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MAP: New York City’s controversial statues and monuments
Published September 8
With Mayor de Blasio naming a committee to examine how New York City should deal with the dozens of statues, obelisks and memorials commemorating historical figures, a Daily News review of NYC’s statue list found an astounding cast of characters whose heroism masks bloody exploits, racist views and corrupt behavior. Browse the list of statues and the history of who those statues commemorate below.
New York City Statues
Prominent New York financier and advisor to Presidents Woodrow Wilson during World War I and Franklin Delano Roosevelt during World War II
Born 1870 in South Carolina, in 1925 he endowed a scholarship named in honor of his mother with the United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC), a group dedicated to “honor the memory of those who served and those who fell in the service of the Confederate States.” The funds were to support “scholars who have written unpublished monographs for full-length books on Confederate history.”
Italian 15th Century explorer heralded for “discovering” America
One of the first European explorers to reach North America, landing in Hispaniola (Now Haiti/Dominican Republic) in 1492. He immediately claimed the new world as the possession of the king and queen of Spain and began capturing and enslaving the indigenous tribes already living in what would later be called America. The plaque in Queens, marred by grafitti stating “Don’t Honor Genocide” Aug. 30, 2017, states “But for Columbus There Would Be No America.”
19th Century Senator known for his soaring oratory
Daniel Webster strongly opposed Southern secession and thus was a key supporter of the Compromise of 1850. This allowed new states such as California to enter the union as free states, but ratified the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 requiring federal authorities to aggressively pursue escaped slaves and return them to their Southern masters. This act outraged abolitionists fighting to end slavery.
19th Century U.S. Senator also known for his eloquence on the floor of the Senate
Henry Clay authored the Compromise of 1850 that allowed new states that resulted in the much-reviled Fugitive Slave Act requiring federal authorities to aggressively pursue escaped slaves and return them to their Southern masters.
General Daniel Butterfield
Civil War general who won a Medal of Honor after being wounded at Gaines Mill who was later appointed assistant treasurer by President Ulysses Grant
General Daniel Butterfield resigned after he was caught in scheme by Jay Gould and James Fisk to corner the gold market. Took a $10,000 bribe from Gould to secretly inform him when the government planned to buy or sell gold. He resigned October 1869.
Samuel J. Tilden
New York governor and Democratic nominee for President in 1876
Samuel Tilden won the popular vote but the Electoral College was split evenly with Rutherford B. Hayes, a Republican. Both parties worked behind the scenes to sway three Southern States to throw their support to their respective candidates. Ciphered telegrams revealed Florida’s GOP governor offering to throw the election to Tilden for $200,000. The Democrats responded with a counter-offer of $50,000, adding, “Proposition too high.” Many of the telegrams were sent or received by Tilden’s personal secretary and nephew from Tilden’s New York residence. Tilden denied knowing anything about the scheming before a Congressional committee.
7th U.S. President (1829-1837) and hero of the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812
President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act of 1830, initiating a virulent campaign to eradicate the Native Americans who populated America before the Europeans showed up. He promised them that “as long as the grass grows green and the rivers flow” they would be left alone if they stay west of the river. He immediately reneged on his promise. He also railed against what was then the growing anti-slavery movement known as abolitionism.
Director-general of what is now New York 1647-1664
In 1654 Peter Stuyvesant wrote to the Dutch East India Company protesting the influx of Jews relocating from South America, demanding that “the deceitful race – such hateful enemies and blasphemers of the name of Christ – be not allowed to further infect and trouble this new colony.”
Samuel Sullivan Cox
19th Century Democratic Senator from Ohio
On Feb. 17, 1864 Samuel Cox gave a speech to Congress accusing President Abraham Lincoln (then running for reelection) of a secret plan to promote miscegenation. He waved about a pamphlet entitled “Miscegenation: A theory of the Blending of the American White Man and Negro” and produced letters from abolitionists in support of it, which Cox warned proved the pamphlet’s “disgusting theories” “which seem so novel to us (but) have been a part of the gospel of abolition for years.” The pamphlet was a hoax; Lincoln was, of course, re-elected.
Fiorello La Guardia
Congressman 1923-1933, Republican Mayor of New York City 1934-1945
In 1943 Metropolitan Life – which had a stated policy of not renting to blacks – announced plans to build Stuyvesant Town in Manhattan. La Guardia approved the development, knowing of this discriminatory policy. He was roundly criticized by the black community and many of his usual supporters for declining to intervene. The day he signed the contract he said he hoped the courts might intervene to reverse the policy.
Powerful New York official who as head of several authorities and the New York City Parks Department remade much of the city through massive urban development then known as “slum clearance.”
Robert Moses was hated by community groups for wiping out swaths of working class neighborhoods to erect highways and bridges. His proposal to put up an elevated highway through Soho and Little Italy was defeated in 1962 following months of protests led by community activist Jane Jacobs. There are no statues of Jacobs in NYC.
Rev. Henry Ward Beecher
Famous 19th Century abolitionist and women’s rights champion based at Brooklyn’s Plymouth Church
In the years leading up to the Civil War, Rev. Henry Beecher raised money to purchase slaves’ freedom and to send rifles (called Beecher’s Bibles) to abolishinists fighting in Kansas. After the war he supported women’s suffrage, but in 1875 he became the star of a very public adultery trial for having an affair with the wife of one of his assistants. The woman’s husband told suffragette Elizabeth Cady Stanton of the affair. Another women’s rights activist, Victoria Woodhull, who was criticized by Beecher for her advocacy of free love, made the affair public to accuse him of hypocrisy. The trial was covered nationally and described as “the most sensational he-said, she-said in American history.” The trial resulted in a hung jury.
Ulysses S. Grant
Commanding General of the Union Army during the Civil War, U.S. President 1869-1877
He was the key architect of the Union’s victory over the Confederate forces during the Civil War. However, in December 1862, Gen. Grant General issued Order No. 11 which expelled all Jews from Kentucky, Tennessee and Mississippi. The allegation was that Jewish merchants were engaged in the black market sale of southern cotton in defiance of U.S. law. The order was rescinded days later by Lincoln.
General William Jenkins Worth
Famous general of the Mexican-American War of 1846-1848
Before the Mexican-American War, General William Worth in 1841 commanded federal troops clearing Seminole Indians from Florida as part of the government’s campaign to ship all Indians from the South to west of the Mississippi. He ordered his men out on search and destroy missions which drove the Indians deeper into the swamps of Florida. Worth offered $8,000 in bribes to one chief, Coaccoochee, to convince his people to move west. Worth later ordered the Third Army to move into the Big Cypress Swamp and burn villages. By 1843 Worth declared there were only about 300 Indians living in South Florida and they were no longer a threat.
Brigadier General Winfield Scott Hancock
Famous general of the Civil War
At Gettysburg, Winfield Hancock held the hill during Pickett’s Charge, where he was badly wounded. After the war he was sent to the frontier, covering area that includes what is now Kansas, Missouri, Colorado and New Mexico. At one point as negotiations with the tribes faltered, he ordered the burning of an abandoned village. He was then reassigned to New Orleans during Reconstruction, where in November 1867 he issued General Orders, No. 40 declaring that government should quickly be returned to local (white) civilian control. This struck fear with newly-freed slaves that he was encouraging a return to antebellum south. He ended his military career in the Great Plains, where an Army expedition under his command committed a massacre against the Blackfeet Indians. In 1880 he was the Democratic candidate for president but lost to Republican James Garfield. In 1881 he was elected president of the National Rifle Association (1881), with the stated intent to make skill with weapons “as prevalent as it was during the Revolution.” He died on Governor’s Island.
General Horace Porter
Famous Civil War General and aide-de-camp to General William Sherman during his March to the Sea
After the war, General Horace Porter became Ulysses Grant’s personal secretary and found himself ensnared in a plot by financier Jay Gould to corner the gold market. He says he warned Grant of the plot, but during a later investigation known as the Whiskey Ring trials, then Treasury Soliciter Bluford Wilson alleged that Porter was involved in the plot. Porter denied the charges and he was never charged with wrongdoing.
General William Tecumseh Sherman
Famous Civil War general known for his 1864 capture of Atlanta and subsequent March to the Sea, a turning point for the Union
During the taking of Atlanta in September 1864, General William Sherman ordered the burning of all government and military buildings. Many civilian residences were burned down in the process. In his march to Savannah he caused, by his own estimate, $100 million in property damage. During the war he refused to employ black soldiers in his army. In 1860 he wrote to his wife, “All the congresses on earth can’t make the negro anything else than what he is; he must be subject to the white man.” And he wrote, “Two such races cannot live in harmony save as master and slave.” But in 1865 he issued Special Field Orders No. 15, seizing land from white owners in South Carolina, Georgia and Florida to settle 40,000 freed slaves and black refugees. This was the basis of the phrase “40 acres and a mule” and it was revoked a year later by President Andrew Johnson, whose sympathies lay with the South. After the war he was assigned to the frontier and oversaw major Indian wars. He advocated eradicating the buffalo as a means to forcing the Indians to weaken the Indians. He died in NYC of pneumonia on Valentine’s Day 1891.
Dr. James Marion Sims
Famous Colonial-era doctor who founded the city’s first women’s hospital
Dr. James Sims' statue’s inscription states, “His brilliant achievement carried the fame of American surgery throughout the entire world.” Sims experimented on 12 female slaves (1845-1849) in Montgomery, Alabama who were suffering from a severe complication that obstructed childbirth. At first the surgery failed but in later efforts he was able to remedy the problem for four of the women. He later moved to New York where he performed the now perfected operation on white women.
Famous 19th Century newspaper publisher
Joseph Pulitzer purchased the New York World in 1883, which grew to be the nation’s biggest newspaper. During his late 19th century circulation battle with William Randolph Hearst, both publishers pushed for America’s entry into the Spanish American war of 1898 with dubious “fake news” about the sinking of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor. He and Hearst also invented yellow journalism.
19th Century New York politician serving in both the U.S. House and Senate
An ardent Republican supporter of Reconstruction, Roscoe Conkling was also a political boss in New York. As such, he controlled patronage appointments at the U.S Customs House and opposed all efforts to impose civil service rules to eliminate rampant corruption. Appraisers at the Customs House received commissions based on their evaluation of the value of imported goods; the higher the value given, the higher the commission. During the Great Blizzard of 1888, he decided to walk from his law office near Wall Street to his home near Madison Square Park. He collapsed in the snow, caught pneumonia, and died a few weeks later.
Commemorates the alleged spot where then director of New Netherlands Peter Minuit “purchased” Manhattan from the Mohawk and Lenape tribes for a trunk full of trinkets and beads “then worth about 60 guilders.”
Commanded Colonial forces to victory over the British during the Revolution, nation’s first president
Slave-owner until the day he died.
James Gordon Bennett
19th Century newspaper publisher, founder of New York Herald in 1835
In his editorials James Bennett opposed the election of Abraham Lincoln, railing against what he saw as the “inferiority” of blacks. In an 1859 editorial response following abolitionist John Brown’s unsuccessful raid on Harper’s Ferry to initiate a slave uprising, Bennett wrote, “The whole history of negro insurrections proves that there is no race of men so brutal and bloody-minded as the negro.”
A famous pilot who was first to cross the Atlantic in an airplane.
Vocal opponent of America’s intervention in the years preceding World War II, he warned of three groups pressing the country toward war: “the British, the Jewish and the Roosevelt Administration.” In his America First movement, he warned of “large Jewish ownership and influence in our motion pictures, our press, our radio and our government.” | <urn:uuid:c0ae9bae-5bd0-4ed0-9f52-e452f713e16e> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://interactive.nydailynews.com/map/nyc-statues/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891791.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123072105-20180123092105-00000.warc.gz | en | 0.967123 | 3,045 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Microprocessor ICs are the most complicated part of TV equipment and present special problems to the engineer when fault finding. Complementing the first volume in this series, Television IC Data Files, the most popular microprocessor ICs used in televisions are covered here. Each device is presented graphically with the relevant data information given against each pin to enable the engineer to quickly compare voltage measurements and signal in/out data on a faulty device, with those in the book. All the measurements and signal data in the book were taken under actual working conditions.
The purpose of this book is to provide the workshop technician and the field engineer with a valuable and convenient method of fault finding without the need to consult workshop manuals which are often expensive or indeed out of stock. As such it will also be of interest to those on television training courses.
John Edwards runs his own audio visual services company and has contributed numerous articles to the trade magazine Television.
comprehensive cover of most commonly used ICs
convenient reference for working engineer
up-to-date and affordable | <urn:uuid:a1748290-a1d3-4cca-a304-8b2649740cc3> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://shop.oreilly.com/product/9780750633352.do | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122739.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00178-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957147 | 215 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Do the math. With fertilizer prices still at near record highs, farmers may look at management approaches and new products that promise to increase efficiency, especially for nitrogen. But are specialty products the answer or merely costly alternatives that do little to meet plant nutrient needs? It may depend on soil needs, crop type and tillage practices, as well as moisture and other climate conditions beyond farmers’ control.
At the very least, producers should look at research into products and practices that promote improved nutrient efficiency, says a Texas Extension specialist.
Mark McFarland, Regents Fellow, professor and a Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service soil fertility specialist, says farmers are concerned about making the most of their increasingly expensive nitrogen investment, but he cautions them to analyze costs and benefits before buying products promoted to improve nitrogen efficiency.
He points farmers to a recent study conducted throughout the South and reported byCharles Mitchell, Extension agronomist, Auburn University; and Deanna Osmond, Extension leader and professor in soil science at North Carolina State University.
That study looked at several nitrogen products applied to various crops in Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, New Mexico, Oklahoma and Texas. The study is available in the Southern Regional Cooperative Series Bulletin (http://aurora.auburn.edu/repo/bitstream/handle/123456789/44121/scsb-416.pdf?sequence=2) . It is the first article under “News” at: http://srwqis.tamu.edu/
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The researchers said, “Minimizing nitrogen fertilizer rates while maintaining crop yields is essential both for improving agricultural profitability and reducing environmental consequences of farming, such as leaching and runoff from agricultural crop fields, which can be major sources of nitrogen to streams, rivers, and estuaries in the Southeast.”
They added that recent significant increases in nitrogen prices have sharply increased crop production costs, motivating farmers to look for alternative nitrogen sources.
“For most farmers, the only potential nitrogen alternatives (to inorganic fertilizers) include planting legumes as winter cover crops (which can deplete soil moisture needed for the primary crop) or applying animal manures (which are not available in all production areas). Another option is applying slow release nitrogen fertilizers, which have the potential to improve nitrogen use efficiency in corn and other field crops and, thereby, enhance both production economics and environmental protection.”
Traditional nitrogen sources come with challenges, the report says. “Ammonium nitrate (34-0-0) formerly was the standard but has become difficult to find and transport. Solid urea-ammonium sulfate blend (33-0-0) is very acid-forming and subject to volatilization. Solid urea (46-0-0) has a high risk of volatilization losses during hot, dry summer months when surface applications are not incorporated. This is especially true when urea is applied on crop residue in a high pH soil.
“Reduced tillage and high-residue management in row crops often require surface application of some materials. Liquid urea-ammonium nitrate solutions (UAN) are currently the most popular nitrogen source for row crops.”
Other alternatives include nitrification inhibitors (e.g., Nitrapyrin), available for many years but used mainly in the Midwest where fall-applied anhydrous ammonia is popular.
“Recently, urease inhibitors (e.g., Agrotain) have been marketed to help manage urea-based nitrogen fertilizers. Many new polymer coated products are on the market to control the release of nitrogen from both liquid and dry urea-based materials.”
Add to fertilizer costs
Using these products, however, adds to fertilizer costs. So Mitchell and Osmond ask: “Are the benefits worth the extra cost? Do these materials work effectively and consistently under the heat and humidity of the Southern U.S. and for the major crops produced in the region?”
Results vary, according to the Southern Region Water Quality Program Special Project funded through the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA). That study was designed “to evaluate the effectiveness of several slow-release nitrogen fertilizers and nitrogen fertilizer stabilizer products, compared to standard nitrogen fertilizers … for selected major row crops in the cooperating southern region states: Arkansas, Alabama, Florida, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma, and Texas.”
In each state, research included alternative and new technology nitrogen sources tested independently. Trials compared these products to “traditional” nitrogen sources, using crops and management practices common to each state. “Rates, methods and timing of application(s) depended on the objectives for each experiment. Where possible, materials were applied according to the manufacturers’ recommended rate and method. However, because of the difficulty of comparing commercial products, each state used products differently.
The traditional nitrogen sources used included: ammonium nitrate, urea-ammonium sulfate, liquid urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN solution), urea, dairy manure, and poultry litter. Alternative products evaluated included: Agrotain (urease inhibitor), Nutrisphere N (urease and nitrification inhibitor), Nitamin Nfusion (a slow release nitrogen source), Environmentally Smart Nitrogen (ESN, a polymer-coated, controlled-release urea), NDemand 30L 30-0-0 (a slowly available, liquid nitrogen), CoRoN 25-0-0 (a controlled release liquid nitrogen), UCAN 23 (YaraLiva) (includes water-soluble calcium to reduce ammonia volatilization), New Suryamin (includes organic nitrogen and bio-enzymes).
Results across all the states indicate:
• Nutrisphere, Nitamin and Agrotain did not improve yields at any location for any crop tested.
• Pre-plant incorporated ESN (as compared to urea) improved the corn yield at one site in Arkansas. When tested at two sites in Arkansas, ESN improved seed cotton yield at one site but produced yields equal to urea at the second site. However, surface applied ESN performed similarly or worse than UAN solution or urea in Alabama (corn), North Carolina (corn and wheat), Oklahoma (wheat), and Texas (grain sorghum).
• Evaluation of three organic nutrient supplements on vegetables in Florida gave mixed results, depending upon the rate and method used but generally required regular fertilizer applications to maintain optimum yields.
Individual state results include:
Alabama tests included no-till, non-irrigated cotton and corn with evaluations of ammonium nitrate, urea, urea-AS blend, UAN solution, Agrotain, Nutrisphere, Nitamin Nfusion, ESN, poultry litter and calcium chloride.
Controlled release nitrogen and nitrogen stabilizer products did not show any yield advantage compared to more conventional nitrogen sources such as urea, ammonium nitrate, UAN solution, or the urea-ammonium sulfate blend, which is being sold as a substitute for ammonium nitrate. Agrotain did not reduce ammonia losses in general but did reduce losses when both urea and UAN solutions were applied to a high residue cover.
Poultry litter results in very high ammonia losses when applied as a sidedress to both cotton and corn. For the relatively low, non-irrigated yields represented by this study, the newer, controlled-release nitrogen products failed to produce a consistent yield advantage over traditional nitrogen materials such as urea, UAN solutions, or a urea-ammonium sulfate blend.
In Arkansas, researchers looked at conventional-tilled, non-irrigated corn and cotton. ESN was compared to urea at five rates of application, plus no nitrogen as a control.
The 2010 summer was drier than normal, making fertilizer nitrogen losses from denitrification less likely than in wet years. Corn yields, averaged across all nitrogen rates, were numerically greater by 10 percent when ESN was applied pre-plant compared to urea applied pre-plant. Yields of cotton treated with urea and ESN were not significantly different at one site, but were significantly different at another site.
These results indicate that ESN is a suitable, alternative nitrogen fertilizer (to urea) for both crops. Use of ESN as the pre-plant nitrogen source does not necessarily guarantee greater corn and cotton yields than urea under all conditions but likely helps reduce the risk of losing greater amounts of nitrogen in wet years. ESN should be considered a tool that can enhance nitrogen management and crop uptake. Additional research, encompassing several years and various field and weather conditions common to Arkansas, is needed to determine the frequency and magnitude of yield increases and whether other crop management benefits may be realized when ESN is used in place of urea for pre-plant nitrogen applications.
Florida studies included tomatoes and bell peppers, irrigated and under plastic mulch. Research looked at three products: New Suryamin, Megacal, and BioPotash. The products did not show any effective yield or quality advantages in 2009 as nutrient requirements of both green bell peppers and tomatoes were more than adequately met through both pre-plant soil application and supplemental nitrogen fertigation. However, in 2011, as the treatment combinations were changed appropriately to document the effects, yields and performance in both crops were significantly lower in absolute control and with product sprays alone indicating the need for regular fertilizer applications.
In tomatoes, application of the product spray resulted in significant yield increases over both absolute control and the standard recommendations, indicating that under intensive nutrient management practices foliar spray may help tide over nutrient stresses, particularly with regard to highly leachable and mobile nutrients such as nitrogen and potassium.
A 25 percent savings in fertilizers was realized without yield reductions when fertilizer was applied at standard recommendations in combination with the product spray. In green bell peppers, a 25 percent savings in fertilizer was possibly derived by the 75 percent SRP and 25 percent product spray combinations.
Also, the granular and foliar spray combination at 50 percent dosages produced significantly higher yields, suggesting that if the dosages of the product combinations of soil and foliar applications were increased to 100 percent, the potential is to increase yields or to achieve the highest yields. Foliar applications of nitrogen and potassium products at 100 percent labeled dosages could sustain the supply to meet all the crop nutrient requirements.
In New Mexico, tests evaluated urea, UAN, Agrotain, and dairy manure on corn and irrigated cotton.
There was no effect of nitrogen source or timing on fresh weight of corn. Dry matter yield was similar to applying 11-52-0 only, suggesting that nitrogen was not sufficiently mineralized from the manure application in time to contribute to yield. Crude protein content was lower in the corn plant from both manure application rates compared to UAN and urea treatments.
Estimated milk production on a per acre basis tended to be greatest from corn treated with one application of UAN, urea, or urea treated with Agrotain over two applications (greatest numerical yield). Applying manure at an application rate that estimates 35 percent mineralization may have contributed excessive salt to the soil and decreased plant dry matter accumulation. Fertilization of cotton had no impact on cotton yield. The nitrogen sources used had no impact on cotton yield or fiber quality.
Wheat and corn production tests in North Carolina included UAN solution, Nitamin (UFP), ESN, and Nutrisphere at various rates.
The wheat data suggest that UAN, NutriSphere, and UCAN produced similar grain yields for all four site years. The ESN yields were lower than the other fertilizers for one site year. The use of ESN for wheat straw production is not recommended as it produced lower yields 75 percent of the site years. The use of any of the alternative nitrogen fertilizer products over UAN for wheat grain production would be heavily influenced by fertilizer pricing.
Over the six site years of corn grain yield data, five demonstrated no agronomic advantage of the alternative fertilizer products over UAN for grain production. In the one site year, UAN produced less grain than the alternative fertilizer products; this may have been due to a change in tillage system. In three of the six site years, NutriSphere and ESN produced higher corn stover yields than UAN. Two of those years were in the mountains, suggesting that NutriSphere may offer an agronomic advantage over UAN in the production of corn stover in the mountains under the field conditions in this study.
A separate incubation study demonstrated that UCAN and NutriSphere released nitrogen on a time scale similar to UAN under the laboratory conditions. The release time for ESN in the five soils was approximately 7 to 42 days and was slower than UAN, NutriSphere, or UCAN.
Overall, the use of these alternative nitrogen fertilizers in North Carolina provides little agronomic benefit to corn or wheat grain production. Producers who use the products for stover or straw production should be aware of cost differences between products.
A two-year study in Oklahoma (2010 and 2011) tested urea, Nutrisphere-N, Agrotain, and ESN in winter wheat.
Across both location and years there was no significant difference in wheat grain yield, protein, or residual soil nitrate levels when a product or additive was added and compared to urea at the same nitrogen rate. Regardless of tillage practice, there was no benefit in terms of yield or nitrogen concentration of using a slow release nitrogen source or a nitrogen stabilizer product.
Studies conducted in 2010 in Texas evaluated UAN, Nutrisphere-N, Agrotain Ultra, N-Sure, NDemand, and CoRon. Crops included corn, cotton, and grain sorghum.
For corn, there wereno differences in grain yield or test weight between the control and treatments receiving UAN, UAN with urease-nitrification inhibitors, or UAN blended with any of the three slow-release nitrogen products. Likewise, there were no differences in cotton lint yield, gin turnout or fiber quality parameters between the control and any of the treatments, including various rates of nitrogen fertilizer using UAN, UAN with urease-nitrification inhibitors, or UAN blended with any one of three slow-release nitrogen products.
Grain sorghum yield responded to increasing rates of coulter-banded UAN fertilizer applied at the second leaf stage. However, nitrogen stabilizers and slow release products surface dribble- banded at 30 and 60 pounds of nitrogen per acre did not improve grain sorghum yields compared to conventional UAN or urea at equal rates.
“Overall, this research indicates that crop response to the nitrogen stabilizer and slow release products evaluated was variable,” McFarland said. “While some of the products did show positive benefits, the results were not consistent across the different crops, sites, or years tested..”
He said environmental conditions in a given cropping season, particularly temperature and rainfall, along with soil type, are key factors in determining whether a nitrogen stabilizer or slow release product will protect nitrogen from loss and potentially improve crop response.
“Given the high cost of nitrogen and the environmental consequences of losses into surface water and groundwater resources, nitrogen fertilizers must be managed very carefully,” he added. “In the case of nitrogen stabilizers and slow release products, more research is needed to document precisely if, when, and where a specific product can help agricultural producers do that consistently and economically.” | <urn:uuid:39489c37-deb0-4ccb-9264-9a886e013faf> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://southwestfarmpress.com/print/management/new-technology-and-alternative-nitrogen-sources-crops-southern-us?page=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164677368/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134437-00019-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940052 | 3,282 | 2.640625 | 3 |
In this article, Jon Hird, author of the brand new Oxford Learner’s Pocket Verbs and Tenses, takes a look at the verbing of English and shares with us some interesting examples he has recently come across.
A recent OUP ELT blog about the language legacy of the Olympics included some examples of nouns being used as verbs. Competitors no longer stood on the podium and won a medal, but podiumed and medalled. Athletes also finalled (reached a final) and PB-ed (achieved a PB, or Personal Best). Even Lord Coe, Chairman of the Organising Committee, got in on the act when, prior to the games, he told the nation that ‘The London Olympics need[ed] to legacy’.
This conversion of nouns to verbs is known as ‘verbing’ and it has been around for as long as the English language itself. Ancient verbs such as rain and thunder and more recent conversions such as access, chair, debut, highlight and impact were all originally used only as nouns before they became verbs. In his book, The Language Instinct, Steven Pinker tells us that ‘Easy conversion of nouns to verbs has been part of English grammar for centuries; it is one of the processes that makes English English.’
Verbing exists essentially to make what we say shorter and snappier. It can also give a more dynamic sense to ideas. Conversion is easy and therefore common in English because, unlike in many other languages, the base form of the verb does not take a separate ending. Verbs converted from nouns are all regular and the past forms have an -ed ending.
Today, noun to verb conversion is particularly common in the field of technology, especially when it comes to the internet and digital communication. Many words which were originally nouns have very quickly become established as verbs. We bookmark websites. We email, text, message and DM (Direct Message) people. We friend and unfriend (or defriend) people on Facebook. We tweet about topics that are trending. We blog. And now, at least according to one mobile phone provider, we also hub (see right).
Proper nouns are also used as verbs. If we don’t know something, we google it. We skype to keep in touch. We youtube to watch video clips. And we facebook and whatsapp people about what’s going on. A Turkish colleague of mine recently found himself saying that he’d ebayed something and was wondering if it’s OK to say that.
Outside the world of technology, it seems that nouns are being verbed wherever you turn. At the airport on a recent work trip, we were informed that ‘Passengers who are transiting need to follow the transit signs.’ After my return to the UK, a colleague emailed ‘I hope you had a great time conferencing around Italy.’ Around the same time a friend facebooked ‘let’s coffee soon!’ I’ve since discovered that ‘Let’s Coffee’ is the name of numerous coffee shops around the world. There’s also ‘Let’s Burger’, ‘Let’s Seafood’ and no doubt many more.
Food and drink, in fact, seems to be ripe when it comes to verbing the noun. Ted, a character in the TV show ‘How I Met Your Mother’, when offering to buy someone a drink, asks ‘Can I beer you?’ After a talk I recently gave, one of the participants facebooked me this photo he had taken of a London café window (see below). Whether he saladed or sandwiched that day, I’m not sure. And while a considerable number of English words connected with food come from French, I was surprised to come across the concept of fooding in, of all places, Montmartre in Paris.
Advertisers have latched on to verbing as well. For some time now, a high street chain here in the UK has been imploring us not to shop for it, but to Argos it. And while cycling through the centre of Oxford the other day, I noticed on the back door of a van this rather clever play on words promoting cordless power tools (see right). And only last night, during a BBC news item about the possible impending demise of the high street music store, a guest explained that part of the problem was that customers were overchoiced.
So, the choice is yours – do you noun or do you verb? Keep your eyes and ears open and see how many examples of verbing you come across. A lot, I suspect. And please share some of your favourites below. | <urn:uuid:539c997a-bf97-4233-a59f-86c5f50ca93c> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://oupeltglobalblog.com/tag/contemporary-english/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999946.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20190625192953-20190625214953-00100.warc.gz | en | 0.968242 | 998 | 3.34375 | 3 |
School exclusion, the practice of temporarily or permanently removing students from their regular learning environment as a form of discipline, has long been a contentious subject. A growing body of research suggests that this practice may contribute to a vicious cycle that traps young people within the justice system. In particular, misunderstood trauma, special educational needs (SEN), and isolation emerge as significant factors fuelling this troubling cycle.
Trauma, especially when it goes undetected or misunderstood, can significantly impact a child’s behaviour and performance in school. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) such as physical or emotional abuse, neglect, or exposure to violence can lead to various mental health issues, including anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These conditions can, in turn, trigger disruptive behaviours that might be interpreted as defiance or indiscipline in a school setting, leading to exclusion.
Unfortunately, traditional school disciplinary measures often fail to recognize the underlying trauma that drives these behaviours. Instead of offering therapeutic interventions or support, schools may resort to exclusion, which further exacerbates feelings of rejection and social isolation, leading to a higher likelihood of these students entering the youth justice system.
Special educational needs (SEN)
Students with special educational needs (SEN) are disproportionately affected by school exclusion. Conditions like Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Autism Spectrum Condition (ASC), and dyslexia can affect a student’s ability to focus, process information, and socialize, often leading to behaviour that schools may find challenging to manage.
Notably, these students are not inherently troublesome or defiant. Their actions often stem from their struggles to navigate an educational environment that does not adequately cater to their unique learning needs. However, instead of receiving the necessary support, these students are often excluded, pushing them to the peripheries of the education system and increasing their risk of engaging with the justice system.
Isolation and its impacts
Social isolation is both a cause and an effect of school exclusion. Children who feel socially isolated are more likely to exhibit challenging behaviours, which may lead to their exclusion from school. Furthermore, exclusion itself is a form of social isolation, which can engender feelings of rejection and lead to the development of antisocial behaviour.
Excluded students often miss out on the social learning that occurs in a school setting. This absence of a supportive community can result in emotional distress, diminished self-esteem, and a lack of important social and emotional skills. All these factors can contribute to these students’ susceptibility to engage in criminal behaviour, thereby entering the youth justice system.
Breaking the cycle
The connection between school exclusion, misunderstood trauma, SEN, and isolation is a complex and vicious cycle that feeds into the youth justice system. However, this cycle is not inevitable. By adopting trauma-informed approaches, providing adequate support for students with SEN, and fostering a sense of belonging for all students, schools can disrupt this cycle.
It’s crucial that educators, policymakers, and society as a whole begin to view these issues through a holistic, empathetic lens. We must strive to understand the root causes of disruptive behaviour and invest in early interventions and inclusive education practices. Such efforts can prevent school exclusions and ensure that all young people have the opportunity to thrive and grow in a supportive, understanding environment – ultimately diverting them from the youth justice system.
Ola Malanska founded Caleidoscope in 2019 .
The articles we publish on Psychreg are here to educate and inform. They’re not meant to take the place of expert advice. So if you’re looking for professional help, don’t delay or ignore it because of what you’ve read here. Check our full disclaimer. | <urn:uuid:1d992713-035d-425d-9bc5-0c7887915ca0> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.psychreg.org/vicious-cycle-school-exclusions-youth-justice-system-entrapment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224656788.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609164851-20230609194851-00301.warc.gz | en | 0.946111 | 764 | 3.953125 | 4 |
Teaching History in Context in Zimbabwe
By Miles Tendi
Dimensions: 210 x 297mm
Date of publication: December 2009
History is the study of the transformation and growth in society over time and space. Examining the past allows us to understand how history infl uences our present and future. A study of history builds the capacity of people to make informed choices in order to contribute constructively to society and to advance democracy. As a vehicle of personal empowerment, history engenders in learners an understanding of human agency. This brings with it the knowledge that, as human beings, learners have choices, and that they can make the choice to change the world for the better.
Becoming Zimbabwe. A History, c. 850–2009 is a rigorous academic work of historical enquiry penned by Zimbabwean scholars that is an alternative overview to the prevalent narrative and accounts of Zimbabwe's history. Th e book surveys the process of nation-building in Zimbabwe through its various stages. The idea of a nation is important in Zimbabwe and history is central to that design. Thus, Becoming Zimbabwe seeks to address the role of nation building and history in the idea of a Zimbabwean political imagination, which is a central tenet of the country's current politics. In addition the book offers a critical appreciation of Zimbabwe's socioeconomic systems since the pre-colonial era, and how they have impacted on people. Becoming Zimbabwe promotes and aids critical historical debate through a meticulous assessment of a wide range of chronological evidence and various viewpoints about Zimbabwe's history. It shows that historical truth is comprised of an array of voices. The voices vary and are, more often than not, confl icting accounts of Zimbabwe's past.
This report provides a complimentary aspect to Becoming Zimbabwe by posing a general critique of history teaching and curriculum in Zimbabwe. It attempts to enhance the book's use, and serves as an educational tool at secondary and higher levels for comparison and analysis of history teaching and curriculum in Zimbabwe. The report also provides an outline of the kinds of historical texts and narratives on Zimbabwe, and how they are taught within Zimbabwean technical colleges and universities. The supplement therefore provides an overview of history teaching in Zimbabwe in relation to the content and focus of Becoming Zimbabwe. | <urn:uuid:ff2d05f9-3a1b-4ced-b21a-b5a5bf6651b3> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.ijr.org.za/publications/beczim.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463453.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00249-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934585 | 452 | 2.703125 | 3 |
There is an art and a science in preparing an expository sermon.
PRELIMINARY THINGS ARE NECESSARY. CERTAIN THINGS MUST BE IN PLACE.
A. Sanctify Your Life
Prepare our own heart. Humility, prayer, confession, asking for direction, enlightenment, help from the Holy Spirit, enthusiasm.
B. Select the Text
Obviously. Every text is a treasure-house. Select the appropriate division of the text.
C. Secure the Resources
Gather the books. Isolate the resources. Get it in a form you can write on. Extract the gold. See where you need to drill down more. Be greedy at this point. Get the whole choir in front of you. Have all the clubs in your bag laid out.
Quiet place. Good lighting. Good chair. Large desk.
D. Seek the Lord
A. Read the Passage
Over and over again. Mark it up. Be aggressive. Investigate the text. Make observations. Be driven into the text. Look for key words, main verbs, conjunctions.
B. Investigate the Text
1. Who Is Speaking?
The text will not make sense unless you know who wrote it.
2. Where Is He?
3. When Did He Write This?
4. To Whom Is He Speaking?
5. Why Is He Speaking?
6. What Else Was Occurring?
7. What Preceded It?
8. What Follows?
C. Note the Features
Figures of speech, proper names, parallelism.
D. Discover the Thrust
Discover the central theme. We must have a message with unity. All planets revolve around this sun.
A. Read the Various Commentaries
Rely on work others have done before you in the past. Start with the simplest and work up to the most difficult.
B. Construct a Block Diagram
Subject-Verb-Object. Focus on the verbs.
C. Discover the Issues
Cause and effect. Repetition.
D. Consider the Proper Meaning
The right interpretation. Who has nailed the right interpretation?
A. Write a Simple Outline
Summarize the outline and the main idea. Anticipate what your preaching outline is going to be. You need the railroad tracks that the sermon is going to go down.
B. Write the Central Theme
One sentence. What is the text about? Study Bibles are very helpful.
WRITE THE MANUSCRIPT. YOU MUST PREACH ENOUGH IN ORDER TO BECOME A GOOD PREACHER.
A. Write the First Heading
Skip the introduction. Save it until later. Start with Roman numeral I. Read, explain, apply, maybe illustrate.
B. Write the Transition
Set up the first verse.
C. Write the First Verse
D. Write the Explanation
Use the dictionary and the thesaurus.
A. Dig Deeper into the Text
1. Word Studies
2. Verb Tenses
3. Grammatical Structure
5. Historical Background
6. Geographical Setting
7. Authorial Intent
8. Figurative Speech
9. Cross References
10. Book Argument
11. Systematic Theology
Tell the people what they cannot normally pull out from the text.
B. Incorporate the Additional Findings
1. Write It in the Manuscript
2. Merge It with These Findings
APPLY AS YOU GO, AS CLOSE TO THE EXPLANATION AS POSSIBLE. GET TO THE “YOU”. READ THE FACES OF PEOPLE.
A. Show the Relevance
You don’t have to make the Bible what it already is. You SHOW the relevance, not MAKE the relevance.
B. Relate the Implications
C. Urge the Following
This is the implementation.
MOST ILLUSTRATIONS TAKE TOO LONG. THE BEST ILLUSTRATIONS ARE BIBLICAL ILLUSTRATIONS. ALSO HISTORICAL ILLUSTRATIONS ARE GOOD. NOT YOUR FAMILY. NOT YOUR CAT. LIMITED PERSONAL ILLUSTRATIONS. WE ARE NOT THE HERO.
A. Use Biblical Illustrations
B. Use Historical Illustrations
C. Use Personal Illustrations
D. Use Cultural Illustrations
Some cultural illustrations are good to create a crisis in the pulpit and then solve it in the sermon.
E. Use Created Illustrations
Like Pilgrim’s Progress.
F. Use Quotations
They shouldn’t take much time.
G. Use analogies and metaphors | <urn:uuid:243f2c4b-18bd-41c5-a892-ca6d59993add> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | http://www.bereanwife.net/2013/07/the-mechanics-of-expository-preaching-i-preparation-of-the-manuscript/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141716970.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20201202205758-20201202235758-00339.warc.gz | en | 0.787133 | 975 | 3.171875 | 3 |
SAN FRANCISCO: Religious freedom and civic rights were considered important facets of a “Muslim nation” according to the Prophet Muhammad — peace be upon him –, researchers said Monday in a new analysis of early Islamic agreements with Christians.
The study revolved around covenants developed by the Prophet Muhammad and Christians living in Muslim-controlled areas.
Many of the documents came from obscure monasteries or books that have been out of print for centuries. The agreements showcase the Prophet Muhammad’s belief in freedom of religion.
The covenants, the authors argue, should be used to forge democratic partnerships between Muslims and Christians in the Islamic world and the Christian-majority West.
Violent extremist groups such as Daesh have faced international condemnation for the persecution of Christians as well as other religious minorities, including Yazidis.
“These covenants were designed to protect and even defend peaceful Christian communities, not attack them,” said lead author Craig Considine.
“The research clearly shows that contemporary Islamic states that mistreat and discriminate against Christians cannot be justified in light of the Prophet Muhammad’s covenants.”
The covenants analyzed for the report were written between 622 and 632 C.E., during the Prophet Muhammad’s lifetime. Some of the documents detail specific agreements with Christian communities located in modern-day Egypt, Iran and Saudi Arabia.
“And even as they honor and respect me, so shall Muslims care for that people as being under our protection and whensoever any distress or discomfort shall overtake [Christians], Muslims shall hold themselves in duty bound to aid and care for them, for they are a people subject to my Nation, obedient to their word, whose helpers also they are,” the prophet wrote in a covenant regarding Christians in Persia.
Considine believes the covenants not only disagree with positions taken by extremists like Daesh, they also provide evidence against the growing amount of Islamophobic rhetoric in Western nations.
“[The Prophet Muhammad’s] message radiates compassion and peace,” Considine continued. “This is what American society – and indeed the world – needs now more than ever.”
The report was published in the journal Religions by researchers from Rice University in Houston, Texas. – Barry Eitel Anadolu Agency | <urn:uuid:c47a134f-a76b-4357-b832-10532e5f43a9> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://kohraam.com/international/prophet-muhammad-strongly-supported-religious-freedom-researchers-54919.html/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232258003.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20190525104725-20190525130725-00103.warc.gz | en | 0.951996 | 478 | 2.5625 | 3 |
As Africa claims the world's fastest growing GDP, its economy and businesses are growing, but they need managers.
This is good news for youth, who are eager to find jobs. The median age of the population in Africa is 20, seven years younger than anywhere else in the world, and the UN does not expect this gap to narrow until at least 2060. Youth employment solutions are necessary.
Startups, innovation and investment in Africa have created a need for highly qualified managers. Currently the continent has over one million vacancies in management, and as growth continues this number is expected to increase. But few African youth study management in school, which causes companies to look for foreign workers. Good, low-cost business education is needed in Africa. Of 90 business schools on the continent, only nine are accredited with international standards. Management is a field of opportunities in Africa—both for African youth and businesses looking to train them. | <urn:uuid:255424a0-1b5b-4fde-99a0-f2afe61a01d6> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.globalenvision.org/2012/07/02/wanted-1-million-mbas-can-africa-promote-within | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461861700326.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428164140-00149-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972905 | 186 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Glossary of Terms
Acid-free: Paper that is free from any acid content or other substances likely to have a detrimental effect on the paper or its ability to last over time (see pH).
Alkaline: Alkaline means “base.” Anything that is alkaline has a pH over 7.0, and is considered to be free of acids.
Archival: Paper that is not only acid free but also lignin and sulfur free. Most commonly used to repair and restore historic documents, the paper must be long lasting without causing deterioration to itself or other materials it may come in contact with.
Batik: A method of treating fabric or paper with wax before dyeing, so the treated area does not pick up color.
Bagasse: The fiber left over after extracting sugar from sugarcane.
Bamboo: A grass yielding a fiber used for papermaking.
Basis Weight: The weight in pounds of a ream of paper. Its metric counterpart is grammage, where mass per unit area is expressed in units of grams per square meter.
Bleach: A chlorine solution used to whiten pulp in papermaking.
Bonding Strength: The strength of paper or board to withstand layer-to-layer separation. It is the force with which a coating or film adheres to the surface of a sheet.
Bristol: A stiff, heavy paper whose caliper ranges upwards from 0.006”.
Caliper (Thickness): The average thickness of a single sheet as determined by measuring the thickness of different sheets and averaging the results.
Cast-Coated Paper: A coated paper with high gloss and absorptivity in which the coating has been allowed to harden or set while in contact with a mirror-like polished chrome surface.
Chain lines: In a sheet of paper, the lines that run perpendicular to the laid lines. In a paper making mould laid wires are woven together by very thin wire or silk threads; these threads from watermark lines, called chain lines, in the newly formed sheet.
Chemical Pulp: Pulp obtained by cooking the fiber source such as wood with solutions of various chemicals.
Chin colle: A paper college process in which sheets of paper are laminated together by the pressure of the etching press and glue. this process allows for layers of colored areas to be achieved without having to use separate plates.
Chiri: A Japanese term for mulberry bark, commonly used to refer to any paper with inclusions of mulberry bark.
Coated Paper: Any paper that has been coated with pigment and its binder with a coat weight of 7.5 g/m2 or higher.
Cockle (Crinkle): The formation of ripples, bulges, or warped spots out of the plane of the sheet caused by uneven moisture, tension during drying.
Corrugated Board: A composite paper product made by adhering Linerboard to both sides of a web of corrugated medium on a Corrugator.
Cotton: One of the most commonly used plant fibers in the making of western papers. Also called “rag” or linters.’ Cotton is the purest form of cellulose produced in nature and it requires the least amount of processing before it can be used.
Cover Paper: A general term applied to a great variety of papers used for outside covers of catalogues, brochures, booklets, and similar pieces.
Deckle: The wooden frame that rests on top of a mould and defines the edge of a sheet during hand paper making.
Deckle edges: The feathered edges of a sheet caused where the pulp thins towards the edge of the deckle frame.
Die-Cut: A cut made with a special punching blade instead of with a conventional rotary knife.
Embossed Finish: Paper with a raised or depressed surface resembling wood, cloth, leather, or other pattern.
Esparto: A tough, wiry grass without cultivation in the semi-arid parts of Spain and North Africa. This fiber produces paper that is smooth and soft.
Finish: The finish of a sheet of paper denotes the condition of its surface. A high finish refers to a smooth, hard, surface. A low finish refers to a relatively rough, toothy surface.
Free (Wood-Free): Description for pulp or paper that contains nil or minimal mechanical wood pulp.
g/m2: Paper weight can be measured in variety of ways. The most accurate, and most common for decorative papers, is in “grammage.” whereby the weight measured in g/m2 refers to the weight in grams of exactly one square meter of paper. One gram is equal to .0022 pounds.
Grammage: The mass of a unit area of paper or board determined by the standard method of test: it is expressed in g/m2.
Hemp: An older name for abaca, manila hemp is related to the banana plant; its leaf fiber is often used in paper making. Not to be confused with true hemp-cannabis sativa, or marijuana plant.
Ink Jet Printing: Printing process of an image or text by small ink particles projected onto the paper surface.
Kozo: A long, rough fiber from the mulberry tree that produces strong absorbent sheets of paper; the most common fiber used in Japanese papermaking.
Kraft paper: Paper made substantially from any kind of sulphate (Kraft) pulp.
Kraft Pulp (Sulphate Pulp): Any pulp made by the sulphate process, whose cooking liquor is mainly a mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulphide.
Laid paper: Paper with a prominent pattern of ribbed lines in the finished sheet. It is customary for the laid lines to run across the width and the chain lines to run from head to foot. The mould used to make laid paper has numerous narrowly spaced laid wires that are woven together by very thin wires or threads called chain lines.
Laser Printing: Xerographic printing where a modulated laser ray is projected on to a photoconductive cylinder or belt by a rotating mirror. The laser serves to produce the electrostatic latent image, which is developed with toners.
Letterpress: The process of printing from a raised inked surface with a plate.
Lightweight Paper: Papers having a grammage (basis weight) normally less than 40g/m2.
Lignin: The primary noncarbohydrate constituent found in wood; a polymer that functions as a natural binder.
Linters: The short fibers that cling to cotton seed after the first ginning. these cotton fibers are too short thread spinning or clothmaking, but are useful in making paper pulp.
Machine-made: Paper that is produced on a rapidly moving machine which forms, dries, sizes, and presses the sheet. this process forms an extremely uniform sheet.
