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A career goals essay is a paper where you need to explain what you are going to do in the future students feel difficult to create this work, that's why we have. One of the most beneficial aspect of planning is in creating goals to accomplish when you sit down and write out what you want to accomplish. When writing an essay about your school and career goals, you reach these objectives and what you have already done to accomplish them. At collegevine, our goal is to make the college application process a little less stressful, so we've compiled the latest essay prompts for the top 100 schools in.
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Clearly, we've achieved some tremendous goals in life across the planet, we've accomplished what was once thought to live only in the realm. Goals are the most important thing in a person's life, without them your life would just be plain and boring not excitement at all without making goals in your life. Check out these steps to help you write the best scholarship essay you possibly can describe something you accomplished with the skill you are presenting. In order to succeed i believe setting goals is very important i have set many goals for myself, some of them i have accomplished but many of them i am still. Goals essay outline i introduction a opening sentences (2-3 sentences) – write interesting things about yourself that will engage the reader.
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My goals essay - great custom writing to write your essays search to achieve higher and quantity do you will accomplish that helped one student career. Myidp helps structure the process of setting and pursuing short-term goals as you move toward the fulfillment of your career aspirations. College application essay prompts are written with this goal in mind discuss an accomplishment, event, or realization that sparked a period.
Employers who understand the competitive nature of the scholarship will recognize it as an accomplishment generally, a merit-based. What is your most valued accomplishment our team in pursuing our goal to produce a high quality presentation. Welcome to the first post in our series of 10 sat essay theme guides is real success achieved only by people who accomplish goals and. [APSNIP--] | <urn:uuid:e7304e56-0742-41e5-8edb-92dfc218b130> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://jqtermpaperqppm.jayfindlingjfinnindustries.us/accomplishing-goal-essay.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583514497.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20181022025852-20181022051352-00211.warc.gz | en | 0.963649 | 805 | 2.625 | 3 |
Images of Typhoon No.5 (Rammasun) in 2002 were obtained by the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS (AMSR-E) developed by JAXA. AMSR-E is the instrument onboard NASA's Aqua spacecraft launched in May 2002. The images in the middle are from the four consecutive observations during July 2-4, 2002 Japan Standard Time (JST) with an interval of approximately 12 hours. The top image is a close-up view of the observation in July 4, 2:26 a.m. JST. All the top and middle images are color composites using brightness temperatures of 89.0-GHz (both vertical and horizontal polarization) and 23.8-GHz (vertical polarization) channels. Over the oceans, possible strong precipitation areas are highlighted by bright yellow; colors varying from aqua to dark blue correspond to increases of water vapor and clouds. AMSR-E observes Japan area twice a day (early-afternoon and midnight), and so provides sequential observations like in the middle figures. It can be seen that the typhoon moved toward the north with the precipitation areas getting organized in time. As of July 2, the typhoon was located out of the observation areas of Japanese ground rain radars. In the circumstances like this, satellite observations provide very important information.
Corresponding cloud images in the bottom are from the infrared observations by the Japanese geostationary meteorological satellite "Himawari" (GMS-5). By comparing the images of microwave and infrared observations, it is clear that the microwave measurement by AMSR-E can provide frequent observations of precipitation areas and land surfaces through clouds, while the infrared measurement by GMS-5 is not able to observe underlying features due to the extended clouds around the typhoon. | <urn:uuid:53142d3e-1942-41f8-9dc1-4cf3c3a68b94> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://sharaku.eorc.jaxa.jp/AMSR/topics/2002/07.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824757.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00109-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937559 | 369 | 3.15625 | 3 |
WASHINGTON -- The White House on Monday released a plan to remove some of the obstacles that prevent middle-class Americans from getting energy audits and making their homes more energy-efficient.
America's nearly 130 million homes together generate about 20 percent of the nation's emissions of carbon dioxide, the principal heat-trapping gas, says a report by the White House Council on Environmental Quality and Vice President Joe Biden's Middle Class Task Force.
Biden said the plan would add jobs that couldn't be outsourced and make it easier for families to save money and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
The White House estimates that weatherization could lower greenhouse gas emissions by as much as 160 million metric tons annually by 2020, but one of the biggest hurdles to greater energy efficiency is cost.
Although energy efficiency retrofits save money on energy bills, they can cost as much as hundreds or thousands of dollars, depending on how much work needs to be done. The new recommendations, which use existing federal funding, include some ways to finance projects so homeowners will be more likely to undertake them.
Installing more insulation and more energy efficient doors, windows, lighting, water heaters, air conditioning and appliances can reduce energy use in a house by as much as 40 percent, meaning considerable monthly savings on utility bills.
The new program is intended to expand a national energy retrofit market beyond the $5 billion weatherization program for low-income households in this years economic stimulus package. A family of four that earns less than $44,100 a year, or $55,140 in Alaska and $50,720 in Hawaii can qualify for the low-income program.
The report suggests three ways to make financing for efficiency improvements more attractive:
- Add the cost of retrofits to a homeowner's property tax bill. If a house were sold, the buyer would continue to pay for the improvements through the tax bill. The costs would be spread out over enough time so that the monthly payments generally would be lower than the savings on utility bills.
- Make energy efficiency expenses part of the mortgage when a house is bought or refinanced. That program is already available, but the report said there have been significant barriers to widespread use. It suggests ways to overcome those barriers, such as making it easier to rate a house's energy performance.
- Expand state revolving loan funds, which help consumers borrow money for weatherization at lower interest rates. These funds are available now in 16 states, and the report recommends expanding them to the other 34.
The report also recommends improving information about weatherization.
For example, the federal government will develop an energy performance label for houses with efficiency upgrades that's similar to the Energy Star label for new houses, which makes it possible to estimate monthly energy costs.
The plan also calls for national certification and training standards for workers who make the efficiency improvements.
Part of Mondays announcement will be a new $454 million program from the Department of Energy that will look for ways to retrofit residential and commercial buildings in entire neighborhoods or communities, taking advantage of economies of scale that would lower individual costs.
The federal funds would go to create eight to 20 pilot programs that would organize the group offers and provide ways to finance the improvements. The DOE hasn't announced where the programs will be. Energy Secretary Steven Chu said earlier this month at a briefing for representatives of clean energy businesses that if it's successful, the department hopes to expand it.
In May, Biden's Middle Class Task Force asked the White House Council on Environmental Quality to propose a plan to expand residential energy retrofits. The CEQ worked with the Department of Energy and other government agencies on the recommendations.
"This report builds on the foundation laid in the Recovery Act to expand green job and business opportunities for the middle class while ensuring that the energy efficiency market will thrive for years to come," said Nancy Sutley, the Chair of the CEQ.
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Precision Public Health and Precision Medicine: Two Peas in a PodPosted on by
The 2015 US Precision Medicine Initiative promises a new era of biomedical research and its application in health care. The initiative is enabled by rapid advances in biomedical sciences, including genomics and bioinformatics, as well as the progress in communication, information technologies and data science. Targeted cancer therapies are a near term goal for this initiative.
These same technologies are ushering in a parallel era of “precision public health” that goes beyond individualized treatment of sick individuals. The word “precision” in the context of public health can be simply described as improving the ability to prevent disease, promote health and reduce health disparities in populations by: 1) applying emerging methods and technologies for measuring disease, pathogens, exposures, behaviors, and susceptibility in populations; and 2) developing policies and targeted public health programs to improve health. We are currently seeing the initial drive towards precision public health but much more work lies ahead, especially in collaboration with health care. The following are emergent areas and some examples.
Improving Early Detection of Pathogens and Infectious Disease Outbreaks
One priority for precision public health is the use of genomics in the investigation and control of infectious diseases. The increasing availability and affordability of genomic technologies is rapidly changing the practice of microbiology. These technologies deliver more precise information on infectious agents while reducing reliance on time-consuming and costly traditional diagnostic methods. Enhanced bioinformatics capacity is revolutionizing the ability to detect, track and respond to infectious disease threats. In 2014, CDC launched the Advanced Molecular Detection infectious disease initiative to improve the ability of public health to detect outbreaks sooner and respond more effectively, saving lives and reducing cost. Examples of early success include tuberculosis and food safety.
Modernizing Public Health Surveillance, Epidemiology and Information Systems
Another priority is the use of information technologies and data science in enhancing the precision and speed of public health surveillance and tracking. Public health surveillance [PDF 876.86 KB] is the systematic, ongoing collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of data to stimulate action. The best recognized use of surveillance is the detection of epidemics and community health problems. This is where big data and data science have the potential to accelerate early detection of outbreaks and other community health issues. For example, the detection of the cholera outbreak in London and its association by John Snow with the Broad Street pump as the source of the outbreak would have been accelerated by modern information systems leading a famous bioinformatician at Harvard University to state. “Today, Snow might have crunched GPS information and disease prevalence data and solved the problem within hours.” In addition, enhanced health information exchange will accelerate the timeliness and completeness of electronic laboratory reporting for notifiable infectious and non-communicable diseases.
Population data are also used to detect changes in health behaviors, monitor changes in environmental exposures, and to evaluate control measures. Surveillance will benefit greatly from the availability of new data sources such as electronic health records and communication methods such as mobile technologies to track health behaviors, environmental hazards and disease outcomes. There has been a doubling every 5 years of the number of mobile devices connected via the Internet, leading to an estimated 50 billion in 2020. The growth of interconnectivity in digital information can be used to monitor health both at the individual and population levels. Population disease registries and surveillance systems maintained by public health departments (such as cancer and birth defects) will benefit from enhanced information exchange with health care and the availability of more accurate data on health outcomes and management.
CDC’s new surveillance strategy for the 21st century [PDF 110.88 KB] will jumpstart the accelerated use of emerging tools and approaches to improve the availability, quality, and timeliness of surveillance data for policy and decision makers. The surveillance strategy will also enhance linking public health data with clinical systems and healthcare professionals. The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH) and the associated Meaningful Use requirements are an unprecedented opportunity for clinicians, healthcare providers, and public health officials to benefit from greater electronic connectivity, public health reporting, surveillance and tracking of health outcomes and effectiveness of laboratory tests and interventions in the “real” world.
We are witnessing a radical transformation of the field of epidemiology, the fundamental science of public health, to include and integrate disparate sources of data and data collection methods. New terms have been coined to describe this transformation like digital epidemiology as well as infodemiology and infoveillance.
Targeting Health Interventions to Improve Health and Prevent Disease
A third area of precision public health will result from specific advances in biomedical and public health sciences to target disease prevention to subsets of the population at high risk. For the use of genomics in healthy populations, this could take years to mature; however, there is an emerging list of genomic applications that merit a population level approach, such as finding undiagnosed patients and their relatives with selected genetic disorders for which interventions can save lives. For example, the use of genome sequencing in healthy populations has already been proposed both to complement newborn screening programs, and to develop novel adult genetic screening for selected conditions. Genomics, however, is only one of many avenues for identifying high risk populations for screening and interventions. CDC’s public health programs already use targeted approaches, for example, by recommending screening for hepatitis C in people born from 1945 through 1965 (baby boomers) and identifying people with prediabetes through the National Diabetes Prevention Program.
There are many challenges for precision public health including developing a strong evidentiary foundation for using new methods and technologies, building a sustainable informatics capacity to enhance connectivity and interoperability of various systems, dealing with various ethical and social issues such as privacy, educating the public health workforce about the use of new technologies, and empowering the public with unbiased and accurate information that can improve health. Finally, only through the collaboration of health care and public health will we achieve optimal population health outcomes. These are the early days of precision public health and it is not just about “genes, drugs and disease.”
- Page last reviewed:August 10, 2018
- Page last updated:August 10, 2018
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Bihar is one of the most ancient states of the country. The state is located in the eastern part of country. This is the 13th largest state of the country and also the 3rd larges state as far as population is concerned. The other Indian States that touch its boundaries are UP in the west, West Bengal in the east, and Jharkhand in the South.
Bihar is rich in culture, tradition and history. This is the land of Lord Buddha. In the past it was the hub of education for the students of all over the world. Students who are preparing for the jobs and admissions under various Commissions and Institutions in Bihar, must know about it. We are providing you with some most expected General Knowledge Questions regarding Bihar which can be expected in the upcoming exams.
Bihar GK and Current Affairs –
Q. 1 When did Bihar come into being ?
Ans – On 1st April 1936
Q. 2. What is the Capital ?
Ans – Patna
Q. 3. Largest City of Bihar is –
Ans – Patna
Q. 4. How many districts are there in Bihar ?
Ans – 38
Q. 5. Who is the Governor of the state ?
Ans – Ram Nath Kovind
Q. 6. Who is the Chief Minister ?
Ans – Nitish Kumar ( Mahagathbandhan including JDU, RJD and Congress )
Q. 7. What type of legislature is there in Bihar ?
Ans – Bicameral
Q. 8. How many members are there in Bihar Legislative Council ?
Ans – 75
Q. 9. No of Members of Bihar Legislative Assembly ?
Ans – 243
Q. 10. How many members does Bihar send to the Lok Sabha ?
Ans – 40
Bihar General Knowledge Update
Q. 11. What is the total area of Bihar ?
Ans – 94,163 Sq Km
Q. 12. What is the population of Bihar ?
Ans – 103,804,637 as per 2011 census.
Q. 13. What is the state animal of Bihar ?
Ans – Ox
Q. 14. State Bird –
Ans – Sparrow
Q. 15. What is the National Flower of Bihar ?
Ans – Marigold
Q. 16. What is the State Tree ?
Ans – Peepal
Q. 17. What is the literacy in Bihar ?
Ans – 63.4% ( Total ) , For Men – 73.4% for Women – 53.3%
Q. 18. What is the position of Bihar in the country as far as literacy is concerned ?
Ans – 29th
Q. 19. What is the first Official Language of Bihar ?
Ans – Hindi
Q. 20. Additional Official Language is –
Ans – Urdu
We shall keep updating this post with more Bihar GK questions. So keep visiting us. | <urn:uuid:2b3be1c2-a959-48cd-b2cb-cdd54b1ff757> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.examweb.in/bihar-gk-general-knowledge-current-affairs-2694 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988717783.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183837-00549-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945911 | 624 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Maputo/Luanda — MAPUTO, Mozambique/LUANDA, Angola - It can be challenging enough when a girl gets her first period - she may not even know what is happening to her body. Now put her in a situation in which she's been displaced or vulnerable because of a natural disaster, conflict or pandemic and has no access to supplies or proper sanitation.
In the wake of back-to-back disasters - Cyclones Idai and Kenneth in 2019 and COVID-19 last year - adolescent girls in Mozambique have faced hampered supply chains and disrupted school-based reproductive health education, and they have seen sanitation resources diverted to fighting the pandemic.
Girls who have been displaced have to go further to find food, water and firewood in unfamiliar places, and many lack shelter, health care and privacy. If they know menstrual hygiene products exist, limited availability and cost keep them out of reach, and girls resort to cloths that are uncomfortable, irritate skin and take a long time to dry after washing.
In Sofala Province, thousands of girls remain in resettlement areas more than two years after the cyclones. But as part of this transition, UNFPA is supporting the government and partners to ensure their menstrual needs are considered a key part of the recovery.
Normalizing the natural
Working with BeGirl, under the leadership of the Government of Mozambique and with funding support from the Government of Norway, and technical support from the Association for the Promotion and Development of Women and Plan International, UNFPA piloted a project that provided reusable menstrual underwear with washable absorbent inserts to dozens of girls, and reached both boys and girls with information about the female reproductive system, menstruation, reproduction and family planning, helping to destigmatize menstruation within the community. The adolescents also received a period-tracking 'clock'.
"I had a friend who missed school because of her period," said one test participant. "If I saw her now, I would not let her miss school. I would tell her that it is normal to have a period and that she does not have to miss school because it is not an illness."
Advancing girls' education and gender equity
Angola has also supported girls in humanitarian response - to the arrival of refugees from the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2017 and internal displacement caused by severe drought in 2019. During the pandemic, vulnerable women and girls faced constraints in accessing affordable menstrual products. In this fragile context, UNFPA also partnered with BeGirl to address menstrual health and hygiene beyond the aftermath of a crisis toward a larger goal of advancing girls' education and gender equity by not letting periods or unintended pregnancies keep them from school.
The initiative, reaching 2,000 boys and girls aged 10 to 16 in four provinces, trained 27 educators to provide menstrual health and sexual reproductive health educational workshops and distributed the same reusable period panties and tools to help participants track and understand cycles.
In Huíla province, women receive an average of only three years of school, according to surveys. Many girls living in rural and remote communities are unaware that menstrual hygiene products even exist. When girls begin menstruating, they often start skipping classes because of pain, lack of supplies, or stigma and shame. Repeat those absences with every cycle, and it's not hard to see why they can fall further behind or drop out completely.
Lack of knowledge about reproduction often contributes to Angola's teenage pregnancy rate that is among the highest in Africa: 163 births for 1,000 among girls 15 to 19. In Huíla, 36 per cent of girls 15 to 19 have already had their first pregnancy. The programme offers an encouraging step forward: results showed that participants learned how the female reproductive system works and how menstruation and family planning are linked. Girls felt confident in participating in activities when they might have held back before, and boys felt more comfortable supporting friends, girlfriends and sisters in making informed health choices and in everyday participation.
In both countries, the programmes dispelled common myths. In Mozambique, for instance, there is the belief that one can't add salt to their food or wash dishes while menstruating; in Angola, many believe one can't bake a cake or that one can get pregnant from sitting next to a boy while having their period.
This year, UNFPA plans on scaling up the programme to include 4,000 adolescents in an additional three drought-affected provinces. Eventually, the goal is to reach 150,000 adolescents and youth by the end of next year. They are also working toward the elimination of taxes that make menstrual products hard to afford and even better, making period products free.
Menstrual health means being able to manage your body and period, not just during a one-time calamity or even on a monthly basis but long-term. As one Angola participant said, "I don't think about having babies yet, but when the time comes, I already have the information." | <urn:uuid:ddb08dc8-9b87-4024-aa49-271eac988cf1> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://allafrica.com/stories/202105280183.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154798.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20210804080449-20210804110449-00712.warc.gz | en | 0.957855 | 1,014 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Biography book report 4th grade
This file contains a two-page, user-friendly template for recording key information while reading a biography biography template is licensed under a creative commons. Use these book report worksheets for the beginner or intermediate levels 4th grade and 5th grade book report worksheets biography book report worksheets. To complete your curiosity, we offer the favorite 4th grade biography report template book as the choice today this is a book that will show you even new to old thing. Online download biography report rubric 4th grade biography report rubric 4th grade give us 5 minutes and we will show you the best book to read today. Irubric g768wc: rubric title 4th grade biography book report built by hzkrfan using irubriccom free rubric builder and.
Fourth grade biography reportpdf to download full version 4th grade book report please select a fiction book as the focus of this book report. Biographies: beyond book reports biography book report graphic organizer grade s prek-12 collection. Biography book report form 4th grade we collect this best photo from internet and choose one of the best for you, you can see biography book report form 4th grade. Book nook 4th grade below you’ll find a sampling of books from each of the 10 genres covered throughout the 4th grade school year each book is biography.
Biography book report 4th grade
Book report forms i abcteach provides over 49,000 worksheets page 1 your students will love this 'book report form: biography (upper elem/middle). Download and read biography book report format 4th grade biography book report format 4th grade challenging the brain to think better and faster can be undergone by. Book reports and research reports biography report: fill-in poster games and puzzles, clip art, bulletin board ideas, and skills sheets for kids in any grade.
Mr fritzsche's fourth & fifth grade book projects written book report this project is good for a biography or a book that nearly everyone. 4th and 5th grade writing 3rd report writing: biographies lesson objective students will research biography report : 1,773. Browse and read biography book report format 4th grade biography book report format 4th grade how can you change your mind to. Biography worksheet elementary macmillan readers 1 this page has been downloaded from wwwmacmillanenglishcom it is.
Explore kris davis's board 4 book report ideas on pinterest 4 book report ideas by krisdavis biography books book sleeve fourth grade third grade 4th. Books cut out for fourth graders the only cartooning book you'll ever need to be the artist you've always wanted to new books for 4th grade the explorers. Focus on biographies in 3rd grade in small groups, the students will read a biography together and biography report individual task cards. Mrs renz's 4th grade class - redmond, this web site was created and designed in the year 2000 by heather renz it is designed, maintained, and hosted by heather.
- 5th grade biographies/autobiographies this book is a biography of the illinois lawyer who served the country as president through the difficulties of the.
- Irubric s2a78a: this rubric will assist in assessing a nonfiction report on a biography the students will read and choose a selected book on a person they are then.
- Find and save ideas about biography project on pinterest hard on their biography projects my 4th grade class worked very grade biography book report.
- A fourth grade biography will be much different from a middle school-level biography or a high school or college follow these steps to write an awesome book report.
‘book report 3 & 4’ is a printable writing worksheet that will help 3rd and 4th graders write comprehensive book reports and master the skill 4th grade math. Help your child write book reports in every grade with a book report outline and tips for your roadmap to a better book report if you read a biography. Book report form: biography the book is a biography of _____, who was born on (birth date would you recommend this book. Biography book report template 4th grade8 biography book report template expense report 1000 ideas about book report templates on pinterest book report fiction. Reading worksheets create a biography book report poster read a book about a famous person kindergarten to 4th grade book review. | <urn:uuid:782f28d6-073c-422c-a8db-1218435a5680> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://khessayayuf.bodyalchemy.info/biography-book-report-4th-grade.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084893629.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20180124090112-20180124110112-00082.warc.gz | en | 0.932122 | 915 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The Department of Archaeology at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human Historical past is pleased to announce it has gained a grant of about 2 million euro from Arcadia to document the archaeological heritage of Mongolia. These cash will aid MAPSS, the Mongolian Archaeological Project: Surveying the Steppes, above five years.
Mongolia possesses an amazing prosperity of archaeology. From monumental burials to Buddhist temples, from enigmatic “deer stone” monuments to Genghis Khan’s famous capital town at Karakorum in the center of the huge open up steppe, there is an astonishing variety of archaeological sites. Spread throughout all 21 of the nation’s provinces or aimags, an place spanning much more than 1.5 million sq. kilometers, they bear witness to countless numbers of many years of human heritage and culture. And in their diversity of configurations, from the forested river valleys of the Altai Mountains to the arid sand dunes of the Gobi, they display the ingenuity our species – our willpower and skill to adapt.
But archaeologists are in a race towards time. Internet sites are disappearing at escalating speed. Numerous of these historic web pages may disappear just before present day science has a possibility to identify their existence. Warming temperatures expose and most likely injury internet sites that have been preserved in permafrost for 1000’s of several years. Similarly, the enlargement of open-pit mining operations and progressively intensive herd-animal grazing or irrigated farming procedures are clearing the area of many archaeological continues to be, specially in river valleys. On the open grasslands and arid deserts, wherever khigirsuurs – elaborate stone burials – characterize the landscape, looting has improved radically in latest several years. The looting tends to be primarily dramatic at the edges of the northern taiga, where by archaeological function has been restricted, resulting in the decline of ancient peoples prior to they can be properly recorded in the record e book. The recovered artifacts feed an worldwide black-market place trade, which is robbing nations of their ancestry.
Over the subsequent five a long time, MAPSS will doc and assess thousands of archaeological sites and web page documents in buy to compile a significant-scale, open entry online database of heritage in web-sites in English, Mongolian and Russian. Making use of remote sensing methods, together with satellite imagery, the group will locate web sites and document their dimension, age, and the stage of hazard faced from looting and other threats. The group will pull with each other current archival knowledge from various resources, including from museum archives and maps. The web-site file data will be assessed, improved and digitized, and in certain destinations ground-truthed.
MAPSS’ publicly available archive will consist of all exploration knowledge generated in the project, such as study information, images, designs, 3D types, databases entries and webpages. Locational details will not be created presented in cases in which it may well facilitate looting or other injury to web sites. The undertaking has been given the blessing of Mongolia’s Tradition Minister, Dr. Chuluun Sampidondov.
Professor Nicole Boivin, the Project PI and Director of the Office of Archaeology expressed her excitement about the new project: “Our Office has extended experienced robust partnerships with Mongolian archaeologists – I am thrilled to have the chance to produce people essential connections by way of this vital venture, and grateful to the Arcadia Fund for their extraordinary generosity. We seem forward to functioning with the Mongolian govt and Mongolian establishments for the lengthy-phrase profit of the country’s remarkable heritage.”
Main Mongolian scholar Dr. Jamransjav Bayarsaikhan is the Archaeology Coordinator for the MAPSS Undertaking, and will be dependent at the MPI Science of Human Historical past for its length. He announced: “I am extremely enthusiastic to start this work, collaborating with colleagues in Mongolia and across the earth. Mongolian Archaeology has so much to tell us about human record. It have to be preserved and created obtainable for long term generations.”
Other MPI Science of Human History researchers assisting to spearhead the undertaking include things like Professor Michael Petraglia, who brings many years of working experience in coordinating arid region satellite imagery and archaeology initiatives, and Dr. Robert Spengler, an archaeobotanist and regional specialist.
Dr Spengler factors out the relevance of this global collaboration, stating “this study initiative will make the amazing history and prehistory of Mongolia accessible to all people, and it will additional scholarly understanding of human adaptation to and occupation of the distant corners of North Asia.”
Arcadia is a charitable fund of Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin. It supports charities and scholarly institutions that preserve cultural heritage and the setting. Arcadia also supports projects that boost open obtain and all of its awards are granted on the ailment that any components created are produced available for totally free online. Because 2002, Arcadia has awarded much more than $770 million to jobs all over the planet.
Disclaimer: AAAS and EurekAlert! are not liable for the precision of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert program. | <urn:uuid:ba7afe56-f02b-4008-b8eb-e243aee33534> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.sarraceniapurpurea.org/mongolian-archaeological-project-receives-2-million-euro-arcadia-grant.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178357984.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20210226205107-20210226235107-00349.warc.gz | en | 0.919747 | 1,093 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Poor Diet Linked to Increase in Childhood Asthma
If you’re an asthma sufferer, you’re well aware that attacks can come suddenly or gradually, last for minutes or days, and cause considerable distress and frustration. You’re also probably familiar with the classic symptoms of asthma: shortness of breath, coughing, tightness and itchiness in the chest and throat, and wheezing.
Asthma is more common in children than adults, although in both the list of potential causes is long and varied. The influence of diet on asthma has not been adequately considered in research - at least until now. In a study performed in Saudi Arabia, 114 children with a reported history of asthma and/or wheeze were compared with 202 children with no such history.
Among the variables found to be associated with asthma was diet, specifically eating at fast food outlets, consuming low levels of vegetables, milk, fiber, vitamin E, magnesium, calcium, sodium and potassium. The authors suggest that dietary factors during childhood are an important predictor of this condition, concluding: “change in diet has been a determinant of the worldwide increases in asthma and allergies.”
Your doctor of chiropractic can provide you with information on asthma and allergies, while outlining a nutritional program appropriate for you and your children.
Hijazi N, Abalkhail B, Seaton A. Diet and childhood asthma in a society in transition: a study in urban and rural Saudi Arabia. Thorax 2000:55, pp775-59. | <urn:uuid:da7f5de8-6b80-4895-8382-c24360c04559> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.chiroweb.com/mpacms/tyh/article.php?id=454 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661763.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00167-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951488 | 315 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Children who require close or specialized monitoring after surgery will spend time in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) or neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), depending on their age. Intensive care is needed for children who have had certain types of major surgery, such as heart operations, organ transplants, or neurosurgery. After some surgeries, the patient may remain on a breathing machine and have special monitoring lines that measure pressures in major veins or arteries. In the ICU, your child will be closely watched 24 hours a day.
ICUs are equipped with complex machines and monitoring devices designed for the unique needs of critically ill and postoperative children. Equipment may include the following:
- Cardiorespiratory or heart monitor
This monitor continuously displays your child's heart and respiratory rate. Wires from the monitor are attached to adhesive patches on the skin of your child's chest and abdomen.
- Blood pressure monitor
Blood pressure is measured using a cuff placed on your child's arm or leg. Periodically, a blood pressure monitor pumps up the cuff and measures the blood pressure. Some children need continuous blood pressure monitoring. This can be done using a small catheter (small tube) in one of your child's arteries.
- Pulse oximeter
This machine measures the amount of oxygen in the child's blood through the skin. A tiny light is taped to the child's finger, ear, or toe. A wire connects the light to the monitor where it displays the percent of oxygen in your child's red blood cells.
- Transcutaneous oxygen/carbon dioxide monitor
This machine measures the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in your child's skin. A small, circular pad is attached to the patient's skin, most often on the chest or abdomen. The pad warms a small area of skin underneath and measures oxygen, carbon dioxide, or both. A wire connects the pad to the monitor and displays the levels. Because the transcutaneous monitor heats the skin, it must be moved to different places on the skin every few hours. The heating may leave a temporary reddened spot on the skin.
