat and cold tolerance.
The numerous holly species are a mixed bag of characteristics in leaf shapes, sizes, evergreen, deciduous, red fruits or black fruits. American Holly, Ilex opaca, has a grand red fruit display but allow plenty of room for these 30-foot trees. Japanese Holly, Ilex crenata, and Inkberry, Ilex glabra, are grown for their boxwood-like evergreen leaves and not for their black berries.
We may think of evergreen hollies first but some native deciduous hollies are worthy of our attention. 'Warren's Red' a cultivar of the North American native Possumhaw, Ilex decidua, is a particularly heavy fruiter.
Common Winterberry, Ilex verticillata, is native to moist to wet areas of eastern North America. Its durable background translates into a tough insect and disease resistant shrub. Winterberry is excellent massed in front of pine trees or next to ponds. It has a compact rounded habit of up to nine feet tall. The dark green deciduous leaves are rounded in contrast to the prickly leaves of most evergreen hollies. Fall color is yellow tinged with maroon.
Winterberry's pea-sized fruit are abundant, bright red and not obscured by the leaves. Even though the fruit ripens in September they hang on for dear life until December or January.
The fruit of cultivar 'Winter Red' decorates the landscape until March or April for a long lasting winter display. The slightly larger fruit tends to hold a pleasing bright red color longer. In summer the leaves are leathery dark green. 'Winter Red' can get 8-9 feet tall and wide. For smaller landscapes the cultivar 'Red Sprite' is best at only to 3-5 feet tall. An excellent Winterberry hybrid is 'Sparkleberry', an introduction from the U.S. National Arboretum.
Happy holly days! | <urn:uuid:72ff9c28-8cd5-43db-be17-28e02e4b9fd3> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://web.extension.illinois.edu/cfiv/homeowners/101203.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860113541.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161513-00001-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941057 | 859 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Thousands of babies are born through in vitro fertilization every year, but for decades scientists have been unable to produce a puppy by the same method. Until now.
In July, seven beagle-mix puppies were born at Cornell University’s College of Veterinary Medicine, and the 5-month-old pups are currently being house trained.
With millions of dogs in overcrowded shelters, the world certainly doesn’t need more puppies, but scientists are hopeful that this achievement could lead to healthier pets and even save endangered canine species.
In vitro fertilization is the process of fertilizing an egg with sperm in a lab, and we’ve been doing it successfully in humans — as well as cats, cows and monkeys — since the 1970s. However, dogs presented a challenge for researchers for several reasons.
For one, dogs’ reproductive cycles are very different from humans’ because they only produce eggs, or go into heat, twice a year. Also, unlike the eggs of humans and many other species, when a dog’s egg is ovulated, it isn’t immediately ready to be fertilized. It must first mature in the fallopian tube for several days
Another issue scientists faced was a bit of bad information from a 1978 journal article. Biologists were experimenting with canine in vitro fertilization based on that data, which suggested magnesium was detrimental to sperm. However, dog sperm actually requires a bath of chemicals — including magnesium — in order to fertilize an egg.
Dog sperm has a coating of cholesterol that covers the area where DNA is stored. When the sperm enters a female dog’s uterus, these chemicals break down the coating and help the sperm propel itself, allowing it to fertilize the egg.
Armed with this new information, scientists re-created the chemicals found inside a female dog’s uterus. The result was seven puppies.
How can this discovery help man’s best friend?
Dogs are prone to cancer, and certain species of dogs are more likely to develop health conditions from eye defects to autoimmune disorders. This research could help combat such health issues.
"In-vitro fertilization itself can't help prevent disease but what it does is it gives us a way to generate embryos and then we can use new technologies — gene editing technologies — to hopefully go in and fix certain genes that cause those diseases," Alexander Travis, an associate professor of reproductive biology at Cornell, told NBC News.
Because we share more than 350 disease traits with dogs, this research may even assist in treating and curing human diseases.
Also, the ability to aid dogs reproductively through in vitro fertilization may help us save canine species threatened with extinction, such as the African painted dog and the Ethiopian wolf. | <urn:uuid:02093c29-2aaa-4686-8749-a67b12542b46> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.mnn.com/family/pets/stories/beagle-puppies-first-dogs-born-vitro-fertilization | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218193716.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212953-00323-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962647 | 566 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Franco-American Alliance, (Feb. 6, 1778), agreement by France to furnish critically needed military aid and loans to the 13 insurgent American colonies, often considered the turning point of the U.S. War of Independence. Resentful over the loss of its North American empire after the French and Indian War, France welcomed the opportunity to undermine Britain’s position in the New World.
Though maintaining a position of neutrality from 1775 to 1777, France was already secretly furnishing the American colonists with munitions and loans. As early as 1776, the Continental Congress had established a joint diplomatic commission—composed of Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee—to seek recognition and financial aid from the Bourbon monarchy. The colonists’ victory at the Battle of Saratoga (Oct. 17, 1777) was the show of strength needed to convince France that the revolutionaries would pursue the war to final victory. Hastening to act before the British peace overtures of the Carlisle Commission could tempt the colonists, the French foreign minister, the comte de Vergennes, succeeded in concluding the alliance the following February.
Two treaties were signed. The first, a treaty of amity and commerce, officially recognized the new country and encouraged Franco-American trade. The second provided for a military alliance against Great Britain and also required recognition of absolute independence for the United States as a condition of peace. In addition, peace could be arrived at only by mutual French and U.S. consent. Finally, France renounced all territorial claims in North America east of the Mississippi River and in Bermuda, and it agreed to guarantee whatever U.S. boundaries existed at the war’s end in exchange for U.S. guarantees of French possessions in the West Indies.
The alliance greatly facilitated U.S. independence. The French fleet proceeded to challenge British control of North American waters and, together with troops and arms, proved an indispensable asset in the revolutionaries’ victory at the Siege of Yorktown (1781), which ended the war. Later, however, the treaties proved embarrassing to the United States, threatening to involve the country in the French Revolutionary wars. After several years of strained relations, France and the United States agreed to the Treaty of Morfontaine (Sept. 30, 1800) to abrogate both 1778 treaties. | <urn:uuid:0dab44a9-5f49-4b89-9ad9-84a9e5c76a47> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.britannica.com/event/Franco-American-Alliance | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742963.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20181115223739-20181116005739-00389.warc.gz | en | 0.948995 | 479 | 4.0625 | 4 |
The State of Hawaii has adopted the Computer Science Teacher Association (CSTA) standards for all grade levels. The five areas of focus are as follows:
- Algorithms & Programming
- Computing Systems
- Data & Analysis
- Impacts of Computing
- Networks & the Internet
Kindergarten and First grade students will be taught computer standards by our Technology Essential Teacher. They will meet every seven days to address the grade level computer science standards.
We are so happy and grateful to receive technology supplies from Donors Choose! | <urn:uuid:a2d24915-bd44-442a-9bd9-d45c04d96466> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.solomonelementary.org/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=305347&type=d&pREC_ID=2234884 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710533.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20221128135348-20221128165348-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.913298 | 115 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Smoke plume from oil fire near Baghdad, Iraq
Jacques Descloitres, MODIS Rapid Response Team, NASA/GSFC
First captured in imagery acquired on June 25, oil and sulfur fires continued to burn in Iraq on June 28, 2003. This Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) image from the Terra satellite shows dark brown and black smoke from burning oil in the center of the image, and a white plume of smoke from a sulfur fire burning at an industrial facility in northern Iraq at the top. The white smoke is spread over much of the eastern half of the image, and according to local media reports is having severe environmental and health impacts. | <urn:uuid:6805b048-2697-4e50-9de7-f68d5d40ef2e> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view.php?id=67019 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609527423.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005207-00148-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936298 | 139 | 2.59375 | 3 |
If you read our 7 Tips for Raising Responsible Children, you know how important it is to raise your kids to be responsible. Most parents use chores and/or pets to begin teaching responsible behavior. Even if your child is mastering those, he or she may still not realize the impact being irresponsible can have on others.
Want a fun way to teach them the concept and help others at the same time? Have a service project assembly line. Find a project that involves several steps which must be repeated multiple times. (Our parent website Teach One Reach One has lots of great free ideas.) Often collections, like bags of school supplies or disaster supplies, make great assembly line service projects. Or maybe you can make multiple batches of cookies or games. Anything that requires multiple steps and you can afford to make several of them.
Give each person in your family a task in the assembly line. Talk about the concept of doing a great job well, but quickly. Then start your line. It’s even more fun if others can join you and you have several assembly lines competing. At some point, you or other adults may want to skip a bag, put two of your item in one bag or try to take over someone else’s task. Make sure you have “quality” control at the end of the task. Were all the items assembled appropriately and was the quality of the finished product consistent?
After you have finished your project, grab an ice cream and talk about what happened. Read them Romans 12:3-8. Ask them why God has given each of us different gifts and why He wants us to do the gifts He has given us well. Discuss the concept of the Church as a team and how it is important everyone does their part and does it well. Remind them about their assembly line and what happened when someone didn’t do their part.
A fun day of assembly line and a devotional won’t necessarily make your kids immediately more responsible. It is however a great memorable way for them to understand how vital their role will be in God’s Kingdom and how to be responsible in that role. | <urn:uuid:285553ec-ef8f-4b20-9190-26e0169152a1> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.parentinglikehannah.com/2017/04/fun-way-for-kids-to-practice-responsibility.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105291.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170819012514-20170819032514-00208.warc.gz | en | 0.961895 | 437 | 3 | 3 |
Zone of proximal development (see Vygotsky) relates to the earlier concept of scaffolding, where learning takes place within the ZPD, i.e. don’t try to go too far too soon. Vygotsky believed there were three elements that would help the learner cross the Zone of development. These three aspects were having 1. Social interactions with people at a higher competence level than the learner 2. Structures available to help the learner bridge the gap and 3. A more knowledgeable other (MKO) to work with. This need not be a teacher. | <urn:uuid:96f8079a-0c60-45af-af15-3924b3dc4aa2> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.tesolcourse.com/tesol-glossary/zpd/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662517245.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20220517095022-20220517125022-00059.warc.gz | en | 0.966197 | 125 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Rev. James FITCH (1622 – 1702) was Alex’s 9th great grandfather, one of 1,024 in this generation of the Miner line. He helped found the towns of Saybrook, Norwich and Lebanon Connecticut and was instrumental in getting Sachem Uncas and the Mohegans, and also the Pequot Indians, to side with the English against King Philip’s the Narragansett tribes in King Philip’s War.
Rev. James Fitch was born 24 Dec 1622 in Bocking, Essex, England. His parents were Thomas FITCHand Anne REEVES. His brother Capt. John FITCH was also our ancestor through the Shaw line. He came to America in 1638 and was the first minister at Norwich. He was ordained as the minister of Saybrook in 1646. He first married Abigail Whitfield on 18 Oct 1648 in Guilford, CT. James and Abigail were, according to legend at least, married by her father in the north end of the living room of the Gilford Stone House on 1 October 1648. This seems unlikely however because the 17th Century congregational church, marriage was not a sacrament, and marriages were generally performed by civil authorities rather than clergy. The marriage was recorded “after the fact” in the Norwich, Connecticut vital records. After Abigail died, he married Priscilla MASON on 2 Oct 1664 in Norwich, CT. James died 18 Nov 1702 in Lebanon, CT.
Grave inscription in Latin reportedly written by James’ son Jabez. “In Hoc Sepulcro Depositae Sunt Reliquiae Viri Vere Reverendi D: Jacobi Fitch: Natus Fuit Apud Bocking in Comitatu Essexlae in Anglia, Anno Domino 1622 Decembr 24 Qui Post-Quam Linguis Literatis Optime Instructus Fuisset In Novangliam Venit Aetat. 16 Et Deinde Vitam Degit Harteordlae Per Sepennium Sub Institutione Virorum Ceeeberimorum D: Hooker Et D: Stone Postea Mtnere Passorali Functus Est Apud Saybrook Per Annos 14 Illinc Cum Ecckesiae Maiori Parte Norvicum Migravit Et Ibi Ceteros Vitae Annos Transegit In Opere Evangelico In Senectute Vero Prae Corporis Infirmitate Necessario Cessabat Ab Opere Publico : Tandemque Recessit Liberis Apud Lebanon Ubi Semianno Fere Exacto Obdormivit In Iesu Anno 1702 Novebr 18 Etat 80 Vir, Ingenii Acumine, Pondere Judicii, Prudentia Charitate, Sanctis Laboribus, Et Omnimoda Vitae Sanctitate Peritiaquoque Et Vi Concionandi Nulli Secundus.”
Translated “In this grave are deposited the remains of that truley reverend man, Mr. James Fitch. He was born in Bocking, in the County of Essex, in England, the 24th day of December, in the year of our Lord 1622; who after he had been most excellently taught the learned languages came into New England at the age of sixteen, and then spent seven years under the instructions of those very famous men, Mr. Hooker and Mr. Stone. Afterwards he discharged the pastoral office fourteen years at Saybrook. Thence he removed with the major part of his Church to Norwich, where he spent the other years of his life in the work of the gospel.
In his old age indeed he was obliged to cease from his public labors by reason of bodily indisposition and at length retired to his children at Lebanon, where after spending nearly half a year, he slept in Jesus in the year 1702, on the 18th day of November, in the 80th year of his age. He was a man as to the smartness of his genius, the solidity of his judgement, his charity, holy labors, and every kind of purity of life, and also as to his skill and energy of preaching, inferior to none.”
Abigail Whitfield was born 1 Sep 1622 in Ockley, Surry, England. Her parents were Rev. Henry Whitfield and Dorothy Sheaffe. Abigail died 9 Sep 1659 in Saybrook, CT.
Priscilla Mason was born in Oct 1641 in Windsor, CT. Her husband was almost twenty years older than she was. The gap bewtween the oldest and youngest child was 34 years. Her parents were Maj. John MASON and Ann PECK. Priscilla died in 1714 in Norwich, CT.
Children of James and Abigail Whitfield
|1.||Maj. James Fitch||2 Aug 1649
|Elizabeth Mason (Daughter of Maj. John MASON)
8 May 1687 Saybrook, CT
|10 Nov 1727 Canterbury, CT|
|2.||Abigail Fitch||5 Aug 1650
|Capt. John Mason Jr. (Son of Maj. John MASON)
|5 Jul 1687 Wethersfield, Norwich, CT.|
|3.||Elizabeth Fitch||2 Jan 1652||Rev. Edward Taylor
5 Sep 1674
|4.||Hannah Fitch||17 Sep 1653 in Saybrook, Middlesex, CT||Thomas Meeks (Mix)
30 Jun 1679 New Haven, CT
Stonington, New London, CT
|5.||Samuel Fitch||5 Apr 1655 Saybrook, CT||Mary Anne Brewster
28 Nov 1678
|18 Feb 1724/25 Preston, CT|
||16 Apr 1658 Saybrook, New London, CT||Nathaniel Bissell
4 Jul 1683
|28 Jun 1691 Windsor, CT|
Children of James and Priscilla:
|7.||Capt. Daniel Fitch||16 Aug 1665
7 Mar 1697/98
Preston, New London, CT
|3 Jun 1711 Norwich, CT|
|8.||Capt. John Fitch||Jan 1667 Norwich, CT||Elizabeth Waterman
10 Jul 1695 Norwich, CT.
|24 May 1743
|9.||Capt. Jeremiah Fitch||10 Sep 1670 Norwich, CT||Ruth Clara Gifford
4 Jun 1698
|22 May 1736/1756 Coventry, Tolland, CT|
|10.||Rev. Jabez Fitch||Apr 1672||Elizabeth Appleton Ipswich, CT
26 Jul 1704 Ipswich, MA
|22 Nov 1746 Portsmouth, NH|
|11.||Anna Fitch||6 Apr 1675 Norwich, CT||Lt. Joseph Bradford
5 Oct 1698 Lebanon, CT
|17 Oct 1717 Lebanon, CT|
|12.||Capt. Nathaniel FITCH||Oct 1679 Norwich CT||Anne ABELL
10 Dec 1701
|May 1759 Lebanon, CT|
|13.||Joseph Fitch||Nov 1681 Norwich, CT||Sarah Mason
2 Nov 1703
|9 May 1741 Lebanon, CT|
|14.||Deacon Eleazer Fitch||14 May 1683||Martha Brown
|4 Jun 1748|
James Fitch’s father Thomas died when James was only ten years old. James was left money in his fathers’ will, which enabled him to go and study at Cambridge University. During his studies at Cambridge, he was taken under the wing of Rev. Thomas Hooker of Chelmsford, a friend of Thomas Fytche who was also mentioned in the will.
Frederic Edwin Church, 1846
At only sixteen, he sailed to America in 1638 with the Rev. Hooker who had decided to go to America and establish a church there. James finished his theological study in Hartford, Connecticut under the Reverend Hooker and Reverend Samuel Stone, also of Bocking, England. A new Church was built in Saybrook, Connecticut and James Fitch was ordained as its first minister in 1646.
James wrote several important documents which were circulated widely. He struggled to clarify several important points of puritan doctrine,
- He struggled to find grounds for proving the necessity of works without curtailing the absolute freedom of God to chose and reject regardless of man’s achievement
- He wanted to resolve the question of individual assurance, that is how a man might reach some working assurance that he was of the regenerate even though pure knowledge was an inscrutable secret open to God himself
- He wanted to justify God’s ways in concepts meaningful to the human intellect to bring him into line, so to speak, with the more rationale laws of ethics.
James lived near the new meeting house on a two acre lot with a house, a barn and an orchard.
In the early summer of 1647 “an epidemical sickness” swept through parts of New England. Governor Winthrop of Massachusetts reported that it seized the victims “like a cold and light fever with it”. On 7 July James’ mentor, the Reverend Thomas Hooker, died at Hartford, Connecticut.
James was a Founding settler of Norwich and Saybrook, Connecticut and the first minister in those two towns as well. He was ordained Rev. James Fitch, to become the first ordained minister of Saybrook Congregational Church and the First Congregational Church of Norwich. James intervention got Uncas of the Mohegans, and the Pequot Indians, to side with the English against King Philip’s Narragansett tribes. Their fair dealings with the Indians spared these settlers who were on the very frontier at that time.
Uncas (c. 1588 – c. 1683) was a sachem of the Mohegan who through his alliance with the English colonists in New England against other Indian tribes made the Mohegan the leading regional Indian tribe in lower Connecticut.
On Oct 1, 1648, James married Abigail Whitfield (born 08/1622) of nearby Guilford, Connecticut. The ceremony was performed by her father, Reverend Whitfield.
James must have approached his mother, Anna (nee Reeve 1590-1686) and his brothers about settling in America, and in about 1650, Anna Fitch and her sons Thomas, Samuel and Joseph sailed from England, to join James.
In 1659, the congregation at Saybrook received permission to establish a new settlement at Norwich, Connecticut. The nine square miles of land for the town of Norwich was purchased from the Indian Sachems of Mohegan for £70 in Jun 1659. Norwich was settled in the spring of 1660. Rev. James Fitch accompanied them as their leader along with his father-in-law Major John MASON. Just before leaving, Abigail died on September 9, 1659. James and his six children, James II, Abigail, Elizabeth, Hannah, Samuel and Dorothy, went alone to Norwich the following month. James continued as pastor at Norwich until he resigned in 1696. He moved to Lebanon in 1702.
Norwich Falls, oil on canvas, John Trumbull, 1806
Norwich was founded in 1658 by settlers from Old Saybrook led by Major John Mason and Reverend James Fitch. Most of these original proprietors of Norwich came from Saybrook, and East Saybrook (now Lyme). The 35 original proprietors of that town were:
Reverend James FITCH, the first minister
Major John MASON, afterwards Lieut. Gov. of Connecticut
Lieut. Thomas Leflingwell
Lieut. Thomas Tracy and
his eldest son John Tracy
Deacon Thomas Adgate
Christopher Huntington and
his brother, Deacon Simon Huntington
Ensign Thomas Waterman
William Hyde and
his son Samuel Hyde, and
his son-in-law John Post
Lieut. William Backus and
his brother Stephen Backus
Deacon Hugh Calkins (from New London, CT, and
his son John Calkins (from New London, CT) and
his son-in-law Jonathan Royce (from New London, CT)
John Gager (from New London, CT)
Dr. John Olmstead
Nehemiah SMITH (from New London, CT)
John Bradford (from Marshfield, MA)
Robert Allen (from New London, CT)
John Pease (Son of Robert PEASE Sr.) (from New London, CT and Edgartown)
Thomas Smith (from Marshfield, MA)
James Fitch then married Priscilla MASON , daughter of Major John MASON in October of 1664. This marriage produced eight more children, Daniel, John, Jeremiah, Jabez, Ann, Nathaniel, Joseph and Eleazer.
When King Philip’s War began in 1675, Rev. Fitch was instrumental in getting Uncas and the Mohegans, and also the Pequot Indians, to side with the English against King Philip’s Narragansett tribes. Their fair dealings with the Indians spared these settlers who were on the very frontier at that time. Uncas, was the Indian chief made famous by James Fenimore Cooper in ‘The Last of The Mohegans’. He was the chief who sold the lands of Norwich to Fitch and Mason and the others settlers.
Sometime in late 1694, James suffered what we would call a stroke or, in those days a stroke of the palsy. It probably affected his speech, making it difficult to serve as minister.
In 1695 at the age of 74, James founded and settled a new town nearby, Lebanon, Connecticut, where he moved to in 1701 when he retired from the church in Norwich. He remained in Lebanon until his death at age eighty on November 18, 1702. He is buried at the churchyard there and his stone remains in the old cemetery.
The town of Lebanon has its origins with the settlers of Norwich, who wanted to expand beyond the “nine miles square” they had bought from the Mohegan sachem Uncas. In 1663, the first grant in the area was given in to James’ father-in-law Maj. John Mason, deputy governor of the Connecticut colony; the next year, Mason accepted 500 acres northwest of Norwich. This area, known as “Pomakuck” or “Pomocook” by the Mohegans, is now the Goshen Hill area of Lebanon. In 1666, Connecticut granted an additional 120 acres to the Rev. James Fitch, minister of Norwich, adjacent to Maj. Mason’s land which was now known as Cedar Swamp. The Mohegans conferred their blessing on the grants by giving an additional seven-mile strip to Maj. Mason’s son in 1675, who split the land with the Rev. Fitch, his father-in-law. This area is now known as “Fitch and Mason’s Mile,” or just “The Mile.” This page was getting a little long, so you can see details of Mr. Fitch’s Mile here.