Matte: Dull finish of coated paper. The coating is a special formulation and there is little, if any, calendaring.
Mechanical Pulp: Pulp, which has been prepared from wood primarily by mechanical, rather than chemical, means of separating fibers or fiber agglomerates from each other.
Mould: A flat screen with wire mesh onto which the deckle is placed during hand papermaking.
Mould made: A sheet of paper that simulates the look of handmade paper but is actually made by a machine called a cylinder mould.
Paper: A name for a range of fibrous materials in the form of a coherent sheet or web used for writing, printing, wrapping, packaging, decorating, etc.
pH [p(potential of H(hydrogen)]: In lay terms, the measure of availability of free hydrogen ions representing the balance between the acid and alkaline components of a material. 7 pH (pH neutral) represents a balance between acid and alkaline components; 0 pH is very acidic; 14 pH is very alkaline. (see acid free)
Rag Content: The proportion of natural fiber rag like cotton in a paper furnish.
Rice paper: A common misnomer applied to Asian papers, this term most often refers to any paper made from the mulberry tree family and is not actually made from any part of the rice plant. It is said that mulberry paper got the name rice paper because it was originally used to make packets of rice. Translucent unryu papers, with strands of kozo/mulberry fibers (see unryu definition), are most commonly described as “rice paper”.
Salago: A wild shrub native to Philippines which is harvested in a manner very similar to mulberry. Limbs are trimmed, the bark is stripped off and inner fiber of the branch is boiled and beaten to make it less absorbent. The amount of sizing in or in a paper determines its resistance to moisture. The more sizing, the less absorbent the paper, and vice-versa.
Su: A flexible bamboo or reed screen used in Japanese papermaking.
Tissue Paper: Thin, soft paper made from strong cellulose fibrous materials and of a substance usually between 12 and 25 gsm.
Unryu: Meaning “cloud dragon paper” in Japanese, urynu is characteristic of paper containing strands of kozo fiber that are added to the mulberry paper to create contrast and texture. The lighter weight translucent unryu papers are most commonly referred to as rice paper.
Vellum Finish: A toothy finish, which is relatively absorbent for fast ink penetration.
Washi: From the Japanese wa, meaning “Japan,” and shi, meaning “paper,” washi refers to any Japanese paper, traditionally made or otherwise.
Watermark: Localized modification of the formation and opacity of a sheet of paper while it is still quite wet, so that a pattern, design, or word group can be seen in the dried sheet when held up to the light.
Wove paper: A type of paper with a smooth, even surface made using a mould with a fine wire mesh. | <urn:uuid:5e3f3479-de33-420f-b1e7-2419823e5ab8> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://www.gpcpapers.com/glossary-of-terms/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526446.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20190720045157-20190720071157-00338.warc.gz | en | 0.934 | 2,107 | 3.515625 | 4 |
British researchers have found that an experimental “Trojan-horse” cancer therapy has completely eliminated prostate cancer in experiments on mice.
The team hid cancer killing viruses inside the immune system in order to sneak them into a tumor.
Once inside, a study in the journal Cancer Research showed, tens of thousands of viruses were released to kill the cancerous cells.
Experts labeled the study “exciting,” but human tests are still needed.
Using viruses to destroy rapidly growing tumors is an emerging field in cancer therapy, however one of the challenges is getting the viruses deep inside the tumor where they can do the damage.
“There’s a problem with getting enough virus into the tumor,” said Prof. Claire Lewis from the University of Sheffield.
She leads a team which uses white blood cells as “Trojan horses” to deliver the viral punch.
After chemotherapy or radiotherapy is used to treat cancer, there is damage to the tissue. This causes a surge in white blood cells, which swamp the area to help repair the damage.
“We’re surfing that wave to get as many white blood cells to deliver tumor-busting viruses into the heart of a tumor,” said Prof. Claire Lewis.
Her team takes blood samples and extract macrophages, a part of the immune system which normally attacks foreign invaders. These are mixed with a virus which, just like HIV, avoids being attacked and instead becomes a passenger in the white blood cell.
In the study, the mice were injected with the white blood cells two days after a course of chemotherapy ended.
At this stage each white blood cell contained just a couple of viruses. However, once the macrophages enter the tumor the virus can replicate. After about 12 hours the white blood cells burst and eject up to 10,000 viruses each – which go on to infect, and kill, the cancerous cells.
At the end of the 40-day study, all the mice who were given the Trojan treatment were still alive and had no signs of tumors.
By comparison, mice given other treatments died and their cancer had spread.
Prof. Claire Lewis said: “It completely eradicates the tumor and stops it growing back.”
She said it was a “ground-breaking” concept, but cautioned that many remarkable advances in treating mice failed to have any effect in people.
She hopes to begin human trials next year. | <urn:uuid:59fde420-3c3b-4635-bde4-e00de8b28be6> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.bellenews.com/2012/12/23/health/trojan-horse-therapy-completely-eliminates-prostate-cancer-in-experiments-on-mice/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115891802.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161131-00183-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960962 | 506 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Biological: Behavioural genetics · Evolutionary psychology · Neuroanatomy · Neurochemistry · Neuroendocrinology · Neuroscience · Psychoneuroimmunology · Physiological Psychology · Psychopharmacology (Index, Outline)
The types of bacteria that cause bacterial meningitis vary by age group. In premature babies and newborns up to three months old, common causes are group B streptococci (subtypes III which normally inhabit the vagina and are mainly a cause during the first week of life) and those that normally inhabit the digestive tract such as Escherichia coli (carrying K1 antigen). Listeria monocytogenes (serotype IVb) may affect the newborn and occurs in epidemics. Older children are more commonly affected by Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus), Streptococcus pneumoniae (serotypes 6, 9, 14, 18 and 23) and those under five by Haemophilus influenzae type B (in countries that do not offer vaccination, see below).
In adults, N. meningitidis and S. pneumoniae together cause 80% of all cases of bacterial meningitis, with increased risk of L. monocytogenes in those over 50 years old. Since the pneumococcal vaccine was introduced, however, rates of pneumococcal meningitis have declined in children and adults.
Recent trauma to the skull gives bacteria in the nasal cavity the potential to enter the meningeal space. Similarly, individuals with a cerebral shunt or related device (such as an extraventricular drain or Ommaya reservoir) are at increased risk of infection through those devices. In these cases, infections with staphylococci are more likely, as well as infections by pseudomonas and other Gram-negative bacilli. The same pathogens are also more common in those with an impaired immune system. In a small proportion of people, an infection in the head and neck area, such as otitis media or mastoiditis, can lead to meningitis. Recipients of cochlear implants for hearing loss are at an increased risk of pneumococcal meningitis.
Tuberculous meningitis, meningitis due to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is more common in those from countries where tuberculosis is common, but is also encountered in those with immune problems, such as AIDS.
Recurrent bacterial meningitis may be caused by persisting anatomical defects, either congenital or acquired, or by disorders of the immune system. Anatomical defects allow continuity between the external environment and the nervous system. The most common cause of recurrent meningitis is skull fracture, particularly fractures that affect the base of the skull or extend towards the sinuses and petrous pyramids. A literature review of 363 reported cases of recurrent meningitis showed that 59% of cases are due to such anatomical abnormalities, 36% due to immune deficiencies (such as complement deficiency, which predisposes especially to recurrent meningococcal meningitis), and 5% due to ongoing infections in areas adjacent to the meninges.
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Sáez-Llorens X, McCracken GH (June 2003). Bacterial meningitis in children. Lancet 361 (9375): 2139–48.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Tunkel AR, Hartman BJ, Kaplan SL, et al. (November 2004). Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis. Clinical Infectious Diseases 39 (9): 1267–84.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ Hsu HE, Shutt KA, Moore MR, et al. (2009). Effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on pneumococcal meningitis.. N Engl J Med 360 (3): 244–256.
- ↑ Wei BP, Robins-Browne RM, Shepherd RK, Clark GM, O'Leary SJ (January 2008). Can we prevent cochlear implant recipients from developing pneumococcal meningitis?. Clin. Infect. Dis. 46 (1): e1–7.
- ↑ Thwaites G, Chau TT, Mai NT, Drobniewski F, McAdam K, Farrar J (March 2000). Tuberculous meningitis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 68 (3): 289–99.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Tebruegge M, Curtis N (July 2008). Epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of recurrent bacterial meningitis. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 21 (3): 519–37. | <urn:uuid:d2743a31-db4b-423e-8b8c-cffb933f166b> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Bacterial_meningitis?oldid=133241 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860106452.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161506-00025-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.856086 | 1,021 | 3.09375 | 3 |
dsgd 100 project series
Visual Communication and Process
The goal of this course is to contribute to the student’s discovery and understanding of the basic objectives, principles, and methods used in graphic design.
Presented with three different objects to examine. After initial studies of each object, you will select one of them to represent throughout all four projects in this course. Throughout the semester, you must research and collect reference material on the nature of your object in order to inform and support the concepts you present. | <urn:uuid:734180a7-ff37-4c71-a38e-9a4c5ad8e59b> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://www.clswenson.com/visual-process-course | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987822458.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20191022155241-20191022182741-00110.warc.gz | en | 0.916879 | 103 | 2.984375 | 3 |
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Heart health: Long-term study shows that strawberries or blueberries reduce the risk of heart attack in women
Strawberries or blueberries are true fitness-enhancers - this is the result of a long-term study that has now been published by an international team of researchers in the journal Circulation: Journal of the American Heart Association. According to this, "a high intake of the ingredient anthocyanin can reduce the risk of heart attack in young women." However, further studies are necessary here "to further examine to what extent an increased intake of anthocyanin-rich foods would have an impact on health."
According to the study, three servings of these fruits per week would help reduce the risk of heart attack for women by a third. The reason for this are the ingredients from the group of so-called anthocyanins, because according to the report of the international research team, these would keep the blood vessels fit.
Valuable ingredients expand the arteries. Strawberries and blueberries contain a large number of flavonoids, which on the one hand take care of the flower color, but also have protective functions for the plant. According to the research team led by Eric Rimm from the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston, the so-called anthocyanins, which are a subset of the flavonoids, are particularly relevant for human health, because according to the study, these would expand the arteries, the development prevent plaques in the blood vessels.
Eating these two types of fruit frequently could prevent heart disease, for example: "We have shown that increased consumption of these fruits from an early age can reduce the risk of heart attack later in life," said lead author Aedín Cassidy of the University of East Anglia in Norwich.
Anthocyanins as a healer? But anthocyanins can do even more: According to the nutritionist at aid infodienst Harald Seitz, these could also help prevent cancer, since they would influence the body's protective mechanisms and strengthen the immune system. According to the nutrition experts, raspberries in particular are often mentioned in the media as cancer protectors. However, according to Seitz, the raspberries would not do justice to this image because of the anthocyanin content, but rather through another ingredient, the so-called ellagic acid. This would apparently help “to reduce the risk of lung and esophageal cancer,” Seitz said - which has so far only been shown in laboratory tests.
Few heart attacks due to regular consumption of strawberries and blueberries For the current long-term study, an international medical team examined a total of 93,600 women between the ages of 25 and 42 who had filled out questionnaires on their diet quarterly over a period of 18 years.
Over the course of the 18 years, 405 women had suffered a heart attack - but through the regular documentation of the dietary habits by the study participants, the researchers came to an interesting result: This showed that women who had strawberries or blueberries at least three times a week Ate fewer cases had occurred than those who had eaten the fruit at most once a month. The consumption of other fruits or vegetables could not compensate for this.
However, since the risk of a heart attack, according to the physicians, would increase particularly with increasing age and generally higher for men, there has so far been little research to investigate how nutrition in younger women affects future health.
The positive effects of berries have already been shown in earlier studies. However, previous studies had already shown that flavonoids have a positive effect on cardiovascular health in principle and that plant substances would have a greater antioxidative effect than, for example, vitamin E - and thus cell aging to a greater extent could stop.
Effects also possible with other berry varieties According to the researchers, the result of the long-term study would only relate to how strawberries and blueberries would generally affect the heart health of women if they were consumed frequently - further risk factors such as age, blood pressure, family history, weight , Exercise, smoking and caffeine and alcohol consumption would not have been taken into account in the study. Strawberries and blueberries had been the focus of the study, as these two types of berries are particularly popular in the United States.
Because of the concentration on these two types of berries, it cannot be ruled out that other berries or other types of fruit or vegetables could also have a positive effect on heart health. Based on the results, there is a presumption that "other foods rich in anthocyanins such as blueberries, blackberries or eggplants could have a similar effect". For this reason, the experts recommend that berries should be included in the daily diet as a precaution, which should also include sufficient other fruits, vegetables and whole grains. (sb)
Image: Birgit H, Pixelio.de | <urn:uuid:ccfc4383-7309-43e9-a19d-7ee81c82e936> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://en.f84thunderjet.com/21027-blueberries-reduce-the-risk-of-heart-attack.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.969668 | 1,007 | 3.25 | 3 |
Engineers at LiverpoolUniversity have tested an Ultra High Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) designed to reduce the impact of bomb blasts in public places.
Working alongside the Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure, researchers have found that the new concrete is able to absorb a thousand times more energy than conventional mixtures.
While the concrete has yet to be introduced in the UK, it has been utilised in Australia in the design of slender footbridges and to strengthen government buildings against potential mortar attacks. Other applications include bomb-proof litter bins and protection barriers.
The university has explored the limits of the concrete’s capability through a range of tests for dynamic bending and indirect stress conducted at RAF Spadeadam in Cumbria.
Trials revealed that the concrete resisted high explosion blasts without producing shrapnel from the back of its panels. According to LiverpoolUniversity, this factor will prove significant in its ability to be used in protection barriers that shield people from explosions.
Prof Steve Millard said: ‘Many of London’s tourist landmarks are surrounded by concrete to protect against terrorist attacks. However, the material does not absorb sufficient energy to prevent the creation of shrapnel, which is one of the most lethal consequences of a bomb blast. UHPFRC is different because needle-thin steel fibres are added into the concrete mix instead of steel reinforcing bars to increase its tensile strength.
‘We carried out a number of high explosion tests; gradually reducing the distance to the explosive charge to examine the concrete’s bending strength and capacity to absorb energy. Our results showed the new UHPFRC material had an enhanced tension and compression strength of 500 per cent greater than conventional concrete. This makes UHPFRC a suitable material for use in anti-terrorism applications.’
The research was undertaken as part of the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council’s (EPSRC’s) Think Crime-4 initiative, which involved collaboration with SheffieldUniversity. | <urn:uuid:e23a063d-8243-4b0b-a481-f0ceef5b0399> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.theengineer.co.uk/bomb-proof-concrete/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585215.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20211018221501-20211019011501-00226.warc.gz | en | 0.935604 | 409 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Green Globe artichoke seeds grow on such attractive plants that they are often found in the flower garden. A little patience is needed but the wait is worthwhile. A rich and deeply dug soil is required for the plants to produce their best heads. Starting in March or April, sow seed outdoors 1.5cm (0.5″) deep in a seed bed and transplant to the permanent position when seedlings are large enough to handle. Water well. Allow 2-3 feet between plants as they will eventually reach a height of 5 feet. Young plants produce their best heads in the second year of cropping and become more prolific each year. To cook, rinse thoroughly under a tap and remove the pointed tips. Boil in salty water for 20-40 minutes until tender. Drain upside down and serve hot with melted butter or Hollandaise sauce.
Matures in 150-210 days. (Open-pollinated seeds)
How to Grow Artichokes
It takes some work and a lot of patience to grow artichokes from seed, but it’s worth the effort. Commercial culture is limited to warm areas hardiness zone 7 and above. Artichokes require good soil, regular watering and feeding, plus frost protection in winter. Before frost, cut back to 15cm (6″) tall and mulch with soil, straw or leaves to keep the root from freezing. Uncover in April. Offshoots of these plants should be set out in the spring, so that the older plants can be replaced after a few years. Follow along with this handy How to Grow Artichokes from Seeds Guide and grow food.
Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus
We Recommend: Imperial Star (AR103). Harvesting artichokes in the first year of growth is a real benefit for growers. Imperial Star grows beautifully in an open field situation. Productive and yummy!
Season & Zone
Season: Cool season
Exposure: Full sun
Zone: 6-9 (hardy in Zone 5 if you use mulch and cloche cover)
Start indoors in late January to early February under bright lights.
Sow 2 seeds per pot, 5mm (¼”) deep. Keep moist in a warm place until seeds germinate in 10 to 21 days. Transplant seedlings into the garden 2 weeks after the last average frost date for your area. Artichokes need a cool period (250 hours) below 10°C (50°F) to induce flowering, but will not survive hard frost. Space plants 1m (3′) apart. Seeds can also be germinated between damp sheets of paper towel.
Ideal pH: 5.6-6.6. Select a sunny, sheltered location with well-draining soil. Dig in lots of compost or rotted manure and add half to 1 cup of complete organic fertilizer per plant. On the coast, with protective mulch, these plants may overwinter. In late October cut back to 15cm (6″) tall, and mulch well with straw, soil, leaves, or burlap, to keep the roots from freezing. Uncover in April.
In optimum conditions at least 70% of seeds will germinate. Usual seed life: 1 year.
Only logged in customers who have purchased this product may leave a review. | <urn:uuid:564d91a3-d4bc-45ff-804b-e1ef429c488b> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://www.westcoastseeds.com/shop/vegetable-seeds/artichoke-seeds/green-globe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424239.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723022719-20170723042719-00224.warc.gz | en | 0.925647 | 689 | 2.75 | 3 |
URBAN ECOLOGY, FOOD SYSTEMS & RESILIENCE
Today most people live in cities while imagining nature is something that is found far beyond the city limits in vast wilderness tracts. Contrary to many of our historical assumptions cities are functioning ecosystems full of complex species interactions. Soon seventy percent of humans will live in megacities , and thus environmental change and the struggle to preserve life on this planet begins right under our feet where we live. We need to reinvent cities, economies, cultures, commons, and our multi-species urban models.
Fundamental to this is eating -- all life is eating. How we -- and everything else eats shapes the planet, ourselves and our communities. Currently, on one hand, we live in poisoned cities, with food deserts, within a highly dysfunctional food system, while at the same time for us eating is also one of the great pleasures in being alive. Food and eating is something that activates the best in us and we believe that by catalyzing this great change can happen -- beginning right under our feet.
We have a number of active initiatives around rethinking novel urban ecosystems. The Eat Your Sidewalk project is one of our major projects in this regard. Additionally, we are working on a number of projects: reinventing the urban lawn and a spontaneous meadow, developing a multi-species commons framework, moving beyond the native vs invasive ideology, critically considering the deep racist logics within western ecological models, and working with many existing local projects globally. | <urn:uuid:ef4871d5-343a-4f4d-9aba-ae12736646e9> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.spurse.org/urban-ecology-resilience | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178370752.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20210305091526-20210305121526-00089.warc.gz | en | 0.91813 | 302 | 2.625 | 3 |
The importance of functional athletics has increased enormously in professional sports. Youth and amateur athletes also benefit from additional athletic training in terms of performance enhancement as well as injury prevention.
FLEXVIT bands enable training in all levels of movement. Complex sport-specific exercises can thus be performed with resistance bands. This leads, for example, to improved technique and coordination.
How (sport-specific) movement sequences can be refined and economised, how direction changes can be made more explosive, or how speed and strength can be increased – you can read all this and more about training at the highest level here. | <urn:uuid:1d3f6093-8133-408a-b3cf-0231c0c933d8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://flexvit.band/en/blog-performance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570765.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808031623-20220808061623-00136.warc.gz | en | 0.960551 | 123 | 2.578125 | 3 |
From Genesis (2: 15) to Revelation (14: 14–20) the Bible is dominated by farmers and their endless labour as they struggled to feed the Palestinian population despite droughts (Jer. 14: 1–6), their main enemy, and pests and armed intruders. Nevertheless they did produce wheat, grapes, olives, and other crops and maintained herds of cattle and flocks of sheep. So vital was agriculture to the nation's survival that there were regulations governing it in the Law (Deut. 22: 9–10) and there were three religious festivals (the feast of Weeks at the time of first fruits and the feast of Booths (Tabernacles) at the harvest of fruits, and Passover at the beginning of the corn harvest) associated with it. The processes of agriculture were frequently used in Jesus' parables. Ploughing was done after the autumn rains, and then the seed was sown by hand. Harvesting took place in the months April to June. Olives and grapes were gathered in the early autumn and this was marked by the feast of Tabernacles. This originally agricultural festival was provided with a historical interpretation by the Holiness Code (Lev. 23: 43) and was said to commemorate the Israelites' wanderings in the desert when they possessed no permanent houses. (But surely ‘booths’ of greenery in the wilderness stretches the historical imagination.) After threshing and winnowing the grain had to be stored (Luke 12: 18) and the chaff could be burnt (Matt. 3: 12). Flax was available for clothes. | <urn:uuid:12dd70d2-8f44-4da7-a2c1-7693da9cfac2> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.oxfordbiblicalstudies.com/print/opr/t94/e53 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119646209.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030046-00263-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979623 | 330 | 4.0625 | 4 |
Action research is a popular part of many teacher training courses but understanding how to do it well is not always straightforward. Previously known as Action Research for New Teachers, this book will guide trainee teachers through each step of the process, from initial stages of planning and research, through to how to analyse data and write up a research project.
This second edition includes:
· A new ‘Critical task’ feature, with suggested responses
· Discussion of where action research ‘fits’ in the word of education research
· Exploration of the skills and attributes needed for undertaking action research
· Guidance on how to write with clarity and purpose. | <urn:uuid:97f2ed66-b8ae-45c7-85b5-9851afa1b2f6> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://prod-uk-nocache.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/action-research-for-student-teachers/book272882 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662561747.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523194013-20220523224013-00181.warc.gz | en | 0.943433 | 132 | 2.875 | 3 |
|This article needs additional citations for verification. (March 2013)|
Friedrich Baum (1727–1777) was a German dragoon Lieutenant Colonel of Brunswick in British service during the American Revolutionary War. Baum served under another German officier, Major General Friedrich Adolf Riedesel, commanding the Dragoon Regiment "Prinz Ludwig" of the Braunschweiger Jäger in support of General John Burgoyne's 1777 campaign to attack the Lake Champlain-Hudson River corridor, which ended in Burgoyne's surrender at Saratoga on October 15, 1777.
For Baum, the campaign ended at the Battle of Bennington, on August 16, 1777. Arriving in Canada with the Brunswick army in the winter of 1776, Burgoyne detailed Baum with around 600 Brunswickers, British, and Indians from Fort Edward to try to collect provisions, horses, and Loyalist reinforcements for Burgoyne's main force for the march south toward Albany. However, nearly 2,000 rebels, consisting of New Hampshire forces under John Stark and the renmants of Seth Warner's Green Mountain Boys following the costly Battle of Hubbardton, were arrayed against Baum's men. Also among Stark's forces were Massachusetts men under Reverend Thomas Allen, leading a contingent of Pittsfield militia. Allen, who had been outraged at the surrender of Fort Ticonderoga to Burgoyne at the beginning of July, complained to Stark that if his men did not get to fight at Bennington they would never answer another call to arms.
Although Baum had served in several engagements in Europe during the Seven Years' War, he had little battlefield command experience. In contrast, his adversary Stark had served with Robert Rogers' Rangers, including the Battle of Ticonderoga; and he had distinguished himself as an American leader at Bunker Hill, Trenton, and Princeton.
Baum's lack of experience showed at Bennington, where he encamped his forces in such a way that they were separated and unable to communicate easily with each other. Communications were also hampered in some degree by only German-speaking Baum's own inability to speak English.
Baum had been assigned a loyalist from the nearby region to guide his forces and attest to the character of any indigenous people encountered along the way. According to a field report that was later published in the London Gazette by Burgoyne himself:
|“||Lieutenant-Colonel Baum . . . was joined at a Place called Santcoick Mills . . . by many People professing
themselves to be Loyalists. A Provincial Gentleman of Confidence, who had been sent with the
Detachment, as knowing the Country, and the Characters of Inhabitants, was so incautious as to
[naively accept their] Oath of Allegiance. His Credulity and their Profligacy caused the first
Misfortune, Colonel Baum was . . . betrayed; the Men who had taken the Oaths were the first to fire upon
him; he was attacked on all Sides; he showed [sic] great Personal Courage, but was overpowered by
Putting his superior numbers to best use, Stark surrounded each of Baum's forces and attacked simultaneously, overwhelming each redoubt. In the melée, Baum was captured after sustaining a mortal stomach wound, from which his surgeon, Julius Friedrich Wasmus, also captured, was unable to save him.
Seeing he was badly outnumbered, Baum had requested reinforcements from Burgoyne, who sent Lieutenant Colonel Heinrich von Breymann and a corps of light infantrymen and Brunswick grenadiers to support him. However, Breymann, who disliked Baum, marched slowly to the site, making less than one mile per hour, arriving after Baum had already been overrun and captured.
- The London Gazette, no. 11818, October 28, 1777, 2.
- Richard M. Ketchum, Saratoga, 1997.
- Wasmus, J.F, An Eyewitness Account Of The American Revolution And New England Life. The Journal Of J.F. Wasmus, German Company Surgeon, 1776-1783 (ISBN 0-313-27355-3) | <urn:uuid:faf8a03d-cf61-4572-b1d7-0f975781e53b> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Baum | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500823598.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021343-00065-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97393 | 885 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Northern Forest Research:
Adaptability of Maple Producers to Climate Change
Diane Kuehn, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry
Lisa Chase, University of Vermont
Goal: Develop strategies that help maple producers plan for and adapt to potential impacts from climate change in the Northern Forest region.
Outcomes and Products: The Northern Forest region of Vermont and New York is home to an estimated 1,200 commercial maple producers who rely on maple production as a source of income and as the basis for longstanding family and community traditions. Declines in maple production are projected due to climate change and its potential impacts on forest type and tree health and vigor. This study will result in strategies for maple producers that can be used to improve their adaptability to change, helping businesses transition over time and sustaining the maple syrup industry for as long as climatic conditions allow.
Funding for this project was provided in part by the Northeastern States Research Cooperative, a partnership of the Northern Forest states in coordination with the USDA Forest Service.
Last modified May 14 2014 09:33 AM | <urn:uuid:e8c401bc-a385-4324-9177-1d9c12ab737c> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.uvm.edu/~snrvtdc/?Page=northern-sugaring.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701166141.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193926-00316-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935347 | 217 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The woman taken in adultery
Main themes in the story
The story falls into two sections:
1 The scene is set, with time and place
2 The dilemma, and Jesus' response
The story of the adulterous woman is quite different to the rest of the material in John's gospel, and more like the Synoptic gospels (Matthew, Mark and Luke).
The Synoptic gospels tell relatively straightforward stories to illustrate Jesus' teaching. They are full of episodes, stories and teachings - one can imagine them being dramatically acted out and told as stories.
John uses a different writing technique. He wants to show that in Jesus, God is united with humanity, and his gospel is full of discourses, ideas, and profound theology.
Because the story of the adulterous woman is so visual and immediate, many biblical scholars believe that it was a later insertion and did not form part of John's original gospel. They suggest that it was a particularly popular story about Jesus that for some reasons had not been included in the first three gospels, but was placed in the fourth gospel some time after John had completed writing it, virtually by popular demand.
We are in Jerusalem, and it is not long before Jesus' own death. This is an introspective Jesus that we see, not the vigorous man who roamed the countryside of Galilee teaching anyone who would listen. This man knows he is in danger, and knows he is surrounded by enemies.
But instead of doing what the rest of us would do and heading back to Galilee and safety, he has come right into the hornet's nest and faced the danger head-on, in the Temple. His presence here is a tacit statement that he will not back down from what he believes.
The incident may have happened in the week before Jesus’ death, when he spent his days in Jerusalem and his nights in the house at Bethany, traversing the valley and hill road between these two places every day.
It is early morning, and the place is only beginning to stir. There are not many people around, not the crowds that will gather later in the day. In this muted atmosphere, in the great open courtyard of the Temple, he is approached by a group of people.
They are the scribes and Pharisees, the educated people of their day, cautious, law-abiding, and economically prosperous, most of them lawyers and civil servants of one kind or another. They have worked hard to get where they are, and they take their responsibilities seriously.
One of these responsibilities is maintaining stability in a society that is more than a little prone to instability. It is not easy to do. There have been frequent rebellions against the Romans, who take a savage stance if there is any trouble: the Roman practice is to first kill anyone who looks rebellious, then ask questions later. The scribes and Pharisees, much denigrated in Christian literature, are in fact trying to maintain the status quo as the Romans breathe down their necks.
They see Jesus as a threat to stability. He constantly challenges the traditional authorities and appears to have a gang of followers who accompany him everywhere. He disregards the normal Jewish ritual laws about eating by sitting down to meals with known law-breakers.
Passover now approaching and the crowds flocking to Jerusalem, he must
be kept in check. Any hint of rebellion at this time will bring down the
wrath of the Romans on a lot of innocent heads.
They hit on a problem they themselves are wrestling with: what to do when the Law of Moses and the edicts of the Romans challenge each other. Such a situation arises whenever they are commanded by the Law of Moses to impose the death penalty for a particular offense, such as adultery.
The Romans have authorized their appointee, the Governor, to impose the death sentence. No other person may do so. What, the scribes wonder, is the right thing to do in this situation? Follow the Law of Moses which as Jews they are required to do, and risk the consequences? Or sensibly do what the Romans command?
Some-one among them hits on the idea of posing this question to Jesus. They have been arguing about what to do with a particular case, the case of a woman who has been charged with adultery, and would like to hear what he says. It can do no harm to try.
But there is also the possibility he will slip up when he responds, and if this happens they can organize some sort of accusation that will remove him from the public sphere, at least for the time being, at least until Passover is over.
They take the woman from her prison cell to the Temple precincts where Jesus is teaching, presumably in the outer courtyards of the Temple - the Court of the Gentiles or the Court of Women would be the only areas she could be taken, since a woman could not go any further into the holy area.
Much has been made of the fact that they take the woman but not the man with whom she has committed adultery, suggesting that the man has not been charged.
This is not correct. By law, both parties to the adultery were charged and punished. There was no leniency shown to the man, and in fact Rabbinic law held that he was more responsible for what happened than the woman.
As for the woman herself, it is generally acknowledged that she is a young married woman. Nothing is known of her appearance, her financial status, or her family background. All we can surmise is that she was terrified, disheveled, and hopeless, since she had disgraced herself and her family, and now faced the horrific death sentence.
Stoning was a particularly brutal form of execution, but a strangely logical one in the context of the times. The first stones had to be thrown by the witnesses to the adultery, and then after that each member of the community in which the two adulterers lived had to come forward and throw a stone.
The thinking behind this was that, since every person in the community threw stone, no one person could be held responsible for the death of the pair. This was important in a society that practised vendetta, and where pay-back would happen if a killing occurred.
Dilemma, and Jesus' Response to it
The point is that he uses the time it took to write, and the act of writing, to unnerve his adversaries - and possibly to give himself time to think of a response, or calm his anger. Remember that he was man as well as God, with all a normal human being's doubts and uncertainties. Many people doodle when they are upset or deep in thought - perhaps he was one of them.
He may also have been trying to avoid confrontation by pretending to ignore it, another common human ploy.
But the questioners are not to be put off. They keep on demanding an answer, until Jesus straightens up and faces them. Then he says the direct, devastating words that have shaped so much of Christian thinking: 'Let anyone among you who is without sin be the first to throw a stone.'
Then he bends down again and resumes tracing with his finger on the ground.
The authority of his words and presence obviously affects them. They are silenced at last. One by one, beginning with the most respected man among them, they melt away into the gathering crowd. Eventually, Jesus is left alone with the woman still standing in front of him. He straightens up again, and speaks to her. 'Where are your accusers?' he asks. 'Has no-one seen fit to condemn you?' She simply answers 'No-one, sir.'
'Then I do not condemn you either'
says Jesus. 'Go on your way, and do not
Some Extra Reading: an extract from 'Unapologetic: why, despite everything, Christianity can still make surprising emotional sense.' by Francis Spufford
'He arrives in a town just as a public execution is about to take place. The criminal is a woman 'taken in adultery, which could mean that she's been caught having literal sex with someone other than her husband. But it could also mean that she smiles at soldiers when she serves wine to them, or that she's been seen chatting at the well with a boy who is neither her brother nor her cousin; or it could mean that she works in the brothel the town is ashamed it possesses, and has been servicing five burghers a night for a decade. One way or another she has concentrated in herself the town's fear and alarm about desire. And the good people have gathered to punish her. They already have in their hands the rocks the law stipulates, neither too small nor too big, which will crack her bones and mash out of her flesh the disturbance of her desirability. Yeshua intervenes, which is not necessarily a very sensible thing to do, when virtue is breathing fast and looking forward to this kind of treat. He asks what she's done. They tell him. Oh, he says. Well then, the one of you who's never wanted anything bad had better throw the first stone. And he raises his eyebrows and waits, and something in the gaze of his ordinary eyes makes the good people shuffle where they stand. There's a pause. Perhaps it helps that his friends have walked into town with him, equally dusty from the road, and that among the rag-tag of his followers, male and female, who're hanging back to see what he does, there are some quite large and burly men. But anyway there's the hollow klok and klok and klok of stones dropping onto the ground, and the executioners slink away, and in a moment or two only the executee is left there with Yeshua and his friends. She is weeping. He helps her to stand up.' (pages 120-121)
See the new website about the Life of Jesus Christ
|Bible Study Resource: The Woman Taken in Adultery - Women of the New Testament| | <urn:uuid:c862b9c1-3e8a-4178-8102-69c663ad6503> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.womeninthebible.net/2.7.Adulterous_woman.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375096290.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031816-00047-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982168 | 2,070 | 2.828125 | 3 |
A Guide to Hyphens and Dashes
This post details the purposes of various horizontally aligned typographical symbols.
Hyphens perform various functions, including the following:
- They link standing compound words (mind-set, self-respect).
- They are used with some prefixes (anti-inflammatory).
- They represent expression in isolation of a prefix or a word element (pre-, -er).
- They link spelled out numerical terms representing different place values (twenty-four).
- They link words in phrasal adjectives preceding but not following a noun (“short-term investment,” “off-the-cuff remark”) and when combining similar-looking constructions that begin with comparative adverbs such as better, much, and well (“best-kept secret”)
Some style guides (but not this site) recommend that phrasal adjectives be hyphenated regardless of their position, and a few such expressions (such as far-reaching) are always hyphenated regardless of position or style authority. Also, a letter space should never intervene when a hyphen connects two words or numbers, except when suspending the first use of a word common to two or more phrasal adjectives (“fifteen- and thirty-day increments”).
Hyphens are often introduced when new compounds are created, including in technological vocabulary, but such terms usually become closed compounds (though there are exceptions, such as mind-set, mentioned above, and light-year). Some terms that include letters linked to nouns retain hyphenation (A-list, T-bone, X-axis). Omission of a hyphen in email is trending, but similar terms such as e-commerce resist this evolution.
The dash, technically known as an em dash (to distinguish it from the en dash, described below), is used to indicate parenthesis when more emphasis is intended than indicated by a comma or a pair of parentheses. One dash is employed to when the wording expresses an attempt to get attention (“Look—a squirrel!”) or to indicate a sudden break in syntax and the parenthesis ends a sentence (“What I meant to say is—hey, are you paying attention?”) Similarly, it can replace a colon (“You have three options—fight, flight, or surrender”). Two dashes are employed when the parenthesis occurs mid-sentence (“The original version of the document—the one I hold here—is worded differently”).
The dash is also employed to set off the identification of the source of an epigraph (“‘The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.’ —Franklin D. Roosevelt”). Also, one or more dashes may indicate redaction of all or part of a word or name in order to avoid identification or euphemize profanity (“The target was identified as ———”; “Ms. A—— is not unacquainted with scandal”; “Well, I’ll be d——ed!”).
Dashes are usually closed—that is, they are set with no preceding or following letter spaces—but some publishers prefer to format them open. Some, too, out of ignorance or apathy or for the sake of simplicity (as in the case of some newspapers), use a single or double hyphen in place of an em dash—or, because they prefer its size, employ an en dash. (This is a valid design decision, but use of a single or double hyphen appears amateurish and should be avoided.)
The en dash, always so called to distinguish it from the default em dash, which is often referred to simply as a dash, has two functions:
- representing a range of numbers or a time span (“Read pages 15–37”; “John Smith [1936–2012] is not listed”; “These figures represent revenues during the first quarter [January–March]”) as a substitute for through
serving as a substitute for a hyphen in a compound term (“Pre–Civil War conditions sometimes prevailed”; “The United States–Mexico border is nearly two thousand miles long.”
(These distinctions are, again, sometimes ignored.) The en dash is employed for the latter use because “pre-Civil War conditions” implies “before the Civil” rather than “before the Civil War” and “the United States-Mexico border” appears to refer to a united border between States and Mexico rather than one between the United States and Mexico.
A plus sign (+) is employed in mathematics and other disciplines to indicate addition or positive numbers, and in lay usage it may modify a letter grade or qualify a blood type. It is sometime used informally to indicate a value greater than the stated one, as in “I would say 50+ people attended.” (Formally, “I would say more than fifty people attended” is better, and a direct quote would be better represented as “I would say fifty-plus people attended.”)
A minus sign (–) is a distinct symbol used in digital displays of mathematics and other disciplines to signal subtraction or negative numbers; like the plus sign, it may be used in designations of letter grades and blood types. However, a minus sign is often represented by a hyphen or an en dash in print or online.
A multiplication sign (×) is used almost exclusively in mathematics and in isolated functions in notations in biology and history. In lay usage, the letter x generally takes its place.
The division sign, officially called an obelus, was replaced by the dagger mark (†) as a reference sign and now pertains exclusively to division in mathematics.
An equal sign (=) represents equivalence and is occasionally used in informal writing in place of equals.
A tilde (~) usually functions to denote a variation in pronunciation of certain letters in various languages, but it also serves in informal writing to signal approximation, as in “We continued along for ~20 miles.”
The underscore (_), employed on typewriters to create underlines, survives now mainly as a symbol in email addresses, URLs, and computer code. | <urn:uuid:9e9bbb50-ede2-471b-9dad-54ae09e44f7d> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.dailywritingtips.com/a-guide-to-hyphens-and-dashes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232254253.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20190519061520-20190519083520-00546.warc.gz | en | 0.935692 | 1,319 | 4.125 | 4 |
Students explain that no two snowflakes are alike by making paper snowflakes. Once this assignment is completed, they see how duplication is not possible in paper snowflakes nor with snowflakes made of ice crystals.
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- Newport, KY | <urn:uuid:d9ae26d0-2d77-45f5-9529-a2aef9d94ab1> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | https://www.lessonplanet.com/teachers/lesson-plan-snowflake-geometry | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738662018.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173742-00045-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9422 | 77 | 3.234375 | 3 |
This past September, I joined marine scientist Nancy Knowlton, of the National Museum of Natural History; her colleague Don Levitan, of Florida State University; and a crew of research divers on their annual coral spawning trip. Just days after the September full moon, a mass coral spawning happens at their study site, a 260-foot arc of reef about 20 minutes by boat from the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute’s field station in Bocas del Toro, Panama, and each year, since 2000, they have been there to collect data.
Knowlton, a renowned coral reef biologist, has been called Dr. Doom for the grim, but realistic, picture she paints of reefs suffering worldwide. (Her husband Jeremy Jackson, also a prominent marine scientist, is Dr. Gloom.) But she has also been billed as a savior. Vanity Fair, in its May 2007 “Green Issue,” called her a “mind aquatic” that our future, and our lives, may depend on. Along with other marine scientists, Knowlton has been trying to help reefs survive by better understanding coral reproduction.
Early in Knowlton’s career, the assumption was that most coral colonies picked up sperm and brooded embryos internally—and some do. But in 1984, Science published the first description of a dramatic mass-spawning event witnessed on Australia’s Great Barrier Reef. Around that time, research biologists were observing the phenomenon in the Caribbean as well. From this, scientists deduced that the majority of corals—called “broadcast spawners”—actually reproduce in this way. Many are hermaphrodites, meaning they release gamete bundles containing both eggs and sperm. But, unable to self-fertilize, they synchronize their spawning with neighboring corals. The more scientists study the annual orgies, the better they have become at predicting when they will happen. The corals appear to use three cues: the full moon and sunset, which they can sense through photoreceptors; and, most likely, a chemical that allows them to smell each other spawning.
Knowlton’s team has been monitoring three closely related coral species—all dominant reef builders in the Caribbean—called the Montastraea annularis complex. What they have found is that M. franksi, one of the species, spawns on average 100 minutes after sunset and M. annularis and M. faveolata, the other two, follow about 100 minutes later, typically five and six days after the September full moon. Over the nine years of the project, the researchers have spotted, flagged, mapped and genetically identified over 400 spawning coral colonies.
As with any long-term study, the scientists’ questions have evolved. At first, they wondered how the three species, spawning at or close to the same time, didn’t hybridize. Their lab tests show that of the three, the early spawner and one of the later spawners are reproductively compatible. But they have found that the hour and a half or so between the species’ peak spawning times is enough time for the gametes to disperse, dilute, age and effectively be rendered unviable. In fact, their data indicates that if corals spawn just 15 minutes out of sync with the majority, their chance at reproductive success is greatly reduced. The looming question now is, what will happen to fertilization rates as coral colonies become few and far between?
By the third of four nights of diving (and no spawning), the suspense was building. The divers playfully suggested playing Barry White as mood music and gorging, pre-dive, on aphrodisiacs like oysters and strawberries.
Around 7:25 PM, just as everyone was slinking into their wetsuits, sea worms called palolo worms began spawning around the boat. The worms break in half and the tail section swims to the surface and releases eggs or sperm in a cloud of bioluminescence.
“This is it,” said Knowlton. “Everybody’s in the mood for sex.”
The water got buggy and electric, and like clockwork, the coral colonies started spawning around 8:20, one triggering another triggering another. The tapioca-like gamete bundles, about two millimeters in diameter and containing about 100 eggs and one million sperm, lifted in unison, slowly drifting to the surface.
The dive team observed 162 different coral colonies set or spawn, and the next night, they saw another 189. Knowlton surfaced that final night, exhilarated. What did you think? She asked each of the divers. Amazing, huh? She didn’t want to get out of the water and grabbed hold of the side of the boat, arching her back, her eyes cast toward the sky. Even the stars looked like gametes. | <urn:uuid:a06aa3ef-0e56-4f8c-8e27-b24c0418c3b7> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/watching-coral-sex-20207068/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928729.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00184-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957513 | 1,015 | 3.125 | 3 |
When Ferdinand Magellan set out to circumnavigate the globe in 1519, he wasn't able to bring a digital camera or a smartphone with him. Yet, as the eagerly awaited images from the Mars rover prove, modern exploration is inconceivable without photography. Since its invention in 1839, photography has been integral to exploration, used by explorers, sponsors, and publishers alike, and the early twentieth century, advances in technology--and photography's newfound cultural currency as a truthful witness to the world--made the camera an indispensable tool. In Photography and Exploration, James Ryan uses a variety of examples, from polar journeys to space missions, to show how exploration photographs have been created, circulated and consumed as objects of both scientific research and art. Examining a wide range of photographs and expeditions, Ryan considers how nations have often employed images as a means to scientific advancement or territorial conquest. He argues that because exploration has long been bound up with the construction of national and imperial identity, expeditionary photographs have often been used to promote claims to power--especially by the West.
These images also challenge the way audiences perceive the world and their place within it. Featuring one hundred images, Photography and Exploration shines new light on how photography has shaped the image of explorers, expeditions, and the worlds they discovered. | <urn:uuid:61f6c6e7-e964-4732-80ca-6087a58b551f> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://bookshop.canterbury.ac.uk/Photography-and-Exploration_9781780231006 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583835626.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20190122095409-20190122121409-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.946853 | 262 | 3.4375 | 3 |
There are total 13 letters in Seaworthiness, Starting with S and ending with S.
Seaworthiness is a scrabble word? Yes (19 Points) Seaworthiness has worth 19 Scrabble points. Each letter point as below.
Definition of the word Seaworthiness, Meaning of Seaworthiness word :
n. - The state or quality of being seaworthy, or able to resist the ordinary violence of wind and weather.
An Anagram is collection of word or phrase made out by rearranging the letters of the word. All Anagram words must be valid and actual words.
Browse more words to see how anagram are made out of given word.
In Seaworthiness S is 19th, E is 5th, A is 1st, W is 23rd, O is 15th, R is 18th, T is 20th, H is 8th, I is 9th, N is 14th letters in Alphabet Series.
Copyright © Word Creation 2017. All Rights Reserved | <urn:uuid:e10cfe3f-65a2-4d7b-b0eb-c9bd28c4d379> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://wordcreation.info/how-many-words-made-out-of-seaworthiness.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160233.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20180924070508-20180924090908-00031.warc.gz | en | 0.949248 | 216 | 2.65625 | 3 |
A Long and Storied History
Valparaiso Chain Of Lakes
Various tribes of Native Americans inhabited the watershed with the Miami and Pottawatomi the most recent and best documented.
In the early 1800’s over 3,000 Potawatomi used campsites for hunting and fishing in the lakes. In 1832 the Removal Act let to the forced removal of the Pottawatomie to Kansas in a trip now referred to as the Trail of Death.
The first white to settle in Northwest Indiana was the fur trader Joseph Bailly, who built a homestead and trading post on the Little Calumet River in present-day Porter (nine miles north of Hillcrest Park). Bailly lived there from 1822 until his death in 1835. By the time he died, the fur trade was collapsing due to a change in fashion—Easterners had lost their taste for beaver hats. The lakes eventually became a popular destination for city folks from Chicago and a target for developers who sub-divided the property into small lots and sold them for hotels and summer cottages throughout the region.
By the middle of the 20th century, population growth from the city of Valparaiso and counties to the west caused most of the lakefront and uplands to be “developed” which entailed removing most of the natural vegetation, installing asphalt and other impervious surfaces, and creating myriad threats to water quality, fish and the abundance of wildlife.
For decades, pleasure seekers traveled to our region on horses and in buggies over primitive roads. The interurban train, though its era was short lived, functioned as a transition from horse-drawn transportation to motor-powered vehicles.
A steam-powered interurban railroad was built in the early 1900’s which accommodated tourists and vacationers who preferred taking the train over the choice of horse and buggy rides over dirt or dirt and plank roads. The invention and popularity of the automobile caused the demise of the Inter-Urban and the depression caused much of the homes and resorts to decline. Decades later, the expansion of steel mills encouraged re-population of the cottages which were converted to year-around homes.