Portable x-ray machines are brought to the child's bedside in the ICU. X-rays are taken for many reasons including checking placement of catheters and tubes, looking for signs of lung problems, and checking for signs of bowel abnormalities.
- Endotracheal tube (ET tube)
This tube is placed through the child's mouth or nose and into the trachea (windpipe). The ET tube is held in place with tape and is connected with flexible tubing to a mechanical ventilator (breathing machine). Because the ET is uncomfortable, your child will be sedated and his or her wrists will be restrained to prevent him or her from pulling the ET out. Your child will be unable to speak or cry while he or she has an ET tube, because the vocal cords are unable to vibrate and make sounds with the tube in place. This is temporary and your child will regain his or her voice after the ET tube is removed, although he or she may be hoarse.
- Respirator or mechanical ventilator
This machine helps children who are unable to breathe on their own due to anesthesia, or who need help taking bigger or more effective breaths due to illness. Ventilators can also deliver extra oxygen, if needed.
- Intravenous (IV) pumps
Intravenous (IV) pumps deliver fluids and medications in very accurate amounts, through catheters into the veins.
Ask someone on your child's healthcare team, when you first arrive, about visiting hours. If needed, ask about services provided to families (such as social workers or chaplains, and telephone numbers to call from home) when you cannot be there with your child.
Your surgeon may ask other specialized physicians to help manage your child's care while in the ICU. These specialists may include, but are not limited to, the following:
- Pulmonologists (who manage breathing or lung problems)
- Anesthesiologists (who help manage pain)
- Critical care medicine physicians (who help coordinate your child's care when many physicians are involved, and observe for complications that might arise after surgery)
Even if he or she is receiving medication to control pain or help him or her sleep, your child needs to know you are there. The healthcare team that is caring for your child will be happy to suggest ways that you can comfort your child at every stage of recovery. They will also welcome suggestions from you regarding how to make your child feel more comfortable and secure. A child life specialist can be a great resource for showing you and your child relaxation and pain management skills. The following are a few things that you can do for your child while in ICU:
- Touch your child and talk to him or her in soft, soothing, reassuring tones.
- Bring your child's favorite music from home.
- Record your family reading your child's favorite story on a tape recorder.
- Place pictures of your family, child's friends, or family pets where your child can see them.
- Bring an item or two from home that helps your child feel secure, such as a favorite stuffed animal, a soft blanket, a special cup to drink out of, or a pacifier.
Click here to view the
Online Resources of The Child Having Surgery | <urn:uuid:07cb560a-de3a-42ad-bb6a-cbb1e7adaf61> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.nyhq.org/diw/Content.asp?PageID=DIW003021&More=DIW&language=Korean | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283689.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00166-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941958 | 1,110 | 3.890625 | 4 |
A friend who works in a bookstore recounts that whenever Jewish parents or grandparents ask for help in selecting a book, they preface their request: “Oh, he’s 7, but he reads like a 12-year-old,” or “She’s beginning fifth grade but reads on a high-school level.” But despite their parents’ best intentions to get them reading the classics as soon as they can lift them, along with The New York Times, kids really do prefer picture books with great stories. The sign of a successful book is whether the child will read it over again as soon as the book is finished. How many people reopen the day’s newspaper?
The season brings Chanukah stories, picture books about immigration, folk tales, Jewish history and family history, the Bible and more. More advanced readers will find books with settings and characters out of the ordinary.
A story that both parents who read aloud and kids who are read to will long remember, Nine Spoons: A Chanukah Story by Marci Stillerman, illustrated by Pesach Gerber (Hachai), is based on a true story of Jewish women who defy their circumstances to celebrate Chanukah. In the barracks of a Nazi concentration camp during the winter before the end of World War II, several women construct a menorah for the children by twisting together nine metal spoons — “valued like gold” in the camp, for with a spoon “one was able to scoop up every last drop of food” — and use fat gathered from kitchen scraps and threads to light it. “It was our own special Chanukah miracle,” the narrator relates.
The story is framed by a contemporary holiday get-together, in which a family gathers to celebrate the holiday, enjoying latkes made by Oma, German for “Grandmother.” As the Chanukah lights are flickering, the youngest children gather in Oma’s lap and ask her to retell a story they have heard many times over, about the Children’s Menorah. As she tells the story, they interject the questions they have asked before, prodding the details they love.
This is Stillerman’s first book for children, and it is told with sensitivity, highlighted by Gerber’s soft-toned, expressive illustrations. One of the survivors of the camp moved to the United States, and told this story in an interview. She had saved the little menorah, but lost it soon after liberation.
A veteran children’s author and illustrator, Marc Podwal, presents legends and history of the menorah, retelling the background of Chanukah in The Menorah Story (Greenwillow). He shares explanations of the creation of the seven-branched menorah, the best-known ancient symbol of the Jewish people, and the development of the eight-branched Chanukah menorah whose “eight small lights celebrate great miracles of long ago.” Podwal’s beautifully colored, sometimes playful, soulful paintings, executed with gouache and colored pencils, depict the Temple, Maccabees and different versions of the menorah.
Maccabee Jamboree: A Hanukkah Countdown by Cheri Holland, illustrated by Roz Schanzer (Kar-Ben) is a cheerful, brightly colored counting book for young readers, including elements of the Chanukah holiday. The story features eight children dressed in togas and antique dresses to resemble the Maccabees, who dance, make latkes, wrap presents, polish the menorah and otherwise frolic, as their numbers diminish and then increase.
The Way Meat Loves Salt: A Cinderella Tale from the Jewish Tradition by Nina Jaffe, illustrated by Louise August (Henry Holt), set in Poland, is a folk tale retold. When a rabbi asks his three daughters to tell how much they love him, he banishes the youngest when she announces, “the way meat loves salt.” Through a series of adventures with a Cinderella-like twist and the help of the prophet Elijah, she meets and marries the son of another distinguished rabbi, is eventually reunited and reconciled with her family, and her father realizes that she spoke the genuine truth. Jaffe, an award-winning author and storyteller, is a member of the faculty of the Bank Street College of Education. August, who also lives in New York, creates glowing illustrations with a folkloric quality. Kids will enjoy reading this again and again.
Terrible, Terrible by Robin Bernstein, illustrated by Shauna Mooney Kawasaki (Kar-Ben) will ring true for the many New Yorkers who long for more space. This is also a retelling of a classic folk tale, but recast in a contemporary setting. Here, a young girl whose mother is remarrying finds the new home she shares with her step-father and his family to be very crowded. Troubled that she can’t find a place for herself, she seeks the counsel of her rabbi who advises her to bring the family’s seven bicycles into the house.
When the young girl complains again to the rabbi, she advises that they bring the pets inside, and then recommends inviting all of their cousins. The young girl returns to the rabbi and tells her it is “terrible, terrible,” that it is so crowded she can’t lift her hand to wipe away her tears. The rabbi then advises that they send the cousins home, return the animals to the yard and the bicycles to the garage, and, lo and behold, the house seems “cavernous.” And the newly-formed family is strengthened, giving the story its happy ending.
Children will enjoy the details in Kawasaki’s illustrations, which are full of whimsy and charm, particularly her congo line of cousins.
Journey to Ellis Island: How My Father Came to America by Carol Bierman, illustrated by Laurie McGaw (Hyperion) is based on a true story: The author’s father had a damaged hand and was almost sent back when he arrived in New York City as a young immigrant. The powerful feelings behind the story come alive through Bierman’s textured retelling of a story she heard while growing up, and the illustrations — family photographs, paintings, period postcards and sepia prints — add to the book’s appeal.
One More Border: The True Story of One Family’s Escape from War-Torn Europe by William Kaplan with Shelly Tanaka, illustrations by Stephen Taylor (Groundwood) is based on the author’s father’s experiences, as his family made their way to safety in 1939 —with a visa from Chiune Sugihara in Lithuania — by traveling by train across Russia to Japan and then to North America, settling on a farm outside of Cornwall, Ontario. The documentary sidebars, archival photographs and maps tie the story to World War II history.
The Shengold Jewish Encyclopedia edited by Mordecai Schreiber (Shengold) is a one-volume illustrated guide covering 4,000 years of Jewish history, with entries arranged alphabetically from Aaron to Stefan Zweig. Accessible and visually appealing with time lines on the end pages, the book emphasizes in particular the State of Israel and American Jewry. This is an updated, redesigned and rewritten edition of the Junior Jewish Encyclopedia.
Masada by Neil Waldman (Morrow) is an illustrated retelling of the story of the ancient fortress in the Judean wilderness, defended dramatically by the Jewish rebels known as Zealots in the war against the Romans in 70 C.E., and now a popular tourist site in Israel. In recent years, archaeologists have uncovered important artifacts on the site. Author and illustrator Waldman, who first visited Masada when he was 20 years old, lives in Westchester; his passion for the story is evident.
The Bible from Alef to Tav by Penina V. Adelman (Torah Aura) is a user-friendly volume for children’s Torah study. Adelman, an author, storyteller and social worker, put together this book to fill a niche when her young son asked for his own book to use during the Torah reading in synagogue. She presents a creative retelling of 22 biblical stories — drawn from Genesis to the Book of Daniel — each linked to a letter of the Hebrew alphabet, followed by suggested activities. The book features a striking layout and design, which both kids and parents will enjoy. An extensive appendix helps parents in guiding their children in Torah study.
The Cow of No Color: Riddle Stories and Justice Tales from Around the World by Nina Jaffe and Steve Zeitlin (Henry Holt) features provocative stories from the Balkans, Ghana, India, Vietnam, the United States and Cuba, as well as ancient Israel, Eastern Europe and the Middle East. The stories pose dilemmas — which can lead to great discussions among young people — and then show the answer as it appeared in the original.
The Storyteller’s Beads by Jane Kurtz (Harcourt Brace) is a novel about the encounter between two young girls, one a blind Ethiopian Jew named Rahel, who meet up and travel together by foot from Ethiopia to the Sudan, fleeing famine, drought and violence. Around Rahel’s neck are beads given to her by the grandmother she had to leave behind; each bead is a reminder of a story. The author, who grew up in Ethiopia, now lives in North Dakota. | <urn:uuid:5f24cc49-da2b-4439-b9e6-777dbcd65c1a> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://jewishweek.timesofisrael.com/books-to-light-the-way/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084890314.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20180121060717-20180121080717-00732.warc.gz | en | 0.953483 | 1,992 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Periodontal Surgery Overview
Periodontal diseases are the bacteria and the host response causing inflammation and damage to the periodontium (supporting tissues of teeth including bone, gum, ligaments). It’s called gingivitis when inflammation is localized to the gum. Periodontitis occurs when other supporting tissues are affected and there is a loss of gum and/or bone. Surgery can be done to treat periodontitis and prevent progression of the disease. Regeneration therapy, including growing back lost periodontium including bone and gum, is also a type of periodontal surgery. Bone graft, sinus lift/elevation, soft tissue graft, and dental implants are all part of periodontal surgical services.
What Does Periodontal Surgery Treat?
Periodontal surgery may be necessary to treat certain gum diseases and conditions, such as gingivitis or periodontitis. Periodontal surgery treats the following conditions:
- Disease of Supporting Tissue of the Teeth (both bone and gum)
- Gum Recession
- Gummy Smile
- Tooth Loss Prevention
- Removal of Gum Gaps between Teeth
How to Prepare
Before Periodontal Surgery an evaluation and overview with Dr. Kim will be discussed to prepare for the procedure…
- A comprehensive dental exam will be done including dental X-rays taken and models made of your teeth and mouth. You also may need a special type of computed tomography (CT) scan, that will allow the dentist to accurately measure the height and width of your existing bone to evaluate the health of your teeth and jaw bone.
- Treatment plan. 212 Smiling will tailor a treatment plan to account all factors of the procedure. If the surgery is invasive we will take into account the factors and the procedure with a timely thought out plan. This will include a walkthrough of the procedure, a step by sept treatment guide and a follow up an appointment if needed.
Make sure to tell your doctor about any medical conditions and any medications you take, including prescription and over-the-counter drugs and supplements. If you have heart conditions or orthopedic implants, your doctor may prescribe antibiotics before surgery to help prevent infection.
Anesthesia may be used to control the pain during your procedure. The 212 Smiling team will instruct you about eating and drinking before surgery, depending on the type of anesthesia. If general anesthesia is used, someone will have to assist you home after surgery and expect to rest for the day.
How Periodontal Surgery is Performed
Periodontal diseases are the bacteria and the host response causing inflammation and damage to the periodontium or the supporting tissues of teeth including bone, gum, ligaments. The surgery may look something like this:
- The dental surgeon will make small incisions or cuts along the gum line
- Lift the gums away from the teeth allowing the dentist to see the roots
- Remove and clean away any tartar, plaque, or infection
After the Procedure
After Periodontal Surgery, you may experience some of the typical discomforts associated with any type of dental procedure, such as:
- Minor bleeding
- Pain or discomfort
If swelling, discomfort or any other problem gets worse after surgery, contact your dentist as you may need pain medications or antibiotics. You may need to eat soft foods while the procedure site heals. Typically, your dental surgeon or dentist will use stitches, if invasive, that dissolve on their own, but if not your dental surgeon or dentist will have to remove them.
Don’t wait until it’s too late! Call us today at 212-SMILING (212-764-5464) to schedule a visit with our Board Certified Periodontist Dr. Yung Kim to ensure your teeth and gums are in top condition. | <urn:uuid:204bf8af-dccc-4dce-bfd5-66c0d45e003c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.212smiling.com/periodontal-surgery/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100912.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209134916-20231209164916-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.90032 | 786 | 2.96875 | 3 |
There are various fun ways for kids of various age groups to learn what they need to know about arts, crafts, maths and reading. Learning through entertainment by JEB is a great way to get those creative juices flowing. This can easily be achieved by getting kids involved in the world of color.
Just think of all the wonderful colors your kids can experiment with. There are an array of colors such as green, blue, yellow, black, brown, red, orange, and more that kids can use to create all kinds of artwork that will be admired by many.
JEB knows how to entertain through using various types of very colorful plush toys, book bags, posters, T-shirts and more…
In reality it is all about helping your child discover who they are as a kid through using a variety of activities and entertaining equipment to help bring out the creative, fun loving side of their personality as a child. This is where the magic comes into play.
Group Learning Brings Out the Best in Your Child
It is clear from the aforementioned that your child needs to explore the world of color while learning to interact closely with others in a group environment. This is what JEB hopes to achieve. He will show your kids how to have fun while filling their minds with positive thoughts simultaneously.
Group learning will foster social skills, teach your child to cooperate, promote group processing and encourage team building in more ways than one. JEB and friends have an arsenal of entertaining tools to help your child become the kind of person that everyone admires and want to be with.
How to Incorporate Group Learning with Home Schooling
As a treat parents could make use of JEB and his imaginary friends to entertain a group of kids who make use of home schooling as part of their education program.
It might be an idea to meet with other parents of kids who are being home schooled and get them to agree to a get together of all kids who are being educated using home schooling.
The learning groups can be kept to a minimum of say 4 to 5 kids to ensure positive interaction and a measure of control as larger groups can get out of hand. JEB and friends will ensure they get thoroughly entertained in a fun, exciting and interactive way. This can be accomplished though various means such as CDs, books, plush toys, art packs, crayons, etc. | <urn:uuid:5f5075ca-5b45-4e80-8c17-28f305c73ec3> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://jebcoolkids.com/blog/?p=149 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891808539.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20180217224905-20180218004905-00775.warc.gz | en | 0.96617 | 480 | 2.6875 | 3 |
The Fiordland crested penguin has declined in numbers drastically during the last twenty years. In the 1980s, the global population was estimated to number 10,000 breeding pairs. Today, the number is thought to be 2,500 to 3,000 pairs. The principal cause is believed to be from introduced animals such as cats and stoats (5), although where the birds’ breeding sites are close to public beaches, pet dogs are thought to be largely responsible for disturbing adult birds and catching chicks. With the increase in human leisure activities, this pressure is bound to intensify (2). There is also a problem with the endemic weka, Gallirallus australis, which preys on eggs and chicks and is thought to contribute to over a third of egg loses in some breeding areas, especially Solander Island (5).
At sea, penguins are in constant competition for food with fishing vessels and sometimes find themselves caught in fishing nets. Perhaps the biggest threat, however, is through marine pollution, particularly oil spillage and the illegal but common practice of discharging oil tanker ballast water off-shore (5). As yet, little is known about the possible effects of global warming on penguin populations (5). | <urn:uuid:ec597d19-5dfc-420f-8c72-9fde9ed6cd05> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.arkive.org/fiordland-crested-penguin/eudyptes-pachyrhynchus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886110573.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822085147-20170822105147-00163.warc.gz | en | 0.96273 | 250 | 3.703125 | 4 |
The Cromwell Connection to Wistow actually begins after the period we now call The Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1536 when Henry VIII dismantled the monasteries and other religious houses, appropriated their income and gave away their lands and assets.
This article will look back to a slightly earlier time to explain the steady development of the Cromwell family connection to Wistow taking each generation at a time.
We start with Walter Cromwell a.k.a. Walter Smyth (c. 1463–1510), variously described as a cloth worker, a smith and an alehouse keeper, who appears to have been a bit of an unsavoury character. Walter had a son, Thomas, and two daughters, Katherine and Elizabeth.
Thomas Cromwell was born c. 1485 in Putney and married Elizabeth (Liz) Wykys in 1513. They had a son, Gregory, and two daughters, Anne and Grace. Sadly in 1527 Liz and her young daughters all died from the sweating sickness. Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell, married Elizabeth Seymour, who was Queen Jane Seymour’s sister. Jane Seymour was Henry VIII’s third wife and mother to Edward VI.
Thomas Cromwell was a lawyer by profession and the founder of the family’s fortunes. He became chief minister to Henry VIII from 1532 to 1540 and was raised to the peerage as the first Earl of Essex. He fell from favour after arranging the King’s disastrous marriage to Anne of Cleves and was executed on 28th July 1540.
(The Sweating Sickness was a serious illness which appeared first in England then spread into Europe at different intervals during Tudor times. It claimed many lives during a series of epidemics between 1485 and 1551. The onset of symptoms was dramatic and sudden, with death often occurring within hours. It is not known exactly what caused it or even what it was because it disappeared entirely after 1578).
Bet (Elizabeth) married a Mr Wellyfed (what a fantastic name).
In 1497 Thomas’ older sister Kat (Katherine or Catherine) married Morgan ap Williams, a Welshman and distant relation to Henry Tudor (VII). They had three sons, two of which were named Richard and a third son called Walter, who married his cousin Alice Wellyfed. They had three children and Walter died in 1544.
One of the Richard Williams’ married, had a child named Henry and died in 1588.
The elder Richard was taken in by Thomas Cromwell when both his parents died very close to each other. Richard then took the name Cromwell in honour of his uncle and it is through this Richard that the Cromwell connection to Wistow is first established.
(Hilary Mantel in her novel Wolf Hall suggests that Richard was taken into Thomas’ household when both his parents died of the sweating sickness in close succession. This is possibly the reason for Richard’s gratitude and to be fair to him he did not reclaim his birth name Williams when his uncle was disgraced and beheaded. In fact all three of the Williams’ sons began calling themselves Cromwell in honour of their famous maternal uncle. Most of their descendants also used the surname Cromwell or occasionally Williams-alias-Cromwell. After the Restoration in 1660, when it may have been unwise to be seen to have close links with Oliver Cromwell, some members of the family reverted for a time to calling themselves Williams, though generally just as a temporary measure).
It is unclear exactly when Richard Williams alias Cromwell was born or when he died. He was born either in 1495 or c. 1500 and most likely died on 20th October 1544. His will was dated 20th June 1544 and was proved on 24th November 1546. (The conflicting birth years could be because there were two brothers both named Richard).
Richard Cromwell was a courtier during the reign of Henry VIII and the nephew of the King’s minister, Thomas Cromwell. Richard married Frances Murfyn (a.k.a. Martyn) who died in 1533 and was a relative of the King’s second wife, Anne Boleyn.
In the aftermath of the Reformation and the Dissolution of the Monasteries Richard, who by this time had been knighted, was granted most of the estates of Ramsey Abbey, Sawtry and Hinchinbrooke Priory with an annual income of £2500. The Hinchinbrooke House website states
– it was in 1538 that Richard Williams alias Cromwell received a royal grant of the priory with its “church, steeple, churchyard and house and all lands”.
Sir Richard was also granted Ramsey Abbey lands including WISTOW on 4th March 1539 or 1540.
By 1541 he was Sheriff of both Huntingdonshire and Cambridgeshire. This is after the execution of Thomas Cromwell, so he appears to still be in favour with the king at this time. He was also appointed gentleman of the Privy Chamber; served in France in 1543 as general of infantry; was made constable of Berkeley Castle, steward of the lordship of Urchenfield, and constable of the castle of Godrich in Wales. Sir Richard Cromwell died full of honours and wealth. It was Richard’s son and grandson who weakened the family fortune.
Sir Richard and Frances had two sons – Henry and Francis (died 1598).
Sir Henry Cromwell (born c 1524 or 1537 and died 6th January 1603 or 1604) inherited his father’s estates including WISTOW.
He was born at Hinchinbrooke Priory and rebuilt it as a mansion. He was made a Knight in 1563 and was nicknamed ‘The Golden Knight’ because of his lavish expenditure.
Henry married Joan Warren (1524 to 22nd August 1584) and they had eleven children, six sons and five daughters, most of whom survived into adulthood, married and had children of their own.
The four sons of interest to Wistow are Oliver, Henry, Phillip and Robert.
Sir Oliver Cromwell (c 1559 to 28th August 1655) married twice and had many children.
He was even more lavish than his father, Sir Henry, and was forced to sell Hinchinbrooke House to the Montague family on 20th June 1627 or 1629.
In 1648 he sold WISTOW to Sir Nicholas Pedley, Serjeant-at-law, who was later elected to Richard Cromwell’s parliament in 1659..
Henry Cromwell (c 1566 – 1630) is possibly the Henry Cromwell shown owning some land on the outskirts of the manor in the 1617 map of WISTOW.
Sir Phillip Cromwell (c 1576 – 1629) is the most likely candidate for the Sir Phillip shown in the 1617 map of WISTOW as owning the Manor House and much of the land in and around the village.
(In 1618 the Rector of Wistow church was Phillip Cromwell B.A. and he was likely to be related to Sir Phillip Cromwell, maybe a son or nephew).
Robert Cromwell (born c 1559 or 1560 and died 1617) married Elizabeth Steward or Stewart (1564 to 18th November 1654). They had ten children.
Their most famous child was Oliver Cromwell (25th April 1599 to 3rd September 1658) of Civil War fame, who became the Lord Protector of England.
Their eldest daughter was named Joan and either died aged 8 or married a William Baker in 1611. The reason Joan is of interest is because one of the Rectors of Wistow church was William Baker M.A. who was Rector from 1642 to 1645 and then again from 1661 to 1687. These periods of time give away the fact that William was turfed out of the church during the time of The Commonwealth but returned with the Restoration of Charles II, which probably means he had Royalist leanings. The question is did Joan Cromwell marry Wistow’s Wiiliam Baker or some other William Baker? Or was William Baker Joan and William’s son? If Joan was related to Wistow’s Rector she may have had conflicted loyalties during the Civil War, torn between her family member and her brother.
(See the Wistowpedia article Two Defiant Priests for more information about William Baker)
Another of Robert and Elizabeth Cromwells’ daughters was Anna and she was most definitely connected to Wistow.
Anna Cromwell (2nd January 1603 to 1646) was married to John Sewster of WISTOW, County Huntingdonshire, Esquire (died c 1682). They lived and brought up their family in WISTOW. Their children were baptised in WISTOW church and some of their children were buried there. Anna and John Sewster were both buried in WISTOW. The parish record shows that Anna was buried in WISTOW on 1st November 1646.
The parish record has a number of entries about Anna, John and their six children:
- Lucy Sewster 26th November 1631 to 1654
- John Sewster c. 8th April 1638 to 1680. (One of John’s daughter’s, Mary, married William Gosling of WISTOW. They lived in what is now Mill Farm).
- Catherine Sewster 1642 – 1642, Baptised in WISTOW church 30th April1642
- Anna Sewster 6th May 1644 to 1647, Baptised in WISTOW church 15th May 1644
- Robina Sewster marries Sir William Lockhart
- Robert Sewster, a clergyman who died 1705
Author: Althea Walker | <urn:uuid:3950f299-0694-4137-a057-ab53412a2c84> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.wistowvillage.info/wistowpedia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510707.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930181852-20230930211852-00012.warc.gz | en | 0.987029 | 2,098 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Home & Community
This page is designed primarily for parents, guardians, and others residing in Frontier School Division communities. However, anyone interested in Northern Manitoba heritage and culture will find the Home & Community section appealing.
Please see our new Remembrance Day
page for information and resources suitable for joint community/school Remembrance Day ceremonies. This includes a database of biographies of approximately 400 Canadian WWI soldiers, including many from Northern Manitoba
Frontier School Division has published numerous books, videos and other materials that chronicle the histories and cultures of Northern Manitoba communities. For more information, check out the FSD Resources page.
The section entitled Aboriginal Roots provides useful information on sources for those conducting research on their community or family histories. This section is a particularly invaluable resource to anyone who is interested in finding their Aboriginal Ancestors, providing comprehensive instructions on how to undertake your own research. You'll also find links to genealogical information for families that have already been researched by Raymond Shirritt-Beaumont.
For general information, including books, CDROMs, and other media concerning Aboriginal cultures, history, and languages see the Aboriginal Education section.
Check the News
section for current SS/NS information and articles relating to social, political and economic issues within FSD and Northern Manitoba communities and Canada generally. Look here for profiles of outstanding Aboriginal Canadians.
For current information about specific FSD schools, see the FSD School Links
For additional information on educational grants, student awards and SS/NS topics that are beyond the scope of this website, try the Other Resources page.
Those interested in their community's history should also check out our unique FSD Photo Archive, which features numerous rare photos of northern Manitoba communities and residents. This is an on-going project and the SS/NS Department appreciates your feedback as well as donations of photos and/or historical background information. See our contact information on our website homepage.
July 16, 2010 | <urn:uuid:09a021f1-4fdb-4d28-8a26-6ac8413bbf7e> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://ssns.frontiersd.mb.ca/HC/HC.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463612013.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170529034049-20170529054049-00218.warc.gz | en | 0.921268 | 396 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Finding biomarkers is the key to developing new therapies and kinder treatment strategies for cancer patients. All of us are touched by cancer, whether directly or indirectly. And in this project you'll help us build a citizen science tool that will allow mass participation in cancer research.
You'll be getting involved at a very crucial stage. As we test the final details for our analysis tool, understanding what we can do to improve accuracy and confidence is of vital importance. And we need volunteers to analyze tumour samples using our prototype tool to do that.
In the project, you'll be trained with a short tutorial, then asked various questions about 10 different tumour samples.
Your findings will help us make changes to the tool to improve analysis. Ultimately, your efforts will allow thousands of people worldwide to accelerate research, and beat cancer sooner. | <urn:uuid:a7d97da3-802b-45d1-92a9-605be78b7654> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://scistarter.org/cancer-research-uks-trailblazer-project | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046155529.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20210805095314-20210805125314-00026.warc.gz | en | 0.913324 | 168 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Proposed FDA rules outlining hygiene standards for produce farms and food manufacturers are aimed at preventing foodborne illness, agency director Margaret Hamburg, MD, announced Friday.
The two rules, now available for public comment, are a "major step forward" in implementing the FDA Food Safety Modernization Act, Hamburg told reporters in a telephone briefing.
The act, signed into law last January, is intended to stop foodborne illnesses before they start, Hamburg said.
"We really need to do more than react after the fact," she said.
Hamburg said the latest CDC figures put the toll from foodborne illnesses at about 3,000 deaths a year and send 130,000 people to hospital.
"Foodborne illnesses have taken too great a toll on American consumers," she said, adding that the data don't capture the pain and loss of victims, the loss of confidence in the food system, and the economic costs for producers.
"We know that pathogens can enter the food supply at any stage," Hamburg said. "We also know that reasonable science-based steps can be taken at any stage to minimize and prevent the growth of pathogens."
The new rules are a "big step in the direction of creating a comprehensive prevention-based food safety system," said Michael Taylor, the agency's deputy commissioner for foods and veterinary medicine.
The farm rule, he said, focuses on pathogens, such as e. coli and salmonella, and the ways they can contaminate produce – through water, poor employee hygiene, materials such as manure that are put into soil, and wild animals entering fields and potentially contaminating crops.