Rev. James Fitch’s reputation rests on his missionary work among the Connecticut Indians, particularly the Mohegans. He mastered their language and was particularly useful to the colonists during King Philip’s War.
Birth: Dec. 24, 1622, England Death: Nov. 18, 1702 Lebanon New London County Connecticut, USA Founding settler of Norwich and Saybrook, Connecticut. Rev. James Fitch was the first ordained minister of Saybrook Congregational Church and the First Congregational Church of Norwich. He was instrumental in getting Uncas and the Mohegans and the Pequot Indians to side with the English against King Philip’s Narragansett tribes. Their fair dealings with the Indians spared these settlers who were on the very frontier at that time.
1. Major James Fitch
James first wife Elizabeth Mason was born in Aug 1654 in Saybrook, CT. She was the widow of William Adams of Dedham, Massachusetts. Her parents were Maj. John MASON and Anne PECK. The family relationship was unusual. When James married Elizabeth in 1675, Elizabeth’s older sister Priscilla had been James’ step-mother for over 10 years having married his father in 1664. Elizabeth died 8 Oct 1684 in Norwich, Conn.
James second wife Alice Bradford was born 27 Mar 1661 in Plymouth, Mass. Her parents were William Bradford and Alice Richards. William and Alice lived on the north side of Jones River in Stony Brook, Kingston, in the Plymouth Colony. William Bradford Plymouth Solider (Wiki) was Major Commander-in-chief of the Plymouth forces in the Great Swamp Fight in 1675 where he was severely wounded. He was active in politics. Alice died 10 Mar. 1745/46 Canterbury, Windham, CT
Maj. James Fitch helped to reestablish colonial government after the Revolution of 1689. He served in the military as Company Sergeant Major of New London Company in 1696. He was Assistant in 1690. He also served as Boundary Commissioner and Land Reviser. He led military expeditions, named forts, and guarded the frontier. He exercised jurisdiction over the Mohegans and all their lands and interests.
James was a large landowner and founder of the town in 1697 in Canterbury, Windham County, Connecticut. He dug the first cellar there in 1697, and erected the first permanent habitation. He selected as his residence a neck of land partially enclosed by a bend in the Quenbang River. His home on the neck became a rendezvous for land traders, civil and military officials, and Indians. Here courts were held, military expeditions were organized, and many thousand acres of land were bartered away. It’s doors, the only residence between Norwich and Woodstock, were always open to weary travellers. A road was laid from Windham to his home and connected with the Greenwich path.
James Jr. gave nails and glass for the Yale’s first building, and endowed it with 635 acres of land in Killingworth, Middlesex County, Connecticut.
He supplied money, land and materials to help found a church college in New Haven, Connecticut that was to become Yale College in 1701. Fitch Gateway in the Harkness Quadrangle memorializes James Fitch.
He died on 10 Nov 1727 in Canterbury, Windham County, Connecticut. He is said to have settled in Norwich, but also resided in Preston, Plainfield, and Canterbury as well.
Another view – James Fitch was a land speculator and magistrate. In 1660 his father, Reverend James Fitch (1622-1702), led a group of people to settle the town of Norwich. Raised on the frontier in close contact with Indians, Fitch gained knowledge of the unsettled eastern Connecticut lands and learned to manipulate the Indians who owned them. In 1680 and 1684 Owaneco, chief of the Mohegans, granted Fitch title to a large tract of land, the Quinebaug lands, in northeastern Connecticut. His acquisition and later disposal of Indian lands drew to his side all those who claimed title by native right and who entered the political arena in order to maintain the land they claimed.
Fitch was first elected deputy from Norwich in May 1678 and three years later was chosen to the Connecticut Upper House. Fitch opposed the Dominion of New England, and upon its overthrow in the spring of 1689 he was a leader in the movement to restore charter government. The old rulers of the colony procrastinated, but Fitch aroused the freemen to demand new elections and the reestablishment of the old government. In this effort he was successful, but the old magistrates, most of whom had willingly acquiesced to Governor Andros’ rule, managed to retain their former offices. James Fitch was a powerful and disturbing figure to those who cherished traditional patterns of deference and who opposed his speculations and sale of lands in eastern Connecticut. He might have won control of the government had it not been for Fitz-John Winthrop (1638-1707). Winthrop secured reaffirmation of the Connecticut charter, thereby propelling himself into the governor’s chair and restoring the good image of those who had a decade earlier supported the Dominion of New England.
The enemies of James Fitch quickly went on the offensive. Previously county courts were presided over by a local assistant like Fitch, but new legislation vested all appointive power in the hands of the General Assembly. In the 1698 election Fitch lost his Council seat. Although he was to regain it in 1700, political fortunes tuned against him. He was placed on the defensive and eventually lost control of the Quinebaug lands. He retired to Canterbury where he died in 1727.
James Fitch was for a period of almost twenty years one of the most powerful men in the colony. To his enemies he was “Black James” or the “Great land pirate,” but he led a faction devoted to charter government and native right that helped mark the transition from Puritan commonwealth to provincial Yankee society.
In 1694 and 1695 a group of Ipswich men, Joseph Stafford [son of our ancestor Thomas SAFFORD], Richard Smith, Meshach Farleyh, Matthew Perkins and Samuel Bishop bought from Capt. James Fitch of Norwich of Norwich in the Connecticut colony a tract of eighteen hundren acres which was later called Preston and on which three of Safford’s children settled. Captain Fitch’s title to this land was extremely dubious. After King Philip’s War he held it as a sort of trust for a small local tribe of Indians known as the Shetuckets to whom it had been guaranteed. When Fitch transferred the title to himself there were murmurs of disapproval among the more sensitive of the Norwich settlers, but nothing was actually done to restore what seems to have been, in bald terms. and by 1694 the title was regarded as good. [History of Norwich by Frances Caulkins, edition of 1866]
Children of James and Elizabeth Mason
i. James Fitch III b: Jan 1676/77; d. within the week.
ii. James Fitch III b: 7 Jun 1679; died as a child
iii. Jedediah Fitch b: 17 Apr 1681 in Norwich, CT; d. 20 Nov 1756 in Nantucket, Mass. He moved to Nantucket and there in 1701 married 1701 to Abigail Coffin b: 9 Jul 1683 in Nantucket, Mass.
All his brothers were soldiers fighting Indians and such. As a young teenager, Jed moved to the north shore of Massachusetts and settled in Newbury, and then later went to Nantucket Island off the coast of Massachusetts. Nantucket was a Quaker colony at the time and in 1701 he married into an established Quaker family. His father had been quite friendly with the local Indians, the Mohegans and Pequots, yet fought against other tribes. Perhaps Jedediah became a pacifist and wanted no part of fighting the Indians he grew up with and so left for Nantucket.
iv. Samuel Fitch , Sr. b: 12 Jul 1683 in Norwich, CT; d. 1729 in Lawrenceville, New Jersey; m. Mary Smith b: Sep 1682 in Burlington, New Jersey
Children of James and Alice Bradford
v. Abigail Fitch b: 22 Feb 1686/87 in Norwich, CT; d. 19 May 1759 in Windham, CT; m. John Dyer , Sr., Colonel b: 9 Apr 1692 in Weymouth, Mass.
John Dyer was born in Weymouth, but removed to Winhdam, CT with his brother Thomas. Later he sold out his Windham holdings to Thomas and removed to Canterbury where he settled. He appears a number of times in the Canterbury records:1714: Eight hundred acres of second-division land south of the Mashamoqut and west of Newichewanna Brook were sold by Major FITCH to John Dyer, and by him conveyed to Col. Thomas FITCH of Boston. Dyer for eight hundred acres gave £120. 1723: At the Canterbury land division of 30 Apr 1723, the long contest was over, and John Dyer received one share as a proprietor under patent.1739: The military companies of Plainfield, Canterbury, Pomfret, Killingly and Voluntown were constititued the 11th Connecticut Regiment with John Dyer as its Lt. Col.He was often referred to as “Captain” John Dyer, and the “History of Windham County” once refers to him as “Colonel John Dyer”
vi. Ebenezer Fitch , Sr. b: 10 Jan 1689/90 in Norwich, CT; d. 20 Nov 1724 in Windsor, CT; m. 1712 to Bridget Brown b: 7 Jul 1685. Bridget was previously married to John Perry , Captain and Samuel Hall b: Abt. 1678
vii. Daniel Fitch , Sr. b: Feb 1692/93; d. 1752; m. 1719 to Anna Cook b: 1695
viii. John Fitch , Captain b: 1695; d. 1782
ix. Lucy Fitch b: ABT 1698; m. Henry Cleveland b: 22 DEC 1699 in Chelmsford, Mass. Henry’s uncle, Aaron Cleveland, is the 4th great grandfather of President Grover Cleveland.
x. Jerusha Fitch b: 19 Feb 1698/99 in Canterbury, CT; d. 1780 in Windsor, CT; m. 1718 to Daniel Bissell , Jr. b: 31 Oct 1694 in Windsor, Conn.
xi. Theophilus Fitch , Sr. b: 1701 in Norwich, CT; d. 20 Jul 1751 in Canterbury, CT; m. 15 Dec 1731 to Mary Huntington b: 4 Aug 1707 in Windham, CT; m2. 2 Oct 1734 to Grace Prentice b: Jan 1705/06 in Newton, Mass.
xii. Jabez Fitch , Sr., Colonel b: 30 Jun 1702 in Canterbury, CT; d. 31 Jan 1784; m1. 29 May 1722 to Lydia Gale b: 9 Jul 1699 in Watertown, Mass.; m2. 14 Jan 1754 Elizabeth Darby b: Abt. 1706; m3. 1782 Rebecca Ensworth b: Abt. 1706
Jabez settled on the land which his father gave him, he became captain, colonel, justice of the peace and quorum, and was for many years a Judge of Probate.
2. Abigail Fitch
Abigail’s first husband Captain John Mason, Jr. was born 16 Aug 1646 in Windsor, CT. His parents were Maj. John MASON and Anne PECK. Abigail’s brother married John’s sister Elizabeth and her father married his sister Prescilla. John died of wounds suffered in the Great Swamp Fight on 18 Sep 1676 in New London, CT. Of the 71 Connecticut troops killed in the battle, nine were from John Mason’s 5th Company of Norwich. To the First and Fifth Connecticut Companies were attached Indian Scouting Companies, numbering seventy-five to each, made up mostly of Indians from the Mohegan and Pequod tribes.
This gallant young captain was severely and, as it proved, fatally wounded in the Great swamp fight at Narragansett, Dec. 19, 1675. It is probable that he was brought home from that sanguinary field by his Mohegan warriors on an Indian bier. His wounds never healed. After lingering several months, he died, as is supposed, in the same house where his father expired, and was doubtless laid by his side in the old obliterated graveyard of the first comers. Though scarcely thirty years of age at the time of his death, he stood high in public esteem, both in a civil and military capacity. He had represented the town at three sessions of the Legislature, and was chosen an assistant the year of his decease. In the probate of his estate before the County Court he is called “the worshipful John Mason.” The Rev. Mr. Bradstreet, of New London, records his death in these terms:
“My hon’d and dear Friend Capt. Juo Mason one of ye magistrates of this Colony, and second son of Major Jno Mason, dyed, Sept. 18, 1676.”
Children of Abigail and John Mason
i. John Mason , III, Captain b: 1673 in Stonington, CT; d. 1736; m. 15 Jul 1719 to Anne Sanford b: 1680
ii. Anne Mason b: Abt. 1676 in Stonington, CT; m. 1690 to Captain John Dennison , Jr. b: 1 Jan 1668/69 in Stonington, Conn John died of tuberculosis in 1699, at the age of thirty.
Abigail’s second husband John Buttolph was born 28 Feb 1639/40 in Boston, Mass. John first married Hannah Gardner. John died 14 Jan 1692/93 in Wethersfield, CT.
Children of Abigail and John Buttolph
iii. Abigail Buttolph b: 3 Apr 1683 in Wethersfield, CT; d. 1719; m. Her 2nd cousin Nathaniel Fitch b: 17 Mar 1668/69 in Hartford, Conn.
iv. James Buttolph b: 22 Dec 1684
3. Elizabeth Fitch
Elizabeth’s husband Rev. Edward Taylor was born about 1642 in Skiteby, England. His parents were John Taylor and Rhoda Holt. Edward died 24 Jun 1729 in Westfield, Mass. He was a theology student of her father and later A.B., Harvard, 1671, A.M., 1720;. They were married and then moved to Westfield, Massachusetts. She had eight children, most of whom died young. Elizabeth died in 1689. Edward later remarried with Ruth Wyllis of Hartford, Connecticut. His five daughters all married Connecticut clergymen.
Children of Elizabeth and Edward
i. Samuel Taylor b: 27 Aug 1675 in Westfield, Mass.
ii. Elizabeth Taylor b: 27 Dec 1676 in Westfield, Mass.
iii. James Taylor b: 2 Oct 1678
iv. Abigail Taylor b: 6 Aug 1681
v. Bathsheba Taylor b: 17 Jan 1683/84 in Westfield, Mass.
vi. Elizabeth Taylor b: 5 Feb 1684/85
vii. Mary Taylor b: 3 Jul 1686
viii. Hezekiah Taylor b: 18 Feb 1686/87
4. Hannah Fitch
Hannah’s husband Thomas Meeks (Mix) was born 30 Aug 1645 in New Haven, CT. His parents were Thomas Meeks Sr. and Rebecca Turner. Thomas died 30 Jul 1706 in Stonington, CT.
Children of Hannah and Thomas
i. Daniel Meeks b: 23 Apr 1678 in Norwich, CT; m. Elizabeth Brewster b: 23 Jun 1676 in Norwich, Conn.
ii. Abigail Meeks b: 10 Mar 1679/80 in Norwich, CT; m. Samuel Rockwell b: 30 Sep 1676 in Norwich, Conn.
iii. James Meeks b: 29 Dec 1683
iv. Hannah Meeks b: 13 Mar 1686/87 in Norwich, CT; m. Jonathan Pierce b: Abt. 1681
v. Rebecca Meeks b: 14 Apr 1687 in Norwich, CT; m. John Rockwell b: Dec 1677.
vi. Elizabeth Meeks b: 15 Apr 1689 in Norwich, CT; m. John Pearson (Pierson) b: Abt. 1685
vii. Dorothy Meeks b: 23 Nov 1691 in Norwich, CT; m. Jeremiah Andrews b: Abt. 1689.
viii. Ann Meeks b: 7 May 1694 in Norwich, CT; m. Benjamin Andrews , Sr. b: 13 Apr 1685 in Ipswich, Mass
ix. Zebediah Meeks b: 12 Dec 1697 in Norwich, CT; m. Sarah Cheeseborough b: 1700 in Stonington, CT. Sarah parents were Elihu Cheeseborough and Hannah Miner
They lived in Norwich and had nine children.
5. Samuel Fitch
Samuel’s wife Mary Brewster was descended from the Mayflower Pilgrim William Brewster. Mary was born 10 Dec 1660 in Norwich, CT. Her parents were Benjamin Brewster and Ann Addis. Mary died 2 Dec 1750 in Guilford, CT. They lived in Norwich and Preston, Connecticut.
Children of Samuel and Mary:
i. Mary Fitch b: 10 Mar 1679/80
ii. Samuel Fitch , Jr. b: 5 Oct 1681
iii. Hezikiah Fitch b: 2 Jan 1681/82; m. Anna ? Fitch b: Abt. 1686
iv. Elizabeth Fitch b: 15 Feb 1683/84 in Norwich, CT; m. 1712 to Samuel Mason b: 11 Feb 1685/86 in Stonington, Conn..
v. Abigail Fitch b: 1 Feb 1685/86 in Norwich, CT; m. James Clark , Sr. b: 1688 in Ipswich, Mass.
vi. Samuel Fitch , Jr. b: 28 Nov 1688; d. 1755
vii. Deacon Benjamin Fitch , Sr. b: 29 Mar 1691 in Norwich, CT; d. 10 Oct 1727 in Norwich, CT; m. 17 Nov 1713 to Hannah Reed b: Jul 1688 in Norwich, Conn.
viii. John Fitch b: 17 May 1693;
ix. Jabez Fitch , Sr. b: 3 Jun 1695 in Norwich, CT; d. 28 Mar 1779 in Norwich, CT; m. 1 Aug 1719 to Anna Knowlton b: Abt. 1698.
6. Dorothy Fitch
Dorothy was the second wife of Nathaniel Bissell of Windsor, Connecticut. Nathaniel Bissell was born 24 Sep 1640 in Windsor, CT. His parents were John Bissell and Mindwell Moore. Nathaniel died 12 Mar 1713/14. They had two children. Dorothy died June 28, 1691.
Children of Dorothy and Nathaniel
i. Dorothy Bissell b: 27 Dec 1686
7. Capt. Daniel Fitch
Daniel’s wife Mary Sherwood was born 1674 in Fairfield, CT. She was his cousin. Her parents were Matthew Sherwood and Mary Fitch. After Daniel died, she married 25 Feb 1716 in New London, CT to Joseph Bradford (b. 18 Apr 1675 in Plymouth, Plymouth, Mass. – d. 16 Jan 1747 in New London, CT). Mary died 16 Sep 1752 in Montville, CT.
Joseph Bradford had previously married to Daniel’s sister Anne Fitch on 5 Oct 1698 in Lebanon, New London, CT.
Daniel was active in the Indian Wars and settled near New London, Connecticut at a town called Montville.
Children of Daniel and Mary
i. Adonijah Fitch, b. Apr 1700, Montville; d. 1780 in Montville, CT; m. 1725 to his first cousin Sarah Fitch b: 24 Jan 1705/06 in Stonington, Conn.
ii. Capt and Deacon James Fitch, b. Oct 1702; d. 1789; m. 1728 to Anne Denison, Abt. 1728; b. 1707; d. 1792.
iii. Lemuel Fitch, b. Jan 1704; d. 1757 in Colchester, CT; m. Mary Bigelow.
iv. Mary Fitch, b. Sep 1707; d. 25 Oct 1768.
v. Capt. Daniel Fitch, b. 1709, Montville; d. 12 May 1755 Stratford, CT; m. Sarah Carle b: Abt. 1690
8. Capt. John Fitch
John’s wife Elizabeth Waterman was born 6 Aug 1675 in Norwhich, CT. Her parents were Thomas Waterman and Miriam Tracy. Elizabeth died 25 Jun 1751 in Windham, CT.
John lived in Windham, Connecticut and was active in local government.
John died May 24, 1743 and Elizabeth died June 25, 1751. Children were: Elizabeth, Miriam, Priscilla and John Jr.
Children of John and Elizabeth
i. Elizabeth Fitch b: 1 Jun 1696 in Windham, CT.; d. 1780; m. 1718 to Nathaniel Webb , Sr. b: 10 Feb 1695/96 in Mass.
ii. Miriam Fitch b: 17 Oct 1699 in Windham, CT.; d. 1744; m. 1740 to Hezekiah Ripley b: 10 Jun 1695
iii. Priscilla Fitch b: 5 Feb 1701/02 in Windham, CT.; d. 1782; m. 1732 to Rev. Solomon Paine , Sr., b: 16 May 1698
iv. John Fitch , Jr., Captain b: 1705 in Windham, CT.; d. 19 Feb 1760 in Windham, CT; m. 1731 to Alice Fitch b: 1712
9. Capt. Jeremiah Fitch
Jeremiah’s wife Ruth Clara Gifford was born 30 Dec 1676 in Norwich, CT. Her parents were Stephen Gifford and Hannah Gore. Ruth died in Coventry, CT after 1756.
Jeremiah moved from Lebanon to Coventry, Connecticut about 1703. He was a soldier, surveyor and town official.
Children of Jeremiah and Ruth:
i. Lucy Fitch b: 18 Apr 1699 (Twin); d. 8 Mar 1736 in Lebanon, New London, CT
ii. Ruth Fitch b: 18 Apr 1699 in Lebanon, CT. (Twin) d. 1762; m. 1744 to Daniel Whitmore b: 1702 in Billerica, Mass.
iii. Hannah Fitch b: 1700 in Lebanon, CT.; d. 1785; m. Humphrey Davenport b: 11 Oct 1702 in Hartford, CT.
iv. Jeremiah Fitch , Jr. b: 17 Apr 1701 in Coventry, CT.; d. 8 Jan 1779; m. 1730 to Mercy Porter b: 10 Oct 1708
v. Abner Fitch , Sr. b: 8 Jul 1703 in Lebanon, CT.; d. 23 Jun 1797 in Coventry, CT; m. 1736 to Ruth Rose b: 13 Mar 1715/16 in Wethersfield, Conn.
vi. Gideon Fitch , Sr. b: Abt. 1705 in Lebanon, CT.; m. 1736 to Sarah Calkins b: 6 May 1716 in Norwich, Conn. Sarah’s parents were Phebe Abell and Hugh Calkins and her grandparents were Joshua ABELL and Berthia Gager.
vii. Joseph Fitch b: Abt. 1710;
viii. James Fitch , Sr. b: 24 Jul 1711 in Lebanon, CT.;d. Vermont; m. Oct 1738 to Phebe Meraugh b: 1720 in Coventry, Conn.
ix. Stephen Fitch , Sr. b: Abt. 1712 in Coventry, CT; d. 9 Feb 1806 in Windham, CT; m. 24 Jan 1736/37 to Eleanor Strong b: Abt. 1716
x. Elisha Fitch b: Abt, 1714 in Coventry, CT.; d. 1791; m. 1736 to Priscilla Patton b: Abt. 1718
10. Rev Jabez Fitch
Jabez’ wife Elizabeth Appleton was born 23 Apr 1682. Her parents were John Appleton Jr and Elizabeth Rogers. Elizabeth died 18 Oct 1765 in Portsmouth, New Hampshire.
Jabez graduated from Harvard in 1694. He became a Fellow at Harvard and then was ordained minister in Ipswich, Massachusetts in 1703. He took over a church in Portsmouth, New Hampshire (then part of Massachusetts) in 1725 and remained there until his death on November 22, 1746.
Children of Jabez and Elizabeth:
i. Elizabeth Fitch b: 16 Aug 1705 in Ipswich, Mass.; d. 1774 in Portsmouth, New Hampshire; m. 1728 to John Wibird , Sr. b: 20 Oct 1705 in Portsmouth, New Hampshire
ii. John Fitch , M. D. b: 18 Aug 1709 in Ipswich, Mass.; d. 26 OCT 1736 in Newbury, Mass.
iii. James Fitch b: 19 Jun 1712; d. 1722
iv. Margaret Fitch b: 15 Nov 1715 in Ipswich, Mass.; d. 1742 in Salem, Mass.; m. 1739 to Henry Gibbs , Jr., Librarian b: 13 May 1709 in Watertown, Mass. d. 1759 of measles. After Margaret died, he married Katherine Willard in 1747.