Interurban Presentation compliments of Ed Seykowski Click to view [PDF]
Gary Railways Valparaiso Division Interurban video by Dave Lasayko
The Valparaiso Chain of Lakes Watershed includes eleven lakes on four square miles (2623 acres) of land near the center of Porter County, Indiana. The lakes were formed over ten thousand years ago as glaciers retreated from the region leaving huge holes and depressions now referred to “kettle lakes,” especially prominent where the glaciers ended their progression near the Valparaiso Moraine. Unlike most of the surrounding region, the watershed drains south toward the Kankakee river though Loomis Lake drains naturally north toward Lake Michigan and south toward the Kankakee.
The Valparaiso Lakes and their watershed formed during the most recent glacial retreat of the Pleistocene era. The advance and retreat of the Lake Michigan Lobe of a later Wisconsinan age glacier and the deposits left by the lobe shaped much of the landscape found in northeast Indiana (Homoya et al., 1985). The receding glacier left an arc-shaped band of till paralleling the Lake Michigan shoreline. This band of till, known as the Valparaiso Moraine, stretches from southwest Michigan to northeast Illinois. The Valparaiso Lakes lie within the central portion of the Valparaiso Moraine.
The Valparaiso Moraine serves as a topographical divide in northwest Indiana separating the Lake Michigan basin from the Kankakee River basin. Because the Valparaiso Lakes lie on the topographical divide, some of the lakes (Loomis and Spectacle Lakes) naturally drained to Lake Michigan while the other lakes in the area drained to the Kankakee River.
Creation of the Chain of Lakes Watershed Group
In the early 1990’s the construction of the new Flint Lake Elementary School generated a massive amount of silt-laden storm water into Flint Lake which aroused considerable protest from several homeowners’ associations and a lake protection group. Those groups ultimately merged into the Valparaiso Chain of Lakes Watershed Group.
In 1997 Dr. Robin Scribailo, a biology professor at Purdue University inspired the group to focus attention on the Chain of Lakes which, he declared, was the most bio-diverse watershed in the state. His concurrent aquatic vegetation inventories identified over 100 species of aquatic plants within the four square mile area, a record for the state.
The group incorporated in 2006 and began on a long, treacherous, campaign to protect and preserve the lakes and surrounding environs in hopes of retaining that bio-diversity while providing human recreation uses of the lakes including swimming, boating, fishing, and birding.
The group embarked on a series of hundreds of educational events including research studies, nature hikes, fish inventories, lectures, high school debates, videos, management or removal of invasive plants and animals, planting native vegetation, and introducing natural predators as an alternative to the use of pesticides. Many of the projects involved partnering with governmental agencies, local schools, and three nearby universities.
Though our 501 C 3 status prohibits campaigning for political candidates, the group remains diligent in monitoring and supporting legislation which could effect our watershed and the surface and groundwater on which it depends.
Saving Silver Lake
Dorothy Graden believes the wetland you save should be your own.
Nulla id nibh enim. Aenean dignissim, ligula ut varius facilisis, dolor dolor pretium nulla, eget aliquam ligula ipsum eu metus. Praesent et velit a leo aliquet | <urn:uuid:bd06c3b7-ccda-4c7b-bec8-4ea5b6d2b880> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://valpolakes.org/history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653608.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20230607042751-20230607072751-00576.warc.gz | en | 0.923121 | 1,227 | 3.171875 | 3 |
On January 17 the Orthodox Church celebrates the day of Saint Anthony the Great, popular in the Bulgarian folk tradition as Antonovden.
St. Anthony is one of the first ascetics, ie loners (monks) who chose life separated from the material world and stay in deserts or remote mountains to attain spiritual upliftment. St. Anthony was born around 251 AD in Middle Egypt in a wealthy family. He decided to become an ascetic at very young age and to seek a different path to enlightenment of the mind. After giving away everything that he possessed and he settled in a tomb carved in the rocks. Trying to dramatically change his lifestyle, Anthony was forced to lead a tough fight with the demons of temptation. Convinced that fortitude strengthens when weaken body pleasures, the ascetic spent his entire youth in retreat. Finally, achieving peace of mind, Anthony became the father of many monks who founded monasteries or inhabited separate cells in the rocks, guided them, presented them with moral lectures.
Many miracles are attributed to this religious father. His fame reached even Constantinople. Constantine the Great and one of his sons would write letters to Saint Anthony asking for his blessing and advice.
Saint Anthony died on 17 January 356 AD at the age of 105. He instructed two of his monks to bury him secretly, so his resting place will remain unknown.
On the next day - January 18, the Orthodox Church honors St.Athanasios. When we celebrate his memory, we can say: "Not all of us are rich, not all are great, but all are called to holiness." Like all ancient teachers of the Church, St. Athanasios gives an example that faith and commitments are inseparable. The saint is one of the most celebrated advocates of the Christian doctrine. He was born in 295 in the city of Alexandria, Egypt. He had the privilege to be a contemporary of Constantine the Great, who first declared Christianity for official religion of the Eastern Roman Empire. Due to his theological education St. Athanasios was honored to attend the First Ecumenical Council of Nicaea in 325 AD, together with the Emperor himself. His theological knowledge broken the Arian heresy and contribute to the creation of Nicaea-Constantinople symbol of faith. The following year he was placed on lead the eparchy of Alexandria, which he continued to do for 47 years. During this time Athanasios wrote many books and letters, created a true collection of the Christian holly books. He is credited that today we know of the life of St. Anthony, which had a huge impact on the development of monasticism, especially in the West. In 373, St. Athanasios died in Alexandria at the age of 76.
Ivanka Deleva, curator in Department History of Regional Burgas Museum | <urn:uuid:2305ba98-8885-4c8b-84ae-fca754e27a24> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://www.burgasmuseums.bg/index.php?page=article&id=232&lang=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247479101.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20190215183319-20190215205319-00609.warc.gz | en | 0.974082 | 573 | 2.96875 | 3 |
The Black Country village of Portobello, near Willenhall, developed rapidly in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, during the boom in coal-mining and the production of bricks and tiles. The village's quaint name, which comes from the Latin for "beautiful gateway", probably dates from the eighteenth century, as in 1739 Admiral Vernon gained a famous victory when he captured the fortified town of Portobello in Panama. This feat is commemorated in the name of Vernon Road in the district.
However, by the nineteenth century the Industrial Revolution had ensured that there was little that was beautiful about the area. By the Victorian era, the locality was regarded as the most unsanitary part of Willenhall, and in the 1849 Report to the General Board of Health, written by Robert Rawlinson, he describes the village thus:
"The population of this place is about 2,200, consisting chiefly of miners and their families; there are no effective drains and sewers, and many of the cottages have been run up in a very slight manner, without proper conveniences. There are about 400 houses in the district, but the population is rapidly increasing. There were stagnant ditches, pools of filthy water, and dung heaps throughout the village . . . In consequence of the mining operations water is very scarce here, and surface-water, much vitiated, is drawn from ditches and a small brook, and used. It was stated by the inhabitants that this brook frequently was choked with refuse, and even dead dogs, and yet they could not get better water without fetching it from a safe distance, so they filled a bucket or mug, and let it stand to settle before using it".
By the early twentieth century conditions had changed little, and even into the 1950s many Portobello residents still queued for water and relied on coal fires for all of their heating and cooking requirements. Amidst the teeming yards of houses, their lines of washing dirtied by the dust from the local brickworks and the smuts from the passing trains of the G.W.R., Harry Cotterill was born in 1923.
Harry was related by marriage to our regular contributor Maureen Hunt, who is something of an expert on the Willenhall and Portobello areas, and she has supplied us with Harry's memoirs, typed up from his original hand-written notes and providing a fascinating record of growing up in this unique Black Country district
Harry was the youngest of fourteen children, born at 13 Brickkiln Street in Portobello. The street, whose name reflected the local importance of the brick-making industry, was typical of this overcrowded area, with a multitude of Victorian houses jostling for space and with little sanitation or modern utilities. The conditions at number 13 were decidedly cramped, for as Harry recalls:
"The house was a two up, two down, plus an attic. Thirteen children were born in the house, but only eight of them survived. There was Mum and Dad, Jack, Ciss, Horace, Liza, George, Charles, Doris and myself. Mum and Dad slept in the front room, while the male kids used to sleep in the attic, and the females in the back room. To come downstairs every morning, we had to pass through the back room so we had to ask if it was clear to come through . . . ordered by my Dad!
"My mother used to do the weekly washing for ten people in the brewhouse at the rear of the property. This was also the place where we used to wash ourselves daily, in the sink. There used to be a large cast iron bowl above the fireplace. Here we used to heat the water when we had our weekly bath in the maiding tub. Both the maiding tub and rubbing tub were made out of beer barrels. When washing day came around, we children used to take our turn in turning the mangle handle."
Despite the less than ideal living conditions, the residents of Brickkiln Street had most of their needs catered for in the immediate area. Fallon's general stores were situated at the corner of Brickkiln Street and the High Street, while next door to the Cotterills, at number 12, was Mr and Mrs Tom Powis' sweet shop. Opposite was the Red Lion pub, and Harry remembered Tom Wall being the licensee, before it was taken over by Sidney Alexander. Just down the road, on the corner of North Street, was another pub, the Seven Stars, which was managed by Tom Everitt.
However, spiritual needs were also attended to, as the Portobello Methodist chapel stood nearby. The entrance to the Sunday School was on the corner of Brickkiln Street and Knowles Street, and Harry attended the chapel from the age of five until he was fourteen. He went on to join the 15th company of the Wolverhampton battalion of the Boys' Brigade | <urn:uuid:67cf3154-60bc-49e6-9998-10fc69243da8> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.blackcountrybugle.co.uk/Born-bred-old-Portobello/story-20120201-detail/story.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999642523/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060722-00033-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982734 | 1,014 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Legal, Acronyms, Idioms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.
Related to felt: trek
a. A fabric of matted, compressed animal fibers, such as wool or fur, sometimes mixed with vegetable or synthetic fibers.
b. A material resembling this fabric.
2. Something made of this fabric.
Made of, relating to, or resembling felt.
v. felt·ed, felt·ing, felts
1. To make into felt.
2. To cover with felt.
3. To press or mat (something) together.
To become like felt; mat together.
Past tense and past participle of feel.
the past tense and past participle of feel
a. a matted fabric of wool, hair, etc, made by working the fibres together under pressure or by heat or chemical action
b. (as modifier): a felt hat.
2. (Textiles) any material, such as asbestos, made by a similar process of matting
3. (Textiles) (tr) to make into or cover with felt
4. (Textiles) (intr) to become matted
[Old English; related to Old Saxon filt, Old High German filz felt, Latin pellere to beat, Greek pelas close; see anvil, filter]
pt. and pp. of feel.
1. a nonwoven fabric of wool, fur, or hair, matted together by heat, moisture, and great pressure.
2. an article made of this fabric.
3. any matted fabric or material, as of asbestos fibers or old paper, used for insulation and in construction.
4. a heavily fulled woven fabric of cotton or wool in which the weave is virtually indiscernible.adj.
5. pertaining to or made of felt.v.t.
6. to make into felt; press together.
7. to cover with or as if with felt.v.i.
8. to become matted together.
[before 1000; Middle English, Old English]
Past participle: felted
Switch to new thesaurus
|Noun||1.||felt - a fabric made of compressed matted animal fibers|
|Verb||1.||felt - mat together and make felt-like; "felt the wool"|
|2.||felt - cover with felt; "felt a cap"|
cover - provide with a covering or cause to be covered; "cover her face with a handkerchief"; "cover the child with a blanket"; "cover the grave with flowers"
|3.||felt - change texture so as to become matted and felt-like; "The fabric felted up after several washes"|
change - undergo a change; become different in essence; losing one's or its original nature; "She changed completely as she grew older"; "The weather changed last night"
felt2(felt) noun, adjective
(of) a type of cloth made of wool that has been pressed together not woven. She bought a metre of felt to re-cover the card table (= table for playing cards on); a felt hat. vilt لِبْد، ألْباد филц feltro plst; plstěný der Filz filt; filt- τσόχαfieltro vilt نمد huopa feutreלבד नमदा, फैल्ट कपड़ा filc, pust; pusten, filcan filc beledu flókaefni, filt feltro フェルト (の) 펠트 fetras, veltinis filcs sejenis kain viltfiltfilc کراستی feltro fetru фетр; сукно plsť; plstený klobučevina filc filt ผ้าสักหลาด keçe 氈，氈製品 повсть; фетр اون وغیرہ کو دبا کر بنایا گیا کپڑا nỉ; phớt 毡，毡制品 | <urn:uuid:357eb418-715f-45cb-a8a9-34bdfd4857a8> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.thefreedictionary.com/felt | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812327.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219032249-20180219052249-00664.warc.gz | en | 0.699646 | 1,004 | 2.75 | 3 |
ISBN: 9788187108153 Pages: 80 Size: 230 x 188 mm Format: Hardback
About The Book
"""The Panchatantra is a collection of ancient Indian fables. Many-a-times, the central characters are animals and birds, who show their most identifying characteristics in the various stories, and impart valuable life-lessons and morals. In this book, read a fine selection of six fascinating tales from Panchatantra. Read about the jackal that turned blue, the brave sparrows that punished an elephant, the mouse that became a girl and more!""
These tales feature stories of bravery, wisdom, friendship, loyalty, faith, kindness and many such morally rich themes that can illuminate the minds of children during their formative years, all woven into light and entertaining stories.
Panchtantra: Masti Bhari Kahaniya (Hindi) includes some famous stories such as The Monkey And The Wedge, The Hermit And The Mouse, The Musical Donkey and The Lion And The Jackal. This books makes for a perfect read for the younger readers and it was published by Om Books International in 2008 and is available in hardcover." | <urn:uuid:bc6541fb-8878-485d-8d83-d54ed2b1801b> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.ombooksinternational.com/Fascinating-Tales-from-Panchatantra--Large-Print-_944.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363465.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20211208083545-20211208113545-00234.warc.gz | en | 0.928862 | 251 | 3.328125 | 3 |
The name “pearl” supposedly comes from Chinese word “jhen-gzhū” through “zengug”.
According to ancient Chinese legend, when dragons were fighting amongst the clouds during storm, pearls came from the sky with raindrops. Dragons and pearls are closely connected in China.
The birth of pearls is surrounded by legends. According to ancient Greeks, they were the tears of a sea nymph. Ancient Slavs considered it to be a stark reflection of a lightning in the eyes of a mollusk. Chinese believed it to be a petrified moon light in the water.
Even today, when most of the secrets of pearl origins have been discovered, the “living stone” keeps its secret. Pearl is the most mysterious and amazing stone of all gem stones. It is a personification of femininity and tenderness. This is the only stone in jewellery used without any special treatment.
Delicate play of colours and a mysterious inner glow draw attention to it from ancient times. These very qualities along with spherical or regular pear-shape have brought world wide fame to pearls. Its whiteness and iridescent chatoyant glow made it a symbol of purity.
Though, pearls can not be described, it is possible to long to have them. From the ancient times, it has been considered to be the most valuable and wanted treasure, which is why pearls were the indispensable attribute of monarchs, they were cherished in queens’ and fashionmongers’ bosoms, and also they were widely used in incrustations of crowns, rings, beads, ear-rings, belts, buckles and chests with treasures of millions of people.
The oldest surviving record about pearls is commonly considered to be the following sentence from the history of the king Shu: «In 2206 (AC) the king Ju received pearls as a levy from the river Hwai…». 42 centuries ago in China, pearls were considered to be an attribute of Table of ranks: emperor’s court nobility were distinguished by a bead of nephrite, turquoise or coral, while the highest court official wore a pearl on his hat.
Pearls are mentioned in Old Testament, Talmud and Koran.
Indian, Persian and Arabian kings were fighting for dearth to control pearl beds, one of the largest of which was situated in the Gulf of Mannar. Being under control of Persian and Arabian kings up to the 16th century, this area was a source of national prosperity and power. After that for about a century this region was under the rule of Portuguese, but only up to the moment of the stormy return of Persians, who have re-taken the place of the best pearl divers in the world.
Seven pearl flowers with long stems were found in one of the burial places dated the middle of the third millennium in Mesopotamia, between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates. The symbolism of the details was meant to protect human from various misfortunes.
The crown of Shahanshahs of Iran of the House of Pahlavi contains 3 380 diamonds, 369 pearls and five emeralds of 60 to 100 carat each.
Central America was very famous for its pearls. Spanish conquerors found thousands of giant idols, which were covered with pearls, in the place of the current location of Mexico. Peals were even used to decorate walls and ceilings of majestic temples, sculptures and other cultural pieces. The conquerors frequently found secret rooms in temples, which were full of silvery semi-precious stones.
НThere is no other place in the world, where fashion for precious stones would be as stable, as it is in India. English traveler T. Rowe wrote the following, describing jewelry, which in 1616 wore Indian emperor Jahangar on the occasion of his passage to other town: “He wore a splendid turban on his head with luxuriant feathers of heron; there was an unmounted ruby as big as a nut hanged on the one side, and a diamond of equal size on the other, in the middle there was an emerald in the shape of a heart, but larger, than the first ones. The belt was interwoven with a fine pearl bead with rubies and perforated diamonds; a bead of the most valuable double pearls that I have ever seen was on his neck…In one of the privy rooms of the empress Vidžajanagara stood a bed with inch wide pearl bars..
Phoenicians were the first to become interested in pearls among Mediterranean nations. Homer described that in his famous epics of the 8 century AC. «A couple of pearls as if twisted from mulberries» were granted to Penelope in the poem “Odysseus” by Homer. In fact, pearls conquered Europe with Alexander the Great, who united East and West and opened the way for trade, manufacturing and cultural development.
On the recommendation of the Greek philosopher Aristotle, before attacking India, Alexander the Great conquered the island of Socotra, which was famous for its beautiful black pearls. The commander was fascinated by the black pearls and, joining them with dazzling white and slightly rose ones, he sent them to Greece. The rage for similar collections started at once.
When this area was conquered by the Romans, they fell wantonly in love with pearls. Pearl in Latin is “margarite” and initially Romans called something beloved with this word. The best pearls in Rome were called “unio”, which means “something unique”.
Pearl essence enabled once Egyptian queen Cleopatra and her beloved Mark Antony to regale with the most expensive supper in the world. Cunning Cleopatra ordered a usual royal supper, yet preliminarily she made a bet with Mark Antony for a supper at the cost of several millions. The feast was coming to an end and Mark Antony was ready to celebrate his victory, when a bocal of vinegar was served to Cleopatra; she put her ear-ring with a large pearl in it, took a sip and looked at Antony with triumph. Italian painter Tintoretto devoted his famous painting to this episode
Such virtue as restraint is hardly associated with life in Ancient Rome, so passion for pearls took the form of ferity as well. Dandy kings used pearls to decorate the most unexpected parts of their bodies, used it in intricate drapery of their clothes, their magnificent costumes and splendid accessories. No wonder that Cesar, Nero and Caligula were ardent admirers of pearls.
It is recorded that Julius Cesar presented to Mark Brutus’s mother a pearl of more than one million two-hundred thousand francs in the value. Emperor Aurelius decorated a diadem with pearls, which, after it became a crown, was completed with a number of pendants, stud with pearls and precious stones, which lowered over the ears. Even in those ancient times the newly-married were tied together with pearl necklace, which was a symbol of marital fidelity.
The wife of Emperor Caligula wore a pearl necklace of more than eight millions in the value. According to George Kunz, Caligula put a pearl bead on the neck of his favourite horse after he proclaimed it a consul.
Roman emperors preferred to decorate with pearls not only their clothes, but also their shoes, furniture and other things.
The Romans were so much in love with pearls that, according to historicists, they exchanged gold to pearls, so that balance of trade of Rome was seriously damaged.
Yet, when Rome was pillaged by Goths and Vandals, the pearls from Roman treasuries were lost. Having lost their value for a long period of time, pearls, nevertheless, managed to assert themselves in Catholic art and architecture. Symbolizing love for God, pearls were used in canonical dresses, altars and other religious attributes.
Throughout most of the early Middle Ages the spread of pearls encountered a number of obstacles. The situation has changed only after the moment, when crusaders began to return from the Holy Land in XII – XIII centuries. This was the moment, when knighthood began to flourish and spread in many European countries. The fashion for wearing pearls reappeared as well.
The high and mighties were served with beverages in pearl cups or pearls inside wine, like it was done for the king in Shakespeare’s tragedy “Hamlet”. «The king shall drink to Hamlet's better breath, and in the cup an union shall he throw, richer than that which four successive kings in Denmark's crown have worn.» .
Renaissance favored renewed interest to pearls and a desire to obtain it as a personal jewelry. This was due to the fact that Renaissance itself was a period of abundance and high creative mastery flourishing.
Christopher Columbus not only discovered America, but during his third journey, he brought to the Old World the bags full of pearls, which he bartered alongshore of Venezuela. Later Panama and Gulf of California also became pearl beds, while French, Italians, Austrians and English rushed to purchase pearls, lots of pearls.
On the occasion of christening of the future king, the son of Louis XIII, Marie de’ Medici wore a dress, which was decorated with three thousand diamonds and thirty thousand pearls.
In XVI century the best pearls in Europe were considered to be the pearls from the dowry of the French queen Catherine de’ Medici. After her wedding, she presented them to the Scottish queen Mary Stuart, while later they became a property of English queen Catherine I.
Yet, supposedly, they were all surpassed by the English queen Elizabeth I, who had such passion for pearls, that she almost always wore more than seven pearl beads, some of which reached the knees. Queen Elizabeth was also an honorable owner of a dress, decorated with three thousand pearls.
In 1579 Spanish king Philip II received from Margarita Island in the Caribbean Sea (the name of the island comes from marguerites – the pearls, which were in abundance around the island) an astonishing white pearl called “La Perigrina”, which was as large as a pigeon’s egg, with perfect pear shape and incomparable pearl luster. The king paid 100 000 francs for it. Afterwards Spanish conquistador Núñez presented the gem to the English queen Mary Tudor. Yet, after the death of the queen, the pearl returned to Spain, though in 1813 it was again carried away by the king Joseph Bonaparte. After that, the pearl was a property of the king of Holland Louis Bonaparte for some time, but later it was purchased by English lord Hamilton, who granted it to his beautiful wife. Nowadays “La Perigrina” is in Spain again. Its sphericity is so ideal, that it would roll down from every surface even when slightly bended, which is why it is called “La Perigrina”, which means “the pilgrim”.
French royal house owns a famous pearl “La Regente”, which is «of excellent iridescence and first water», as large as a pigeon’s egg, along with more than 400 pearls of the highest quality of 320 carat grain each. All these jewels belonged to French empress Eugene, the wife of Napoleon III.
In the Tower of London, the ancient residence of the British kings, the Imperial State Crown is kept, which contains 34 gems, 277 pearls and no less than 300 diamonds.
Pearls were usually a property of the members of the European reigning families. Yet, changes in social structure of rich people influenced social composition of the owners of pearls. The inhabitants of the early American colonies had less pearls than the Europeans. Though, shortly after, this situation has changed. By the middle of XIX century diamonds were considered to be a sign of prosperity, yet the ladies of highest degree had at least one high-quality pearl bead. By the 1890-s it was fashionable to look luxurious, which boosted popularity of pearls. At first, the owners of pearls were not the jewelry houses, but single men of means, like William Vanderbilt, who brought famous pearl beads and granted them to their wives and daughters. At the turning point of XIX – XX cc rich European women competed for the right to have the largest collection of pearls.
It is wonderful that remaining a classic gem, it would never be out of fashion. “Pearl is always right”, - said Coco Chanel, who made pearls the most versatile jewelry, which suits to every woman and every clothes.
She was the first to approve the combination of white pearls with black sweater, dark elegant jacket and little black dress. Chanel considered pearls to be her favorites of her collections and wore several pearl beads at a time. Her trademark is long pearl bead reaching the stomach level. Now, thanks to Coco Chanel’s good graces, pearls became indispensable attribute to both business suit and evening dress. | <urn:uuid:0cb73d29-bd6c-4568-b716-30282c3ec074> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://ellexa.eu/en/Pearls_history | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154471.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20210803191307-20210803221307-00638.warc.gz | en | 0.977429 | 2,749 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Joe Champion - Math education
Statistical Modeling of Math Education Achievement
Learn about large-scale educational achievement data and techniques for predicting students’ math achievement. Involves data wrangling, intermediate coding in R or Python (mostly adapting existing code), and a focus on data visualization. Background in mathematics education and/or statistics preferred.
High School Mathematics Curriculum Development
For mathematics education students – modify and create Desmos Teacher activities to align with high school mathematics standards. Focus on data, modeling, and technology-assisted representations.
Middle School Mathematics Curriculum Development
Adapt activities from the Algebra through Visual Patterns curriculum for delivery in the Desmos Teacher Activities platform. Involves some testing with students and collaboration with math education researchers.
Other project ideas
Dig into the history of a K-12 math topic and write a paper / make a poster, create an original math video. | <urn:uuid:fd53461d-f958-4f40-8b14-a103893649a4> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.boisestate.edu/math/research/m401/marketplace/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588398.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028162638-20211028192638-00001.warc.gz | en | 0.844381 | 182 | 3.0625 | 3 |
The journey to freedom was a long and arduous one. As we mark Freedom Month, it would be important that we pause, reflect and take stock of whence we come as a nation, even as we battle an invisible enemy in the form of Covid-19.
South Africa’s successful Struggle for freedom and democracy is one of the most dramatic stories in the global historical time line. The racial tyranny of apartheid ended with a negotiated transition into a non-racial democratic government, but not without considerable personal cost to thousands of women, men, and young people who were involved in the struggle for the liberation of this country.
Solomon Mahlangu, a brave young man went defiantly to the gallows in 1979 where he was executed at the age of 23. His words in his quest for freedom are most instructive, as cited: “My blood will nourish the tree that will bear the fruits of freedom. Tell my people that I love them. They must continue the fight ”
Similarly, in his farewell speech, Nelson Mandela, the first democratic President of the Republic of South Africa, added:
“Let us be mindful of the terrible past from which we come; memory should not be used as a means to keep us shackled to the past in a negative manner, rather as a joyous reminder of how far we have come and how much we have achieved. The country’s history of division, injustice and suffering ought to inspire us to celebrate our own demonstration of the capacity of human beings to progress, to go forward, to improve and do better. Historical enemies succeeded in negotiating a peaceful transition from apartheid to democracy exactly because we were prepared to accept the inherent capacity for goodness in the other”
On this 26th commemoration, just one year shy of the 27 years Mandela spent in prison, his sentiments still remain relevant today, given the mammoth task that still lies ahead: i.e. ensuring that South Africa will progressively become a socially integrated and inclusive society.
To that end, it is necessary that a concerted effort is made in ensuring, despite all the missteps of the past, there is a targeted focus on social cohesion and nation building. The journey to freedom was a long and arduous one. As we mark Freedom Month, it would be important that we pause, reflect and take stock of whence we come as a nation, even as we battle an invisible enemy in the form of Covid-19.
We can also not forget the great African warriors who fought in the wars of resistance to thwart colonial oppression and land dispossession.
We must, at this juncture, pay our fitting and deserved tribute to these true sons and daughters of the soil. In fact, when the mass liberation movement gained traction in the early 20th century, no doubt our leaders at the time would have drawn inspiration and solace from these past generations of gallant and fearless warriors.
In the context of the current invisible enemy that is Covid-19, many of our compatriots exemplify the same spirit as the generations of freedom fighters before us.
Most leave their homes routinely and without a grudge, because the task at hand is for a greater good, at times at such great cost, including their lives and those of their loved ones.
As we mark Freedom Month, it is appropriate that we convey our heartfelt appreciation to the health-care workers, security personnel and many of their counterparts in the essential services across various trades and occupations, such as the grocery store workers, the pharmacy assistants, the petrol attendants, the private security personnel and many others in similar roles.
Freedom is not only about the exercise of civil liberties and unfettered enjoyment of rights, as guaranteed in our Constitution.
Rather, freedom must also be about commensurate responsibilities or obligations we have to fellow human beings.
We have seen civil society embracing a broader message of caring and preserving lives as the religious fraternity, for example, agreed without hesitation to forego religious observances in the normal way, in a bid to assist in the battle against Covid-19.
We are grateful that the National House of Traditional Leaders suspended initiation this season and all our traditional leaders heeded the call to keep our young boys at home and preserve lives. We have also witnessed acts of solidarity from business like never before.
This, too, goes to demonstrate that the dream of a nation united by a common purpose is possible.
Since, as has been intimated, freedom is about responsibility, one of the saddest truths in this period is the spike in the number of reported cases of gender-based violence.
As families remain under stringent lockdown measures, women, in particular, find themselves trapped in homes, and without reprieve. Children have also not been spared the trauma since the schools were ordered to close even before the national lockdown. Gender-based violence is one of the blemishes to our freedom that needs to be tackled head-on, and it needn’t only be during this time – as women remain under siege for the 365 days of the year.
Like the selfless and brave essential workers during Covid-19, let us also take a stand, with conviction, that we will not tolerate gender-based violence in our communities. Let us make the pledge to expose it and bring it to the attention of authorities wherever and whenever it rears its ugly head.
Amid this rebuilding process, we are now having to put up a national armour against Covid-19. It is proving to be a painful and emotionally draining experience. Our young boys cannot exercise their right of passage into manhood at this time; as a nation, we are still not in a position to bury our loved ones with the dignity they deserve; there is anxiety, and many of us will be scared by this experience and shall remain scared for a while.
However, we will take up the rebuilding challenge both socially and on the economic front, and ensure that South Africa reaches the other side of the experience as one united sovereign nation, standing head and shoulder among many others who have undergone a similar experience. May freedom reign in our land.
* Mthethwa is the Minister of Arts, Culture and Sports
** The views expressed herein are not necessarily those of the DFA. | <urn:uuid:eaed614b-4b73-4839-a1bb-90fa9b7fa7e3> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.dfa.co.za/opinion-features/reflections-on-our-freedom-in-the-midst-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-ef3ba533-b012-588b-8e9b-e546bd0facab | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402131986.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20201001174918-20201001204918-00704.warc.gz | en | 0.962009 | 1,279 | 2.78125 | 3 |
12 points, SCA Band 1, 0.250 EFTSL
Undergraduate - Unit
Refer to the specific census and withdrawal dates for the semester(s) in which this unit is offered.
- First semester 2018 (On-campus)
This unit examines the archaeological methods and theory used to study the formation of ancient states. Taking Egypt as the example, it explores developments in religion, ideology and social structure over the period c. 4400-3000 BCE. The transition to statehood forms a critical stage in human history, adjusting the identity and arrangement of communities as they come together politically and geographically. The unit explores archaeological approaches that investigate the build-up of this process in a pre-literate context through an examination of ancient symbolism, iconography, material culture, environmental change and landscape use.
Upon successful completion of this unit students will:
- Acquire an understanding of current archaeological methods and theories used in studying state formation.
- Know the archaeological record of Predynastic Egypt.
- Be aware of the impact of environmental change in social and cultural development.
- Interpret archaeological data in the light of cultural tradition reflected in later literary material.
- Understand current theories that explore the emergence of complex society in the Near East and how the Egyptian evidence might be interpreted in light of these theories.
- Be able to present a sustained argument drawing upon a variety of data.
Within semester assessment: 100%
Minimum total expected workload to achieve the learning outcomes for this unit is 288 hours per semester typically comprising a mixture of scheduled learning activities and independent study. A unit requires on average three/four hours of scheduled activities per week. Scheduled activities may include a combination of teacher directed learning, peer directed learning and online engagement.
See also Unit timetable information | <urn:uuid:2598f70b-d1bf-47e2-b2af-5ffd2113b47b> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://monash.edu.au/pubs/2018handbooks/units/ATS4256.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267867050.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20180624180240-20180624200240-00124.warc.gz | en | 0.886553 | 360 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Learn about MTBF
One of the advantages of learning about MTBF is the same understanding applies to the many variations. Rather than engage in endless debates over what is or is not counted – shift the conversation to how to use the information for decisions. What is in service to the decision?
The Perils page provides some information about MTBF and the web provides a wealth of information about this common metric. A basic understanding of this inverse of a failure rate goes a long way to determine if the data is being well represented.
MTBF is often used to represent product life. It is not complete nor sufficient. Product life or reliability has four elements: function, probability, duration and environment. MTBF is only the probability and assumes (in most cases) the duration does not matter, or worse is not even stated.
As an alternative, use reliability directly. State the probability of success over a specified time frame, along with the functions (leads to understanding of product failure definition) and environment. The function and environment are often abbreviated, i.e. a respirator provides life support breathing in North American intensive care facilities. The details of the functions and environment are often well stated in product development and marketing documents.
The probability and duration may include multiple statements. One for important elements of the product life. For example, since products that failure during first use damage the product brand significantly, we may want to have a very high probability of success during the first 3 months of product use. Say, 99.99% reliability over first 3 months of use.
The warranty period may be another duration of interest. 98% reliability over the 1 year warranty period. And, the design life (how long the product should last and provide value to the customer) might be stated as 90% reliability over 5 years.
The early failures focus on component, assembly, shipping and installation sources of product failure. The warrant period and reliability is of interest as a business liability. The design life focuses on the longer term failure mechanisms.
Therefore, move away from a partial statement concerning product reliability. Make full use of clear statements of expectations (goals) and measures.
This one is easy – with your understanding of MTBF and the various pitfalls and misunderstandings. Do not permit those around you (peers, management, vendors, suppliers, and customers) continue to misunderstand and use incorrectly MTBF. Verify understanding and convey the actual meaning of the term.
Besides asking about understanding and definitions, ask about the use of reliability statements.
- Where did this come from?
- How and when is this measure?
- What decisions does this metric support?
- How does the data support this measure?
There are two principle assumptions made related to MTBF – both require your challenge.
First, what is the evidence that the underlying time to failure data supports the use of the exponential distribution? Or, the concept of a constant failure rate over the product life?
And, if the data supports the assumption you still benefit by using reliability as the metric, rather than MTBF. As it avoids the common misunderstandings surrounding the metric.
Second, challenge the assumption based on ‘this is what our industry and customers always use’. A full statement of reliability can always be converted to an MTBF statement if required. To make decisions use the data and appropriate and accurate summaries and measures. To assist your vendors and customers fully understand the reliability requirements or claims, use a complete reliability statement.
Years ago while conducting factory assessments we often asked about and inspected a suppliers application of statistical process control (SPC). Often these programs were little more than a show of a few very poorly management and applied SPC charts that resulted in no process improvements. One factory even used a locked display cabinet to display the charts, convenient for customer inspection. Two years later the same charts were still on display. Worthless to them and us.
The point is MTBF and similar measures can have real value across the entire supply chain and product life cycle. Only when the measure accurately describes the data, if well or easily understood, and permits appropriate assessment of risks and tradeoffs. MTBF often fails these simple criteria.
What can you do? Do not use MTBF. | <urn:uuid:d5e76981-2705-4db5-acf3-d4599362fe49> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://nomtbf.com/actions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662515466.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220516235937-20220517025937-00210.warc.gz | en | 0.9332 | 886 | 2.640625 | 3 |
We’ve known for years—since forming the germ theory of disease—that little critters like bacteria and viruses and fungi can affect us negatively. More recently, research into the microbiome, the host of microbes that live on and inside us, has shown how their behavior can affect us in more fundamental ways, from our weight to our mood, and help make us who we are. Alongside these discoveries, it makes sense to look at how microbes work on other parts of the world that humans interact with.
The latest discovery, says the New York Times, reporting on new research, comes from the world of viniculture. It turns out that the microbes that live on grapes vary from place-to-place, and it may be these microbes that give different regional wines their distinctive flavors.
Microbes are deposited on the grape surface by wind, insects and people, and may fail or flourish because of specific local conditions such as the way the grape vines are trained. And there may be genetic affinities between particular microbial species and each variety of grape, the researchers say.
…These microbes certainly affect the health of grapes as they grow — several of them adversely — and they are also incorporated into the must, the mashed grapes that are the starting material of winemaking. Several of the natural fungi that live on grapes have yeastlike properties, and they and other microbes could affect the metabolism of the ensuing fermentation. (Several species of microbes are available commercially for inoculation along with yeast into wine fermentations.)
The researchers showed that different regions’ microbes do vary in a reliable way, but they can’t say for sure if this is the reason different wine-making regions have different flavors. If so, though, says io9, your next wine tour may seem a little more like a trip to a lab:
If the results hold true, the research has strong implications for improving grape and wine quality. Winemakers, for example, could possibly tailor their vineyard treatments, farming practices and wine-fermentation management to promote or discourage the growth of different fungal and bacterial communities. The work could also extend to other agricultural products, such as fresh fruits and produce, in which different microbial communities are associated with spoilage and shelf life.
More from Smithsonian.com: | <urn:uuid:b986c6ff-d3a4-4815-a909-eb3178f7f79a> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/microbes-may-be-responsible-for-wine-regions-distinctive-flavors-180947875/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583509690.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20181015184452-20181015205952-00108.warc.gz | en | 0.954081 | 466 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Preppers need first aid kits to treat medical problems, especially when drug stores or hospitals are not nearby. Even when such help is nearby, however, serious medical problems such heavy bleeding must be attended to immediately. It also is important for preppers to be skilled in the use of the first aid supplies and equipment that their first aid kits contain. The larger and more complete their first aid kits are, the more skills preppers will need to possess in order to effectively use their first aid kits when they try to help themselves or others with their medical problems.
First aid kits often have instructional cards or booklets that give details regarding how to use their first aid supplies and equipment to treat various medical problems. These first aid kits also may have web sites and customer service representatives for further information.
Such available information, however, needs to be understood before there is a need to treat injured people. Not knowing how to use first aid equipment such as a CPR mask, for example, can result in the transfer of infectious diseases from the patients to the resuscitators, or vice versa. As further examples, unskilled people might not know how to use items such as a Triangular Bandage, or a syringe for wound irrigation.
It is a good practice for preppers to prepare to administer even simple, basic first aid. It might sometimes be difficult, for example, especially during emergencies, to find the ends of tape rolls. Before any such emergencies, preppers should find the tape ends and pull these ends up enough so that, when the tapes are needed, it will be easy to grab the ends and pull these strips off the rolls of tape. As another example, preppers can make slight snips in slippery medication packets, and thus, make them easier to rip open. Anything that preppers can do to make it easier to use first aid supplies and equipment will pay off during emergencies, when preppers’ anxieties can negatively affect their finger dexterity and hand-eye coordination.
There are many categories of first aid kits, including those that are:
1. Individually made.
2. Commercially made and sold.
3. Specifically made for the home, office, or car.
4. Made small and basic.
5. Made large and extensive.
Whether preppers need to administer antibiotic ointments to scrapes, or aspirins to people suffering from heart attack symptoms, first aid kits can be worth their weight in gold.
What are your thoughts on first aid kits? Please comment below. | <urn:uuid:cb2c6d96-b2fd-4edf-bf7a-764ceaf905e4> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.examiner.com/article/how-well-can-you-use-your-first-aid-kit?cid=rss | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413558066932.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017150106-00188-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951467 | 514 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Though TMJ is centered in the jaw joints, the effects of the disorder can reach far. Patients often report pain or discomfort in the head, neck, shoulders, teeth, and ears. These symptoms can often cause difficulty when diagnosing TMJ, as they can indicate other issues. For example, headaches can indicate an issue with vision, and pain in the teeth can obviously be due to poor dental health. Like these examples, patients sometimes come in with chronic nasal congestion.
TMJ can cause nasal congestion due to the fact that it is a common case of mechanisms of referral. This means that the site of the symptoms are not necessary the origin of the symptom. The muscles near the jaw joints in particular are responsible for transferring symptoms to the nasal area.
Tight, inflamed, and/or fatigued muscles are often caused by overuse or bruxism – chronic clenching or grinding of the jaw. Our expert will likely recommend some simple remedies for TMJ pain at first, such as applying warm compresses, stress reduction, and certain stretches. If these tactics do not work, mouth guards or splints, orthodontics, and physical therapy may help. In extreme cases, surgery may be required.
If you are suffering from sinus congestion without indication of any other cause, visit our TMJ expert today. | <urn:uuid:3e2b70ab-11cc-4616-8c24-643959fe6b2b> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://dentalnewsblog.wordpress.com/category/nose/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948588251.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20171216143011-20171216165011-00101.warc.gz | en | 0.941623 | 270 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Demystifying gout7 years ago | Gout
By pH health care professionals
You have probably heard family members, usually elderly relatives, talk about “having an attack of the gout.” You may have even talked about it yourself without really knowing what it is and why it occurs. Given all the misinformation out there about gout, and that the incidence of gout has been increasing in recent years, it’s time to demystify gout so you know how to be proactive about it.
OK, so what exactly is gout?
Gout is a type of arthritis that occurs when your body cannot get rid of an acid formed during the breakdown of certain foods such as red meat, seafood and excessive alcohol. Certain drugs like low-dose aspirin, which limits the kidneys’ ability to get rid of this acid, can also cause it. Excess of this acid -- uric acid -- in the blood is called hyperuricemia, and may cause buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints such as the big toe, wrists, fingers and knees. This uric acid buildup can cause severe pain, swelling and tenderness.
What are the health risks associated with gout?
A recent study published in the Annals of Rheumatic Diseases indicates that patients with gout, especially women, have an increased risk for vascular diseases (meaning any disease affecting the circulatory system, like heart disease or strokes). Gout may also increase your risk for hypertension, diabetes, metabolic disorders and cardiovascular disease. It is even associated with erectile dysfunction in men.
So what are some things you can you do to be proactive about gout?
- Consider adding cherries to your diet. Yes, research suggests that cherries may reduce the production of uric acid.
- At a minimum, drink at least nine to 13 cups of water a day to avoid the dehydration that may trigger a gout attack.
- You may want to limit your intake of foods and drugs that produce uric acid, like alcohol and red meat.
- Walk briskly, swim or cycle for at least a half hour a day to help flush the uric acid through your body.
- Be aware of your uric acid levels by having a blood or urine test.
Also be sure to talk with your health care practitioner if you suffer an attack of gout. Your doctor should be able to provide you with advice on how to reduce its severity and suggest lifestyle changes relevant to you that can reduce the risk of a subsequent attack.
Enjoy Your Healthy Life!
The pH professional health care team includes recognized experts from a variety of health care and related disciplines, including physicians, attorneys, nutritionists, nurses and certified fitness instructors. This team also includes the members of the pH Medical Advisory Board, which constantly monitors all pH programs, products and services. To learn more about the pH Medical Advisory Board, click here. | <urn:uuid:0a870dca-e01d-4edf-9c6e-f52cce3a033a> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://phlabs.com/demystifying-gout | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039508673.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20210421035139-20210421065139-00018.warc.gz | en | 0.956291 | 601 | 2.90625 | 3 |
How important can parks be in the general order of things? asks Janet Sillett
When social care is under huge pressure and council budgets are squeezed everywhere? Parks? Nice for Spring bulbs maybe or a quick stroll with the dog; a kickabout or a snooze when the weather improves. But seriously – parks?
Over 37 million people regularly use the 27,000 parks and green spaces across the UK.
So yes, this is serious. Ninety-two per cent of local authority parks departments have experienced budget reductions in the past three years, and 95 per cent of parks managers expect to be faced with further reductions in the next three years (The State of UK Public Parks 2016 Heritage Lottery Fund). Nothing surprising there of course.
And this does matter. The recent CLG select committee report Public Parks spells out why it matters.
Parks help to improve our health and sense of wellbeing – both individually and collectively. Community was one of the most frequent words used when people responded to the inquiry. The University of Leeds, describes parks as: “places where history is made, both in terms of major public events — political rallies, mass meetings, demonstrations and civic celebrations — and in terms of people’s intimate lives — their romances, friendships, family outings and personal commemorations.”
A study in the Netherlands showed that every 10 per cent increase in exposure to green space resulted in a reduction of five years in age in terms of expected health problems (Groenewegen et al 2003) with similar benefits found by studies in Canada (Villenveuve et al 2012) and Japan (Takano et al 2002). How can this value be measured?
Research from the University of Exeter concluded that green spaces in England contribute £2.2bn to public health. Edinburgh City Council has employed a social return on investment model which concluded that for every £1 of investment in parks, around £12 of benefits are delivered, with a higher return when money is invested in premier central parks. And parks and green spaces have an impact on health inequalities – living in areas with green spaces is associated with significantly less income-related health inequality, weakening the effect of deprivation on health (Mitchell and Popham 2008). In greener areas, all-cause mortality rates are only 43 per cent higher for deprived groups, compared to 93 per cent higher in less green areas.
Yet we know that green space and parks aren’t distributed equally. The most affluent 20 per cent of wards in England have five times the amount of green space as the most deprived 10 per cent and that many people of Black and Minority Ethnic backgrounds live in the most deprived wards in the UK. The committee’s report highlights a study which found that “the quality of, access to, and use of urban green space was a significant predictor of general health for people of African Caribbean, Bangladeshi, Pakistani origin and other BME groups, who were also those with the poorest health”. Twenty per cent of young people from lower income families have no access to local green space to play outdoor sport, compared with 12 per cent from higher income families. Parks are very important for children in all kinds of ways – many children responded to the select committee’s call for evidence. They can provide somewhere exciting to play, to explore nature, to exercise and run around. For some children they will be the only places to escape overcrowded or poor housing.
Parks are of immense value to our communities. They face huge challenges – particularly funding. How have councils responded – by reducing costs, increasing the income generated from parks and using “Friends of the Park” schemes and volunteers. This has helped, but there have still been temporary or permanent closure of facilities, deteriorating standards of maintenance and health and safety, reductions in service levels and reduced ability to enforce regulations leading to more anti-social behaviour. Heritage Lottery Fund money, though substantial, will not be enough to stem further decreases in park quality. And using volunteers has its own issues – staff are needed to supervise and guide volunteers and councils such as Camden said that while better-off areas could provide volunteers with the skills and confidence to “step up to the plate”, more deprived areas could lose out or be in competition for scarce resources.
I’m not suggesting, of course, that funding parks can be our number one priority. Yet there is a real economic case to be made as several councils have demonstrated.
The committee also suggests involving local communities more and looking at different solutions like parks trusts, formal partnerships with friends groups, asset transfers or long leases to social enterprises or charities, and partnership with other organisations.
We need to think therefore more strategically. But above all we need to value and celebrate our green spaces and public parks – not just as assets on a balance sheet but as places for the imagination and of creativity.