Some of the rules also apply to packing houses, "where we know from experience that products ... can possibly be contaminated," he said.
Taylor said the rule is intended to be flexible, rather than one-size-fits-all. For instance, he said, regulations governing irrigation water would differ depending on whether the water went directly on plants or was dripped into the soil.
The main targets of the rule are fresh fruits and vegetables; those intended for canning, for instance, would not be subject to the regulations.
The second rule, aimed at food manufacturers, is intended to establish a framework for controlling hazards during food processing, Taylor said.
In each facility, he said, operators would have to identify potential hazards, identify how they are to be controlled, implement the controls, keep records, and make corrections if problems arise.
The rule is "common sense preventive process control for food safety," he said.
Both Taylor and Hamburg said estimating the costs of the new regulations is difficult, although Hamburg said it's likely that new money will be needed for inspection and enforcement.
On the other hand, Taylor noted, other federal agencies as well as state and local authorities will play roles in enforcing the new rules. "Assurance and verification that the standards are being met will come from multiple sources," he said, "not just the traditional FDA inspect-and-enforce model."
Taylor added that the proposed rules should prevent expensive disease outbreaks and "we're very confident that the benefits will outweigh the costs."
The proposals are available for public comment for 120 days and then the agency will craft a final rule, a process that will take several months, Hamburg said. | <urn:uuid:83c0ecf6-d79f-4281-9675-3c233a0f6d81> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.medpagetoday.com/InfectiousDisease/GeneralInfectiousDisease/36718 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500823598.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021343-00091-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963015 | 671 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Metamaterials isn’t yet a household word, but it might be soon. If a metal found in nature, say gold, has a distinct set of electro-mechanical properties, the point about a metamaterial is that is has been engineered by a human and may have electromechanical properties not found in nature. That can be useful, as I discover with the recently-appointed CEO of 2016 ‘spin-out’ company Metaboards, Nedko Ivanov.
Based unobtrusively over the parade of shops opposite the Said Business School, you would simply never guess that behind a late-Victorian brick façade lies not only a company but a laboratory as well.
Ivanov insists that I take no photos, an early clue of the commercially sensitive nature of the technology being developed here.
But what he’s showing me is undoubtedly impressive.
As he runs an electrically sensitive device over the surface of a table, it lights up all the time, everywhere. If you were to plonk down your mobile phone or laptop, it would charge merely by sitting on that surface, needing no wires. He plays a second trick and shows me how the table will still charge a device held at a remove of several inches, the so-called ‘z-space.’
‘You’ve probably seen wireless charging somewhere,’ he says, ‘but at the moment it is too clunky. You have to align your device just so – it’s barely any more convenient than plugging the thing in.’
The metamaterial in question here is a commercial secret in this context, but it was originally developed by three Oxford academics, also the founders of the start-up. They are Professor Chris Stevens, a fellow of St Hugh’s College; Professor Ekaterina Shamonina, a fellow at Wadham, and Professor Laszo Solymar, Emeritus Fellow of Hertford College.
Solymar, who won the Faraday Medal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers in 1992, co-authored a best-seller with Shamonina, called Waves in Metamaterials. Published by OUP in 2009, it’s been in constant demand ever since, centrally because it throws a comprehensive (and comprehensible) loop around an emergent field by focussing on the physics of artificial materials which can have electrical and magnetic properties difficult or impossible to find in nature. As it notes, ‘The building blocks in most cases are resonant elements much smaller than the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave.’
In practise, says Nedko, it means that the metamaterial can be woven into fabric or embedded in walls, desks and other furnished surfaces, to say nothing of numerous more specialized applications in healthcare, the automotive world and aviation. But the most obvious application will be public spaces, foyers of hotels and companies, and transit hubs such as airports, where instead of heaving out a medley of twisted wires and hoping that the plug works, you’ll simply place your phone down and it’ll be charging.
Nedko explains that data can be transmitted in this manner too. He also mentions better solar cell performance, relating to how they conduct their electricity, and other quantum computing applications.
Research company Global Market Insights predicts that the market for these sorts of product will surpass $2.5-3 billion in the next six years.
As such, Nedko explains that his strategy will be to demonstrate the product to potential manufacturers of it, to make sure they are happy. The goal will then be to sell licenses so that the technology can be rapidly cultivated globally by numerous parties, no doubt in ingenious ways.
Demonstrating the success of the wider ‘innovation ecosystem’ that Oxford has been developing in recent years, Metaboards recently attracted $5 million in venture capital. Led by science equity investor, Oxford Sciences Innovation (OSI), the funding included additional funds from investors RT Capital Management Inc and Woodford Investment Management Ltd. | <urn:uuid:bf497338-9826-4467-9798-49b0908163cf> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.alumni.ox.ac.uk/quad/article/getting-rid-wires | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989637.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20210518125638-20210518155638-00557.warc.gz | en | 0.946469 | 840 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The herb rosemary has been used as a food spice and as a medicine since ancient times. Traditional medicinal uses of rosemary leaf preparations taken internally include digestive distress, headaches, and anxiety. The fragrance of rosemary leaf has been said to enhance memory. Rosemary oil was applied to the skin to treat muscle and joint pain and taken internally to promote abortions.
Germany’s Commission E
has approved rosemary leaf for treatment of
(non-specific digestive distress) and rosemary oil (used externally) for joint pain and poor circulation. However, there is no meaningful scientific evidence that rosemary is effective for any of these uses. Only
double-blind, placebo-controlled studies can prove that a treatment really works, and no studies of this type have found rosemary effective. (For information on why such studies are essential, see
Why Does This Database Rely on Double-blind Studies?)
Rosemary essential oil, like many essential oils, has antimicrobial properties when it comes in direct contact with bacteria and other microorganisms.1-5
Note, however, that is does not mean that rosemary oil is an antibiotic. Antibiotics are substances that can be taken internally to kill microorganisms throughout the body. Rosemary oil, rather, has shown potential antiseptic properties.
found evidence that rosemary might help
withdrawal from narcotics.6
Even weaker evidence hints that rosemary or its constituents may have antithrombotic (“blood thinning”),7anticancer,8-11 diuretic,12 liver-protective,13-15
Rosmarinic acid from rosemary has shown potential anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic actions, but most published studies (including double-blind trials) have used a different plant source of the substance (the herb
One controlled study failed to find rosemary cream protective against skin irritation caused by sodium lauryl-sulfate (a common ingredient of cosmetic products).23
Rosemary essential oil has been used in
aromatherapy (treating conditions through scent). One controlled study evaluated rosemary aromatherapy for enhancing memory, but found results that were mixed at best.24 Another study failed to find that rosemary aromatherapy reduced tension during an anxiety-provoking task; in fact, it appeared that use of rosemary actually increased anxiety.25
A typical dosage of rosemary leaf is 4-6 grams daily. Rosemary essential oil should not be used internally.
Although rosemary’s use as a food spice suggests a relatively low level of toxicity, rosemary has not undergone comprehensive safety testing. Rosemary essential oil can be toxic if taken even in fairly low doses, and the maximum safe dose is not known.
Based on its traditional use for abortion, as well as preliminary evidence showing embryotoxic effects,26
rosemary should not be used by pregnant women or women who wish to become pregnant.
One study suggests that rosemary may have diuretic effects.12
If it does, the herb could theoretically present risks in people taking the medication
Other weak evidence hints that rosemary may enhance the liver’s rate of deactivating estrogen in the body.28
This suggests that rosemary might present risks for females, as well as anyone who uses medications containing estrogen.
Additionally, one study hints that rosemary might worsen blood sugar control in people with
If you are taking:
Santoyo S, Cavero S, Jaime L, et al. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of
L. essential oil obtained via supercritical fluid extraction.
J Food Prot. 2005;68:790-795.
Oluwatuyi M, Kaatz GW, Gibbons S, et al. Antibacterial and resistance modifying activity of
Lai PK, Roy J. Antimicrobial and chemopreventive properties of herbs and spices.
Curr Med Chem. 2004;11:1451-1460.
Mangena T, Muyima NY. Comparative evaluation of the antimicrobial activities of essential oils of
on selected bacteria and yeast strains.
Lett Appl Microbiol. 1999;28:291-296.
Larrondo JV, Agut M, Calvo-Torras MA. Antimicrobial activity of essences from labiates.
Hosseinzadeh H, Nourbakhsh M. Effect of
L. aerial parts extract on morphine withdrawal syndrome in mice.
Phytother Res. 2003;17:938-941.
Yamamoto J, Yamada K, Naemura A, et al. Testing various herbs for antithrombotic effect.
Zhu BT, Loder DP, Cai MX, et al. Dietary administration of an extract from rosemary leaves enhances the liver microsomal metabolism of endogenous estrogens and decreases their uterotropic action in CD-1 mice.
Singletary KW, Nelshoppen JM. Inhibition of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumorigenesis and of in vivo formation of mammary DMBA-DNA adducts by rosemary extract.
Cancer Lett. 1991;60:169-175.
Slamenova D, Kuboskova K, Horvathova E, et al. Rosemary-stimulated reduction of DNA strand breaks and FPG-sensitive sites in mammalian cells treated with H2O2 or visible light-excited Methylene Blue.
Cancer Lett. 2002;177:145-153.
Offord EA, Mace K, Ruffieux C, et al. Rosemary components inhibit benzo[a]pyrene-induced genotoxicity in human bronchial cells.
Haloui M, Louedec L, Michel JB, et al. Experimental diuretic effects of
J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;71:465-472.
Fahim FA, Esmat AY, Fadel HM, et al. Allied studies on the effect of
L. on experimental hepatotoxicity and mutagenesis.
Int J Food Sci Nutr. 1999;50:413-427.
Hoefler C, Fleurentin J, Mortier F, et al. Comparative choleretic and hepatoprotective properties of young sprouts and total plant extracts of
J Ethnopharmacol. 1987;19:133-143.
Vitaglione P, Morisco F, Caporaso N, et al. Dietary antioxidant compounds and liver health.
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2005;44:575-586.
Dias PC, Foglio MA, Possenti A, et al. Antiulcerogenic activity of crude hydroalcoholic extract of
J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;69:57-62.
Osakabe N, Takano H, Sanbongi C, et al. Anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effect of rosmarinic acid (RA); inhibition of seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (SAR) and its mechanism.
Takano H, Osakabe N, Sanbongi C, et al. Extract of
enriched for rosmarinic acid, a polyphenolic phytochemical, inhibits seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in humans.
Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2004;229:247-254.
Makino T, Furuta Y, Wakushima H, et al. Anti-allergic effect of
and its active constituents.
Phytother Res. 2003;17:240-243.
Makino T, Furuta A, Fujii H, et al. Effect of oral treatment of
and its constituents on type-I allergy in mice.
Biol Pharm Bull. 2001;24:1206-1209.
Youn J, Lee KH, Won J, et al. Beneficial effects of rosmarinic acid on suppression of collagen induced arthritis.
J Rheumatol. 2003;30:1203-1207.
Osakabe N, Yasuda A, Natsume M, et al. Rosmarinic acid inhibits epidermal inflammatory responses: anticarcinogenic effect of
extract in the murine two-stage skin model.
Fuchs SM, Schliemann-Willers S, Fischer TW, et al. Protective effects of different marigold (
L.) and rosemary cream preparations against sodium-lauryl-sulfate-induced irritant contact dermatitis.
Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2005;18:195-200.
Moss M, Cook J, Wesnes K, et al. Aromas of rosemary and lavender essential oils differentially affect cognition and mood in healthy adults.
Int J Neurosci. 2003;113:15-38.
Burnett KM, Solterbeck LA, Strapp CM, et al. Scent and mood state following an anxiety-provoking task.
Psychol Rep. 2004;95:707-722.
Lemonica IP, Damasceno DC, di-Stasi LC. Study of the embryotoxic effects of an extract of rosemary (
Braz J Med Biol Res. 1996;29:223-227.
Pyevich D, Bogenschutz MP. Herbal diuretics and lithium toxicity.
Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158:1329.
al-Hader AA, Hasan ZA, Aqel MB. Hyperglycemic and insulin release inhibitory effects of
J Ethnopharmacol. 1994;43:217-221.
Last reviewed December 2015 by EBSCO CAM Review Board
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Character. What we do with what we’ve been given. What we do in the face of adversity. What we do when times are good, and bad. In the profile of Capt Luther Smith – original Tuskegee Airman, engineer, patent-holder, community servant and father – we are given a great example of this valuable trait.
Smith’s dreams of flight began early in childhood. He held them tight, even when everyone around him and the constructs of society at the time seemed to make that dream an impossible reality. But Smith believed in the power of preparation… to be ready just in case circumstances may change and an opportunity could present itself.
As an 11-year-old growing up in Iowa, Smith found $5 in a field used it to buy a ride in an airplane for him and his younger brother. The experience had him hooked on aviation. The tenacious young man would walk five miles everyday to the airport where he made himself useful to anyone that would have him, planning to learn all he could and one day get a seat in the cockpit. The local paper even wrote a story on him. By 1940, he had earned his pilot’s license, becoming one of the first black Americans to do so.
He didn’t stop there. Smith was determined to fly in the military, even though the U.S. Army Air Corps did not allow African Americans to serve as pilots, regardless of experience and ability. He made sure he was prepared anyhow.
When he was a student at the University of Iowa studying engineering, he knew that military pilots needed a minimum two years of college education, so to advance his chances he made sure to check that box. And as fate would have it, the Air Corps created the flight-training program at the Tuskegee Institute, and Smith went on to earn his wings in the program.
Unfortunately, the challenges of being a black in a time of severe racial prejudice and discrimination in our country did not evaporate when he became an officer and fighter pilot, volunteering to fight for our country in WWII. In fact, when he was en route to being deployed overseas, he was refused entry to a movie theater – a stark reminder of the tremendous obstacles yet to overcome.
Smith’s service with the 332nd Fighter Group included 133 combat missions within eight months, destroying two German aircraft in air and 10 in ground strafing attacks. On his final mission, Smith’s aircraft was heavily damaged and he bailed out over Yugoslavia, where he was taken captive as a POW for seven months. He was badly injured and emaciated by the time Allied forces liberated him, and endured a further two years of recovery stateside. He earned numerous commendations for his service and sacrifice, but his career as a military aviator came to a grinding halt, bringing Smith an early retirement and at the doorstep of starting over again.
After completing his degree, he went on to become the first African-American aerospace engineer for GE’s Missile and Space Operations, and served the company for the entire 38-year span of his career. He consulted with NASA, developed patents, earned a Master’s degree and helped the Navy create silent submarines. All of this from a man that GE didn’t initially want to even interview – a decorated war hero, well educated, determined – because of the color of his skin.
“His professional accomplishments after the war were groundbreaking for our society,” said his daughter Deborah Smith. “My father is unique, but of the Tuskegee Airmen that survived the war, it’s impressive to look at what they’ve achieved in their lives, coming from a relatively small group. It’s a testament to these men and the talent they had that would have otherwise been overlooked.”
It wasn’t until much later in life that Smith spoke publicly about his experiences as a Tuskegee Airmen, and when he did it was captivating. “In the year 2000 my father made one of his first speeches about his service in the war and it was the first time I heard him speak of it in much detail,” recalls his son, Gordon Smith. “The Tuskegee Airmen, like my father, share a common trait of determination and perseverance, and their success underscores these qualities. They are the perfect example of not letting incredible institutional barriers get in the way. It’s the kind of model you would want to provide for any young person. He delivered that message in a very impactful way to the audiences he spoke to.”
Smith honorably served on the jury that chose the design for the National WWII Memorial in Washington, D.C. At the groundbreaking ceremony, he spoke about his time serving our country, and earned the praise of then president Bill Clinton, whom he also accompanied to Europe to mark the 50th anniversary of the end of WWII. For his service, outstanding career and commitment to his community, Smith received much recognition, including an honorary doctorate from Tuskegee University in 2006.
Capt Luther Smith passed away in 2009 at the age of 89. He remains a vivid reminder of the Tuskegee Airmen’s ability to rise above the obstacles set before them to triumph over adversity. He fought the enemy abroad and racism at home. His inspirational life story is one not only of determination, but great success. We salute you sir.
The CAF Red Tail Squadron is a volunteer-driven organization dedicated to educating audiences across the country about the history and legacy of the Tuskegee Airmen, America’s first black military pilots and their support personnel. Learn more at www.redtail.org. | <urn:uuid:0bf243fc-3176-4204-9285-17db31a7e213> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.redtail.org/portraits-of-tuskegee-airmen-luther-smith/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912205597.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20190326160044-20190326182044-00494.warc.gz | en | 0.981446 | 1,178 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Why workplace food may not be healthy for you
If you are in the habit of having lunch from your workplace cafeteria, think twice. It tend to contain high amount of sodium and refined grains, calories and very little whole grains and fruit, leading to unhealthy eating putting you at risk of various disease including cancer, researchers warn.
The study over 5,000 employees from a US firm, showed that nearly a quarter had food from work at least once a week and that the average weekly calories obtained was almost 1,300.
The food tended to be high in empty calories -- those from solid fats and/or added sugars -- with more than 70 per cent of the calories coming from food that was obtained for free.
"Our results suggest that the foods people get from work do not align well with the recommendations in the dietary guidelines," said Stephen Onufrak, epidemiologist at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
"Since we found that a lot of the foods obtained by employees were free, employers may also want to consider healthy meeting policies to encourage healthy food options at meetings and social events," he suggested.
Workplaces can play more of a role to help ensure access to and promote healthier food options, the researchers said.
They suggest that employers could help their employees eat better at work by using worksite wellness programs to promote healthy options that are also appealing.
They could also ensure that foods in cafeterias or vending machines follow food service guidelines.
"Worksite wellness programmes have the potential to reach millions of working people and have been shown to be effective at changing health behaviours among employees, reducing employee absenteeism and reducing health care costs," Onufrak said.
The study, presented at the Nutrition 2018 meeting held in Boston, included data from 5,222 employees
Read more news: | <urn:uuid:34614990-0403-4861-96f5-a756898cadc1> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.siliconindia.com/news/life/Why-workplace-food-may-not-be-healthy-for-you-nid-204599-cid-51.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540543850.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20191212130009-20191212154009-00479.warc.gz | en | 0.973483 | 367 | 3.03125 | 3 |
THURSDAY, Jan. 5, 2012 (MedPage Today) — The negative impact of celiac disease in women reaches far beyond the small intestine, with effects on many aspects of physical and emotional functioning, survey results showed.
In celiac disease, ingested gluten can damage the surface villi and impede nutrient absorption, but 37 percent of women with the condition met the clinical threshold for depression on the 20-item Center for Disease Studies Depression Scale, according to Joshua M. Smyth, PhD, of Pennsylvania State University in University Park, and colleagues.
Moreover, 22 percent also met the criteria for disordered eating assessed on a 29-item questionnaire, the researchers reported online in Chronic Illness.
Following a gluten-free diet is the usual recommended treatment for celiac disease, however, because of the near ubiquity of gluten in common foods, many patients with the immune disorder have difficulty keeping to their diet.
And even those who do adhere to the diet can remain symptomatic, which can interfere with normal functioning and lead to psychological difficulties.
In particular, previous case reports suggested that the focus on food required for the gluten-free diet can become excessive in women, as manifest in bulimia and anorexia.
To more fully characterize the effects of celiac disease on women's emotional and psychological well being, Smyth and colleagues recruited 177 women with the disorder for a Web-based survey of disease characteristics, diet, functioning, and psychiatric symptoms.
They found that the average level of adherence to the diet was high.
Higher adherence to the gluten-free diet was associated with increases in vitality, better emotional role function and health, and decreased stress and less depression.
"It is perhaps the case that individuals with celiac disease are relieved of emotional distress through their avoidance of gluten (i.e., knowing that they are following recommendations from their doctors may provide peace of mind), rather than through the diet's direct physical effects," Smyth and colleagues observed.
But adherence also was linked with excessive concerns about food consumption, particularly as it affected weight and shape, the researchers found.
Worse celiac symptoms were associated with poorer physical functioning and mental health.
Correlations also were seen between different areas of psychiatric functioning, such as depression and stress, as well as stress and eating concerns.
The average level of depressive symptoms was 14.93, with a cutoff for clinical depression of 16.
The 65 women whose depression scores were at or above the cutoff had worse celiac symptoms, greater stress, lower dietary adherence, and worse quality of life for both physical and emotional domains.
In addition, the 39 women whose scores on disordered eating measures were "clinically meaningful" had worse celiac symptoms, more stress, depression, and poorer mental health.
"The presence of disordered eating symptoms in the present sample indicates that attending to the risk for extreme thoughts and behaviors related to eating and shape is a large area of opportunity for improving quality of life in women with celiac disease," the researchers stated.
The study confirmed that women with celiac disease are at risk for psychiatric distress, implying that screening may be useful and that psychosocial support may be an important aspect to overall care for these patients, they observed.
Limitations of the study include the small sample size and the possibility of self-selection.
Last Updated: 1/5/2012 | <urn:uuid:e3a99aac-3677-47f0-acd5-082f6d2fc493> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.everydayhealth.com/celiac-disease/0105/depression-common-in-celiac-disease.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042987552.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002307-00236-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966776 | 690 | 2.546875 | 3 |
6 Strategies To Help Students Become More Confident Learners
Having confidence means being self-assured about your own abilities. It means knowing your strengths and being able to use those strengths in a valuable way.
For many students, facing new material they don’t know, being corrected, and examined on a regular basis can chip away at their self-confidence, causing them to begin questioning their own intelligence and ability to succeed.
Most students go through stages of self-doubt when they’re unable to pick up a class concept or when they perform poorly on a test. What’s important is that students don’t remain in this mindset for long, and continue to believe in themselves.
There are many ways parents can help build students’ confidence in their abilities. Keep reading for more insights:
6 Strategies For Building Confidence In Students
- Encourage Your Child To Focus On Subjects He Or She Is Good At
- Help Your Child Quit Comparison
- Promote A Positive Mindset
- Remind Your Child Of His Or Her Progression
- Remind Your Child He Or She Isn’t Superhuman
- Recognize His or Her Value Outside Of School
When a student has low self-confidence, sometimes he or she needs to be reminded about the areas where he or she excels. For instance, if a student struggles with math and does poorly on a test, this student may start to doubt his or her own intelligence. Sitting down and working on a subject he or she is strong in for a while can help bring back that self-confidence.
If you notice your child obsessing over a poor mark, help him or her learn from it and move forward. Remind your child that a subject in school doesn’t define him or her and that it’s extremely hard to excel in every subject. Bring up subjects you struggled with in school to your child. This will remind him or her that it’s okay to not be the best in everything.
One of the worst things a student can do is compare him or herself to others. All students learn at different paces and have their own strong points. If a student compares his or her work to another student who has higher grades, that student may start to lose confidence in his or her own abilities.
If you catch your child talking about how his or her classmates are doing, remind your child to stop comparing his or her work to others. Your child may not realize he or she is doing it in the first place! Once your child breaks this unhealthy habit of self-comparison, he or she will be able to concentrate on what’s most important—learning!
Many students go into a downward spiral when they receive poor feedback or a bad mark on a test. This makes them believe they aren’t as intelligent as the rest of the class and aren’t going to get very far in their schooling. Feeling this way is common for students who have a negative mindset.
Instead of dwelling on the negatives, help your child maintain a positive mindset. This means seeing setbacks as learning opportunities. It means that even if a student is going through a hard time, he or she knows that things will get better.
Teach your child to maintain a positive mindset by leading by example. If something goes wrong when cooking dinner, say that you’re glad you won’t make the same mistake for when company is over. If you’re having a hard time with work, express how you know things will ease up soon enough—you just have to get through it.
School can be fast-paced—students have to constantly look forward to the next chapter or test to keep up. There often isn’t time to reflect on accomplishments.Students often forget that they have come so far, and will continue improving as they continue with school.
Remind your child of the type of work he or she was doing years ago, and compare it to the work he or she is doing now. Your child will see the improvement over the years and will understand that he or she is improving and moving forward. This will help your child’s self-confidence and encourage him or her to look forward with optimism.
Students of all ages put enormous pressure on themselves to be great at everything. They want to be the best at every subject, have the highest grades, excel in extra-curricular activities, and have a great social life. It’s normal and healthy to want to work hard and have high hopes for oneself. However, having unrealistic expectations often leads to disappointment and lowered self-esteem. It’s important that students know what their limits are so they don’t feel down if they are facing challenges at school.
It’s possible that your child may not realize he or she is putting this pressure on him or herself. Talk to your child about what realistic goals are and work with him or her to achieve them in a healthy way.
Help keep the school workload in perspective by reminding your child he or she isn’t superhuman. There are only 24 hours in the day and no one can perform at 100% each and every day. Remind your child that self-care is incredibly important and help him or her relax with a board game or walk around the neighbourhood.
It’s very easy for students to get tunnel vision during the school year. They think about school and almost nothing else. They forget about the value they bring to other areas like relationships with friends and family.
If your child’s confidence is suffering, take time to recognize how valuable he or she is in areas unrelated to school. Talk about your child’s positive personality traits that may not be acknowledged in the classroom. Traits like emotional intelligence are rarely concentrated on in a classroom setting. Tell your child about how much of a difference he or she makes in other people’s lives! Once your child sees his or her value in areas unrelated to school, your child will be less inclined to seek confidence through grades. | <urn:uuid:8775fee0-0c53-4c0c-86e3-70216d0a466a> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://gradepowerlearning.com/how-to-build-students-confidence/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251689924.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126135207-20200126165207-00180.warc.gz | en | 0.97212 | 1,250 | 3.625 | 4 |
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Noxious Weed Control Board
Terrible 10 - Hairy Willow-herb
Terrible 10 – Hairy Willow-Herb
Hairy willow-herb (Epilobium hirsutum)
Found in moist areas, ditches and shorelines, low areas in pastures; prefers sun but can be shade tolerant.
A semi-aquatic plant that can reach 6 ft high, leaves long and narrow (willow shaped) and toothed attach directly to stem; leaves and stems are covered with downy hair. Bright pink flowers with white centers appear in summer, and long slender seed pods burst to release seeds. Resembles native fireweed.
Native to Europe, hairy willow-herb escaped from cultivation.
Replaces native wetland plants depriving birds and animals of food and habitat; dense stands can impede stream flow with serious impact on watershed. Spreads aggressively by seed and rhizome.
Click for more information | <urn:uuid:79312b85-00d3-4fc9-93b8-11998353cffb> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.islandcountywa.gov/Health/DNR/Noxious-Weed/Pages/Terrible-10-Hairy-Willow-herb.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337595.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20221005073953-20221005103953-00482.warc.gz | en | 0.869101 | 229 | 2.625 | 3 |
Water Transport Through Plant Tissues in the Presence of a Diffusable Solute1
- Fred J. Molz and
- George M. Hornberger2
Because water transport through soils and plants are closely related and interdependent phenomena, it is logical to attempt to develop a quantitative description of water flow in the plant portion of the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum comparable to that which exists for the soil portion. The present paper utilizes the theory of nonequilibrium thermodynamics to develop a quantitative description of water transport through aggregations of plant cells containing both permeating and nonpermeating solutes in aqueous solution. Application of the theory results in two linear, coupled, partial differential equations with a water potential-related term and the diffusable solute concentration as dependent variables. As the permeability of the diffusable solute approaches zero, the system of equations reduces to a single equation first derived by Philip (1958d), wherein the dependent variable is water potential. Using the Crank-Nicolson method, the one-dimensional forms of the equations are solved numerically for the case of a fully turgid tissue placed in a solution of diffusable solute at time zero. The solution shows that the resulting transport process is entirely different from the classical case in which the cell membranes are permeable to water only.Please view the pdf by using the Full Text (PDF) link under 'View' to the left.
Copyright © . | <urn:uuid:29d3f4ed-69ba-4c4d-87e6-28e3ac35b7e1> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | https://www.agronomy.org/publications/sssaj/abstracts/37/6/SS0370060833 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246658904.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045738-00126-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.883938 | 296 | 2.5625 | 3 |
In today’s world, criminal organizations and terrorists generate huge amounts of money by taking part in criminal activities and financial crime.
Some people have labeled this money as ‘dirty money’ and left as is, would raise the suspicions of law enforcers and leaves a trail of evidence, therefore in order for this money to be useful, it needs to be ‘cleaned’…laundered.
Basically these illegal profits need to be disguised or else risk seizure.
This is known as money laundering.
Money laundering can be defined as:
- “The conversion or transfer of property, knowing it is derived from a criminal offense, for the purpose of concealing or disguising its illicit origin or of assisting any person who is involved in the commission of the crime to evade the legal consequences of his actions;
- The concealment or disguising of the true nature, source, location, disposition, movement, rights with respect to, or ownership of property knowing that it is derived from a criminal offense; or
- The acquisition, possession or use of property, knowing at the time of its receipt that it was derived from a criminal offense or from a participation in a crime.”