At age seven, Henry lost his mother and seven years later, while a sophomore at Harvard, he lost his father as well. As the only surviving son (he also had two sisters), Henry came into a considerable inheritance from both sides of the family and was able to live comfortably, if not lavishly. Henry graduated with the class of 1726, but remained at college as a resident graduate, earning a second degree in 1729 and serving as college librarian from 1730 to 1734. Leaving Harvard and Boston behind, he sold off his property in the city and relocated to Salem to begin a career as a merchant, never attaining the success of the previous generations of Gibbs. In 1737, he met and began to court Margaret Fitch, daughter of Rev. Jabez Fitch of Portsmouth, a niece of his brother-in-law. The couple wed on January 31, 1739, but the marriage was not to last. Margaret died suddenly only three years later, leaving two daughters, one of whom shortly followed her mother in death.
Henry remarried in 1747, selecting the much younger Katherine Willard, daughter of the Provincial Secretary, for his second wife. This marriage further cemented the prominent place of the Gibbs in Salem society but brought comparatively little lucre, and only the fortunate bequest of £500 from a friend, William Lynde, helped the Gibbs maintain their lifestyle and social obligations. A theological liberal and political supporter of the power of the crown and broad colonial obligations, Gibbs held several important local and provincial offices during the next several years, including justice of the peace (appt. 1753), judge, delegate in the House of Representatives (three terms, beginning in 1753), and Clerk of the House (1755-1759). In February, 1759, at what should have been the peak of his career, he contracted measles, leaving five children and an insolvent estate with a meager 10s allotted to each child.
Among the more important materials in the Gibbs papers are Henry Gibbs’ (1709-1759) copies of 21 of his 27 courtship letters to his first wife, Margaret Fitch, written between December 27th, 1737 and December 19th, 1738 (the first of the letters preserved is numbered “6”, and they continue in unbroken succession until one month before the couple was married). These letters provide an intimate view of the initiation and pursuit of a relationship between members of two of Salem’s elite families. From the beginning, the letters are familiar, affectionate, even flirtatious, becoming ever more so over the course of the year. “I ought to look upon myself as somewhat unreasonable in my desires,” he wrote in letter no. 8 (the third preserved), “when ye more I am with you, ye more Covetous I am of being so, & yt it is with regrett yt I am even now at a distance from you: however, I can’t but regard it as a sure presage yt (if ever it be my happy Lott to live with you) your Company will alwaies be a Source of ye most pleasing entertainment & Delight to me.” Elsewhere (letter 10), he wrote “When I mention ye friendship I have for you, I am far from confining it to a cold, Stoical Approbation of ye good qualities I think you possessed of, but include in it all yt is meant by Love considered as an Affection of ye Soul. Tis this tender passion joined with that regard & esteem which reason and judgement approve of, yt is ye only foundation of ye pleasure yt is ever found in Friendship.” In this correspondence, Henry eloquently describes weddings, a Quaker meeting he attended, the love lives of acquaintances, local gossip, and above all, often at considerable length, his ideas of love. At several crucial junctures in letter 16, Henry resorted to the use of a code to disguise passages dealing with an apparently embarrassing encounter with a newly married friend. The letters are a rich source for the study of views of love and marriage among the upper classes in colonial Massachusetts.
v. Anne Fitch b: 19 Jul 1718 in Ipswich, Mass.;d. 1747; m. 1743 to Nathaniel Gookin , Jr., Reverend b: 1713 in Hampton, New Hampshire
Nathaniel graduated at Harvard in 1731, ordained Oct. 31, 1739, at North Hampton. He first married Judith Coffin, daughter of Capt. Eliphalet Coffin of Exeter, Jan. 1, 1741. After Ann died, he married third a daughter of Joshua Wingate of Hampton.
vi. James Fitch b: 3 Oct 1720
vii. Mary Fitch b: 24 Mar 1722/23 in Ipswich, Mass.’ d. 1756; m. 1745 to Francis Cabot , Sr. b: 22 May 1717
11. Anne Fitch
Anne’s husband Lieut. Joseph Bradford of Plymouth.was born 18 Apr 1675 in Plymouth, Mass. His parents were Major William Bradford and Widow Sarah Griswold Wiswall. After Anne died, he married 25 Feb 1716 in Lebanon, New London, CT to Mary’s sister-in-law. Mary Sherwood (1674 in Fairfield, CT – d. 16 Sep 1752 in Montville, CT. Mary had previously been married to Mary’s brother Capt. Daniel Fitch. Joseph died 16 Jan 1747 in New London, CT.
Joseph’s father, William served in King Phillips as the commander in chief of the Plymouth forces and had the rank of Major. He was shot by a musket at the Narraganset Fort Fight and her carried the ball until his death. His grandfather was William Bradford (1590 – 1657) an English leader of the settlers of the Plymouth Colony who served as governor for over 30 years. Joseph died in 1747.
They settled in Norwich and then Lebanon where she died October 17, 1715
Children of Anne and Joseph
i. Anne Bradford b: 26 Jul 1699 in Lebanon, CT; d. 1747 in Mansfield, Conn.; m. 1723 to Timothy Dimock b: 16 Jul 1698 in Barnstable, Mass.
ii. Joseph Bradford , Jr. b: 9 Apr 1702 in Lebanon, CT. m. Henrietta Swift b: 1701 in New London, Conn.
iii. Priscilla Bradford b: 9 Apr 1702 in Lebanon, CT.; d. 14 May 1778 in Lebanon, CT; m. 1725 to Samuel Hyde III b: 10 Sep 1691 in Windham, Conn.
iv. Alithea Bradford b: 6 Apr 1704; (Twin) died Apr 1704.
v. Irene Bradford b: 6 Apr1704 (Twin) died Apr 1704.
vi. Sarah Bradford b: 21 Sep 1706; m1. c. 1729 to Daniel Tuttle b: Abt. 1703; m2. 1747 to Israel Lathrop , Jr. b: 1 Feb 1686/87 in Norwich, CT.
vii. Hannah Bradford b: 24 May 1709; m. 1730 to Timothy Buell b: 24 Oct 1711
viii. Elizabeth Bradford b: 21 Oct 1712; d. 1808; m. Andrew Lisk b: Abt. 1714
ix. Alithea Bradford b: 19 Sep 1715; m. 1740 to David Hyde b: 22 MAar 1718/19
x. Irene Bradford b: 19 Sep 1715 d. 1785, prob. Brimfield, MAass.; m. Jonathan Janes, 18 Mar 1736, Lebanon, CT
12. Capt. Nathaniel FITCH (See his page)
Nathaniel operated a grist mill and a fulling mill in Lebanon. He married Ann Abel of Norwich on December 10, 1701. After her death in 1726, he married Mindwell Tisdale of Lebanon on September 17, 1729. He died May 4, 1759 at age seventy-nine. The children by Ann were: Anne, Joshua, Nathan, Nehemiah, James, John, Nathaniel, Mehitable, Elizabeth, Rachel, Abel and Caleb. With Mindwell, he had: Jabez, Ezekiel and Isaac.
13. Joseph Fitch
Joseph’s first wife Sarah Mason was born about 1683 in New London, CT. Her parents were Maj. Samuel Mason and Judith Smith. Her grandparents were John MASON and Anne PECK.. Sarah died 9 FEB 1720/21 in Lebanon, New London, Conn. Joseph married Sarah Mason in Saybrook and they lived in Stonington, Connecticut. She died and he married Ann Whiting of Windham in 1729 and they moved to Lebanon. Joseph died in Windham on May 9, 1741 and Ann died there September 18, 1778.
Joseph’s second wife Ann Whiting was born 2 Jan 1698 in Windham, CT. Her parents were Samuel Whiting and Elizabeth Adams. Ann died 18 Sep 1778 in Windham, CT.
Children of Joseph and Sarah
i. Judith Fitch b: 4 Feb 1703/04 in Stonington, CT.; d. Feb 1742/43 in Lebanon, CT; m. 1722 to John Wattles , Sr., Captain b: 28 Jun 1700 in Stonington, Conn.
ii. Sarah Fitch b: 24 Jan 1705/06 in Stonington, CT; d. 05 JAN 1741 in CT; m. 1726 to Capt Adonijah Fitch
iii. Mason Fitch b: 11 Sep 1708 in Stonington, CT; d. 10 Mar 1734 in Connecticut
iv. Joseph Fitch , Jr., Captain b: 14 Jul 1711 – New London, CT; d. 14 Jun 1773 – Lebanon, New London, CT; m. Zerviah Hyde 28 Dec 1738 – Stonington, New London, CT
Joseph’s second wife Ann Whiting was born about 1690. Her parents were Rev. Samuel Whiting and Elizabeth Adams. Ann died 18 SEP 1778 in Windham, CT.
Children of Joseph and Ann:
v. Samuel Fitch b: 16 Jan 1723/24 in Lebanon, CT.; d. 1784 in London, England; m. Mar 1753 to Elizabeth Lloyd b: 20 Jul 1722 in Lloyds Neck, Long Island, New York
vi. Eleazer Fitch b: 29 Aug 1726 in Lebanon, CT; d. 1796 in Canada; m. 1746 to Amy Bowen b: ABT 1727 in Rhode Island
ix. Ann Fitch b: 12 Jul 1737 in Lebanon, CT; d. 1827; m. Dec 1761 to Shem Burbank b: 21 May 1736
x. Thomas Fitch b: 11 Jun 1739; d. 27 FEB 1746
14. Deacon Eleazer Fitch
Eleazer married his cousin Martha Brown of Swanzey (Swansea), Massachusetts and they lived in Lebanon where he died in 1747. He had no children.
Martha Brown was born 20 Nov 1681 in Swansea, Bristol, Mass. Her parents were John Brown and Anne Mason. Three of her grandparents were our ancestors: John BROWN & Lydia Buckland and John MASON & Anne PECK. Martha died 1747 in Lebenon, CT.
Three books are available at Amazon.com about Rev. James Fitch. PURITAN IN THE WILDERNESS: A Biography of the Rev. James Fitch 1622-1702;
History of New London county, Connecticut: with biographical sketches of Pioneers and Prominent Men … edited by Duane Hamilton Hurd 1882
Genealogy of the Fitch Family in North America collected and arranged by John G. Fitch (Olmsted, Ohio: printed for private distribution, 200 copies) 1886.
History of the Fitch family A.D. 1400-1930: a record of the Fitches in England and America, including “pedigree of Fitch” certified by the College of Arms, London, England by Roscoe Conkling Fitch (Haverhill, Massachusetts: Record Pub. Co.) 1930. | <urn:uuid:65ef5a6a-0373-4dc0-baa0-d52dd7d44b3d> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | https://minerdescent.com/2010/07/24/james-fitch/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660158.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00306-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952477 | 11,379 | 2.53125 | 3 |
When we studied telescopic sights, we noted that scopes have reticles (crosshairs) etched inside to indicate where the barrel is pointing to. Similarly, one of the key features of all laser sights is that they project light towards the target to show where the weapon's barrel is pointing to. Reflex sights also have reticles, like telescopic sights, but there is one important difference in how the reticle is displayed. Reflex sights feature a beam splitter or a dichroic mirror. The image of the target is combined with a reflected image of a reticle and projects the reticle image on top of the target image. The reflected reticle image can be illuminated if needed, thereby providing a clearer image of the reticle.
Image licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License version 1.2 or later. Original image by user Falcorian at en.wikipedia.org
In the above image, we see a reflex sight with a bright red dot projected on the image. A sight like this uses a small battery to produce the bright red spot and then projects it on to the image. There are several reflex sights like this, such as the Aimpoint series, EOTech etc. The brightness of the red dot can be increased or decreased to match the surrounding light.
One of the more common reflex sights being used these days is the ACOG (Advanced Combat Optical Gunsight) that is used by the US Army and the US Marine Corps. This type of sight is manufactured by Trijicon and comes in a variety of configurations.
Different ACOG models have different magnification powers, different colors and shapes of reticles and some have features to allow for elevation. All ACOG models have an unusual feature for reflex sights in that they don't use batteries for the reticles. Instead, they use fiber optic cords for daytime and tritium lamps for night time conditions. We studied these two devices earlier when we studied how to make iron sights more visible.
Reflex sights can be used under a variety of light situations and allow quick target acquisition. The user can use both eyes to aim, when using a reflex sight. On the other hand, reflex sights add a bit of bulk to the weapon and affect its balance. | <urn:uuid:1a798aa6-de77-464f-9fb4-4d3d0e727405> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://firearmshistory.blogspot.nl/2010/11/sights-reflex-sight.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813088.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220185145-20180220205145-00130.warc.gz | en | 0.927499 | 453 | 3.09375 | 3 |
For small programs, you don't need much in the way of data structures. But as soon as you are representing reasonably complicated data, you need some place to store it. Thinking about how you want to store and organize this data can be a good framework for organizing the rest of your program. Many programming environments will give you a rich collection of built-in data structures as part of their standard library. C does not: unless you use thirdparty libraries, any data structure you want in C you will have to build yourself.
For most data structures this will require an understanding of pointers and storage allocation, mechanisms often hidden in other languages. Understanding these concepts will give you a deeper understanding of how computers actually work, and will both let you function in minimalist environments where you don’t have a lot of support and let you understand what more convenient environments are doing under their abstraction barriers. | <urn:uuid:830f6d4a-8b87-4b1d-9512-560b36850baf> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.homeofscience.net/2016/06/notes-on-data-structures-and.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812665.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219131951-20180219151951-00152.warc.gz | en | 0.954038 | 180 | 2.953125 | 3 |
International Cat Day is a full 24 hours of recognition and veneration of one of humanity’s oldest and most beloved pets. The festivities were put together for the first time in 2002 by IFAW, the International Fund for Animal Welfare, among other animal rights groups, to celebrate the most popular pet on the planet.
An estimated 500 million cats are thought to be frolicking in neighbours’ gardens across the world, which means that most every extended family is bound to have an aunt with more kittens than former husbands, whatever the country or climate. And that’s great, because owning a cat has been shown to improve mental health and to relieve stress, anxiety and depression. So when it’s raining cats and dogs outside and you don’t have someone to cuddle with, any black, ginger, Persian, Siamese, Burmese, Bengal, Shorthair, Munchkin, Balinese, RagaMuffin or any old stray cat will do the trick.
So roll out the red carpet and the catnip for your furry feline friend, because International Cat Day is that one day a year when black cats bring good luck and cat eye sunglasses match your entire wardrobe. | <urn:uuid:b024bd52-30ac-42f6-9e6e-61882eb05e6d> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.daysoftheyear.com/days/international-cat-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982946797.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200906-00211-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927823 | 251 | 2.625 | 3 |
Mandalas are more than just an easy and fun way to draw something pretty. They are also a form of guided meditation that can promote peace and balance in your life. Always concentrate on the center of your mandala whilst drawing, this will give you an anchor point to fall back to as your mind wanders. Drawing mandalas also has great potential as a spiritual practice for your personal evolution.
Here's a brief guide to getting started creating mandalas.
1Get a mandala template; if you don't have one, then draw a circle on a blank piece of paper with either a compass or something round (like a bowl) as a guide.
2Find the centre of your mandala. On a mandala template, the centre will be marked. If drawn with a compass, the hole in the paper is the centre. If drawn with a plate, draw a light line in pencil from the top to bottom, and from the left side to the right side; where these lines cross is the centre.
3Keep your mandala symmetrical; this will make it look nice. Line up your motifs along directional lines. (Think of a compass, with lines North-South, East-West, NE-SW, and SE-NW.) If you have a mandala template, these will be marked on the paper. If you're drawing your own template, you'll need a ruler and protractor to mark some lines lightly on your mandala. Using 45° angles is a good standard; you will end up with 8 lines. (You can just imagine the lines, but it won't work as well.)
4Draw a small shape in the middle of the circle, with a pencil or a marker. A diamond or square, a circle, or a star all work well. (These are your "motifs.")
5Draw another shape outside this first shape. (You can change colors at any point.)
6Repeat it in a ring all around your centre motif.
7Keep going, drawing new motifs in expanding rings, as you work toward the outside circle of your mandala. Easy motif shapes include teardrops, flowers, fans, spirals, geometric shapes, and any other forms you like, such as butterflies, birds, dolphins, etc. Repeat some of your motifs, and introduce new ones as you go. Draw some shapes on the directional lines, and some shapes between the lines, to make a more satisfying design. This is especially important as you move outward, where there's more space between the lines.
8Try overlapping some motifs; this creates new and interesting shapes, which still harmonize with what you've drawn so far. As you move outward, your motifs may be larger since you have more space to work with. You can then start putting one shape inside another, again creating more interesting shapes.
9You may find yourself wanting to go back and add something to a previous ring. That's fine. The mandala is finished when it feels finished to you.
10If you've drawn in pencil, you may want to scan or photocopy it before coloring your mandala. That way you can colour it more than once, and share it with others to colour.
Do I have to be good at drawing?wikiHow ContributorNo. As you're working in sections, it's basically just making consistent marks in a pattern. You can start as simple as you like. It just looks more complicated when you see it come together. So long as you pick a mark that you're happy with, you can do the same a few times over, then you're off to a good start!
- Draw lightly with a pencil so you can erase it if you make a mistake.
- You can draw the mandala in colored pencils/markers, or do a preliminary drawing in pencil and then color it in later.
- This is much easier with a good template and guidelines! And the finished result looks way better.
- The finer the drawing tool, the more refined your mandala will be. Crayons give a much cruder appearance than, say, Staetdler markers (my personal favourite).
- After you've drawn your mandala, you can read it to gain personal insights and spiritual awareness.
- You can download a free mandala template.
Things You'll Need
- Mandala template, or blank paper
- Coloured pencils, markers, or crayons
- Pencil and eraser (opt.)
- Ruler, compass, and protractor (or a mandala starter kit)
In other languages:
Español: dibujar mandalas, Português: Desenhar uma Mandala, Français: dessiner un mandala, Deutsch: Mandalas zeichnen und (aus)malen, Italiano: Disegnare un Mandala, Русский: нарисовать мандалу, 中文: 画曼荼罗, Bahasa Indonesia: Menggambar Mandala, Nederlands: Een mandala tekenen
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 321,679 times. | <urn:uuid:d0c02239-21ab-49e5-b612-41e28e7a3cd3> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.wikihow.com/Draw-a-Mandala | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661767.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00183-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.904828 | 1,103 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Amelia Mary Earhart
Date of Birth
July 24, 1897
Date of Death
July 1937 (?)
Place of Birth
Edwin and Amy Earhart
George Palmer Putnam
Graduated from Hyde Park High School in Chicago, IL.
Trained as a nurse’s aid
Served as a Voluntary Aid Detachment nurse at a military hospital during World War I.
Enrolled as a pre-med student at Columbia University.
Moved to California to be with her parents. She and her father attended an “aerial meet” in Long Beach and that is where she became interested in flying. The next day, given a helmet and goggles, she boarded the open-cockpit biplane for a 10 minute flight over Los Angeles. She immediately began taking flying instructions from pioneer aviatrix Anita Snook.
Pilot and author
Reason for Fame
In 1928, she was the first women pilot to fly as a passenger across the Atlantic Ocean. In 1932, she became the first women to pilot a plane across that ocean and was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross
- On October 1922, she set a women’s altitude record of 14,000 feet which was later broken by Ruth Nichols.
- On June 1, 1937, Amelia and her navigator Fred Noonan departed Miami, Florida, bound for California by traveling around the world.
- On July 2, she took off from Lae, New Guinea. Her last radio contact reported she was on a course for Howland Island, It has been determined that the plane went down some 35 – 100 miles off the coast of Howland Island. An extensive search was conducted at a cost of over 4 million dollars.
- On July 18, the search was abandoned by ships in the Howland area. | <urn:uuid:f714ecb1-bd57-4b2b-9ab6-3bc10e7026a4> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | https://kidskonnect.com/people/amelia-earhart/?fontstyle=f-smaller | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464051342447.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524005542-00133-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975685 | 370 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Copyright law protects original creative “works” fixed in a tangible medium of expression. An original work is one that the author created through his or her own effort. An original work cannot be something that is copied or modified from an existing work.
The original work must contain at least a minimal amount of creativity. The creativity threshold to obtain copyright protection is not high and not difficult to meet.
Tangible medium is a very broad term. The term means that the “work” can be perceived, touched or copied. An idea is not protectable until some perceptible or tangible is created out of it.
When you are the owner of copyrighted material, you decide how that material is used. If someone else uses the material without your permission, you may be able to collect damages or obtain injunctive relief against the offender.
A copyright arises upon creation however a copyright can be registered with the United States Copyright Office. It is not always necessary to do so but it has tremendous advantages if you register it soon after its creation and sometimes it makes a difference whether you can effectively assert your rights against an infringer.
The ™ symbol indicates a trademark that has not been registered with the USPTO and may or may not be in the application process. Unregistered trademarks don't receive the same degree of protection as those that are registered.
Registered Trademark ®
The ® symbol denotes that a trademark is registered with the USPTO. It is illegal to use the ® symbol on an unregistered trademark. An ® symbol cannot legally be used on a trademark that is not yet approved by the USPTO. Registration also makes it easier to identify the earlier user of a trademark. First use is important when deciding infringement lawsuits.
A circle c symbol or © indicates protection under copyright law but provides no indication as to whether the work has been formally registered. A copyright doesn't have to be registered to legally use the © symbol. The © symbol doesn't have to be used for a work to be protected by a copyright. A creative work is automatically protected under copyright law.
Trademarks and Copyrights are different types of intellectual property protection that are available to protect your business assets. Obtained and monitored correctly they can create a great deal of value.
What is a Trademark and What is a Copyright?
Although both trademarks and copyrights provide intellectual property protection, each is obtained under its own rules and procedures and protects different material.
Trademarks protect names, terms, and symbols that identify and differentiate a company and its goods. A trademark can include phrases, symbols, or designs, as well as images, colors, and even smells and sounds. The owner of a federally registered trademark can sue infringers for infringement. Trademarks can be protected under both state and federal law and these different protections make different remedies available to you.