In Charlotte Park
The wooden benches
At the playground
Into pirate ships
Sailing about the Spanish Main
Across the Arizona desert
Relentlessly pursuing evil robbers
We soldiered around them
Throwing persimmon grenades
And wielding stick bayonets
We won gold medals
In Olympic hurdling
Clearing those benches
Stood high upon them
To slay dragons
Explored the deepest reaches
Of outer space
And spent countless lifetimes
Defying certain death
Without ever once
Leaving the safest bosom
Of our neighborhood
(Charlotte Park is a public park in Nashville, Tennessee) | <urn:uuid:19181d04-a9b5-41b2-8583-d0b6e0fb1e9c> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.lgiu.org.uk/2017/03/21/parks-celebrating-their-true-value/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583515352.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20181022155502-20181022181002-00109.warc.gz | en | 0.937804 | 1,132 | 2.921875 | 3 |
DURAND DE LA GARENNE (first name unknown), writer in the Marine, judge of the admiralty court at Placentia (Plaisance); d. 12 Oct. 1715.
An employee at the port of Rochefort in 1691, Durand came to Placentia in 1699, as a writer in the Marine. The following year the king entrusted him to act as commissary, and he became sub-delegate of the intendant of Quebec in 1701. His many duties included looking after troops, supplies, and fortifications; he thus came into conflict with Joseph de Monic, whose ill-will he had to endure. He got on better with Auger de Subercase, and went through the St John’s campaign with him (1705). He went to France the following year and returned in 1707, having been appointed judge of the admiralty court. In 1710 he took a census of the settlers at Plaisance and in the neighbouring district. The next year he proposed that the settlers of Newfoundland and of the island of Saint-Pierre be transported to Île Royale (Cape Breton Island).
Like all the officers at Placentia, he went in for fishing on his own account, and in 1711 he contributed to the fitting out of a privateer. This ship was captured as it left the port, and Durand had to share in paying the captain’s ransom. This mishap seems to have upset his business, for in succeeding years we find him being prosecuted for debts, and he owed money to the treasurer of the Marine. After the treaty of Utrecht he was given the task, with Pastour de Costebelle, of preparing the evacuation of Placentia. But his accounts were in utter confusion. He was also accused of misappropriating and selling articles coming from the capture of St John’s in 1709. Instead of going to Île Royale, however, La Garenne slipped away to Saint-Domingue, where his brother, Durand de Beauval, was a receiving agent. He died there, opportunely, on 12 Oct. 1715, leaving the clerks of the Marine with the responsibility for liquidating the accounts of the lost colony. The French national archives contain a good number of his letters and reports on the business affairs of Placentia during the 15 years that he was employed there.
AN, Col., B, 22–23, 25, 27, 29–30, 32–35, 37–38; C11B, 1, f.120; C11C, 2–7, 16; E, 93 (dossier Costebelle); F3, 54, ff.421–30; Section Outre-Mer, G1, 467 (recensements de Plaisance, 1706, 1710; printed in SGCF Mémoires, XI (1960), 80–81); G3, 2053–55. Coll. de manuscrits relatifs à la N.-F., II, 565. Le Blant, Histoire de la N.-F., 256; Philippe de Pastour de Costebelle, 94, 115, 168. [AN, Col., C11C, 6, f.156.] | <urn:uuid:bcdd7fed-f90c-4be0-b736-9133f2d3263e> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/durand_de_la_garenne_2F.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986653876.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20191014150930-20191014174430-00040.warc.gz | en | 0.965975 | 688 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory condition in which the exact etiology is unknown. Many natural modalities have shown efficacy in the treatment of psoriasis and can be implemented in daily life to promote overall health, conceivably fending off such conditions. Though generally safe, consult a licensed physician before introducing any of these lifestyle-focused therapeutic modifications.
1) Get Outdoors
Much of modern society in developed nations is dependent upon spending multiple hours a day indoors, void of the natural radiation generated by the sun. Phototherapy is often used in a clinical setting to treat psoriasis, commonly using a narrow banded emission of ultraviolet radiation. Patients suffering from psoriasis have reduced levels of Vitamin D, a modulatory hormone that regulates the body’s immune system. Ultraviolet light has been proven to increase serum levels of Vitamin D.[2,3] Multiple studies have produced promising results demonstrating a reduction in psoriasis with exposure to ultraviolet light,[4,5] and supports a focus on the benefit of regular light exposure in moderation. However, extended periods in sunlight can lead to harmful effects such as sunburn, photoaging, and cancer.[6,7]
Many physical processes can be altered by thoughts and emotions. Practicing mindfulness is considered a therapeutic intervention that aids in bridging the gap between the mind and body. One well-known example, meditation, has demonstrated it’s immunological effects and could very well prove beneficial in the prevention of chronic diseases of the immune system including psoriasis. Decreases in inflammatory cytokines, increases in T helper cell activity, and reduction in telomerase degradation have been observed with the clinical inclusion of mindfulness practices.
3) Consume Daily Sources of Healthy Fats
Unsaturated fats present in certain meats, eggs, and plants compete with highly inflammatory sources of saturated fat. Sources of healthy unsaturated fats come from fatty fish such as sardines, salmon, mackerel, and herring. Plant sources include walnuts, hemp, flaxseed, and leafy green vegetables. Another fatty acid present in plant sources is known as alpha lipoic acid, which the body converts to ‘resolvins.’ Resolvins are potent anti-inflammatory molecules that, just as the name suggests, resolve inflammatory disease.
4) Take Salt Baths
Research has suggested that psoriasis is tied to an imbalance of the skin’s natural flora of microorganisms. Balneotherapy, a treatment most notably associated with bathing in natural hot springs, has been used clinically to ameliorate psoriasis. Naturally occurring mineral salts in combination with the relaxing properties of bathing might aid in controlling chronic inflammatory skin conditions. Regular at-home use of warm mineral salt baths might prove beneficial in maintaining healthy microbiological inhabitance of the skin, preventing pathological overgrowth and subsequent inflammatory dysregulation.[13,14]
5) Maintain Good Hygiene
Hygiene isn’t often considered by the public when addressing the cause of chronic conditions such as psoriasis, but maintaining hygienic practices is critical. In the naturopathic field, psoriasis is considered a superficial manifestation of underlying systemic imbalance. A gastrointestinal and hepatic disease is correlated with the development of psoriasis. Hygiene is not limited to cleanliness; it encompasses healthy sleeping habits and much more. Intestinal health begins with mindful eating and chewing food thoroughly while at rest with little distractions. Good hygiene continues with the elimination of inflammatory foods as well as the incorporation of probiotic foods such as sauerkraut and fermented yogurt. Liver health can be supported by introducing foods rich in antioxidants and discontinued drugs, alcohol and tobacco abuse.[15,16]
The appearance of our skin reflects much of what we do each day. Viewed as a window into the body, the skin can reveal a great deal about our daily activities. Incorporating these practices can generate positive systemic health outcomes for many who implement them. Altering one’s habits is often a challenge, but help is available for those who look for it. Consult your doctor before adopting any of these routines, and be sure to search for available resources in your area that may aid you in any endeavor.
* This Website is for general skin beauty, wellness, and health information only. This Website is not to be used as a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment of any health condition or problem. The information provided on this Website should never be used to disregard, delay, or refuse treatment or advice from a physician or a qualified health provider.
Talbott W, Duffy N. Complementary and alternative medicine for psoriasis: what the dermatologist needs to know. Am J Clin Dermatol.2015;16(3):147-165; PMID: 25904522 Link to research.
Hewison M. Vitamin D and immune function: an overview. Proc Nutr Soc.2012;71(1):50-61; PMID: 21849106 Link to research.
Millsop JW, Bhatia BK, Debbaneh M, et al. Diet and psoriasis, part III: role of nutritional supplements. J Am Acad Dermatol.2014;71(3):561-569; PMID: 24780177 Link to research.
Foerster J, Boswell K, West J, et al. Narrowband UVB treatment is highly effective and causes a strong reduction in the use of steroid and other creams in psoriasis patients in clinical practice. PLoS One.2017;12(8):e0181813; PMID: 28771503 Link to research.
Mysliwiec H, Kiluk P, Mysliwiec P, et al. Influence of narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy on serum tumour necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) in patients with psoriasis. Clin Exp Dermatol.2017;42(7):786-790; PMID: 28748592 Link to research.
D'Orazio J, Jarrett S, Amaro-Ortiz A, et al. UV radiation and the skin. Int J Mol Sci.2013;14(6):12222-12248; PMID: 23749111 Link to research.
Polefka TG, Meyer TA, Agin PP, et al. Effects of solar radiation on the skin. J Cosmet Dermatol.2012;11(2):134-143; PMID: 22672278 Link to research.
Kabat-Zinn J, Wheeler E, Light T, et al. Influence of a mindfulness meditation-based stress reduction intervention on rates of skin clearing in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis undergoing phototherapy (UVB) and photochemotherapy (PUVA). Psychosom Med.1998;60(5):625-632; PMID: 9773769 Link to research.
Black DS, Slavich GM. Mindfulness meditation and the immune system: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Ann N Y Acad Sci.2016;1373(1):13-24; PMID: 26799456 Link to research.
Collier PM, Payne CR. The dietary effect of oily fish consumption on psoriasis. Br J Dermatol.1996;135(5):858; PMID: 8977696 Link to research.
De Caterina R. n-3 fatty acids in cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med.2011;364(25):2439-2450; PMID: 21696310 Link to research.
Proksch E, Nissen HP, Bremgartner M, et al. Bathing in a magnesium-rich Dead Sea salt solution improves skin barrier function, enhances skin hydration, and reduces inflammation in atopic dry skin. Int J Dermatol.2005;44(2):151-157; PMID: 15689218 Link to research.
Martin R, Henley JB, Sarrazin P, et al. Skin Microbiome in Patients With Psoriasis Before and After Balneotherapy at the Thermal Care Center of La Roche-Posay. J Drugs Dermatol.2015;14(12):1400-1405; PMID: 26659932 Link to research.
Baros DN, Gajanin VS, Gajanin RB, et al. Comparative analysis of success of psoriasis treatment with standard therapeutic modalities and balneotherapy. Med Pregl.2014;67(5-6):154-160; PMID: 25033574 Link to research.
Gisondi P, Del Giglio M, Cozzi A, et al. Psoriasis, the liver, and the gastrointestinal tract. Dermatol Ther.2010;23(2):155-159; PMID: 20415823 Link to research.
Pietrzak D, Pietrzak A, Krasowska D, et al. Digestive system in psoriasis: an update. Arch Dermatol Res.2017;10.1007/s00403-017-1775-7PMID: 28905102 Link to research. | <urn:uuid:888188c2-391b-4f29-90e2-eac9cd0622c8> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.dermveda.com/articles/five-important-habits-to-fend-against-psoriasis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221213693.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20180818173743-20180818193743-00256.warc.gz | en | 0.853173 | 1,922 | 2.84375 | 3 |
For these of you who’re concerned about your privacy and don’t need some other users who’ve access to your computer to know what websites you’ve got been visiting online, need to know the right way to utterly erase web history. Computer software program includes computer programs , libraries and associated non-executable knowledge , equivalent to online documentation or digital media It is typically divided into system software program and utility software program Computer hardware and software require each other and neither will be realistically used on its own.
84 Control techniques in advanced computers may change the order of execution of some directions to enhance performance. Designed by Sunnyvale, California native Steve Wozniak, and marketed by his buddy Steve Jobs, the Apple-1 is a single-board computer for hobbyists.
Society has come to recognize personal computers and their moveable equivalent, the laptop computer, as icons of the data age; they’re what most people think of as “a computer.” However, the commonest type of computer in use at present is by far the embedded computer.
LG knowledge storage: Discover merchandise loaded with the latest state-of-the-art options, designed to keep information safe and simply accessible. Foremost amongst its developments was Forrester’s perfection of magnetic core reminiscence, which grew to become the dominant form of excessive-velocity random entry reminiscence for computers until the mid-1970s.
Via computers, faculty, students and administrators have easy access to one another as well as entry to database resources offered by libraries. Full-time students can complete this system in two years. It’s a first-of-its-form program that provides an Ivy League master’s degree in Computer Science designed for non-CS majors. | <urn:uuid:ff53117b-7151-4e1f-9840-3c41646d22d4> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://appdownloadreview.com/cheap-computers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476137.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302215752-20240303005752-00428.warc.gz | en | 0.944437 | 371 | 2.625 | 3 |
The coral reefs of the Mexican Pacific are relatively unknown, but hold great ecological and economic importance for the region. From Oaxaca to the Baja California peninsula, these reefs attract a great number of tourists and provide critical habitat for many commercially important species.
This spring, WILDCOAST’s Coral Conservation Team came together to conduct baseline studies of the coral reefs off the Jalisco coast in collaboration with researchers from the University of Guadalajara. The team also carried out environmental education activities and met with recreation outfitters in Punta Pérula and Bahía de Chamela to establish a plan for creating sustainable tourism practices.
The coral reefs of the Marieta Islands National Park in Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, have suffered from poor tourism practices, so much so that about a year ago the protected area had to close its doors to tourists and undergo intensive restoration efforts. Dr. Amílcar Cupúl and Dr. Paola Rodríguez from the University of Guadalajara, in coordination with the Mexican National Commission of Natural Protected Areas (CONANP), successfully restored the corals and now offer recommendations on sustainable tourism practices to ensure that the coral reefs of the Marieta Islands continue to recover.
Also as part of the effort, WILDCOAST Coral Conservation Team members Gabriela Ang and Rebeca Meléndez visited the Ameyali School in Puerto Vallarta to teach 200 students about the importance of coral reef conservation in Jalisco. The students were very excited to learn about how they can protect natural resources in their own community and look forward to spreading awareness about coral conservation in their community.
In another part of Jalisco, the coral reefs of Chamela Bay Islands Sanctuary sustain the fish populations on which the communities of Punta Pérula and Chamela rely, as well as support the tourist activities that provide supplemental income to residents. Underneath a tree in the town square in Punta Pérula around 15 tourism guides and outfitters expressed their concerns about the impacts tourism was having on their coral reefs, including pollution and overfishing, during a meeting with WILDCOAST’s Coral Conservation Team. Fortunately, there is a great willingness to move towards sustainable practices and WILDCOAST will be working with these guides and outfitters, as well as community members, to provide the training and tools necessary to move to sustainable practices.
On another positive note, monitoring of the reefs of Chamela Bay found several healthy patches of coral. The team found good coral cover and a diversity of invertebrates such as sea stars, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers, although the average size of the organisms was small due to overharvesting.
Thanks to the support of the University of Guadalajara and the professionalism of Gabriela and Rebeca of WILDCOAST, the future is looking up for the coral reefs of the Mexican Pacific and WILDCOAST looks forward to expanding the coral reef conservation project to different communities along the coast. If you would like to help WILDCOAST’s efforts to save the corals of the Mexican Pacific donate today! | <urn:uuid:ce4793b9-f818-4918-b382-3a4d612411e0> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://wildcoast.org/helping-corals-fight-back/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585381.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021040342-20211021070342-00457.warc.gz | en | 0.941878 | 646 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Today I was researching the burial place of my 6th Great Grandfather John Rogers Sr. (Dec 1, 1648 – Oct 17, 1721). John was buried on his farm, Mamacock Farm. I’ve never really know where it was but today I found some clues to it’s location.
History of Montville, Connecticut, By Henry Augustus Baker, 1896, Pages 179-181
“b. 1 Dec., 1648, third son of James Rogers and Elizabeth Rowland; m. 17 Oct., 1670, Elizabeth, daughter of Mathew Griswold. The rite of marriage was performed by the father of the bride, and accompanied with the formality of a written contract and dowry, the husband settling his farm at upper Mamacock upon the wife in case of his death or separation from her during life.. This farm was situated about two miles north of New London, on the Thames River……. …………He died of small pox 17 Oct., 1721, and was buried upon the bank of the Tames River within the bounds of his Mamacock farm, where he had set aside a place for a family sepulcher.”
According to page 60 of the History of Montville, there were two places called Mamacock. One was the neck of land on which stand Fort Trumball and the other was two miles up the river. It does not say up the river from where. Page 116 says John Rogers owned the land at Upper Mamacock.
I found this in the book “The Rogerenes”, page 279-280: “The early graves still discernable in this old family burying-ground are marked by natural, uninscribed stones, which was the ordinary mode before gravestones came into common use in New England. In family burying-placed, on farms or in out-of-the-way places, the lack of inscriptions continued to a comparatively late period. Many such old family buying-places have been long obliterated. The preservation of this one is probably due to its being secured by deed. (See New London Record, November 13, 1751) It is said that, despite the lack of inscription, descendants in the earlier part of the nineteenth century could tell who was buried in each of the old graves. The railroad has cut off a portion of this burial ground, which originally extended to the verge of the river. Tradition states that some of the graves on the river bank were washed away at the time of the great September gale (1813).”
Speaking of the death of John Rogers Jr.( son of John Rogers Sr.) on page 279 it says: “Fifteen children gather at Mamacock, to follow the remains of this honored father to the grave…. They lay the form of this patriarch beside his father, his wife Bathsheba and the children gone before, in the ground he has set apart, in the southeast corner of his farm, as a perpetual burial place for his descendants, close by the beautiful river that washes Mamacock. They mark his grave, like the others in this new ground, by two rough stones, from nature’s wealth of granite in this locality, whose only tracery shall be the lichen’s mossy green of tender mould.”
On page 280 it says” “John Rogers, 2d, was a man of remarkable thrift….consisted mainly of a number of valuable farms on both sides of the Norwich road, including the enlarged Mamacock farm, the central part of which (Mamacock proper) , his home farm, “
On page 124 it says: “ he takes up his abode in one of his houses in town, or possible at the mamacock farm, on the Mohegan road and the “Great River”, which place was formerly granted by the town to the Rev. Mr. Blinman, and, upon the latter’s removal from New London, was purchased by Mr. Rogers”
On page 194 it says” John Rogers has changed his home from the Great Neck to Mamacock Farm, North Parish”
From the above we can gather that Mamacock was on the Thames River. It was at least 2 miles north of the mouth of the river. It was on the west bank of the river as the burial spot was located on the river, in the southeast corner of the farm. Railroad tracks were cut through some portion of the burial ground. The farm was along side the Norwich Road and the Mohegan Road. It was located in North Parish.
State Road 32 runs up along the west bank of the Thames and is called on and off Mohegan Avenue and Norwich Road. I found on a map today a place called Mamacock Cove which is just south of Quaker Hill, CT and across the river from the Sub Base Museum. It looks like it’s probably the general area. I need to find out who I can contact to see if there is a cemetery near there of field stones. How exciting if I could find that cemetery.
Come visit my website at www.FamilyHistoryDetectives.net and let us help you trace your family tree! | <urn:uuid:4e211e7b-6a29-4033-a002-c8d94dd94ddb> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://wellsgenealogy.wordpress.com/2010/05/07/april-7-2010-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818690029.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924134120-20170924154120-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.983411 | 1,088 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Legal documents such as contracts and affidavits are always witnessed by a third-party for several different reasons. The primary reason for a legal document witness is to attest to the fact that the signatures on the document are authentic. There are many ways to witness a legal document, but there are two primary methods used to make sure legal documents are acceptable to a court of law.
An objective party is someone who is familiar with the party or parties signing the document but has no personal or financial interest in the document. For example, the beneficiary of a will cannot witness the will in which they are mentioned. However, someone who is not in the will or not related to anyone in the will can sign as a witness.
An objective party must be an adult who is not under the influence of alcohol or drugs when they sign the document. The objective party is being asked to attest that each signature is authentic, and they may be asked to verify the authenticity of the document if it comes under question at any point in time. If an objective party is asked to sign a legal document, then the objective party should keep a copy of the completely signed document for their own records.
The most common way to get a universally accepted witness to a legal document is to use a notary public. A notary public has passed a government test that allows the notary to act as an official government witness for legal documents of any kind. Each notary is given a unique identification number and an official seal that are both placed on the document to show that they witnessed the signature.
You will find notaries in many different walks of life. The two most common places to find free notary services are banks and libraries. While not every bank and library offers free notary services, there are many across the country that do. When a person is sworn in as a judge, they are automatically made a notary. You can also find private practice notaries who will witness your document for a fee.
A notary public will want all parties signing the document to be present and sign the document in front of the notary. This is how the notary can legally witness the signing of a document by people the notary does not know. A notary public seal and signature is accepted as a legal witness to almost any document in the United States.
If you are able to choose between the two methods of witnessing a legal document, it is always best to go with the notary. While it is acceptable for objective parties to witness a document, courts are often more comfortable with the signature of a notary. | <urn:uuid:a2dcf82a-a828-43f6-9726-2ed5c0d7a4b1> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.encyclopedia.com/articles/who-can-witness-a-legal-document/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676593142.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722080925-20180722100925-00375.warc.gz | en | 0.971341 | 522 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Decorative Tile in Architecture and Interiors
Üye Girişi yapın, temin süresi ve fiyatını size bildirelim.
Üye Girişi yapın, sizi bu ürün stoklarımıza girdiğinde bilgilendirelim.
Temin süremiz 28 - 42 iş günü
Ceramic tiles are one of the oldest and most universally employed forms of architectural decoration. During the nineteenth century, this medium reached a zenith: this beautifully illustrated book highlights the ways in which the Industrial Revolution transformed the use of ceramic tiles in buildings. It not only brought entirely new techniques and equipment for production but created an expanding world market for decorative building materials. This book deconstructs in depth the visual richness of the subject, exploring the variety of techniques used by decorative tile manufacturers and the fascinating ways in which designers, architects and builders exploited the infinite colour palette of ceramic glazes. Coupled with design inspirations from the history of ceramics around the world, the resulting buildings show how the creative use of ceramic tiles can produce architecture and interiors of remarkable quality. The authors seek to integrate tiles, their design and manufacture, with the architectural and social environment in which they were used. Sumptuous illustrations - including specially commissioned pictures of previously unpublished tile schemes - provide detailed coverage, especially of the key Victorian period. This book benefits profoundly from the authors' years of experience with tiles, designs and architecture, from which this truly authoritative coverage has been distilled. | <urn:uuid:c72e7788-29ea-4b78-a8d3-1f1edf7b1d57> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.pandora.com.tr/urun/decorative-tile-in-architecture-and-interiors/364834 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00546-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.905566 | 333 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Why does the Kabbalah Tree of Life look as it does,
and has it always looked that way?
In the Rosicrusian Cross I had a picture of the Kabbalah Sephirots as they are placed today:
Kabbalah Sephirots as they are placed today.
It’s usually thought that it has looked like this since the day man was created many planetary cycles (aeons) ago. But, as God emanates down through his creations, his emanations three aspects (Son, Mother, and Father), ascends up through the Sephirots leading their creations up, and the placements of the Sephirots changes therefore on the pillars, after which aspect occupies a given Sephira. That is, Sephirots with the Mother aspect are placed on the Left Pillar, Sephirots with the Son aspect are placed on the Middle Pillar, and Sephirots with the Father aspect are placed on the Right Pillar.
A complicated example, which also explains the background for Daat:
Binah, Chokmah, and Kether are placed the way they are because Binah contains The Mother, the Creator of Man (Thrones.) The Creator has to be just above the Abyss, as she is above any of our spiritual bodies. The Mother should have been in Chokmah which is a feminine Sephira, and Binah should have contained the Son, and Kether should have contained The Father aspect.
While The Mother is in Binah, The Son is hidden in one of the other Sephirots, so there is missing a Son-Sephira below Kether, where Binah in reality should have been placed, and where the knowledgeable have placed an imaginary Sephira called Daat instead, symbolizing the hidden Son.
Short after the time of Christ (The Second Adam) with Elohim, The Father or Osiris, The Mother or Shekinah/Sophia/Isis, and The Son or Horus/Anthropos:
We come from here to the Kabbalah of today by shifting the Æon’s one up, the Mother/Elohim moved from Tiphareth to Geburah, thereby Geburah was placed in the Left Pillar and Tiphareth moved from the Left Pillar to the Center Pillar, as the Son moved into Tiphareth, and so forth.
It is interesting to see the Heavenly, and Earthly triangles with the emanation of the Son as Man. These two triangles overlaid makes the Hexagram:
YHVE are the letters for the Sephirots in the Third Hierarchy, Microcosm. Yod is Air, Heh is Fire, Vav is Water, and the last Heh is Earth. After the emanation of the Son, that is, today, the Elements has moved according to the Pillars. If we use the YHVE letters, Yod is fire, Heh is Water, Vav is Air, and the second Heh is still Earth. The reason are that the Right Pillar is Fire, the Left Pillar is Water, and the Center Pillar is Air, and Malkuth is always Earth.
Emanation of the new Æon
Franz Hartmann about the emanation from WHAT IS TRUE CHRISTIANITY?
It is claimed that at the beginning of certain historical periods — when old religious truths are about to be forgotten, and the idolatry of form assumes the place of true religion — some great spirit (planetary) appears upon the earth, incarnated into a human form, and by his word and example impresses the old truths forcibly upon a number of receptive minds, to communicate to others, and thus lay the foundation of a new religious system, embodying old truths in a new form.
It is believed that the man Jesus of Nazareth was the mortal form in which such a spirit was embodied; the latter being no less than what I believe every planetary spirit to be — an emanation from the Universal Logos or Word.
The Demiurge or Demiurgos and the AEon‘s or Eon‘s are described in
A Depth of Beginning, Notes on Kabbalah by Colin Low.
This document consists of slides and notes for a public talk presented at the Spirit of Peace. Colin Low. | <urn:uuid:7ce8fe5f-8fab-473d-8516-ce63aa14d780> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://kimgraaemunch.wordpress.com/2008/10/26/changing-hierarchies-through-history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824618.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021062002-20171021082002-00194.warc.gz | en | 0.954991 | 905 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Social media today is one of the top cause of depression and a couple of other mental illness like anxiety disorders due to its increased usage by a lot of people especially teens whereby the majority of them own smartphones which they use for social networking
Despite all the good things and advantages of social media, leading to mental illness is one of the bad sides and major disadvantages of social media
When was the last time you checked any of your friend’s Facebook or Instagram account and they posted something bad happening in their lives?
For some reasons it’s always the good things happening in their lives that are posted. It’s always the success that someone achieves that ends up on social media accounts
And when things go wrong no one ever posts that as people deal with difficulties privately without posting it on any social media accounts.
And even when someone posts something bad happening in their lives, the attention some people receive is different from what others receive and if you compare that to your own self, you are very much likely to feel bad
This article at looks at how social media is impacting our minds mentally leading depression plus also showing how social media is linked to depression and what you can do about it.
It would be absurd to talk about metal illness with clarifying on what it actually is as most people misuse the terms
According to medical news today Depression is a mood disorder that involves a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest.
Some of the symptoms of depression include;
- feelings of worthlessness or guilt
- difficulty thinking, concentrating or making decisions
- recurrent thoughts of death or suicide, or an attempt at suicide
- loss of interest in hobbies
- Low self-worth
Other symptoms like sleeping too much, loss of weight or gain can also be symptoms of other things and not necessarily depression
1. Social media and validation
Most people seek approval from others that’s why everyone would post only the good things happening in their lives.
When one posts something good in their lives and everyone consents to it with shares, likes and comments, then the original poster will get a sense of worthiness, superiority and value from all those that interacted with post.
But how would you feel if you posted what you think is good like the best picture of you and it got ignored by everyone?
The truth is you will not feel good considering you posted it for other people to see it. It even gets worse when you can see a lot of your friends online and none of them is interacting with your post
You will start feel like you are not good enough or you post is boring which will lead to depression.
This can also lead you stop interacting with others as you could be feeling like you are not good enough after everyone ignored your post or tweet
Being ignored on social media is also one of the things that can lead to depression
2. Comparing yourself to others on social media
It’s in our nature to always compare ourselves to others. And if you don’t compare yourself to anyone at least other people will take the initiative to compare you with others which is okay anyway
The problem with comparing yourself to others is you are going compare your behind the scenes with someone else’s highlight real.
When someone posts a photo of them wearing their best dress, they will be showered with likes retweets and shares, well as when you post yours you only get 2 likes from your friends.
When you compare yourself to the other person that got over 1000 likes you are going to feel worthless because if you were of value as the person you are comparing yourself to, you wouldn’t get only 2 likes
And this when the feeling of worthlessness as a symptom of depression caused by social media comes.
We forget that at times these pictures are posted to seek validation from others so that someone can feel worth of themselves the same reasons you will not feel worth because you did not get a lot of likes
Or when someone posts a picture of them on their wedding and you have never gotten married. You are very much likely to feel like you are not worth even if there is nothing wrong with you but just as result of comparing yourself to others which will make you depressed in the end
3. The search for relevance and attention on social media
You might have come across social media posts about people’s personal lives that shouldn’t really be posted as they don’t really concern anyone reading it in any way but they are attention-seeking in a way that makes you compare yourself to what someone posted
For example, some posts how they found all first class seats in plane sold out, or how someone’s salary was reduced from 20000 dollars to 10000 dollars when you have never even touched that figure in your life
Even though that could true or exaggerated, you are going to compare yourself to what that person posted if it’s better than yours and you are likely to end depressed
But if this person lost the job, they would actually not post anything to do with their unemployment as that’s something looked down on in society.
This also shows you why people only post their success on social media and deal with their failures privately
In another instance if you post an attention seeking post on social media and everyone ignores it then you are definitely go to feel bad that no one has time to care for you
4. Social media stigmatizing leading to depression
Have you noticed when someone posts something bad happening in their lives or at times when looking for help they hide their identity or at least create a fake account
Well the truth is people will stop associating with you when they get to know something bad happened in your life
Well as when you post something good everyone will want to associate with you.
The feeling of being avoided by others because of something bad that could have happened in your life is going to make you depressed.
For example, no one would ever post that they are suffering from HIV Aids as most people will stereo type you and stop associating with you because that’s something bad that could have happened in your life and no one would want to be associated with you in anyway
So social media could be making you depressed because of the stigma you get there from the people you interact with
5. Social media bullies and trolls lead to depression
One thing is bullies are also other people with mental problems of their own; these are usually people with fake social media profiles hiding behind a keyboard that just come to social media to make others feel bad about themselves as they derive satisfaction and happiness from other people’s pain
These people usually inflict mental and emotional pain on others who happen to post something bad happening in their live while seeking help on social media usually through unnecessarily destructive criticism
And in case of discussion topics on social media, they tend to stir up trouble by just abusing someone if they disagree with them or start up off topic augments with others.
These trolls and bullies can attack you because of race, religion or gender
Well if you fall victim to any of these people you are going to want to avoid social media because of how you would have felt after being attacked by them
Bullying alone even if its not on social media is know to to negative mental problem on the affected people
How to avoid being depressed because of social media
The core aspect that causes depression as a result of using social media is because of comparing ourselves with what we see on other people’s social media accounts
The solution is as direct as the problem,
Unfollow, unfriend all people that are posting things that are making you depressed. You will not feel bad about something you don’t not see or know about let alone that you will feel better about avoiding something that is bringing you unnecessary emotional pain
You can also just remove that social media platform, be it twitter, Instagram or Facebook that is making you depressed.
And if that does not work, just stop using social media all together. I know of a couple of people that stopped using social media completely and they don’t miss a thing from their due to previous bad encounters with it
Don’t take bullies and trolls personally instead just block or report them using the help functions of which ever social media platform you are using
And lastly is always advisable to seek professional medical help.
Even though social media is one of the biggest innovations to ever happen, it comes with a less known side effect of mental illnesses that most people are not informed about up to date well as some people think depressed people are just weak or attention-seeking | <urn:uuid:79584650-57a2-4e7b-a1b1-ca076f0e58ae> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://lesoned.com/social-media-depression/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154214.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20210801123745-20210801153745-00532.warc.gz | en | 0.969304 | 1,749 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Today, the data science field is playing an important role in companies and businesses to extract useful information, patterns, trends, and valuable insights from such raw data which is extremely huge and complex.
Data science is a combination of different fields that use scientific methods, algorithms, systems, and many other things to extract knowledge from data and identify problems more accurately, efficiently, and quickly.
But as the technology is continuously growing, the amount of data available to companies is also increasing very fast.
Due to which the demand for data scientists with the right skills and abilities is increasing exponentially all over the world.
Click here to learn more data science in bangalore
Because data scientists are the only superheroes who really know how to handle such a large amount of data more efficiently and how to use it to make some informed decisions.
The problem here is that there is a huge shortage of skilled data scientists while the market demand is very high.
So, if you are also considering starting your career in data science then you should definitely be aware of some of the most popular and in-demand skills.
The skills we’re going to share with you are what every interviewer wants to see in a data science professional.
Now, let’s take a look at these skills and learn more about them so you can become a domain expert.
Well, programming is one of the first skills you need to develop to become an expert data scientist.
Many people don’t like coding but if you are interested in data science then you need to develop an interest in programming.
Because with programming skills you will be able to clean, massage, and organize non-structured sets of data with greater accuracy and professionalism. It will also help you to interact with machines and create better algorithms.
Click here to explore Trainings in Bangalore
You don’t have to waste your time in unnecessary programming languages, following are more than enough for a beginner.
No matter how skilled you are at analyzing and processing data, if you don’t know how to present your solutions and results to stakeholders, then it’s hard to get a job.
With strong communication skills, anyone can easily and clearly share their results with team members who don’t have the same professional background as you.
click here to learn more data science course in bangalore with placement
And if you also become an expert at storytelling with effective communication, it will be easier for you to share your thoughts with others by creating a storyline around the data.
Data Science Tools
Having hands-on experience with highly sought-after and widely used data science tools will help you manage and interpret big data like a pro.
Not only that, if you have a deep understanding of tools like MS Excel, Python or R, Hive, Pig, Hadoop, Spark, Tableau, etc., you can create a CV that will surely impress the interviewers.
Machine Learning and AI
Machine learning and AI are two other important skills you should have, and the fact is that most do not have.
And it’s a golden opportunity for you to master techniques such as decision trees, logistic regression, and supervised machine learning, and stand out from the crowd.
With ML and AI, you can build different models and algorithms that learn from data and experience with a minimal human inquiry.
After gathering information from these algorithms and models, you can make predictions successfully.
Data Manipulation and Analysis
Proficiency in data manipulation and analysis is essential for organizing and collecting data from a variety of sources and to make it meaningful and easy to read.
After manipulating and analyzing the data, it can be forwarded to the next stage to draw some conclusions or for further in-depth analysis.
As a data scientist or data analyst, your main job is to solve different real-world problems and provide some solutions.
Problem-solving is one of the most important skills you need to learn to become a complete data science expert as it is involved in almost the entire data science lifecycle.
You need to be able to solve all the problems efficiently and promptly because you can face any problem at any time and if you get confused or you fail to solve it then it has a negative effect on your job status.
Click here to learn more data science course syllabus
Another skill that you must have and that you will find in most job descriptions are statistics. With a deep understanding and knowledge of statistics, one can easily collect, organize, analyze and interpret data.
This skill is also very helpful in helping stakeholders to make decisions and design and evaluate different experiments.
To perform data analysis more efficiently and make better decisions, you must have a clear understanding of descriptive statistics, hypothesis testing, statistical significance, and probability.
Navigate to Address:
360DigiTMG – Data Science, Data Scientist Course Training in Bangalore
No 23, 2nd Floor, 9th Main Rd, 22nd Cross Rd, 7th Sector, HSR Layout, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560102
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The weather is turning cooler, and fun outdoor activities seem to be tapering off. But is it time to pack the water and gross motor materials away? Not necessarily.
You can set up a dish washing station in your kitchen for your child to enjoy big movements and water work all year round. Here’s how.
- Get two smallish plastic storage bins. Place them next to each other on a low table.
- Decide how your child will get water, either by themselves with a water pitcher or with your assistance. Provide the pitcher if that’s what you’ve decided on.
- Prepare a tiny reusable bottle of dish soap, like a travel size, a scrubber with a handle, and a cloth to clean up any spills.
The first bin on the left is for soapy water. The bin on the right is clean rinsing water. One at a time, invite your child to scrub a plate, rinse it in the clean water, and let it dry on a towel or dish rack.
Observe how your child interacts with this activity and feel free to modify often to suit ever-changing needs and abilities.
That’s it! With 3 steps of preparation, your child can work big muscles indoors while practicing the skills they see mom and dad use everyday. Your child will feel accomplished and satisfied with this new responsibility!
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The Vanir are one of the two groups of gods in Norse mythology, the other being the comparatively better-known Aesir. However, while Aesir is occasionally used as a blanket term to describe all Norse deities, Vanir is not. It refers to an explicitly separate sub-section of the pantheon, with ties to fertility, sexuality, and worldly prosperity (which, in turn, is a dramatic divergence from the general Norse mythological obsession with raiding, battle, and physical prowess). The term "vanir" likely derives from the Proto-Indo-European root *wen, which is related etymologically "to words in other [Indo-European] languages meaning 'pleasure' or 'desire.'" The best known members of the Vanir are Njord, Freyr, and Freyja.
As Norse deities, the Vanir belonged to a complex religious, mythological and cosmological belief system shared by the Scandinavian and Germanic peoples. This mythological tradition, of which the Scandinavian (and particularly Icelandic) sub-groups are best preserved, developed in the period from the first manifestations of religious and material culture in approximately 1000 B.C.E. until the Christianization of the area, a process that occurred primarily from 900-1200 C.E. While the tales recorded within this mythological corpus tend to exemplify a unified cultural focus on physical prowess and military might, the Vanir were seen to provide a valuably different perspective.
The Vanir in Norse Mythology
Within this framework, Norse cosmology postulates three separate "clans" of deities: the Aesir, the Vanir, and the Jotun. The distinction between Aesir and Vanir is relative, for the two are said to have made peace, exchanged hostages, intermarried and reigned together after a prolonged war. In fact, the most significant divergence between the two groups is in their respective areas of influence, with the Aesir representing war and conquest, and the Vanir representing exploration, fertility and wealth. The Jotun, on the other hand, are seen as a generally malefic (though wise) race of giants who represented the primary adversaries of the Aesir and Vanir. The gods (both Aesir and Vanir), though immortal, were somewhat more "perishable" than their Indo-European brethren. Not only was their eternal youth maintained artificially (through the consumption of Iðunn's golden apples), they could also be slain (for instance, many were preordained to perish at the cataclysmic battle of Ragnarök).
The multifarious forms of interaction between the Aesir and the Vanir present an oft-addressed conundrum for scholars of myth and religion. Unlike other polytheistic cultures, where families of gods were typically understood as "elder" or "younger" (as with the Titans and the Olympians of ancient Greece), the Æsir and Vanir were portrayed as contemporary. The two clans fought battles, concluded treaties, and exchanged hostages. Given the difference between their roles/emphases, some scholars have speculated that the interactions between the Aesir and the Vanir reflect the types of interactions that were occurring between social classes (or clans) within Norse society at the time.
According to another theory, the Vanir (and the fertility cult associated with them) may be more archaic than that of the more warlike Aesir, such that the mythical war may mirror a half-remembered religious conflict. Another historical perspective is that the inter-pantheon interaction may be an apotheosization of the conflict between the Romans and the Sabines. Finally, the noted comparative religion scholar Mircea Eliade speculated this conflict is actually a later version of an Indo-European myth concerning the conflict between and eventual integration of a pantheon of sky/warrior/ruler gods and a pantheon of earth/economics/fertility gods, with no strict historical antecedents.
The Vanir and the Elves
The Poetic Edda suggests a possible identification between the Vanir with the elves (Alfar), frequently interchanging "Aesir and Vanir" and "Aesir and Alfar" to mean "all the gods." As both the Vanir and the Alfar were fertility powers, the interchangeability suggest that the Vanir may have been somehow associated with the elves. It may also be that the two groups reflected a difference in status, where the elves and the Vanir were minor and major fertility (respectively). This identification is further attested to by un-elaborated connection between Freyr and Álfheim (the world of the elves), which is described in the Eddic Poem Grimnismol:
- And Alfheim the gods | to Freyr once gave
- As a tooth-gift in ancient times.
The Vanir in Norse Cosmology
The Vanir, as a group, are thought to hail from Vanaheimr (which is also called Vanaland). However, this realm is often subsumed into Asgard (the realm of the Aesir) in Norse cosmology.
One exception to this general tendency can be seen in the twelfth-century Icelandic historian Snorri Sturluson's euhemeristic Ynglinga Saga, which assumes that the Vanir were once a human tribe corresponding to a particular territory:
- The country of the people on the Vanaquisl was called Vanaland, or Vanaheim; and the river separates the three parts of the world, of which the eastermost part is called Asia, and the westermost Europe.
In general, the Vanir were differentiated from the Aesir by their patronage of (and association with) certain realms of embodied experience, most notably fertility, maritime life (especially navigation), and material success. Further, they (especially Freyja) were associated with prophecy and the magical arts. Their differences with the Aesir also include sexual behaviour, as they were said to have practiced endogamy and even incest. As DuBois notes,
- The deities of the earth—the Vanir of Scandinavian texts—were on the whole a passionate, lascivious lot. Within the worldview of early agriculturalists, the magic of natural regeneration—the very basis of agriculture—leads naturally to magic of other types. The Eddaic poem Völuspá depicts Vanir magic as a redolent, intoxicating force, wielded with might and success against the weapons of the Aesir. In his discussion of Vanir gods Freyja, Freyr, and Njord in the Prose Edda. Snorri portrays the deities as exotics, possessed of their own strange customs, such as incest, and given to fits of rage and desire.
List of Vanir
- Freyja - the high goddess of the Vanir, who was associated with fertility and sexuality
- Freyr - the high god of the Vanir, who was associated with fertility
- Gerðr - the Jotun wife of Freyr
- Gullveig - a mysterious figure whose death precipitated the Aesir/Vanir war (at least according to the account in the Völuspá)
- Heimdall (?) - Some sources suggest that the god's sentry was himself a member of the Vanir
- Kvasir - the "wisest of the Vanir," who is given to the Aesir as a "pledge of peace" at the cessation of their hostilities
- Lýtir - A phallic fertility god who is only described in the Flateyjarbók (an Icelandic text from the late fourteenth century)
- Njǫrðr - the god of wind and the sea, and the father of Freyr and Freyja
- Óðr - the little-known husband of Freyja
- Skaði - the Jotun wife of Njord
Further, the gods Njörd and Freyr appear in Snorri's Ynglinga saga as euhemerized Kings of Sweden. For this reason, their mythological descendants on the Swedish throne could also be called Vanir. They include:
- Fjölnir, who was the son of Frey and the giantess Gerðr.
- Sveigder, who married Vana of Vanaheimr and had the son Vanlade.
- Vanlade, whose name connects him to the Vanir, and who married a daughter of the Jotun Snær.
The initial conflict between the Aesir and the Vanir is described in two primary mythic sources: the Völuspá and the euhemeristic Ynglinga Saga. According to the former source, the initial cause for the hostilities is the Aesir's mistreatment of Gullveig ("Gold-Might"—a possible pseudonym of Freyja):
- The war I remember, | the first in the world,
- When the gods with spears | had smitten Gollveig,
- And in the hall | of Hor had burned her,
- Three times burned, | and three times born,
- Oft and again, | yet ever she lives.
Conversely, the Ynglinga Saga (which describes the Aesir and Vanir as two contending tribes) simply portrays the conflict as a battle for contested territory:
- Odin went out with a great army against the Vanaland people; but they were well prepared, and defended their land; so that victory was changeable, and they ravaged the lands of each other, and did great damage.
Tiring of this constant strife, the two groups sued for peace and agreed to exchange hostages to ensure their mutual compliance with the treaty. In good faith, the Vanir sent the best of their clan (Njord, Freyr, and Freyja). The Aesir, on the other hand, sent the wise Mimir but also the terminally inept Hœnir.
In an intriguing nod to the theorists who speculate that this conflict symbolizes an altercation between religious world-views, the Völuspá seems to suggest that the negotiation process involved a discussion of which group was a fitting subject for worship:
- Then sought the gods | their assembly-seats,
- The holy ones, | and council held,
- Whether the gods | should tribute give,
- Or to all alike | should worship belong.
- Turville-Petre, 156.
- Lindow, 311.
- Lindow, 6-8. Though some scholars have argued against the homogenizing effect of grouping these various traditions together under the rubric of “Norse mythology,” the profoundly exploratory/nomadic nature of Viking society tends to overrule such objections. As Thomas DuBois cogently argues, “[w]hatever else we may say about the various peoples of the North during the Viking Age, then, we cannot claim that they were isolated from or ignorant of their neighbors…. As religion expresses the concerns and experiences of its human adherents, so it changes continually in response to cultural, economic, and environmental factors. Ideas and ideals passed between communities with frequency and regularity, leading to and interdependent and intercultural region with broad commonalities of religion and worldview” (27-28).
- More specifically, Georges Dumézil, one of the foremost authorities on the Norse tradition and a noted comparitivist, argues quite persuasively that the Aesir/Vanir distinction is a component of a larger triadic division (between ruler gods, warrior gods, and gods of agriculture and commerce) that is echoed among the Indo-European cosmologies (from Vedic India, through Rome and into the Germanic North). Further, he notes that this distinction conforms to patterns of social organization found in all of these societies. See Georges Dumézil's Gods of the Ancient Northmen (especially pgs. xi-xiii, 3-25) for more details.
- Dumézil, 3-4, 18; Turville-Petre, 159-162.
- This argument was first suggested by Wilhelm Mannhardt in 1877 (as described in Dumézil, xxiii, and in Munch, 288). On a similar note, Marija Gimbutas argues that the Aesir and the Vanir represent the displacement of an indigenous Indo-European group by a tribe of warlike invaders (in following her Kurgan hypothesis). See her case in The Living Goddess for more details.
- Turville-Petre, 161. See especially 37 ff.
- See this pattern discussed in Eliade's Patterns in Comparative Religion - Section II (30) - The Supplanting of Sky Gods by Fecundators. New York: Sheed & Ward, 1958. Supporting this position, Turville-Petre notes, "In one civilization, and at one time, the specialized gods of fertility might predominate, and in another the warrior or the god-king. The highest god owes his position to those who worship him, and if they are farmers, he will be a god of fertility, or one of the Vanir" (162).
- See, for example, Voluspa (48), in the Poetic Edda, p. 21, which states: "How fare the gods? | how fare the elves?" Likewise, see Havamol (160), Poetic Edda , p. 66, whose narrator betokens his own intelligence by stating: "All know I well | of the gods and elves." Lindow also mentions the occasional poetic equivalence between the groups (109).
- For example, see Turville-Petre's description of a yearly sacrifice to the elves: "The álfablót took place at the beginning of winter, about the same time as the dísablót. the sacrifice to Freyr and the Völsi. It appears thus to be a sacrifice for fertility" (231).
- "Grimnismol" (5), Poetic Edda, p. 88.
- Orchard, 377.
- Ynglinga Saga (1). Accessed online at www.sacred-texts.com (Retrieved July 10, 2007).
- For example, Freyr and Freyja were children of Njǫrðr and his sister (Nerthus).