There are three main processes for laundering money:
- Placement: moving of funds elsewhere, usually into the financial system
- Layering: This is a very complex stage and it is the point where the origin of the funds needs to be hidden. Hide the trail so to speak. Usually this could be sending funds electronically from one country to another, separate them into investments, and keep moving the money in order to take advantage of loopholes.
- Integration: This is where the funds are fully integrated into the legal economy and therefore can be used for any purpose.
With globalization and ever improving internet solutions, funds can almost instantly move from one country to another across borders. This is why all financial companies must develop their own written anti-money laundering procedures and programs in accordance with all necessary regulations.
The purpose of this is to ensure that there are strict policies and controls capable of detecting as much as possible the cause and reporting of money laundering.
In order for these policies to be put into place, there must be compliance officer who has the power to effect changed in the policies and communicate any problems to senior management and regulatory bodies.
This is a separate role and the compliance officer should not hold another position in the company if it relates to any functional area.
A company has to also make sure employees have yearly training on the issue and this training must be kept on file. Occasionally there is a test given to employees on financial crime and KYC (know your client) procedures.
What exactly is KYC?
It is a rule and regulation that any client of a financial company should provide specific information such as name, address, ID, personal financial details…etc., to the company in which he/she plans on doing business. If the entity is a company, verification is usually accomplished through obtaining the articles of incorporation, corporate resolutions, memorandum and articles of association, operating agreements for limited liability companies, and trust agreements for trusts.
This can be done by using documentary or non-documentary methods.
Usually all records that have been collected should be stored for a period of five years from the date an account is opened.
All this, and the movement of money should be monitored carefully. The location in which money is being moved from should be checked against black lists showing blocked countries, volume needs to be checked, strange patterns…suspicious activity in general.
Suspicious activity has been listed as:
- “Deposits continuously made just below $10,000;
- Trading with no apparent regard for gain or loss;
- Wires to and from high risk countries, non-cooperative countries, or tax havens;
- Deposits followed by a request to wire money to a third party;
- The client requests that a transaction be processed in such a manner to avoid the firm’s normal documentation requirements;
- For no apparent reason, the customer has multiple accounts under a single name or multiple names, with a large number of inter-account or third party transfers;
- Client attempts to continually use non-allowed forms of deposit into the account;
- Client engaging in sudden withdrawal of funds or closing account(s) with subsequent wire transfers.”
All suspicious activity should be reported immediately to the organization in combating money laundering in your country.
Conscious avoidance of knowledge of money laundering is illegal. A company will be held responsible for not having taken appropriate action. It is therefore very important that anti money laundering rules are followed very carefully and are taken seriously. | <urn:uuid:87beb2fc-47ae-4644-8d98-8ed0aa1e37e4> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.agplaw.com/money-laundering-compliance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578526923.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419001419-20190419023419-00192.warc.gz | en | 0.954168 | 965 | 2.921875 | 3 |
I'll address the question in the title "At which time did sight evolve for the first time?" by assuming that by the evolution of vision, we mean the evolution of the eye.
Molluscs are an excellent phylum to investigate this question because they exhibit a wide range of eye designs and levels of complexity.
At the most basic level, limpets such as Patella exhibit small patches of photoreceptor cells lying in a relatively flat configuration. Slightly more advanced is Pleurotomaria which has photoreceptors and pigmentation cells held in an eyecup. We then have the pinhole camera style eye as seen in Nautilus (see this post), and more complex eyes with a cornea, retina, and lense such as those seen in squid (e.g. Loligo).
Assuming that "a patch of photoreceptors" in an animal counts as an eye, then we should probably looking for marine invertebrates. The problem here is that if they had only soft body parts we might struggle to identify the oldest examples in sediments.
One candidate for the "earliest eye" might be urbilatarians - the hypothesized last common ancestor of the clade bilatarians - which probably evolved at the end of the Ediacaran period (~555 Myr). An example would be Kimberella (described here) which might or might not have been a mollusc and might or might not have had photoreceptors!
(credit : wikipedia) | <urn:uuid:64a907fd-a0b0-4497-9e58-259ef7e375cd> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/782/when-did-vision-evolve-for-the-first-time | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257823670.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071023-00112-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957301 | 309 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Certain process wastages such as, turnings, borings, etc. may not have any end use in the plant, but they may have a good market value. Here also materials control must use the facilities provided by purchasing as a coordinator in order that scraps are sold for best value.
Categories of Scrap Materials: The categories of scrap materials are as follows: 1. Spoilage 2. Scrap tools 3.
Wastage 4. Empties 5. Irreparable parts of equipment 6. Obsolete items 7. Turnings, boring, etc. 8.
Items which are spoiled during the course of manufacturing or storage are called spoilage. Spoilage in manufacturing involves loss of machine hours as well as many hours. Special care should also be taken to avoid spoilage during storage. In both cases of spoilage, the items will be covered by scrap notes.
Some tools are out after a period and some break during usage. They are written off from stock by scrap note and sold as scrap metal. Care should, however, be taken to properly store such scrap tools lest they may be exchanged for new ones by some one or the other.
Pieces cut of raw materials during manufacturing process are called wastage.
The wastage is normally included in the quantity issued and is therefore debited to the job. Raw materials should be purchased in economic sizes to keep wastage at the absolute minimum. In certain cases, wastage can be reduced by intelligent handling of issues from stores. For example, if there is a requisition for a piece of (1/2) M x (1/2) M size steel sheets, it should be issued from cut pieces if available instead of from a large sheet. Similarly, a lm x 1/2 m piece should be issued from 2m x lm sheet instead of from 3mx 1 ?m sheet, and so on.
Empty drums, bags, packing case etc., which are not returnable to suppliers, are treated as scrap and sold.
5. Irreparable parts of equipment:
Certain parts of equipment become irreparable after some years. Examples are crankshaft, connecting rods, bearings etc. of an engine.
Replacement is taken from stores on requisitions and the old ones are thrown into the scrap dump and sold by weight (scrap bearings and similar spares should be broken up lest they should get into sales channel again).
6. Obsolete items:
Obsolete components which cannot be sold as spares and therefore written off from the financial books are sold as scrap.
Turnings, boring, etc:
When operations such as turnings, borings, drillings, etc., are carried out on metal bars, sheets components, etc., a certain portion of the metal is removed by such operations.
Similarly, saw dust and wood cutting are obtained when wood is cut. Such arising are stored separately and sold as scrap.
8. Used oil:
In many factories, there are arising of used oil as a result of operating machine tools etc. They are sold as ‘scrap’ often along with the drum. | <urn:uuid:71b770aa-3a34-423d-9f62-0891adf08424> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://pennsylvaniaangerclass.com/how-scrap-materials-are-categorised-materials-management/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400210616.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20200923081833-20200923111833-00318.warc.gz | en | 0.966728 | 646 | 3.21875 | 3 |
“Since then, the CIA has paid out more than $1 million under the agreement,” the report says. The superior of consent is in Consent, a reciprocal association of the prefix com – (meaning “with,” “together”) with the feeling (“to feel”). The term “feeling together” is implicit in English consent, which means consent, respect or consent to what is done or proposed by another. Consent is used as a no-name or verb with the meaning “accept” or “To give permission.” If you remember, concord is also synonymous with grammatical tuning. Accord appears in ancient English with the meaning of “reconciling” or “concording,” borrowed from his Anglo-French etymon, acorder, a word akin to Latin concord, which means “consent.” This original sense of concordance is transitory, and in modern English it still occurs, but rarely. His transitory sense of “giving or giving accordingly, whether due or deserved” – as in “The Teacher`s Students Pay Tribute to Them” – is more often encountered. | <urn:uuid:d71cbce7-4dd5-4ae4-ad62-4336e6b4f1fe> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | http://www.zacharyweintraut.com/2020/12/03/another-word-for-old-agreement/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587659.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20211025092203-20211025122203-00552.warc.gz | en | 0.968255 | 257 | 3.0625 | 3 |
I saw this experiment awhile ago and I knew we had to try it out. Every birthday I buy more balloons because I can’t find the leftovers from the previous birthday. This was a great way to use some of those balloons. I also included this balloon rockets activity in our science DIY Summer Camp Week.
Balloon Rockets STEM Experiment
This post contains affiliate links, see my disclosure policy for more information.
You could easily do this balloon rocket experiment outside or inside like we did. It is relative easy, and inexpensive.
What you need:
How to make Balloon Rocket
Tape or tie one end of your string to something. I taped it to my counter top.
Thread your straw onto your string, and then six or seven feet away, attach the other end of the string to something. I used the back of a chair.
I used painter tape to make sure the string stayed in place and didn’t damage or leave sticky residue behind on my counter or chair. We used about seven feet of string.
You could easily test out different lengths to add to your experiment.
You add two strips of tape to the straw to attach your balloon, without tying the end of your balloon. With the end of the balloon face the opposite way you want your balloon to fly. Let go!
I set everything up, gave it a test and it worked perfectly.
Backyard Summer Camp: Science Lab
Problem Saving Our Balloon Rockets
These did not work perfectly right off the bat for my kids. But we don’t give up. It was Brookland who learned through trial and error that placing the strips of tape too far apart was causing problems.
One issue we had was that we were using rough twine instead of a smooth string like yarn. There were a few places the straw was getting caught.
- plastic straws
- string such as twine or yarn
- tape such as painter tape or masking tape
- Tape or tie one end of your string to something. I taped it to my counter top.
- Thread your straw onto your string, and then six or seven feet away, attach the other end of the string to something. I used the back of a chair.
- I used painter tape to make sure the string stayed in place and didn't damage or leave sticky residue behind on my counter or chair. We used about seven feet of string.
- You could easily test out different lengths to add to your experiment.
Fun with Learning
This is homeschooling. This is learning. This is learning to problem solve and not give up until you have figured out the problem, the solution.
We let go of a few balloons without them attached to the straw and string, and then had to chase them down. It was a fun side by side comparison.
I totally set our strings out so that once we got the hang of it, my kids could have balloon races! I couldn’t help myself and it’s fun to race, especially where age (and height) doesn’t give you a leg up, haha.
We had a lot of fun with this. We did it with different amounts of air in the balloons.
We did this with the balloon on top of the straw, and on the bottom of the straw.
Have fun with it.
Science Behind Balloon Rockets
A balloon provides a simple example of how a rocket engine works. The air trapped inside the balloon pushes out the open end, causing the balloon to move forward.
The force of the air escaping is the “action”; the movement of the balloon forward is the “reaction” predicted by Newton’s Third Law of Motion. | <urn:uuid:c1d24823-20bc-436d-b6dd-58d2f635c5b5> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://forgetfulmomma.com/category/kids-activites/summer-camp/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703547475.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20210124075754-20210124105754-00787.warc.gz | en | 0.958797 | 766 | 3.03125 | 3 |
|Back to School: Healthy school lunches |
Kids who eat a healthy lunch are ready to learn. While hectic family schedules can be a challenge to manage, taking the stress out of making school lunches is as easy as getting the kids involved and planning ahead. Here are a few simple ideas to get your family started.
Five tips for packing healthy lunches
1. On the weekend, plan school lunches with your kids for the week ahead. Try to include three of the four food groups in every lunch.
2. Stock up on healthy grab-and-go foods like fruit, vegetables, whole grain pita pockets, yogurt, and hard-boiled eggs.
3. Use dinner leftovers to make quick and easy lunches the following day.
4. Prep as much of the lunch as you can the night before. Spend a few extra minutes when preparing dinner to cut up extra veggies and fruit for tomorrow's lunch.
5. Get the kids involved. Let them plan the menu, write the grocery list, shop for food, and make the lunches… with your help of course! Kids who help make and pack their lunch are more likely to eat it too.
Healthy grab-and-go lunch ideas
Stock up on easy-to-grab snacks that can be put together in a pinch for a picnic-style lunch.
• ready-to-eat veggies like carrots and cucumbers
• fruit like apples, bananas, or oranges
• fruit cups (fruit salad packed in juice, applesauce, mandarin oranges, pears, peaches)
• single servings of lower-fat milk or 100% fruit juice
• lower-fat yogurt
• small packets of dried fruit like raisins or cranberries
• whole grain crackers or mini-pitas
• hard-boiled eggs (they keep for one week in the fridge with their shells on)
For more information, visit: Canada.ca/health
Communications and Public Affairs Branch
Domenic Carullo 8/27/2017 | <urn:uuid:90faae57-5f0d-401c-915a-fa60cf64c60e> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://observatorul.com/default.asp?action=articleviewdetail&ID=17322 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805242.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119004302-20171119024302-00777.warc.gz | en | 0.938397 | 425 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The symptoms of electro-sensitivity relate to neurological disorders; they affect your heart they affect your skin, they affect your eyes, they affect your organs.
Some of the key symptoms are chronic pain, fatigue, insomnia, palpitations, anxiety, depression, skin problems, ringing in the ears.
Many of the symptoms resemble the effects of the aging process and sufferers assume that they’re just “getting older” and that such pains are “normal.”
The World Health Organization defines electro-sesitivity as “…a phenomenon where individuals experience adverse health effects while using or being in the vicinity of devices emanating electric, magnetic or electromagnetic fields (EMFs)” and it presents it as arising from an “idiopathic,” i.e., an “obscure or unknown cause.”
Here however, Magda Havas, PhD., Professor of Environmental and Resource Studies at Trent University, Ontario, Canada presents five documented cases of electro-exposure from her formal studies, where both the causes and symptoms were found to be physiological and not psychological. | <urn:uuid:f25f709b-a92b-4f85-aa18-5d68465a4fdd> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://forbiddenknowledgetv.net/Electro-Sensitivity-Is-it-Real/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588282.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028065732-20211028095732-00426.warc.gz | en | 0.911821 | 230 | 2.8125 | 3 |
If you run a business harbouring sensitive information within a database – anything from intellectual property, to digital cash, to your customers’ data – you need to secure it.
It sounds like such a basic piece of advice, but it’s one that many businesses neglect to follow, says Josh Shaul, director of product management at Trustwave Holdings Inc. He’s scheduled to be at the RSA conference at the end of February to demonstrate how many businesses remember to secure their networks and their servers, but how they sometimes skip that step when it comes to databases.
For the last 15 years, Trustwave has been researching all the ways hackers can break into databases to steal valuable data – and one thing researchers keep finding is that businesses believe there’s no need to secure their databases, as long as they already have other protections in place, like network and
application security controls.
“It’s definitely a big misconception,” Shaul says. “The idea that hey, I’ve got a secure network, I’ve encrypted things, I’ve put up my security protections, so my database must be protected, is really similar to the idea of a bank opening up with a guard at the door and video cameras and alarm systems. But instead of having a vault, they put all the cash in the middle of the floor.”
Databases need to have specific security controls around them because they often contain an organization’s most sensitive information, he adds. And hackers are very aware of this, devising a number of ways to get into businesses’ databases through vulnerabilities and exploits.
For example, one way a hacker can get in is to steal an employee’s password. Hackers accomplish this through installing malware, phishing schemes, and other ways of gaining access. Once they’re in, they can start sending the information stored in a database to their own servers.
Another way doesn’t require any inside knowledge – instead, hackers can attack from the outside using SQL injections, SQL being the kind of code used in databases. Basically, a hacker can type in SQL code into an input field on a website – for example, a place where the website asks someone to enter their username and password. If the SQL code executes, the hacker may be able to get access to a site’s database.
And unfortunately, doing a SQL injection is easy, even for script kiddies who have just a basic knowledge of hacking, Shaul says.
“There are three critical skills to execute attacks. You’ve got to be able to Google, copy, and paste,” he says, adding many hackers have posted examples of SQL code online for others to try. Even security researchers may post SQL code online after explaining the company with the vulnerability has already patched it – but that doesn’t mean hackers won’t try using it anyway.
And it isn’t just outside attackers who pose a threat. Internal theft is always a possibility, with an employee potentially stealing company data and selling it to a competitor. That’s why it’s important to only grant database access to the employees who need it, Shaul says.
Businesses should also ensure they layer security around their databases, he adds. For example, they should check to make sure they are aware of all of the databases in their environments, checking for vulnerabilities and misconfigurations in each one. They should also deploy firewalls, protect their web applications from attacks, and constantly monitor their databases in case they are attacked.
Some red flags include queries running on very large data sets, or queries coming from Web applications, resulting in errors – something that doesn’t usually happen for production applications, Shaul says. Or, attackers can try to connect to a database from an unusual source, like from a PC that doesn’t usually connect to it. | <urn:uuid:6d6d5324-1f7d-4d4b-8ec9-ae36dfe8e9e6> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.itbusiness.ca/news/securing-your-database-is-more-than-just-securing-your-network/46364 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818685698.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20170919131102-20170919151102-00312.warc.gz | en | 0.943056 | 810 | 2.59375 | 3 |
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BIGHT REGIONAL INVESTIGATIONS LIFE, LAND, AND OCEAN
Project DescriptionThe CABRILLO Project (Southern CAlifornia Bight Regional Investigations Life, Land, and Ocean) of the U.S. Geological Survey addresses complex oceanographic and hazard issues that affect Southern California coastal communities.
The offshore area is geologically active resulting in the potential for earthquakes, underwater mass-wasting events (submarine landslides and slumps), and tsunamis. The geology of the seafloor along the coast and continental shelf of Southern California provides diverse habitats that include rich fisheries, kelp forests, marine mammals, and many other niches and biological guilds. Both human and non-human inhabitants are at risk from pollution of the coastal ocean and from the degradation of fresh-water sources as a result of salt-water intrusion. In addition, the coastal ocean is a resource for economic development (shipping), communication (trans-oceanic cables), fishing, recreation, and tourism. The CABRILLO project provides USGS scientists with an interdisciplinary framework in which these complex coastal issues can be studied.
CABRILLO efforts currently focus on six component tasks and a regional synthesis:
* CASA - Salt Water Intrusion investigates offshore-onshore components of salt-water intrusion into coastal aquifers by developing 2D and 3D stratigraphic models of potential salt-water infiltration.
* Océano - Contaminant Processes studies ocean contaminants, their distribution along the coastal region and the processes by which they are transported.
* Playa - Coastal Change addresses issues of coastal change, including beach loss, shoreline retreat, and the processes that impact coastal stability.
* Tierra - Geologic Hazards investigates geologic hazards associated with submarine landslides, earthquakes, and tsunamis.
* Vida - Benthic Habitats concerns the relationship between sea-floor rock and sediment and benthic habitats.
* Región - Regional Synthesis provides a regional synthesis of Southern California's coastal and marine geology, the impact of man on the environment and the impact of the natural environment on man.
Summary provided by http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/cabrillo/ | <urn:uuid:4efa8c81-7870-4736-94ad-fd5704dcf362> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://gcmd.nasa.gov/KeywordSearch/Supplementals.do?Portal=GCMD&KeywordPath=Projects%7CA+-+C&NumericId=8519&MetadataType=0&lbnode=mdlb3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541214.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00221-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.887136 | 479 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Services Offered by Local Health Departments
Services Offered by Local Health Departments
Tennessee's local health departments provide a variety of health services, both to keep you healthy, and if you are sick, to get you well. We hope you will take advantage of these services.
Healthy children are a major priority of the health department. Well child checkups include physical exams, screening tests and immunizations. Screenings are available to assure normal development and to detect and treat many medical conditions for persons from birth to 21 years of age. The health department strongly recommends regular checkups and makes referrals for medical/dental services to be sure all children are as healthy as they can be.
Immunizations against polio, diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus (lockjaw), measles, mumps, rubella (German measles), hemophilus (meningitis), and hepatitis B are provided for children. Flu and pneumonia immunizations, tetanus-diphtheria boosters, and hepatitis B vaccines are also available to adults for lasting protection against these diseases.
In many health departments, medical staff are available for diagnosing and treating acute and chronic illnesses, and also provide diagnostic testing such as blood pressure screening and pap smears. Special health counseling is provided as needed. Local health departments participate in TennCare and other insurance programs.
Patients receive a complete physical exam and all appropriate lab tests. Patients are also taught about birth control and may be supplied with a birth control method. Many contraceptive problems can also be treated at all local health departments.
The health department provides confidential testing, treatment, and partner notification for sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV/AIDS.
Diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up services for patients with tuberculosis, and their contacts, are provided at health departments. Medication, when needed, is also available.
A nutritionist is available to teach individuals or groups proper nutrition for everyday living. Registered dietitians counsel individuals with special dietary needs such as hypertension, diabetes and weight management.
Women, Infants and Children (WIC)
Vouchers to buy nutritious foods (cheese, milk, cereals, etc.) are issued to women who are pregnant or breastfeeding and children under five years of age who are at risk of poor growth, if they meet income guidelines. Breastfeeding classes and support are available to all new mothers.
Children's Special Services (CSS)
The CSS program assists with medical treatment for children to age 21, when they have special medical needs and the family is financially unable to provide for necessary care. This program may also include speech and hearing services.
Pregnancy testing, presumptive eligibility screening for Medicaid, and referral for prenatal care are available at all local health departments. Full service prenatal care is available at some health departments.
HUG (Help Us Grow)
Home visits are made by a public health nurse to families whose infants may be at risk for medical or developmental problems. This follow-up begins during the prenatal period. Teen mothers and their infants are given highest priority.
Birth and death information is collected and sent to the State's Office of Vital Records. Copies of death certificates are issued upon request. Certified copies of birth certificates for persons born in Tennessee in 1949 or after may be requested through the health department.
A health educator is available to provide educational services to patients, schools and community groups upon request. In some areas, dental hygienists are also available to provide dental education upon request.
General Environmental Health
General Environmental Health is responsible for the inspection programs for food service establishments, hotels, motels, public swimming pools, bed and breakfast establishments, tattoo artists and tattoo establishments, body piercing establishments, correctional facilities, child care facilities, organized camps and school plants. Environmental specialists respond to and/or refer non-program related environmental complaints. In some areas of the state, the division assists in the statewide lead screening program. The division is also responsible for providing operator training in all program areas, planning and promoting the rabies vaccination clinic and investigating animal bites.
Motor Voter Program
Voter registration forms are available and assistance in completing the forms is provided at all local health departments.
The health department provides outreach services to families and individuals who may be eligible for TennCare, including providing information, assisting with the application process, education concerning proper utilization of the managed care system, assisting in obtaining referrals and prior authorization for services and assistance in locating providers. | <urn:uuid:1038712c-17c4-4a51-ad7c-02965e6b9e92> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://health.state.tn.us/localservices.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507443062.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005723-00138-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947374 | 909 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Pipelines is a language and runtime for crafting massively parallel pipelines. Unlike other languages for defining data flow, the Pipeline language requires implementation of components to be defined seperately in the Python scripting language. This allows the details of implementations to be separated from the structure of the pipeline, while providing access to thousands of active libraries for machine learning, data analysis and processing. Skip to Getting Started to install the Pipeline compiler.
As an introductory example, a simple pipeline for Fizz Buzz on even numbers could be written as follows -
from fizzbuzz import numbers from fizzbuzz import even from fizzbuzz import fizzbuzz from fizzbuzz import printer numbers /> even |> fizzbuzz where (number=*, fizz="Fizz", buzz="Buzz") |> printer
Meanwhile, the implementation of the components would be written in Python -
def numbers(): for number in range(1, 100): yield number def even(number): return number % 2 == 0 def fizzbuzz(number, fizz, buzz): if number % 15 == 0: return fizz + buzz elif number % 3 == 0: return fizz elif number % 5 == 0: return buzz else: return number def printer(number): print(number)
Running the Pipeline document would safely execute each component of the pipeline in parallel and output the expected result.
Components are scripted in Python and linked into a pipeline using imports. The syntax for an import has 3 parts - (1) the path to the module, (2) the name of the function, and (3) the alias for the component. Here's an example -
from parser import parse_fasta as parse
That's really all there is to imports. Once a component is imported it can be referenced anywhere in the document with the alias.
Every pipeline is operated on a stream of data. The stream of data is created by a Python generator. The following is an example of a generator that generates a stream of numbers from 0 to 1000.
def numbers(): for number in range(0, 1000): yield number
Here's a generator that reads entries from a file
def customers(): for line in open("customers.csv", 'r'): yield line
The first component in a pipeline is always the generator. The generator is run in parallel with all other components and each element of data is passed through the other components.
from utils import customers as customers # a generator function in the utils module from utils import parse_row as parser from utils import get_recommendations as recommender from utils import print_recommendations as printer customers |> parser |> recommender |> printer
Pipes are what connect components together to form a pipeline. As of now, there are 2 types of pipes in the Pipeline language - (1) transformer pipes, and (2) filter pipes. Transformer pipes are used when input is to be passed through a component. For example, a function can be defined to determine the potential of a particle and a function can be defined to print the potential.
particles |> get_potential |> printer
The above pipeline code would pass data from the stream generated by
get_potential and then the output of
printer. Filter pipes work similarly except they use the following component to filter data. For example, a function can be defined to determine if a person is over 50 and then print their names to a file.
population /> over_50 |> printer
This would use the function referenced by
over_50 to filter out data from the stream generated by
population and then pass output to
where keyword lets you pass in multiple parameters to a component as opposed to just what the output from the previous component was. For example, a function can be defined to print to a file the names of all applicants under a certain age.
applicants |> printer where (person=*, age_limit=21)
This could be done using a filter as well.
applicants /> age_limit where (person=*, age=21) |> printer
In this case, the function for
age_limit could look something like this -
def age_limit(person, age): return person.age <= age
Note that this function still has just one return value - the boolean expression that is used to determine wether input to the component is passed on as output.
to keyword is for when you want the previous component has multiple return values and you want to specify which ones to pass on to the next component. As an example, if you had a function for calculating the electronegativity and electron affinity of an atom, you could use it in a pipeline as follows -
atoms |> calculator to (electronegativity, electron_affinity) |> printer where (line=electronegativity)
Here's an example using a filter.
atoms /> below where (atom=*, limit=2) to (is_below, electronegativity, electron_affinity) with is_below |> printer where (line=electronegativity)
Note the use of the
with keyword here. This is necessary for filters to specify which return value of the function is used to filter out elements in the stream.
All you need to get started is the Pipelines compiler. You can install it by downloading the executable from Releases.
If you have the Nimble package manager installed and
~/.nimble/binpermanantly added to your PATH environment variable (look this up > if you don't know how to do this), you can also install by running the following command.
nimble install pipelines
Pipelines' only dependancy is the Python interpreter being installed on your system. At the moment, most versions 2.7 and earlier are supported and support for Python 3 is in the works. Once Pipelines is installed and added to your PATH, you can create a
.pipeline file, run or compile anywhere on your system -
$ pipelines the .pipeline compiler (v:0.1.0) usage: pipelines Show this pipelines <file> Compile .pipeline file pipelines <folder> Compile all .pipeline files in folder pipelines run <file> Run .pipeline file pipelines clean <folder> Remove all compiled .py files from folder for more info, go to github.com/calebwin/pipelines
Some next steps
There are several things I'm hoping to implement in the future for this project. I'm hoping to implement some sort of
and operator for piping data from the stream into multiple components in parallel with the output ending up in the stream in a nondeterministic order. Further down the line, I plan on porting the whole thing to C and putting in a complete error handling system | <urn:uuid:c6d8f884-9fff-4d9e-be23-00d80ca946f2> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://nimble.directory/pkg/pipelines | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578529898.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20190420160858-20190420182013-00055.warc.gz | en | 0.841931 | 1,424 | 3.171875 | 3 |
During e-learning, students are faced with a world of distractions. Whether it’s the TV going in the background, the cell phone that’s buzzing on the desk, or family members who are home with them, it can be extremely difficult to concentrate. Not only that, but with the lack of variation that comes with experiencing every class through a computer screen, students are more likely to disengage with their learning.
According to an article in District Administration, the e-learning environment tends to prioritize safety over enthusiasm and will likely cause students’ focus to plummet. This is particularly concerning because many students already fell behind in the spring during the sudden shift online. If this pattern continues, it could be detrimental to student success. This leaves teachers and school leaders with the task of overcoming these challenges before it’s too late.
The District Administration article cites research by the Northwest Evaluation Association, authored by NWEA research scientist Chase Nordengren, that suggests goal setting as a solution to get students back on track during the pandemic. They developed five strategies to help educators accomplish this.