Trademarks are registered with the United States Patent and Trademark Office or USPTO. A registered trademark offers the owner more protection against improper use, but a trademark doesn't have to be registered to receive protection. However, enforcement is much easier when the trademark is registered.
A company name or product name can be trademarked. Monitoring the mark and use by others are important for a company's brand management. Registering a trademark (or receiving the related legal protections) general requires two elements, some degree of distinctiveness and use or in some cases an intent to use the mark.
Distinctiveness means that it is unique enough to be closely associated with a particular product or company. This is often dependent upon context.
Use simply means that to receive approval of a trademark application or win in an infringement case, you must prove that the trademark was in use or being used by you.
There are many reasons for denial of a trademark. For example, a trademark generally cannot include descriptive terms. A mark that is descriptive of a product or service is generally free for anyone to use.
Types of Trademark
There are several types of trademarks. For example:
• Arbitrary trademark:The trademark has no relation to the use or product.
• Fanciful trademark:The trademark has no meaning on its own, as is the case for Pepsi.
• Suggestive trademark:A trademarked word suggests but does not describe what the product is.
Each year, businesses sustain losses because they do not completely understand the contracts they entered into or did not make simple edits to protect themselves. Moreover, many times a contacting party does not take the necessary steps to enforce a contract after it is breached. In some, the proper advice would have prevented the damage. Before you enter an agreement requiring the giving or payment of valuable consideration, it is a good idea to have a contract attorney review the agreement, and provide input on how you might be better protected. As a business grows, contracts should be reviewed and contract terms refined. We provide these services for a very reasonable cost.
We help clients in new technology areas such as commercial drone use and 3D printing. We assist with the development of technology and service agreements, content licensing, copyright protection and enforcement, domain name disputes, terms of service agreements, and privacy policies to name a few.
If you or your business gets a notice of a tax audit, we are there to help. Don’t give up your rights. We have the background in accounting and tax to provide you with solid representation for any such engagement while protecting you to the extent possible from direct interaction.
If you have a collection matter or a foreign judgment you would like to domesticate in Colorado, Missouri, Nevada or Tennessee, we can handle the collection for you and in some cases will represent you on a contingent basis. Further, if you have contracts, lease agreements, or other collection rights in any of these states, we can help you collect. Please contact us for more information.
We help clients create and leverage their valuable soft IP assets. We help brand owners create, select, clear, acquire, register, maintain, protect and enforce their trademarks and trade dress. We also provide a range of services designed to support and protect intellectual property rights including the enforcement of domain names and online trademark and copyright rights. We also represent clients in state and federal courts as well as arbitration and administrative proceedings to protect their intellectual property interests. | <urn:uuid:8bff8ccf-60a6-4d18-b605-4bda737612e8> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://kctechnologylaw.com/practiceareas.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256381.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20190521122503-20190521144503-00364.warc.gz | en | 0.943488 | 1,283 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Milton Woolf was born in New York City in 1915. During the Great Depression Woolf joined the Civilian Conservation Corps. His experiences of the gap between rich and poor "disillusioned and abused and enlightened" him. On returning to Brooklyn he joined the Young Communist League.
Woolf arrived in Spain in March 1937. As he was a pacifist he initially wanted to be a medic but was later persuaded to become a machine-gunner with the George Washington Battalion. He fought in the battles at Brunete, Belchite and Teruel.
The American forces suffered heavy casualties in the war. In March 1938 the Lincoln-Washington Battalion lost two of its most senior officers, Robert Merriman and David Doran, when they were killed at Gandesa on the Aragón front. Wolff now assumed command of the battalion and John Gates became battalion commissar. Woolf led his forces at the great offensive across the River Ebro on the 25th July 1938. The men then moved forward towards Corbera and Gandesa.
On 26th July the Republican Army attempted to capture Hill 481, a key position at Gandesa. Hill 481 was well protected with barbed wire, trenches and bunkers. The Republicans suffered heavy casualties and after six days was forced to retreat to Hill 666 on the Sierra Pandols. It successfully defended the hill from a Nationalist offensive in September but once again large numbers were killed.
The head of the Republican government, Juan Negrin, announced on 21st September that the International Brigades would be unilaterally withdrawn from Spain. That night the Lincoln-Washington Battalion moved back across the River Ebro and began their journey out of the country.
In the Second World War Woolf joined the United States Army and served in Italy and Burma. General William Donovan recruited him into the Office of Strategic Services, and served with the "British Special Services after the fall of Paris and the Nazi invasion of Yugoslavia." He told Studs Terkel: "I don't ever want to see another bloody war again. There's a certain amount of glamour attached to a guy like me because I was a warrior. But I've always had more respect for the conscientious objectors. We were in good wars, that's what we should be honored for, but not because we were warriors."
On his return to the United States he became involved in the civil rights movement. His friend, Alvah Bessie, pointed out: "Wolff himself served as National Commander of the Veterans for many years after the war, working also with the Civil Rights Congress and every committee set up to aid Spanish refugees or political prisoners. He was the sparkplug of VALB's campaign to keep fascist Spain out of the United Nations during 1946-48, and he was involved in the Willie McGee case in Jackson, Mississippi, touring the south before the Freedom Marchers were organized, helping save the lives of the Martinsville Seven and raising $2,000,000 in bail money for Smith Act victims and helping to save the XVth Brigade's commissar Steve Nelson from literal death in a Pittsburgh dungeon."
Most of the guys were like me, just city slickers. We were dressed in fancy shoes, in fancy clothes, and looked like anything but a mountain-climbing expedition. It was very, very grueling, going up and up, and always thinking we were reaching the top and never getting there. When we arrived, weary as we were we cheered and yelled at the top of our lungs."
Spain was only one battle. World War II was only one battle, what's going on in Central America, South Africa, the Middle East now is another battle, and we're into these things. Struggle is the elixir of life, the tonic of life. I mean, if you're not struggling, your dead.
Milton Wolff was the last commander of the Abraham Lincoln Battalion, a major at the age of 23. He had impressed a number of U.S. military men, stateside politicians and foreign correspondents by his natural-born qualities of military leadership, his achievements and his obvious potential. They tried to get him an appointment to West Point and/or a commission and failed, but with the aid of General William (Wild Bill) Donovan, head of the Office of Strategic Services, they managed to place Wolff with British Special Services after the fall of Paris and the Nazi invasion of Yugoslavia.
He served as a civilian with Major equivalency recruiting "proved" antifascists (International Brigade veterans) for behind-the-lines work in occupied Europe. After Pearl Harbor he was transferred (in rank) to OSS and recruited Lincoln men for the same type of work: men like Irving Goff, Vincent Losowski, Bill Aalto and Mike Jiminez, three of whom had been among the handful of American guerrilleros in Spain.
When he discovered that OSS was also recruiting the ragtags of European royalty, nationalists, actual neo-fascists and other off-scourings of alleged "resistance" groups, he quit the outfit in disgust and enlisted in the Army of the United States as a private.
He was then held at Camps Dix and Wheeler with men suspected of disloyalty: German and Italian nationals, pimps and criminals. He protested and was ultimately co-opted for OCS-and thrown out eight weeks later, like others of similar background. He then launched-a long fight to get into action and was assigned in swift succession to Chemical Warfare, Alaskan Replacement, Puget Sound Patrol (watching for invading Japanese submarines) and to a longshore battalion in North Africa.
In desperation he appealed to Donovan but was shifted to longshore work in India, missing a plane the General had sent for him. He had risen in rank, by this time, to corporal, sergeant and second lieutenant. In India he managed to hook up with General (Vinegar Joe) Stilwell as liaison officer with the Chinese engaged in long-range penetration into Burma, and came down with malaria. It was there that Donovan finally caught up with him and had him flown to Italy where Goff, Losowski and his other comrades had met the General and said they needed him.
Frozen in rank for the rest of the war, Wolff and his comrades successfully dropped men, money, munitions and propaganda behind the lines in Austria, Yugoslavia and Greece, as well as in Italy. He went on one mission behind the Nazi lines in northern Italy and all the men-except for Wolff and the guide-were captured. When the defeat of Germany was imminent, he attempted to get help for the Spanish Maquis who were all set to march from the Haute-Savoie to the Pyrenees in an attempt to liberate Spain. This operation was said to have been approved not only by Donovan but by Franklin Roosevelt, but it was overruled by Eisenhower at the insistence of Churchill. Wolff was rushed out of Europe and shipped home.
I left OSS and volunteered for the infantry. I was a machine-gunner in the Spanish War, so I knew my trajectories, my cones of fire, everything like that. I enlisted in June 1942, and I did not fire a shot in anger until the end of 1943. The U.S. Army just did not want me to go to the front. Me and a lot of other Spanish reds.
World War Two, besides giving me the GI Bill of Rights, certainly did not make life easier for me or for the other guys who had fought in Spain. We were still stigmatized as premature anti-fascists. We were harassed by the FBI, Dies Committee, McCarthy Committee. The Subversive Activities Control Board took a year out of my life, defending the Lincoln Battalion before those characters.
I don't ever want to see another bloody war again. There's a certain amount of glamour attached to a guy like me because I was a warrior. But I've always had more respect for the conscientious objectors. We were in good wars, that's what we should be honored for, but not because we were warriors.
I went to Berlin in 1960.1 stood in one of those mausoleums Speer built. It was partially shattered and burnt out. People have defecated and peed in it. I stood in the middle of what was once a magnificent hall. And I felt good. I was glad I was part of this. Because I remember Guernica and I remember Madrid and I remember Barcelona and all that. I felt good standing in that hall, that these sons of bitches got it.
Wolff himself served as National Commander of the Veterans for many years after the war, working also with the Civil Rights Congress and every committee set up to aid Spanish refugees or political prisoners. He was the sparkplug of VALB's campaign to keep fascist Spain out of the United Nations during 1946-48, and he was involved in the Willie McGee case in Jackson, Mississippi, touring the south before the Freedom Marchers were organized, helping save the lives of the Martinsville Seven and raising $2,000,000 in bail money for Smith Act victims and helping to save the XVth Brigade's commissar Steve Nelson from literal death in a Pittsburgh dungeon. Nelson was held under a Pennsylvania "sedition" act frame-up and had been sentenced to 20 years by a judge who was an outspoken admirer of Benito Mussolini.
But the attack on the veterans surfaced again in 1953 when a governmental agency, created to forward the Cold War at home and which was the brainchild of the late Senator Pat McCarran (decorated by Franco for his sterling aid to the dictator) started to hear charges against VALB that had been voiced before.
This was the Subversive Activities Control Board, a creature of the McCarran Act that was passed over President Harry Truman's veto in 1950. The allegation-advanced by six deserters from the Brigade and other professional witnesses-was that the Lincoln Battalion and its successor, The Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade, were subversive organizations probably under the domination of and certainly doing the work of the U.S. Communist Party. This particular fight went on throughout most of 1954 and in 1955 SACB ordered the organization to register as a Communist front, which it promptly refused to do.
Individual veterans were also persecuted under the Smith Act which was allegedly designed to punish-not overt attempts to overthrow the government by force and violence, not teaching and/or advocating the overthrow, but conspiring to teach and advocate . . . . Any lawyer will tell you it is far easier to "prove" conspiracy than it is to prove a man or an organization committed an overt act-when he or it didn't. | <urn:uuid:772dcb4e-73c3-4311-9071-56a9c3ae3cc8> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://spartacus-educational.com/SPwoolf.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507444493.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005724-00202-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983355 | 2,220 | 3.140625 | 3 |
In just a few quick steps, customize your own box of Crayola Crayons, create an Art Case, or draw your own Stuffed Animal. It's easy and fun!
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Ever stood inside a thatched-roof cottage? They're cool in summer, warm in winter. Create your own barn or cottage - or a whole village - with thatched roofs!
Find pictures of homes and barns with thatched roofs. These structures were built all over the world, including Great Britain, Africa, and North America, for many centuries. Can you figure out how these light-weight roofs are made? Straw or grass is tied into bundles, laid in three layers, and pegged in place with pointed hazel sticks.
This type of roof was usually used by people who had little money, but not always. In 1300, the owners of a great Norman castle in Sussex, England, bought 6 acres of rushes to make the roof of their castle. How easily thatched roofs would catch fire! Imagine how quickly the Great Fire of London spread for 3 days beginning on September 2, 1666!
Eventually, trains were used to ship cheap slate for roofs, roof tiles were invented, and thatch was used less often. You can still find thatched roofs in many parts of the world.
To make your own replica thatched-roof cottage or barn, start with a recycled box. Use Crayola® Scissors to cut construction paper to cover the box if it has writing or pictures on it. Attach the paper with Crayola School Glue. Dry.
Cut rectangles from colored construction paper for doors and window trim. Glue them to your cottage. Cut smaller rectangles of white paper for the inside of your windows. Use Crayola Gel Markers to make window panes. Glue windows inside the trim. Dry.
Use your markers on brown construction paper to make wood trim for your cottage. Experiment with different lines and patterns to create the wood grain. Use the tip of the marker to make very fine lines. Draw lines close together to look like wood grain. T
Peel the paper from both sides of corrugated cardboard. The rough-looking ridges look almost like a thatched roof! Add marker lines for straw if you like. Glue to the box. Dry.
Use a white Gel Marker to make brick or stone patterns on red or gray paper. Cut and fold the paper to create steps and a chimney. Glue to your cottage. Dry.
Use your imagination to create grass, flowers, bushes, or trees. Add fences, ponds, or other details to make your thatched-roof cottage inviting to visitors.
Let's make something!
Design a building with it's very own fountain! Make a realistic replica of a stately government building with steps and
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Shine a beacon on lighthouses! Explore Peggy's Cove in Nova Scotia, or other legendary lighthouses. Then make your own a
What’s so great about your state? Creatively display all the amazing features your home state has to offer with this col
In Venice, Italy, the streets are canals and the cars are boats! Find out about this fascinating place, then create your
Young castaways will maroon themselves on their own island - deserted or not! Dream up exotic adventures with this idea
Encourage higher-thinking skills with a Misty Mountains book. It hits all the high points in physical geography.
Kids make this colorful license "plate" for your next trip. They search for license tags from the U.S. and Canada, or an
Wear a colorful shirt and listen to Hawaiian music to set the mood. As you make this replica tapa cloth, you'll feel lik | <urn:uuid:0b71fdb7-564d-49cc-94e1-2e72e2d60942> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.crayola.com/crafts/thatchedroof-cottage-craft/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171162.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00170-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932046 | 783 | 3.09375 | 3 |
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The Normandy landings, codenamed Operation Neptune, were the landing operations of the Allied invasion of Normandy, in Operation Overlord, during World War II.
According to the National D-Day Memorial, Overlord was the largest air, land, and sea operation undertaken before or since June 6, 1944. The landing included over 5,000 ships, 13,000 airplanes, and over 160,000 service men.
After years of meticulous planning and seemingly endless training, for the Allied Forces, it all came down to this: The boat ramp goes down, then jump, swim, run, and crawl to the cliffs. Many of the first young men (most not yet 20 years old) entered the surf carrying eighty pounds of equipment. They faced over 200 yards of beach before reaching the first natural feature offering any protection. Blanketed by small-arms fire and bracketed by artillery, they found themselves in hell.
D-Day: The Normandy Invasion. Army Air Corps photographers documented D-Day beach traffic, as photographed from a Ninth Air Force bomber on June 6, 1944. Note vehicle lanes leading away from the landing areas, and landing craft left aground by the tide.
On June 6, 1944, 150,000 Allied troops landed along a 50-mile stretch of heavily-fortified French coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France. More than 5,000 ships and 13,000 aircraft supported the invasion, and by day’s end, the Allies gained a foot-hold in France. The D-Day cost was high with more than 9,000 Allied soldiers killed or wounded as the march across Europe to defeat Hitler began.
Please remember all those who sacrificed so much for our freedoms.
Learn more about D-Day at www.army.mil/d-day | <urn:uuid:ecf22ab0-b5c8-4989-a354-61a8bce3c7c2> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | http://www.usfra.org/profiles/blogs/remember-the-sacrifices-of-d-day | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737050.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200807000315-20200807030315-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.945507 | 396 | 3.625 | 4 |
Heart disease and stroke is the number one killer of women around the world, accounting for more deaths every year than all cancers combined
Surprised? There’s more.
- Heart disease and stroke are a leading cause of death among women in Canada, claiming 33,000 lives each year.
- Women are 16 per cent more likely than men to die after a heart attack.
- That number rises to 50 per cent if you just look at the first year following a heart attack.
- In Canada, stroke kills 36 per cent more women than men.
- Nine in 10 Canadian women have at least one significant risk factor for heart disease and stroke.
- Many women are unaware of these risks and how to manage them.
- Many women ignore their symptoms until it’s too late.
- Women can reduce their risk of heart disease and stroke by as much as 80 per cent by managing risk factors, which include eating a healthy diet, being physically active, being smoke-free, limiting alcohol, maintaining a healthy weight, and reducing stress.
Why does this heart health gender gap persist? And how can we do a better job of preventing, diagnosing and treating heart disease in women?
Those questions brought about 175 researchers and other experts together in Ottawa last week for the first Canadian Women’s Heart Health Summit, co-hosted by the Heart and Stroke Foundation and the University of Ottawa Heart Institute’s Canadian Women’s Heart Health Centre.
Through presentations, discussion and debate, they shared the latest research and called for strategies to reduce these sex and gender disparities and to transform and save women’s lives through research, awareness and evidence-based care.
The good news
Research could change how we prevent, diagnose and treat heart disease in women. Here are some studies funded by Heart and Stroke Foundation donors:
- The GENESIS project is looking to address if women experience heart disease and stroke differently than men. The study, led by Dr. Louise Pilote, examines the role of genetics and environmental factors when it comes to heart disease.
- Cardiac rehabilitation is a proven way to reduce heart disease. However, in Canada, only half as many women participate in cardiac rehab as men. Dr. Sherry Grace is identifying the types of cardiac rehab programs that will lead to higher participation rates and reduce women’s heart disease risk.
- Cardiac rehab programs are successful in getting patients into regular physical activity. However, only 38-56 per cent of participants are getting a recommended amount of exercise one year later. The challenge is even greater among women, who report lower activity levels than men both during and after the program. Dr. Robert Reid’s research looks at strategies that will help patients make a smooth transition from cardiac rehab programs to exercise in their own homes or communities.
- Many men and women recover from heart disease differently. Dr. Susanna Mak’s research looks at how physical differences such as heart shape and size may play a part in how women recover from heart attack and the treatments they receive.
These studies hold promise for improving women’s heart health. Even more encouraging, the 2016 federal budget included an investment of $5 million over five years to the Heart and Stroke Foundation to support targeted research on women’s heart health and to promote collaboration between research institutions across the country.
The Foundation is developing a women’s heart health strategy which aims to reduce the rates of death and disability for Canadian women, improving health equity through research, raising awareness, early detection screening clinics, advocacy for health system change, and survivor support. | <urn:uuid:d7c9446a-5525-47f1-9db5-50cee5fac999> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://www.heartandstroke.ca/articles/know-any-women | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948595858.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20171217113308-20171217135308-00570.warc.gz | en | 0.946281 | 743 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Sentence Structure or Sentence Patterns
My students seem still difficult to understand the verb they use in their sentences. I can recognize it from sentences they analyzed and the result of the analysis. Then I wonder, still until now, how I am able to help them understand that in English sentences in fact the patterns we have are quite similar as the ones we have in Indonesian. In Indonesian language a sentence is usually started by a subject, followed by a predicate, and so on. Well sometimes, before we have the subject, we like putting an adverb which is showing the time of the activity. Hmmm yaa adverb of time can be placed at some different positions, but the Subject, Predicate, Object, they cannot replace one another. It is not okay to put a predicate at the beginning of a sentence then followed by a subject, it’s just not the way is it is. There are rules to follow. If learners of English are good at creating a well-structured Indonesian sentence, I think it is going to be easier too for them to create sentences in English because English language has a quite similar pattern, which is Subject, Verb are used in a sentence where a subject will come first at the beginning of a sentence and it will be followed by verb and so on.
It’s just a short thought of the day that I like to share you since I am checking my students’ works and I keep finding this kind of errors in their writings.
Let’s brainstorm here 🙂
Comments are very welcome. | <urn:uuid:6321db75-dd40-474e-b76c-31ee80d8a08d> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://dosen.perbanas.id/sentence-structure-or-sentence-patterns/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989693.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20210512100748-20210512130748-00095.warc.gz | en | 0.975733 | 316 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Hello, kindly find the attached completed work. Thank You.
Running head: WEEK 2 ESSAY
Week 2 essay
Institution of Affiliation
WEEK 2 ESSAY
1. Not all information has the same importance and value of a company. How data is
classified is an important factor used in determining the amounts of funding and resources
that should be applied to protecting each type of data. Describe the data classification levels
within commercial and military organizations and provide examples of the kinds of
information that would be classified at each classification level.
Classification of data for any information can be traced in systems of information like
commercial and military. The residence of this information depends on various factors like
confidentiality. It is through data classification that people decide how information can be revealed
and specify the required authority. Data classification for commercial purposes is different from
the designation that is meant for the government. In business or the commercial purposes data
maintains the merit of competition by avoiding revealing fact (Borgman, 2015). In the commercial,
data can be categorized as; private, sensitive, confidential...
15 Million Students Helped!
Sign up to view the full answer | <urn:uuid:387ae281-a46c-485e-bf61-3538dae2e2b6> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.studypool.com/discuss/12056639/week-2-essay-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400213454.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200924034208-20200924064208-00164.warc.gz | en | 0.863656 | 244 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Most of us can trace back the recent history of smartphones through a plethora of Androids, iPhones, and Blackberrys. Maybe you recall a nascent phone-PDA hybrid from Palm or Kyocera. But I bet you don’t remember the IBM Simon, the world’s first smartphone, which hit the streets 20 years ago today.
Simon was so advanced, people didn’t know quite what to call it — when it hit the streets on 16 August, 1994, the term “smartphone” was still three years away from entering our vocabulary. IBM called it a “personal communicator phone”, meant to compete with PDAs from companies like Apple, Casio and Tandy.
But Simon offered something those early PDAs didn’t: The ability to make and receive phone calls. It was the device’s defining feature, so much so that IBM touted it as primarily a phone, just one with built-in PDA capabilities. From IBM’s November 1993 press release:
According to BellSouth Cellular Corp.’s product development manager Rich Guidotti, Simon represents the first real personal communicator because it was designed to be a cellular phone — a communications device — first, and a computer second.