- DuBois, 54-55.
- Orchard, 130.
- This corresponds to the account in the Ynglinga Saga. In other sources, however, Kvasir is described as a being created from the spittle of the Aesir and the Vanir (created to symbolize their newfound peace). Lindow, 206-207.
- Orchard, 270-271.
- See Ynglinga Saga (11, 14-16), Online Medieval and Classical Library. Retrieved July 10, 2007.
- "Völuspá" (21), Poetic Edda, p. 10.
- See Ynglinga Saga (4), Online Medieval and Classical Library. Retrieved July 10, 2007.
- "Völuspá" (24), Poetic Edda, p. 11.
- Davis, Kenneth C. Don't Know Much About Mythology. New York: HarperCollins, 2005. ISBN 006019460X
- DuBois, Thomas A. Nordic Religions in the Viking Age. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999. ISBN 0812217144
- Dumézil, Georges. Gods of the Ancient Northmen. Edited by Einar Haugen; Introduction by C. Scott Littleton and Udo Strutynski. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1973. ISBN 0520020448
- Grammaticus, Saxo. The Danish History (Volumes I-IX). Translated by Oliver Elton (Norroena Society, New York, 1905). Accessed online at The Online Medieval & Classical Library. Retrieved July 10, 2007.
- Lindow, John. Handbook of Norse mythology. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2001. ISBN 1576072177
- Munch, P. A. Norse Mythology: Legends of Gods and Heroes. In the revision of Magnus Olsen; translated from the Norwegian by Sigurd Bernhard Hustvedt. New York: The American-Scandinavian foundation; London: H. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1926.
- Orchard, Andy. Cassell's Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend. London: Cassell; New York: Distributed in the United States by Sterling Pub. Co., 2002. ISBN 0304363855
- The Poetic Edda. Translated and with notes by Henry Adams Bellows. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1936. Accessed online at sacred-texts.com. Retrieved July 10, 2007.
- Sturluson, Snorri. The Prose Edda. Translated from the Icelandic and with an introduction by Arthur Gilchrist Brodeur. New York: American-Scandinavian foundation, 1916. Available online at Northvegr.org. Retrieved July 10, 2007.
- Turville-Petre, Gabriel. Myth and Religion of the North: The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1964. ISBN 0837174201
The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:
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Parenting has changed drastically in the past decade. Instead of dinner bells ringing children home, they now have cell phones. Social media has become an obsession and a favorite past time. With the changes in technology, changes in parenting become necessary.
You can keep your child safe in the social media age with a few tips to help you stay up to speed with today’s technology and your child’s plugged-in world.
Learn the Technology
First and foremost, for parents to be able to help, it is important that they understand how technology works and accept that technology is a big part of young people’s lives, says Silje Vallestad, CEO and founder of Bipper, a mobile safety app company. As cyber bullying situations continue to increase, parents must know how to operate and monitor apps, social media networks and various technology to ensure that their children are acting appropriately and that they are treated respectfully in what is a 24/7 public environment.
“For kids today, being stripped of their access to the social communities and technology in general is considered so bad that they won’t ask for help or tell parents about negative experiences,” says Vallestad. “Parents need to understand that there is a difference between the digital childhood of kids today and their own upbringing, and that access to technology is as important as access to paper and pens.”
Although social media is extremely important to your child, it doesn’t mean they should have full reign of the technology. “Parents should never grant kids access to technology without guiding them in the world of technology and to be able to guide their kids, they need to understand technology and online services,” says Vallestad. “I believe in parents spending time educating themselves, combined with frequent conversations between parent and child about the use of technology in general and use of specific services in particular.”
Use Technology to Bond with Your Child
Monitoring your child’s social media use does not have to be a negative experience, wherein you are acting the part of a spy. Use technology as an opportunity to learn something new from your children and brush up on your own skills. Vallestad, the mother of three kids all using technology, says she uses mobile app alerts that provide information on which social media applications her children are downloading.
“When I see that they have installed apps I either don’t know much about or that I’m worried about (such as SnapChat or Instagram), I make a point of having a good conversation about these services,” she says. “They teach me a lot about technology and the services while we talk about how things can be used for good or bad.”
These conversations can help to create trust between a parent and a child and allow opportunities to talk about how technology can be used to harm others and how to react in those situations. “With our frequent talks on tech, where I show that I’m both interested and involved in their digital lives and also allow them to use technology, I believe we have fostered an atmosphere where they will feel safe to tell me if something bad is happening,” says Vallestad.
Have a Plan of Action
As you are learning the technology, it’s important to remember the top three actions to take when your child is engaged in social media, according to Vallestad.
Updated article originally published on 05/12/2013 | <urn:uuid:6209ad4d-ba40-4e8d-b0f4-9c69cc58c1af> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.kenneymyers.com/blog/parenting-in-the-social-media-age-how-to-keep-your-child-safe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375097354.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031817-00255-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964765 | 713 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Estimates based on Jerusalem police data suggest that there were 10.5 million visits to Jerusalem’s Western Wall in 2012. An Israeli national symbol and arguably Judaism’s most sacred site, the wall was built by Herod the Great in the first century when he broadened Solomon’s Temple Mount with an extended eastern wall and new western, northern and southern walls. The major increase in worship and tourism has spurred on the construction of new facilities to accommodate the increased traffic to the site.
More in Bible History Daily
The Stones of Herod’s Temple Reveal Temple Mount History including “Quarrying and Transporting Stones for Herod’s Temple Mount” by Leen Ritmeyer as it appeared in BAR.
BAS Library Members: Read the full feature “Reconstructing Herod’s Temple Mount in Jerusalem” by Kathleen Ritmeyer and Leen Ritmeyer as it appeared in BAR. | <urn:uuid:112becb9-0721-4288-af6c-bfc73d8876e2> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/news/ten-million-visits-to-the-western-wall/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398869.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00149-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952723 | 194 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Matthew Chapters 5-7
Though it was still early in Jesus’ ministry, Jesus already had many followers. One day he went up a mountain and taught.
What he taught that day is now called the “Sermon on the Mount.” His message there could be put into 5 main ideas:
- Jesus taught how his followers should act
- He taught that we should live a higher, more difficult law than the world teaches
- Jesus taught how we should think of heavenly things compared to worldly things
- Jesus said we should be careful in how we think about others
- He taught that our Father in Heaven will give good things to us when we ask him
Here are some of the things he taught about those 5 ideas.
He taught how his followers should act.
- He said we should be humble: He said the meek “shall inherit the earth”
- He said we should be peacemakers; not fighting, but stopping fights
- Jesus said we should seek to do righteous things: He said we should “hunger and thirst after righteousness”
- Jesus taught us to give to those who ask
- He said we should be an example of goodness to others, not so people will think you are great, but so people will know that God is great. He said, “Ye are the light of the world… let your light so shine before men, that they may see your good works and glorify your Father which is in Heaven.”
He taught we should live a higher law than the world teaches:
- The world teaches not to kill, but Jesus said, “I say unto you, that whosoever is angry with his brother without a cause shall be in danger”
- The world teaches us to love our friends and families, but to hate our enemies, but Jesus taught, “Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate you, and pray for them which despitefully use you and persecute you.”
- Jesus reasoned that anybody can be kind to their friends and family, but that we should be kind to everyone.
- And the highest law of all that he gave: “Be ye therefore perfect, even as your Father which is in heaven is perfect.”
He taught about heavenly things compared to worldly things
One of the main things he taught at this time was that we should think more about the things of God than about the things of the world. We should care more about what God thinks about us than what people in the world think about us. A Heavenly reward is worth more than an earthly reward. These are some of the things he said about this:
- “Whosoever shall do and teach the commandments shall be called great in the kingdom of heaven”
- We should give to those in need or to charities who help those who need help; but do it out of love, not for getting people’s praise.
- When you fast, don’t do it to get attention from people; do it so only God knows you are fasting and He will reward you.
- Don’t worry about gaining worldly treasures, but seek for treasures in heaven because “where your treasure is, there will your heart be also.”
- Don’t worry so much about fancy things of the world because your heavenly Father can bless you with greater things of heaven
He taught us to be careful how we think of others.
- “if ye forgive men their trespasses, your heavenly Father will also forgive you”
- “judge not that ye be not judged”
- Don’t worry about pointing out other people’s problems and imperfections, because you have your imperfections also. Jesus said, “And why beholdest thou the mote that is in thy brother’s eye, but considerest not the beam that is in thine own eye? Or how wilt thou say to thy brother, Let me pull out the mote out of thine eye; and, behold, a beam is in thine own eye? … first cast out the beam out of thine own eye; and then shalt thou see clearly to cast out the mote out of thy brother’s eye.”
He taught about how our Father in Heaven will give us good things
- “Ask and it shall be given you; seek, and ye shall find; knock and it shall be opened unto you.” For every one that asketh receiveth; and he that seeketh findeth; and to him that knocketh it shall be opened.”
- Jesus said that our Father in Heaven knows how to give good things to us, even more than people know how to give good things to their children. He said if a child asks their parent for bread to eat, of course the parent will not give them a stone to eat! And if our parents know how to give good things to us, “how much more shall your Father which is in heaven give good things to them that ask him.”
At the end of this teaching, Jesus said that those who listen and follow these teachings are very wise:
“Whosoever heareth these sayings of mine,and doeth them, I will liken him unto a wise man, which built his house upon a rock: And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat upon that house; and it fell not: for it was founded upon a rock. And every one that heareth these sayings of mine, and doeth them not, shall be likened unto a foolish man, which built his house upon the sand: And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat upon that house; and it fell: and great was the fall of it.”
When Jesus was finished teaching the Sermon on the Mount, the people were amazed at the things he taught and also that he taught these things with such knowledge and authority. This day of teaching is still known as one of the greatest collections of what Jesus taught his followers.
What do you think?
- Are all of the things Jesus taught easy to do? Which do you think are easiest? and hardest?
- What do you think about Jesus teaching that our Father in Heaven will give good things to those who ask? How do we know what good things to ask for?
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Teaching Languages: English
Cease is a media artist with close to 25 years experience in this field. She has produced various formats of media art, as well as being a mentor in her field for close to 15 years. She is also an ethno-botanist, traditionally trained in this field by Indigenous Elders. Her work involves site-specific and culturally focused teaching with storytelling as her means to sharing knowledge.
Media Artist/Aboriginal Plant Specialist
Cease has been invited by many schools to share her knowledge for close to 20 years, the fact that she continues to get recommended by both schools and teachers year after year is the best form of testimonial.
Some positive comments that Cease has received from people she taught include they are humbled by the knowledge she carries and shares in a good way, and folks who are taking ethno-botany classes in Post-Secondary institutes are learning more from an hour spent with her than what they would in a year or more in any institution.
In-class Workshops: Cease will share knowledge of plants – both food and medicinal plants of the Pacific Northwest coast. She will bring samples when she can, as well as utilizing her website as a visual tool for sharing this knowledge.
Outdoor Workshops: Cease will lead a walk in a forest where she will share knowledge of the plants growing there, and what is local, indigenous and the concerns about invasive plants as well as the fact that wild indigenous bees are at risk and ways to help them stay alive as a part of our ecosystem.
Suitable for K to Grade 12
Workshop fee: $250 per session
Required equipment/facility/materials/teacher Resources for Workshop:
maximum 50 students
School District Availability
Burnaby, Coquitlam, New Westminster, North Vancouver, Richmond, Squamish, Surrey, Vancouver, West Vancouver. Open for other school districts as well. | <urn:uuid:a78cfc8d-2ab6-4ed2-8555-e201ef6b4336> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.vancouverbiennale.com/big-ideas-advisors/cease-wyss/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046151641.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20210725080735-20210725110735-00125.warc.gz | en | 0.96747 | 400 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Today, CFR published a new report, Ending Child Marriage: How Elevating the Status of Girls Advances U.S. Foreign Policy Objectives. The report looks at the scope and causes of this practice, what it means for U.S. foreign policy, and ways the U.S. might tackle child marriage through policy.
Child marriage is a major problem. As the report, written by CFR Fellow Rachel Vogelstein, notes, “the United Nations estimates that in 2011 one in three women aged twenty to twenty-four—almost seventy million—had married before the age of eighteen.” Moreover, each year, almost five million girls who are younger than fifteen are married. And it’s not only absolute numbers: in some countries, the incidence of child marriage is incredibly high. While an estimated 40 percent of the world’s child brides live in India, Niger is the worst offender in terms of incidence of child marriage–nearly three-quarters of women are married by the time they reach eighteen. (India also has a very high child marriage rate, with 47.4 percent of girls married before they turn eighteen). Among other things, child marriage often means that girls’ educational opportunities (and economic prospects) vanish, and that they experience the serious health risks associated with early childbearing, including a much higher danger of maternal mortality.
While there are no easy answers, the report highlights some reasons for optimism, referencing research that suggests that Turkey’s decision to raise the age of mandatory schooling “to age fourteen reduced the proportion of girls married at age sixteen by 45 percent.” Meanwhile, a pilot program in Ethiopia experienced great results by giving girls school supplies and lessening economic burdens on families, one reason parents marry off girls. Namely, the program gave a goat to families who said they would continue their daughters’ educations and not marry them off for two years. The program reduced the likelihood of marriage for young girls in the group by 90 percent.
For more on the problem of child marriage and policy options, you can read the full report as well as Rachel Vogelstein’s “Three Things to Know About Child Marriage” on the Development Channel. As she argues, “Child marriage is undoubtedly a violation of human rights: it truncates girls’ education, robs them of their economic potential, endangers their health, and exposes them to sexual violence and abuse. But child marriage also matters because it undermines U.S. interests in development, prosperity, and stability.” | <urn:uuid:5ef82683-998b-4aca-be0f-3ba54c90dab8> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://blogs.cfr.org/coleman/2013/05/22/putting-an-end-to-child-marriage/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645311026.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031511-00068-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961481 | 523 | 2.890625 | 3 |
THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO JOHN - PART XI
JESUS AS THE MERCIFUL JUDGE AND SOURCE OF
LIFE, LIGHT, AND DIVINE SONSHIP
I. On the day after the feast, another which would have been a day of winding things down in preparation for the resumption of regular life, the controversy about the adulterous woman arises.
A. This event, which deals with how to treat an adulterous woman, is not in most of the earliest Greek texts, but is in the earliest Latin texts, including the Vulgate, which was the standard text in the West throughout the Middle Ages.
1. St. Augustine
thought that many writers left it out because it could imply moral laxity
by easy forgiveness.
2. It is also possible
that it was a later addition after the initial Gospel had been written.
The somewhat different syntax and style is evidence of this possibility.
3. A few texts
place the account in Luke 21, which describes the end of Jesus' discourse
in Jerusalem, just before the Last Supper because of Luke's reference
to Jesus teaching in the Temple area and being near the Mount of Olives.
However, the greater number of texts place it here.
4. In any case,
the Council of Trent defined that this passage, as with the entire Bible
as translated in the Vulgate, is the inspired word of God.
B. It appears that the scribes and Pharisees, aware that Jesus may well leave Jerusalem soon and go to Galilee, where He is more popular, make one more effort to ensnare Him with this dilemma.
1. Under the
old Mosaic law, adulterers (both man and woman) were to be put to death.
Lev. 20:10; Duet. 22:22. Other sections of the law implied that
stoning was to be the method used. See Duet. 22:21. (The
Mishnah, the codification of Jewish law, however, said that the man
was to be strangled and the woman stoned.) However, as a practical
matter, this punishment was not carried out, both because Roman law
forbade it and because standards had changed somewhat.
2. The penalty
seems very harsh. However, among the Jews, the family structure,
and the allegiance to tribes and clans held society together.
To violate this order, especially with a culture surrounded by enemies,
was to put the whole society at risk. In addition, there was an
equality between men and women insofar as the punishment for adultery
was the same.
3. It is very
odd that the scribes and Pharisees brought only the woman and not the
man, given the fact that she was caught in the very act of adultery.
It is possible that the man escaped, but also possible that the authorities
did not really care so much about the crime as about trapping Jesus.
In addition, it could be that the man was one of their own ranks, or
a spy sent as a trap. Or it is possible that their evidence was
not as strong as they claimed
4. In any case,
the authorities are trying to force Jesus to contradict one law or another.
They believe He must either contradict Mosaic law by saying that she
should be spared or contradict Roman law and His own teachings regarding
forgiveness by saying that she should be stoned.
C. There is a puzzling reference to Jesus writing on the ground, with no attempt in the text to explain it. There are several theories for this time.
1. First, He may have
been considering the situation. With His ability to tap into divine
knowledge, He would not have to ponder the issue. However, out
of His respect for human nature, He may be taking this the time to make
a careful decision, contradicting the tendency to rush to judgment.
The Mosaic law had stressed that there must be a careful inquiry, especially
before carrying out capital punishment. See Duet. 17:14; 19:15-19.
But here, the officials simply want Him to give a judgment immediately
without even giving Him so much as her name.
2. Or He my have
been forcing the authorities to repeat the accusation, presumably with
increasing anger, showing their hatred. But the time also gave
someone else the chance to propose a solution.
3. Some people
propose that He was writing words or signs that would tell those surrounding
Him that He knew of their sins. There is a reference in Jeremiah
to those who turn against God themselves being written in the grounds,
i.e. disgraced. Jer. 17:13.
D. Jesus then splits the horns of the dilemma by recognizing the justice of God's law, but implying that God alone can carry it out.
1. The Jewish law had said that the witnesses to idolatry should be the first ones to throw a stone. Duet. 17:7. Idolatry was often compared to adultery against God, who took the Chosen People as His spouse. See, e.g., Is. 57:3; Jer. 3:8; Ezek. 16:1; Hos. 2:4-7. Jesus picks up on this theme and says that those who are without sin should be the first to cast the stone.
2. At the most
basic level, the point is that death may be a fitting punishment for
the crime, but that no sinful human has the right to carry it out.
3. The principle
also reminded the Jews that they had been forgiven of sins many times
over. For example, when the Chosen People worshipped the golden
calf while Moses was on Mount Sinai, God threatened to destroy them,
but Moses intervened and God revoked His decree because of the importance
of His promises and guidance. See Ex. 32:11-14. The implication
may be that it is likewise incumbent upon those who lead the people
to appeal to divine mercy.
E. All of them go away at this response, recognizing the inability to respond, leaving Jesus alone with her.
1. It is interesting
that even Jesus' disciples seem to have left. Possibly they
knew He wanted to say something to her alone.
2. Jesus allows
her, who was accused by the crowd, now to pronounce the sentence that
they were unable to be in Jesus' presence. Likewise, Jesus says
elsewhere that the repentant citizens of Nineveh would condemn this
generation. See Matt. 12:41. She, however, stays, knowing that
He has something to say to her. He seems to take her continued
presence as contrition and, therefore, says He does not condemn her.
However, dispelling any notion of laxity, He does warn her not to sin
again, the implication being especially that she is not to commit adultery
F. This account builds
upon the account of young Daniel saving the innocent Susanna, who was
falsely accused by two decadent elders, and about to be executed by
a crowd that rushed to judgment. See Daniel 13. However,
here Jesus, by His power and wisdom as the final judge, frees even the
II. Jesus then begins a discourse in three parts while still in the Temple area. It goes from His authority as judge and source of light to His ability to make His disciples true children of God.
A. It is not clear
whether this discourse occurred right after the Feast of Tabernacles
and the forgiveness of the adulterous woman, but this Gospel certainly
B. Jesus begins by describing Himself as the light of the world.
1. This symbolism
is fitting for the Feast of tabernacles, for it began with joyous feast
2. Isaiah and
Malachi had spoken of a new era of light that the Messiah. See
Is. 8:23-9:1; 60:1-3, 19; Mal 3:20-21. Light is associated with
God's saving power. See, e.g., Ps. 36:10, 56:14, 97:12; Micah
3. The notion of light has numerous meanings., including.
- The notion of the light of joy and life. See Ps. 4:7.
- The notion of the light of knowledge of self and of God. See wis. 18:4. Jesus, as the light, reveals both the truth of human nature and the truth of God, who would otherwise be too far above human understanding and thus surrounded by darkness. See Ps. 97:1-2.
- The notion of having light to guide one's path on earth, avoiding dangers and advancing towards God. See Ps. 27:11,119:105.
- The light of splendor that puts enemies to flight. See Ps. 27:1-3, 87:4.
4. The following discourses develop
C. At first the crowds question Jesus' authority on the grounds that there is not external proof.
1. At this point Jesus says He needs no authority because He "knows where He comes from and where [He] is going." The idea is that Jesus is from heaven and will return there. The prophets had visions and/or words from heaven or the angels, and the power of these visions and words could be sensed. All the more, Jesus' own witness should be clear to them.
- Jesus also says that the Father testifies to Him. Part of the idea is that, if they are really in union with the Father, they will comprehend the truth of Jesus' message.
- Jesus refers back to the rule that two or three witnesses were required for a guilty verdict in a criminal matter. See Duet 17:6, 19:5. And a false claim to be a prophet was a capital offense. See Duet. 18:20. Thus, it is those who accuse Jesus of being a false prophet who really need the two or more witnesses.
2. Not picking
up on the reference to the Father, they ask Jesus who His father is,
possibly referring back to questions about His unexpected birth.
Jesus retorts that they have no comprehension of what they are talking
about, presumably because they do not walk in the light of God.
3. This controversy
arises in the financial district, hinting at the real financial motives
that are behind much of the dealings in the Temple.
D. Jesus then begins to spell out the consequences of not believing in Him, i.e. that one will die in one's sin and not go where He is going, i.e. heaven itself.
- There is a continual lack of understanding, even o the point of some people thinking the opposite of what Jesus means. Jesus point out to them, as to Nicodemus that they are not seeking the value of the kingdom of heaven, and so reiterates His last point, but now beginning to describe Himself as "I am," reflecting the name God gave Himself to Moses at the burning bush.
- Again, not quite getting the point, the crowds ask Jesus to complete the sentence "I am."
- Jesus then combines
His nature as God and His role as the Son of Man, the one who brings
Gods truth into the world. He says that they will not comprehend
until they "lift Him up" which could either mean the crucifixion
or the glorification of Jesus in worship. Thus, there is both
an implication that the people will not understand Him until His crucifixion,
and (on an individual basis) until they decide to worship Him.
Part of the idea is that one must worship Christ in order fully to understand
III. Jesus then builds on the notion that the Chosen People are "sons of Abraham" and, as a nation, an adopted son of God and makes it clear that He can make each one an adopted son by His own perfect Sonship.
A. This part of the
discourse is directed more specifically to those who "believed in
Him" (or more literally "into Him.") However, the rest of
the discourse indicates that this faith is preliminary the still struggle
with Jesus' words and why he still says they are not really sons of
B. Jesus challenges
them to continue advancing into His presence and makes it clear that
it is the truth, which He reveal that sets them free.
C. They rightfully
understand that He is speaking about a freedom of will, not a political
freedom, for they say they have never been slaves of anyone. At
the time, they were not politically free, as had often been the case
in the past. But the point they are making is that they resisted
the political oppression and, therefore, were not willing slaves.
D. But Jesus points out that anyone who sins chooses slavery to sin. St. Paul will later pick up on this point, saying that we either must willingly serve God, who gives us life or be slaves of sin. See, e.g., Romans 6:15-23; Gal.4:8-11. For freedom is not simply the ability to do what one wants, but rather the ability to participate in God's creative goodness. What Jesus is promising is the ability to bring about goodness that does not have to be.
- And the freedom is at the divine level through adopted sonship, which overcomes all things even the curses of sin. See also Romans 8:14-30; Gal. 41-7, 21-31..
- Part of the idea is that both a son in a family and a slave may work for the family, but the son does so out of mutual love, the slave out of compulsion.
- Adoption of adults
into a new family was not unusual in the ancient world, for ti was a
way of conferring status as a citizen or noble on a person.
E. The people then argue from lineal descent that they are children of Abraham and therefore, by adoption children of God. For God had referred to Israel as His child in the context of showing His providence for them. See, e.g., Ex. 4:22-23; Duet. 32:6; Is. 63:15-16; Hos. 11:1; Mal. 2:10. But Jesus retorts that true sonship must come from being open to the will of God as Abraham was. The implication is that they are instead closed to God and open to temptation and, therefore, have taken the devil as their father.
- There is a reference back to the Garden of Eden, when the first error of Adam and Eve was listening to the serpent, who as a murderer and father of lies brought dishonesty and death, and failing to listen to God.
- Jesus again says
that one who "belongs to God" will recognize His voice. The
idea is that, if one really wants to know the truth that God gives to
set us free, He will eventually be able to hear and understand it.
F. Responding to
the statement that they belonged to the devil, the people then accuse
Jesus of being possessed and from Samaria, a land that had many magicians
(e.g., the Simon Magnus mentioned in Acts 8:9-25) in it. This
is ironic because the Samaritans were beginning to accept Jesus.
F. Jesus then refers judgment back to the Father (or the Spirit) and says that He (Jesus) speaks the words that will keep one from "seeing" death.
- The people misunderstand Him to mean that one who hears Him will never experience physical death, symbolized by "tasting" death, which is the way they describe it. But Jesus means "seeing" death in the sense of taking it into oneself, into one's very soul. By contrast, His followers will, through Jesus, see eternal life and therefore take it into themselves. For the power of God is in Jesus' words and the glory of God shines in Jesus. Therefore, His words open one to the vision of God, which allows the divine life to flow into oneself. St. John says elsewhere "We shall be like Him, for we shall see Him as He is." 1 John 3:2; see also 1 Cor. 13:12-13.
- Jesus describes as
an example Abraham who heard the voice of God and, therefore, saw Jesus'
day. He also describes himself as knowing God. The Greek
word here (oida) implies perfect knowledge, as opposed to the word for
"know" as applied to the crowd (ginosko) which implies more beginning
knowledge. Part of the idea is that Jesus, with His perfect knowledge
of God as His Son will fill His followers with that knowledge as adopted
sons if they will hear Him and become able to see Him. This ability
to see God in heaven is now called the beatific vision, see Catechism
2548-50, although that language was not used in Biblical times.
G. In response to
the crowds' skepticism and lack of understanding Jesus then raises
the claim even higher by saying "Before Abraham came to be, I Am."
The verb tense both indicates Jesus' eternity and, for the third time,
His adoption of the divine name from Exodus.
H. Understanding perfectly His claims to divinity, the crowds try to stone Him as they wished to stone the adulterous woman. | <urn:uuid:d7cb47f2-a96b-4a94-9ba1-6a9b2fa8c823> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://pilgrimandpriest.com/Articles/Bible_Studies/John/John11.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145529.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200221111140-20200221141140-00328.warc.gz | en | 0.966636 | 3,668 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Aerobic exercise might slightly delay and mildy reduce Alzheimer’s symptoms
Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive mental disorder that destroys thinking ability and memory. This is one of the most common types of dementia that occurs among the older population. The condition is still incurable, but there are several treatment options for the same. There are around 5.3 million older adults suffering from Alzheimer’s in the U.S. It is the sixth leading cause of mortality in the country. The number of older adults who will develop Alzheimer’s is expected to be tripled by the year 2050. Geriatrics experts recommend that elderly people should indulge in any kind of physical exercises to improve their brain health.
The World Health Organization (WHO) has provided recommendations for how long adults should involve in physical exercise. It suggests that adults aged 18-64 years should indulge in 150 minutes of moderate exercise (like brisk walking) per week, around 75 minutes of vigorous aerobic training per week, or a combination of both. The WHO also recommends adults to perform muscle-strengthening training for at least two days per week or more.
The researchers reviewed around 19 studies which studied the effect of exercises on cognitive function in the elderly people who were at risk of developing Alzheimer’s or already had it. These studies included around 1,145 elderly people, most of them were aged between 65 and 70 years. Of these participants, 65 percent were at risk of developing Alzheimer’s and around 35 percent already had the disease. The results were recently published in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.
The researchers observed that only those elderly people who indulged in aerobic exercise experienced around a three times greater levels of improvement in their cognitive ability than those who indulged in both strength training exercises and aerobic exercises. The researchers also found that elderly participants in the control groups, who didn’t exercise experienced greater declines in their cognitive function. Whereas, the participants who exercised had trifle improvements in their cognitive function irrespective of the type of exercise they indulged in.
Finally, the research team concluded that aerobic exercise might be more effective than other types of exercises in preserving cognitive ability of the people who are already diagnosed with Alzheimer’s or at a risk of developing the disorder. The researchers also emphasized the need of further studies for confirming their findings. | <urn:uuid:b16cc3ec-0185-4ea8-bb79-d1a6e1efbbce> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://zovon.com/popular-topics/aerobic-exercise-might-slightly-delay-mildy-reduce-alzheimers-symptoms/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296946584.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20230326235016-20230327025016-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.968352 | 477 | 2.921875 | 3 |
A broad definition of perceived or subjective norm is "the perceived social pressure to perform or not to perform the behavior" in question (Ajzen, 1991, p. 188). But subjective norm is usually defined more precisely, as an individual's perception or "opinion about what important others [italics added] believe the individual should do" (Finlay, Trafimow, & Moroi, 1999, p. 2015) – i.e., perform or not perform the behavior in a specific situation. This perception or opinion has been labeled as that individual's normative belief, which is often then multiplied by motivation to comply (with this belief), as represented in the equation (NB×Mc) (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1972). When multiple, specified important others are included, the normative beliefs and motivation to comply for each would be summed, Σ(NBiMci). If the researcher is interested in relative influences of each specified other, regression weights can be calculated.
Subjective norms as represented by normative beliefs are located within, but not identical to, the broader construct of social norms. "While a social norm is usually meant to refer to a rather broad range of permissible, but not necessarily required behaviors, NB refers to a specific behavioral act the performance of which is expected or desired under the given circumstances" (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1972, p. 2).
Subjective norm is also measured as normative belief without including motivation to comply. Some research has concluded that it is not necessary to include motivation to comply, finding measures of Mc to be "unsatisfactory" (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1972, p. 4) or that including Mc may even attenuate the correlation between subjective norm and behavioral intention (Ajzen & Driver, 1992).
The theory of reasoned action (TRA) (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975) includes subjective norms and attitude toward the behavior as both influencing behavioral intention, which then directly influences behavior. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) (Ajzen, 1991) adds to these the variable of perceived behavioral control, which, when lacking, can help to explain failure to perform the behavior even when attitude and subjective norms are positive.
Attitude has generally been found to be more predictive of behavior intention than has subjective norm (Trafimow & Fishbein, 1994). Lap and Rimal (2005) conclude that findings of the effects of social norms (which include subjective norms) on behavior are mixed. An number of studies have found that attitude and subjective norms, together, to be predictive of behavior (as cited in Park, 2000; Trafimow & Fishbein, 1994), including health behaviors (Finlay, Trafimow, & Moroi, 1999).
Miniard and Cohen (1979) found multicollinearity between normative and attitudinal measures, and that manipulation of either variable affected the other one. On the other hand, Fishbein and Ajzen (1981) argue that adequate discriminant validity exits between these variables, that in research "they correlated more strongly with the criterion than with each other" (p. 341). Moreover, Ajzen and Fishbein (1972) found that targeted manipulations of either variable had no significant effect on the other one.
Important others has been measured as a single construct, with subjects or respondents determining what this means or whom it includes. In a more precise approach, specific referents within important others are selected by the researcher based on their relative strength of influence on the behavior in question. Trafimow and Fishbein (1994) found that including behavior-specific referents – those having greater influence on specific behaviors – may be more effective. They go on to suggest that use of the general construct of important others, rather than behavior-specific referents, "may have resulted in an underestimation of the relative contribution of normative considerations as determinants of behavioral intentions" (p. 762). The latter, specific approach may be useful in campaign development, including selection of spokespersons.
Subjective norms have been measured by multiple items, with same single construct of important others. In this approach, differently worded statements measure the perceived expectations of important others, the responses to which are summed.
Example measures with reliability findings
The standard, single-item measure of subjective norm (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975) is a version of:
"Most persons who are important to me think I should/should not
[description of behavior.]"
Responses are often measured on a seven-point Likert scale, with scores from +3 (should, extremely) to -3 (should not, extremely).
If motivation to comply is included, it can be measured by the following statement and scale.
In general, I want to do what persons who are important to me think I should do:
Then, responses to each scale would be multiplied and summed if multiple specific referents were included.
Primack et al. (2007) provide an example using multiple, specified important others. Measures of subjective norm (as represented by normative belief) for cigarette smoking as perceived by adolescents included the following scale ( α = .82):
According to my parents, it is very important for me to not smoke cigarettes.
According to my friends, it is very important for me to not smoke cigarettes.
According to most people my age, it is very important for me to not smoke cigarettes.
A 4-point Likert scale was used (strongly agree, agree, disagree, strongly disagree).
Zhao et al. (2008) measured the subjective norm for marijuana use as perceived by adolescents. They also measured perceived approval by multiple, specified important others to represent subjective norm. Weighting each item for motivation to comply, measures for parents, teachers, and grandparents comprised a scale for authority approval (α = .83). Measures for close friends, boyfriend/girlfriend, and people in their age group comprised a scale for peer approval (α = .70). Aggregating authority and peer items yielded internal reliability of α = .83.
Park and Smith (2007) offer a multiple item example that does not include different specified others. They measured subjective norms for talking to one's family about organ donation. The differences between items are in the phrasing used to represent the social pressure.
Most people who are important to me think that I should talk with my family about organ donation.
Most people whose opinion I value consider that I should talk with my family about organ donation.
It is expected of me that I talk with my family about organ donation.
A 7-point response scale was used, from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Acceptable internal reliability was found (α = .73).
Rationale for Selection
These examples were chosen because they are thought to be representative of subjective norm as measured within theoretical frameworks commonly used in health communication (e.g., TPB, TRA). Examples of different scales were used, including single item and multiple items. Multiple item scales included those with different referents and those with different phrasing. This review concludes that use of behavior-specific referents may be the most fruitful approach. The following Additional Commentary locates subjective norms within the broader construct of social norms.
Social norms have been explicated by level and type. Lapinski and Rimal (2005) differentiate levels of collective norms to include those of a person's social network and those of an entire society. Subjective norms operate at the individual level as an individual's perception of collective norms. The commonly used subjective norms measures included above are at the low collective norm level of important others, and even at a lower level of specified referents within important others. If not measured as perceived at an individual, psychological level, collective norms should be measured through observational measures that include media environment and structural characteristics of the social system (Lapinski & Rimal, 2005).
Two types of social norms are injunctive and descriptive norms. Injunctive norms "refer to people's beliefs about what ought to be done" in a situation; and descriptive norms "refer to beliefs about what is actually done by most others in one's social group" (Lapinski & Rimal, 2005, p. 130). Cialdini, Reno, and Kallgren (1990) postulate that compliance with injunctive norms is motivated by social approval. Descriptive norms indicate to people the prevalence (Primack, Switzer, & Dalton, 2007) and popularity (Park & Smith, 2007) of a behavior. Bendor and Swistak (2001) argue that social norms affect behavior to the extent that violations of them are perceived to lead to some kind of social sanction. This is a reason that the distinction between injunctive and descriptive norms is important. While both types of norms are important to behavior (Reno, Cialdini, & Kallgren, 1993), "descriptive norms typically do not involve social sanctions for noncompliance" (Lapinski & Rimal, 2005, p. 130).
Lapinski and Rimal (2005) postulate that subjective norms as used in the TRA and TPB are a form of injunctive norms, in that they are "concerned with people's motivation to comply with the beliefs of important others" (p. 130). (These theories do not address descriptive norms (Lapinski & Rimal, 2005) On the other hand, Park and Smith (2007) found subjective norms, as measured by perceptions of important others' expectations (i.e., they "think that I should…."), and injunctive norms as measured perceptions of important others' approval (i.e., they "would approve of my…."), to be "separate dimensions across two different behaviors" related to organ donation (p. 209).
Differentiating types and levels of social norms, as subjectively perceived, should lead to more precise understanding of normative pressures influencing health behaviors.
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Health Communication, 19(3), 187-196. | <urn:uuid:6f50a58c-9902-478f-8f0b-dbd30ec0ecc3> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | https://chirr.nlm.nih.gov/subjective-norm.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661768.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00127-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91842 | 2,936 | 3.125 | 3 |
Lactoferrin: Powerful Immune Booster
Lactoferrin (Lf) is a whey glycoprotein which assists the immune system. This little molecule is one of dairy's superheroes. It has antiviral, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties (Rodrigues et al. 2009, Kanwar and Kanwar 2013). Lactoferrin is produced by the body but research has shown that consuming dietary Lf has similar benefits (Tomita et al. 2009). Acid whey is a good dietary source of lactoferrin. It contains 1% Lf by dry weight.
Why Does the Body Need Lactoferrin?
Lactoferrin is found naturally in human tears, nasal secretions, saliva, bronchial mucus, gastrointestinal juices, vaginal mucus, and semen. These areas are exposed to dangerous invading microbes every day (Yates et al. 2006). Lactoferrin works to protect all of these areas from harmful microbes, funguses and other disease causing pathogens. Lactoferrin has several modes of action, including binding iron to prevent bacteria from replication. Many pathogen causing bacteria need iron to survive (Bullen et al. 2005).
In addition, stomach pepsin digests lactoferrin releasing lactoferricin, a powerful antibiotic that neutralizes bacteria, fungus, viruses and parasites (Vogel 2012). Lactoferricin promotes a healthy digestive tract by protecting beneficial intestinal microflora (Sherman 2013).
How Lactoferrin Boosts the Immune System
Very simple explanation:
Lactoferrin helps to regulate the immune system. When harmful bacteria or viruses invade the body, Lf slows their growth, prevents them from reproducing or kills them outright. While putting invading microbes in a headlock, Lf recruits other immune cells to help out in the rumble. Once the viruses and microbes are crying for mercy, Lf slows down the immune response to prevent 'civilian' casualties. Uncontrolled immune responses can cause cellular damage or allergenic attacks so it is important to keep control of the situation.
Need more reason to like Lf on Face Book? When it is not kicking microbe butt, Lf is helping to prevent cancer.
More scientific summary:
Instead of blindly responding to potential threats, Lf modulates the immune system (Tomita et al. 2009, Legrand 2012). This means that Lf up-regulates or down-regulates immune responses. By reacting this way, Lf can help formulate a custom immune response to any threat. Lactoferrin also may help prevent or calm down allergic reactions.
Lactoferrin has an important role in modulating the immune response to threats.
1) First, Lf stops and/or slows microbe (bacteria, viruses and others) replication and growth (Rodrigues et al. 2009, Legrand 2012):
- Lactoferrin snatches up and binds iron needed by bacteria, parasites and yeast cells. Lack of iron inhibits microbes' growth and reproduction.
- Lactoferrin disrupts microbe membranes. This kills or cripples the microbes.
- Lactoferrin prevents microbes from binding to host cells and/or disrupts microbe/membrane binding.
- Lactoferrin disrupts cell-viral interactions. This prevents viruses from attaching to cells and slows viral replication.
2) Second, Lf recruits more immune system fighters (Rodrigues et al. 2009, Legrand 2012):
- Lactoferrin activates innate immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages. This is like giving the order to arm and aim an extremely powerful microbe blaster at microbes.
- Lactoferrin attract immune cells to itself in order to obtain help in destroying pathogenic microbes.
- Lactoferrin activates T-cell response.
3) Third, once the immune system has gotten the infection under control, Lf acts quickly to down-regulate the immune response and reduce inflammation (Tomita et al. 2009). You don’t want your body to be on heightened alert all the time. Chronic inflammation has been linked to metabolic disorders such as high blood pressure, high blood lipid concentrations, diabetes and gaining weight around the middle (very few people seem to desire this with the possible exception of sumo wrestlers). In addition, an uncontrolled immune response can cause cellular and tissue damage.
One way Lf downsizes immune response is by binding endotoxin or lipopolysaccharides (LPS), pro-inflammatory molecules that attract immune cells (Vogel 2012). By binding LPS, Lf prevents them from attracting more immune cells. This down-regulates immune system activities and reduces inflammation. Some components of LF also neutralize LPS.
Lf is anti-inflammatory (Legrand 2012). Over all body inflammation, or ‘metaflammation’ is believed to be responsible for metabolic disorders such as diabetes, high blood pressure, abnormal blood lipids and obesity.
Picture: A Holstein dairy cow eats a high antioxidant 'green' lunch.
- Lactoferrin inhibits production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-β an IL-6, in mononuclear cells.
- Lactoferrin encourages production of the anti-inflammation cytokines, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-11.
- Lactoferrin decreases recruitment of immune cells in inflammation sites. This helps prevent over reaction of the immune system (Yamauchi et al. 2006).
- Lactoferrin may also reduce inflammation caused by allergies or autoimmune disorders.
- Some forms of Lf destabilize the pro-inflammatory cytokines, tryptase, chymase and cathepsin G, that are released by mast cells. This helps slow down the cytokine storm of inflammatory chemicals which can cause a full blown allergic reaction.
- Lactoferrin's iron binding abilities help protect the body from reactive oxygen species (ROS). It binds free iron even at low pH levels, preventing the formation of hydroxyl radicals which damage lipids and fats in the body. Damaged lipids can cause inflammation.
Lactoferrin Helps Prevent Cancer
Lactoferrin inhibits cancers (Parodi 2007, Rodrigues et al. 2009, Tsuda et al. 2010, Pepe et al. 2013). Research shows that consuming lactoferrin inhibits cancer carcinogenesis, proliferation and metastasis (Tsuda et al. 2010). A component of Lf, LfcinB, is able to specifically target cancer cells without harming healthy cells. Cancer cells have a highly negative membrane charge which attracts Lf, while healthy normal cells have a neutral charge (Burdick et al. 1997). Lactoferrin is attracted to the cancer cells, attaches to them and triggers a process that kills the cancer cell.
- Lactoferrin triggers cancers cells to commit suicide; this process is called apoptosis.
- Lactoferrin inhibits the formation of blood vessels in tumors. Formation of blood vessels is called angiogenesis and is needed for cancer growth. Tumors need a steady supply of blood to deliver nutrients to their inner cells. They must stimulate blood vessels to grow. Without a blood supply tumors remain small and relatively harmless.
- Lactoferrin modulates carcinogen metabolizing enzymes.
Other interesting facts: The component of dairy lactoferrin responsible for it's ability to blast micro-organisms and fight tumors is bovine lactoferrin fragment (LfcinB) (Pepe et al. 2013). This smaller chunk of Lf is unable to bind iron so it compensates by turning on the microbe and tumor killing power.
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- Sherman MP. Lactoferrin and necrotizing enterocolitis. Clin Perinatol. 2013;40:79-91. Pubmed. doi: 10.1016/j.clp.2012.12.006.
- Tomita M, Wakabayashi H, Shin K, Yamauchi K, Yaeshima T, Iwatsuki K. Twenty-five years of research on bovine lactoferrin applications. Biochimie. 2009;91:52-7. Pubmed. doi: 10.1016/j.biochi.2008.05.021
- Tsuda H, Kozu T, Iinuma G, Ohashi Y, Saito Y, Saito D, Akasu T, Alexander DB,
Futakuchi M, Fukamachi K, Xu J, Kakizoe T, Iigo M. Cancer prevention by bovine lactoferrin: from animal studies to human trial. Biometals. 2010;23:399–409. Pubmed. doi: 10.1007/s10534-010-9331-3
- Yamauchi, K., Wakabayashi, H., Shin, K., and Takase, M. Bovine lactoferrin: benefits and mechanism of action against infections. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2006;84:291–296. doi:10.1139/o06-054. Pubmed.
- Yates A, Antia R, Regoes RR. How do pathogen evolution and host heterogeneity interact in disease emergence? Proc Biol Sci. 2006;273:3075-83. Pubmed. Full text.
- Vogel HJ. Lactoferrin, a bird's eye view. Biochem Cell Biol. 2012;90:233-44. Pubmed. doi: 10.1139/o2012-016. | <urn:uuid:7910834c-fc7f-4ad3-890f-63bf26e1fa05> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://mooscience.com/Lactoferrin.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128322870.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628050821-20170628070821-00064.warc.gz | en | 0.807619 | 2,491 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Naperville 203 and the education field’s best researchers believe the purpose of the report card is to communicate students’ progress toward specific standards so teachers, students, and parents can work together to advance student learning. To that end, we are piloting and implementing a standards based reporting system across our schools, beginning in the elementary grades.
A standards-based report card (SBR) provides detailed information of how well students are progressing toward standards in a specific content area. These standards directly align what is being taught and assessed in the classroom. Students are continually assessed on their progress toward mastery.
- 2015-2016 Beebe and Kingsley Elementary field tested the SBR. Feedback was received from teachers and parents that informed revisions.
- 2016-2017 all 14 elementary schools will implement SBR. We will continue to report at trimester and report cards will be sent home electronically. Paper copies of the report card will be available upon request at the school.
Junior High SBR
- 2016-2017 SBR will be piloted at Lincoln and Kennedy Junior Highs 6th grade. Feedback will be collected by trimester that will inform next steps.
- 2016-2017 all junior highs will receive report cards electronically at all grades.
- Feedback will drive next steps after the pilot. | <urn:uuid:55bc7515-3455-40f4-8560-fde408a994c0> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.naperville203.org/Page/5758 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370491998.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20200328134227-20200328164227-00146.warc.gz | en | 0.929298 | 264 | 2.890625 | 3 |
GPT stands for GUID Partition Table.
The widespread MBR partitioning scheme, dating from the early 1980s, imposed limitations which affect the use of modern hardware. Intel therefore developed a new partition-table format in the late 1990s as part of what eventually became UEFI. The GPT as of 2010 forms a subset of the UEFI specification.
To use GPT for partition, the system has to meet the following requirement.
New motherboard with UEFI support.
Linux has native support for it.
Windows 2008, Windows 7, only 64bit support it.
Look at Microsoft description of GPT.
The GUID Partition Table (GPT) was introduced as part of the Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) initiative. GPT provides a more flexible mechanism for partitioning disks than the older Master Boot Record (MBR) partitioning scheme that was common to PCs.
A partition is a contiguous space of storage on a physical or logical disk that functions as if it were a physically separate disk. Partitions are visible to the system firmware and the installed operating systems. Access to a partition is controlled by the system firmware before the system boots the operating system, and then by the operating system after it is started.
There are some other features GPT has.
It can support even big disk, say > 2TB
It can have more partitions.
So, it told me that if you want to diy a new PC, you should take a a mobo with UEFI Bios. | <urn:uuid:24df86ee-8bc4-4b68-8c07-831ce2066658> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.yinfor.com/2012/08/gpt_vs_mbr.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540507109.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20191208072107-20191208100107-00153.warc.gz | en | 0.936692 | 316 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Junk Food May Be Taken Out Of Schools
Loss Of Income May Hinder Activities
Junk food sales might be banned at schools, according to the U. S. government.