The NWEA’s research suggests that cohesive goal setting and planning offer a significant foundation for helping ease students out of the slump created by the pandemic. Academic planners provide an affordable and effective solution with monthly, weekly, or daily goal sections to help students track progress. While planners have historically encouraged successful habits and outcomes, they could very well prove critical in helping students work their way through the pandemic and into future academic success. | <urn:uuid:fab5934d-12e8-4744-9c0d-780162f9f288> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://datebookstore.com/setting-goals-for-effective-e-learning/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224655247.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609032325-20230609062325-00371.warc.gz | en | 0.963565 | 313 | 3.234375 | 3 |
While the maritime industry carries over 90% of the world’s trade each year and remains the most cost-effective way to move large quantities of goods long distances, the industry is responsible for a significant portion of the world’s pollution. The main types of oil used by ships contain high levels of the element sulphur. When a ship’s engines burn sulphur, emissions containing particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, and sulphur oxides (SOx) are emitted into the atmosphere. The thousands of ships that travel across the world’s oceans burn billions of barrels of fuel oil each year, releasing thousands of tons of pollution, primarily in the form of SOx, into the atmosphere. It is currently estimated that the shipping industry alone accounts for between 2 and 3 percent of the world’s total greenhouse gas emissions, a major contributing factor in the global climate change crisis.
The emissions of SOx created by ships’ engines are commonly known to be harmful to the environment. In addition to creating acid rain, which damages crops and forests far inland from the ships that are creating these harmful emissions, SOx contributes to the destruction of aquatic animals and the acidification of oceans, causing considerable damage to the marine environment. SOx emitted by ships is also known to be harmful to human health. Lives are being cut short because the air we breathe and the water we drink is toxic.
“It is estimated that 400,000 premature deaths each year are caused by emissions from ships. These emissions further account for 14 million cases of asthma per year.”
The EPA’s goal is to ensure that the entire shipping industry lives up to the spirit of the new sulphur regulations and is working to prevent companies from cheating these regulations by simply dumping their pollution into the world’s oceans rather than the atmosphere.
“The reason the health impact of these fuels is not a front-page scandal is simply that those impacted tend to be people living along developing country coastlines and ports in Asia, rather than people in western capitals.”
- Anonymous Shipping Consultant
On January 1, 2020 the International Maritime Organization (IMO) implemented new regulations capping the sulphur levels in marine fuels. The new global cap sets the limit on sulphur at 0.50%. This has impacted nearly every commercial vessel currently operating. While the 0.50% limit has been in place in Emission Control Areas (ECAs) in Europe and the Americas for many years, the new regulations apply worldwide.
Under the new regulations, commercial vessels are required to use fuel that contains a sulphur content of no more than 0.50%. This is a dramatic decrease from the previous sulphur limit of 3.50% that had been in place since 2012. Prior to the new restrictions taking effect, the yearly average sulphur content of high-sulphur fuel oils under the previous regulations was 2.45%. By comparison, the low-sulphur fuel oil that many responsible ship owners are switching to have an average sulphur content of 0.11%, well below the 0.5% cap set by the new regulations.
These “emissions cheat” systems will allow ships to continue to burn the dirtiest fuels with the most harmful by-products, all in the name company profits.
The IMO’s new sulphur cap is specifically designed and intended to dramatically lower the amount of pollution, and specifically SOx, emitted by the international shipping industry. However, instead of using cleaner fuel, a number of companies are installing systems that effectively cheat the new regulations by pumping the harmful pollutants created by high-sulphur fuel oil directly into the ocean. These “emissions cheat” systems are known as exhaust gas scrubbers and allow ships operated by these companies to continue to burn the dirtiest fuels with the most harmful by-products, all in the name of company profits.
The exhaust gas scrubbers operate by mixing the harmful emissions with seawater. The resulting wastewater from the process, now containing the harmful by-products of these fuels, is either dumped back into the ocean or left in ports where it requires even further treatment. The most common of these systems also retain a bypass exhaust vent enabling the ship to turn off and bypass the scrubber unit at any time. Without a robust system in place to verify and monitor scrubber usage, it remains an open question as to how often exhaust scrubbers are actually used outside of coastal waters and emissions control zones. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, even when these scrubbers are operational the wastewater generated by a scrubber system can contain contaminants in the form of combustion products, fuel and lubricants, and any chemical additives present in the fuel. These pollutants and chemicals include hydrogen sulfide, vanadium, asphaltenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nickel and other harmful chemicals and heavy metals. Many scrubber systems then simply dump the wastewater, pollutants and all, back into the ocean. The IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute recently studied the scrubber systems being installed on ships and concluded: “The main effect compared to a situation without exhaust gas cleaning is that the main emissions will be released to water instead of to air, which will reduce the emission to land areas. The total emission will mainly be the same as for the case without exhaust gas cleaning and heavy fuel oil (HFO) as engine fuel.”
The very nature of exhaust scrubber systems runs counter to the intention of the new global sulphur regulations, which is to reduce the amount of sulphur pollution caused by commercial ships traveling around the world. Rather than reduce pollution levels, scrubber systems simply dump sulphur and a variety of other pollutants directly into the world’s oceans and will cause further damage to the sensitive marine environment.
Responsible owners of commercial vessels use reliable alternatives to live up to the spirit of the new sulphur regulations including: (1) switching from high-sulphur fuel oil to a marine gas oil or a further distilled oil, (2) using fuels that comply with the sulphur limits put in place by the regulation, known as “very-low-sulphur fuel oil", or (3) retrofitting vessels to use alternative forms of fuel like liquid natural gas or methanol. Using these alternatives accomplishes not only the IMO’s goal in reducing the level of damaging sulphur pollution caused by the shipping industry, but also uses better refined and cleaner fuels which contain fewer pollutants and chemicals, resulting in a cleaner and healthier environment.
Become a member and join the Environmental Protection Alliance’s current fight to eliminate the use of exhaust scrubbers and encourage ship owners to be responsible global citizens. Together we can work to clean the world’s oceans and reduce the harmful air pollution and greenhouse gasses that pose an existential threat to the planet.
With the release of movies like Finding Nemo and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, sales of adorable, “crime-fighting” pet turtles skyrocketed. But as quickly as they were sold, they were returned or abandoned and thrown (illegally) into
If you’ve been keeping up with us, you know that dirty scrubbers have been installed on more than 4,000 ships as a way to circumvent the 2020 IMO Sulphur Fuel Limit, which was implemented to reduce SOx emissions.
Most coral reefs today are between 5,000 and 10,000 years old, but with recent climate changes and disastrous pollution events triggering mass coral bleaching, a great percentage of these critical
It is a curious situation that the sea, from which life first arose should now be threatened by the activities of one form of that life. But the sea, though changed in a sinister way, will continue to exist; the threat is rather to life itself.
The blue economy must be sustainable. It must not come at the expense of the ocean and marine ecosystem. But, sadly, it has been widely documented that the global marine environment and its resources are being over-exploited at an ever - increasing rate and scale. Growth in this sector- blue growth - must be balanced and sustainable.
With every drop of water you drink, every breath you take, you're connected to the sea. No matter where on Earth you live. Most of the oxygen in the atmosphere is generated by the sea. | <urn:uuid:6c49aaca-e5ce-4fd4-a130-277ba5c9b7b8> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.environmentalprotectionalliance.org/?0ebb908b_page=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00891.warc.gz | en | 0.947715 | 1,720 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Drone applications are evolving all the time, and now the Danish Technological Institute is working on attracting the flying technology to hard-to-reach places such as at sea with an app on a mobile phone.
"We were tired of having to carry the drone about when we went out for test flights and thought that it would be smart if you could just call it.”
This was how the idea of a call system for drones came to two DTI drone experts, Jeshith Damsbo Anandasubramaniam and Mathias Flindt. They are working on a concept where their smartphone can call drones which can deliver packages containing e.g. spare equipment for a car that has broken down. To make the concept useable, they have developed an app.
“You give your position via an app on your smartphone or tablet, and the drone reads the position and flies to you using GPS”, says consultant Jeshith Damsbo Anandasubramaniam, "And if you move, you can of course update your position along the way".
The package to be delivered is attached to the drone using an electronic vacuum gripper from OnRobot.
Print your own landing spot for the drone
In order for the drone to find the desired destination, you need to place a visual marker on the ground. This marker is a black and white print that resembles a dartboard and which you can print on a regular printer. The disc is scalable and can be printed larger so that the drones can see it from greater distances.
”As soon as the drone has detected the disc, it begins to land. This means that you can tell it very precisely where it should land,” says consultant Mathias Flindt from DTI, ”Right now it's just a print, but later this can be developed so that the visual marker has a built-in GPS and light so it also works in the dark.”
An additional safety device in the trunk
“The potential and outlook for this technology are great,” says Mathias Flindt. "Ultimately, the visual marker can end up as part of the safety equipment in the trunk of the car like a warning triangle."
He also suggests other potential applications.
“Drone technology can also be used in markets such as the offshore industry and coastal services. Today things are sailed out, which is costly both in terms of fuel and crew. And while distances are not necessarily large, it's often hard to sail out with spare parts. Here a drone will be able to handle the work both faster and cheaper,” says Mathias Flindt.
He emphasizes that the entire concept of delivering packages using drone technology is scalable in the long run.
“You can use a larger drone which can ship larger packages. There is also the possibility of using co-operating drones, delivering multiple things at the same time,” he concludes.
In the video above you can see a proof of concept of how a drone calling service could work. | <urn:uuid:ee8e23ab-42bc-44fe-86bc-e1963b5e39a2> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.dti.dk/services/dti-is-working-on-a-new-concept-print-a-landing-pad-and-call-your-drone-with-an-app/40176 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370511408.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200410173109-20200410203609-00149.warc.gz | en | 0.956716 | 633 | 2.53125 | 3 |
BIM is a constructing design methodology characterised by the creation and use of coordinated, internally constant computable details about a constructing challenge in design and building. BIM makes a dependable digital illustration of the constructing obtainable for design determination making, high-quality building doc manufacturing, building planning, and efficiency predictions, and value estimates.
BIM Services offers the potential for a virtual data model to be handed from Design Workforce (architects, surveyors, consulting engineers, and others) to Contractor and Subcontractors after which to the Proprietor, every including their very own extra discipline-specific data and monitoring of adjustments to the one model. The result’s anticipated to enormously cut back the knowledge loss that happens when a brand new crew takes “possession” of the challenge in addition to in delivering intensive data to homeowners of complicated constructions far past that which they’re at the moment accustomed to having. BIM Services are revolutionizing the AEC business by virtual building of the challenge even earlier than moving to the development website. Constructing data modeling (BIM) know-how is used for the complete constructing life cycle, together with the ability operation and upkeep.
Advantages of BIM Services
- Coordination with totally different elements of the constructing lifecycle to acknowledge, analyze and remove conflicts.
- Prime quality and correct documentation of building course of.
- Reduce constructing lifecycle to extend interplay between Architects, Engineers and Contractors
- Allows pre-fabrication of various elements of the development to reduce design lifecycle
- Slicing challenge price my eliminating waste of building materials.
- Improved building management.
- Produces correct amount take-offs navigate to this web-site.
BIM Services present a platform for a simultaneous design course of and a singular work surroundings construction that fosters collaborative challenge development and a extremely detailed design course of resulting in a less expensive challenge.
Why BIM is Essential
As as a result of 3D objects are machine readable, spatial conflicts in a constructing model may be checked robotically. Due to this functionality, at each the design and store drawing ranges, errors and alter orders attributable to inner errors are enormously lowered. Thus as a constructing illustration, BIM know-how is much superior to drawings. However the bigger implications should not simply constant drawings and conflict detection. As a result of constructing fashions are machine readable, it turns into sensible to make use of that knowledge in lots of different methods: to generate payments of fabric – that can be utilized for price estimation or automated ordering and monitoring, for power, lighting, acoustic or different analyzes – not as publish facto checking if an nearly completed design is “OK”, however somewhat to supply suggestions whereas designing, informing the designer of the results of adjustments. Thus constructing fashions permit for higher integration of many processes, permitting the form of monitoring and control that computer systems permit in manufacturing and your native grocery or division retailer, monitoring each merchandise from creation to supply. Lots of the makes use of of BIM knowledge are ready to be found and developed.
Will it Change into Normal?
BIM instruments are as totally different from CADD instruments as are a slide rule from a pc, as totally different from a set of toy troopers to a battle-oriented laptop game. BIM helps on-line simulation of a design, on-line simulation of building – known as 4D CAD. The BIM processes present higher constructing products at decrease prices to the proprietor. Early case research have proven these advantages by customers who’ve utilized BIM effectively. It’ll definitely change into the usual for building inside most of our lifetimes. | <urn:uuid:8b4ca98d-6aa6-40cf-8754-5a5541a83bbe> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | http://quevienemamapata.com/whats-bim-constructing-info-modeling/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046155322.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20210805032134-20210805062134-00359.warc.gz | en | 0.93475 | 758 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Looking for some fun (and educational) summer activities for kids? Create your own architecture-based adventures for your children, utilizing MAF’s free, fun, and educational architecture-based resources, ‘Architecture: it’s Elementary’ and ‘ArchiTreks’!
Both programs are based on STEAM learning principles and provide dynamic learning opportunities that engage children’s imaginations and curiosity about their surroundings. See both in action on MAF’s Architecture for Youth YouTube channel.
Let’s Use Our Imaginations! MAF’s Architecture: it’s Elementary! is a multi-disciplinary educational curriculum designed to introduce students from kindergarten through grade five to architecture and the built environment. Developed with input from Michigan educators, the curriculum provides kids with critical STEAM-related learning opportunities, through lessons and activities that engage their minds, bodies, and imaginations.
Each activity can easily be done at home with siblings, parents, or small friend groups, or as the basis for an after-school or community educational program. Activities include acting out structures, measuring, learning about animal habitats, drawing from memory, and putting on a play that imagines how cities began. You can download the lessons and activities here and view the program in action on MAF’s educational YouTube channel, Architecture for Youth.
Let’s Go on an Adventure! MAF’s ArchiTreks is a video program aimed at getting kids excited about architecture, science, and engineering through segments that take kids on neighborhood adventures to explore shapes, structures, landmarks, and preservation, and pique curiosity about their surroundings.
Created by MAF in partnership with Detroit Public Television (DPTV), each of the ArchiTreks video segments on MAF’s Architecture for Youth YouTube Channel feature fun activities that can be done at home or on a neighborhood walk with parents, siblings, or with friends. Along the way, kids can discover architectural treasures, and learn more about gravity’s role in architecture, architecture’s role in their neighborhoods, and more.
Studies show thought processes that nurture creativity and critical thinking begin at a young age. MAF’s educational-based resources are designed to help foster those processes in kids while stimulating curiosity about their surroundings, through fun activities that appeal to elementary school-age students.
Visit https://michiganarchitecturalfoundation.org/education/resources-for-kids/ for more information. | <urn:uuid:2c5c0e9a-594f-4f45-b929-ee4f22ed9149> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://michiganarchitecturalfoundation.org/spring-architecture-adventures-engage-your-kids-with-mafs-free-fun-steam-based-learning-activities/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646457.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20230531090221-20230531120221-00397.warc.gz | en | 0.923768 | 515 | 3.53125 | 4 |
There were some Shard, however, that were still more persecuted than the rest,
for they were a menace in yet another sense.
For not only were they aliens, and not only were they droids, they were Jedi.
What is an Iron Knight?An Iron Knight is the combination of a force-sensitive sentient being known as a Shard, that has been installed or implanted into a droid body. Originally the first Iron Knights were implanted in three distinct type of droid bodies. Sunsei Jedi Master by the name of Aquinos, who had been a pioneer in the field of introducing the Force into non-organics. The Iron Knights proved invaluable in the battle, and with their combined forces with the Jedi and their police bash squads, helped to minimize casualties in what would have been a sure-fire massacre. Aquinos had successfully taken force-sensitive Shards from their home planet of Orax and introduced them into droid bodies. This way they could interact with the outside world, and from the teachings of Aquinos learned how to control the Force and use it akin to that of the Jedi Order.
Despite their efforts however, Aquinos was ex-communicated from the Jedi Order and banished. The Jedi at that time viewed this to be a heretical act to teach the Force to beings that essentially did not have organic life. Shards are living beings, but their anatomy is very alien, as they do not contain living tissue, organs, or even brains as other organics beings do. However, despite these glaring differences, they are able to think, feel, and understand - and when paired with a droid body, they could control it like it was the mind, heart, and soul of the machine. Many Iron Knights took on the name of the lightsaber crystal that inhabited their saber, such as the original leader of their kind; Illum.
What happened to the Iron Knights?After Aquinos was banished from the Order, he went into seclusion becoming a Altisian Jedi; a frowned upon sect that taught other ideals than the traditionally minded ones from the council. Despite the banishment, he continued to train his Iron Knights, and because of their seclusion, were not picked up in the sweeping genocide that was Order 66 by hiding out on the planet Dweem in the Outer Rim. For seventy years, the Iron Knights stayed out of commission and out of the line of sight. Thanks to the Shard's vast lifespan, and the droids ability to maintain for many decades, they were able to survive and stay safe while the Empire rose to power and then subsequently was destroyed.
Once the New Order of Jedi had resurfaced some seventy years after the great purge, a group of students followed clues given by Callista Ming in order to find these brave warriors. Once they were found, the Iron Knights were keen to rejoin the Jedi. This new group embraced them instead of showing the prejudice from the previous incarnation of the Jedi. While it was unfortunate that their creator and founder; Aquinos, would die in the Yuuzhang Vong war, the Iron Knights championed the cause with the Jedi to drive back those vile creatures during such a Galactic war.
Several wars were fought by their kind, especially against the Red Knights of LIfe, a sect of the Vong that were bent on the hatred of technology. They were even credited with saving the Kligson moon, a salvaged heap of mechanical parts that was home to a myriad of droids - once targeted by the Red Knights.
How to become an Iron KnightThe requirements for being an Iron Knight are rather simple, but there are certain rules that must be followed in order to qualify.
- Your character must be of the Shard species.
- Your character must be installed in a droid.
- Your character must be of the Republic Faction to be considered part of the Iron Knights.
Iron Knights do not have to exclusively be put into the three droids mentioned in the canon history, but can be put into any other kind of droid that can interact with the world. It is helpful to have an articulate droid that is able to move, manipulate the environment with appendages, and speak. | <urn:uuid:48b310fc-d3c1-40d7-8938-8520a899fbc6> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.starwarsrp.net/ams/draft-3.1174/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704800238.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20210126135838-20210126165838-00197.warc.gz | en | 0.985818 | 844 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Dawn Schwartz, age 16, of Phoenix, Ariz., for her question:
WHEN DID BULLFIGHTING START?
Bullfighting is the national spectacle of Spain and Mexico and it is also popular in some South and Central American countries. Perhaps the origin of bullfighting may be found in prehistoric times when cave dwellers used the skin of an animal to distract charging wild bulls, which once roamed Europe.
Ancestors of the modern fighting bull are depicted in the cave paintings at Aitamira, Spain. A more formal version of such a contest is depicted in a wail painting unearthed at Knossos in Crete, dating from about 2000 B.C. It shows male and female acrobats confronting a bull, grabbing its horns as it charges and vaulting over its back.
Bullfighting was also a popular spectcle in ancient Rome, but it was in the Iberian Penninsula that these contests were fully developed. The Moors from North Africa who overran Andalusia in A.D. 711 changed bullfighting significantly from the brutish, formless spectacle practiced by the conquered Visigoths to a ritualistic occasion observed in connection with feast days, on which the conquering Moors, skilled riders, mounted on highly trained horses, confronted and killed the bulls.
As bullfighting developed, the men on foot, who by their capework aided the horsemen in positioning the bulls, began to draw more attention from the crowd watching the fight, and the modern corrida began to take form.
Today the bullfight is much the same as it has been since about 1726 when Francisco Romero of Rhonda, Spain, introduced the use of the sword and the small worsted cape.
To its adherents, bullfighting is an exciting and colorful ceremony. To many, however it is considered cruel. It has been outlawed in many countries.
Nearly every large town in Spain has its own bull ring where fights are held on feast days and especially set Sunday afternoons. Usually six bulls are required for one afternoon's corrida.
At the appointed hours, generally at five o'clock in the afternoon, the corrida starts. Three matadors enter the ring followed by assistants, banderilieros and picadors. They march into the ring to the accompaniment of traditional paso dobie music, or march rhythm.
The matadors are the stars of the show and can be paid as high as the equivalent of $25,000 for each corrida. They wear distinctive costumes consisting of silk jackets heavily embroidered in gold, skintight pants and monteras, which are bicorne hats. The outfits called "suits of lights," can cost many thousands of dollars each. A top matador must have at least six of them each season.
A star matador will fight as many as 100 corridas each year. The great Mexican matador Carlos Arruza once fought 33 times in a single month.
Although most matadors are men, many women have also become bullfighters, including the American Patricia McCormick. | <urn:uuid:4d0f9e5c-a4f2-4937-a6e6-f61b86b7a403> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.youaskandy.com/questions-answers/34-article-series-1980/4062-when-did-bullfighting-start.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822668.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20171018013719-20171018033719-00729.warc.gz | en | 0.965396 | 639 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Semiotics: What It Means, and What It Means for You
Semiotics is the study of signs and significance. How does something become significant? How does meaning happen? What exactly is meaning? Where does meaning come from?
Since meaning means a whole lot to us, semiotics should too, and yet most of us have never heard of this academic discipline.
In everyday life, we have two conflicting assumptions about signs and their meanings. One is that a sign is a thing with intrinsic meaning. The other is that a sign is not a thing but an evolving relationship, an interpretation process that plays out over time. The schools of thought in semiotics reflect these two very different assumptions.
Between these two approaches, the first dominates both in academics and everyday life. When we say “It’s a sign,” the word “It” usually refers to a thing, a physical something that means and therefore is a code for something else. A sunset is a sign that night is coming. A weather vane is a sign for the direction of wind. The word “dog” codes for a canine animal. From this perspective, it’s all writing on the wall, real things that mean something clearly, directly, and specifically.
Consistent with this intuition, many semioticians treat signs as coded in one-to-one correspondence to the things they mean. These academics work to catalogue and categorize kinds of signs—so for example, a weather vane is an index, a thing that points, and the word dog is a symbol, an arbitrary scribble that in English always codes for canine animal. Semiotics of this sort collaborates with the kind of linguistics practiced by Noam Chomsky, an attempt to reverse engineer all of language into a coding system, the brain’s equivalent of a computer code.
Though this is the prevalent school of thought, it can’t be the whole story. The other school argues that a sign can’t be a coded link between a thing or “sign vehicle” and what it represents because in the right context absolutely anything can become a sign. Heck, even the absence of a thing can become a sign. The absence of your tax return on April 15 means something to the IRS. The absence of an anniversary gift means something to your partner.
And the meaning of a sign can be quite varied. A shovel lying in your yard can mean your teenage son is still careless, the pet hamster has died, someone is cleaning out the garage, or a murder has taken place. A sunset can be a sign to knock off work, pour a glass of wine and smooch with your partner, or that the world is still rotating on its axis. The word “dog” means different things in dog days, dog tired, dogged, lucky dog, dog and pony, dog-eared, and what’s up dawg?—to say nothing of Swedish, in which the sound “dog” means “day.” There’s no one-to-one coding even with “dog,” a relatively straightforward word.
Anything can become part of an evolving relationship of significance, but not everything does. To semioticians of this second school (to which I belong), how these relationships of significance form becomes the big question.
For practical everyday purposes, there’s something to both schools of thought. Fundamentally, significance has to be the evolved three-way relationship between a sign vehicle, what it means, and you, with meaning changing over time. But sign vehicles do stabilize, meaning the same reliable things for lots of people over lots of time. So of course, we would act sometimes as though the sign vehicle is directly coded to its meaning.
It’s interesting to watch people shuttle back and forth between the two schools of thought, shifting between absolute meaning-formulas like “X always means Y,” and evolving bet-assertions like “In this case, at this time, I’m going to bet that X is best interpreted as Y.” The former approach allows no room for reinterpretation. It assumes the sign vehicle always and forever means the same thing. The latter approach, though it can be plenty firm, does allow some room for reinterpretation, which may explain why the latter approach often looks weak in debate. If you’re arguing over interpretation with someone who doesn’t believe in interpretation, someone who believes there is one right way to read a sign and all the rest are just mistakes, leaving your mind slightly ajar is going to make you look the most ready to surrender.
Call it the “absolute advantage,” a term with two meanings, the absolute negotiation advantage surrendered to those who are absolute. The absolute advantage is unfair, unjustified, and dangerous. The “X means Y” school breeds fundamentalist bullying that has caused the world a lot of trouble and still does. I’m interested in how we interpreters can counter the absolute advantage. The conservative pundit William F. Buckley ridiculed the liberal as “someone who doubts his principles even as he’s acting on them.” I agree with his description but not his ridicule. One should doubt one’s principles even as one acts on them. That’s a virtue not a vice, and it shouldn’t be turned into a disadvantage in debating fundamentalists of any stripe, liberal or conservative.
Meanings do evolve. People think evolution is about how things change, but evolution is at least as much about how things stay the same over time. Evolution is really about the tension between stability and change. Semiotics, as the study of how meaning evolves, offers us scientific hints at the relationship between stability and change, determinism and free will, yang assertion and yin flexibility—and politically, conservatism and conservationism on the one hand and liberalism and libertarianism on the other, the two schools we swim in all the time in the great and wonderful seas of meaning.
Originally published on Mind Readers Dictionary. | <urn:uuid:90e3f0f8-1ea4-4595-b575-0d5f63722db6> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.metanexus.net/semiotics-what-it-means-and-what-it-means-you/?shared=email&msg=fail | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738552.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200809102845-20200809132845-00455.warc.gz | en | 0.960384 | 1,263 | 3.078125 | 3 |
- This event has passed.
Louis-Jean Boë GIPSA-lab, UGA–CNRS, Grenobl
03/27/2020 @ 11:00 - 14:00
The Dawn of Speech is Older Than We Thought
The production of speech repurposes an entire set of anatomical features that are primarily used for vital functions: breathing, sucking, chewing and swallowing. Hypotheses about the dawn of speech try to determine the period during which our ancestors began to produce, by exaptation, differentiated vocalizations associated with different social relationships. Anatomical and acoustic analyses of baboon vocalizations tend to show that the sounds themselves and the articulatory gestures that produce them are comparable to those of human vowels. If we interpret these vocalizations as audio fossils, the beginnings of speech would date back more than 20 million years, to the period when our ape ancestors separated from old world monkeys. The recent work that underlies this hypothesis invalidates a long controversy that motivated several multidisciplinary teams. By breaking the anatomical lock that claimed to restrict production of non-human primates’ vocalizations, they have opened the doors to many avenues of research that had previously seemed blocked.
L.J. Boë, T.R. Sawallis, J. Fagot, P. Badin, G. Barbier, G. Captier, L. Ménard, J.-L. Heim, J.L. Schwartz (2019) Which way to the dawn of speech?: Reanalyzing half a century of debates and data in light of speech science. Science Advances, 5, 12, eaaw3916 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw3916
F. Berthommier, L.J., Boë, A. Meguerditchian, T.R. Sawallis, G. Captier (2018) Comparative Anatomy of the baboon and human vocal tracts: Renewal of methods, data, and hypotheses. In Origins of Human Language: Continuities and Discontinuities with Nonhuman Primates. Ed. by L.J. Boë, J. Fagot, P. Perrier, J.L. Schwartz. Berne: Peter Lang.
L.J. Boë, F. Berthommier, T. Legou, G. Captier, C. Kemp, T. R. Sawallis, Y. Becker, A. Rey, J. Fagot (2017) Evidence of a vocalic proto‑system in the baboon Papio papio suggests pre-hominin speech precursors. PLOS ONE 12, e0169321 doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169321 | <urn:uuid:98e2f1ee-70bd-4846-a441-04f6e4858067> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.ilcb.fr/event/louis-jean-boe-universite-grenoble-gipsa-lab-cnrs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153899.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20210729234313-20210730024313-00514.warc.gz | en | 0.872125 | 572 | 2.921875 | 3 |
whistle (verb, noun) past tense: whistled LISTEN
Whistle means ‘to make a high, clear sound by forcing air through your lips.”
- Fred whistled a happy song.
- When Elaine whistles, her dog returns to her side.
A whistle is an instrument for producing a whistling sound.
- The referee blew his whistle to signal a foul.
- The police officer uses a whistle when he directs traffic.
blow the whistle: to expose a crime. Example: “The accountant blew the whistle on the manager who used his corporate credit card for personal expenses.”
Did you know?
To Have and Have Not was Lauren Bacall’s first film. Its most memorable scene is the “Whistle” scene. Be sure to watch it to the end.
In pop culture?
Work doesn’t have to be unpleasant. Watch Snow White and her animal friends clean the house and sing “Whistle While You Work.”