The features on this great-great-grandphone were pretty limited by 2014 standards: Simon could make calls, receive pager messages and send and receive emails. It had a calculator, a calendar and an address book. And it could send and receive faxes, using either the on-screen keyboard or a stylus to transmit hand-written notes or sketches.
Yes, a touchscreen. Simon’s 1.5 by 4.5-inch, side-illuminated, radioactive-puke-green LCD reacted to either stylus or finger touch. Reviews griped that the tall, narrow screen made it hard to read or reply to faxes. The option to hand-write responses helped somewhat, and the keyboard even had an early form of predictive typing, showing a small portion of the keyboard and offering only the most logical next letters based on what you’d already typed.
Simon’s various screens. Photos from Bill Buxton’s collection at Microsoft Research.
Unfortunately, the limitations of 1994 technology meant that Simon — the size of a portable Bluetooth speaker, weighing in at half a kilo, with a battery that could only support 60 minutes of call time — never really caught on in the market. When it first hit, Simon was priced at $US900 with a two-year BellSouth contract. Subsequent price cuts eventually brought the price down to $US600, but it wasn’t enough. BellSouth only sold 50,000 of the devices, most of which were later recalled by IBM and destroyed.
Still, it’s fascinating to see how far we’ve come since Simon’s brief tenure. Nobody’s trying to send faxes from their smartphones today, but every device that fits the term today has email, calculator, and calendar functions, and they’re all controlled by touchscreen.
And Simon was the first device to grapple with a problem smartphone makers are still trying to solve today: The perfect screen size. Home Office Computing‘s 1995 review of the IBM Simon echoes a complaint we still here today.
It may be that we’re still asking too much of PDAs. For example, how can you possibly fit an acceptably large touch screen on an object that’s supposed to fit in your pocket?
In 2014, we still haven’t quite figured that out.
Perhaps most interesting of all is the way our emphasis on smartphone capabilities has changed. In 1994, IBM touted Simon as a phone first, with additional features added to the bedrock capability of making and receiving calls on the go. Today, we use our smartphones for email, texts, and about a million different forms of social media — and maybe, if we absolutely have to, we make a few phone calls.
Happy 20th birthday, Simon. You’re the one that started it all. | <urn:uuid:4131df31-3db9-4f73-a109-d2f1e6618e4a> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.gizmodo.com.au/2014/08/simon-the-original-smartphone-turns-20-today/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662515466.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220516235937-20220517025937-00752.warc.gz | en | 0.951621 | 853 | 2.75 | 3 |
CRITICISM & GOSSIP
Related Index Topics: Arguing, Speech, Positiveness, Silence, Righteousness/Self-Righteousness.
- A farmer’s wife had spread a slanderous story about her pastor through the village, and soon the whole countryside had heard it. Some time later the woman became sick and confessed the story was untrue. After her recovery she came to the pastor and craved his pardon. The old pastor said, “Of course I will gladly pardon you if you will comply with a wish of mine.”
“Gladly,” replied the woman. “Go home, kill a black hen, pluck the feathers, and put them in a basket and bring them here.”
In half an hour she was back. “Now,” said the pastor, “go through the village and at each street corner scatter a few of these feathers, the remaining ones take to the top of the bell tower and scatter them to the winds, then return.” She did so. “Now go through the village and gather the feathers again, and see that not one is missing.”
The woman looked at the pastor in astonishment and said, “Why that is impossible! The wind has scattered them over the fields everywhere!”
“And so,” said he, “while I forgive you gladly, do not forget that you can never undo the damage your untrue words have done.”
- If some bit of gossip come,
File the thing away;
If a scandalous, spicy crumb,
File the thing away;
If suspicion comes to you
That your neighbour is not true,
Let me tell you what to do,–
File the thing away.
Do this for a little while,
Then go out and burn the file.
- After counting another person’s faults, multiply by two & you will have a fair estimate of your own.
- If you must publish someone’s faults, publish your own.
- Most of us can live peacefully with our own faults, but the faults of others get on our nerves.
- The friend who is constantly trying to correct your faults is not a friend–he’s a critic.
- A successful man is one who can lay a firm foundation with the bricks that others throw at him.
- You may go through the world, but ’twill be very slow
If you listen to all that is said as you go;
You’ll be worried and fretted and kept in a stew,
For meddlesome tongues must have something to do–
For people will talk.
If quiet and modest, you’ll have it presumed
That your humble position is only assumed;
You’re a wolf in sheep’s clothing, or else you’re a fool;
But don’t get excited, keep perfectly cool–
For people will talk.
And then if you show the least boldness of heart,
Or slight inclination to take your own part,
They will call you an upstart, conceited and vain;
But keep straight ahead–don’t stop to explain–
For people will talk.
- During early childhood I had a fiery temper which often caused me to say or do unkind things.
One day, after an argument had sent one of my playmates home in tears, my father told me that for each thoughtless, mean thing I did he would drive a nail into our gatepost. Each time I did a kindness or a good deed, one nail would be withdrawn.
Months passed. Each time I entered our gate, I was reminded of the reasons for those ever-increasing nails, until finally, getting them out became a challenge.
At last the wished-for day arrived–only one more nail! As my father withdrew it I danced around proudly exclaiming, “See, Daddy, the nails are all gone.”
Father gazed intently at the post as he thoughtfully replied, “Yes, the nails are gone–but the scars remain.”
- After hundreds of years, a model preacher has been found to suit everyone. He preaches exactly 20 minutes and then sits down. He condemns sin, but never hurts anyone’s feelings.
He works from 8 a.m. to 10 p.m. in every type of work from preaching to custodial service. He gives $60 a week to the church. He also stands ready to contribute to every good work that comes along.
He is 26 years old and has been preaching for 30 years. He is tall and short, thin, heavyset, and handsome. He has one brown eye and one blue, hair parted down the middle, left side dark and straight, the right brown and wavy.
He has a burning desire to work with teenagers, and spends all his time with older folks. He smiles all the time with a straight face because he has a sense of humor that keeps him seriously dedicated to his work.
He makes 15 calls a day on church members, spends all his time evangelizing the unchurched, and is never out of his office.
- You can’t hold another fellow down in the ditch unless you stay down there with him.
- The slanderer differs from the assassin only in that he murders the reputation instead the body.
- The size of the other man’s faults depends on how much they annoy you.
- A good memory test is to recall all the kind things you have said about your neighbour.
- Kind words are short to speak, but their echoes are endless.
- A little seed lay in the ground,
And soon began to sprout;
“Now which of all the flowers around,”
It mused, “Shall I come out?
The lily’s face is fair, and proud,
But just a trifle cold;
The rose, I think is rather loud,
And then, its fashion’s old.
The violet is all very well,
But not a flower I’d choose,
Nor yet the Canterbury bell,
I never cared for blues.”
And so it criticized each flower,
This supercilious seed,
Until it woke one summer hour,
AND FOUND ITSELF A WEED!
- Dr. Mclean tells how he was rebuked and humbled on a certain occasion when he repeated a grave matter he had heard to a friend. His friend opened his Bible to Deuteronomy 13:14 and read: “If thou shalt hear say … then shalt thou enquire, and make search, and ask diligently; and behold, if it be truth, and the thing certain that such abomination is wrought among you …”
Then his friend turned quietly to him and asked: “Have you, dear brother, enquired?”
“Have you ‘made search?’
“Did you ‘ask diligently?’
“Did you try and find out if the story is true?
“And is the thing ‘certain?’
“Is it certain that ‘such abomination is wrought among you?'”
Dr. Mclean says he could only acknowledge regretfully that he had not fulfilled any one condition and was repeating the tale from hearsay without making the slightest attempt to act thereon in a Scriptural way.
- If you’re not mature enough to take criticism, you’re too immature for praise.
- The idea some people have of keeping a secret is lowering their voices when they tell it.
- Some folks’ idea of keeping a secret is merely refusing to tell who told it to them.
- The man with a new idea is often considered a crank until the idea succeeds.
- Plant a little gossip & you will reap a harvest of regret.
- I stood on the streets of a busy town,
Watching men tearing a building down:
With a “Ho, heave, ho,” and a lusty yell,
They swung a beam and a sidewall fell.
I asked the foreman of the crew,
“Are those men as skilled as those you’d hire if you wanted to build?”
“Ah, no,” he said, “no indeed.
Just common labor is all I need.
I can tear down as much in a day or two,
As would take skilled men a year to do.”
And then I thought as I went on my way,
Just which of these two roles am I trying to play?
Have I walked life’s road with care,
Measuring each deed with rule and square?
Or am I one of those who roam the town,
Content with the labor of tearing down?
- David H. Fink, author of Release from Nervous Tension, wrote an article for the Coronet Magazine, in which he made a striking suggestion as to how we can overcome mental and emotional tensions.
As a psychiatrist for the Veterans Administration he was familiar with 10,000 case histories in this field. Thousands of people, who were mentally and emotionally “tied up” had asked Dr. Fink for some short, magic-button cure for nervousness. In his search for such a cure he studied two groups; the first group was made up of thousands of people who were suffering from mental and emotional disturbances; the second group contained only those, thousands of them, who were free from such tensions.
Gradually one fact began to stand out: those who suffered from extreme tension had one trait in common-they were habitual faultfinders, constant critics of people and things around them. Whereas the men and women who were free of all tensions were the least faultfinding. It would seem that the habit of criticizing is a prelude or mark of the nervous, and of the mentally unbalanced.
- While contending with the manifold problems of geography and climate in the building of the Panama Canal, Colonel George Washington Goethals had to endure the carping criticism of countless busybodies back home who freely predicted that he would never complete his great task. But the resolute builder pressed steadily forward in his work, and said nothing.
“Aren’t you going to answer your critics?” a subordinate inquired.
“In time,” Goethals replied.
The great engineer smiled. “With the canal,” he replied.
- We usually admire the other fellow more after we have tried to do his job.
- At no time is a little knowledge more dangerous than when you are using it to start a rumour.
- Gossip is one form of crime for which the law provides no punishment.
- Gossip is like mud thrown on a clean wall. It may not stick but it always leaves a dirty mark.
- Gossip is what might be called “ear pollution.”
- Pray don’t find fault with a man who limps
Or stumbles along the road,
Unless you have worn the shoes he wears
Or struggled beneath his load.
There may be tacks in his shoes that hurt,
Though hidden away from view,
Or the burden he bears, placed on your back,
Might cause you to stumble, too.
Don’t sneer at the man who is down today,
Unless you have felt the blow
That caused his fall, or felt the shame
That only the fallen know.
You may be strong, but still the blows
That were his, if dealt to you
In the self same way at the self same time,
Might cause you to stagger, too.
Don’t be too harsh with a man who sins,
Or pelt him with words or stones,
Unless you are sure, yea, doubly sure,
That you have not sins of your own.
For you know, perhaps, if the tempter’s voice
Should whisper as soft to you
As it did to him when he went astray
“Twould cause you to falter, too.”
- Fear of criticism is the kiss of death in the courtship of achievement.
- The human race is divided into two classes–those who go ahead and do something and those who sit still and inquire, “Why wasn’t it done the other way?” –Oliver Wendell Holmes
- A preacher had on his desk a special book labeled “Complaints of members against one another.” When one of his people called to tell him the faults of another he would say, “Well, here’s my complaint book. I’ll write down what you say, and you can sign it. Then when I have to take up the matter officially I shall know what I may expect you to testify to.” The sight of the open book and the ready pen had its effect, “Oh, no, I couldn’t sign anything like that!” and no entry was made. The preacher said he kept the book for forty years, opened it probably a thousand times, and never wrote a line in it.
- Believe not half you hear; repeat not half you believe; when you hear an evil report, halve it, then quarter it, & say nothing about the rest of it.
- One of the easiest habits for any human being to acquire is the habit of criticising others.–Spiros Zodhiates
- You have to be little to belittle.
- Prophets of God have usually been on the receiving end of more mud than medals.
- Both Dr. Henry Clay Trumbull and Dr. Charles G. Trumbull, the illustrious editors of The Sunday School Times, used to say that when criticism comes we ought to see whether there is any truth in it, and learn from that truth, and not let our thoughts be distracted by the fact that the criticism may not have been given in the right spirit.
In the face of criticism, by word or by letter, it is well to
(1) Commit the matter instantly to God, asking Him to remove all resentment or counter-criticism on our part, and teach us needed lessons;
(2) “Consider him that endured such contradictions of sinners against himself, lest ye be wearied and faint in your minds,” remembering that we ourselves are very great sinners, and that the one who has criticized us does not really know the worst;
(3) Take account of the personal bias of the speaker or writer;
(4) Remember that “a soft answer turneth away wrath: but grievous words stir up anger” (Prov.15:1);
(5) If the criticism is true, and we have made a mistake or committed a sin, let us humbly and frankly confess our sin to Him, and to anyone whom we may have injured;
(6) Learn afresh that we are fallible, and that we need His grace and wisdom moment by moment to keep us in the straight path;
(7) Then,–and not until then–“forgetting those things which are behind, and reaching forth unto those things which are before … press toward the mark for the prize of the high calling of God in Christ Jesus.”
- The moon could not go on shining if it paid any attention to the little dogs that bark at it.
- Sometimes a reprimand is only a grouch in disguise.
- The critic is a person who has you write it, sing it, play it, paint it, or carve it as he would–if he could!
- Search thy own heart; what paineth thee in others in thyself may be.
- Wisdom teaches us to wink at many of the injuries that are done to us, & act as if we did not see them.
- The person who is never criticised is not breathing.
- It’s not the people who tell all they know who start trouble–it’s the people who tell more than they know.
- Before criticising a sermon, why not consider how much it actually cost you? You might conclude that you got your money’s worth.
- Never be afraid to test yourself by your critic’s words.
- To all my faults my eyes are blind;
Mine are the sins I cannot find.
But your mistakes I see aplenty;
For them my eyes are twenty-twenty.
- F.W. Boreham tells of the happy soul whose home is the Other End of Nowhere. He has two pockets. One has a hole in it and the other is carefully watched that no hole develops in it. Everything that he hears of a hurtful nature–insult, cutting remark, gossip, unclean suggestion, or any such thing–he writes on a piece of paper and sticks it into his pocket with the hole. Everything which he hears that is kind, true, and helpful, he writes on a piece of paper and puts it in the pocket without the hole.
At night he turns out all that is in the pocket without the hole, goes over all that he had put into it during the day, and thoroughly enjoys all the good things that have come his way that day.
Then he sticks his hand into the pocket with the hole and finds nothing there, so he laughs and rejoices that there are no evil things to rehearse. Too many of us reverse the other, putting the evil things in the pocket without the hole so that we can mull over them again and again, and the good things in the pocket with the hole so that they are quickly forgotten. Paul’s way was: “whatsoever things are true…think on these things.”
- A guest sees more in an hour than the host in a year.
- Do you know that a man was once court-martialed and sentenced to a year’s imprisonment for being a discourager? It happened during the Boer War at the siege of Ladysmith. The fortunes of the town and garrison were hanging in the balance. This civilian would go along the lines and speak discouraging words to the men on duty. He struck no blow for the enemy, not one. He was just a discourager, and that at a critical time. The court-martial judged it a crime to speak disheartening words in an hour like that.
- “My talent is to speak my mind,” said a woman to John Wesley.
To which Wesley answered, “I am sure, sister, that God wouldn’t object if you buried that talent.”
- Slander has a marvellous way of driving us into the arms of our Heavenly Father.
- How lamentable is the way we praise the dead saints & persecute the living ones!
- Advice is like castor oil. It is easy enough to give, but dreadfully uneasy to take.
- A good thing to remember, & a better thing to do; is to work with the construction gang & not the wrecking crew.
- In a small village in which there was only one church that almost every member of the community attended, one woman made life difficult, often, by her constant prying into the affairs of her neighbors. One day when the rector of the church was trying to show the woman the harm she was doing, she said: “Oh well, just prying into my neighbors affairs isn’t as bad as what Mrs. So-and-so does. She gets drunk.”
“Madam,” replied the rector, “your sin is classed with murder, and with stealing, in God’s Word.” (Mt.15:19)
- Several years ago a Santa Fe train was speeding through Oklahoma. In one of the coaches sat a young woman desperately trying to take care of a restless baby, whose crying was evidently annoying some of the passengers.
Across the aisle sat a stout fellow, a picture of comfort and rich living. He glowered over at the woman and shouted: “Can’t you keep that child quiet?” On taking a further look at the young lady, he noticed that her dress was one of mourning.
Then he heard her say gently: “I cannot help it. The child is not mine. I am doing my best.”
“Where is its mother?” asked the portly passenger.
“In her coffin, sir,” answered the young lady, “in the baggage car up ahead.”
The steely eyes of the fat fellow filled with tears. He got up, took the babe in his arms, kissed it, and then walked up and down the aisle with the child, trying his best to soothe the motherless little one and make up for his harshness.
- It is said that a minister dreamed he was hitched to a covered wagon, and was laboriously, but slowly, pulling it along, until he reached a place in the road where the mud seemed to get deeper, and it was with much difficulty that he moved the wagon a few inches at a time.
He thought it rather peculiar, as the last time he looked back he thought he saw the entire congregation pushing. But the longer and harder he pulled, the more difficult it became to move the wagon.
Finally, almost exhausted, he went to the rear to examine the source of the trouble. All the church members had quit pushing. Not only had they quit pushing but they were sitting in the wagon and were criticizing the pastor for not pulling the church along faster.
Was it really a dream?
- No one should judge another person by what that person’s enemies say about him.
- After a man makes his mark in the World, a lot of people will come around with an eraser.
- Instead of letting their light shine, some people spend their time trying to put out the lights of others.
- Don’t mind the fellow who belittles you; he’s only trying to cut you down to his size.
- The typographical error
Is a slippery thing and sly
You can hunt till you are dizzy,
But it somehow will get by.
Till the forms are off the presses,
It is strange how still it keeps
It shrinks down into a corner
And it never stirs or peeps,
That typographical error,
Too small for human eyes!
Till the ink is on the paper
When it grows to mountain size,
The boss he stares with horror,
Then he grabs his hair and groans.
The copy reader drops his head
Upon his hands and moans–
The remainder of the issues
May be clean as clean can be,
But that typographical error
Is the only thing you see.
- As an old minister, five years in my first pastorate and forty-one in the second, I would pass on an encouraging hint to younger brethren. I left my first pastorate scared away by criticism, afterwards to learn the noise had all been made by one man. One man in a church, community, or organization, may by loud and persistent effort create the impression that matters are all wrong and that everybody is demanding a remedy; which puts me in mind of the old story about the “frog farm.”
A farmer advertised a “frog farm” for sale, claiming that he had a pond that was thoroughly stocked with fine bullfrogs.
A prospective buyer appeared and was taken late one warm evening to the pond that he might hear the frogs. The “music” made so favorable an impression on the buyer that the sale was made.
Soon afterward the purchaser proceeded to drain the pond in order to catch and market the frogs. To his surprise, when the water was drained out of the pond, he found that all the noise had been made by one old bullfrog.
- Said a fault-finding minister to Bishop Ryle as they sat in one of Moody’s meetings in England, “Do you hear that young Yankee smashing the Queen’s English?”
Replied Bishop Ryle, “Yes, but do you see him breaking sinners’ hearts in the gallery?”
- A critic is one who points out how imperfectly other people do what the critic does not do at all.
- The trouble with most Christians today is that they would rather be on the judgement seat than on the witness stand.
- Rumour is the most buoyant thing there is. It is easy to float one & hard to sink it.
- Rumour is like a check: Don’t endorse it until you’re sure it’s genuine.
- When over the fair fame of friend or foe
The shadow of disgrace shall fall; instead
Of words of blame, or proof of so and so,
Let something good be said.
Forget not that no fellow-being yet
May fall so low but love may lift his head;
Even the cheek of shame with tears is wet,
If something good be said.
No generous heart may vainly turn aside
In ways of sympathy; no soul so dead
But may awaken strong and glorified,
If something good be said.
And so I charge ye, by the thorny crown,
And by the cross on which the Saviour bled,
And by your own soul’s hope for fair renown,
Let something good be said.
–James Whitcomb Riley (1849-1916)
- When Matthew C. Brush was president of the American International Corporation at 40 Wall Street, I asked him if he was ever sensitive to criticism, & he replied, “Yes, I was very sensitive to it in my early days. I was eager then to have all the employees in the organisation think I was perfect. If they didn’t, it worried me. I would try to please first one person who had been sounding off against me; but the very thing I did to patch it up with him would make someone else mad. Then when I tried to fix it up with this person, I would stir up a couple of other bumblebees. I finally discovered that the more I tried to pacify & to smooth over injured feelings in order to escape personal criticism, the more certain I was to increase my enemies. So finally I said to myself, “If you get your head above the crowd, you’re going to be criticised. So get used to the idea.” That helped me tremendously. From that time on I made it a rule to do the very best I could & then put up my old umbrella & let the rain of criticism drain off me instead of run down my neck.”
- Aesop has a fable of three bulls that fed in a field together in the greatest peace and safety. A lion had long watched them in the hope of making prey of them, but found little chance so long as they kept together. He therefore began secretly to spread evil and slanderous reports of one against another till he fomented jealousy and distrust among them. Soon they began to avoid each other and each took to feeding alone. This gave the lion the opportunity it had been wanting. He fell on them singly and made an easy prey of them all.
It is true of God’s people that–“united, they stand; divided, they fall.” (Ps.133.1; 1Cor.1.10)
- “The boneless tongue, so small and weak,
Can crush and kill,” declares the Greek.
“The tongue destroys a greater horde,”
The Turk asserts, “than does the sword.”
A Persian proverb wisely saith,
“A lengthy tongue–an early death.”
Or sometimes takes this form instead,
“Don’t let your tongue cut off your head.”
“The tongue can speak a word whose speed,”
The Chinese say, “outstrips the steed.”
While Arab sages this impart,
“The tongue”s great storehouse is the heart.”
From Hebrew writ this maxim sprung,
“Though feet should slip, ne”er let the tongue.”
The sacred writer crowns the whole:
“Who keeps his tongue doth keep his soul!”
- One Sunday morning, just before service, a note was handed to the Rev. Henry Ward Beecher. The famous clergyman discovered that it contained a single word: “fool.”
Mr. Beecher arose, described the communication to his congregation, and added, “I have known many an instance of a man writing a letter and forgetting to sign his name, but this is the first case I have ever known of a man signing his name and forgetting to write the letter.”
- An evangelist, when someone approached him with a story about a sister, said to the gossip, “Before you say anything about that person, I should like to ask you three questions:
“First, will it do me any good if you tell me your story?