Some junk food that can be found in Albuquerque Public Schools includes pizza, chips, soda and candy.
Some of the junk food is sold at vending machines and some is sold at snack counters.
The United States Department of Agriculture wants vending machines eliminated at schools, according to KOAT Action 7 News' Mike'l Severe.
"Thirty to 50 percent of Americans are overweight, even to the point of obesity," Elaine Keaton, the head of APS Food Services, said.
Available junk food form vending machines can be hazardous to a student's health, according to the USDA.
A percentage of the money made from vending machines goes toward school activities, according to Manzano High School Principal Tim Whalen.
"School is free, but truly, running all the activities does take a toll on parents and students," Whalen said.
Schools may not be able to afford to continue many student actives without making money form vending machines, Whalen said.
"That would impact a number of schools and how they are able to augment varies activities at their school," Whalen said. | <urn:uuid:a56671c7-8551-46f1-adf0-7037e22ee71d> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.koat.com/article/junk-food-may-be-taken-out-of-schools/5010542 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886107720.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20170821060924-20170821080924-00378.warc.gz | en | 0.962065 | 267 | 2.546875 | 3 |
A reaction in which a chemical compound is split up into its elements or simpler compounds. Heat, or light of a suitable wavelength, will decompose many compounds, and some decompose spontaneously. Ionic compounds may be decomposed by electrolysis. Double decomposition is a reaction of the type
AC + BD AD + BCin which radicals are exchanged.
Related category PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
Home • About • Copyright © The Worlds of David Darling • Encyclopedia of Alternative Energy • Contact | <urn:uuid:80bca16a-dfb4-4c39-91f7-71117c6daa12> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/chemical_decomposition.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535922087.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909053231-00396-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.913206 | 100 | 2.890625 | 3 |
There was an interesting piece of research that came out recently, it referred to something called “Temporary mark withholding”. This as the name might suggest is providing students with written feedback but without marks. On the face of it this might seem odd and frankly unhelpful, how can you judge your performance if you don’t know how you compare against what is expected?
To answer that question, you need to ask a far more fundamental one, what’s the purpose of giving feedback in the first place?
Feedback – task or ego
We need to separate feedback from criticism which often implies that the person giving it is trying “to find fault”, although it’s possible to make it sound a little more positive by calling it constructive criticism. In simple terms criticism is more about what was wrong in the past whilst feedback directs you towards what you should do to improve in the future. But when we are thinking in terms of learning it gets a little more complicated, Dylan William talks about whether its ego involving or task involving feedback. The first of these would include offering praise such as “well done you have produced an excellent answer” but he states this is rarely effective and can actually lower achievement. However when the feedback focuses on what the student needs to do to improve, and explains how they can do it, then you get a significant impact on student achievement.
He goes on to say that “good feedback causes thinking, the first thing a student needs to do when they receive feedback is not to react emotionally, not disengage – but think”. It might be worth adding that Dylan William is talking about the impact of feedback on student learning not on how the student might feel in terms of motivation, self-confidence etc. There is clearly a place for ego type feedback it’s just not that effective when sat alongside a direct instruction because the emotional response often blocks or detracts what needs to be understood for the student to improve.
Formative and Summative assessment
There is one last piece of information that will help us make sense of the reasons why temporary mark withholding might work, the difference between formative and summative assessment.
Summative – The purpose of summative assessment is to “sum up” student learning at the end of a chunk of learning or completion of a course and compare it against a standard, normally a pass rate. This is why exams are often criticised, it’s not that testing is bad, it’s how the results are used, often polarising and narrowing opinion as to an individual’s performance, pass and you’re a hero, fail and you’re a villain. It gets worse when you then put those results into a league table and publish them, with the winners at the top and losers at the bottom for all to see and draw often incorrect conclusions.
Summative assessment is however valuable, if you score below the target, it tells you that more effort or work is needed, also that you are not performing well on a particular topic, but it provides no guidance as to what you need to do to improve.
Formative – The purpose of formative assessment is to monitor progress on an ongoing basis in order to help the teacher identify the “gap” between what the student knows and needs to know. This is where the magic happens, firstly in finding out where the gap is e.g. Where is the student currently compared to where they need to be, then figuring out the best way of getting them to that higher standard e.g. what do they need to do to improve. Formative assessment can be a test, a quiz or simply observation.
Lessons for students
And this is why holding back the marks works, what the piece of research (et al) highlighted, is that when students get their marks, they effectively prioritise the grades over the written comments. The good students ignore the comments because they don’t think they have anything to learn, and the weaker students are demotivated so also ignore them.
The key point for students is this, by all means look at the mark but resist that emotional (ego) reaction to pat yourself on the back or beat yourself up. Read all the comments with an open mind, asking two simple questions, can I see that there is a gap between my answer and the model answer and secondly do I know exactly what to do next to close it? The feedback, if it is good of course should make this as easy a process as possible.
The fact that your script might only say “see model answer” or have a cross with the correct number written next to it, is more an example of poor marking with little or no feedback. Perhaps you should return your script providing the marker/teacher with some feedback highlighting the gap between good marking and bad marking but most importantly what they should do to improve…..
And if your interested, here is the link to Dylan William explaining the importance of formative assessment.
Reference – Kuepper-Tetzel & Gardner – Jackson & Marks, 2016 – Taras, 2001, Winstone et al., 2017 – Ramaprasad, 1983 | <urn:uuid:ab48eab4-330a-4ebf-9949-5e53463394ee> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://pedley-smith.uk/2021/03/30/feedback-the-breakfast-of-champions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046155458.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20210805063730-20210805093730-00523.warc.gz | en | 0.956757 | 1,070 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Who wrote it? When was it written and why?
These are some of the important questions to answer as you explore any book of the Bible. To aid you in your study of God’s Word we’re adapting and posting some of the detailed book introductions found in The Reformation Study Bible.
Today, please allow The Reformation Study Bible to introduce you to…
The Gospel According to Matthew
Although this Gospel does not name its author, some early manuscripts have the inscription “according to Matthew,” and Eusebius (c. A.D. 260-340) tells us that the early church father Papias (c. A.D. 60-130) spoke of Matthew as having arranged the “oracles” about Jesus. Subsequent tradition is unanimous that the disciple Matthew, also called Levi (Matt. 9:9-13; Mark 2:13-17), was the author of this Gospel, and not until the eighteenth century was this tradition doubted.
Tradition is unanimous that the disciple Matthew was the author of this Gospel, and not until the 18th century was this tradition doubted.
There are some problems with the tradition. First, Papias apparently said that Matthew “arranged the oracles in th Hebrew dialect.” This statement seems to indicate that Matthew wrote in Hebrew or Aramaic, and scholars point out that Matthew does not read like a translation from these languages. It is also quite similar to Mark, which was certainly written in Greek. It is possible that Matthew wrote in both Hebrew and Greek, much as Calvin wrote works in both Latin and French.
Secondly, since Papias did not say “gospel” but “oracles,” some have identified these “oracles” as one of the sources lying behind our Gospels. But Eusebius appears to have understood “oracles” to mean “gospel,” and Irenaeus (writing about A.D. 180) speaks of a “gospel” by Matthew written “for the Hebrews in their own dialect.”
Other objections to Matthew’s authorship are more speculative. Some suggest that the Gospel may have been the product of a group of writers (“school”). Its alleged dependence on Mark and supposedly late composition (see “Date and Occasion“) are given as reasons to doubt Matthew’s authorship. But these objections do not disprove the tradition that Matthew was the sole author.
Since the author did not identify himself, he probably thought that it was not essential for his readers to know his name. Working through the human author was the primary Author, the Holy Spirit.
The earliest reference to the Gospel of Matthew is probably in the Epistle to the Smyrnaeans by Ignatius of Antioch (c. A.D. 110). Almost no one dates that book later than A.D.100. Some scholars have dated it as early as A.D. 50, but many critics date it after the destruction of Jerusalem, usually between 80 and 100. Their reasons include the assumption that Jesus could not have predicted such future events as the destruction of Jerusalem, the view that the Gospel’s trinitarian theology (Matt. 28:19) and exalted christology (Matt. 11:27) are late ideas that developed in a Hellenistic environment, and the assertion that the word “Rabbi” (mentioned in Matt. 23:5-10) was not used as a title before A.D. 70.
An appropriate date for Matthew would be between A.D. 64 and 70.
Some of these reasons, such as that Jesus could not have predicted the future or that a high christology is Hellenistic and therefore late, are highly dubious and reflect a rejection of supernatural revelation. Further, there is some evidence in the context of the book that Matthew was written before the destruction of Jerusalem in A.D. 70. The Gospel warns against Sadducees, a group that rapidly declined from prominence after A.D. 70 and ultimatley ceased to exist. The language used to describe the destruction of Jerusalem in Matthew 24 reflects Old Testament prophecies of the divine judgment that Jesus foresaw as connected with the coming of His kingdom. There is no need to explain the content of Matthew 24 as the author’s memory of a historical event.
The writer of this Gospel probably used the Gospel of Mark. Assuming that Mark was composed with the help of the apostle Peter in Rome, an appropriate date for Matthew would be between A.D. 64 and 70.
Antioch in Syria is the most likely location for the writing of the Gospel and for the church for which it was originally composed. Ignatius, the earliest writer to quote Matthew, was bishop of Antioch. The congregation in Antioch was of mixed Jewish and Gentile origin (Acts 15), and this would account for the problems of legalism and antinomianism that Matthew particularly addresses.
Like all the Gospels, Matthew’s purpose is to convey authoritative teaching by and about Jesus, whose coming marks the fulfillment of God’s promises and the presence of God’s kingdom. Matthew makes no division between history and theology. His history is the basis of the theology, and the theology gives its proper meaning to the history.
Matthew’s purpose is to convey authoritative teaching by and about Jesus, whose coming marks the fulfillment of God’s promises and the presence of God’s kingdom.
Matthew makes extensive use of “fulfillment” references to the Old Testament. His citations are not presented as isolated predictions and fulfillments, but as proof of the fulfillment of all the expectations of the Old Testament. This concern affects the way Matthew stresses certain elements in the history. Matthew shows us the illegality of the Sanhedrin’s actions in the trial of Jesus (Matt. 26:57-68), the distortion of the Old Testament by the scribes and Pharisees (Matt. 15:1-9), and the covenantal nature of God’s dealing with His people.
Also distinctive to Matthew is his presentation of the teaching of Jesus in five major discourses: ethics, discipleship and mission, the kingdom of heaven, the church, and the end time. These five divisions may have been patterned after the five books of Moses, to present Jesus as the Prophet like Moses of Deut. 18:18. Most scholars today recognize the five teaching discourses as the key to Matthew’s basic design, especially since each discourse ends with an expression such as, “And when Jesus finished these sayings” (Matt. 7:28). Further, there seems to be a relationship between each discourse and the narrative preceding it. Also note that the narrative portions deal primarily with the question of the King’s identity, while the discourse material tends to focus on the King’s people.
Scholars today are in general agreement that both Matthew and Luke made use of the Gospel of Mark in writing their own Gospels. However, Matthew and Luke do not follow Mark at every point in the order of events of Jesus’ life, or the order of His teachings. Matthew and Luke have some material in common not found in Mark, but here too they differ in its placement within Jesus’ ministry.
The three Synoptic Gospels are individual and complementary works… They offer Jesus Christ, the incarnate Word, to all generations.
To understand the chronology of the Gospels it is important to note that Mark’s own account is not a complete diary. John reports that Jesus visited Jerusalem several times during a period of about three years, while in Mark the events are presented in what appears to be one year ending with a single, climactic visit to Jerusalem. In other words, the Holy Spirit had already led Mark in selecting and presenting the events of Jesus’ ministry in a particular way. Matthew and Luke similarly were led by the Spirit in their own selection and presentation of events.
The Gospels do not simply present a schedule of Jesus’ activities. Nor are they modern, technical biographies that follow methods unknown in their own day. The three Synoptic Gospels are individual and complementary works; they are not three incomplete attempts to do the same task. They are spiritual books; together with the Gospel of John they offer Jesus Christ, the incarnate Word, to all generations.
Own The Reformation Study Bible and have access to more than 20,000 study notes, 96 theological articles, contributions from 50 evangelical scholars, 19 in-text maps and 12 charts.
Adapted from The Reformation Study Bible, © 2005 Ligonier Ministries. | <urn:uuid:6ebbbdb4-da78-444d-839d-4fe0588c855c> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.ligonier.org/blog/introductions-matthew/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743216.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20181116214920-20181117000920-00261.warc.gz | en | 0.96503 | 1,816 | 3.34375 | 3 |
On March 4, recipients of South Korea’s annual “obstacles to gender equality” award were announced at an early International Women’s Day rally in Seoul. As expected, among the “winners” were companies with discriminatory practices and a politician who had recently made a sexist remark. But one recipient stood out from the crowd: Gender Equality Minister Kim Hyunsook. Kim, who is supposed to be the top advocate for women’s rights in the country, was selected to receive the tongue-in-cheek award reportedly for her “ignorant and irresponsible” attitude towards sexism.
The so-called gender equality minister’s tragicomic achievement encapsulates the state of women’s rights in South Korea after a year under Yoon Seok-yul’s conservative government.
Yoon won the March 9, 2022, presidential election on an openly misogynistic platform – he worked hard to appeal to men who are anxious about losing ground to women and expertly capitalised on the growing anti-feminist backlash in the country.
And since Yoon’s ascent to the presidency, gender equality has become a taboo topic in Korean public life. Political efforts to further women’s rights hit a wall, and past achievements came under sustained attack. This is a deeply worrying development, as South Korea’s record on women’s rights, especially in workplaces, was already much worse than most of the industrialised world before the Yoon presidency.
South Korea is the world’s 10th-largest economy. It is a tech giant that is home to Samsung and many other leading technology companies. It is also a cultural powerhouse whose many movie, TV and pop stars boast large global followings. But the country is also deeply patriarchal and remains a leader in gender inequality by many measures. It has recorded the largest gender pay gap among the OECD member nations every single year for nearly three decades. It has also been at the bottom of the Economist magazine’s Glass Ceiling index for a decade.
Korean women are often pressured to give up their careers after childbirth and those who work outside the home still carry out the lion’s share of household chores and childcare duties. Sexual crimes against women, especially technology-facilitated sexual violence, such as the use of spy cams to secretly film women, are rampant in both public and private spheres.
Since the late 2010s, however, Korean women have been fighting against their country’s patriarchal culture with unprecedented force. Through a local #MeToo movement, arguably the most robust in all of Asia, they exposed the sexual misconduct of many powerful men, including that of a presidential contender. They fought vigorously for tougher punishments for spy-cam crimes. They successfully campaigned to abolish the country’s decades-long abortion ban. And millions of them vowed to stay unmarried and childfree in a so-called “birth strike” against patriarchal customs and traditions, causing South Korea to break its own record for the world’s lowest fertility rate in 2022.
This outburst of feminist advocacy, however, triggered an angry pushback from men who thought women were going too far, demanding too much and, in the process, harming Korean society. Feminists began to be vilified online as “mentally diseased” people following an “antisocial ideology”. The resentment was most palpable among young men who saw feminist gains as personal losses and felt their place in society was being threatened (in one recent poll, for example, nearly 80 percent of South Korean men in their 20s said they see themselves as victims of “gender discrimination”).
Yoon’s right-wing People Power Party (PPP) expertly tapped into this well of resentment. During his presidential campaign, Yoon said structural sexism no longer existed in South Korea. He blamed feminism for the country’s low fertility rates, claiming feminist ideas make it “difficult for men and women to date”. He also vowed to introduce tougher punishments for those who make false accusations of sexual assault, although such cases are extremely rare and focusing the conversation on alleged false accusers discourages real victims from coming forward. His campaign’s key promise to dismantle the Gender Equality Ministry – which has played a pivotal role in tackling gender discrimination and violence in recent years – proved to be a hit, and shored up significant support from young, male voters.
And since Yoon took office last May, attacks on South Korea’s women’s rights movement and the gains it made over the years have unfolded with numbing regularity.
State offices tasked with furthering gender equality and women’s rights in local contexts were swiftly rebranded as those for “family” or “children” and made to focus solely on women’s reproductive and child-rearing roles. The government decided to remove the term “gender equality” from textbooks and funding for youth programmes combatting everyday sexism was scrapped.
The president has not yet managed to dismantle the Gender Equality Ministry, but his party remains committed to replacing it with a smaller office responsible for, among other things, “population and family”. And the ministry’s powers and influence have already been significantly curtailed.
When the Gender Equality Ministry suggested reforming South Korea’s outdated rape law defined on the basis of physical violence rather than a lack of consent, for example, the justice ministry struck down the proposal within hours.
The gender equality minister appointed by Yoon, “Obstacle to gender equality” award holder Kim Hyunsook, has also been working to undermine the work of her own ministry.
Last year, when the violent murders of two women – one in a subway station toilet and the other on a college campus – at the hands of men who stalked or raped them occupied news headlines in South Korea, Kim rejected the idea that misogyny was at play. She went as far as to blame one victim for not working hard enough to protect herself from male predation and stressed that such incidents should not be used to fan “conflicts” between men and women.
In this context, there is very little to celebrate this International Women’s Day in South Korea. Women are angry and upset to see the government’s determined efforts to reverse the progress made by the feminist movement in the past decade.
This frustration was palpable at Saturday’s rally in Seoul. Women were more sombre and angrier than usual. “Let’s fight against this era of regression!” they chanted. “Stop erasing women and gender equality!” they shouted as they marched down the streets, pumping their fists into the air in unison.
“It’s undoubtedly a very difficult time for us,” Lee Hyo-rin, an activist with the nonprofit Korea Cyber Sexual Violence Response Center, told me. “The only way we can survive these difficult times is through more solidarity and by connecting with each other.”
Lee said the COVID-19 pandemic and the restrictions on social gatherings it necessitated made it difficult for South Korean women to resist the anti-feminist backlash in the country.
“But now we are ready to meet each other again,” she said at Saturday’s rally – the first major gathering of feminists since the pandemic began in 2020. “We’ll ride out the backlash. We’ll be stronger when we’re connected.”
The views expressed in this article are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect Al Jazeera’s editorial stance. | <urn:uuid:0d7aa4b3-9abb-4525-bbdc-06f696f032d2> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://newsofpakistan.com/index.php/2023/03/08/this-womens-day-there-is-little-to-celebrate-in-south-korea/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100972.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209202131-20231209232131-00571.warc.gz | en | 0.969018 | 1,592 | 2.71875 | 3 |
By: Meghan Kearney, North Pacific LCC
Around the globe, stream ecosystems are facing widespread degradation due to factors like land use and climate change. One, often considered problematic critter, is now being recognized as a key benefactor of climate change and conservation efforts to stream ecosystems: the beaver.
Credit: Creative Commons/Flickr
The interest in using beaver for stream restoration has gained momentum in recent years, with a number of organizations from around the globe expressing great interest in understanding how to implement beaver into landscape-level stream restoration. Some groups have moved forward with this interest and have begun conducting research, even moving into pilot restoration projects. The problem is that the projects are happening in small pockets, each led by just a few of the scientists with beaver expertise. This inadvertently excludes many land managers from highly relevant beaver research, and leaves those interested in beaver restoration in the dark.
In 2011, the North Pacific Landscape Conservation Cooperative recognized the interest in this growing conservation trend, and the need to leverage research and share information. With this in mind, the NPLCC provided funds to U.S Fish & Wildlife and Portland State University to convene over 200 interested parties to learn about and discuss the potential inclusion of beaver in stream restoration.
With a primary goal of providing the best available science to land managers, this project carried out the mission of the NPLCC through support for five workshops throughout the range of the NPLCC from northern California to southeast Alaska. These workshops were structured for a wide range of participants, from those who had little-to-no expertise to those with years of practical experience with beaver -- but all had an overwhelming interest in learning how to incorporate beaver into their restoration efforts and management decisions. Two workshops in Portland, Oregon at the World Forestry Center quickly filled up with representatives from federal and state agencies, tribes, non-profits, consultants and private land owners. Workshops in Washington, California and Alaska followed.
Biologists from UW carry two beaver to their new lodge in a creek near the Skykomish River. Credit: NWIFC
Although there are many beaver restoration projects happening throughout the region, these workshops play a special role because they bring together experts from around the region to share their work with these diverse groups of managers. On-the-ground work was presented and shared with participants capable of spreading this great conservation potential.
The interactive workshops provided Beaver and River Restoration 101; topics ranged from beaver basics to the nitty-gritty of the permitting process. Greg Lewallen of Portland State University opened the workshop with a presentation on a state-of-science manual, "Restoring Beaver to Restore Rivers," a document set to be released in June, that is the backbone of the workshop.
"We like to think of beavers as stream engineers, or farmers, modifying their own environments to find food" described Chris Jordan, an ecologist with of NOAA Fisheries' Northwest Fisheries Science Center. Jordan provided an overview of beaver life history and habitat requirements best suited for beaver to play a beneficial role in stream ecosystems.
"Using beaver to restore streams is a long term commitment," NOAA's Michael Pollock explains. "You're going to need to collaborate," he says. Pollock is currently part of a team leading efforts to map beaver habitat and reintroduce beaver dams to landscapes.
In the Snohomish lowlands, the Tulalip Tribe is also leading efforts to relocate beaver from areas where they are considered a nuisance to public river areas where they are appreciated for the role they play in improving river ecology.
Biologists from the Tulalip Tribes and Forest Service release beaver into a new lodge. Credit: Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission
Kent Woodruff of the U.S. Forest Service also spoke at the workshop, covering a twelve step program in the Methow Valley on how to properly relocate beavers. Woodruff jokes that he runs a "Match.com for beavers." A program that captures nuisance beavers and houses them in fish hatchery raceways that mimic their natural environments allows Woodruff and his team to monitor beaver for compatibility before releasing them as a colony back into the ecosystem.
The topic of permitting was the hottest topic of the day, not surprisingly in a room full of land managers, who are eager to move forward quickly. Oregon already has a set of permit and relocation guidelines in place, but the need for a more landscape-level regulatory process was expressed by the entire group.
"It's about the people," agreed Tom Stahl and Charlie Corrarino, current and retired employees of the Oregon Department of Fish and wildlife, respectively. They provided an overview on the steps ODFW has taken to make the beaver relocation permitting process more streamlined in Oregon, explaining they are encouraging the state of Washington to move towards something similar. "Not everyone is coordinated on this complex issue, in a very complex regulatory environment," Pollock chimed in.
A post line installed as part of NOAA's restoration project. Chewed stems perpendicular to the structure show beaver have started to colonize. Credit: NOAA NWFSC
Many challenges still lie ahead before fully successful restoration efforts can begin in earnest. "The key is expanded outreach," said one workshop participant. The room agrees. "That needs to be our job," Woodruff added as he motioned the room to take what they learned and share it with at least one other interested party.
The Through these workshops, hundreds of connections will have been made that will lead to more efficient collaboration and a more widespread understanding of beaver as a benefactor, rather than a problem.
ODFW Guidelines for Relocation of Beaver in Oregon
Tulalip Tribe Beaver Relocation Project
More photos from Tulalip Beaver Restoration Project
Methow Valley Beaver Project
NOAA Fisheries: Working with Beaver to Restore Salmon Habitat
For more information on these workshops please contact Janine Castro (503.231.6977). For more information on the NPLCC project, visit the project profile or contact Mary Mahaffy ([email protected]), NPLCC Science Coordinator. | <urn:uuid:70bb8adb-501a-462e-8f24-9ee596db119c> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://www.northpacificlcc.org/News/03-04-2015/beaver-workshops | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256764.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20190522063112-20190522085112-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.950776 | 1,268 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Test your knowledge with a quiz
Leutze, Westward the Course of Empire
- In this study for a public mural at the U.S. Capitol Building, Emmanuel Leutze visualized the concept of Manifest Destiny, combining religious and patriotic imagery to glorify westward expansion.
- In an era when few Americans had traveled west, Leutze brings together a variety of landforms and artefacts to conjure this unfamiliar terrain and create a sense of drama and excitement. He depicted the land as uncharted territory, however, erasing its recent history as part of Mexico and the Native Americans who were displaced by American settlers.
- In the early years of the American Civil War, Leutze emphasized the west as a land of promise and opportunity that could restore national unity. After reading a draft of Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation, he added an African-American figure to the final mural in the Capitol Building.
More to think about
In this celebration of westward expansion, Emmanuel Leutze alludes to California through small details in the picture, but his subject focuses primarily around the settlers and their journey. Why do you think he chose to emphasize their trek instead of their final destination? How might the painting’s meaning be different if he had given more attention to where these figures settled? | <urn:uuid:6c7c83fe-6caf-4e11-802e-d26304d7c5ef> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://smarthistory.org/seeing-america-2/migration-and-settlement/leutze-manifest-destiny/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103344783.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220627225823-20220628015823-00550.warc.gz | en | 0.953789 | 278 | 4 | 4 |
Trust for America's Health (TFAH), a Washington-based, non-profit consumer advocacy organization, has released a report that identifies major gaps in the nation's food safety system, including obsolete laws, misallocation of resources and inconsistencies among major food safety agencies.
"Our goal should be reducing the number of Americans who get sick from foodborne illness. But we can't adequately protect people from contaminated foods if we continue to use 100 year-old practices," says Jeff Levi, executive director of TFAH. "We need to bring food safety into the 21st century. We have the technology. We're way past due for a smart and strategic upgrade."
Some problems outlined in the report, Fixing Food Safety: Protecting America's Food from Farm-to-Fork, include:
• The U.S. food safety system has not been modernized in over 100 years;
• The bulk of federal food safety funds are spent on outdated practices of inspecting every poultry, beef and pork carcass, even though changing threats and modern agriculture practices and technology make this an unproductive use of government resources;
• Inadequate resources are spent on fighting modern bacteria threats, such as trying to reduce Salmonella or dangerous strains of E. coli;
• In the past three years, the main food safety function at FDA has lost 20 percent of its science staff and 600 inspectors;
• Gaps in current inspection practices mean acts of agroterrorism-such as contamination of wheat gluten or botulism-could go undetected until they are widespread;
• While 15 federal agencies are involved in food safety, the efforts are fragmented and no one agency has ultimate authority or responsibility for food safety;
• Only one percent of imported foods are inspected. Approximately 60 percent of fresh fruits and vegetables and 75 percent of seafood consumed in the U.S. is imported; and
• States and localities are not required to meet uniform national standards for food safety. Approximately 76 million Americans-one in four-are sickened by foodborne diseases each year.
A 2007 public opinion poll conducted by TFAH found that 67 percent of Americans are worried about food safety and that public concerns about food safety rank higher than Americans' concerns about a biological or chemical attack and natural disasters like Hurricane Katrina.
The TFAH report follows a series of studies by experts raising concerns about America's food safety, including a 2007 review by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Science Board that concluded that the U.S. food supply "grows riskier each year" and a Government Accountability Office report that found federal oversight of food safety to be one of the government's "high risk" programs.
TFAH calls for a series of actions to help the nation modernize the food safety system by using strategic inspection practices and state-of-the-art surveillance. While many of the recommendations are focused on government actions, the report finds that fixing food safety will require a collaborative effort by food producers, processors, distributors, retailers and consumers, combined with strong leadership from the federal, state and local government.
Some of the recommendations include:
• Repeal outdated end-product and processing plant inspection mandates and shift the emphasis of inspection practices to the prevention of outbreaks and illnesses through the entire food production process and supply chain;
• Create mechanisms that allow inspection practices to keep pace with changes in the industry;
• Establish uniform performance standards and best practices that are enforceable through actions including detention and recall authority and civil penalty authority;
• Require food safety education for commercial food handlers;
• Improve monitoring of foreign imports and international practices; and
• Strengthen the FDA with increased funding and aligning resources with high risk threats, with the long-term goal of realigning all federal food safety functions. | <urn:uuid:57719eba-bd56-45e5-bbf7-511c20f4c931> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.foodlogistics.com/article/10315581/us-food-safety-system-in-crisis-report | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609530131.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005210-00234-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942313 | 780 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Whole day activities give students the opportunity for ‘deeper learning’ and to develop ‘personal learning and thinking skills’, such as working in a team and creativity.
There are five FLDs each year. In Years 7 and 8, some are school based, such as: a ‘Dragons Den’ competition, an ‘Arts’ day and a ‘Maths Formula One’ day. Others are out of school, such as a visit to Eden organised by the geography department.
For Years 9, 10 and 11 most days are devoted to the students’ optional subjects and several departments take the opportunity to organise a variety of out of school visits. For Years 12 and 13, all FLDs are given over to their Advanced Level courses. | <urn:uuid:f4b0915b-09a2-4a52-8a00-d87372ed699e> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.budehaven.cornwall.sch.uk/flexible-learning-days/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463609598.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20170528043426-20170528063426-00064.warc.gz | en | 0.97044 | 162 | 2.859375 | 3 |
WILDLIFE REHABILITATORS ASKED TO STOP ACCEPTING FAWNS
Young deer potential source of chronic wasting disease
EMPORIA — Last September, Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks staff learned that a white-tailed fawn had been transported from Decatur County in northwest Kansas to the Hutchinson Zoo. Because deer from Decatur County have tested positive for chronic wasting disease (CWD), KDWP biologists had to work with zoo officials to euthanize and test the animal for the disease. This is another case of well-meaning people trying to "rescue" apparently abandoned animals, only leading to the animal's demise.
Fortunately, the sample in this case came back negative for CWD, but it could have been a disaster had it not. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious neurological disease affecting deer and elk. It causes a characteristic sponge-like degeneration of the brains of infected animals, resulting in emaciation, abnormal behavior, loss of bodily functions, and death. It is always fatal.
But the greatest danger in transporting these animals is that it will likely accelerate the spread of the disease to their new environment for a very long time. Attempts to decontaminate infected facilities have failed. For example, 20 years after captive mule deer were removed from an infected facility in Colorado, deer were returned to pens in the same spot and soon contracted CWD.
To prevent spreading CWD to wild deer in other parts of Kansas and to avoid contaminating facilities, KDWP has asked licensed wildlife rehabilitators to discontinue rehabilitating any orphaned or injured fawns. While some states have or will be making fawn rehabilitation illegal, KDWP is currently asking rehabilitators to cooperate voluntarily.
"We encourage the public to leave fawns in the wild," said Shane Hesting, wildlife disease coordinator for KDWP. "As we all know, in many cases, lone fawns are seldom 'orphaned'. The mother is usually nearby but out of sight, keeping watch. The risk of spreading such a dangerous disease should override the emotion of wanting to 'save' a fawn."
Wildlife officials are concerned about CWD’s potential impact on wild deer and elk populations. CWD was first identified as a clinical disease in captive mule deer in Colorado in 1967. It has since been detected in wild deer in 14 states, including Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, and Nebraska. KDWP has been monitoring deer in Kansas since 1996 and first detected CWD in samples from wild deer in 2001. This past year, 11 deer were confirmed positive and four are currently presumptive positive, all from northwest Kansas.
Besides leaving young deer (and other animals) alone, anyone who sees a deer acting sick should immediately contact the nearest KDWP office or their local sheriff. | <urn:uuid:65713a77-9375-4dfd-a63b-bdfafad15ada> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://ksoutdoors.com/KDWPT-Info/News/News-Archive/2010-Weekly-News/6-24-10/WILDLIFE-REHABILITATORS-ASKED-TO-STOP-ACCEPTING-FAWNS | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469258937291.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723072857-00164-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963667 | 579 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Persons using assistive technology might not be able to fully access information in this file. For assistance, please send e-mail to: [email protected]. Type 508 Accommodation and the title of the report in the subject line of e-mail.
Prevalence and Health Consequences of Stalking --- Louisiana, 1998--1999
Stalking is a form of violence that may lead to physical injury or homicide and may have disabling social and psychological consequences (1,2). Although the legal definition varies among jurisdictions, all 50 states have antistalking laws (3). Louisiana defines stalking as the willful, malicious, and repeated following or harassing of another person with the intent to place that person in fear of death or serious bodily injury (4). Information is limited on the prevalence of stalking and its impact on the victim (3,5). To gather population-based surveillance data on stalking and other forms of interpersonal violence, the Louisiana Office of Public Health conducted a random-digit--dialed telephone survey among residents regarding experiences and perceptions related to safety and violence. This report summarizes the results of the survey, which indicate that 15% of the women surveyed reported being stalked during their lifetime.
Data were collected from Louisiana residents aged >18 years on a monthly basis from July 1, 1998, to June 30, 1999. Eligible households were selected randomly from a list of possible telephone numbers that had been filtered to eliminate unused and business exchanges. The respondent interviewed from each household was selected randomly. If an eligible household refused to participate or if the desired respondent could not be reached, a substitute number was selected randomly from the list. The survey ensured confidentiality, and respondents gave informed consent for participation.
Of 4763 eligible respondents, 1808 (38%) completed the interview; 1171 (65%) were women. This report describes the findings among women respondents. Age and race of survey participants matched the 1990 census data for Louisiana, except that women aged 18--24 years composed 8% of the survey sample and composed 14% of women in Louisiana. Participants ranged in age from 18 to 99 years (median: 46 years); 71% were white, and 28% were black, whereas among female Louisiana residents aged >18 years, 69% were white, and 29% were black. Participants were classified as having ever been stalked if they answered "yes" to the question, "Have you ever been stalked, harassed, or threatened with violence for more than one month by someone who would not leave you alone?" Women who reported having been stalked also were asked whether they had experienced physical injuries and stress-related problems and the level of fear invoked by stalking.
One hundred seventy-six (15%) women reported having been stalked during their lifetime, and 23 (2%) women reported currently being stalked. Of the 176, 132 (75%) women reported they believed the stalking to be somewhat dangerous or life threatening; of these, 89 (67%) indicated they had reported the situation to the police. Other measures reported to stop harassment included changing usual behavior (70%), moving (36%), purchasing a gun (11%), and obtaining a restraining order (11%) (Table 1). Forty-two (32%) of the 132 women reported injuries from being assaulted by their stalker, such as swelling, cuts, scratches, bruises, strains or sprains, burns, bites, broken teeth, or knife or gunshot wounds. Seventy-one (55%) women reported experiencing stress that interfered with their regular activities for >1 month.
Among the women who perceived their stalking to be dangerous or life threatening, 67 (51%) identified the perpetrators as someone with whom they had had an intimate relationship (i.e., boyfriend, former boyfriend, spouse, or former spouse); no stalking was reported among same sex partners. Forty-three (33%) women identified the perpetrator as someone known to them but other than an intimate partner (i.e., relative, acquaintance, friend, or other). Seventeen (13%) women were stalked by a stranger, and five (4%) were stalked by a perpetrator that they were unable to identify.
Those women who had been in an intimate relationship with their stalker were more than four times as likely to report that they had sustained an injury than those women who had not been in an intimate relationship with their stalker (35 of 67 versus seven of 60; relative risk=4.5; 95% confidence interval=2.2--9.3). None of the women who reported having been stalked by a stranger and who believed the stalking was somewhat dangerous or life threatening reported sustaining an injury.
Reported by: M Kohn, MD, State Epidemiologist, Oregon Health Div. H Flood, MPH, J Chase, MSPH, PM McMahon, PhD, Injury Research and Prevention Section, Louisiana Office of Public Health. Family and Intimate Partner Violence Prevention Team, Div of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, CDC.
The findings in this report indicate that 15% of women surveyed in Louisiana reported having been stalked during their lifetime. Social and psychological sequelae of stalking were more prevalent than physical sequelae. More women reported experiencing stress from being stalked than experiencing physical injury.
The findings in this report are consistent with data from the National Violence Against Women Survey (NVAWS) (3); both surveys showed that stalking had adverse psychological and social consequences. NVAWS did not measure physical injuries resulting from stalking because their definition of stalking precluded physical contact; however, NVAWS separately measured physical violence and found that 81% of those reporting stalking also reported having been physically assaulted by the same person (4).
The findings in this report are subject to at least two limitations. First, quantifying the validity of self-reports of stalking is difficult because no "gold standard" exists for comparison. Additional research is needed on experiences of violence to determine the validity and reliability of different data collection methods (e.g., face-to-face interviews, telephone surveys, and paper and pencil surveys). Second, the population surveyed may not be representative of Louisiana. Because persons without telephones were not surveyed, and because of the low response rate, nonparticipants may differ from participants on study outcomes. However, the racial composition of survey participants was representative of the state.
The data in this report suggest that reliable estimates of stalking may be difficult to obtain using traditional data sources (e.g., health-care providers and law enforcement agencies) because 68% of the women who experienced stalking did not sustain a physical injury and 33% did not report the stalking to the police. A population-based survey may help characterize the burden of stalking and other types of interpersonal violence. However, the identification of victims in health-care and law enforcement settings also may help characterize persons at high risk for injury from stalking and enable referral of those persons for services and secondary prevention activities.
Surveillance is the basis for the epidemiologic approach to public health problems (6). If violence prevention is to be approached using the public health model, an accurate description of the problem is the first step (7). State- and local-level data on the prevalence of interpersonal violence can assist health departments in tailoring intervention programs to the specific needs and conditions in their communities.
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This page last reviewed 5/2/01 | <urn:uuid:6a024f46-67aa-46b9-a100-70c278b92e07> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4929a1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469258944256.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723072904-00081-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964772 | 1,658 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Henry Gray (18251861). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
as age advances, and is more abundant in males than in females. As a rule, the posterior border of the lung is darker than the anterior.
The right lung usually weighs about 625 gm., the left 567 gm., but much variation is met with according to the amount of blood or serous fluid they may contain. The lungs are heavier in the male than in the female, their proportion to the body being, in the former, as 1 to 37, in the latter as 1 to 43.
Each lung is conical in shape, and presents for examination an apex, a base, three borders, and two surfaces.
The apex (apex pulmonis) is rounded, and extends into the root of the neck, reaching from 2.5 to 4 cm. above the level of the sternal end of the first rib. A sulcus produced by the subclavian artery as it curves in front of the pleura runs upward and lateralward immediately below the apex.
The base (basis pulmonis) is broad, concave, and rests upon the convex surface of the diaphragm, which separates the right lung from the right lobe of the liver, and the left lung from the left lobe of the liver, the stomach, and the spleen. Since the diaphragm extends higher on the right than on the left side, the concavity on the base of the right lung is deeper than that on the left. Laterally and behind, the base is bounded by a thin, sharp margin which projects for some distance into the phrenicocostal sinus of the pleura, between the lower ribs and the costal attachment of the diaphragm. The base of the lung descends during inspiration and ascends during expiration.
FIG. 971 Pulmonary vessels, seen in a dorsal view of the heart and lungs. The lungs have been pulled away from the median line, and a part of the right lung has been cut away to display the air-ducts and bloodvessels. (Testut.) (See enlarged image)
Surfaces.The costal surface (facies costalis; external or thoracic surface) is smooth, convex, of considerable extent, and corresponds to the form of the cavity of the chest, being deeper behind than in front. It is in contact with the costal pleura, and presents, in specimens which have been hardened in situ, slight grooves corresponding with the overlying ribs. | <urn:uuid:08bd585e-4494-433c-a2b1-0fe98183b297> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://bartleby.com/107/pages/page1094.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541883.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00404-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937615 | 533 | 3.390625 | 3 |
The crown as a circle, shows us that opposing points of view can be unitized into a single fixture; that the four corners of a mountain can bring about a single looming figure—
It might be strange to talk about royalty in this day and age; but let us think upon what is worthy of a crown, and why a crown once meant its hollow bloodline we find upon these days— And that is, that no single action; and no single quality of that action can make a sovereign being, for a sovereign being must be composed of all those qualities that allow a being to exist, both wise and foolish.. both a strength in itself, and yet a vulnerable fragility in its presentation— Both the one to mock and be mocked—
It is no single action or point upon the circle, who’s quality makes it a statue in the mind of matters; but how each quality and action are weaved together in order to create a coherent presence that perfectly sits upon itself as opposed actions of mercy and callous courses— How does one exist as all these things and yet sit as a single a thing!?
And such royalty must be aware of itself in that manner to the extent that the coherent realty of reality; that so to must society as a thing of many qualities be brought together in focus and realization of higher qualities that can only arise when all the points form a coherent structure, such a royal authority, a king or queen; is the same as the subjects it reigns over, in that, like the philosopher’s of our true Sophia must be that pinnacle of coherent presence that echo’s through out the nation as a coherent being not separate from the royal blood of the crown— A way to allow all subjects to behave in their upmost liberty, and to allow opposing choices to give a magnificent shape to that which we are all apart of, as well as a whole self within—
We remember the circle as a measure of eternity and ongoing being; and such, it represents the honor or the nobility of a continuous weaving of those trends in the currents in a manner that continually exemplifies a self, and always reveals a majestic continuum of increasing degree as the circle continually unfolds upon itself in its infinite glory —
And yet my words; how many rulers have upheld such a notion in your heart— And so, how many have actually known any authority beyond the herding of cattle through sweet nothings upon the ear and blatant edges bluntly upon the qualities that such an authority has no right to wield, and so no understanding for the common place criminal who unjustly is placed in a position of punishment, because the honored lord has no ability to deal with them (and hints at their falsehood and nominal position cheated for by the guise of a crown)— | <urn:uuid:cfaf3a1e-c903-424d-af98-14e51c41f1f8> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://www.unslop.com/true-royalty/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202688.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20190322180106-20190322202106-00257.warc.gz | en | 0.96343 | 561 | 2.65625 | 3 |
It was nearly a year ago that Ruston Hartdegen, the Dallas Zoo’s curator of Herpetology, found himself driving deep into the pine woods of the DeSoto National Forest on a mission to save a species on its last leg – the dusky gopher frog.
While the origional 180 tadpoles that Hartdegen picked up have now metamorphed into frogs, the Zoo’s work is not done yet. The dusky gopher frog is still considered critically endangered with populations endemic to only Glen’s Pond, Mike’s Pond, and McCoy’s Pond within the DeSoto National Forest in Mississippi.
These spotted amphibians will remain in human care at the Zoo until the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has finished developing a full recovery plan for the species. Though the Zoo will retain a number of the frogs as part of the Species Survival Plan program, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is working to identify suitable places for the experimental re-introduction of this species, possibly beginning in 2018.
“The current remaining wild populations are very limited and under intense monitoring. Previous habitats where animals have been extirpated are not likely to recover in a short period of time,” said Hartdegen.
In late January, it was Bradley Lawrence, the Zoo’s reptile and amphibian supervisor, who found himself making the nine hour drive back to
the remote Mississippi coast to pick up more tadpoles – but transporting a critically endangered species is no easy task, even the second time around.
The Zoo received four groups of thirty-two tadpoles – over 120 dusky gopher frogs in total. Each group of tadpoles comes from a separate egg mass, meaning that these groups are all of different parentage. In order to drive the tadpoles to the Zoo, these groups were each placed in five gallon buckets filled with water. Using an air pump, oxygen was run to each of the containers for the duration of the trip.
“I tried desperately to keep the tadpoles from shifting around on the drive back. I stopped every couple of hours to check on them,” said Lawrence. “Ultimately, they all made it here safely.”
Like their predecessors, these dusky gopher frogs will be part of the Species Survival Plan program. In the future, some will likely be used in
breeding efforts while others may be released back into their native longleaf pine wetlands – an ecosystem that has been devastated by continued habitat loss. But conservation efforts shouldn’t start and end at the Zoo gates; there’s plenty that you can do at home.
“Many of the world’s amphibians can be helped in the same way whether you live in Texas, Central America, Africa, or wherever: conserve water, don’t pollute, and recycle,” says Lawrence. “Water pollution, loss of habitat, and depleted ground water all hurt amphibian populations.”
Check out these conservation tips from our Green Team that you can follow at home in order to help save the dusky gopher frog. | <urn:uuid:73a41d52-db24-4188-8aed-7f3a2f9766ab> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://zoohoo.dallaszoo.com/tag/dusky-gopher-frog/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250599789.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120195035-20200120224035-00397.warc.gz | en | 0.943291 | 657 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Vape News Headlines: Cancer UK Slams E-Cig Study – NZ Vapers Survey – Wrigley Not Sweet On E-liquid Names – Singapore Australia and Malaysia Vape Ban Latest – Health Boss In Tobacco Shares Shock! – World Cancer Day
Cancer Research UK Slams Recent Media Scare Stories
Newspaper and online media headlines suggesting vaping causes cancer are wildly misleading according to the highly respected charity Cancer Research UK.
Newspapers and websites were filled with cancer scare stories last week after a study on the effect of vaping on DNA cells was published by researchers from the New York University School of Medicine.
It claimed experiments showed DNA damage in the lungs, bladders and hearts of mice – see my article published the day the results were released: No…Vaping Doesn’t Damage Your DNA for the full story.
However many experts were quick to label the methods used in the study as ‘junk science’.
CRUK were a little more restrained in condemning the study but were nonetheless damming in their response from Michael Walsh who rote on the charity’s science blog:
The researchers described their results with an interesting line:
“It is therefore possible that e-cigarette smoke may contribute to lung and bladder cancer, as well as heart disease, in humans.”
While this is technically possible, the study didn’t look at humans, and so didn’t show any effect on the health of humans.
Different e-cigs devices deliver different amounts of vapour, and people use them in different ways. So the levels of e-cig vapour and nicotine used in the study might not match the levels that people are exposed to through normal use.
And other research didn’t show a link between nicotine products and cancer.
Finally and crucially, the study didn’t compare vaping to tobacco smoke.
Sadly and judging from social media responses this particular story seems to have resonated with smokers thinking of quitting via e-cigarettes with many now put off.
The evidence so far shows that e-cigarettes are far less harmful than smoking.
And for some people they’re a helpful aide to stop smoking.
Up to two-thirds of long term smokers will die because of their addiction. E-cigarettes don’t contain tobacco, which is the biggest cause of preventable death worldwide.
E-cigs are a relatively new technology and so we can’t be certain about any long-term effects the devices might cause to health – they haven’t been around long enough for this to be completely worked out.
But compared to smoking, the evidence so far shows they are less harmful.
If you have a family member – friend or colleague that was concerned by the recent scare stories direct them to the CRUK blog article – they know what they’re talking about unlike many media outlets out there…
New Zealand Vape Survey Shows Smokers Switch To Quit
Vapers in New Zealand say they switched to vaping to stop smoking and many have now given up lit tobacco completely whilst dual users have cut down their use considerably.
Results from surveys like this may seem pretty obvious however the anti-vape brigade and Governments in particular need a constant stream of such data in order for them to begin to accept the benefits of e-cigarettes.
200 vapers from across New Zealand took part in the on line 2016 survey conducted by Massey University’s School of Health Sciences.