There are other meanings of whistle. | <urn:uuid:90fdea5e-aa2b-4086-ae25-f7a97cd56be5> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://daily.wordreference.com/2020/05/22/basic-word-of-the-day-whistle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991537.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20210513045934-20210513075934-00052.warc.gz | en | 0.918154 | 221 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Why are we so dishonest? Why do we bad things, even when we know we’re doing something bad? Ever since Adam and Eve ate that apple, we’ve assumed that there is something inherently tempting about sin. If left to our own devices, we’d all turn into men at a Vegas bachelor party, indulging in sex, drugs and slot machines. We’d loot and pillage and lie. Immorality feels good, which is why it’s so hard being moral.
Some people, of course, are made of stronger stuff, which is why they stay on the righteous path. Because they’re better than us, they don’t eat too much cake or cheat on their taxes. (Eternal heaven is their reward for avoiding such sins.) There is good and there is bad, and being good is about resisting the allure of the bad. It’s about not listening to the snake, telling us to eat the forbidden fruit.
If only morality were so easy! A new paper demonstrates, once again, that the human brain is the ultimate category buster, blurring the lines of good and bad, black and white, until everything is gray. The reason is that our behavior is deeply contextual, profoundly influenced by our surroundings and immediate situations. Whether or not we’re able to resist sin, then, might depend more on the details of the sin – and whether or not it triggers our automatic urges – then on the strength of our moral fiber.
That, at least, is the tentative conclusion of a clever new fMRI study by Joshua Greene and Joe Paxton at Harvard University, who argue that sometimes we do the right thing because the wrong thing simply isn’t tempting, even if it leaves us better off. Consider a hypothetical wallet, stuffed full of cash, which you find on the subway. Our moral intuitions (influenced by Genesis) tell us that everyone wants to take the money and run, that we’re all attracted by the possibility of unearned cash. But this latest study suggests that, at least for the people who take the wallet to the police, there is no temptation to resist. They don’t steal because they don’t want to steal; telling the truth isn’t hard work. They are living, in other words, in a state of moral grace, at least when it comes to the wallet. (Interestingly, Greene and Paxton found that people who behaved dishonestly in the experiment exhibited more activity in brain areas, such as the prefrontal cortex, associated with self-control. In other words, they might be trying harder to resist, but it’s doing no good.) Here’s Piercarlo Valdesolo, describing the study in Mind Matters:
Greene and Paxton were interested in why people behave honestly when confronted with the opportunity to anonymously cheat for personal gain. They considered two possible explanations. First, there is the “Will” hypothesis: in order to behave honestly people must actively resist the temptation to cheat. In other words, returning the wallet depends on your ability to stifle your desire to take the cash and buy yourself something nice. Alternatively, there is the “Grace” hypothesis: honest behavior results from the absence of temptation. Returning the wallet requires no particular ability to control your treacherous urges – the urge simply isn’t there.
These two hypotheses make competing predictions regarding the brain regions activated when acting honestly as well as the time it should take participants to decide to act honestly. If “Will” is correct then people who choose to act honestly should exhibit heightened activity in brain regions responsible for cognitive control (presumably resulting from the struggle to ignore immediate desires). But if “Grace” is right then no such increase should occur. Furthermore, people should take a longer time to decide to act honestly if doing so requires a conscious act of “Will,” but a relatively shorter time to act if all you need is a bit of “Grace.”
In order to test these possibilities the researchers measured neural activity in an fMRI machine while participants played a computerized game wherein they could gain money by predicting the outcome of coin flips. Correctly guess heads or tails, you get some cash. In one condition, participants recorded their predictions before seeing any of the flips, precluding the opportunity to cheat. In the other condition, participants were rewarded based on self-reported accuracy after the flips, and therefore could fudge their predictions in accordance with the outcome of the flip. I got 100 percent correct, Mr. Experimenter, must be my lucky day!
Consistent with the “Grace” hypothesis, those who acted honestly (who guessed wrong and self-reported as much) showed no increased activity in control-related areas relative to others who guessed wrong but did not have the opportunity to cheat. Honest reporting of scores, then, didn’t require will-power, these participants simply did not feel the urge to cheat. Reaction time data further supported “Grace” showing that participants who acted honestly took no longer to do so, on average, when they had the opportunity to cheat than when they did not.
Why might such a state of temporary moral grace exist? The answer returns us to evolution, and to our history as social primates. One possibility is that we come pre-programmed for certain kinds of ethical behavior, as it might be more important to have an honest reputation within the group than to have a few extra dollars. And so we return the wallet, not because we’ve triumphed over our sinful urges but because, at least on this one subway ride, the urge did not exist. It will be interesting to conduct some follow-up studies, and see if it’s possible to induce this state of grace in strangers. How can we make people think about their social reputation, and not the cash? We’re so concerned about our credit history, but what about our virtue history? | <urn:uuid:612fef14-003a-4d53-b071-6611338b5bf1> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://scienceblogs.com/cortex/2009/11/03/why-do-we-bad-things/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122691893.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124180451-00007-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951559 | 1,244 | 2.625 | 3 |
Swap Seeds For A Better Garden This Year
Gardener’s have traditionally loved to trade with each other: tips ad advice, seeds and plants, even tools of the trade. It is no surprise that as the seed supplies available from seed companies have been shrinking, that grassroots gardeners have stepped up to organize seed swaps.
National Seed Swap Day
Last Saturday of January.
These are great places to go to let others have some of your abundance and to try out the seeds of someone else’s harvests.
Gather and store your seeds, then participate in a local seed swap in January. Just in time to start some new plants for your coming garden season.
It is a wonderful way to obtain little known heirloom seeds from local gardener’s such as yourself, and pick up some helpful growing tips, as well.
Why Have A National Seed Swap Day?
The winning logo design by Matthew Smith of Richwood, OH. Join in to increase the available seedbank, to make new gardening friends, and participate in one of the fun aspects of growing plants.
An Old Idea Takes On New Enthusiasm
The first annual Washington Gardener Seed Exchange was held on January 26, 2006.
It was a success!
Would you like to know how to organize your own see swap? Some ideas to get you started.
Why swap your seeds?
- Some people have more seeds than they can grow
- Often people have a hard time finding a certain type of seed
- Seeds might be best for local conditions, or not predictable for widespread conditions
- Desirable seeds are heirlooms, now lost to the trade
- It is a way to avoid GMO tampered seed
Celebrating the saving and sharing of seeds by home gardeners across the United States
How To Save Seeds This Year
4 Easy Steps
- Nurture the plant into a healthy maturity
- Allow seeds to mature, harvest and dry pods. Remove husks.From fruits like tomatoes, allow to ferment, then wash seeds after removal from pulp. Dry on a clean surface.
- When thoroughly dry, save seeds inside cellophane wrappers, envelopes or jars.
- Always store in a cool, dry place.
Garden Basics – Preserve Your Own Seeds
Whether you are homesteading or simply wanting to save some money and make sure you have a supply of your favorite flowers and vegetables, saving your own is a good skill to have.
Seed Saving Bible
No small chapter on keeping seed, this is an entire tome that covers the A to Z. I think one reason we hesitate to do something like preserving seeds for ourselves is because we don’t know enough about it.
This is a book for every garden bookshelf.
What A Seed Swap Looks Like
Seeds saved from hybrids don’t come true from seeds collected from the parent plants.
Add Seedlings For Variety And Convenience
Make a list of your desired seeds in advance. It is easy to get caught up in the excitement, forgetting your original list of wanted seeds.
Write down your list to keep focused.
There is no one way to gather and keep seeds. If you wish to build your own collection of heirlooms and special varieties, a book with the various techniques and the growing directions for at least a hundred kinds of common home garden plants is a great start.
Learn How To Observe This Day
Gardeners can benefit each other and build a seed bank
Seed Preservation is Quite Easy
It is so easy to save seeds, but there are a few things to remember:
(1) One thing is to keep the seeds dry. They germinate with moisture, so it makes sense to keep seeds dry as you save and store them.
Simply keeping seeds is often a matter of collecting and keeping your seeds dry. The reason a seed swap is so helpful is the chance to meet with other gardeners for tips and to learn from their seed saving techniques- plus the chance to come by seeds you may otherwise not collect or grow, on your own.
(2) The temperatures for storage should stay on the cool side, but most seeds are best if not frozen.
The directions for saving and storing seeds use words like “often” or “most” since the majority of seeds are gathered and behave, once stored, in the same way. But not all do. If you know what conditions your desired seeds may need, you can preserve them until they are needed without any trouble.
(3) Some seeds need special conditions. Whether they need scarification, or freezing, certain light conditions or not, there are directions to help you have success. Key to success: following the directions for the desired seed.
Look up information on the seeds you plan to save. For newbies it is probably a good idea to stay with the common, simpler types of seeds.
If you like a challenge, however, go ahead and try something that needs scarification, time in winter conditions to sprout.
Tips On Organizing Your Seeds
Seed Saving Handbook
In its 2nd edition because so many gardeners find the information so helpful. Vegetable gardening is becoming a more important endeavor for many gardeners including myself.
Where did all the heritage tomatoes come from? Those who understood these techniques and kept delicious, little-known varieties alive by saving their seeds.
Now the rest of us can learn how.
One of the best, most basic, books on the topic. This is the book you will reach for when starting seeds and saving your own heirlooms.
Seed Saving and Swapping Links
- How to Harvest, Clean and Prepare Heirloom Seeds for Storage
Vegetable Seed Saving Handbook howtosaveseeds.com Chapters: Seed Saving Handbook Home Why Save Seeds? How to Grow Healthy Seeds Saving Heirloom Seeds How to Save Pure Seeds Breed Your Own Varieties
- How to Organize a Community Seed Swap
The benefits of swapping seeds locally are many: save money, connect with your community, find rare and locally adapted seeds, preserve biodiversity, learn from experienced gardeners – the list goes on and on. So here are a few tips for organizing a
- Seed Swap :: National Gardening Association | <urn:uuid:486893d0-a693-422d-bddd-2fdfe83812be> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.homegardencompanion.com/national-seed-swap-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743011.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20181116111645-20181116133645-00337.warc.gz | en | 0.931912 | 1,305 | 2.796875 | 3 |
This April 24, 2005 aerial view shows Miami Beach. The world's 136 largest coastal cities could risk combined annual losses of $1 trillion (750 billion euros) from floods by 2050 unless they drastically raise their defences, a study warned Sunday.
The world's 136 largest coastal cities could risk combined annual losses of $1 trillion (750 billion euros) from floods by 2050 unless they drastically raise their defences, a study warned Sunday.
Current losses are about $6 billion per year, with four cities— Miami, New York and New Orleans in the United States and Guangzhou in China—incurring 43 percent of the costs, according to a report in the journal Nature Climate Change.
World Bank economist Stephane Hallegatte and colleagues composed a loss risk scenario based on city population growth as well as different levels of sea level rise, protection upgrades and subsidence—the sinking of surface areas often linked to the extraction of oil or other ground resources.
Assuming cities improve their protection to contain the flood risk to current levels, and based purely on the projected growth of city populations and the assets accumulated there, the team warned of a nine-fold increase in losses to $52 billion per year by 2050.
"With no adaptation (of flood protection), the projected increase in average losses by 2050 is huge, with aggregate losses increasing to more than $1 trillion per year," said the study—a worst-case-scenario outcome that would roughly equate to the 2012 GDP of Iran.
More of the story, click image | <urn:uuid:c4990892-dacc-4dee-8c0e-49f2edd6ce46> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.ok4me2.net/2013/08/19/coastal-cities-face-rising-risk-of-flood-losses-study-says/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644066266.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025426-00303-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9556 | 308 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Common Name: Dragon Tree
Scientific Name: Dracaena draco (L.) L.
Dracaena – from the Ancient Greek word, Drakaina, meaning ‘female dragon’
draco– Latin for dragon; species name may also refer to English sailor Sir Francis Drake, commonly referred to as ‘The Dragon.’
Canary Islands (Tenerife and Gran Canaria), Madeira, Cape Verde Islands. Listed as Endangered by the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). A subspeciesajgal occurs in the southwest Atlas Mountains of Morocco.
Dry forests on rocky slopes and cliffs.
An arborescent (tree-like) monocot to 15 m tall with an umbrella-like symmetrical canopy and stiff blue-green leaves.
Flowers and Fruit
Plants usually begin flowering after 10–20 years. Flowering occurs at the apex of each stem, that terminates after flowering and produces a whorl of stout new branches creating the distinctive symmetrical crown. Small white flowers are followed by a small orange berry.
Location in Garden
, Dragon Tree Lawn and Lawn 60, near sea wall.
A tree of myth and legend, associated with ancient writers and mariners who brought tales to Europe of the magical qualities of the blood-like resin and ancient gigantean plants. Although reputedly used as a love potion the resin, produced from wounds or fungal infections, was traded from the 15th century for use as a polish especially for violins.
An ancient specimen on Tenerife, 21 m tall and 14 m wide was thought to be thousands of years old when it blew over in 1868. However, botanists now estimate the maximum lifespan these plants can reach is 600 years and the oldest living specimen, also from Tenerife, is thought to be between 300 and 350 years old.
Our oldest specimen was planted in the 1860s in the Palm Grove. Another tree planted in the 1880s near the sea wall fell over in 2008 but has survived and is still growing. Recently many of our younger ‘Dragons’ have gathered together on the Dragon Tree Lawn near our Vista Pavilion where other beautiful and distinctive Canary Island plants surround them.
Download Plant of the Month | <urn:uuid:96a1e0d9-ff26-4c4c-9b62-ca2cd1aabe04> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/visit/things-to-see-do/must-see/plant-of-the-month-october-2017 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646457.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20230531090221-20230531120221-00203.warc.gz | en | 0.927449 | 503 | 3.0625 | 3 |
The ancient practice of acupuncture developed in China approximately 3500 years ago. The first documentation of acupuncture that described it as an organized system of diagnosis and treatment is in The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine, which dates back to 100 BCE
In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), five elements, or five phases, theory outlines the relationship between the different elements in nature and the life force, or “qi,” that flows through them. Yes this sounds like the force in Star wars, It permeates through time and space it is the invisible connective tissue that binds the universe together. The basic elements are wood, fire, earth, metal, and water. Each individual is a blend of these elements, and in order to be truly healthy, they need to be balanced. Life inevitably throws this balance out of sync, in fact many people are born out of sync, but it is often the Big and little traumas that we experience that manifest illness within the body system.
Acupuncture can be both curative and preventative, it treats the root cause of illness rather than addressing the symptom but there is also a branch of Acupuncture that is known as first aid, which is often effective at treating specific problems such as back ache, frozen shoulder, muscular injuries etc…
If you are interested in a consultation or treatment in Cornwall please see Positive Acupuncture (Truro) or Serenity Acupuncture (Bude). | <urn:uuid:a643505b-7903-4cd7-852e-3aba7197011b> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://wujitaichi.com/acupuncture/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224655247.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609032325-20230609062325-00021.warc.gz | en | 0.951411 | 294 | 2.703125 | 3 |
A major contribution to the history of Parliament, to medieval English history, and to the study of the English constitution. ENGLISH HISTORICAL REVIEWThe rolls of parliament were the official records of the meetings of the English parliament from the reign of Edward I (1272-1307) until the reign of Henry VII (1485-1509), after which they were superseded by the journals of the lords, and, somewhat later, the commons.
This volume covers the first nine years of the minority of Henry VI, which saw seven parliaments. This high frequency is linked to the fact that Henry was only nine months old when he became king in 1422. The rolls of this period have much of interest on how government functioned during a minority. Parliament became a crucial cog in the wheel of collective and conciliar rule, and also had to deal with disputes between Henry's advisers. Also interesting is the transition from the regime of Henry V to that of his son. The roll for the 1423 assembly includes the inventory of Henry V's moveable goods as dealt with by his executors. That for the 1429 meeting, during which the coronation occurred and a royal visit to France was planned, saw many significant common petitions, including that concerning the electorate of the 40s freeholder.
The rolls from the period are reproduced in their entirely, complented by a full translation of all the texts from the three languages used by the medieval clerks (Latin, Anglo-Norman and Middle English).
Anne Curry is Professor of History and Dean of the Faculty of Humanities, University of Southampton
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Acoustic cleaning is used wherever there is a build up of dry materials and particulates which need to be cleaned regularly to ensure maximum efficiency and minimize maintenance and down time. An acoustic cleaner works by generating powerful
sound waves which will vibrate the dry materials differently to each other and the surrounding structures.
History and Design
An acoustic cleaner consists of 2 parts.
*The wave generator which takes the compressed air and applies it to a diaphragm. The wave generator is usually made from solid machined
stainless steel. The diaphragm within the generator is the only moving part within an acoustic cleaner and there is no danger of sparking.The diaphragm is usually manufactured from special aerospace grade titanium to ensure performance and longevity.
*The bell, which is usually made from spun 316 grade stainless steel. The bell is a resonance section or amplifier and it will tune and direct the sound waves.
An acoustic cleaner is powered by compressed air with an operating range of between 4.8 to 6.2 bars or 70 to 90 psi. The resultant sound pressure level will be around 150 dB.
The overall length of the acoustic cleaner will range from between 430 mm to over 3 metres long.
There are generally 4 ways to control the operation of an acoustic cleaner.
*The most common is by a simple timer.
programmable logic controller).
An acoustic cleaner will typically sound for 10 seconds and then wait for a further 500 seconds before sounding again. This ratio for on/off is approximately proportional to the working life of the diaphragm. Provided the operating environment is between – 40 and 100 °C a diaphragm should last between 3 and 5 years. The wave generator and the bell have a much longer life span and will often outlast the environment in which they operate.
The older bells which were made from cast iron were susceptible to
rusting in certain environments. The new bells made from 316 spun steel have no problem with rust and are ideal for sterile environments such as found in the food industry or in pharmaceutical plants.
Acoustic cleaning began in the early 1970s with experiments using ship horns or
air raid sirens. The first acoustic cleaners were made from cast iron. From 1990onwards the technology became commercially viable and began to be used in dry processing, storage, transport, power generation and manufacturing industries. The latest technology uses 316 spun stainless steel to ensure optimum performance.
Operation and performance
The majority of acoustic cleaners operate in the audio sonic range from 60
hertzup to 420 Hz. Occasionally there is a requirement to operate in the infrasonic range below 40 Hz. This would apply if there were strict noise controlrequirements, or there was limited plant access.There are three scientific fields which converge in the understanding of Acoustic Cleaning Technology.
*Sound propagation. This relates to an understanding of the nature of the sound waves, how they vary and how they will interact with the environment.
*Mathematics of the environment.
Materials science, surface friction, distanceand areas familiar to a mechanical engineer.
Chemical engineering. The chemical properties of the powder or substance to be debonded. Especially the auto adhesive properties of the powder.An acoustic cleaner will create a series of very rapid and powerful sound induced pressure fluctuations which are then transmitted into the solid particles of ash, dust, granules or powder. This causes them to move at differing speeds and debond from adjoining particles and the surface that they are adhering to. Once they have been separated then the material will fall off due to gravityor it will be carried away by the process gas or air stream.
The key features which determine whether or not an acoustic cleaner will be effective for any given problem are the particle size range, the
moisture contentand the densityof the particles as well as how these characteristics will change with temperature and time..Typically particles between 20 micrometre and 5 mm with moisture content below 8.5% are ideal. Upper temperature limits are dependent upon the melting point of the particles and acoustic cleaners have been employed at temperatures above 1000 C to remove ash build up in boiler plants.
It is important to match the operating frequencies to the requirements. Higher frequencies can be directed more accurately whilst lower frequencies will carry further, and are generally used for more demanding requirements. A typical selection of frequencies available would be as follows:
*420 Hz for a small acoustic cleaner which might be used to clear bridging at the base of a silo.
*350 Hz will be more powerful and this frequency can be used to unblock material build up in ID (induced draft) fans, filters, cyclones, mixers, dryers and coolers.
*230 Hz. At this frequency the power involved is sufficient to use in most
*75 Hz and 60 Hz. These are generally the most powerful acoustic cleaners and are often used in large vessels and silos.
Health and safety
The introduction of acoustic cleaners has been a significant improvement in many areas of
health and safety. For instance in silo cleaning - the previous solutions tended to be intrusive or destructive. Air cannons, soot blowers, external vibrators, hammering or costly man entry are all superseded by non invasive sonic horns.An acoustic cleaner requires no down time and will operate during normal usage of the site.If we take the example of silo cleaning a little further then there are two typical problems.
This is when the silo blocks at the outlet. Previously the problem was addressed by manual cleaning from underneath the silo which in its turn introduced significant risk from falling material when the blockage was cleared. An acoustic cleaner is able to operate from the top of a silo through in situ material to clear the blockage at the base.
Compaction on the side of a silo. This not only reduces the operating volume in a silo but it also compromises quality control by disrupting the first in first out cycle. Older material compacted on the side of a silo can also start to degrade and produce dangerous gases. An acoustic cleaner will produce sound waves which will make the compacted material resonate at a different rate to the surrounding environment resulting in debonding and clearance.
Advantages of Acoustic cleaners.
*Repetitive use during operations means that there are fewer unscheduled shut downs.
*Improved material flow by the elimination of hang-ups, blocking and bridging.
*Minimisation of cross contamination by ensuring complete emptying of the environment.
*Improved cleaning and reduction of health and safety risks.
*Increased energy efficiency. Reducing the build up on heat exchange surfaces results in lower energy usage.
*Extended plant life. Aggressive cleaning regimes are avoided.
*Ease of operation. It is easy to automate the horns either at regular intervals or to tie the sounding in to changes in their environment such as pressure or flow rates.
*Importantly they prevent the material build up problem from occurring in the first place.
These advantages mean that the financial payback is often very quick.
It is also possible to compare acoustic cleaners directly to alternative solutions.
*Air cannons. These are well established but are expensive with limited coverage thus requiring multi unit purchase. They are also noise intrusive and have a high compressed air consumption.
*Vibrators. These are easy to fit to an empty silo but can cause structural damage as well as contributing to powder compaction.
*Low friction linings. These are very quiet but are expensive to install. Also they are prone to erosion and can then contaminate the environment or product.
*Inflatable pads and liners. Again these are easy to install in an empty silo. They help side wall build up but have no impact on bridging. They are also hard to maintain and can cause compaction.
*Fluidisation through a 1 way membrane. This can help already compacted material. However they are expensive and difficult to install and maintain. They can also contribute to mechanical interlocking and bridging.
pecific applications for Acoustic cleaners
Boilers. Cleaning of the heat transfer surfaces.
Electrostatic precipitators. Acoustic cleaners are being used for cleaning hoppers, turning vanes, distribution plates, collecting plates and electrode wires.
*Super heaters, economisers and air heaters.
*Filters. Acoustic cleaners are used on reverse air, pulse jet and shaker units. They are effective in reducing pressure drop across the collection surface which will increase bag life and prevent hopper pluggage. Generally they can totally replace the both reverse air fans and shaker units and significantly reduce the compressed air requirement on pulse jet filters.
*ID fans. Acoustic cleaning helps to provide a uniform cleaning pattern even for inaccessible parts of the fan. This maintains the balance of the fan.
Kilninlet. Acoustic cleaners help to prevent particulate build up at the kilninlet and this will minimise nose ring formation.
*Mechanical pre Collectors. Acoustic cleaners help prevent build up around the impellers and between the tubes.
*Mills. Acoustic cleaners help maintain material flow and also prevent blockages in the pre grind silos. They also help prevent material build up in the downstream separators and fans.
*Planetary Coolers. Acoustic cleaners help prevent bridging and ensure complete evacuation.
*Precipitator. Acoustic cleaners help clean the turning vanes, distribution plates, collecting plates and electrode wires. They can either assist or replace the mechanical rapping systems. They also prevent particulate build up in the under hoppers which would otherwise result in opacity spiking.
*Pre heaters. Used in towers, gas risers, cyclones and fans.
*Ship cargo holds. Used both to clean and de aerate current loads.
*Silos and hoppers. To prevent bridging and rat holing.
*Static cyclones. Acoustic cleaners will work both within the cyclone and with the associated duct work.
Ultrasonic cleanerCleaning using higher frequencies than found in acoustic cleaners.
* [http://www.primasonics.com Acoustic cleaners] The technology and specifications used in the article are provided by Primasonics.
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
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You have no doubt heard of the rupee as a form of currency before, since Pakistan is not the only country in the world that uses it. However as is the case with the dollar, with different types in use in different countries, Pakistan has its own version of the rupee. It is a decimal currency that is divided into 100 paisa, although this is now theoretical since paisa have not been used in a while. No notes or coins now exist as legal tender in this particular instance.
There are only three coins in use for the Pakistani rupee at present. These are the 1, 2 and 5 rupee coins. In contrast there are several banknotes you will see while you are in Pakistan. These are the 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1,000 and 5,000 rupee notes.
Pakistan used to be a part of the British Empire, but when it reverted to its own rule in 1947 those in charge decided to bring in a new currency. Initially they settled for the Indian rupee but with the word Pakistan on the currency to denote it as their own. The following year after independence the country started generating its own banknotes and coins in the Pakistani rupee currency.
Initially the rupee was an Imperial currency, since this is what everyone was used to, having had the former British Imperial pound sterling currency. It would not be until 1961 that the Pakistanis decided to bring in the decimal currency, at which point the paisa came into being. Of course thanks to inflation it is now not used anymore, although in theory each rupee can still be divided into 100 paisa.
One of the most important things to note about the country is that it has a general preference for cash. So while you may be used to using your bank cards at home, you need to change your way of thinking while visiting Pakistan. You can get some rupees before you leave home if you visit a bureau de change. It is best to order them in advance and make sure you order Pakistani rupees and not Indian ones; double-check your order just to be sure it is right.
You can also get more cash once you arrive in Pakistan at the airport. After this you may be surprised at how challenging it can sometimes be to get hold of money. This means it is worth taking out more cash than you think you may need, just in case you cannot get cash for a day or two afterwards. While banks do have cash machines they do not all accept foreign cards, and not all of them are amenable to accepting cards on various networks. So even if you do find a cash machine you may not be able to use it. To this end it might be worth taking two cards for two different networks.
It might also be worth taking in cash in other currencies. Euros and US dollars are generally easy to exchange in banks if you need to, so it does give you another option.
You can do this prior to leaving home by using a currency converter. You will see the current exchange rates offered at bureaux de change and banks too, but these will vary depending on the amount of commission charged. Sometimes the amount is hidden in the conversion rate and at other times it is added on top as a fee.
You might find it worthwhile to visit the website for the High Commission for Pakistan in the United Kingdom if you want to learn more about visiting the country and what you need to know. The website is at http://www.pakmission-uk.gov.pk.
Some areas of Pakistan can be dangerous for travellers to visit, but it does depend on the political situation and what is going on in the country. Many areas are perfectly safe but you should always check the latest information prior to going to Pakistan, to ensure you aren’t planning on going anywhere where trouble has occurred.
Petty theft and pickpocketing is quite common in the country. It is well worth taking every conceivable measure you can to ensure you are not an attractive target. For example you should not carry any visible jewellery or other items that are expensive and may be enticing for someone to grab and steal. You don’t want to leave anything unattended either, for the same reasons. You should also think about protecting your bank cards and not carrying any more cash than you need to. Ideally it helps to split your cash into several amounts and keeping them in different pockets and locations about your person. If you are pickpocketed at least you won’t lose the lot if you do this.
Pakistan is in Southern Asia and shares borders with Iran, Afghanistan and India. The country has also claimed an area of land to the north, but this is not controlled officially.
Obviously if you are visiting Pakistan you should be careful of where you go. While some of the main tourist destinations are perfectly safe to visit you should always check prior to travel to be on the safe side. One of the most famous areas for tourists is the Khyber Pass. This is famous to many but not everyone realises it is in Pakistan. This is a very important route and has been for a long time. It was part of the classic and historical Silk Road, a popular trade route through the country and through other countries as well. Since this connects the country with Afghanistan it is best to find out which parts of the pass are safe to visit and which parts should be avoided.
There are lots of natural sights in Pakistan, as you will soon discover when you get there. For example the country boasts lots of mountains, which comes as a surprise to some people. Indeed many of them are only really suitable for experienced mountain climbers to tackle, since they are extremely high. The world only has 14 mountains that soar above 8,000 metres in height (that’s over 26,000 feet!) and no fewer than five of them are in Pakistan. K2 is found here, surpassed in height only by the famous Mount Everest.
If mountain climbing isn’t your thing, how about paying a visit to Neelum Valley? This is a lush green valley that has wonderful views even from the valley floor. Who said you have to climb mountains to enjoy superb scenery? This valley has it all, including dwellings that look quite stunning in their surroundings. Watch out for the springs and lakes that are always to be found here.
Pakistan is also home to several World Heritage Sites, as approved by UNESCO. The southernmost one is called Makli Hill. This is a necropolis and it contains the remains of an astounding 125,000 rulers and saints among others. It is so old no one is quite sure when the area first became used as a necropolis, but it is certainly boasting a long history.