“Second, will it do you any good to tell it?
“Third, will it do the sister about whom you have come to tell me any good?”
Needless to say, the slander was never uttered.
(2Thess.3:11; 1Tim.5:13; 1Pet.4:15)
- It is well to remember that mansions in the sky cannot be built out of the mud thrown at others.
- Stones and sticks are thrown only at fruit-bearing trees.
- To avoid criticism say nothing, do nothing, be nothing!
- When I start to find fault with all that I see, it is time to start looking for what’s wrong with me.
- We should cover the faults of our fellow-workers with a cloak of charity, because we may need a circus tent to cover our own.
- Beware of a half-truth–you may have gotten the wrong half.
- If you must throw cold water on everything, then get a job as a fireman.
- One of the easiest things to find is fault.
- The person who is always finding fault seldom finds anything else.
- When you deplore the condition of the World, ask yourself, “Am I part of the problem or part of the solution?”
- If faultfinding were electrified, some people would be a powerhouse.
- Faultfinding is as dangerous as it is easy.
- The way some people find fault you’d think there was a reward.
- Faultfinding without suggestions for improvement is a waste of time.
- Faultfinding is one talent that ought to be buried, & the grave forgotten.
- We do not get rid of our faults by calling attention to the faults of others.
- It’s a pity that some folks never learn that uncovering the other fellow’s faults will never cover up their own.
- One of the surest marks of good character is a man’s ability to accept personal criticism without feeling malice toward the one who gives it.
- Adverse criticism from a wise man is more to be desired than the enthusiastic approval of a fool.
- Criticism is like dynamite. It has its place, but should be handled only by experts!–Constructively.
- Criticism should always leave a person with the feeling he has been helped.
- Never fear criticism when you’re right; never ignore criticism when you’re wrong.
- Criticising an egg is a lot easier than laying one.
- You can always tell a failure by the way he criticises success.
- Throwing mud at another man only soils your own hands.
- You’ll never move up if you’re continually running somebody down.
- The difference between coaching & criticism is your attitude.
- Small minds are the first to criticise large ideas.
- It takes a big man to sympathise–a little man can criticise, & usually does.
- When the other fellow finds a flaw in almost everything, he’s cranky; when you do, you’re discriminating.
- Many people have the mistaken idea that they can make themselves great by showing how small someone else is.
- The critical tongue gets its orders from an untrained eye, an unthoughtful mind, & an ungrateful heart.
- There’s only one way to handle the ignorant or malicious critic. Ignore him.
- The critic who begins with himself will be too busy to take on outside contracts.
- I will speak ill of no man, not even in a matter of truth, but rather excuse the fault I hear, &, upon proper occasions, speak all the good I know of everybody.–Benjamin Franklin
- Gossip is like a balloon–it grows bigger with every puff.
- Gossip is when someone gets wind of something & treats it like a cyclone.
- It isn’t difficult to make a mountain out of a molehill–just add a little dirt.
- Let’s keep our mouths shut & our pens dry until we know the facts.
- There is nothing as effective as a bunch of facts to spoil a good rumour.
- There are no idle rumours. They are all busy.
- Whenever we fan the flames of a rumour, we’re likely to get burned ourselves.
- Don’t mind criticism. If it’s untrue, disregard it; if it’s unfair, keep from irritation; if it’s ignorant, smile; if it’s justified, learn from it.
- If your head sticks up above the crowd, expect more criticism than bouquets.
- One of the hardest things to take is one of the easiest things to give–criticism.
- If you are afraid of criticism, you’ll die doing nothing.
- It is better to be criticised than to be ignored.
- Criticism wouldn’t be so hard to take if it weren’t so often right.
- You don’t have time to criticise when you harmonise, sympathise & evangelise.
- Nobody can make a fool out of another person if he isn’t the right kind of material for the job.
- In a vision John Bunyan saw a man throwing water on a flame, & yet the flame continued to burn. He wondered how it could burn on–until he saw that there was one behind the door pouring oil on the flame!
- The people who like to think negatively will cling to their conviction in the face of the most obvious contradiction. The story is told that when Robert Fulton gave the first public demonstration of a steamboat, one of the “impossible” fellows stood in the crowd along the shore shouting, “He can’t start it!” Suddenly there was a belch of steam & the boat began to move forward slowly. Startled, the man stared for a moment & then began to yell, “He can’t stop’r!”
- A lady came to the judge because she wanted to divorce her husband. There were many little things in their relationship which she thought good enough reasons to break up their marriage, so when the judge asked, “Well, what is wrong?” the lady answered, “Oh, he doesn’t hang up his clothes & he sometimes sits at the table without having washed his hands … ,” & on & on & on & on. But when the judge asked her, “Well, is he a good father to the children & does he provide well?” She only could answer those important questions positively, so the judge suggested that she go home & in the following 30 days to really think of the good things & see the good things in her husband. And then afterwards if she still thought she wanted to be divorced, she should come back again. But the judge never saw her again!–What a wise judge! It’s so often the little thins which break up relationships, so let’s think of those things which are of good report!
- One elderly lady in my Pennsylvania pastorate called at the parsonage in the role of a self-appointed informant. Before I could check her, she had laid low a member of the church. Before she could say more, I said, “Wouldn’t it be Christian charity to have the individual, of whom you have spoken so ill, present to answer for himself any further accusations you may make against him?” Then I started toward the phone as if I was going to call the man. “Oh,” she pleaded, “please don’t! I confess that I have been sinful & un-Christian in my attitude toward that person. Do pray that God will cleanse my heart of this sin. It has rendered me powerless, joyless & has made me largely unusable in God’s service.”
- There is so much good in the worst of us,
And so much bad in the best of us,
That it hardly behooves any of us
To talk about the rest of us.
- He criticized her pudding,
He didn’t like her cake,
He wished that she’d make biscuits
Like Mother used to make.
She didn’t wash the dishes,
She didn’t make a stew,
And she didn’t darn his socks
Like Mother used to do.
So when one day he went the
Same ole rigmarole through,
She turned & boxed his ears,
Just like Mother used to do.
- If we are tempted to be worried about unjust criticism, here is a vital rule:
Remember that unjust criticism is often a disguised compliment. Remember that no one ever kicks a dead dog.
- When you get to know a fellow, know his joy & know his cares,
When you’ve come to understand him & the burdens that he bears,
When you’ve learned the fight he’s making & the troubles in his way,
Then you find that he is different than you thought him yesterday.
You find his faults are trivial & there’s not so much to blame
In the brother that you jeered at when you only knew his name.
You are quick to see the blemish in the distant neighbour’s style,
You can point to all his errors & may sneer at him the while,
And your prejudices fatten & your hates more violent grow
As you talk about the failures of the man you do not know,
But when drawn a little closer, & your hands & shoulders touch,
You find the traits you hated really don’t amount to much.
When you get to know a fellow, know his every mood & whim,
You begin to find the texture of the splendid side of him;
You begin to understand him, & you cease to scoff & sneer,
For with understanding prejudices always disappear.
You begin to find his virtues & his faults you cease to tell,
For you seldom hate a fellow when you know him very well.
When next you start in sneering & your phrases turn to blame,
Know more of him you censure than his business & his name;
For it’s likely that acquaintance would your prejudice dispel
And you’d really come to like him if you knew him very well.
When you get to know a fellow & you understand his ways,
Then his faults won’t really matter, for you’ll find a lot to praise.
- In the mountains of Mexico lived a man called Pablo. Pablo’s family was very poor & simple & they had to work hard on their small farm to make a living. Over many long months they had saved their money to buy a donkey which would be able to pull their plow & carry heavy loads. At last they had enough money, & he & his son Juan walked the long, dusty road to town. There they bought a sturdy little donkey in the marketplace & soon they were leading it through the town on the road back home.
“Can I ride the donkey, please?” Juan asked.
“Of course!” his father answered, lifting him up onto the donkey’s back. “In fact, a good donkey should be able to carry me too!” he said, climbing onto the donkey’s back with Juan. They had not gone far when an old man indignantly muttered, “How terribly cruel you are to that poor little donkey, making it carry both of you!” Juan’s father was hurt & embarrassed & got off the donkey & led it along with Juan riding on it.
It was not long before a stern-looking woman sharply chided, “Oh, look how cruel that boy is to let his poor old father walk!”
Now Juan felt bad. He got down from the donkey & began walking & his father got back on the beast’s back. They hadn’t gone 50 paces before someone from the crowd called out, “Senor! How cruel you are to make your tired little boy walk while you ride!” Embarrassed, Juan’s father got off & they both walked, looking dejectedly at the ground as they led their donkey out of the village! A few minutes later they passed a group of men who began laughing at them; one of them said sarcasticly, “Look how ridiculous they are! They’ve got a donkey, but they’re both walking!” Another called out to Juan’s father tauntingly, “Why don’t you do the donkey a favour then & carry him?”
Juan’s father was now angry. “What a good idea!” he said to the men. “It seems that some people will criticize & complain, no matter what you do to try to please them! So I might just as well learn how to carry my donkey too, if I am going to live my life by the opinions of others!” And with that, he tied the donkey’s legs to a pole, & he & Juan carried the donkey the last way out of town with the townspeople looking on astonished. Then they set the donkey down, untied it, & had a good laugh at the people of the town who were all staring at them. Never again would they let the criticism of opinionated people tell them what to do!
- If you are tempted to reveal
A tale to you someone has told
About another, make it pass,
Before you speak, three gates of gold.
These narrow gates: First, “Is it true?”
Then, “Is it needful?” In your mind
Give truthful answer. And the next
Is last and narrowest, “Is it kind?”
And if to reach your lips at last
It passes through these gateways three,
Then you may tell the tale, nor fear
What the result of speech may be.
- The merchant Guyot lived and died in the town of Marseilles in France. He amassed a large fortune by the most laborious industry and by habits of the severest abstinence and privation. His neighbors considered him a miser and thought he was hoarding up money from mean and avaricious motives. The populace, whenever he appeared, pursued him with hootings and execrations, and the boys sometimes threw stones at him. At length he died and in his will were found the following words: “Having observed from my infancy that the poor of Marseilles are badly supplied with water which they can only purchase at a high price, I have cheerfully labored the whole of my life to procure for them this great blessing, and I direct that the whole of my property be laid out in building an aqueduct for their use.”
- Our spiritual enemy is always looking for a weakness, a way to enter our defenses, & is casting fiery darts into the city of our fellowship trying to sow dissension, jealousy, covetousness, bickering, selfishness, & internal discord so we’ll get so busy fighting amongst ourselves we won’t even notice that our walls of spiritual strength are crumbling from neglect & smouldering with sin, giving a place for the Enemy to enter in & destroy us & God’s Work.
- A critical spirit comes from self-righteousness! If you know you’re a mess yourself, you don’t go around criticising other people for their mistakes, but if you think you’re so righteous, that’s when you start picking on other people.
- Criticism isn’t the problem, it’s just a symptom.–A lack of Love is the problem!
- Never start criticising & being so picky over some details, that you miss the whole point of what’s being brought out & the whole conclusion!
- It is possible to learn from an enemy things we can’t learn from a friend.
- The difference between our friends & our enemies is this: Our friends love us in spite of our faults, & our enemies hate us in spite of our virtues.
- A smile in giving honest criticism can make the difference between resentment and reform.
- I do the best I know how, the very best I can; & I mean to keep on doing it to the end. If the end brings me out all right, what is said against me will not amount to anything. If the end brings me out all wrong, ten angels swearing I was right would make no difference.–Abraham Lincoln | <urn:uuid:f5bba28b-e9bb-4704-9084-fe69d60ccc56> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://paradisepostblog.wordpress.com/good-thoughts/criticism-gossip/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370506673.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402045741-20200402075741-00533.warc.gz | en | 0.968253 | 9,750 | 2.578125 | 3 |
16. CUSTOM MACRO
Brackets are used to change the order of operations. Brackets can be used
to a depth of five levels including the brackets used to enclose a function.
When a depth of five levels is exceeded, P/S alarm No. 118 occurs.
Example) #1=SIN [ [ [#2+#3] *#4 +#5] *#6] ;
to indicate the order of operations.
Brackets ([, ]) are used to enclose an expression. Note that parentheses
are used for comments.
Errors may occur when operations are performed.
Table 16.3(b) Errors involved in operations
Type of error
a = b*c 1.55×10
a = b / c 4.66×10
a = b + c
a = b – c
a = SIN [ b ]
a = COS [ b ]
a = ATAN [ b ] / [ c ]
1 The relative error depends on the result of the operation.
2 Smaller of the two types of errors is used.
3 The absolute error is constant, regardless of the result of the
4 Function TAN performs SIN/COS.
S The precision of variable values is about 8 decimal digits. When very
large numbers are handled in an addition or subtraction, the expected
results may not be obtained.
D Bracket nesting
D Operation error
a + b | <urn:uuid:35c1854b-5483-4f27-b718-70bf41e85984> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://www.cncmanuals.com/fanuc/fanuc-series-16-18-160-180-model-c-machining-center-operators-manual.html/405 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526489.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20190720070937-20190720092937-00303.warc.gz | en | 0.745516 | 308 | 3.1875 | 3 |
That sounds like a stretch to me. Where did you read that? Something to think about would be that James was the symbol of Mary's reign and should have provided a sense of security to the realm. Having a healthy and legitimate male heir was a huge deal that in most monarchs engendered affection - if not for the baby, at least for the security it brought to the monarch. That Scotland was not politically stable despite a legitimate male heir has to do with other reasons.During James' youth and Mary's incarceration in England there was some strain between them over religion. Mary was quite definitely Catholic. Much of her foreign support for her claim to the English throne stemmed from her religious affiliation. Her son James though was being raised as a strict Presbyterian under the direction of George Buchanan. Buchanan might be considered a zealous reformer and quite anti-Mary. It did James no good to express affection towards an absent parent he probably barely remembered.Some other things to consider: It was considered wrong for a royal mother to nurse her babies. The job was given to a wet nurse. Royal babies frequently were established in their own households at a very young age. This put physical distance between parents and infants. It was also considered the responsible and healthy thing to do. Mary signed an order of abdication in favor of her son when he was just over 1 year old. When he was two Mary fled to England and did not see her son again.
I believe James had more contact with Queen Elizabeth than his own mother. I remember reading that Elizabeth often sent gifts for him, and would not be good for him if his mother returned to Scotland where she could try to control him. She was very angry with him after so many years in "prision", angry that he had not done anything to try to "save" her from there and stuff. I remember she even had signed something related to not recognize him more as her son and heir, which obviously did not have any political support, as it has not been approved by the council, parliament, or anything (Stefan Zweigh wrote this). She had no control over him, and do not believe he loved her too.
Post a Comment | <urn:uuid:c7397ba3-5ba4-4aab-8bb0-274824b81bbe> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://queryblog.tudorhistory.org/2015/01/question-from-stacey-mary-queen-of.html?showComment=1424957271033 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347413624.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200531182830-20200531212830-00063.warc.gz | en | 0.993956 | 443 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Kerstin Dolph, Horst Ruppach, and Katee Fry
Vaccine Safety from Development to Distribution
From cell banking to stability testing, how biologics keeps vaccine manufacturing safe
Vaccine development typically takes years, even decades. How then could companies deliver COVID-19 vaccines in a matter of months? Can we trust the process? These two questions have been dominating the airwaves ever since the first three candidates in the pipeline were authorized by regulators, a mere 11 months after SARS-CoV-2 emerged in China. We hope Eureka’s five-part series, The Vaccine Journey, on how vaccines are developed—from discovery through manufacturing—helps answer some of these questions and reassures readers that vaccines are generally very safe. Biologics experts Kerstin Dolph, Horst Ruppach, and Katee Fry explain how biologics testing keeps vaccine manufacturing safe.
In 1955 hundreds of thousands of children were injected with a defective polio vaccine. The Cutter incident, as it came to be known, occurred during intense public demand for immediate distribution of a lifesaving vaccine that had just been invented. Cutter Laboratories, a vaccine manufacturer, had failed to properly inactivate their viruses, leading to vaccines containing live instead of dead polio viruses. Public outcry was swift, and distrust of the new polio vaccine began to take root.
If these fears sound familiar, rest assured: as a direct result of the Cutter incident, the US and many other countries tightened safety protocols around vaccines, making them now one of the most closely regulated and tested medical products.
The Cutter incident was a failure at the manufacturing level. Our work in biologics testing helps to ensure that incidents like this cannot happen again, even before clinical trials. Any vaccine that is given to human subjects, including all varieties of COVID vaccines, must undergo vigorous testing by the sponsor or by a contract services provider like Charles River to make sure there are no errors introduced during manufacturing. After all, the best designed vaccines in the world are useless if they are made incorrectly.
Vaccine Safety Testing
Before a vaccine begins human trials, it is subjected to a barrage of tests to ensure the product’s safety and efficacy. The kinds of safety tests required and performed depend on the vaccine. This pre-clinical stage also helps identify potential side effects from a vaccine that was not detected in earlier trials, and which may occur during the larger scale manufacturing of a vaccine.
For clinical trials, additional safety requirements must be implemented to ensure safety. Cell banks used to produce different types of vaccines must be fully characterized and analyzed for potential pathogens (viruses, bacteria). The product itself is analyzed for process or product related impurities. If applicable, the capacity of the purification process to remove or inactivate potential viral contaminants is determined. Any aspect of mass production that differs from the lab-created vaccines needs to be assessed for safety.
Vaccine Stability Testing
Once a vaccine is deemed safe, we must also determine how stable it is. This includes how long the product can last and how it should be stored, including whether the product has any sensitivities to its container/closure, temperatures, moisture, orientation, and/or exposure to light.
The cold-storage requirements for some of the COVID-19 vaccines has been covered thoroughly in the news, and this information was gathered through stability testing. While those who developed the vaccine knew from the beginning that their product would need special storage, the exact temperatures, specific approved types of storage containers, and timing requirements for defrosting were all determined at the stability testing stage. The storage requirements for the vaccine must be those conditions under which the particular product was tested, thus seemingly similar products can have different storage conditions as the manufacturers conducted their specific stability testing under different conditions. As further studies are conducted, changes can be made to the storage conditions.
Vaccine Release Testing
Biologics testing is not always a straight line. Some of these tests are run simultaneously, some are tested multiple times at different intervals and with different conditions, and the cycle continues until this final stage: release testing. At Charles River, this stage requires the finished product to undergo a final set of critical validated tests to confirm its safety and efficacy for its intended use.
We are proud to offer a package that covers everything needed for release testing. There are few biologics testing providers with the full portfolio of services, and as a result we often feel great personal responsibility to the vaccines in our care. The biologics team is the last in a series of players between vaccine discovery and final manufacturing, and we are proud to play an integral role in ensuring patient safety.
Kerstin Dolph, Corporate Vice President, Global Biologics Testing Solutions, joined Charles River in 2001 as part of our Research Models and Services (RMS) Finance Department in Germany. In her current role Mrs. Dolph is responsible for leading the Company’s Biologics business, as well as managing its growth opportunities and the expansion of the business.
Katee Fry, Senior Marketing Manager, has 15 years of industry experience, including over two years with Charles River's biologics division.
Dr. Horst Ruppach has 25 years of experience in the field of virology. He is currently responsible for the business development of Charles River’s viral clearance and virology service worldwide. | <urn:uuid:9982f5d2-7aaf-45ab-b02d-2fee446a8482> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.criver.com/eureka/vaccine-safety-development-distribution | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178355937.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20210225211435-20210226001435-00047.warc.gz | en | 0.955587 | 1,105 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Python is an interpreted, object-oriented, high-level programming language with dynamic semantics. It’s high-level built-in data structures, combined with dynamic typing and dynamic binding, make it attractive for Rapid Application Development. It is widely used by companies like Google, Facebook, Twitter, leading Banks, media companies like Disney, top universities across the glove for various research projects.
Its expressions are very much similar to C & Java programming; however, one does not need prior programming experience to learn Python language. Non-technical people can also learn Python .
Python Environment Setup, Installation of Software , lambda function, module and Packages, Database connectivity.
- Condition and looping
- File Operation
- Lambda function
- Exception Handling
- Regular Expression
- DataBase Connectivity | <urn:uuid:6c0426b5-d194-430f-a385-b33a45581674> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.vnurturelearnings.com/courses/applied-python/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487625967.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20210616155529-20210616185529-00181.warc.gz | en | 0.868559 | 163 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Anthropogenic alterations to the global nitrogen (N) cycle have doubled reactive N flux into the biosphere and altered aquatic ecosystem function. Streams modify N loads carried to coastal ecosystems by converting N to organic forms or removing it as gaseous N. Understanding how streams transform N can offer insight to ecologists and land managers about how stream ecosystems function under elevated N loads. I researched how anthropogenic and landscape factors affect N transformations by studying streams in two distinct biomes and at multiple spatial scales.
At the landscape scale, I studied N concentrations in streams draining the Teton Range (Wyoming, USA), a sub-alpine and alpine ecosystem with variable lithology. Streams draining crystalline geology had higher N compared to streams draining carbonate geology, which had more vegetation, suggesting that lithology mediated patterns in vegetation and terrestrial N retention. At the reach scale, I studied how land use influenced N uptake and transformation in Midwestern streams (Michigan, USA) and found that dissimilatory N transformation rates (i.e., nitrification and denitrification) within streams were not affected by riparian zones, which are commonly used to mitigate water quality degradation. Dissimilatory N transformation rates were always < 10% of whole-stream N uptake and nitrification rates balanced denitrification rates, implying that denitrification did not represent net N loss from the water column. At the substratum scale, sediment organic carbon content correlated with denitrification, but only when nitrate concentration exceeded a threshold. Finally, I returned to the Tetons and found that grazing activity by invasive snails can increase periphyton N fixation rates in a stream with low N concentrations.
A synthesis of my findings from high N streams in the Midwest suggests that land-use practices have increased temporary N removal at the expense of permanent N removal. In the low N streams of the Tetons, observations from different spatial scales suggest that landscape factors that lower stream N concentrations and high rates of grazing together can influence the importance of N fixation in streams. My dissertation highlights multiple constraints on N processing in streams and emphasizes that basic ecological research can yield important results for management agencies. | <urn:uuid:83b6f8dd-8e58-4bed-b373-3fae36a8b353> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | https://curate.nd.edu/show/m613mw2548w | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982292675.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195812-00148-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92956 | 439 | 2.515625 | 3 |
On Wednesday, Oct. 14 2015, Cassini performed its scheduled “E-20” close pass of Enceladus, a 320-mile-wide moon of Saturn that is now famous for the organics-laden ice geysers that fire from cracks in its southern crust. E-20 is the first of a series of three flybys to be performed before the end of 2015, specifically timed to give the spacecraft a good view of Enceladus’ north polar region now that Saturn is moving into its summer season.