The boffins crunched the numbers and published their findings last week in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.
The results should be of considerable interest to Governments around the world that has banned or is considering banning vaping as the survey was conducted whilst it was still illegal to use nicotine vape products in New Zealand.
Lead researcher Dr Penny Truman said:
We found the main reason for trying vaping was to stop or reduce smoking.
Most study participants said they had completely switched from smoking to vaping. Some newer vapers still smoked, but they were still cutting down on cigarettes and some only smoked occasionally.
The results suggest that whilst some people switch from smoking to vaping quickly and completely, others have a longer transition.
Most of the participants had changed the type of vaporizer they used several times.
There was also a pattern of moving away from tobacco flavoured e-liquids, experimenting with many different flavours until they found several they liked and then continued to use on an ongoing basis.
The research team now say the NZ government should fast track the new legislation that allows vaping and introduce ‘minimal’ quality standards:
It would also provide clarity around the greatly reduced risk associated with vaping compared to smoking which would encourage more people to make the switch.
At the moment, inaccurate information about vaping is still being spread by and among health professionals.
This needs to stop because it is keeping people smoking – the very opposite of what we want if we are serious about reaching the smoke-free goal of five per cent or less smoking by 2025.
The survey was supported by Ministry of Health and the Health Research Council of New Zealand and the Tobacco Control Research Tūranga programme.
Are you reading this Australia?
Further reading: The War on Vaping In Asia and Australia
Wrigley’s Suing Another E-Liquid Company
Lawyers are chewing over another law suit from famous gum makers Wrigley and this time it’s the ‘use’ of the names Pink Starburst and Skeetlez in e-liquid flavours.
They say the names are far to close for comfort to the confectionery they hold trade marks for.
Just last year Wrigley sued another e-liquid manufacturer last July for using the names Dbl Mint and Joosy Fruit on their juices.
The gum giant won that legal claim and the company behind the branding – Chi-Town Vapers – was ordered to pay Wrigley damages and hand over all profits from the brands.
This latest suit is filed against Get Wrecked Juices and neither the company nor its lawyers have commented on the matter.
A spokesman for Wrigley Caitlin Kemper said:
The use of popular candy brands in the marketing, sales and promotion of e-cigarettes is deceptive and irresponsible.
We strongly condemn these actions, which are directly at odds with our anti-tobacco policy and our strict marketing standards.
Whilst I have to point out vaping has nothing to do with tobacco as such – I do tend to agree with any company’s use of a brand name – no matter how ‘clever’ the marketing team may think they are in altering it slightly.
At a time when the vape industry worldwide is under minute scrutiny these kind of marketing ploys only add weight to an already strong anti-vape brigade and needs to stop.
Malaysian Vape Shops Raided – Singapore Vape Ban In Force
It’s all kicking off in Asia with already heavy handed approaches to vaping going to the next level.
Singapore’s countrywide ban on vaping came into force on February 1st – whilst in Malaysia every single vape shop was raided by police and health officials.
Products were seized and names of vape wholesalers were taken in a crackdown more fitting to hardcore drugs raids.
I wrote an article last week – The War On Vaping In Asia and Australia – giving my thoughts and why the southern hemisphere in particular is so anti-vape.
Meanwhile over in Thailand that’s also operating a vape ban – two elderly Israeli tourists were arrested and fined over £800 for vaping!
It’s a crazy state of affairs and given Australia has also made vaping on nicotine illegal – as I said in my piece – something stinks down there.
BTW do follow the progress of the excellent Legalise Vaping Australia as they continue to tour Australia in #VapeForce One.
Their campaign to get vaping legalized down-under is really capturing the public’s imagination.
Tomorrow [Monday] is a massive day for them as they arrive in the constituency of Minister of Health Greg Hunt.
He’s the rather silly man who announced vaping with nicotine e-liquids would never be legal ‘on his watch’.
Let’s hope time’s up very soon on this buffoon’s term in office.
Follow the Legalise Vaping Australia Twitter account for up to date information.
…and finally…Anti Smoking Boss Buys Tobacco Stock Forced To Quit!
The head of the powerful Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in America has been forced to quit after it emerged she’s bought stock in Big Tobacco whilst in office.
CDC director Brenda Fitzgerald resigned last week after it emerged she’d bought and sold shares in Japan Tobacco Inc which owns brands such as Benson and Hedges – Winston and Camel…
Given one of the CDC’s main targets is the reduction of tobacco related illnesses and deaths in America – it’s all the more shocking.
A quick look at the dedicated Smoking and Tobacco Use website page the Office of Smoking and Health shows the headline:
OSH saves lives and money by preventing and reducing tobacco use – the leading cause of preventable disease and death in the US.
And the boss bought and sold in Big Tobacco shares?
Maybe she’d have made more money investing in e-cigarettes given the projected growth that financial experts are forecasting – but hey I’m no stockbroker…
The CDC whilst not an avid supporter of e-cigs – indeed they’re kind of on the positive side of the fence – they are one of the few health bodies in the US that recognizes them as useful as an aid to quit the killer weed.
I think they call that Karma 😉
World Cancer Day
Footnote: Today is World Cancer Day and you can find out more at Cancer Research UK | <urn:uuid:13d1260d-afb4-4436-90ca-777cac03b6d0> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.ecigclick.co.uk/vaping-news-weekending-04-02-2018/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583509960.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016010149-20181016031649-00544.warc.gz | en | 0.954254 | 2,056 | 2.53125 | 3 |
- a person with a psychopathic personality whose behavior is antisocial, often criminal, and who lacks a sense of moral responsibility or social conscience.
Origin of sociopath
Examples from the Web for sociopath
Above the notes of praise is a small photo of Guerin wearing a polka dot tie and pocket square, staring at you like a sociopath.The Multimillion ‘Clairvoyance by Mail’ Scam
November 21, 2014
Although the principal had his identity protected, the traditionalists used this incident to cast Michelle as a sociopath.A Letter of Thanks to Michelle Rhee
August 16, 2014
One of the qualities of a sociopath is that they are very good mimics.
So how did you see her before Jenji told you she was a sociopath?
Ballantine told The New York Times late last year that one of his (unnamed) suspects is a sociopath.Death in the Heartland: What Happened to Steven Haataja?
March 16, 2014
- psychiatry another name for psychopath
Word Origin and History for sociopath
- A person affected with an antisocial personality disorder.
Someone whose social behavior is extremely abnormal. Sociopaths are interested only in their personal needs and desires, without concern for the effects of their behavior on others. (Compare psychopath.) | <urn:uuid:ccf0b3ed-d544-498d-bc56-9f5ac6f92b82> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.dictionary.com/browse/sociopath | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156554.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20180920175529-20180920195929-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.919298 | 275 | 2.625 | 3 |
learn from the best
you will have access to this course for 1 year
9 lessons learned only €59,00 incl. VAT
Essential Walkin Bass Techniques
Learn how to compose and play effective walking bass lines
This program is written to help you compose and play well balanced walking bass lines. You will learn to outline the harmony of a song in an effectieve way, develop a sense of gravity in your lines and using rhythmical variations. Furthermore, this course will help you to develop an efficient practicing routine.
Video's: 2 hours
Skill Level: Intermediate
Backing Tracks: 18 Backing tracks especially recorded for this course
Get personal video feedback every week and earn a certificate from the Conservatorium van Amsterdam: Visit the Course page!
How it works
The course is a series of related video lessons, each structured around a specific topic or topics. By the end of this course, you will have developed a strong sense of direction in your daily study routine.
Weekly video lessons
After joining the course, you will be able to view a new video lesson weekly. Each video lesson consists of:
Examples that musically define the sound of the topic you are studying in each video
A study routine section in which we first discuss how to study the specific topic of each lesson. We will then play several exercises specially written to show you how to structure your daily study routine
Assignments that will help you consolidate and practice what you have learned in each video.
After each lesson, you will be asked to study, practice and then video record yourself playing an assignment which may consist of several exercises. When ready, you submit the video of your assignment. The process of having to record yourself every week, significantly helps to internalise the material discussed in this course - quickly and naturally.
Weekly feedback: This function is present in the "course" mode.
Certificate: This function is present in the "course" mode.
Content of the course:
Lesson 1 : Playing Two-Beat Bass Lines
In this lesson, we will talk about the basics of walking bass playing:
Function of the bass
Composing a line using the root and the fifth
Composing a line on a I-V Chord progression.
Composing a line on a basic blues in F
Balancing the direction of a line.
Damping the strings and fills
Dubbing each note.
Lesson 2:Walking Bass-Lines with Quarter Note Pulse
In this video, we will talk about how to create walking bass lines with a quarter note pulse:How to Create Baselines with a good “gravity”
Chord-Based and Scale-Based Lines
Direction in Your Lines
Enhancing the Fourth Beat of the Bar
When to Change string within a line
When to Change Position within a line
Composing a line on a I-V Chord progression.
Adding a passing tone the major and mixolydian scale.
Composing a line on a basic blues in F and Assignments
Lesson 3 : Playing on Changes Pt. 1
In this video, we will talk about changes and how to connect them with a good walking bass line that outlines the harmony clearly. We wil discuss several techniques such as The Diatonic Approach, Chord Based Approach, The Chromatic Approach, The Tritone, Sounding Horizontal, Combination of Approaches and Assignments
Lesson 4 : Playing on Changes Pt. 2
In this lesson, we will further explore chord changes and take a
look at how to outline more complicated chord progressions. Composing a Walking-Bass Line on a Half-Diminished Chord
Using Chord Tones for Outlining a Half-Diminished Chord
Using Chromaticism for Outlining and Connecting the Half-Diminished Chord
How to Compose a Walking Bass-Line on a Diminished Chord
The Diminished Scale / Whole-tone / Half-tone
Applying these Concepts to a Song and Assignments
Lesson 5 : Rhythmical Variations Pt. 1 : Using Triplets
In this lesson, we will talk about how to use rhythmical variations in your basslines.
Four Basic Rhythmical Variations
Demonstrating the Right Hand
Adding “Ghost” Notes
Accuracy of the Triplet Feel
Using the Left Hand for Triplet Variations
Applying all Techniques to a Blues in F and Assignments
Lesson 6 : Rhythmical Variations Pt. 2 : Syncopations and Triplets
Short description : In this lesson, we will talk about how to integrate syncopations and triplets into your basslines.
Syncopating every note
Using Triplets in your Walking Bass lines
Dividing the Triplets over 3 Strings
Dividing the Triplets over 2 Strings
Combination of Previous Techniques, Triplets and Assignments
Lesson 7 : Outlining Harmony
In this lesson, we will have a look on how to interestingly play more bars of the same chord.
The Bridge of “Rhythm Changes”
Composing a Bass Line on a minor pedal
Using Big Jumps, Chromatics and Assignments
Lesson 8 : Playing Pedals and Fast Tempi
In this video, we will talk about how to make use of pedal points and how to play fast tempi.
Advice on how to play fast tempi
Sequences and Assignments
Lesson 9 : Practicing Tools
In this lesson, we will explore tools that will help you to practice scales, intervals, chords and technique.
Daily / Weekly Exercises
The Circle of Fifths and Assignments | <urn:uuid:0353c5da-cdb0-4b62-9b79-40e1a78a3e9a> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.cvaonline.nl/masterclasses/detail/8/essential-walkin-bass-techniques | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500044.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20230203091020-20230203121020-00782.warc.gz | en | 0.862437 | 1,252 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Being bilingual opens up a whole world of new opportunities and allows you to openly converse with people from other cultures while broadening your perspective.
For kids, it’s all this plus incredible cognitive benefits!
The sooner you begin exposing your child to a language other than their mother tongue, the easier the process of adjustment and the quicker they’ll progress to mastering a new language.
Play games in a foreign language
Play games like hide-and-seek to help teach children how to count in that language. There are also loads of interactive online games that teach the foreign names for animals, colours, shapes, and more simple concepts.
Switch to programmes in a foreign language
Stimulate more learning by watching cartoons and kids’ shows in a language other than their own. This will help kids improve their pronunciation.
Jam to songs in a foreign language
Create a funky foreign playlist of songs in any genre. Songs are excellent memorisation and learning tools, and melodies can help kids remember a lot of words.
Read books in other languages
Buy your child easy-to-understand books in the language they’re learning. Coupled with vivid imagery and illustrations, these simple stories can make learning much easier. Better yet, get the foreign version of familiar fairytalesales so your child learns even quicker by re-reading stories they already know (just in a new language).
Remember to have fun and relax! Learning a new language can be an enjoyable activity for the whole family.
This article is for informational purposes only. Always check with your doctor or medical practitioner about any health concerns, before embarking on any fitness or nutrition programme, and usage of any medication. | <urn:uuid:2c0df81e-1d62-4e5c-b993-2012af013c89> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.medirite.co.za/health-advice/why-your-child-should-learn-a-second-language.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104215805.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20220703073750-20220703103750-00255.warc.gz | en | 0.901263 | 352 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Food Chain and Food Web
Every living plant and animal must have energy to survive. Plants rely on the soil, water, and the sun for energy. Animals rely on plants as well as other animals for energy.
In an ecosystem, plants and animals all rely on each other to live. Scientists sometimes describe this dependence using a food chain or a food web.
A food chain describes how different organisms eat each other, starting out with a plant and ending with an animal. For example, you could write the food chain for a lion like this:
grass ---> zebra ---> lion
The lion eats the zebra, which eats the grass. Here is another example in picture form:
The grasshopper eats grass, the frog eats the grasshopper, the snake eats the frog, and the eagle eats the snake.
Links of the Chain
There are names to help describe each link of the food chain. The names depend mostly on what the organism eats and how it contributes to the energy of the ecosystem.
Lets go back to this example:
- Producers - Plants are producers. This is because they produce energy for the ecosystem. They do this because they absorb energy from sunlight through photosynthesis. They also need water and nutrients from the soil, but plants are the only place where new energy is made.
- Consumers - Animals are consumers. This is because they don't produce energy, they just use it up. Animals that eat plants are called primary consumers or herbivores. Animals that eat other animals are called secondary consumers or carnivores. If a carnivore eats another carnivore, it is called a tertiary consumer. Some animals play both roles, eating both plants and animals. They are called omnivores.
- Decomposers - Decomposers eat decaying matter (like dead plants and animals). They help put nutrients back into the soil for plants to eat. Examples of decomposers are worms, bacteria, and fungi.
grass ---> zebra ---> lion
Energy is Lost
- grass = producer
- zebra = primary consumer
- lion = secondary consumer
Like we said above, all the energy made in the food chain comes from the producers, or plants, converting sunlight into energy with photosynthesis. The rest of the food chain just uses energy. So as you move through the food chain there is less and less energy available. For this reason, there are less and less organisms the further along the food chain you get.
In our example above, there is more grass than zebras, and more zebras than lions. The zebras and lions use up energy doing stuff like running, hunting, and breathing.
Each Link is Important
Links higher up in the food chain rely on the lower links. Even though lions don't eat grass, they wouldn't last long if there wasn't any grass because then the zebras wouldn't have anything to eat.
In any ecosystem there are many food chains and, generally, most plants and animals are part of several chains. When you draw all the chains together you end up with a food web.
Example of a food web
Sometimes scientists describe each level in a food web with a trophic level. Here are the five trophic levels:
- Level 1: Plants (producers)
- Level 2: Animals that eat plants or herbivores (primary consumers)
- Level 3: Animals that eat herbivores (secondary consumers, carnivores)
- Level 4: Animals that eat carnivores (tertiary consumers, carnivores)
- Level 5: Animals at the top of the food chain are called apex predators. Nothing eats these animals.
Take a ten question quiz about this page.
More ecosystem and biome subjects:
Back to the main Biomes and Ecosystems page.
Back to Kids Science
Back to Kids Study | <urn:uuid:5c93d8dc-5738-4cf3-9cd9-285cf8e6d48a> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.ducksters.com/science/ecosystems/food_chain_and_web.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510481.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929022639-20230929052639-00329.warc.gz | en | 0.92603 | 820 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Bristol Bay, in Southwestern Alaska, is the home of one of the world’s largest runs of Sockeye salmon. In fact, all five types of salmon spawn in the bay’s freshwater tributaries.
Bristol Bay could also become the home of a new mine to extract copper, gold and other minerals.
The Environmental Protection Agency has released a risk assessment study on how mining could impact the ecosystem there. The Agency will hold a public hearing in Seattle Thursday.
Ashley Ahearn reports that fishermen in the Northwest are watching the process closely. | <urn:uuid:e01f6340-1d06-4ad0-a7cb-de52a952aefa> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://nwpr.org/term/alaska?page=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395621.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00089-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943415 | 120 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Happy Presents Day!!!
1. Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865) is the only U.S. president who was also a licensed bartender. He was co-owner of Berry and Lincoln, a saloon in Springfield, Illinois.
2. The only president to be unanimously elected was George Washington (1732-1799). He also refused to accept his presidential salary, which was $25,000 a year.
3. Because the KKK was a powerful political force, Truman was encouraged to join the organization. According to some accounts, he was inducted, though he was “never active.” Other accounts claim that though he gave the KKK a $10 membership fee, he demanded it back and was never inducted or initiated.
4. Grover Cleveland was the only president in history to hold the job of a hangman. He was once the sheriff of Erie County, New York, and twice had to spring the trap at a hanging.
5. The “S” in Harry S Truman doesn’t stand for anything; therefore, there is no period after his middle initial.
6. Lincoln Logs are named after Abraham Lincoln and the log cabin where he was born. John Lloyd Wright, son of famous architect Francis Lloyd Wright, invented them.
7. Thomas Jefferson and John Adams once traveled to Stratford-upon-Avon to visit Shakespeare’s birthplace. While there, they took a knife to one of Shakespeare’s chairs so they could take home some wood chips as souvenirs.
8. James Madison and Thomas Jefferson were once arrested together for taking a carriage ride in the countryside of Vermont on a Sunday, which violated the laws of that state.
9. Andrew Johnson is the only tailor ever to be president. As president, he would typically stop by a tailor shop to say hello. He would wear only the suits that he made himself.
10. “Teddy Bears” were so named when Theodore “Teddy” Roosevelt (1858-1919) refused to shoot a small bear cub one day. The incident was reported in the news, which inspired a toy manufacture to come out with the cute stuffed animals. | <urn:uuid:ad6a2933-3f52-4168-9a2c-703ae4fad967> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://chroniclesofamom.weebly.com/blog/presidents-day | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526237.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20190719115720-20190719141720-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.977004 | 453 | 2.890625 | 3 |
About Northumberland, PA in Northumberland County
Northumberland, PA is called “Norry” by the locals and is located on the Susquehanna River in Central Pennsylvania’s Susquehanna River Valley. Northumberland, PA is located at the Susquehanna River’s confluence – where the two branches of the Susquehanna River merge into one, before heading south to Selinsgrove, Harrisburg and eventually into the Chesapeake Bay.
Northumberland Borough is home to an estimated 3,700 people. Northumberland is part of the Shikellamy School District, whose mascot is the Shikellamy Braves.
Northumberland, PA was founded in 1772. The land that became Northumberland, PA was purchased from the Iroquois Indians. During the American Revolution, Northumberland was evacuated in 1778, and finally resettled in 1784.
The most well-known citizen of Northumberland, PA is Joseph Priestley. Northumberland, PA was Dr. Priestley’s home from 1794 until his death in 1804. Dr. Priestley was a theologian, philosopher, educator, and political theorist. His home remains a Museum today and is run by the Friends of the Joseph Priestley House, an all-volunteer organization.
Joseph Priestley House Museum in Northumberland, PA
The Joseph Priestley House still stands on Priestley Avenue in Northumberland, PA and is a National Historic Landmark on the National Register of Historic Places. Historically, it was managed by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission but in recent years, due to cutbacks in state funding, a group called the Friends of Joseph Priestley House Museum was formed. The Friends group runs the Museum, in partnership with the PHMC.
The Friends of the Joseph Priestley House:
- Promotes interest in Joseph Priestley and his work
- Researches and restores the Joseph Priestley House
- Provides and facilitates educational programming
- Establishes fundraising activities in order to accomplish the above-stated and related purposes
Susquehanna River and Shikellamy State Park in Northumberland, PA
Sunbury, PA is located on the Susquehanna River, where the two branches meet. The River provides many recreational opportunities for residents, college students and visitors, including boating, fishing, swimming, and ice skating.
Shikellamy State Park is in Union and Northumberland counties. The 78-acre Shikellamy Overlook section is on the western shore of the Susquehanna River and overlooks the confluence of the West and North Branches of the Susquehanna River. The 54-acre Shikellamy Marina section is in Northumberland County, between the Borough of Northumberland and the City of Sunbury on the southern tip of Packer’s Island, at the confluence of the West Branch and North Branch Susquehanna River.
King Street Park in Northumberland, PA
In the heart of Northumberland’s historic district is King Street Park. The Park is home to festivals like Pineknotter Days for several days in July and Music in the Park in the summer months.
Liberty Splashland in Northumberland, PA
Liberty Splashland, operated by the borough, includes a 6,400 square foot swimming pool, sand volleyball court and picnic facilities.
Additional Resources in and Around Northumberland, PA
- Borough of Northumberland – http://www.northumberlandborough.com
- Joseph Priestley House Museum – http://www.josephpriestleyhouse.org
- Northumberland County – http://www.northumberlandco.org
- Greater Susquehanna Valley Chamber of Commerce – http://www.gsvcc.org
- Susquehanna River Valley Visitors Bureau – http://www.visitcentralpa.org/
- Pennsylvania State Parks – http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/stateparks/ | <urn:uuid:87842148-eaf8-403e-a3bc-7d60c766e0eb> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://bowenagency.com/resources/northumberland-pa/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315936.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20190821110541-20190821132541-00348.warc.gz | en | 0.92253 | 852 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Sociologists and social scientists attempt to understand conflict using different medium. Some are interested on the primordial identity, often referring to national, religious and ethnic identity. Maalouf (2003) has illuminated the roots of violence and hatred, seen in tribalistic forms of identity. Huntington’s Clash of civilization belongs to this trend when he sees Muslim as one identity group.
Social psychology has major contribution to the emergence of conflict and the psychological basis of intergroup discrimination with the Social Identity Theory. This theory attempted to identify the minimal conditions that would lead members of one group to discriminate in favor of the in-group to which they belonged and against another out-group. (Tajfel and Turner, 1986) in other word, once the boundaries are perceived as impermeable, individuals will display inter-group behavior that favors the in-group at the expense of the out-group. (Chiasson et al., 1996) The advantage of this approach that it allow the social/urban context to be a major factor in triggering an individual to think, feel and act on basis of his personal, family, or ethnic “level of self” without determinism of the primordial ethnic/national identities. The notion of salience is very important indicating the activation of an identity in situation (Stets and Berke, 2000). The problem of the social identity theory is with its over-emphasis of the identity configuration of the individual as leading factor to the action. In contrast to that, for me the value theory is more appealing to understand conflict than the other theories. In sociology, value theory is concerned with personal values and how those values might change under particular conditions. Different groups of people may hold or prioritize different kinds of values (like social injustice) influencing social behavior. For Pat Duffy Hutcheon there has been a pronounced tendency in sociology to under-emphasize the study of values and moral issues. A survey of accomplishments in value study by him revealed at least four rather disturbing tendencies: failure to deal with the source and validation of values, tendency to assume that society is antecedent to the individual, stress on conformity and minimization of the role of reason, and finally confusion surrounding the concept of value. Value system thus is a way to highlight the subjectivity of the actors without neglecting the power structure, because the value system is not only produced by religion and family but also by the position the individual has in the society. (1972)
Some European researchers on migration studies show incapacity to understand that the forging individual values are interdependent system of interaction with origin and host societies’ culture. Values, culture and social identities are determinative of behavior, just as they are simultaneously shaped by the actions of their “carriers” and members.
The French mass media reported the urban riot of 2006, burning thousands of cars, as communitarian conflict, pointing the finger to the North African communities. They were incapable to see the suburban identity formation due to the actors feeling to the social injustice and the differentiation in the values of these riot French young from migrant origin compared to the overwhelming majority of the North African who are rather well integrated in the French society and with week communitarian ties. (Todd, Thus what is important here the feeling of the social injustice as ‘jeunes de banlieue’ and not the fact of having an Arab origin’s or Muslim’s identity. The long process of ghettoization from above undertaken by the Republican has not produced communitarianism but more individualism. (Haenni, 2006: 28)
However which value systems are we talking about? Muslim value system vs. European one? Or rather value of those who believe on cultural diversity vs. of these who take refuge in the cultural hegemony?
This paper will argue that the growing polarization between what is perceived western society and the Muslim “communities” does not really concern cultural differences, but rather cultural hegemony as a cultural logic of late capitalism, in which global capital and colonial power are allied and in which the colonized/migrants are either invisible or hyper-visible. I will take the example of the Danish Cartoon episode, as a controversy that is reflecting the cultural hegemony and power structure deployed against an undesirable and sometimes invisible group of people (mainly migrants) living in European or other countries. Yet, the latter are not mere victim and they have responsibility toward their satiation.
After contextualizing this controversy within the migration and colonial spaces, I will argue that the controversy does not concern censorship and freedom of expression. It is a question of how one can define universalism. Finally the centrality of the Arab-Israeli conflict will be addressed as the major factor galvanizing the resentment of some parts of the Muslim world and of the Muslim minorities in Europe vis-à-vis those who support the Israeli colonial practices. To this issue, the occupation of Iraq and the support for Arab dictatorships also hold major concern.
Recalling the work of Jan Nederveen Pieterse the multiculturalism has gone global and migrants’ identification has become flexible. Multiculturalism and foreign policy cannot be treated separately. (2007) The British Council of Muslim informed the Prime Minister after 7/7 that the alienation of some members of the Muslim community in UK is due to the complaisance position of the government with the Israeli colonial practices.
While colonial power maintains its dominance through coercion, certain Western powers use a kind of hegemony which consists of political power flowing from intellectual and moral leadership, authority or consensus, different from mere armed force. Cultural hegemony does not refer anymore to western rationality conceived by ruling classes but refers to a more complex set of discursive strategies of combining principles from different systems of thought into one coherent ideology (Laclau and Mouffe, 1985). In the American style of hegemony, democracy, liberalism, freedom of trade and the war on terror are all discursively tied together into one coherent bundle which is being imposed by violence all over the world. It is a hegemony that is imposed in the form of an empire. The cultural hegemony here can be understood only as stemming from the power structures of the empire builder (versus colonized people) exercised with superiority, arrogance and fascination of the power that the colonizer carries. (Said, 2003) Thus the problem is not the dichotomy between oriental values and western ones, but the dichotomy between values and power structure and how those values are then instrumentalized and put into action.
Cultural hegemony seems to be a very powerful medium in order to read the power structures between different cultures and is much more significant than to evoke just the differentiated cultural sensitivities that could exist between the Arab and western worlds. Ever since Edward Said analyzed the concepts of an oriental ”Other” as constructions of colonial hegemony, we have come to know the way the Other carried a kind of “neo-racism” – what Etienne Balibar called “cultural racism”. In fact, racism is one of the major phenomena studied by many sociologists in European societies that threaten the integration of the migrant communities in these very societies. (Wieviorka, 1995) Cultural hegemony has thus not produced cultural differences but instead cultural racism, xenophobia and Islamophobia in the majority of the Western countries.
In the meantime, we would argue that the clash is not civilizational, as Bernard Lewis wrote once: “in the Muslim perception there has been, since the time of the Prophet, an ongoing struggle between the two world religions, Christendom and Islam”. (Khan, 2007) The division line seems to be cultural and not religious. A secular Arab citizen could have much more in common with a secular German than with an Islamist neighbor. However, Lewis’s and Huntington’s self-fulfilling prophecy is encouraging an analysis of some controversies and conflicts as a civilizational and cultural clash. The portrayal of Islamic movements as a tide of religious fanaticism threatening the West, and major participants in the coming “clash of civilizations”, has increasingly an impact on the future of international relations. François Burgat (2003) argues that political Islam’s desire to restore a culture distorted by colonization does not necessarily compromise its progress to more democracy and greater tolerance.
Edward Said argued that if there is a clash, it is between empire builders on the one hand and those who believe in dialogue on the other. (2003) The problem of Bush’s neo-cons and of Ben Laden’s al-Qaida is that both need to construct empires, forcing by violence their ideas beyond the nation-state boundaries. However the analogy doesn’t mean summitry: the al-Qaida project is not like that of the neo-cons’. Al-Qaida and its franchises in Iraq, Lebanon and Algeria, are extremist groups outside of the paradigmatic understanding of Islam, while the neo-cons govern the United States, progressively passing on their influence to Europe as well. There is no cultural hegemony in the former but there is in the latter. Building empires is the opposite of globalized and glocal circulation of cultures in a world in which migrants play a major role. (Hanafi and Tabar, 2005) Let us address the socio-cultural side of the relationship between the Muslim migrants and the European host society.
New literature in migration studies highlights the fact that movement and attachment are neither linear nor sequential, but capable of rotating back and forth and changing direction over time. The median point on this gauge is not full incorporation but rather simultaneity of connection. But this simultaneity should not hide the power structures between migrants and the social structures in the host society. Migrants are subject to the hegemonic constructions and practices which are constantly created and reenacted. These conceptions and categories are in part internalized by both dominant and dominated alike and create a sense of common loyalty and legitimacy for the dominant classes. (Schiller et al., 1992: 13) In some western countries, hegemonic construction speaks little of class but much more directly of culture, religion and ethnicity.
Migrants are a site of conflict between different ideologies, values and lifestyles and this is why one should examine them in the framework of the transnational relationship that a migrant had founded between host and origin country but also in the framework of the diaspora studies. Diasporic space where a migrant lives entails an inter-polarity and multi-polarity of his/her set of the relationship. For instance, one Palestinian individual or group living in France not only has ties to the Palestine but to many Palestinian communities scattered all over the world. In the process of globalization, both migrants and nation-states undergo a major change and one should see transnationalism not in terms of unstructured flows, but in terms of tensions between movements and social orders. This issue deserves to be tackled to understand the problematic relationship between the Muslim migrants in European societies.
The 20th century was the century of the emergence of supra-national entities and the possibility of multiple citizenships, but above all the idea of differentiated citizenship. Differentiated citizenship is completely different from the multiculturalism where you have common ground citizenship and then differentiated rights. It is more a process of tailoring citizenship according to the utility of the migrants/subjects to the ruling classes, as well as transmigrants developing a flexible notion of citizenship in order to accumulate capital and power. According to Awio Ong, flexible citizenship refers to the cultural logics of capitalist accumulation, travel, and displacement that induce subjects to respond fluidly and opportunistically to changing political and economic conditions. (1999: 19) Meanwhile, however, the state seeks to preserve its rigid sovereignty. Thus flexible citizenship is constituted within mutually reinforcing dynamics of discipline and escape as globalization has induced a situation of graduated citizenship, whereby even as the state maintains control over its territory, it is also willing in some cases to let corporate entities set terms for constituting and regulating some domains while weaker and less desirable groups are given over to the regulation of supranational entities. “What results is a system of variegated citizenship in which populations subjected to different regimes of value enjoy different kinds of rights, discipline, caring, and security” (Ong, 1999: 215). The contribution of Giorgio Agamben (1988) to understanding the power mechanisms deployed by the sovereign is very valuable. The sovereign has the capacity to proclaim the state of exception in order to create different status of the population.
The sovereign power according to Agamben routinely distinguishes between those who are to be admitted to “political life” and those who are to be excluded as the mute bearers of “bare life”. “Bare life” is when people do not have a right to defend their rights as a minority or as refugees/asylum seekers spending several years in refugee camps without having any knowledge about their future destiny (Hanafi, 2005). It is a process of categorizing people and bodies in order to manage, control and surveillance them and reduce them to a bare life, a life which refers to the body’s mere “vegetative” being, separated from the particular qualities such as the social, political and historical attributes that constitute individual subjectivity.
From a societal level, one can witness a differentiation in the process of integration, depending if the migrants or the minority communities are city dwellers or suburban lower middle class dwellers. The fault line is first social-urban but also cultural. Culturally, one should distinguish between a majority of migrants acculturated without major difficulty, managing different cultures without feeling schizophrenia; and those who constitute a tiny minority, who believe in the clash of civilization and whose values are very different from that of the Western world. This mode of thinking comes mainly in reaction to the posture of the hegemonic culture of the host society cultures. Since the categorizing Huntingtonian philosophy’s ‘clash of civilization’ in the mid 90s, the paradigmatic model of constructing the “otherness” took the form of “good against the evil”, “being with us or against us” and is alienated above all the migrants.
In this complex context, the polarization is escalating with the emergence of the al Qaida culture, ie. a culture that considers the Western nations as enemies, mainly for political reasons such as supporting Israel and their interest in the oil of Gulf area. From one side and the new Saudi media which is for the first time not only just available for the migrants but also tailored to them. Here the emphasis is placed on the cultural-religious aspect much more the political one. This is the context of post September 11, of which one of the most dangerous consequences is that the polarization between opposing fundamentalisms has shunted aside the thoughtful and constructive quest for the welfare and happiness of all human societies, and of human beings as individuals and as exponents of diverse cultures that are not in adversarial relationships or hierarchically juxtaposed on the basis of some notion of good or bad. (Bishara, 2006)
Having said that, I suggest approaching the Middle Eastern migrants as individuals who are sensitive to both political and cultural arenas. The Gramscian concept of cultural hegemony provides an excellent conceptual framework to at least understand problems that have emerged in the western societies, including the Danish cartoon controversy.
On the 30th of September 2005 the Danish newspaper Jyllandsposten published 12 drawings of the prophet Muhammad, followed by many publications in a number of European newspapers. This led to protests in many countries of the Muslim world, including official complaints by Islamic governments, boycotts of European products, demonstrations (sometimes leading to loss of life), and attacks on several western embassies in the Middle East. Moreover, an Iranian newspaper launched a competition for cartoons on themes including the Holocaust and later on published them.
The broad context is very hot, especially if one looks how some parts of Muslim perceive this context. Appearing when memories are still fresh about reports which were later denied of the desecration of the Qor’an by American troops at the Guantanamo prison, the propagation of the drawings in Europe has strengthened the perception among many Muslims that not only are they being exploited economically and manipulated politically by the western powers, but they are also insulted by the “West” culturally. At the same time, troops from several western countries are deployed in Afghanistan and Iraq; Israel continues its occupation of Palestinian Territories and destroying part of Lebanon; the international community has stopped its financial support for the Palestinian Authority now that parliamentary elections have been won by the Islamic Resistance Movement, Hamas; and tension is rising over Iran’s nuclear program. In many western countries, many Muslims and other minority communities have, for a long time, been facing what they see as the erosion of cultural diversity and increasing prejudice. In such a highly polarized world, the continuation and escalation of this new conflict can have disastrous consequences.
To this broad context, the local European context is very important. There had been a build up of anti-Muslim sentiment in Denmark before the publication of the drawings by Jyllands Posten and many acts of racism against some Muslim populations (interdiction of mosque construction, xenophobic declaration of the queen). Three months before the publication, the Danish government did not live up to its international obligations when, referring to the right to freedom of expression, it, refused to take a position towards the cartoons and also refused to meet with the 11 ambassadors representing the Arab countries.
The Cartoon controversy reveals a boiling street in the Arab World against the cultural hegemony of some western countries. For the first time, a mass mobilization occurred in Arab-Persian Gulf states investing the public sphere and expressing the agency of this population. The phenomenon of popular boycott emerged against the economic interest Norway as a pacific mode of action. It was of course not the first time that a boycott campaign was launched as there have been many against Israeli companies and Western companies associated with the Israeli ones – but such campaigns have been officially facilitated, while the Danish products boycott is motivated by popular mobilization. What is interesting in the mode of action is that it rebalances the very imbalanced power structures between global capital and very disempowered mass of population in the Arab World.
The different modes of action on the cartoon controversy suddenly had reflected a perceived confrontational moment with the “West” including reducing the West to Christianity or to its support to colonialism. This controversy tended to shadow the long process of dialogue between different cultures in our globalized world. My fieldwork interviewing Syrian and Egyptian engineers shows a wide variation of images of the West (science, technology, punctuality, respect of environment, credibility) seen as positive images and other as negative (political support to Israel, dress of women in the public sphere). (Hanafi, 1997)
Some have defended the propagation of the cartoons on the grounds of freedom of expression. In an article published with the drawings, co-editor Flemming Rose wrote that due to the right of freedom of expression one has to be prepared to submit to “scorn, mockery, and ridicule” and that religious feelings cannot be taken into consideration. The public prosecutor decided that the editor-in-chief could not be proceeded against. However, in his statement, the public prosecutor emphasized that the laws on racism and blasphemy contain protection of peoples’ religious feelings, and therefore there is no free and unlimited access to express oneself about religious issues. The prosecutor however stated that what was written in the article in Jyllandsposten could not be considered as a violation of the existing law.
The public prosecutor’s statement seems to be problematic if one views the event and its context and compares it to similar events. Many events suggest that freedom of expression, which is a basic human right, becomes problematic when intellectual rigor and social responsibility are lacking. To present the Prophet Mohammad as a symbol of terrorism, as is done in one of the cartoons, is no different from presenting Moses as the symbol of right wing Israelis’ actions against Palestinians, an association that would be rightly condemned as anti-Semitic and is prohibited by the laws of many European countries. No Muslim has ever blamed Jesus Christ for the many atrocities that have been committed around the world in the name of Christianity. The populist reductionism that lies behind the publication of the cartoons is embedded in the tradition of European anti-Semitism that began with the demonization of the Jews, their faith and their culture and ended in the attempt at their extermination. I did not endorse the symmetry with the Holocaust. However, I am strongly against the French legislation – the so-called Loi Gayssot – which punishes “revisionist” or “negationist” discourse: denying the existence of the gas chambers, the killing of the Jews, etc.; this is an anti-liberal law, but in this case the symmetry, as you find in the text circulated during the cartoon controversy and currently exploited by the Iranian government, was misleading and even flawed: on one side you have a symbol, and on the other you have genocide.
At a time when the heads of some secular states proclaim that they are performing divine missions (George W. Bush’s mission for instance), the views of ordinary believers in any religion can only be ignored or denigrated by the ignorant, the arrogant and the bigot. There is contempt for Islamic values by the some western culture producers in the opposition of the tradition of commitment to facts and rational analysis that have distinguished the best in Western thought since the Enlightenment. Writings on Islam by secular authors such as the late Montgomery Watt, and the late Maxime Rodinson – British and French biographers of the Prophet Mohammad, respectively – are regarded by many Muslims and non-Muslims as models of scholarship.
At a time when humanity is in dire need of understanding to ensure peaceful coexistence, the propagation of a set of ill-conceived drawings in several European countries has reinforced ignorance and hatred towards Muslims, and incited, albeit inadvertently, violence against European citizens and interests in Arab and Islamic countries.
Again the Muslim anger against the Danish cartoons seems not to be about the limit of freedom of expression or is a kind of a defence of the particularism vis-à-vis the universalism, but it is about the notion of competing universalisms. Defending one’s freedom of expression is a fundamental issue, as Balibar argues, even when it is misused, although I prefer to defend it when it is a work of art or intelligence, even a “blasphemy”, but I don’t feel obliged to fall into a trap that has been skilfully or stupidly set up by “neo-con”-style Danish Journalists and what Neal Ascherson called “A Carnival of Stupidity”. The publication of the British newspaper Sun in July 23, 2006 to Angela Markel’s picture of her semi-naked in the swimming pool of her hotel in Italy during her vacation is a publication of cheap and bad taste, while the decision of the German newspapers not to republish it is an elegant move.
Thus, defending freedom of expression raises many questions which go beyond the legal aspect. Freedom of expression as a universal human rights value is an object both impossible and necessary –always requiring the presence of limits related to the privacy and freedom of the others. How can we reconcile universalism with the postmodern notion of the plurality of (mostly ethnic, sexual or lifestyle) struggles for recognition, or does the recent resurgence of right-wing populism compel us to rethink the limits of each movement? What is the meaning of a new trend of right wing as well as leftist governments who define universality by how much a woman can be uncovered, in reaction to the Islamist governments who defined it by how much a woman can cover her body?
Sexuality and the female body have become two major sites for the moral entrepreneurs to impose their vision on a society which is increasingly defined by its diversity and thus allowing it to become a real battlefield of the cultural hegemony and Islamist control. In some European countries like Germany and Netherlands, the condition of access to status of refugee, asylum seeker or citizen requires the acceptance a specific vision of the women body and sexuality. Following Butler, Laclau and Zizek (2000: 2), universality is not a static presumption, not a priori given, and that it ought instead to be understood as a process or condition irreducible to any of its determinate modes of appearance. Wearing a mini jupe (mini skirt) is not a universalistic value but the fact that it’s a woman’s choice to dress how she likes in the public sphere should be universalistic. The possibility of choice becomes the condition for the mini jupe appearance. Wearing a scarf or having an uncovered head is not universalism, but ensuring the freedom of choice without constraint from the community or the family on the individual is true universalism. For this reason and in order not to conflate condition with appearance, Judith Butler (2000) prefers to talk about “competing universalisms” to preempt the perception of the universalism as a singular, or ‘multiple modernities’ to talk like Nilüfer Göle.
(2000). The question of some Muslim reactions to the cartoon controversy is not how much we can talk particular in the face of the universality and not to render the particular as representative of the universal, but to adjudicate among competing notions of universality. To put it in Michel Wieviorka “Religion is part of an endeavor to participate in modernity rather than to exclude oneself from it”. (2004: 284)
Intellectuals and human rights organizations in European countries have different positions that have sometimes entailed some paradoxes. Concerning freedom of expression, the French philosopher Régis Debray was very clear in his formulation on the question of the limits of freedom of expression, as he is convinced that it “ends where the rights of others begin”. This was also the point of Amnesty International: The freedom of speech “carries responsibilities and it may, therefore, be subject to restrictions in the name of safeguarding the rights of others.” Debray is convinced that we must oppose intolerance, but not arrogantly; the identity of others should be respected.
Human Rights Watch asserted that “the main complaint against the cartoons is that they offend Islam, not that they have inspired acts of violence, criminal harassment or tangible discrimination against Danish or other Muslims.” But what is “tangible discrimination”? The processes of radicalization are often intangible. Many studies criticized the tendency to only focus on Auschwitz and the act of annihilation when the crimes committed against the Jews during the Second World War have been addressed. Often one tends to forget the processes and developments that are previous to such extreme acts of exclusion. Would the co-editor Flemming Rose accept to publish anti-Semitic drawings from Iran? In fact, at one stage he said he would, but he then changed his mind. This might have evoked vestiges in some people minds about an uncomfortable European past which is not very distant, and it might illustrate the moral questions that the initial drawings inevitably raised.
Highlighting the European misunderstanding to the position of many activists in the Muslim world and the European racism against some Arab and Muslim migrants does not mean that the latter is a pure victim. It is hard to find a plausible and serene reflection on a problem where one side feels the exclusive feeling of victimhood. A solution cannot come from the pain of an experience, and a risk of the emergence of the populist position is very challenging. (Saghie, 2001) One should think about the responsibility and the role that we should assume to bridge between those two virtual worlds. In any case, the agency of the Muslim minority in Europe is expressed in different ways and becomes progressively important, going from the scientific contribution of this community to its social integration, but also to the use of some groups of it to violence like the terrorist act of al-Qaida attack killing around 3000 Americans in the World Trade Center. While one should not minimize such acts, the Muslim communities should neither be victimized because of it. The current debate in UK about the niqab (a complete veil of the face) show what Khaled Hroub called coquetry and abuse of some Muslim Europeans to the cultural diversity. This dress code, which is more political expression than religious one, has raised problem of communicativity inside of the society and harm all possibility of dialogue between these veiled women and the society. When the suicide bombing phenomenon has appeared in UK with all its hideous damage, none more lurid and apocalyptic of course than the events of September 11 2001, the responsibility of the migrant communities is to question its mode of incorporation inside of the host society.
The effect of the globalization of the multiplicity of migrant’ identification has raised the relationship between diaspora and place of origin which spread out essentially over three main spheres: social and economic networks, political influence and ideology. In the last sphere, the nationalist sentiments of the diaspora is a major factor for feeding the radical factions in the different conflict zones (Palestine/Israel; Kurdish area of Iraq and Turkey, etc.) They also account considerably for radicalizing the conflict. Thus global multiculturalism means engagement with conflicts worldwide. If societies are engaged globally it means that conflicts travel too. Conflicts cannot be contained locally. Multiculturalism and foreign policy cannot be treated separately. Symbolically, the Arab-Israeli conflict is still central although its low intensive conflict character compared to the war in Iraqi. The climate of degradation between the European and American empire builders (neo-cons trend) from one side and the Muslim world from the other comes from the fact that the former remains strongly supportive of the Israeli occupation and strives to control the oil in the Middle East region. The problem does not concern the support of the western powers, at different extents, to Israel and its security in the region, but it concerns their reluctance to take a serious decision vis-à-vis the settlement issue (settlers are tripled during the peace process), Jerusalem (refusal to publish the EU report on Jerusalem), and the wall (refusal to denounce the itinerary of the wall). European diplomats used to say that they have a balanced position between the Palestinian and Israeli opinions as they claim two-state solution: a position which is skillfully elaborated to be irrelevant, as Israel is continuing its “spacio-cidal” project and its fait accompli and everyday colonial practices. This position was problematic even before the Palestinian use of suicide bombers or the arrival of Hamas to power.
Many of western countries continue to suffer a strong complex of guilt for their Anti-Semitic history, culminating in the Holocaust, something which makes me see this as a kind of a tradeoff between the non-recognition and the repression of their past and the blind support of the colonial practices of Israeli governments. It is very interesting that this trade-off has been operating for quite a long time and it is the paradigmatic model of the relations between West and Israel. The negotiation between Ben Gurion and Konrad-Adenauer about the German apology to Israel concerning the Holocaust in 1952 led to a very humiliating apology. For Germany it was easier to compensate Jewish property than to acknowledge the responsibility for German people of the Holocaust (Lustick, 2005). As Ben Gurion explained it to the Knesset after a colossal critique of Menachem Begin who was in opposition at that time, considering the former a traitor, that Israel needs German financial support much more than a clear apology for the Jewish plight in WWII.