Further north you will find Shalamar Gardens, which along with the fort on the same site has also been given UNESCO World Heritage Status. The complex has been around since about 1641 AD and has seen many changes in Pakistan during those years. The gardens are large and sprawling and contain many fascinating structures and three terraces. There are more than 400 fountains in the gardens as a whole too, just to save you from counting them all!
One of the most amazing sights in the country – and there are many, as you have already seen – has to be in Kalash Valley. Many tourists head here to see the civilisation that is still living there to this day. This may not sound unusual on its own, but you might be surprised to learn the Kelash (the people who live here) have villages that are literally built into the side of the hills. Houses and dwellings built on stilts and attached to the hillsides on top of one another might sound dangerous but it is something of a feat of engineering. You must see if to believe it.
Pakistan has a long history stretching way back into ancient times. Much of this history is still there in part or in whole today, so a trip to this country should definitely include time to see some of these sights. If you are fortunate enough to visit Pakistan and you want to make the most of your time there, plan the areas you wish to visit prior to going. It makes for an easier time and ensures you will see the cream of the crop. | <urn:uuid:583c022f-45a0-43cf-b834-53af23dc5e44> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.currencyconverter.co.uk/currencies/pakistan-rupee090326155907 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156224.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20180919122227-20180919142227-00015.warc.gz | en | 0.97433 | 1,676 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Traditional African medicine in South Africa has made great strides in the past few years. Now that traditional African healers are accepted as informal health care workers, there is talk of consultations and medicines being paid for by medical aids in South Africa sometime in the future. With some 80% of South Africans utilising the services of traditional healers, traditional African medicine cannot be left out in the cold for much longer.
What is traditional African medicine?
Traditional African medicine involves the use of herbal concoctions and traditional rituals to treat a patient. There are two main types of traditional healers in South Africa – the sangoma and the inyanga. Sangomas generally rely on rituals and traditional practices to treat a patient’s ailments while an inyanga uses parts of plants (herbs) and animal parts for therapeutic purposes. Both types of traditional healers may employ some methods of divination to diagnose the patient and decide upon the most appropriate course of treatment.
This divination may involve ‘throwing the bones’ where animal bones and trinkets are tossed and the orientation is then ‘read’ by the healer. Other practitioners may contact ancestor spirits to guide them accordingly. A herb known as imphepho (Helichrysum odoratissimum) may be burned to assist with communicating with the ancestor spirits.
Based on the guidance from the ancestor spirits, the healer will prescribe the relevant rituals or herbal concoction which is known as ‘muti’. Most traditional African herbal medicines are infusions – a combination of herbs are boiled and the brew is taken as prescribed. Other medicines may be used as inhalants when combined with boiling water.
Modern Traditional African Medicine
The availability of traditional African medicines has increased significantly over recent years with herbal brews now available in many pharmacies and retail stores. Most are available as infusions. The herbal combinations differ among practitioners but a concerted effort is being made to standardise the prescription of African herbs for different ailments.
Since the combination is dependent on an individual’s practitioner’s ‘message’ from the ancestor spirits, it is difficult to reach a common consensus among healers on the use of each herb. However studies across South Africa on the medicinal properties of African plants aims to identify pharmacologically active ingredients within these herbs that may prove effective in the treatment of certain diseases.
Traditional African Medicine and HIV/AIDS
The market has been flooded with traditional African medicines for the treatement of HIV/AIDS. From immune boosters to detox concoctions and purgatives, traditional African medicine has found a niche market in South Africa. Given the high incidence of HIV/AIDS in the country and the cautious attitude towards ARV’s due to the ever changing HIV/AIDS myths, many South Africans believe that traditional African medicines are more effective. Many traditional healers marketing their own brand of immune boosters have made claims of a ‘cure’ for HIV/AIDS. Although none of these concoctions have been proven to be effective when subjected to scientific testing, this has not stopped other healers from also making such bold claims and marketing their own products.
Government efforts to educate those on HIV/AIDS treatment about the potential dangers of using herbal products while taking ARV’s (antiretrovirals) has also met with some resistance. Although the possibility of drug interactions may render some ARV’s less effective when used in conjunction with herbal mixtures, some South Africans believe this is a conspiracy to undermine traditional African medicine. Many South Africans are more cautious about ARV’s, despite clinical evidence, and are more likely to believe the promises made by traditional healers. This has led to poor patient compliances in some quarters with patients stopping ARV’s to use traditional medicines or using herbal mixtures simultaneously. Traditional beliefs have also contributed to a delay in starting ARV’s much to the detriment of the patient.
Traditional African Medicine in South Africa
Traditional African medicine is not as yet considered part of mainstream medicine in South Africa. Unlike some countries where complementary systems of medicine like homeopathy and acupuncture are now accessible in clinics and hospitals, South Africa has been slow to follow suit. Complementary medicine in South Africa is still considered as alternative therapies to conventional medicine. While the consultation and treatment for some complementary therapies like homeopathy, phytotherapy (herbal medicine) and traditional Chinese medicine are now covered by medical aids, traditional African medicine has not as yet enjoyed this level of acceptance.
Traditional African medicine is undoubtedly here to stay and with time, the training and regulation of traditional healers may follow the path of other complementary systems of medicine available in South Africa. Until then traditional African medicine will remain a part of African culture that is often frowned upon by the medical fraternity and other cultures who are ignorant about its uses. | <urn:uuid:507fdca5-b193-48d4-a2ef-579bb4e3b62b> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.vitacare.co.za/traditional-african-medicine-muti-sangoma-inyanga/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663035797.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220529011010-20220529041010-00029.warc.gz | en | 0.947253 | 985 | 2.90625 | 3 |
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
If you still don't understand something ask the Children's Reporter or your social worker if you have one.
If a child or their parent/guardian does not agree with the decision made by the people at the Hearing they can go to court to appeal the decision. An appeal cannot be made just because they disagree with the decision. There has to be a reason in law for the basis of any appeal. If you disagree with the decision of a Hearing, you should speak to a solicitor (lawyer) as soon as possible, because you may have the right to appeal.
If you do appeal. this means a Sheriff will look at the decision made by the Hearing again to see if they agree with it. An appeal must be made within 21 days of the date of the Hearing. If you are not sure how to appeal, you should speak to the Children’s Reporter who wrote to you about your Hearing.
You might hear this word used in your Hearing or see it in your letter from the Reporter. This means to give permission or allow something.
This is a legal meeting (sometime just called a Hearing), that children and young people are sometimes asked to go to with their families or carers to help them sort out their problems.
Children’s Hearings System
The Children’s Hearings System deals with children and young people in Scotland under the age of eighteen who are in need of help. There are two main reasons why the Children’s Hearings System will help a child or young person:
1) Because they are in need of care and protection.
2) Because they have got into trouble with the police.
This is the name given to the three Panel Members who are at every Hearing, they make the decisions about what should be done to help the child or young person at a Hearing. Sometimes the words ‘Children’s Panel’ are used instead of ‘Hearing’, so you might hear somebody say ‘I’m going to the Children’s Panel’ which means the same as ‘I’m going to a Hearing’.
This is the person (sometimes just called a Reporter) who decides whether or not a child or young person, who has been referred to SCRA, should attend a Hearing.
Child Protection Order
This is an emergency measure which aims to protect children and young people who are at risk of significant harm. The child protection order is made by the Sheriff Court.
You might hear this word used in your Hearing or see it in your letter from the Reporter. This means to follow an order, request or set of rules.
You might hear this word used in your Hearing or see it in your letter from the Reporter. It means you must do what it says.
Compulsory Supervision Order
A Compulsory Supervision Order is a legal document which means that the local authority is responsible for looking after and helping a child. It might say where the child must live or other conditions which must be followed.
Contact Direction Review Hearing
This is a new type of Hearing looking only at the contact between a child or young person, and another person in their life. The Reporter will tell you if one has been arranged for you and what this means.
(Usually a Sheriff Court) is a building where legal matters/cases are dealt with. Most towns and cities have a Sheriff Court. Sometimes in the Children’s Hearings System you have to go to court if the statement of grounds are not accepted or there is an appeal against a decision made at a Children’s Hearing.
Curator ad Litem
Curators ad Litem are legal representatives, usually solicitors, (lawyers), who are appointed when a court believes a person is unable to make decisions for themselves. The curator ad litem represents the person in court, making decisions in the person's interests.
Deemed Relevant Person
A Pre Hearing Panel can decide that someone should be treated as a Relevant Person because they have or recently have had, significant involvement in a child or young person's upbringing. This is called "deeming" someone to be a Relevant Person. Someone with deemed Relevant Person status can have this reviewed at a later date if they no longer have significant involvement with the child or young person.
Defer a Hearing
This means that the Panel Members are unable to make a decision about the future of the young person on the day of the Hearing. This may be because they would like some more information about the young person before they make a decision, so the Hearing is stopped (deferred) to wait for that information and it will be re-arranged for another day.
This is a person who looks after a child or young person, but who is not their mum or dad or a relative.
Interim Compulsory Supervision Order
An Interim Compulsory Supervision Order (ICSO) is a temporary order that the panel members can make if they are unable to make a final decision but have concerns about a child/young person. It might say where the child/young person must live or other conditions which must be followed. This only lasts for a short time before needing to be renewed.
(Sometimes known as a solicitor) is a legally trained person who can offer legal advice and assistance to young people and/or their carers and speak for them in court or Children’s Hearings.
This is when the government pays for help from a lawyer (a solicitor). This can be for advice about going to a Children's Hearing, or to accompany you to a Hearing or to Court to speak for you. There is more information about legal aid and when you can get it at www.slab.org.uk, or you can call the Scottish Legal Aid Board on 0845 122 8686.
Each area in Scotland is run by a council, these areas are known as local authorities. Social workers and teachers work for the local authority.
A person from your local community who volunteers to sit on a Children’s Hearing. Panel Members are normal people - they might be a plumber or a shop assistant. Lots of them have their own children and grandchildren. All Panel Members are given special training so that they can make decisions to help the children and young people who come to a Hearing. There are three Panel Members at every Hearing and one of them will lead the Hearing – they are also known as the Panel Chair or Chair Person.
Pre Hearing Panel
This may be arranged when the Reporter decides to arrange a Children's Hearing. Children and young people, as well as their parents or carers can attend Pre Hearing Panels if they wish, but do not have to. A Pre Hearing Panel takes place before a Hearing and three Panel Members meet to consider any special arrangements needed for the hearing. They might talk about whether a young person or Relevant Person is required to attend a Children's Hearing; whether someone must be told about the Children's Hearing because they are a Relevant Person, or whether someone should be treated as a relevant person because of their involvement in a child's upbringing. After the Pre Hearing Panel the Reporter will write to you to tell you what has been decided.
A referral is when information about a child or young person is sent by the police, social work department or a school to the Children's Reporter, because they think that the child or young person needs help to sort out some of the problems in their life.
This is someone who has the right to attend a Hearing and get information about it. A Relevant Person can be the young person’s mum or dad, grandmother or grandfather, their carer, their guardian or the person who looks after them.
Remitting the grounds for proof
If the young person or their family does not agree with the reasons why they have been asked to go to a Hearing, or if the child is too young to understand, then the Hearing cannot take place. This means that information about that child or young person will be sent (which is called remitted) to a court for the Sheriff to decide (this is a proof) if they should be going to a Hearing for the reasons given (which are called the statement of grounds).
This is the person (also known as the Children's Reporter) who decides whether or not a child or young person who has been referred to SCRA, should attend a Hearing.
Sometimes a child or young person may need to go and live in a safe place somewhere else if they cannot live with their own family. This is called being in Residential Care (sometimes called a children’s home). This means that they would go and live for a while in a place with adults who will help them to learn, where they can get food, a bed to sleep in and somewhere safe to play.
A Safeguarder is a person who is appointed to make sure that a young person’s interests are looked after. A Safeguarder can be appointed by either a Children’s Hearing or a Sheriff. Not all children and young people need to have a Safeguarder.
Sometimes if the people at a Hearing have very different views to each other, or the Panel Members feel they need more information to allow them time to make a decision, they will appoint a Safeguarder. A Safeguarder is separate from the social worker, Children’s Reporter and the Panel Members and would speak to everyone involved especially the young person, to help them build up a better picture. Sometimes they will write a report for the Panel Members and attend the next Hearing.
Scottish Legal Aid Board
The Scottish Legal Aid Board decides whether people should get legal aid - this is when the government pays for help from a lawyer (a solicitor). This can be for advice about going to a Hearing, or to accompany you to a Hearing or Court to speak for you. There is more information about legal aid and when you can get it at www.slab.org.uk and there is also a special booklet available for children and young people.
The Scottish Children’s Reporter Administration (SCRA) is the body which looks after the Children’s Reporters, who are the people who investigate if a child or young person needs to come to a Hearing, and they also organise the Hearing and provide the buildings in which the Hearings are held.
A Children’s Hearing can make a Secure Authorisation as a condition of a Compulsory Supervision Order. This would be when they think that the young person should be in a place that they can not leave. This may be because:
- The young person has run away from home quite a lot and there is a risk that they will do it again, and
- If they do it again then they will be in danger, or could hurt themselves or someone else.
The Sheriff is a legally trained person in charge of the court. Their job is to make sure that everything is done fairly and that court rules are followed. The Sheriff will make the final decision about what should happen next with the statement of grounds and/or appeal.
This is someone who works for the local authority who may visit children and young people and their families to help them with problems they have. If a social worker is really worried about a child or young person they can refer them to the Children’s Reporter.
(Sometimes known as a Lawyer) is a legally trained person who can offer legal advice and assistance to young people and/or their carers and speak for them in court or Children’s Hearings.
Statement of Grounds
There are lots of different reasons why a young person might be referred – these are known as the ‘statement of grounds’. These are:
- If they are have not been going to school,
- If they have been in trouble with the police,
- If they have been drinking alcohol or taking drugs,
- If their behaviour has been causing concern at home, school or in the community,
- If someone is worried that they are not being cared for properly by their parents or carers,
- If an adult has hurt them or someone in their family in some way. | <urn:uuid:97bf473c-88c0-40e5-b508-502655329dc2> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.scra.gov.uk/young_people/a_z_of_the_children_s_hearings_system.cfm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246656965.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045736-00047-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969248 | 2,540 | 3.125 | 3 |
Before 1980 autism was a rare disorder. Scientific studies consistently estimated the rate to be 2-5 per 10,000 people.
In 2004 an official report from Centers for Disease Control (CDC) established that the current incidence of children with autism and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in the US were one in 166. Now the rate is estimated to 1 child in 100 in the US.
Environmental causes of autism, mercury and other heavy metals
An increasing amount of research during the last 20 years shows that children develop autism because their immune system and detoxification ability can no longer cope with increasing environmental stress from vaccinations, heavy metals and other toxic substances.
Children who develop autism have an impaired ability to detoxify their body from mercury and other heavy metals. Mercury is one of the most toxic substances that exists and is especially harmful to the neural system and to foetuses. One important source of mercury is amalgam which releases mercury into the body. A study from 2010 of 100 women showed that if a mother has more than 8 eight amalgam fillings her child runs a more than four times increased risk to develop autism than children of mothers without amalgam.
In the 1990`s the number of vaccinations for infants increased substantially. Until then an infant received 11 doses of vaccine during the first six months which now increased to 28. All of these vaccines contained Thiomersal or ethylmercury as a preservative.
In one vaccination with vaccines containing thimerosal, children could recieve a 150 times higher dose of mercury than was recommended as the highest safe daily dose for an adult. Taking into account the body weight this would mean that an infant would receive about 2000 times more mercury in one vaccination than the highest safe daily dose. Moreover children used to get several vaccines in one shot.
In ten years the autism rate in American children increased from 1 in 2,500 children in 1995 to 1 in 166 or 1 in 80 boys in 2005.
A research review of studies of autism from 2010 found that 58 studies had investigated a possible link between autism and heavy metals. 43 (74%) of these papers support the theory that heavy metals are associated with autism (VE 161).
Vaccinations cause autism by damaging the immune system
Another devastating effect of vaccinations is damage to the immune system of the intestines caused by the MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) and other vaccines.
Many parents all over the world have reported that their children came down with a fever after vaccinations and suddenly regressed, stopped talking and playing as before and developed typical autistic symptoms. Typically the MMR vaccine is involved but most other vaccines have been reported to do the same harm.
In the UK more than 2000 families claim that their children developed normally till they were given the MMR vaccination at around the age of 12-18 months.
The British scientist Andrew Wakefield and his colleagues have found that the MMR vaccination can cause swelling of the lymph nodes in the bowels, inflammation of the intestinal mucosa and impair the assimilation of nourishment; Wakefield and his colleagues have been able to isolate the same measles virus as in the MMR vaccine from the intestine of autistic children with bowel symptoms.
Intolerance to gluten and casein in autism
A number of research studies have shown that impaired functioning of the bowels prevents the breaking down of casein (milk protein) and gluten. Instead of amino acids, peptides are formed which are absorbed from the intestines and cross the blood brain barrier. They have an effect similar to morphine, so called exomorphines They are secreted in the urine and can be measured.
These peptides are highly addictive and often cause children to limit their diet to dairy products and wheat. In autistic children these peptides affect play and social interaction and may cause reduced sensitivity to pain and self-mutilating behavior.
In autism another harmful effect of gluten and casein is to produce cytokines, which are substances that cause inflammation of the brain, especially in the cerebellum.
Research has identified two different patterns of peptides in the urine of autistic children. One of these patterns is seen in children who are intolerant to casein. Many of these children are high functioning autistic children. However casein intolerance is also very common in hyperactivity, ADHD, ADD, obsessive compulsive symptoms, anxiety and panic disorders.
Children with intolerance to casein are easily recognized by their case history. Typically they have or have had more or less of the following symptoms:
- The child cried a lot as a baby
- Infancy colic
- Feeding problems in early infancy
- Sleeping problems in early infancy
- Repeated infections, especially ear infections in early childhood
- Conspicuously slow and inactive as a baby
- Allergies, especially to dairy
- Digestive problems, constipation, bloating, sometimes loose stools, belly ache.
- Temper tantrums
- Addictedness to casein
Children with autism may also be intolerant to gluten and other foodstuffs, such as rice, corn, beans, tomatoes etc. These children usually get their autistic symptoms later after a normal development during the first one or two years. Parents of these children often report that the children developed digestive symptoms and continuous crying after weaning, when cereals and cow milk were introduced in their diet and sometimes after vaccination, frequently flu vaccination or the MMR vaccination.
These children usually have more severe autistic symptoms than the first group with pervasive lack of response to other people and gross deficits in language development or no spoken language at all.
Scientific studies corroborate the positive effects of diet
Many studies have demonstrated positive effects of a gluten and casein free diet in autism and many parents have corroborate these findings. The most significant of these studies is the so called Scan Brit study from 2010, in which 72 Danish autistic children from four to ten years were tested and randomly assigned to a diet or a non-diet group. After six and twelve months the tests were repeated and the results showed clinical improvement in the children on a diet compared to the other group.
Rhythmic Movement Training in Autism
The rhythmic exercises stimulate many of the areas of the brain which are damaged in autism and improve their function. For optimal effect of RMT the gastrointestinal function need to be addressed. Otherwise toxins, peptides and allergens will cross the mucosa and be transported from the bowels and pass the blood brain barrier, causing continued brain damage by inflammatory and toxic reactions of the brain.
It happens quite frequently that the child gets over stimulated by rhythmic exercises and reacts with restlessness and hyperactivity. Such reactions may occur also in children with ADD and ADHD.
The cause of these reactions is probably an inability of the brainstem to filter stimulation from the tactile, vestibular and proprioceptive senses. Excessive stimulation reaches the brain and activates its glutamate receptors. Glutamate is the most widespread transmitter substance in the brain. If there is an inability to convert stimulating glutamate into inhibiting GABA the child will soon become restless and start wriggling and try to get away.
Therefore a child with autism should be on a diet free from gluten, casein and preferably soy. This is especially important for children who do rhythmic exercises.
Self stimulating Behavior
If the concentration of glutamate rises to toxic levels outside the neurons they start firing uncontrollably causing self stimulating behavior or stims. These are repetitive body movements that stimulate one or several senses in a regulated manner. They include
- hand flapping
- body spinning or rocking
- mechanically lining up or spinning toys
- repeating rote phrases
- echolalia, i.e. mechanically repeating what others say
- perseveration, (repetition of a particular response, such as a word, phrase, or gesture, despite the absence or cessation of a stimulus)
Rhythmic exercises improve speech
Almost all children with autism or ASD have more or less obvious difficulties doing simple active rhythmic exercises. Such difficulties are also common in children with ADD, ADHD and late speech development and indicate a damage of the cerebellum. Such damage is especially common in autism and has been confirmed by many research studies. Damage of the cerebellum may prevent speech from developing since speech cannot develop if the speech areas of the left hemisphere don´t get sufficient stimulation from the cerebellum.
By stimulating the cerebellum with rhythmic exercises speech development will be promoted. The Purkinje cells of the cerebellum use GABA as a transmitter substance and the rhythmic exercises will in the long run cause more GABA to be produced provided inflammation of the cerebellum and glutamate accumulation can be prevented by an appropriate diet.
Emotional challenges in autism
Children with autism have difficulties to relate themselves to people and to show affection. They often do not express any desires or needs. They show little or no curiosity and avoid body contact. They are usually in severe stress. Due to an active fear paralysis reflex they prefer to withdraw into themselves and may get very stressed by demands. They may protest and have temper tantrums if they are disturbed or must do something they do not want to. Some autistic children may even protest to all demands, so called oppositional behavior disorder.
On the other hand autistic children do not come into the assertive age or the so called terrible twos when they are able adequately to express what they want or do not want without having temper tantrums.
Rhythmic Movement Training develops emotions.
The passive and active rhythmic movements stimulate the limbic system both by way of the brainstem and the cerebellum. When the limbic system is stimulated emotions will develop. The child starts to attach himself emotionally to the parents and to express needs and desires. The child often wants to sit on the parents´ lap or sleep in their bed. He may start to show emotions of affection, assertion and defiance. The child often will start to make contact and play with other children.
However, adverse reactions to the training such as hyperactivity, mood swings, aggressiveness or self stimulating behavior indicate over stimulation of the brain and glutamate accumulation. In such cases the child needs an adequate diet to be able to continue the training. If the child gets such reactions in spite of such a diet it is advisable to reduce the exercises or make a temporary halt. | <urn:uuid:ec2d6776-2c60-4085-93f0-868c4ff9c734> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.blombergrmt.com/autism-and-rhythmic-movement-training/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337307.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20221002083954-20221002113954-00382.warc.gz | en | 0.951709 | 2,118 | 3.203125 | 3 |
As the price of parchment and demand for books soared in the later Middle Ages, a denser style of writing evolved for European languages. Johannes Gutenberg used this Gothic approach for his printing press in the mid-15th century. Italian humanists soon revolted against the heavy look by reverting to a more Carolingian script and inventing a cursive form of it, known as Italic. Elegant handwriting emerged as a status symbol, and by the 1700s penmanship schools had begun educating generations of master scribes.
During the United States’ infancy, professional penmen were responsible for copying official documents, including the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. Among amateurs, meanwhile, signature handwriting styles became associated with various professions and social ranks; women and men were also expected to embrace flourishes unique to their sex. In the mid-1800s an abolitionist and bookkeeper named Platt Rogers Spencer attempted to democratize American penmanship by formulating a cursive writing system, known as the Spencerian method and taught by textbook, that many schools and businesses quickly adopted. (Ornate and sinuous, it can be seen in the original Coca-Cola logo.)By the turn of the century, an approach introduced by Austin Norman Palmer replaced the Spencerian method in American classrooms, where students learned to form loopy characters between horizontal lines on chalkboards; its predecessor, D’Nealian script, originated in the 1970s and was designed to ease the transition from printing to cursive writing. Another handwriting style, developed by Charles Zaner and Elmer Bloser for elementary-aged children, dominated textbooks for much of the 20th century.
As typewriters and word processors swept the business world, schools began to eliminate penmanship classes, and by the 1980s many U.S. children received little formal training. (This was not the case in many European countries, where students are given rigorous handwriting instruction to this day.) While penmanship studies haven’t completely disappeared from the American curriculum, schoolchildren today spend more time mastering typing and computer skills than the neat, standardized cursive of their parents and grandparents. As early as 1955, the Saturday Evening Post had dubbed the United States a “nation of scrawlers,” and studies show that handwriting abilities have largely declined since then.
Bemoaned by many (but not all) educators, the loss of penmanship as a requisite skill inspired the Writing Instrument Manufacturers Association (WIMA) to create National Handwriting Day in 1977. According to the group’s website, the holiday offers “a chance for all of us to re-explore the purity and power of handwriting.” How can you celebrate? The WIMA suggests you pick up a pen or pencil and put it to paper—so get off the computer and start writing! | <urn:uuid:ac66fe94-0e83-4e53-b7b2-ab6f35e5752f> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.history.com/news/a-brief-history-of-penmanship-on-national-handwriting-day | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115865010.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161105-00181-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967584 | 581 | 3.65625 | 4 |
A study by the company that makes Gardasil, a vaccine that protects against cervical cancer, suggests it may be even more effective than previously thought.
The vaccine, manufactured by Merck, had previously been thought to only protect against 70 percent of cervical cancer caused by viruses. However, the new research indicates that it may also have at least some effect against viral strains that cause the other 30 percent.
The new data was presented this week by Merck at the Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.
The finding was an unexpected one, says study investigator Dr. Darron Brown, professor of medicine, microbiology and immunology at Indiana University School of Medicine in Indianapolis.
"I was surprised at the high degree of cross protection — pleasantly surprised," he said.
And doctors unaffiliated with Merck agree that the research is promising.
"The data are very encouraging because they show cross protection against infection and disease caused by other HPV types that are not included in the vaccine," said Dr. Jessica Kahn, associate professor of pediatrics at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center in Ohio.
The vaccine protects against cervical pre-cancer by priming the body's defenses against a sexually transmitted virus called the human papilloma virus (HPV). It specifically protects against four strains of the virus — strains 16 and 18, which lead to cervical pre-cancer, and strains 6 and 11, which cause genital warts.
What researchers found in the new study was that the vaccine may also offer partial protection against pre-cancerous lesions caused by 10 additional strains of HPV.
This could be especially important in preventing long-lasting infections, which are more likely to eventually lead to cancer.
"Seventy-five to 90 percent of infections go away," said Dr. Diane Harper, study investigator and professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Dartmouth Medical School in Lebanon, N.H. "What we really want to prevent are persistent infections — those infections that stay and don't clear on their own."
At the heart of the new finding is the concept of "cross protection," which means that although the vaccine is designed to protect against lesions caused by a few specific types of HPV, it can also have some effect, albeit a smaller one, on other strains that are closely related.
"This high degree of cross protection … provides an extra measure of protection for young women," said Brown.
The new findings may be even more important in other parts of the world where cervical cancer is more prevalent.
"In many developing regions, cervical cancer is the No. 1 cancer," said Kahn. "About half a million women around the world get cervical cancer, so it has tremendous public health impact."
The additional strains studied include HPV strain 52, which is more prevalent in some parts of Asia, notes Dr. Kevin Ault, study investigator and associate professor of gynecology and obstetrics at Emory University in Atlanta.
More Bang for Your Buck
Ault says the new findings may make it easier for many to justify the cost of the vaccine, which runs at around $150 per dose.
"You really get a little more bang for your buck; you get some modest protection against other [strains] based on this data," said Ault. "Seventy percent [of cervical cancer] is caused by strains 16 or 18, so that leaves a 30 percent window that we've been worried about … so you might be able to get at some of those other cases through this cross-protection effect."
Despite the new findings that show increased protection, doctors point to an important limitation of the vaccine — it is only 39 percent effective against lesions caused by these other strains of HPV. The majority of that efficacy was seen in just two of the other 10 strains, notes Harper.
However, physicians are still optimistic about the new findings and hope additional coverage will eventually help reduce cervical cancer rates.
"The vaccine is very safe and effective in preventing [cervical pre-cancer] caused by the two most common cancer-causing HPV types," said Brown. "[Women] should also know that they can have this extra measure of protection against other types."
But Harper notes that there is no substitute for other means of prevention and early detection.
"Even with the coverage of more types … people that have Gardasil can still get cancer," she said. "Pap screening is still important." | <urn:uuid:e286576e-703e-4759-b2dc-facedc2909ff> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://abcnews.go.com/Health/WomensHealth/story?id=3626353&page=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049278244.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002118-00237-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974804 | 905 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Essay of comparison between the tiger and the lamb, poems by william blake - essay of comparison between the tiger and the lamb. Compare and contrast william blake’s poems “the lamb” and “the tyger” and show how within their similarities, differences can be found then discuss how. Fiction essay follow/fav comparing about the two poems by william blake there is an obvious comparison between the two poems-did he who made the lamb make. Keywords: william blake the lamb and the tyger william blake was an 18th century visionary, poet, mystic, and artist blake's romantic style of writing allowed him. This lesson explains the poem 'the lamb' by william blake its symbolism and themes are described, as well as the higher meaning intended by the.