The raw image data from E-20 has just arrived on Earth today (which, by the way, is the 18th anniversary of Cassini’s launch!) and I particularly liked the one above. Crescent-lit by the Sun, Enceladus’ night side is seen bathed in the dimmer glow of reflected light off Saturn and its rings. Dead-center is the 6.5-mile-wide crater Bahman, surrounded by a wrinkly field of cracks and troughs in the moon’s highly-reflective icy surface.
Here’s another image from Wednesday’s flyby, showing craters that have been run though by numerous cracks (indicating an active surface!)
Recent findings from the Cassini mission have confirmed the presence of a subsurface ocean sandwiched between its icy crust and rocky core — not pockets of water trapped in ice, not a localized southern reservoir, but a full global ocean similar to Europa’s and Ganymede’s!
Cassini’s next flyby of Enceladus on Oct. 28 will send it directly through the moon’s plumes, where it can closely investigate their composition.
“Enceladus fascinates us because of a sub-surface, global ocean, lying a few tens of miles beneath its surface, that is actively venting into space. And though this magnificent mission, that left Earth 18 years ago today, is not yet over, we are already looking forward to the time, hopefully not too far in the future, when we can travel back to Enceladus with the express purpose of answering the question that burns in all of us: Could there be life under its cracked and cratered surface?”
— Carolyn Porco, Cassini imaging team leader
See the original raw image as it was acquired here, and for more intriguing images from the E-20 flyby check out Nancy Atkinson’s article on Universe Today and on the CICLOPS imaging team’s website here.
Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SSI. Edited by Jason Major. | <urn:uuid:27b77cb9-51d9-454a-99ae-249293e71272> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://lightsinthedark.com/2015/10/15/icy-enceladus-shines-in-the-latest-images-from-cassini/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676593208.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722100513-20180722120513-00292.warc.gz | en | 0.935734 | 555 | 2.609375 | 3 |
About the Book
Text Type: Nonfiction/Procedural
Page Count: 12
Word Count: 93
How do you make a pizza? A girl and her mom show the ingredients and sequence needed to make a yummy pizza. At the end of the story, the girl enjoys the pepperoni pizza she and her mom made. Photographs and high-frequency words support early readers.
About the Lesson
Targeted Reading Strategy
- Use the reading strategy of visualizing to understand text
- Sequence events
- Discriminate initial consonant digraph sound /ch/
- Identify initial consonant digraph ch
- Recognize and understand the use of exclamation marks at the end of sentences
- Identify and use high-frequency word too
- Book -- Making Pizza (copy for each student)
- Chalkboard or dry erase board
- Sequence events, initial consonant digraph ch, exclamation mark worksheets
Indicates an opportunity for student to mark in the book. (All activities may be completed with paper and pencil if books are reusable.)
- High-frequency words: let's, like, made, make, need, put, this, too, we, you
- Content words: cheese, flat, high, oven, pepperoni, pizza, round, sauce, spread, toss
- Write the word pizza on the board and point to the word as you read it aloud to students. Repeat the process and have students say the word aloud.
- Ask students whether they have ever eaten pizza. Encourage them to explain how they think pizza is made and what ingredients are needed to make it.
Introduce the Book
- Show students the front and back covers of the book and read the title with them. Ask what they think they might read about in a book called Making Pizza. (Accept all answers that students can justify.)
- Show students the title page. Discuss the information on the page (title of book, author's name).
Introduce the Reading Strategy: Visualize
- Explain that good readers often visualize, or make pictures in their mind, as they read. Readers often use what they already know about a topic to make the pictures in their mind.
- Read pages 3 and 4 aloud to students. Model how to visualize.
Think-aloud: When I read a book, I pause after a few pages or after reading a description of something to create a picture in my mind of the information I've just read. This helps me understand the book. For example, when I read that the girl was making pizza, I pictured a round ball of dough, a rolling pin, and some flour on the kitchen counter. When I read the directions that said to make the pizza flat, I pictured the girl moving the rolling pin back and forth across the dough to spread it into a flat shape.
- Invite students to share what they visualized when they heard the sentence Make it round like this.
- As students read, encourage them to use other reading strategies in addition to the targeted strategy presented in this section. For tips on additional reading strategies, click here.
Introduce the Comprehension Skill: Sequence events
- Review or explain that stories are generally told in order from beginning to end.
- Model sequencing the main steps of a familiar process, such as getting dressed. Write key words about each event in order on the board as you describe them to students.
- Think-aloud: When I do something, I often seem to follow certain steps. For example, when I get dressed, I first get my clothes out of the drawer and closet. Next, I put on my underwear and socks. Then I put on my shirt and pants. Then I put on my shoes and tie them. Last, I put on a jacket or a hat. I have a plan for how to get dressed each day. Since I think this story might be about how to make pizza, I will think about the steps I might take to make it. As I read, I will look for words that describe these steps.
- Explain that certain words are often used to explain a sequence of events. Read the list of events on the board to students in order, using words such as first, next, then, and last. Have students use the key words on the board and sequencing words to tell you the process of getting dressed.
- Have a volunteer use the key words on the board to sequence the events of getting dressed out of order. Ask students to explain why the order of the steps is important (the sequence does not make sense out of order). Discuss with students that a story does not make sense when the events are out of order.
- Point out the difference between the sequence of events listed on the board and a retelling of how to get dressed (the retelling contains more detail and description; the list shows only the steps that were most important for someone to complete the task). Invite students to provide examples of details for each step in getting dressed.
Introduce the Vocabulary
- While previewing the book, reinforce the vocabulary words student will encounter in the story. For example, while looking at the picture on page 4, you might say: It looks as though the girl is going to make a pizza crust from the dough. She's using the rolling pin to make it flat and round.
- Remind students to look at the picture and the letters with which a word begins or ends to figure out a difficult word. For example, point to the word toss on page 5 and say: I am going to check the picture and think about what would make sense to figure out this word. The picture shows the girl throwing the dough up in the air. When I look at the first part of the word, it starts like /t/. I know the word throw starts with the /th/ sound, so this cannot be the word. I know that another word for throw is toss. The word toss begins with the /t/ sound. The sentence makes sense with this word. The word must be toss.
- For additional tips on teaching high-frequency words and word-attack strategies, click here.
Set the Purpose
- Have students read to find out how to make pizza. Remind them to visualize as they read. Have them think about the steps that happened first, next, and so on.
- Guide the reading: Give students their copy of the book. Have them read to the end of page 6 and think about what they visualized and the sequence of the steps for making pizza. Encourage students who finish before others to reread the text.
- Cut apart pages 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, and 11 of an extra copy of the book. Model how to visualize and sequence events.
Think-aloud: As I read each page, I created a picture in my mind about the steps for making pizza. For example, on page 5, I pictured the girl tossing the dough she rolled into the air. I pictured how it spun around high above her head and how it stretched on her fingers when she caught it. I will place the picture of the girl rolling the dough before the picture of her tossing it into the air. I wonder what the girl will do next.
- Check for understanding: Have students read to page 9. Invite volunteers to explain what they pictured in their mind when they read about the bread, sauce, and cheese. (Accept any answers that show students understand how to visualize.)
- Use the cut-out pictures to discuss the sequence of events for making pizza through the end of page 9. Encourage students to use words such as next and then when identifying the steps.
- Have students read the remainder of the book. Remind them to continue visualizing the sequence of events as they read.
Have students make a small question mark in their book beside any word they do not understand or cannot pronounce. These can be addressed in the discussion that follows.
Reflect on the Reading Strategy
- Ask students what words, if any, they marked in their book. Use this opportunity to model how they can read these words using decoding strategies and context clues.
- Think-aloud: As I read, I continued to create pictures in my mind of the steps for making pizza. When I read page 11, I pictured the pizza cooking. I pictured the cheese melting and bubbling on top of the pizza. Picturing the events in my mind helped me to understand and remember the sequence of events in the book.
- Have students share how visualizing helped them better understand and enjoy what they read. Invite students to explain how they visualized a step for making pizza.
Reflect on the Comprehension Skill
- Discussion: Discuss the sequence of events through the end of the book. Place the pictures in order in the pocket chart or along the chalkboard ledge. Have students practice telling the sequence for making pizza to a partner using the pictures on the board.
- Independent practice: Introduce, explain, and have students complete the sequence events worksheet. If time allows, discuss their answers.
- Enduring understanding: In this story, you learned the steps for making pizza. The girl's mom helped her with some things, such as cutting the bread in half and putting the pizza in the oven. Now that you know this information, why do you think it is important for an adult to help with these steps?
Phonological Awareness: Discriminate initial consonant digraph /ch/
- Say the word cheese aloud to students, emphasizing the initial /ch/ sound. Have students say the word aloud and then say the initial /ch/ sound.
- Read page 9 aloud to students. Have them raise their hand when they hear a word that begins with the /ch/ sound.
- Check for understanding: Say the following words one at a time and have students give the thumbs-up signal if the word begins with the /ch/ sound: chair, cook, child, like, change.
Phonics: Initial consonant digraph ch
- Write the word cheese on the board and say it aloud with students.
- Have students say the /ch/ sound aloud. Then run your finger under the letters in the word as students say the whole word aloud. Ask students which two letters together stand for the /ch/ sound in the word cheese.
- Have students practice writing the ch letter combination on a separate piece of paper while saying the sound the letter combination stands for.
- Check for understanding: Write the following words that begin with the /ch/ sound on the board, leaving off the initial digraph: chat, chip, chop. Say each word, one at a time, and have volunteers come to the board and add the initial digraph ch in each word. Have students practice blending the sounds together to say each word.
- Independent practice: Introduce, explain, and have students complete the initial consonant digraph ch worksheet.
Grammar and Mechanics: Exclamation marks
- Write the following sentence on the board: Oh, no! Read the sentence aloud with students. Explain that every sentence has a signal at the end so readers know when to stop reading. Have a volunteer come to the board and point to the signal at the end of the sentence.
- Circle the exclamation mark in the sentence. Explain that this signal is called an exclamation mark. Have students say the word aloud. Point out that the exclamation mark tells readers to read a sentence using an excited voice.
- Demonstrate and practice with students reading the sentence on the board using an excited voice.
- Have students tell what they might say if the pizza dough fell on their face. Write the exclamations on the board, leaving off the exclamation marks. Read the sentences in a normal tone of voice. Have volunteers come to the board and add exclamation marks to the sentences. Reread the sentences with students using the correct tone of voice.
- Check for understanding: Have students reread the book and circle all of the exclamation marks. Have them read the book to a partner using the correct voice expression for each sentence.
- Independent practice: Introduce, explain, and have students complete the exclamation mark worksheet. If time allows, discuss their answers.
Word Work: High-frequency word too
- Tell students that they are going to learn a word that they will often see in books they read. Write the word too on the board and read the word aloud. Have students read the word with you.
- Ask them to write the word too on the top of their desk with their finger as you spell it aloud with them, pointing to each letter on the board as you say the letter name with students.
- Read the sentences on page 3 aloud to students. Point to the word too. Ask students to tell what the word means. Explain that the word too in this sentence means the same as the word also. Read the sentence aloud and substitute the word also for the word too. Have students use the word too in oral sentences.
- Read the sentences on page 5 aloud to students. Point to the word too. Ask students to explain the meaning of the word too in this sentence. Explain that the word too in this sentence means more than is needed. Have students use the word too in oral sentences to convey the meaning more than is needed.
Check for understanding: Have students locate and highlight the word too in the book. Have them discuss with a partner the meaning of the word in each sentence.
- Allow students to read their book independently or with a partner. Encourage repeated timed readings of a specific section in the book. Additionally, partners can take turns reading parts of the book to each other.
- Give students their book to take home to read with parents, caregivers, siblings, or friends. Have students share the steps in the sequence for making pizza with someone at home.
Extend the Reading
Procedural Writing and Art Connection
Have students draw a picture of themselves making something in the kitchen. Have them writing a how-to paragraph telling the steps needed to make the food.
Review the names of the food groups and write them on the board. List the ingredients needed to make pizza. Discuss with students under which heading each ingredient belongs.
Monitor students to determine if they can:
- accurately and consistently share examples of visualizing while reading
- accurately sequence events during discussion and on a worksheet
- accurately discriminate the initial consonant digraph /ch/ sound during discussion
- identify and write the letter symbols that stand for the consonant digraph /ch/ sound during discussion and on a worksheet
- understand and identify the use of an exclamation mark within text during discussion; correctly use exclamation marks on a worksheet
- read, write, and understand the use of the high-frequency word too
Go to "Making Pizza" main page | <urn:uuid:fec78154-b24f-4101-ac37-1b909bedc729> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | https://www.readinga-z.com/newfiles/levels/lesson_plans/e/makingpizza/makingpizza_print.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246651873.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045731-00150-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936639 | 3,082 | 4.5 | 4 |
For a tiny fraction of the cost of maintaining a nuclear arsenal, the 11 nuclear power states (United States, Russia, United Kingdom, France, China, India, Pakistan, North Korea, Israel, Iran, and possibly Syria) could eliminate neglected infections within their borders--which account for up to 50% of the global disease burden--and beyond, says a new editorial published April 27 in the open-access journal PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases.
In his analysis, "Nuclear Weapons and Neglected Diseases: The 'Ten-Thousand-to-One Gap," Dr. Peter Hotez, President of the Sabin Vaccine Institute and Distinguished Research Professor at The George Washington University Medical Center, estimates that "the 11 nuclear weapons states together have invested at least $10 trillion on weapons production and maintenance" while "the costs for both neglected disease control and R&D come close to $1 billion, or roughly less than 1/10,000th of the estimated $10 trillion committed for nuclear weapons."
With the possible exception of the United Kingdom, each of the nuclear weapons states has a high neglected disease burden.
- India accounts for roughly one-quarter of the world's 120 million cases of lymphatic filariasis, a disfiguring and stigmatizing vector-borne infection associated with elephantiasis.
- Almost one-half of the world's 60 million trachoma cases occur in nuclear weapons states, with China having the highest number of cases of any nation.
- Approximately one-third of the estimated 800 million ascariasis infection cases occur in nuclear weapons states, including India (140 million), China (86 million), North Korea (8 million), Pakistan (7 million), and Iran (5 million).
Investments in nuclear weaponry are carried out under the auspice of deterring war and thus promoting peace, says Hotez, but these and additional benefits can be achieved through neglected disease funding. Increased investments in neglected disease research could control or eliminate neglected infections, support achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, stabilize and build nations, and reduce civil strife and international tensions.
"Great efforts are needed to engage leaders of the nuclear weapons states in a frank dialogue about reallocation of resources toward public health and scientific pursuits for neglected tropical disease R&D and control," says Hotez.
"In the coming decade, engaging the nuclear powers on neglected disease R&D and global implementation efforts [would] represent a significant diplomatic victory for the world," he concludes in the editorial.
FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: The author received no specific funding for this study.
COMPETING INTERESTS: The author has declared that no competing interests exist.
PLEASE ADD THIS LINK TO THE PUBLISHED ARTICLE IN ONLINE VERSIONS OF YOUR REPORT: http://dx.
CITATION: Hotez PJ (2010) Nuclear Weapons and Neglected Diseases: The ''Ten-Thousand-to-One Gap''. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4(4): e680. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000680
Sabin Vaccine Institute | <urn:uuid:341ca193-7f15-4901-8650-e2e576b20f0f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-04/plos-nic042010.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404826.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00039-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.886979 | 637 | 2.921875 | 3 |
There’s a Total Solar Eclipse in exactly two weeks. But it’s not the only one…
However, tonight is Part 1 – a Partial Lunar Eclipse. It’s not as exciting, for sure, but it’s part of the same astronomical story.
Eclipses only happen when the wobbly, slightly tilted orbit of the Moon crosses through the ecliptic – the path of the Sun through the Earth’s sky. That happens only occasionally, causing an eclipse of some kind. On August 21 the New Moon will be precisely between the Earth and the Sun for a few minutes, while exactly two weeks earlier at Full Moon – TONIGHT – the Moon will pass through the Earth’s shadow.
Visible from most parts of South and East Asia, Europe, Africa and Australia – but NOT the USA (or the UK) – this Penumbral Eclipse is so-called because it passes through only the outer shadow of the Earth.
The result? A noticeable dimming of the Full Moon; most people won’t notice it, but Moon-viewers will instantly recognise it. It’s an ideal time to photograph it.
Go to https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse and type in your city to see if you can see tonight’s dress rehearsal for the Great American Eclipse coming up in exactly two weeks!
Credit: Jamie Carter | <urn:uuid:787f0efb-ee40-41b8-9a4d-8e1b3161c376> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://whenisthenexteclipse.com/lunar-eclipse-tonight/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583658681.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20190117020806-20190117042806-00020.warc.gz | en | 0.909286 | 296 | 3.09375 | 3 |
As baby teeth begin growing and erupting from the jaw, parents of infants may not be thinking about pediatric dental care just yet. The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry recommends that children visit the dentist around their first birthday or when their first tooth comes in, whichever is earlier.
While these visits are mostly informative, they are important steps in establishing a proper oral health routine for children. Parents must begin an oral health regimen with their children to ensure their teeth are healthy from baby teeth to adulthood.
Finding a Pediatric Dentist
To find a dentist in your area, consult with your pediatrician or insurance company about pediatric dentists in your area. Find a dentist in your preferred location and with hours that fit your schedule, such as after-school appointments. Most dental practices have websites that showcase their dentistry and office hours.
Prepare in Advance
Make sure that your child is well rested and not hungry when it’s time for the appointment. It might be helpful to write down a list of questions ahead of time to ask the dentist so you don’t forget while helping your child through the visit. You will want to check with your dental insurance provider about copays and coverage before the day of your child’s first dentist visit to make sure he or she is covered. Most dental offices will ask for proof of dental and medical insurance at the time of service. Finally, do not forget to bring a list of your child’s current medications, and all information necessary to complete a health history form.
You may want to discuss what will happen during the first visit prior to arriving with an older child to help avoid excessive nervousness at the time of the exam. If your child still experiences some anxiety over the appointment, try to ease his or her worries by reading books about dentists or by watching videos about children’s trips to the dentist to help them visualize what the visit will be like.
What to Expect during Your Child’s First Dentist Visit
During the first visit, the dentist will normally educate parents on proper care of teeth and gums for babies. Pacifier use and how proper nutrition helps to develop healthy teeth may also be discussed. Brushing techniques may also be demonstrated for parents so that they are able to effectively assist their young children with oral care. At the end of the appointment, the dentist should also provide you with the opportunity to ask questions.
By establishing a good working relationship with a pediatric dentist, parents can ensure that their child receives proper dental care from an early age. Scheduling and keeping routine dental appointments from an early age helps children to be comfortable with dental care and will help them make maintaining oral health a priority.
Pediatric Dental Care in Toledo, OH
Whether your child needs their first dental appointment or you’re looking for a new pediatric dentist, Hires Dental Care in Toledo, OH wants to help you. Call our office at 419.365.2217 or schedule an appointment online today! | <urn:uuid:2157ada7-8b62-4517-84c5-d3e21703a7a7> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.familydentisttoledo.com/2019/04/30/when-should-children-start-seeing-the-dentist/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=when-should-children-start-seeing-the-dentist | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347425481.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200602162157-20200602192157-00317.warc.gz | en | 0.952709 | 609 | 2.734375 | 3 |
NASA has an artist-in-residence, and her name is Laurie Anderson.
Why should NASA set aside money for paintings and music? "Art is what's left behind of history," said Bertram Ulrich, curator of the NASA Art Program. "It's a way to document something for future generations."
Science and Art! What a perfect combination! How come nobody ever thought of that before?
NASA began its art program in 1963 but never before had it tapped a resident artist, nor had it pushed the aesthetic envelope so boldly by choosing a performer whose large-scale theatrical productions blended "Star Trek" and Melville. Anderson is no Faith Hill.
A serious musician. Her work is actually supposed to mean something.
The idea of an avant-garde electronic fiddler hanging out with rocket geeks at NASA's research centers may seem like an odd collaboration. At the Ames center in Silicon Valley, Anderson stood inside a virtual airport control tower to view scenes of Mars terrain, taking photos and recording notes in a small red notebook. The researchers' reaction to their visitor was mixed, according to a NASA newsletter. One confessed to being a huge fan; another doubted the partnership of art and science. "What's she going to do, write a poem?" the researcher asked.
In fact, Anderson's passions run parallel with the pocket-protector crowd. She has collaborated with the Interval Research Corp. in California to design a wireless musical instrument called the Talking Stick, which emits sound when touched.
Laurie Anderson has been innovating violin-based instruments for decades, as a musical tool but also as a performance art thing-in-itself.
She took her art to the streets of downtown New York. She once stood on a block of ice, playing her violin while wearing ice skates. When the ice melted, the show was over.
I heard this story for the first time when the school orchestra was visiting Boston as part of a music exchange program in the spring of 1985. Me and this other girl — I can't remember her name, don't know what instrument she played, and have only a vague recollection of what she looked like (big hair) — we were billeted to stay with Kirsten, a violinist like myself.
Kirsten was cool. We smoked cigarillos down by the river. I bought a Clash (Sandinista!) t-shirt. We people-watched. Hordes of Deadheads were in town for a show. More interesting were the cliques of cool people amassing for the Pretenders concert that night.
After wasting away the afternoon, Kirsten thought she'd take us over to a friend's place at the university. But it wasn't really her friend, it was her older sister's friend, and the family didn't know about this friendship, not even the sister knew, cuz they wouldn't approve. In retrospect, I figure Kirsten was probably buying drugs off her.
The thing is, no one knew her real name. She was referred to affectionately as Madwoman. Cuz she was mad. Crazy, that is.
We sit on the floor of Madwoman's room while she gripes about the term paper she's struggling with, and, because it has something to do with said paper, she tells us the story of Laurie Anderson and the ice skates.
Like that, I was a fan.
When I got home, I tried to spread the word about Laurie Anderson, but it didn't go over well. The electric violin connection didn't pass with my music teacher (and I really should've known better since he'd frowned on my report on Erik Satie, dismissing him as trivial). Nobody knew what I was talking about.
See this fan site for more on Laurie Anderson.
Maud Newton headed this news item "Language is a virus from outer space," a famous lyric.