I can also recall the feeling I had when I visited in the summer of 2004 the Leopardo Museum in Vienna. In the section concerning the painter Oskar Kokoschka, I was very surprised to see how some portions of the Austrian population and officials are unable to cope with their past. On a sign explaining his life, it was written: “he was wounded in 1915 in Ukraine” without mentioning that it was the First World War and then “in 1939, due to the political developments, he migrated to London”. Is Nazism a simple political development? It seems to us that this incapacity to deal with the past is a major reason why Europeans don’t want to have a clear stand regarding the Israeli occupational tactics. Many European countries don’t want to recognize their contribution to Jewish suffering during the Second World War (lack of or delaying compensation, attribution only to Germans, rejecting refugees, minimizing role of collaboration, etc.) and currently the Palestinians are paying the price. This analysis was further confirmed by Matti Bunzl, an anthropologist specialized in the Jewish community of Austria. The right wing elite were arguing against the memorials of War remembering how the Jews were forced to clean the anti-Nazi graffiti on the streets.
Finally the Holocaust legacy does not concern only the Europeans but the whole humanities. I do agree with the former German Foreign Minister, Joschka Fischer, that Arabs understanding of the plight of Jewish communities in the history is extremely important for establishing a climate in which the end of occupation can be achieved.
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The author would like to thank many of scholars who contributed to the enrichment of the ideas of this article. First Hossein Shahidi, with whom Sari Hanafi initiated a statement at the beginning of the Danish cartoons controversy, parts of which statement are reproduced in this paper (section III) (Shahidi and Hanafi, 2006). Some 200 academics from different Arab and European countries signed the statement, which forms the basis of the first part of this article. The author would also like to thank Etienne Balibar, Nabil Dajani, Baudouin Dupret, Armando Selvadore for their comments.
Actually not all of them are of the Prophet.
The peace process has been used as a perfect period to triple the settler numbers and to seize the double of settlement areas.
The reflections of Marek Halter, a philosopher that participated in the conference arranged by Reporters without Borders, elucidates the many dilemmas and layers of the controversy: “Voltaire didn’t like Protestants, but he always said he’d fight for their right to express themselves. I’ve known two totalitarian systems, Nazism and Stalinism, so censorship makes me shudder.” For the same reason he was against banning the National Front party, and he had the same immediate reaction about the cartoons. “But I felt uncomfortable when I saw the cartoons because they reminded me of the ones of Jews decades ago, with the same way of drawing Semitic individuals with a hooked nose and big ears. Then I saw the demonstrations and the calls for hatred, especially by the Iranian regime.” There is the ideal of freedom of speech in democratic societies, which is a praiseworthy principle and which most people adhere to. But there is also the lurking racism behind stereotypic depictions, and there is the violent response which cannot be defended but which witness about anger about injustice on a more international political level.
See Neal Ascherson’s in our view correct presentation in Open-democracy: “a carnival of stupidity”.
His speech in the Reporters Without Borders conference in November 22, 2005,
Spacio-cide is a concept I forged to understand the Israeli colonial practices since 1948. I argue that these practices are “spacio-cidal” (as opposed to genocidal) in that they target land for the purpose of rendering inevitable the “voluntary” transfer of the Palestinian population primarily by targeting the space upon which the Palestinian people live. (Hanafi, 2005)
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Definition of Meter. Meter is a stressed and unstressed syllabic pattern in a verse, or within the lines of a poem.Stressed syllables tend to be longer, and unstressed shorter. In simple language, meter is a poetic device that serves as a linguistic sound pattern for the verses, as it gives poetry a rhythmical and melodious sound.
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To put this in the context of our discussion today: poetry can speak decisively to power – perhaps most decisively to. yet criticising as well – in The Charge of the Light Brigade, for instance,
Definition, Usage and a list of Theme Examples in common speech and literature. Theme is defined as a main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work which may be stated directly or indirectly.
Like the poet, the headline writer tries to shoehorn great messages into a few words; some, to show an affinity to poetry, slip allusions to. Lord Tennyson’s 1854 "The Charge of the Light Brigade,".
Tennyson’s job as poet laureate was to capture the public mood. The Charge of the Light Brigade is an emotive poem which both praises and laments the action of the battle. During the Crimean War the.
However, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), which was created to delve into the history of the institution, found that the existing record from that time did reveal strong themes. The.
Tennyson’s unhappy childhood helps explain the themes of murder, madness. succeeding William Wordsworth. The Charge of the Light Brigade was written at the height of his fame in 1854.
But it takes guts of steel to survive a competitive poetry recital. Sacrifice was often the theme, and students were the vessels, handed this treasure to be carried forevermore. “Charge of the.
This epic poem can be shoved into the hands of an amateur about to recite it without any knowledge at all. The amateur may then begin to get into the rhythm and experience the pathos of.
The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem). "The Charge of the Light Brigade" is a poem written in 1854 by Alfred, Lord Tennyson. It is about a British brigade in the Battle of Balaclava in the Crimean War. Other websites. Wikisource has original writing related to this article: The Charge of the Light Brigade.
Battle of Balaclava by John Charlton, immortalised in Tennyson’s poem The Charge of the Light Brigade, chosen by Wendy Cope. “so wide that it’s hard to see patterns or common themes”. That said, he.
The Charge of the Light Brigade 600 Words | 3 Pages. The poem “The Charge of the Light Brigade” by Alfred Lord Tennyson is about a battle in which a commander commits a faux pas and orders his men to move forward with an defensive strategy that would result with their imminent death.
Tennyson wrote The Charge of the Light Brigade in response. His work was enjoyed by ordinary people, and with this poem he was addressing a wide audience – not just the establishment. With its catchy.
The wheel will turn again. Thirty-six years after Balaclava, Rudyard Kipling reflected on the aftermath of the famous charge in his poem “The Last of the Light Brigade”: “O thirty million English that.
The Charge of the Light Brigade by Alfred, Lord Tennyson deals with the theme of sense of duty in conflict. Look again at this poem, and at one other poem from the Conflict anthology which also deals.
Which theme is evident in this excerpt from Alfred Lord Tennyson’s narrative poem “The Charge of the Light Brigade”? “Forward, the Light Brigade!” Was there a man dismayed? Not though the soldier knew Someone had blundered. Theirs not to make reply, Theirs not to reason why, Theirs but to do and die. Into the valley of Death Rode the.
2002 Ap English Literature Free Response You may have arrived at this page because you followed a link to one of our old platforms that cannot be redirected. Cambridge Core is the new academic platform from Cambridge University Press, replacing our previous platforms; Cambridge Journals Online (CJO), Cambridge Books Online (CBO), University Publishing Online (UPO), Cambridge Histories Online (CHO), Cambridge Companions
The Highwayman is a poem by Alfred Noyes, an English poet who was born in 1880 and died in 1958. The poem was originally published in Scotland in 1906. It is a narrative poem that tells the story.
The Charge of the Light Brigade. Cannon to right of them, Cannon to left of them, Cannon behind them Volley’d and thunder’d; Storm’d at with shot and shell, While horse and hero fell, They that had fought so well Came thro’ the jaws of Death, Back from the mouth.
A dactyl is opposite to an anapest, which is comprised of two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable.The word dactyl comes from the Greek word δάκτυλος (dáktylos), which means “finger.”If you think of your finger joints, the definition of dactyl is easy to remember: the longest bone in a finger is first, followed by two shorter bones.
SIMSBURY — On Thursday, May 9, at 7 p.m., four science fiction authors will speak at the Book Odyssey Sci-Fi Night at the Storyteller’s Cottage, 750 Hopmeadow St. For a $5 cover charge. after the.
Cranes In Chinese Mythology The monsters are ‘Taotie’, ferocious beasts from Chinese mythology who gobble up any humans in their. fearless leader of the all-female Crane Corps, aerial specialists in bright blue costumes who. At the coffin’s head, the artist painted a python, which was a symbol of Peng’s official rank; At the base he painted a crane, which
The Charge of the Light Brigade Alfred Lord Tennyson , 1809 – 1892 Half a league, half a league, Half a league onward, All in the valley of Death Rode the six hundred.
The poem. the Light Brigade is approaching the guns. There is a strong structure in each stanza. These are followed by a shorter line of five syllables: Rode the six hundred. This pattern suggests.
Analysis of Lord Alfred Tennyson´s The Charge of the Light Brigade 561 Words | 3 Pages into the jaws of Death, into the mouth of Hell.” That is an excerpt from Lord Alfred Tennyson’s Charge of the Light Brigade, a poem highlighting the honor and death of war.
But today, these and other rare recordings of famous authors are just a mouse click away. Like a ghost from the past, Tennyson reads his poem “The Charge of the Light Brigade.” Like the Whitman.
Now, we’re sure most of you guys have seen classical instruments used to play modern songs, like the Batman themes played. and is based on the Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava.
Base Details by Siegfried Sassoon.If I were fierce and bald and short of breath Id live with scarlet Majors at the Base And speed glum heroes up the line to death. Page
Revison notes for CCEA students. Written in 1854 by Alfred, Lord Tennyson, the poem deals with the theme of patriotism in conflict.
Students will be studying the narrative poem "The Charge of the Light Brigade" and discussing how a "poem can tell a story." Students will focus upon citing evidence to support central ideas found in the poem and then using those inferences to complete a comparison/contrast essay.
Dead Poets Society Gay Aug 11, 2014. World According to Garp, Dead Poets Society and The Fisher King. he played a popular gay radio host in New York City, Gabriel Noone, Oct 2, 2015. Was Robin Williams' Character in Dead Poets Society Originally Going. Dead Poets Society was an original screenplay by writer Tom Schulman. Bob Kozak on Did
As well as rhythm, Onomatopoeia also enhances the poem, to glamorise each stanza and increase the heroism of the light brigade and enliven the dangers and enemies the light brigade come across, ‘Volley’d ; thunder’d; Storm’d at with shot and shell’ the light brigade are being shot at and they are on the battlefield, the Phrases.
Then there’s the festival’s theme of the written word’s translation to screen, including movies based on poetry ("The Raven," "The Charge of the Light Brigade" and Scorsese favorite "The Set-Up"); a.
Russell’s account of the Charge of the Light Brigade is unlikely. World War also inspired the poetry of Keith Douglas – even though one of his most memorable works, “I listen to the desert wind”,
More than any other Victorian writer, Tennyson has seemed the embodiment of his age, both to his contemporaries and to modern readers. In his own day he was said to be—with Queen Victoria and Gladstone—one of the three most famous living persons, a reputation no other poet writing in English has ever had. As official poetic spokesman for the reign of Victoria, he felt called upon to.
Best poems and quotes from famous poets. Read romantic love poems, love quotes, classic poems and best poems. All famous quotes.
And in his case, the words are in a poem. The senior at. making connections with universal themes such as a sense of belonging and courage — and finding a more contemporary relevance. “‘Charge of.
Hope You Feel Better Poem And if so, how do we imagine the world we hope. The poem opens with a decent summary of the attitude of many Americans toward the climate question: "The water’s rising / but we’re not drowning yet. If you are not a poet, you can feel free to use the heartfelt, nice and beautiful love | <urn:uuid:cb72ec29-4146-4702-98fd-3c04e90a7410> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.anartfulendeavor.com/theme-of-the-charge-of-the-light-brigade-poem/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525136.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20190717101524-20190717123524-00237.warc.gz | en | 0.951896 | 2,188 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Our health and safety is by default a priority in our lives. No one would like to spend their days as a sick person who is incapable of enjoying life properly. We take numerous steps for us to remain as healthy individuals. Consuming nutritious food, regular exercise, good health practices and staying in a state of good mental health are done by most of us who wish to remain as healthy as possible. However, doing something that would safeguard your health just one time will not be enough. Good health has to come through practice and there are certain health measures that one should take in order to maintain one’s health in an ideal manner.Health measures that you take in order to safeguard you and your family from harm need not be huge in scale. There are some simple health measures that could be taken in ensuring the health and safety of you and the people around you. As an example, a simple installation of portable alkaline water ionizer would come in handy during water consumption. There are so many chemicals that are mixed with water and by using such a filter; one would be able to ensure that the water that is being used is safe for consumption. It is not a very expensive step to take or a difficult one. Such simple steps could contribute more than we think towards making our lifestyles healthy.The steps that can be taken to see that your health measures are effective could range on the area that you’re in as well. As an example, if you live in an area that is subjected to high environmental pollution, you could simply take the measures to protect yourself from the pollution and contribute towards minimizing it. If you’re living in Australia and have a problem about the standard of the drinking water, you would just have to go for acid neutralizer filter. Likewise, there are simple solutions to most of these issues. However, one should not fail to understand and act towards the importance of long term permanent solutions to these problems by deciding the necessary health measures and implementing them.In implementing these health measures, one should take the practicality of these measures into account and then go forward with the healthiest and the practical measure. When it becomes a part of your lifestyle it can be said that you will lead a healthy lifestyle in an ideal way. It will also give the people around you the ability to be healthy if you encourage them to do the same. | <urn:uuid:21bdf47e-b52b-425d-ae5b-87b0ab006873> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://hemorrhoidcamper.com/2017/02/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376824601.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20181213080138-20181213101638-00222.warc.gz | en | 0.980372 | 475 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Have you complained about the weather recently? On the gas giants at the edges of our solar system, Uranus and Neptune, hurricane-like storm systems as big around as Earth blow 1000 km/h winds for years on end.
Voyager II image of Neptune, showing storm features. Image: NASA
But wait…What exactly constitutes weather on a giant gas planet? Here on planet Earth, there is a clearly delineated gas layer enveloping the solid/liquid layer we call home. Our weather arises from our planet’s rotation and the solar heating of its surfaces. On a rapidly-rotating gas planet (a day on Neptune is 16 hours long), which receives little warmth from the sun, how do storms arise? Is the whole planet a swirling, turbulent mass, or is the weather confined to an outer layer, like on Earth?
We now have, if not an exact answer, an upper limit for the thickness of weather systems on those planets. And it turns out that they are surprisingly Earth-like (frigid 1000 km/h winds aside): The winds blow in an atmospheric layer that is no more – and probably less – than 1000 km thick. That is much less than one percent of the mass of these planets.
The researchers who calculated this limit – at the Weizmann Institute, Tel Aviv University and the University of Arizona – used slight variations in the gravitational field – gravity maps of the planets – to work out the depth of the weather. On Earth, large masses like mountains slightly increase the planet’s gravitational pull on nearby objects. On gas planets, wind-driven variations in the gas density are what create rises and dips in the gravitational map. By calculating the theoretical gravitational fields on idealized planets of the same size, but lacking winds, and comparing these with the observed gravity, the team was able to ascertain the contribution of wind to the overall pattern.
According to lead author Dr. Yohai Kaspi, having a better grasp of what is occurring on the planets’ surfaces will give us clues to the events taking place deeper within the planets, as well as information leading to theories about their formation and possibly even hints as to the makeup of the many largish exoplanets that have been detected in recent years. Kaspi is on the scientific team of NASA’s Juno mission to Jupiter, and is planning to apply this method sometime around 2016, when the spacecraft will be taking detailed measurements of that planet’s gravity. | <urn:uuid:b160b7f6-4a17-4237-a7f1-4f27b6c084c2> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://scienceblogs.com/weizmann/2013/05/16/outer-planets-stormy-weather-all-on-the-surface/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131300444.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172140-00051-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930593 | 507 | 3.640625 | 4 |
3–5, 6–8, 9–12
Buzz Aldrin inside the LM during Apollo 11 (NASA)
The LM above the moon's surface (NASA)
On the morning
of July 20, 1969, Collins helps Armstrong and Aldrin through a tunnel
into the tiny Eagle.
Alone on Columbia, Collins worries about his friends. "You cats take it easy on the lunar surface," he tells them over the radio.
Armstrong and Aldrin fly face down, then flip over and see Earth a quarter-million miles away. When they are just 12 minutes from landing, they fire the engines. Suddenly, lights flash in the cockpit. "Program alarm!" Armstrong barks. The computer is overloaded. Tense minutes pass while Mission Control decides if this alarm requires an abort. Mission Control says to keep going.
flips over again and Armstrong and Aldrin face the Sea of Tranquility,
the place they are supposed to land. The problem: it's a sea of
rocks! Armstrong skims over boulders and flies over craters. Finally,
he sees a clear spot. He has to come down exactly straight or risk
breaking one of the Eagle's landing legs. They descend like
an elevator. Only 20 seconds of fuel remain! Dust blows. Aldrin
"Houston, Tranquility Base here," Armstrong says. "The Eagle has landed!"
young flight controller named Steve Bales had to decide if it
was safe to land on the moon when the computer alarm sounded.
He decided it was. He was given a Medal of Freedom from the
President for his quick thinking. If he had decided it wasn't
safe, how might people have viewed his actions differently? | <urn:uuid:a9513e9f-a095-4947-bdfc-fc98cdda1459> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.scholastic.com/teachers/articles/teaching-content/lunar-landing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439739177.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200814040920-20200814070920-00539.warc.gz | en | 0.945335 | 356 | 3.46875 | 3 |
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International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories.
In economics, capital consists of an asset that can enhance one's power to perform economically useful work. For example, in a fundamental sense a stone or an arrow is capital for a caveman who can use it as a hunting instrument, while roads are capital for inhabitants of a city.
In economics, goods are materials that satisfy human wants and provide utility, for example, to a consumer making a purchase of a satisfying product. A common distinction is made between goods that are tangible property, and services, which are non-physical. A good may be a consumable item that is useful to people but scarce in relation to its demand, so that human effort is required to obtain it. In contrast, free goods, such as air, are naturally in abundant supply and need no conscious effort to obtain them. Personal goods are things such as televisions, living room furniture, wallets, cellular telephones, almost anything owned or used on a daily basis that is not food related. Commercial goods are construed as any tangible product that is manufactured and then made available for supply to be used in an industry of commerce. Commercial goods could be tractors, commercial vehicles, mobile structures, airplanes and even roofing materials. Commercial and personal goods as categories are very broad and cover almost everything a person sees from the time they wake up in their home, on their commute to work to their arrival at the workplace.
In economics, a service is a transaction in which no physical goods are transferred from the seller to the buyer. The benefits of such a service are held to be demonstrated by the buyer's willingness to make the exchange. Public services are those that society as a whole pays for. Using resources, skill, ingenuity, and experience, service providers benefit service consumers. Service is intangible in nature.
In most countries, such trade represents a significant share of gross domestic product (GDP). While international trade has existed throughout history (for example Uttarapatha, Silk Road, Amber Road, scramble for Africa, Atlantic slave trade, salt roads), its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries.
Trade involves the transfer of goods or services from one person or entity to another, often in exchange for money. A system or network that allows trade is called a market.
Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced in a specific time period, often annually. GDP (nominal) per capita does not, however, reflect differences in the cost of living and the inflation rates of the countries; therefore using a basis of GDP per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP) is arguably more useful when comparing differences in living standards between nations.
Ancient Buddhist and Hindu texts use Uttarapatha as the name of the Northern part of Jambudvipa, one of the "continents" in Hindu history. In modern times, the Sanskrit word uttarapatha is sometimes used to denote the geographical regions of North India, Western India, Central India, Eastern India, Northeast India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal in just one term. The pronunciation of the word varies depending on the regional language of the speaker.
Carrying out trade at an international level is a complex process when compared to domestic trade. When trade takes place between two or more nations factors like currency, government policies, economy, judicial system, laws, and markets influence trade.
Domestic trade, different from international trade, is the exchange of domestic goods within the boundaries of a country. This may be sub-divided into two categories, wholesale and retail. Wholesale trade is concerned with buying goods from manufacturers or dealers or producers in large quantities and selling them in smaller quantities to others who may be retailers or even consumers. Wholesale trade is undertaken by wholesale merchants or wholesale commission agents.
To smoothen and justify the process of trade between countries of different economic standing, some international economic organisations were formed, such as the World Trade Organization. These organisations work towards the facilitation and growth of international trade.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that is concerned with the regulation of international trade between nations. The WTO officially commenced on 1 January 1995 under the Marrakesh Agreement, signed by 123 nations on 15 April 1994, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which commenced in 1948. It is the largest international economic organization in the world.
A product that is transferred or sold from a party in one country to a party in another country is an export from the originating country, and an import to the country receiving that product. Imports and exports are accounted for in a country's current account in the balance of payments.
An export in international trade is a good or service produced in one country that is bought by someone in another country. The seller of such goods and services is an exporter; the foreign buyer is an importer.
An import is a good brought into a jurisdiction, especially across a national border, from an external source. The party bringing in the good is called an importer. An import in the receiving country is an export from the sending country. Importation and exportation are the defining financial transactions of international trade.
The balance of payments, also known as balance of international payments and abbreviated B.O.P. or BoP, of a country is the record of all economic transactions between the residents of the country and the rest of the world in a particular period of time. These transactions are made by individuals, firms and government bodies. Thus the balance of payments includes all external visible and non-visible transactions of a country. It is an important issue to be studied, especially in international financial management field, for a few reasons.
Trading globally gives consumers and countries the opportunity to be exposed to new markets and products. Almost every kind of product can be found in the international market: food, clothes, spare parts, oil, jewellery, wine, stocks, currencies, and water. Services are also traded: tourism, banking, consulting, and transportation
Advanced technology (including transportation), globalisation, industrialisation, outsourcing and multinational corporations have major impact on the international trade system.
Industrialisation is the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial society, involving the extensive re-organisation of an economy for the purpose of manufacturing.
Outsourcing is an agreement in which one company hires another company to be responsible for a planned or existing activity that is or could be done internally, and sometimes involves transferring employees and assets from one firm to another.
A multinational corporation (MNC) or worldwide enterprise is a corporate organization that owns or controls production of goods or services in at least one country other than its home country. Black's Law Dictionary suggests that a company or group should be considered a multinational corporation if it derives 25% or more of its revenue from out-of-home-country operations. A multinational corporation can also be referred to as a multinational enterprise (MNE), a transnational enterprise (TNE), a transnational corporation (TNC), an international corporation, or a stateless corporation. There are subtle but real differences between these three labels, as well as multinational corporation and worldwide enterprise.
Increasing international trade is crucial to the continuance of globalisation. Nations would be limited to the goods and services produced within their own borders without international trade.
International trade is, in principle, not different from domestic trade as the motivation and the behavior of parties involved in a trade do not change fundamentally regardless of whether trade is across a border or not.
However, in practical terms, carrying out trade at an international level is typically a more complex process than domestic trade. The main difference is that international trade is typically more costly than domestic trade. This is due to the fact that a border typically imposes additional costs such as tariffs, time costs due to border delays, and costs associated with country differences such as language, the legal system, or culture (non-tariff barriers).
Another difference between domestic and international trade is that factors of production such as capital and labor are often more mobile within a country than across countries. Thus, international trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services, and only to a lesser extent to trade in capital, labour, or other factors of production. Trade in goods and services can serve as a substitute for trade in factors of production. Instead of importing a factor of production, a country can import goods that make intensive use of that factor of production and thus embody it. An example of this is the import of labor-intensive goods by the United States from China. Instead of importing Chinese labor, the United States imports goods that were produced with Chinese labor. One report in 2010 suggested that international trade was increased when a country hosted a network of immigrants, but the trade effect was weakened when the immigrants became assimilated into their new country.
The history of international trade chronicles notable events that have affected trading among various economies.
There are several models which seek to explain the factors behind international trade, the welfare consequences of trade and the pattern of trade.
The following table is a list of the 21 largest trading nations according to the World Trade Organization. [ not in citation given ]
|Rank||Country||International trade of|
goods (billions of USD)
|International trade of|
services (billions of USD)
|Total international trade|
of goods and services
(billions of USD)
|Rank||Commodity||Value in US$('000)||Date of |
|1||Mineral fuels, oils, distillation products, etc.||$2,183,079,941||2015|
|2||Electrical, electronic equipment||$1,833,534,414||2015|
|3||Machinery, nuclear reactors, boilers, etc.||$1,763,371,813||2015|
|4||Vehicles other than railway||$1,076,830,856||2015|
|5||Plastics and articles thereof||$470,226,676||2015|
|6||Optical, photo, technical, medical, etc. apparatus||$465,101,524||2015|
|8||Iron and steel||$379,113,147||2015|
|10||Pearls, precious stones, metals, coins, etc.||$348,155,369||2015|
Source: International Trade Centre
President George W. Bush observed World Trade Week on May 18, 2001, and May 17, 2002.On May 13, 2016, President Barack Obama proclaimed May 15 through May 21, 2016, World Trade Week, 2016. On May 19, 2017, President Donald Trump proclaimed May 21 through May 27, 2017, World Trade Week, 2017. World Trade Week is the third week of May. Every year the President declares that week to be World Trade Week.
Mundra, Kusum, Immigrant Networks and U.S. Bilateral Trade: The Role of Immigrant Income. IZA Discussion Paper No. 5237. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1693334 ... this paper finds that the immigrant network effect on trade flows is weakened by the increasing level of immigrant assimilation.
A single market is a type of trade bloc in which most trade barriers have been removed with some common policies on product regulation, and freedom of movement of the factors of production and of enterprise and services. The goal is that the movement of capital, labour, goods, and services between the members is as easy as within them. The physical (borders), technical (standards) and fiscal (taxes) barriers among the member states are removed to the maximum extent possible. These barriers obstruct the freedom of movement of the four factors of production.
A tariff is a tax on imports or exports between sovereign states. It is a form of regulation of foreign trade and a policy that taxes foreign products to encourage or safeguard domestic industry. Traditionally, states have used them as a source of income. Now, they are among the most widely used instruments of protection, along with import and export quotas.
Free trade is a trade policy that does not restrict imports or exports; it can also be understood as the free market idea applied to international trade. In government, free trade is predominantly advocated by political parties that hold liberal economic positions while economically left-wing and nationalist political parties generally support protectionism, the opposite of free trade.
Import substitution industrialization (ISI) is a trade and economic policy which advocates replacing foreign imports with domestic production. ISI is based on the premise that a country should attempt to reduce its foreign dependency through the local production of industrialized products. The term primarily refers to 20th-century development economics policies, although it has been advocated since the 18th century by economists such as Friedrich List and Alexander Hamilton.
Protectionism is the economic policy of restricting imports from other countries through methods such as tariffs on imported goods, import quotas, and a variety of other government regulations. Proponents claim that protectionist policies shield the producers, businesses, and workers of the import-competing sector in the country from foreign competitors. However, they also reduce trade and adversely affect consumers in general, and harm the producers and workers in export sectors, both in the country implementing protectionist policies, and in the countries protected against.
Trade barriers are government-induced restrictions on international trade.
Non-tariff barriers to trade (NTBs) or sometimes called "Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs)" are trade barriers that restrict imports or exports of goods or services through mechanisms other than the simple imposition of tariffs.
The Australia – United States Free Trade Agreement (AUSFTA) is a preferential trade agreement between Australia and the United States modelled on the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The AUSFTA was signed on 18 May 2004 and came into effect on 1 January 2005.
The Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System, also known as the Harmonized System (HS) of tariff nomenclature is an internationally standardized system of names and numbers to classify traded products. It came into effect in 1988 and has since been developed and maintained by the World Customs Organization (WCO), an independent intergovernmental organization based in Brussels, Belgium, with over 200 member countries.
International economics is concerned with the effects upon economic activity from international differences in productive resources and consumer preferences and the international institutions that affect them. It seeks to explain the patterns and consequences of transactions and interactions between the inhabitants of different countries, including trade, investment and transaction.
Trade facilitation looks at how procedures and controls governing the movement of goods across national borders can be improved to reduce associated cost burdens and maximise efficiency while safeguarding legitimate regulatory objectives. Business costs may be a direct function of collecting information and submitting declarations or an indirect consequence of border checks in the form of delays and associated time penalties, forgone business opportunities and reduced competitiveness
Success in export markets for developed and developing country firms is increasingly affected by the ability of countries to support an environment which promotes efficient and low cost trade services and logistics. Policies related to trade facilitation and economic development reflect the idea that trade can be a powerful engine for accelerating economic growth, job creation, and poverty reduction.
In economics, gains from trade are the net benefits to economic agents from being allowed an increase in voluntary trading with each other. In technical terms, they are the increase of consumer surplus plus producer surplus from lower tariffs or otherwise liberalizing trade.
An Eco-tariff, also known as an environmental tariff, is a trade barrier erected for the purpose of reducing pollution and improving the environment. These trade barriers may take the form of import or export taxes on products that have a large carbon footprint or are imported from countries with lax environmental regulations.
Foreign trade of the United States comprises the international imports and exports of the United States, one of the world's most significant economic markets. The country is among the top three global importers and exporters.
This article covers topics relating to the foreign trade of Pakistan. For a more general overview, see economy of Pakistan.
Comext is a statistical database on trade of goods managed by Eurostat, the Statistical Office of the European Commission. It is an important indicator of the performance of the European Union (EU) economy, because it focuses on the size and the evolution of imports and exports.
Import parity price or IPP is defined as, “The price that a purchaser pays or can expect to pay for imported goods; thus the c.i.f. import price plus tariff plus transport cost to the purchaser's location. This and the export parity price together define a range of the possible equilibrium prices for equivalent domestically produced goods”.
Data on the value of exports and imports and their quantities often broken down by detailed lists of products are available in statistical collections on international trade published by the statistical services of intergovernmental and supranational organisations and national statistical institutes. The definitions and methodological concepts applied for the various statistical collections on international trade often differ in terms of definition (e.g. special trade vs. general trade) and coverage (reporting thresholds, inclusion of trade in services, estimates for smuggled goods and cross-border provision of illegal services). Metadata providing information on definitions and methods are often published along with the data. | <urn:uuid:0ac0584d-7a88-4fdb-b00f-3b2b956d18da> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://wikimili.com/en/International_trade | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999783.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20190625011649-20190625033649-00160.warc.gz | en | 0.937331 | 3,645 | 3.453125 | 3 |
The study of past and present artistic production–its practitioners, methods, materials, patronage, purposes, and meanings within the culture that gave rise to it–constitutes the discipline of art history. Because art history is deeply enmeshed in the liberal arts, students are prepared to be critical observers and independent thinkers, creative and scholarly writers and speakers, acutely sensitive to aesthetic principles and to diverse cultural viewpoints, and gifted with a lifelong curiosity about the world in which we live.
Hiram College’s art history program is very diverse in its offerings. Students can study the art of ancient times in Asia and the Euro-American west, as well as of their own time and place, and all of the centuries in-between. Students have the enormous advantage of investigating some of the greatest museum holdings in North America very close at home–at the Cleveland Museum of Art, the Cleveland Museum of Contemporary Art, Spaces, the Akron Art Museum, and the Butler Institute of American Art in Youngstown, Ohio. Within an hour drive one may engage with one of the sterling Asian and Western Baroque art collections in America, a hidden gem filled with past American art, and the works of leading artists of our time, among many other first-rate works. And only a short distance further are rich collections in Pittsburgh, Toledo, Detroit, Buffalo and Columbus Museums as well.
Scholarships of up to $1,000 are available to incoming students to study art at Hiram College. Please contact Admission for more information at 330.569.5169 or email [email protected].
The 1,200 square foot gallery is designed for the display of two and three dimensional artwork, as well as installations and digital video and sound exhibitions, and features professional lighting, security, and archives.
The array of ensembles and solo performers, along with the number and variety of concerts and recitals, is a measure of the importance of music to the college, the kinds of students it enrolls, the commitment to their music and the enthusiasm they have for sharing it with the entire community.
In addition to learning technique, skill and craft, Hiram art students learn to be "thinking artists" equipped with visual problem-solving, critical thinking, and visual and verbal communication skills. Students often combine their studies in art with interests in music, writing, communications, education, biology, psychology, environmental science and many other fields.
Theatre arts majors develop knowledge in theatrical performance, technical theatre and design, and theatre history and dramatic literature. By graduation, all students complete at least one component of a production — makeup, props, stage management, etc. Through classroom study, hands-on production experience, and attending professional theatre productions, students will cultivate their passion while developing expertise in the field.
At Hiram College, the study and practice of a craft is paired with an interdisciplinary liberal arts education, providing arts students a variety of career and graduate school options. The photography minor complements many major areas of study and gives students a creative outlet for their passions. | <urn:uuid:3aada8de-042c-49c4-a9e5-9d41a51f71f2> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.hiram.edu/academics/majors-minors/art-history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189031.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00011-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947537 | 626 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The Forward Technology Solar Cell Experiment (FTSCE) is a space solar cell experiment built as part of the Fifth Materials on the International Space Station Experiment (MISSE-5): Data Acquisition and Control Hardware and Software. It represents a collaborative effort between the NASA Glenn Research Center, the Naval Research Laboratory, and the U.S. Naval Academy. The purpose of this experiment is to place current and future solar cell technologies on orbit where they will be characterized and validated. This is in response to recent on-orbit and ground test results that raised concerns about the in-space survivability of new solar cell technologies and about current ground test methodology. The various components of the FTSCE are assembled into a passive experiment container--a 2- by 2- by 4-in. folding metal container that will be attached by an astronaut to the outer structure of the International Space Station. Data collected by the FTSCE will be relayed to the ground through a transmitter assembled by the U.S. Naval Academy. Data-acquisition electronics and software were designed to be tolerant of the thermal and radiation effects expected on orbit. The experiment has been verified and readied for flight on STS-114.
FTSCE experiment deck to be placed into the MISSE-5 passive experiment container. Glenn's GaAs/SiGe/Si and CuIn(Ga)Se2 experiments (labeled 1 and 2, respectively) are shown.
The FTSCE consists of an experiment deck (as shown in the preceding photograph) that contains the various solar cells under test, along with a primary solar panel for experiment power, Sun-position sensors, and temperature sensors.
The data-acquisition electronics designed and built by the Glenn team are shown in the following photograph. The electronics consist of one main microprocessor board and nine data-acquisition boards. The main microprocessor board serves as the command interpreter and controls the data-acquisition boards. The core of this assembly is a radiation-tolerant 80C32E microcontroller, random access memory (RAM), and electrically erasable programmable read-only memory. The main microprocessor board includes flash memory so that data are not only transmitted to the ground, but also archived on orbit.
Data-acquisition electronics designed, manufactured, programmed and tested by engineers and technicians at Glenn. The electronics are mounted on the electronics deck. A single main microprocessor board (labeled 0) controls nine daughter boards (labeled 1 to 9) that measure the current-versus-voltage curve, temperature, and Sun angle.
Each data-acquisition board can measure a 32-point current-versus-voltage (IV) curve on four individual solar cells, making two temperature measurements and taking data from one Sun-angle sensor. Multipoint IV curves are created by using a power metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) as a variable resistor. In practice, most solar cell experiments employ a bank of switched load resistors or a programmable, bipolar current source for making the IV measurements. The MOSFET configuration provides a substantial improvement over previous IV measurement technology because it is much lighter and smaller than the aforementioned load resistors and it is safer for the cells than a current source.
Walters, Robert J., et al.: Materials on the International Space Station--Forward Technology Solar Cell Experiment. Mater. Sci. Eng. B, vol. 116, 2005, pp. 257-263.
Find out more about this research
Glennís Optical Instrumentation Technology Branch
Glennís Photovoltaics and Power Technology Branch
Glenn contacts: Michael J. Krasowski, 216-433-3729, [email protected]; Lawrence C. Greer, 216-433-8770, [email protected]; and David M. Wilt, 216-433-6293, [email protected]
Ohio Aerospace Institute (OAI) contacts: Phillip P. Jenkins, 216-433-2233, [email protected]; and Joseph M. Flatico, 216-433-5053, [email protected]
Authors: Michael J. Krasowski, Phillip P. Jenkins, Lawrence C. Greer, and Joseph M. Flatico
Headquarters program office: OAT
Last updated: July 18, 2005 3:53 PM
For additional information, please contact Cynthia L. Dreibelbis at 216-433-2912 or [email protected].
Responsible NASA Official: Kim Dalgleish-Miller, [email protected] | <urn:uuid:8241042f-123d-497d-8d3e-0a74937c018a> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/RT/2004/RI/RIO-krasowski.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164946521/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134906-00066-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.84316 | 1,004 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Heavy Equipment - Introduction & Safety
The purpose of this program is to introduce you to key pieces of heavy equipment most often used on mine sites and large construction projects. These work sites are busy places and may expose workers to a variety of hazards and dangers. Trainees need to have a clear understanding of how these machines work and interact, and be aware of common safety hazards when working around them.
Heavy Equipment - Introduction & Safety is part of VISTA's growing family of Silver Series online training programs, 1-2 hours in length and delivered via the web. They are ideal for new operator training.
The content of this training program is focused on three main areas:
- Heavy equipment types and primary uses
- Work place safety, and
- Start up and shut down.
Upon completion of this program, trainees will be better prepared to work safely and productively on and around heavy equipment in a mine or on a construction site.
Lesson 1 - Heavy equipment types and primary uses: This lesson introduces seven types of earthmoving machines and explains how each plays a part in moving material in the mine or on the job site. These equipment types are:
- Crawler dozers
- Hydraulic excavators
- Motor graders
- Wheel loaders
- Rear dump rigid frame haul trucks
- Articulated frame haul trucks
- Hydraulic face shovels
Lesson 2 - Work site safety: In this lesson, trainees learn about a variety of work site safety principles, including:
- Due diligence
- Engineered controls
- Administrative controls
- Personal protective equipment (PPE)
- Working at night
- Approaching equipment on foot
- Safely traveling in reverse (dozers and loaders)
- Close calls and near misses
- The safety triangle
- Tagging out equipment
Lesson 3 - Start up and shut down: This lesson explains how heavy machinery responds to being started in cold weather and how to transition it to operating temperature with the least amount of machine stress. It also outlines important steps that must be followed when shutting down a machine. Trainees who understand these procedures can help to reduce maintenance costs and extend machine life.
A growing percentage of new hires in the construction and mining industries have no previous experience with heavy equipment. Why invest your valuable time explaining to new hires what each major equipment type is and what it does? Let us do that for you so you can focus on higher-value-added activities.
Trainers: Before you begin classroom or field training, why not provide your trainees with a solid foundation of knowledge about the equipment and how to operate it safety? This web-based training course can be delivered any time, anywhere you have access to a high-speed internet connection.
Estimated length of training program: 1 hour 20 minutes + final test
Number of test questions: 26
Printable Certificate of Completion: Yes, with person's name, date and test score
Incorrect Question Feedback report: Yes
Immediate online delivery for one person - viewable for up to 60 days
This program is available for individual purchase OR as part of a library. (View Library Pricing)
If you have any questions about this Silver Series training program, please contact us at 800-942-2886 or 262-514-2886 or via e-mail at [email protected].
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NEW LIBRARY PRICING
for Silver Series modules
An annual or monthly license fee provides unlimited access to all programs in a selected library - for all your employees
- Heavy Equipment
- Heavy Equipment - Mining
- Support Equipment
- Lifting & Rigging
- Pipelayer Installation
- VISTA Video Training Library
Silver Series Benefits
- Conduct operator training - 24/7
- Convenient delivery via web browser
- Pay by credit card or PayPal and access the program immediately
- Programs average 1-2 hours in length
- "Check your knowledge" questions for improved knowledge retention
- Integrated test to verify learning
- A printable, customized certificate of completion for your records | <urn:uuid:1840003e-9a76-43c9-8928-0aa20e34a02b> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://vista-training.com/training/silver-series/intro-and-safety | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710237.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20221127105736-20221127135736-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.901839 | 938 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Breaking all the myths and delusions, this new age qualifies for teaching and making your child learn from an early stage. Now you might be in a dilemma about how it is possible? Books are best friends of every human. They are considered to take you into an imaginative world leaving you amazed, satisfied and happy. For a child’s development from an early stage and in order to take their mind and soul to places unseen and unheard about, books have all the power stored in them.
Are you confused about what to and how to choose? Looking for impactful books to choose from the bookshelf?
Here’s your complete guide of books for infants to 3-year-old to choose from!
Firstly, it is very difficult for grabbing a child’s attention to books. So, it is suggested to buy books with colorful pictures and drawings. An infant is unable to understand what you will be showing or teaching but getting your child habituated to books and engaging them in such activities makes them grow curious about everything they see when they grow up. Also, you can buy books that play soft music tunes when we open them, which will enhance your child interest in books and music as well. Your child might not remember anything from these books but surely, he will enjoy and create a happy bond with you.
Best Books Goodnight Moon; 8 Little Planets; Leo Loves Baby Time; The Very Hungry Caterpillar; No No Yes Yes; Baby’s Very First Touchy-Feely Musical Playbook; Bedtime Songs 11 Button Song Book (Early Bird Song).
2.Grab These Books For A Year Old Or Two Years Child
Reread their favorite parts or pictures as also you don’t have any other choice. Pause to let them finish the sentence or try saying the wrong word on purpose and see if your child corrects you. Have a talk with them about the pictures on each page and describe what is happening in the part of the story. One and two-year children have the ability to learn and accept everything taught to them. It is said that they intimate everything we elders do. Inculcate the habit of reading as much as you can. It helps develop a positive lifestyle and nurture their minds and soul.
Apart from ABC and 123 which they will also learn in school dig for these Best Books for them and where to buy them from: Guess How much I Love You; Press Here; Make a wish; Midas; My Big Animal Book; Wheels on the Bus; Duck and Goose 1,2,3; Use your words, Sophie; Adventures with Barefoot Critters.
3.Choose From These Books For Your Three-Year-Old
Now as the child grows and develops a basic sense of mostly everything with increased vocabulary, he/she now gets curious and ask questions about everything he/she sees. Though not a proper reader, they try to read out every word possible, so guide them and make them learn words and numbers as much as possible. Kids have a mind that can be molded and changed our way. Make them learn about the world, enthuse them with moral values, teach them gestures and train them practically. Let them get creative and invent their own stories and things.
Best Books for them: All by myself; Olivia; Dragons Love Tacos; Cars and Trucks and Things that Go; Blue Hat, Green Hat; The Monster at the End of this Book; The Incredible Book Eating Boy.
As you seek books for your toddlers and kids, we recommend letting them lead at every stage! | <urn:uuid:51b147e0-1d5a-493f-bc1a-e7e2a2a7bc71> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.lovingparents.in/kids/kids-1-3-years/books-for-new-born-to-3-years-old-to-choose-from/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475727.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302020802-20240302050802-00056.warc.gz | en | 0.955869 | 733 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Photo Caption: Alien Registration Document
The Japanese American History Collection at the Center for Oral and Public History began with individuals residing in Orange County, California, who, for the most part, were of Japanese ancestry and had been interned during the war in the Poston War Relocation Center in southwestern Arizona. More importantly, it indicates that within the next two years project members generated seventy-three new interviews, and that these taped recollections encompassed the evacuation experiences of Japanese Americans and non-Japanese Americans from all over California, though particularly from the Los Angeles area, prewar residential, commercial, and cultural center of the mainland Japanese American community.
In addition to addressing the situations prevalent for evacuees at the nine other War Relocation Authority (WRA) centers apart from Poston, especially the Manzanar center in eastern California that housed primarily evacuees from Los Angeles County, these interviews embraced the reminiscences of 1) Japanese Americans who had been detained temporarily in many of the fifteen assembly centers managed by the Wartime Civil Control Administration (WCCA); resident Japanese aliens deemed "potentially dangerous" who were interned in one or more of the several centers administered by the United States Department of Justice; 3) children and grandchildren of the evacuees capitalizing upon the symbolic meaning of the Evacuation as activists in contemporary movements of ethnic consciousness-cum-cultural politics; 4) Caucasians who had been employed by the WRA as camp administrators; and 5) non-Japanese residents of the small communities in the regions close to the sites of the former California camps of Manzanar and Tule Lake. The latter was located near the Oregon border and was converted during the war from a regular relocation center to a segregation center for Japanese Americans deemed "disloyal."
Since its inception, the project has grown to more than 250 discrete oral histories. COPH's Japanese American collections have been some of the most frequently used materials by local and international scholars. It's one of the leading resources for educators, students, researchers, and the general public to learn about the local and regional Japanese American experience.
Additional information on the oral histories and the collections can be found here.
Correspondence, publications, photographs and other materials relating to camps during World War II. Includes typed letter by Hideo Hashimoto to his friends on life in a relocation center after 3 months (undated), articles on Assembly Centers, three Dorothea Lange prints (May 1942), and articles on Gila (Rivers AZ) including "A year at Gila Anniversary Booklet" (July 20, 1943), which has illustrations and maps. There is also a collection of articles on Tule Lake, Poston and Gila, including personal accounts, "The Truth about Jap Camps," by Maxine Davis, an original letter written by General Jacob L. Devers commending his Japanese American soldiers (April 30, 1945), copies of articles on the Japanese American military experience, a document from the a committee at the Heart Mountain Relocation Center (Wyoming), "Judicial Commission Case 181," and transcripts from Tom Yamada's court case (charged with assault and battery, transcript Sept. 16, 1944), a family photo album that documents a family in Hiroshima, Japan and has many photographs of Manzanar from 1942-1944. | <urn:uuid:404c5a4d-f8de-47d1-b2e1-246dd379e2c6> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://csujad.com/csufcollection.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155814.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20180919004724-20180919024724-00327.warc.gz | en | 0.950167 | 679 | 3 | 3 |
Today is Black Solidarity Day!
For those that do not know, BSD is an African American holiday day celebrated annually on the first Monday of November in the United States beginning in 1969.
It was founded in Brooklyn by Dr. Carlos E Russell who was so inspired by the popular and controversial play ‘Day Of Absence’ by Douglas Turner Ward which explores the extreme social, political, and economic consequences that would ensue if all Black people were to disappear for one day that a call for Black people to observe what a new holiday called ‘Black Solidarity Day’ was established.
Community groups, families and Black Student Unions around the country often recognize this important observance by participating in some of the following activities.
- Attend educational/cultural events addressing Black power and liberation
- Boycott white businesses and industry
- Chanting and beating drums in burial grounds
- Not using public transportation
- Only buying products and services from black owned community businesses
- Refrain from attending school or going to work
- Singing of the black national anthem “Lift Every Voice And Sing”
- Wearing all black clothing and displaying of black and silver ribbons
Russell and others felt these activities would demonstrate our collective strength and value to ourselves and the modern-day robber barons of the United States (corporations).
As Black Solidarity Day is now 47 years old, more radical demands are now being made this year to truly overturn this system of discrimination, mass incarceration and state authorized murder against against black people in this country for far too long.
- Withdrawal of funds and closing of checking and savings accounts with corporate banks and reinvest with only community banks and credit unions
- Strategically voting against candidates such as Trump and Clinton that support more oppression and wars against people of color by voting for more radical political party candidates that are on the ballot for the Green Party, Party For Socialism and Liberation, Socialist Party USA, Socialist Worker Party, Workers World Party to name a few
Black Power and Black Solidarity to all the fearless individuals that will be participating in the traditional and non-traditional actions highlighted above! | <urn:uuid:14e85682-868a-4fd1-93a8-08222eaa6a52> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.votejameslane.org/blogpost_20161107 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257646914.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319120712-20180319140712-00140.warc.gz | en | 0.949024 | 437 | 2.984375 | 3 |
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