Those famous words are attributed to William S Burroughs (for whom I hold the deepest respect for his attempts to infiltrate the Scientologists). The statement is often abbreviated to "Language is a virus."
I have yet to meet someone who can satisfactorily explain the statement, let alone point to a precise source, and full context, for the quotation.
The gist and intent of the sentiment seem to reside in The Electronic Revolution.
Neal Stephenson's Snow Crash owes a vast debt to the idea.
Language is a virus from outer space. — William S Burroughs | <urn:uuid:0a6c9408-85db-4d5c-b961-44d59f7091ea> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://magnificentoctopus.blogspot.com/2004/07/let-x-x.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997894151.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025814-00204-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975214 | 921 | 2.625 | 3 |
Microbattery Extreme High Performance
Microbatteries are now in a prototype stage that out-perform traditional batteries in all of the parameters that are important to users. High-power lithium ion microbatteries recharge very quickly, and can discharge either very slowly or very quickly; best of all, they are very small in size.
Ions flow between three-dimensional micro-electrodes
in a lithium ion battery.
The batteries owe their high performance to their internal three-dimensional microstructure. Batteries have two key components: the anode (minus side) and cathode (plus side). Building on a novel fast-charging cathode design by materials science and engineering professor Paul Braun’s group, King and Pikul developed a matching anode and then developed a new way to integrate the two components at the microscale to make a complete battery with superior performance.
With so much power, the batteries could enable sensors or radio signals that broadcast 30 times farther, or devices 30 times smaller. The batteries are rechargeable and can charge 1,000 times faster than competing technologies – imagine juicing up a credit-card-thin phone in less than a second. In addition to consumer electronics, medical devices, lasers, sensors and other applications could see leaps forward in technology with such power sources available.
“Any kind of electronic device is limited by the size of the battery – until now,” King said. “Consider personal medical devices and implants, where the battery is an enormous brick, and it’s connected to itty-bitty electronics and tiny wires. Now the battery is also tiny.”
Microbatteries could have a great impact on all kinds of devices, not all of them to be carried in your pocket. Alfred Bester, in his award-winning 1956 novel The Stars My Desination, envisioned an operation that would augment the nervous system of a man to improve performance. The operation
...had transformed him into an extraordinary fighting machine. Every nerve plexus had been rewired, microscopic transistors and transformers had been buried in muscle and bone, a minute platinum outlet showed at the base of his spine. To this Foyle affixed a power pack the size of a pea and switched it on. His body began an internal electronic vibration that was almost mechanical...
(Read more about the internal body power pack)
From High-power lithium ion microbatteries from interdigitated three-dimensional bicontinuous nanoporous electrodes via Illinois News Bureau.
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Atlanta, GA, February 18, 2004 - Two recent scientific studies published or announced have linked a lack of exposure to Vitamin D, which is created naturally by sunshine or artificial ultraviolet light as a
significantly increased risk factor for developing multiple sclerosis.
A Harvard study published in the January 13 issue of the respected medical journal, Neurology - the scientific journal of the American Academy of Neurology - has identified a lack of Vitamin D as a principle indicator in incidence of the deadly, debilitating disease, multiple sclerosis in women.
The study's author, Kassandra Munger, MSc, of Harvard School of Public Health in Boston - noted that the body makes vitamin D through exposure to sunlight's UV-B ultraviolet rays.
In addition, sunshine may protect against the development of multiple sclerosis, according to the findings of an Oxford University study to be published in next month's Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health.
According to that study, the exact causes of MS remain unknown, but the disease becomes more prevalent the further away people live from the equator. Records spanning over 30 years - from 1963 up to 1999 - of people with MS and other autoimmune or neurological diseases were included in the study.
Scientists at the Unit of Health-Care Epidemiology, Department of Public Health at Oxford conducted this research.
According to the authors of that study, a minimum level of UV exposure throughout the year might therefore be important in conferring protection.
They feel this exposure has the potential to better protect individuals against the development of MS by beneficially influencing the immune system response, possibly through changes to the production of vitamin D and melanin, the substance involved in acquiring a tan.
A major problem with generating sufficient Vitamin D, according to UV-energy researcher and widely published author Michael Stepp, is that so many humans live in high latitudes where, for climatic and other reasons, they are not exposed to sufficient natural sunlight. "From his position as professor of Medicine at the Boston University School of Medicine, Dr. Michael Holick's research has demonstrated that, for children suffering from Vitamin D deficiency, the incidence is 27% lower in Phoenix than in Boston," Stepp said. "Much other research, including these two new studies, show a correlation between high latitudes and increases in diseases linked to Vitamin D deficiency."
"Because the number of cases of MS increases the farther you get from the equator, one hypothesis has been that sunlight exposure and high levels of vitamin D may reduce the risk of MS,"said Harvard study author Kassandra Munger, MSc, of Harvard School of Public Health in Boston, MA.
Over the long run, the data in Munger's 10-years National Institute of Health-funded study of more than 185,000 women, showed that the women who maintained the recommended level of vitamin D in their system were 40 per cent less likely to develop than those women who were otherwise Vitamin D deficient. There are an estimated 250,000 to 350,000 Americans with MS.
"Vitamin D is produced naturally by the body when exposed to UV-B sunlight," Stepp explained, "and appropriate exposure to either natural and artificial sources of this ultraviolet light such as tanning beds can produce the same levels of Vitamin D in the human body."
"This research," Stepp notes, "adds to the growing body of knowledge that points to the benefits of moderate and responsible exposure to naturally- or artificially-produced UV-B sunlight, and of the risks that come from insufficient exposure to this critical element of sunlight. Other studies in 2002 and 2003 have linked insufficient UV-B exposure to a host of other serious health problems, from rickets to diabetes - and have demonstrated that UV-B is not a factor in cancerous melanoma, as was previously believed."
Earlier research also points to the role of vitamin D in MS. Studies with mice with an autoimmune disease that is used as a model of MS, have shown that enhanced levels of vitamin D can prevent or favorably affect the course
of the disease. Other studies have shown that people with MS tend to have insufficient systemic levels of vitamin D, and that periods of low vitamin D occur before times of high disease activity, and periods of high vitamin D precede times of low disease activity.
While the Harvard and Oxford studies are among the first to specifically address Vitamin D deficiency and the onset of MS, other research, Stepp noted, has shown that appropriate levels of Vitamin D can, in mice, arrest or slow the progress of autoimmune diseases such as MS. In addition, other research has show that, in MS patients, levels of Vitamin D in the body can predict periods of low or high disease activity - the higher the Vitamin D, the lower the disease activity.
In addition to his UV research and his many published trade articles and
active participation in a variety of tanning forums, Michael Stepp is president and CEO of Wolff System Technology, the leading supplier of lamps for indoor tanning beds in the U.S.
About Wolff System Technology
Wolff System Technology was founded by Friedrich Wolff, "the father" of the indoor tanning industry. The company manufactures lighting systems for
tanning beds and with patents in 16 countries, is the exclusive licensor of Wolff System certified tanning beds in the United States and Canada. As the leading manufacturer of lamps for indoor tanning beds, Wolff has more than 500,000 systems in use worldwide. With licensed Wolff System tanning equipment, the amount and type of exposure to ultraviolet light is predictable and consistent, unlike outdoor tanning where variables include the time of day, season, cloud cover, and proximity to the equator. | <urn:uuid:d8b8b585-72ff-4395-bf4c-e69e625ef8d7> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://naturallikeus.com/page/847974 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934809392.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20171125032456-20171125052456-00204.warc.gz | en | 0.9463 | 1,156 | 2.84375 | 3 |
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Worksheets of matching long and short vowel sounds with words
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Want to use your mobile phone to establish an internet connection from a laptop or desktop? It's called tethering. It's easy, but remember you need to set up your mobile phone for internet before using this function.
Go to www.itunes.com on your computer. Find the download section on the website to download iTunes. Download and install iTunes on your computer.
Start the program iTunes on your computer.
Connect the data cable to the phone socket and to your computer's USB port.
Tap Personal Hotspot.
Tap the indicator next to"Personal Hotspot" until the function is turned on.
If this is the first time you use the function: Tap Wi-Fi and USB Only.
An internet connection from your computer via your mobile phone is automatically established. When the connection is established, you can access the internet from your computer. | <urn:uuid:854c647d-802d-495a-a876-f98bb54ecbf1> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://devicehelp.optus.com.au/apple/iphone-5-ios7/connectivity/using-tethering-on-my-mobile-phone/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402093104.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200929221433-20200930011433-00255.warc.gz | en | 0.866772 | 176 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Just a couple decades ago, light bulbs were light bulbs. No matter your budget, you really had only one choice when it came to interior lighting options for your home: Head to the hardware store and pick up some incandescent bulbs, choosing a wattage based on how bright you needed the light to be.
But in recent years, technology has brought us bulbs — namely, CFLs and LEDs — that put incandescent lighting to shame. Not only are these new options more energy efficient, they can also last years, or even decades, longer than the standard light bulb we all remember from our childhoods.
And while prices for LED light bulbs were astronomical when we first covered this topic just a few years ago — upwards of $100 for one bulb — you can now pick up a cheap, 60-watt-equivalent LED light bulb for less than $5.
That’s probably why incandescent light bulbs are being phased out: An almost complete ban on their sale started in 2014 and will take full effect in 2020. Simply put, they waste a lot of energy and don’t last very long.
As incandescent light bulbs around the country burn out for the last time, let’s look at the other options available. Cost will obviously be a factor as you make your decision, but there are other variables you should consider as well.
Let’s examine the two most popular new light bulb options, CFLs and LEDs, and look at the advantages and disadvantages that come with each.
According to EnergyStar.gov, CFLs work differently than incandescent bulbs in that, instead of running an electric current through a wire filament, they drive an electric current through a tube that contains argon and mercury vapor. This process creates ultraviolet light that quickly translates into visible light, unlike incandescent lights which put off a warm glow.
The big difference between CFLs and incandescent bulbs is how much energy it takes to use them over time. CFLs use about 70% less energy than incandescent bulbs. They also last years longer than traditional bulbs, and only cost about a dollar more per bulb.
However, one of the biggest drawbacks of CFLs is that it takes a few moments for them to warm up and reach full brightness. That means they’re not ideal in spots where you want lots of light as soon as you flip the switch, such as a dark, steep basement stairway. They also cannot be used with a dimmer switch.
Plus, modern CFLs contain a small amount of mercury, which is very harmful to both your health and the environment. That means it’s bad news to break one (here’s how to clean it up safely if you do), and they shouldn’t be disposed of in your regular household trash (here’s how to recycle them).
Light-emitting diodes, or LEDs, were for years most commonly found in small electronic displays, such as the clock on your cable box. Because the light emitted by each tiny LED is directional and fairly weak, household LED bulbs were on the fringe of mainstream technology just a few years ago.
According to the Lighting Research Center, LED light bulbs work by bringing together currents with a positive and negative charge to create energy released in the form of light. The result is a fast source of light that is reliable, instantaneous, and able to be dimmed.
What sets LEDs apart from incandescent bulbs and CFLs is just how long they can last. According to Consumer Reports, LED light bulbs can last anywhere from 20,000 to 50,000 hours, or up to five times longer than any comparable bulb on the market.
But that combination of efficiency and durability has historically come at a cost. LEDs cost more money than CFLs and incandescent bulbs. The good news, however, is that their price has dropped considerably over the years.
Where once it was common to pay $50 or even $100 for an LED light bulb, they’re now available for about $8 a bulb on Amazon. IKEA sells its own 60W-equivalent LED light bulbs for just $5, and Home Depot is reportedly running a promotion in May that will discount Philips LED light bulbs to as low as $2.50 per bulb.
When most people need to replace their light bulbs, cost is the biggest factor in their decision. But the actual cost includes more than just the upfront price of each bulb you buy; you should also factor in how much each option will cost to operate over the years.
As with most things, it turns out a bit of money spent today can often lead to substantial savings in the long run.
Buying one quality bulb that lasts decades is less expensive in the long run than buying a dozen or more cheaper ones that keep burning out.
And then there’s the cost of the electricity used to light the bulb: Utility prices vary by state and by season, of course, but in 2013 residential electricity customers paid an average of 12 cents per kilowatt hour in the United States. Both CFLs and LEDs use considerably less electricity than traditional bulbs.
Here’s how much each type of bulb would cost to purchase and operate over a 25,000-hour lifespan (about 23 years at three hours per day):
|Approximate cost per bulb||$1||$2||$8 or less|
|Average lifespan||1,200 hours||8,000 hours||25,000 hours|
|No. of bulbs needed for 25,000 hours of use||21||3||1|
|Total purchase price of bulbs over 23 years||$21||$6||$8|
|Total cost of electricity used (25,000 hours at $0.12 per kWh)||$180||$42||$30|
|Total operational cost over 23 years||$201||$48||$38|
As you can see, buying longer-lasting, more efficient light bulbs can really pay off over time. Over a 23-year period, it will cost you over $200 (and many trips to the hardware store) to keep one 60-watt lamp lit with incandescent bulbs. By comparison, it would cost just $48 using a handful of CFLs, or $38 using a single LED light bulb — a savings of more than $150 either way.
Now consider that those savings are from just one bulb. Think about the number of lights in your house — some fixtures, like chandeliers or ceiling fans, probably even use three bulbs or more. If you replaced 20 incandescent bulbs with LED light bulbs throughout your home, you could save up to $3,260 over their 23-year lifespan (and that’s assuming utility rates don’t rise).
Still, you don’t even have to make that big of a commitment to realize some significant savings. Switching just the five most-used lights in your home — for instance, the lights in your living room, kitchen, and entryway, which are probably in use closer to four hours a day — could save you around $44 a year on your electric bill.
Let’s put cost aside for a moment and look at these lighting options based solely on quality and other important factors. Here are some pros and cons of CFLs vs. LEDs:
After conducting research using my own personal experience and expert sources like Consumer Reports and EnergyStar.gov, I’ve concluded that it’s hard to beat the value offered by modern LEDs. Not only are their prices getting more affordable every day, they also lasts up to decades longer than the competition.
With soft and warm white hues that mimic the glow of traditional incandescent bulbs, the ability to use some models with a dimmer switch, and their instantaneous illumination, LEDs are simply a better option around the house than CFLs.
The bottom line: Sometime in the very near future, you probably won’t be able to buy any more incandescent light bulbs, even if you wanted to. If you’re not one to embrace change, that might seem rather depressing. However, you do have a few options. You can either:
Personally, I would choose what’s behind door No. 3. Prices for LEDs are lower than they’ve ever been (and continue to get more competitive), and they are the most durable, efficient home lighting option on the market. It’s hard to argue against a product that more than pays for itself in energy savings and might last for the rest of your life.
You don’t have to make a huge commitment now. If you want, you can upgrade to more efficient lighting one room at a time, or as old light bulbs burn out. Or start with installing an LED light bulb in a hard-to-reach spot, like a cathedral ceiling fixture, since you won’t have to replace it for many, many years.
There is no right or wrong way to make the switch. But the sooner you do, the sooner you’ll start saving.
Copyrights © 2018 UK Digital Studio All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:5c6c286e-cb60-41a8-83cb-e28890de0b25> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://greenisbetterinc.com/light-bulb-showdown-led-vs-cfl-vs-incandescent/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376824675.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20181213101934-20181213123434-00151.warc.gz | en | 0.952025 | 1,903 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Ten Important Metals for Our Future
If you look around you wherever you are, you will find different metallic things which emphases the importance of metal to our lives without mentioning its importance to our security. If you view here to check the list of the appliances found in every household you will definitely find electronics which depend on electricity or phones that require batteries to function and whenever we are using such things you are utilizing the technology metals contained in them. If you want to learn more about the ten metals that our future relies on, view here.
Copper is the first metal that the future of our society depends on because it is used to generate electricity and can be found in literally all the electronic appliances you own including your cell phone. Copper is a versatile metal that can be used for different things because of its corrosion-resistant nature, including mixing with other metals to make military body armor. Lead is used for soldering different appliance parts together, making car batteries and making ammunition because of its low melting point, all these functions mean we cannot do without lead now or in future.
Like copper, gold is a good conductor of electricity and is malleable too; in most cases, it is combined with other metals like platinum, copper or silver. Gold has the ability to reflect away harmful rays, the reason it is used on the outside of aircrafts and astronaut’s visors, however, you can view here to learn other uses of gold. Zinc is also an important metal that the society cannot do without now or in future because it is being used to prevent other metals from corroding, which the reason for the cars, trucks and the buildings you see.
Almost every one of us uses aluminum in at least once daily because this metal seems to be present in everything from cooking pots to cars, trains and planes. We all know the importance of steel in our lives because of its vast uses, however, we cannot have steel without manganese which makes it one of the metals the society depends on. The society cannot do without platinum because of its ability to speed up various chemical reactions; it is a catalyst.
Because nickel is capable of maintaining its corrosion-resistant properties it used in several things but major uses are its allows that are used in jet engines, chemical plants, and petroleum refineries. Silver metal has tons of uses the society cannot do without which include water purification, sanitizing medical devices and like gold, can also be used in tooth filling. As you can view here these metals have proven their versatility either in pure form or as metal alloys and the society cannot do without them now and in future. | <urn:uuid:2d22bda9-0f7b-4621-a762-2b157ee3cae1> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | http://proportionfit.info/category/advertising-marketing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496671411.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20191122171140-20191122200140-00170.warc.gz | en | 0.956315 | 533 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Zoe Gwala, of TWR-SA, shares: “My mother actually started it! One day we were chatting about Umyezane, a group that she heads up. ‘Zoe, so many widows!’ she commented. Of course, as I work on the women’s programme at Trans World Radio South Africa, I asked her a bit more about the group, and discovered that there were 150 widows who met once a month. I was shocked at the number of widows in this very small community in rural KwaZulu-Natal and pressed her for more details.”
Umyezane is a group of widows who support each other through prayer, food parcels, skills and encouraging each other to stand up and do something in their community that can help other widows too.
Zoe was curious about the need for this group in such a small community, so she visited Molweni and spoke to the Umyezane ladies. What she learnt prompted her to find out more about the reality of widowhood in other villages too.
The term “widow” is a name assigned to any woman whose husband has died. In the Zulu culture, widowhood entails a reposition within society. Both cultural practices relating to widowhood and cultural views on widowhood serve to create an entirely new identity, role and position for the widow within her community and broader society.
Culturally, when a woman marries, she becomes part of the husband’s family. When he dies, his possessions revert back to his family and not to his widow and children. And all major decisions revert back to the family, including burial arrangements and inheritances.
Society expects that the costs of the death and burial be carried by the widow; in cases where the deceased was working, it is assumed that the widow has money. Death expenses are not limited to the funeral. For example, a widow is expected to erect a tombstone for her husband one year after his death, at a cost of up to R6000. Sometimes this is done without any financial assistance from her dead husband’s family. Cultural beliefs state that the soul of her husband will haunt her otherwise.
Practically, the widow is physically isolated, with people avoiding her after the burial. One widow shared “...after the burial you don’t see a single church member coming to visit. You are left in a very, very lonely situation”. Many widows confided that this isolation was the most torturous experience they have ever gone through. Widowed women are also not allowed to talk to their neighbour’s husbands. Previously close friendships have to be pushed to a certain distance because of the change in marital state: phone calls must be shortened, the widow may no longer visit in her neighbour’s homes, or spend extended time with her married friends.
Further research showed that in the five communities Zoe visited in KwaZulu-Natal, including Molweni, 80% of widows are unemployed, are age 36 or older and have been widowed for more than 6 years. These women support on average three to five children each, as well as their immediate family and, very often, five or six grandchildren too.
Widows in South Africa currently do not receive any financial support from government but have to apply for disability grants or old age pensions when they reach the required age. There is minimal family or community support for widows in terms of their practical needs, let alone their social or psychological needs. This affects children tremendously. Reacting to the loss of their fathers, 20% of the children of widowed women in the five villages we interviewed end up dropping out of school. Beyond the everyday challenges of raising children in an unstable environment, these mothers struggle to maintain discipline and respect. A high percentage of children engage in destructive behaviour like verbal abuse, acting out, using drugs and alcohol, joining gangs, crime and teenage promiscuity.
Why are there so many widows in just five communities? TWR-SA learnt that the majority of husbands (68%) died because of medical reasons (illness, heart attacks or disease), 14% through accidents and 18% through murder/witchcraft. Many women shared how their husbands had been sick for a long time but refused to go for treatment, fearing stigma or shaming by the community and elders.
Death and the dead are a topic that are not easily discussed by the Zulu. People are hesitant to address and confront cultural practices. Yet, as the TWR-SA team walked dusty roads and met with these often-stigmatised and ignored women, again and again they poured out their stories.
Whilst researching the reality of widowhood was the focus of Zoe’s research, the result of meeting with widows was actually healing. Zoe shares: “It was amazing to see the release of emotion as widows were at last recognised, listened to and affirmed by our visits. In this holy space, many women requested prayer, found a new peace and, with rekindled hope, committed their lives to follow Jesus.”
Article written by Kerry Feldman, SALT Alliance, in collaboration with Zoe Gwala.
Research conducted by Z. Gwala and D.Du Preez, TransWorld Radio South Africa.
Note: Zoe Gwala heads up the women’s programmes for TWR-SA. She is married to Petros, has two children aged 9 and 4, and has been involved in mentoring, church leadership and women’s outreach in the Valley of a Thousand Hills for more than 10 years now.
As a result of the research in the Kwanyuswa, Molweni, Shongweni, Inchanga and Mbumbulu communities (representative as a random sample of villages in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa), TWR-SA started developing a coordinated response to the needs of widows:
1. Support groups have been started in each of the communities, helping widows to encourage and support each other, get organised, start food gardens to feed their families and find employment through basic skills training opportunities.
2. Widows were identified who were suffering and required immediate support: a monthly food parcel is now delivered to each home to alleviate hunger.
3. Workshops that address loss, grief and trauma have been developed and are available to widows within their communities.
4. TWR-SA has developed radio programmes that are broadcast to local communities: these broadcasts share the obstacles that widows face, encourage widows to start self-employment opportunities, address the issues of self-esteem/loss, and challenge communities/churches to care for their widows.
SALT Alliance News
Stories from the field | <urn:uuid:c8d20bd0-a83f-467a-ab7b-f396fff117a4> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.saltalliance.org/news/archives/08-2015 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945282.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324113500-20230324143500-00096.warc.gz | en | 0.973554 | 1,422 | 2.71875 | 3 |
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