Essays and criticism on william blake - critical essays william blake’s focus is the second stanza of this lyric presents the image of the lamb. The two poems that i will analyse in depth, “the lamb”, and “the tyger” has many comparisons and contrasts between the two, although the same writer, william. The lamb essays: over 180,000 the lamb essays william blake's poem, the lamb is broken into two stanzas both stanzas have ten lines each.
View essay - poetry from english 102 at liberty poetry essay 1 thesis and outline the lamb, by william blake is a christian poem which gives the answers about the. Free william blake the lamb papers, essays, and research papers. Thesis william blake s lyric the lamb is a simple child s song, in which he alludes to christianity and some of its foundational beliefs introduction.
Analysis of the lamb essaysa lamb is a gentle and meek creature that is both daring and submissive a lamb is very much like a child in the lamb, william blake. Kayla johnson english 102 poetry essay mla “the lamb” by william blake thesis statement: “the lamb”, by william blake, is a joyous christian poem about one of.
The lamb and the tyger essay one of the more prominent poets of the romantic era, william blake, wrote during a time when much of europe was at war. The lamb this essay the lamb and other 63,000+ term papers jesus is william blake's the lamb lamb buckner's 'locus iste' and taveners 'the lamb.
Read this essay on the lamb outline and paper the lamb by william blake is a poem like child’s song, in the form of a question and answer. The lamb: william blake - summary and critical analysis the lamb is one of the simplest poems of blake the symbolic meaning of it is almost clearly stated in the. The lamb and the tyger by william blake essay 863 words | 4 pages here blake is basically talking of such an evil being known as the tiger there are people in. | <urn:uuid:e1352386-720e-4bb2-b5d0-678c39a16d87> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://joessayibvu.blinkingti.me/essay-on-the-lamb-by-william-blake.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863109.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619173519-20180619193519-00396.warc.gz | en | 0.942353 | 648 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The basic premise of the slewing method is that the bearing can always be tilted fully forward in the direction of the boom, and that this tilt follows the rotation of the crane.
1. There is no load on the hook, tighten the hook to a higher position, release the boom to the horizontal position (note that the boom does not collide with the platform facilities when turning horizontally) or lower the boom to the maximum limit position (the minimum level of the boom angle);
2. Use the base of the magnetic dial indicator to fix it to the position of the crane base, the magnetic pointer points to the clean and rust-free horizontal processing surface of the upper rotary disc, and adjust the pointer to the zero state (the reference 0 position point is established at this time);
3. Slowly turn the crane 360 degrees, record the reading of the pointer every 45 degrees in the dynamic state, and confirm that the pointer reading should return to zero when the crane turns 360 degrees and returns to the initial position (record the elegant data when it does not return to the zero position value); for every four positions of the crane at intervals of 90 degrees, repeat the operation according to the above step 3, and record a total of 32 data in the four positions, and then organize them into a table for analysis.
The maximum permissible deviation is required to be 1.7mm, and the measurement accuracy of the dial indicator measuring instrument is at least +0.05mm or more.
The premise of the tilt method is that the bearing can be fully tilted forward and backward by using the counterweight, boom luffing or jack. The purpose is to measure the total clearance between the inner raceway of the bearing and the rolling elements without causing obvious moment of elastic deformation on the bearing.
1. Release the boom until the level is close to the limit state, and use the hook to lift the load to ensure that the bearing is completely tilted forward;
2. Fix the base of the magnetic dial indicator to the position of the crane base, and the magnetic pointer points to the clean and rust-free horizontal processing surface of the upper rotary table, and adjust the pointer to the zero state (at this time, the reference 0 position point is established);
3. Release the load and raise the boom to the maximum position, so that the bearing is fully tilted backwards. During the operation in this state, record the reading of the dial indicator, thereby determining the maximum total clearance value of the bearing;
4. Lower the boom again and hang the load to the forward tilt state of the previous bearing, and confirm that the pointer reading returns to the zero state (record the elegant data value when it does not return to the zero position);
5. For the four positions of the crane every 90 degrees, repeat the operation according to the above step 3, and record a total of 32 data in the four positions, and then organize them into a table for analysis.The above is the full introduction to the inspection method of crane slewing ring bearing wear. Both inspection methods can be selected, but it is recommended to choose the most suitable inspection method according to the actual wear condition of the bearing.
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How to choose excavator slewing bearing manufacturers2023-02-27 - 16:28 | <urn:uuid:aa4170ed-98be-42db-bdb5-cb0d1a6f4941> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.excavatorbearing.com/a/bearing-knowledge/inspection-method-for-wear-of-slewing-bearings-of-cranes.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296946637.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20230327025922-20230327055922-00236.warc.gz | en | 0.877973 | 739 | 2.640625 | 3 |
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Space Shuttle Atlantis heads towards Earth orbit from Launch Complex 39B
|Mission duration||9 days, 5 hours, 16 minutes, 48 seconds|
|Distance travelled||6,100,000 kilometres (3,800,000 mi) estimated|
|Spacecraft||Space Shuttle Atlantis|
|Launch mass||111,740 kilograms (246,340 lb)|
|Landing mass||95,396 kilograms (210,312 lb)|
|Payload mass||6,753 kilograms (14,888 lb)|
|Crew size||6 up
|Members||Kevin P. Chilton
Richard A. Searfoss
Ronald M. Sega
Michael R. Clifford
Linda M. Godwin
|Start of mission|
|Launch date||22 March 1996, 08:13:04UTC|
|Launch site||Kennedy LC-39B|
|End of mission|
|Landing date||31 March 1996, 13:28:57UTC|
|Landing site||Edwards Runway 22|
|Perigee||389 kilometres (242 mi)|
|Apogee||411 kilometres (255 mi)|
|Docking with Mir|
|Docking port||SO starboard|
|Docking date||24 March 1996, 02:34:05 UTC|
|Undocking date||29 March 1996, 01:08:03 UTC|
|Time docked||4 days, 22 hours, 33 minutes, 58 seconds|
Left to right - Front: Sega, Chilton, Searfoss; Back: Clifford, Lucid, Godwin.
STS-76 was NASA's 76th Space Shuttle mission, and the 16th mission for Atlantis. STS-76 launched on 22 March 1996 at 3:13 am EST (UTC −5) from Kennedy Space Center launch pad 39B. STS-76 lasted over 9 days, traveled about 3,800,000 miles (6,100,000 km) while orbiting Earth an estimated 145 times, and landing at 5:28 am PST (UTC −8) on 31 March 1996 at Edwards Air Force Base runway 22.
The flight was the third Shuttle mission to dock with the Russian Space Station Mir, as part of the Shuttle-Mir Program, carrying astronaut Shannon Lucid to the orbital laboratory to replace NASA astronaut Norm Thagard. STS-76 also carried a SPACEHAB single module along with Lucid, and on flight day 6 Linda Godwin and Michael R. Clifford performed the first U.S. spacewalk around two docked spacecraft.
|Position||Launching Astronaut||Landing Astronaut|
|Commander||Kevin P. Chilton
|Pilot||Richard A. Searfoss
|Mission Specialist 1||Ronald M. Sega
|Mission Specialist 2||Michael R. Clifford
|Mission Specialist 3||Linda M. Godwin
|Mission Specialist 4||Shannon Lucid
- Godwin and Clifford – EVA 1
- EVA 1 Start: 27 March 1996 – 06:34 UTC
- EVA 1 End: 27 March 1996 – 12:36 UTC
- Duration: 6 hours, 02 minutes
Third linkup between U.S. Space Shuttle and Russian Space Station Mir highlighted by transfer of veteran astronaut Shannon Lucid to Mir to become first American woman to live on station. Her approximately four-and-a-half month stay also eclipsed long-duration U.S. spaceflight record set by first American to live on Mir, Norm Thagard. Lucid was succeeded by astronaut John Blaha during STS-79 in August, giving her distinction of membership in four different flight crews—two U.S. and two Russian—and her stay on Mir kicked off continuous U.S. presence in space for the next two years.
Payload bay configuration included Orbiter Docking System in forward area and SPACEHAB single module toward the aft. STS-76 marked first flight of SPACEHAB pressurized module to support Shuttle-Mir dockings; single module primarily served as stowage area for large supply of equipment slated for transfer to space station, but also carried European Space Agency’s Biorack experiment rack for on-orbit research.
Atlantis hooked up with Mir on flight day three, following same R-bar approach employed on STS-74. Actual connection between Orbiter Docking System and Docking Module attached to Kristall module docking port occurred at 9:34 pm EST, 24 March. Hatches opened a little less than two hours later. Awaiting Atlantis' arrival were Mir 21 Commander Yuri Onufrienko and Flight Engineer Yuri Usachev, who were launched to Mir on 21 February. In July, they were joined by Mir 22 Commander Valeri Korzun, Flight Engineer Alexander Kaleri and CNES astronaut Claudie Andre-Deshays. After two-week stay, Andre-Deshays would return to Earth with Onufrienko and Usachev while Korzun and Kaleri remained on board with Lucid.
During five days of docked operations, about 1,500 pounds (680 kilograms) of water and two tons of scientific equipment, logistical material and resupply items transferred to Mir; experiment samples and miscellaneous equipment brought over to orbiter. In Biorack, 11 separate scientific investigations were conducted. Study topics included effect of microgravity and cosmic radiation on plants, tissues, cells, bacteria and insects and effects of microgravity on bone loss. Also transferred to station were Mir Glovebox Stowage (MGBX) equipment to replenish glovebox already on station; Queen’s University Experiment in Liquid Diffusion (QUELD) flown in orbiter middeck locker; and High Temperature Liquid Phase Sintering (LPS) experiment.
On flight day six, Godwin and Clifford conducted first U.S. extravehicular activity (EVA) around two mated spacecraft. During six-hour, two-minute, 28-second EVA, they attached four Mir Environmental Effects Payload (MEEP) experiments to station’s Docking Module. Experiments designed to characterize environment around Mir over an 18-month period. Godwin and Clifford wore Simplified Aid For EVA Rescue (SAFER) propulsive devices first flight-tested during STS-64.
Other payloads: Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment (SAREX); KidSat, a project that gives middle school students opportunity to participate in space exploration; and Trapped Ions in Space (TRIS), a Naval Research Laboratory experiment flown in Get Away Special canister in cargo bay.
- List of human spaceflights
- List of human spaceflights to Mir
- List of Space Shuttle missions
- Outline of space science | <urn:uuid:19cc4050-5fdb-4cb4-81db-b1027007ce3b> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-76 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607245.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170523005639-20170523025639-00130.warc.gz | en | 0.85788 | 1,446 | 2.625 | 3 |
1. Organisms are continuously faced with the problem of making decisions ab
out allocation of limiting resources to maintenance and reproduction. This
paradigmatic principle leads to the prediction that each individual will ha
ve to trade competing activities affecting fitness, with natural selection
favouring the evolution of optimal life-history strategies.
2. In the present study we tested for the existence of a trade-off between
parental survival and progeny quality and number in the biparental barn swa
llow (Hirundo rustica, Linnaeus) by recording survival from one breeding se
ason to the next of adults, whose first brood size had been either increase
d or reduced by one nestling.
3. Quality of offspring was expressed as body mass, body size and the abili
ty to mount a T-lymphocyte cell-mediated immune response, in vivo, to a mit
ogenic stimulus, mimicking the reaction to an antigenic challenge to the im
4. Both adult male and female barn swallows were less likely to survive whe
n their offspring had greater immunocompetence. Adult females were also les
s likely to survive when offspring had larger body size but smaller body ma
ss. Brood enlargement reduced survival of adult males and had a differentia
lly larger negative effect on survival of double-brooded than single-broode
d adult females. Double-broodedness did not covary with adult male survival
but had a differentially larger effect on survival of adult females with e
nlarged compared to reduced broods. Males with relatively long ornamental t
ail feathers were more likely to survive than those with short tails.
5. We conclude that parent barn swallows trade their own survival against f
eatures of nestlings that affect their probability of recruitment. Because
immunity is one of the principal defences available to hosts against parasi
tes, this study suggests that host-parasite interactions may have played a
part in the evolution of optimal parental strategies. | <urn:uuid:89423c78-7495-46bb-a830-ddf7f05e3300> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://acnpsearch.unibo.it/singlejournalindex/6569090 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587606.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024204628-20211024234628-00010.warc.gz | en | 0.963449 | 422 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Creole languages are languages which arise from a merging of other languages. Creole languages are not generally related to each other.
Creole languages include:
- Bislama, spoken in Vanuatu
- Brokan, spoken in the Torres Strait Islands
- Guinea-Bissau Creole, spoken in Guinea-Bissau
- Haitian Creole, spoken in Haiti
- Jamaican Creole, spoken in Jamaica
- Louisiana Creole, spoken in Louisiana, United States
- Mauritian Creole, spoken in Mauritius
- Gullah, or Sea Island Creole, spoken in southern United States
- Seychellois Creole, spoken in the Seychelles
- Tok Pisin, spoken in Papua New Guinea
Creole may also refer to a cuisine or to various groups of people.
||This article is a disambiguation page. If you arrived here by following a link from another page you can help by correcting it, so that it points to the appropriate disambiguated page. | <urn:uuid:e0d93a78-9423-4ec0-aa15-7b57cbb7598f> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://wikitravel.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Creole&oldid=1522115 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917120101.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031200-00385-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.902825 | 214 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Black ash trees only produce seeds every seven years and 2019 is the year. Now, The Canadian Forest Service National Tree Seed Centre is hoping Canadians will help find some seeds.
The seed centre has two main purposes: to provide seed from all tree species in Canada for research and conserve seeds in case disease or pests such as the emerald ash borer destroy the tree population, said seed centre co-ordinator Donnie McPhee.
The plan is to conserve black ash seeds, "until such a time that we can either out-plant again or with new technologies that we can inoculate our seed against the particular pest problem," McPhee said.
The emerald ash borer has not yet been spotted on the Island, but was found in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia in 2018. It is one of the main reasons the seed centre is asking people to preserve the four-centimetre seeds that are enclosed in a flat green wing.
"Right now emerald ash borer isn't on Prince Edward Island, but two years ago Quebec City was the closest place to the Maritimes and now there are two locations in New Brunswick and one in Nova Scotia," McPhee said.
Black ash is a slender tree with grey bark and multiple leaflets that turn yellow in the fall and the emerald ash borer has taken a toll on these trees in some parts of Canada.
McPhee said given seeding happens so infrequently, if the bug took a trip to the Island it could have a major negative impact.
However, McPhee said it is not quite time to collect seeds yet.
"Things aren't ripe yet and if you collect them too early the seed isn't any good, but coming up soon black ash seeds should be ready by mid-September."
White, green and black ash trees are native to P.E.I., but McPhee said the focus is on black ash because it seeds less frequently.
If people see seed on wild ash trees growing on P.E.I. they can contact the seed centre and someone will assist them with collection, McPhee said.
"We need about 2,000 to 3,000 seed per tree," McPhee said.
The seed centre is collaborating with the province to assist in gathering seeds.
McPhee said his team is small, with only three people covering the entire country.
More P.E.I. news | <urn:uuid:e8edfce7-448b-4ed2-bf8c-50fee3dc9234> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://ca.news.yahoo.com/last-chance-until-2026-ensure-110000369.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540534443.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20191212000437-20191212024437-00223.warc.gz | en | 0.968138 | 499 | 3.53125 | 4 |
|Cocaine Addiction, Drug
and Alcohol Rehab, Addiction Treatment and Recovery
What is Cocaine and how
is it used?
Cocaine is a white, crystalline powdered drug, which is which is
extracted from the leaves of the coca plant. Cocaine is also popularly
known with the names like "coke," "C," "snow,"
"flakm," or "blow". Cocaine is popularly known
as “Street Drug”, as it is primarily sold on streets.
Cocaine can be administered in many ways, i.e. it can be snorted
or smoked or dissolved in water and injected.
Cocaine is an effective brain stimulant and one of the most powerfully
addictive drugs. The principal routes of cocaine administration
are oral, intranasal, intravenous, and inhalation. Cocaine use ranges
from occasional use to repeated or compulsive use, with a variety
of patterns between these extremes.
How does it affect the body?
The use of Cocaine cannot be safe in any ways. Whether it is snorted
or smoked, its high addiction may lead to acute cardiovascular or
respiratory emergencies that could result in sudden death. There
are many severe adverse health consequences, which can make the
• Short-term effects
A single dose of Cocaine’s administration is enough to demonstrate
its pleasantly bad effects on health. Cocaine usually makes the
3. Talkative, and
4. Mentally alert, especially to the sensations of sight, sound,
5. Loss of appetite and sleep
Short-term effects of cocaine include
1. Constricted peripheral blood vessels,
2. Dilated pupils,
3. Increased temperature and heart rate,
4. Blood pressure,
6. Loss of appetite,
8. Irritability, and
10. Lead to bizarre, erratic, and violent behavior
The users, who consume large amount of Cocaine, may experience
tremors, vertigo, muscle twitches and paranoia. Sometimes, sudden
death may occur to the first timers or unexpectedly thereafter.
• Long-term effects
1. High doses of cocaine and/ or prolonged use can trigger paranoia,
2. Smoking crack cocaine can produce a particularly aggressive
paranoid behavior in users,
3. Leads to Depression,
4. Snorting may lead to ulceration of the mucous membrane of the
Way to pleasurable DEATH
Experts and researchers have found that Cocaine is an addictive
drug and it’s pleasurable effects are so intense that it provokes
the users for repeated doses. Scientists have discovered that as
Cocaine is a highly brain stimulant drug, so it produces feelings
of pleasure to the users.
Medical complications of cocaine abuse
There are massive medical complications associated with cocaine
use. Some of the most frequent complications are;
1. Cardiovascular effects: heart rhythm disturbances and heart
2. Respiratory effects: chest pain and respiratory failure;
3. Neurological effects: strokes, seizure, and headaches; and
4. Gastrointestinal complications: abdominal pain and nausea.
Time for breakthrough: treat your problem
addiction and abuse is a complex problem involving biological
changes in the brain as well as a myriad of social, familial, and
environmental factors. Therefore, treatment of cocaine addiction
is complex, and must address a variety of problems. Like any good
treatment plan, Cocaine treatment strategies need to assess the
psychobiological, social, and pharmacological aspects of the patient's
So, it’s time to break free and experience a new world. Remember,
the pleasurable experiences of Cocaine or any drug is momentary,
but it may lead to dreadful results.
Quick facts to remember
- Cocaine affects your brain.
- Cocaine affects your body.
- Cocaine affects your emotions.
- Cocaine is addictive.
- Cocaine can kill you.
- Cocaine produces many medical complications.
- Know the law. Cocaine--in any form--is illegal.
- Stay informed. Even first-time cocaine users can have seizures
or fatal heart attacks.
- Know the risks. Combination of Cocaine and more drugs is extremely
dangerous. The effects of one drug can magnify the effects of
another, and mixing substances can be deadly.
- Stay in control. Cocaine impairs your judgment, which may lead
to unwise decisions around sexual activity. This can increase
your risk for HIV/AIDS and other diseases, as well as rape and
Know the Signs
If your loved ones, friend or relative experience one or more of
the following signs then he or she may be using Cocaine or other
- Red, bloodshot eyes
- Runny nose or frequently sniffing
- Change in eating or sleeping patterns
- Change in groups of friends
- Change in school grades or behavior
- Withdrawal of acting, depressed, tired, or careless about personal
- Losing interest in work, school, family, or activities
So, if you or your loved ones have realized the fact
and accepted the problem valiantly, then we are here with stretched
arms to support your decision and assist you in getting rid of it.
Feel free to contact our support team for professional help and
give us a chance to show you a whole new world of love and happiness. | <urn:uuid:4191fea7-e029-4c87-a2df-bbdcff4139f6> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.drugrehabprogram.net/cocaine.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423629.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721002112-20170721022112-00412.warc.gz | en | 0.883867 | 1,145 | 2.78125 | 3 |
If you’re familiar with the clavilux, you might be reading this and wondering what the hell it has to do with Chicago. After all, its creator Thomas Wilfred was a Danish artist, and the instrument was first publicly played in New York City in 1922. This so-called Color Organ, however, may have had its largest audience in (of all buildings) the Dairy Building at the 1933 World’s Fair in Chicago. According to the Cornell Daily Sun, Wilfred had already created and performed a piece entitled “Chicago Nocturne” by 1926. It was said to have simulated the experience of looking up at a bridge in the night.
The clavilux is a keyboard (or switchboard, apparently) instrument intended to be silent. Instead of sound, it plays light. Wilfred subscribed to a now-defunct school of thought called theosophy, which held that the pinnacle of art involved creating “thought forms:” physical manifestations of thoughts, memories, emotions, and other things that often exist solely in the mind of one person. Wilfred sought to play things in his concerts and recitals that would make public things that, previously, could only ever be private; he wanted to make visible to anyone who cared to look the personal and invisible. Chicago’s bridges appear to have been an inspiration to him.
There are few of these instruments left today, and those that remain seem to be in private hands, undergoing restoration by passionate collectors. To get an idea of what light music looks like, you can watch some youtube videos, but so far I can’t find a performance of “Chicago Nocturne” on the internet. Also, Wilfred objected to these works being filmed, insisting that they must be experienced firsthand, so you must hope one of the restorers eventually decides to tour with a clavilux and bring it to a theater near you. | <urn:uuid:c88905cd-bc89-4d23-a809-91147618af6b> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://windycityloveletters.wordpress.com/tag/1933-worlds-fair/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645280.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20180317174935-20180317194935-00205.warc.gz | en | 0.976818 | 397 | 3 | 3 |
This week, instructors and teaching experts discuss practices for engaging students in a course.
|News and insights delivered to your inbox every week: The ‘Q’ Newsletter.|
How One Teaching Expert Activates Students’ Curiosity
In her workshop, “The Power of the ‘Naïve Task,’” Kimberly Van Orman explores how instructors can encourage their students to think critically about course material using only preexisting knowledge. In her method, students work together to solve puzzles or dilemmas, in the process challenging one another and becoming curious about the subject. (The Chronicle of Higher Education Teaching Newsletter)
Why Do So Many Students Drop Out of College? And What Can Be Done About It?
Considering the large percentage of students who drop out of college, Jeffrey Selingo urges instructors and colleges to promote the success of all students. He uses the example of David Laude, who changed his teaching approach by putting at-risk students in smaller classes. (The Washington Post)
Freshmen ‘Are Souls That Want to Be Awakened’
On the first day of class, Bryan Dewsbury asks students to shoot baskets into the trash can at the front of the room from their seats. This is meant to demonstrate that students are all starting from different places. Dewsbury also meets with students one-on-one at the beginning of the year and takes other measures to ensure that his teaching is inclusive. (The Chronicle of Higher Education)
The Spark of Learning
In her book The Spark of Learning, Sarah Rose Cavanagh suggests considering students’ learning an element of their emotions. Engaging in mindfulness and beginning a course with a short mystery or puzzle are two noteworthy strategies Bonni Stachowiak recommends from the book. (Teaching in Higher Ed) | <urn:uuid:e58237c3-cb12-4551-998d-74c87accf547> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://community.acue.org/blog/news-roundup-how-to-engage-students/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668787.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20191117041351-20191117065351-00045.warc.gz | en | 0.930501 | 372 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Animals use a variety of environmental cues in order to recognise their location. One of the key behaviours found in a certain type of biological neuron – known as place cells – is a rate-coding effect: a neuron’s rate of firing decreases with distance from some landmark location. In this work, we used visual information from wearable and hand-held cameras in order to reproduce this rate-coding effect in artificial place cells (APCs). The accuracy of localisation using these APCs was evaluated using different visual descriptors and different place cell widths. Simple localisation using APCs was feasible by noting the identity of the APC yielding the maximum response. We also propose using joint coding within a number of automatically defined APCs as a population code for self-localisation. Using both approaches we were able to demonstrate good self-localisation from very small images taken in indoor settings. The error performance using APCs is favourable when compared with ground-truth and LSD-SLAM, even without the use of a motion model. | <urn:uuid:1e8fb617-a89f-4749-9b17-d0885bbea089> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | http://joserivera.org/pubs/indoor-localisation-with-regression-networks-and-place-cell-models/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107869785.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20201020021700-20201020051700-00649.warc.gz | en | 0.928978 | 210 | 3 | 3 |
The Governments of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Guangdong Province have teamed up to tackle the regional air pollution problem. Here you can learn about their initiatives, including the establishment of an air quality monitoring network throughout the Pearl River Delta.
Regional Air Quality Monitoring Network
The Environmental Protection Department of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Guangdong Provincial Environmental Monitoring Centre established the Pearl River Delta Regional Air Quality Monitoring Network in 2005. In September 2014, the Environmental Protection Department and the Department of Environmental Protection of Guangdong Province enhanced the Network with the Macao Environmental Protection Bureau (Macao EPB) and the Macao Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau (Macao MGB) to release real-time air quality information for the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. The enhanced Network has been renamed as the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao PRD Regional Air Quality Monitoring Network, with its geographical coverage increased from 16 to 23 automatic air quality monitoring stations in the Delta. Ten (10) stations are operated by the Environmental Protection Monitoring Centres of individual cities in Guangdong, eight are operated by the Guangdong Provincial Environmental Monitoring Centre and one, located in Macao, is operated by the Macao MGB. The remaining four are located in Hong Kong and operated by the Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department.
Goals of the Network
The Regional Air Quality Monitoring Network aims to:
- Provide accurate data to help the two Governments appraise the air quality and pollution problems in the Pearl River Delta and devise appropriate control measures.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of air pollution control through long-term monitoring.
- Provide the public with information on the air quality of various places in the region.
- More on Regional Air Quality Monitoring Reporthttp://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/resources_pub/publications/m_report.html
Real-time Air Quality information
With a view to providing the public with more comprehensive real-time air quality information, the network releases the concentration levels of various air pollutants once an hour. Furthermore, the network provides the respective air quality indices of the three places: the Macao and Guangdong sides release their Air Quality Index once an hour and once every 24 hours, while the Hong Kong side releases the Air Quality Health Index once an hour. In addition, the network releases the annual report on the monitoring results and the pollution trend in the PRD region, and reports the quarterly statistical monitoring results.
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Regional Air Quality Monitoring Information Systemhttp://188.8.131.52:20047/
Tackling Regional Air Pollution
To ensure that you can breathe cleaner air, and that your children will have a better quality of life, the Governments of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Guangdong Province have been involved in a number of anti-pollution initiatives. As part of the agreement that established the Regional Air Quality Monitoring Network, the two governments have worked individually various measures, including:
- Vehicle emission control, including encouragement to use pollution control devices on private vehicles and the conversion of mini-buses to liquefied petroleum gas instead of diesel fuel.
- Power station emission control, including the use of air-scrubbing equipment and placing emission limits on individual stations.
- Vehicle emission control, including further tightening motor vehicle emissions and fuel standards, and recovering vapour from oil depots, tanker trucks and petrol filling stations.
- Other emission control, including improving energy supply structure, installing flue gas desulphurisation systems in thermal power plants, and stepping up control of emissions from industrial sources.
- More on cooperation with the Mainland (including enhanced control measures of the HKSAR and the Guangdong Provincial Government)http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/environmentinhk/air/prob_solutions/strategies_apc.html#point_2
Last revision date: December 2015 | <urn:uuid:a3bfccad-0d1e-410d-83e5-1d3b4aa5ffac> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.gov.hk/en/residents/environment/air/raqi.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701149377.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193909-00134-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.887481 | 827 | 2.90625 | 3 |
The medical journal BMJ recently released the findings of a new study that links long term use of anxiety drugs to Alzheimer’s disease. Previously, reports have been released that tie the long term use of drugs in the sedative-hypnotic family, which includes benzodiazepines like Xanax, Valium, and Klonopin in addition to related “z-drugs” like Ambien and Lunesta, to issues of dementia in elderly patients. The most recent study focuses specifically on benzo-drugs use in seniors and the rates of Alzheimer’s disease.
Sedative-Hypnotics and Elderly Accidents
Doctors and health organizations have been concerned about benzodiazepines and its interaction with seniors for years. They point to much higher rates of falls, fractures, auto accidents, and cognitive problems in older patients taking these types of drugs as compared to seniors that do not. There is also a higher rate of emergency room visits and hospital admissions.
Recently, the American Geriatric Society included a long list of anxiety drugs on its “Choosing Wisely” list of treatments that doctors and patients should question. Now, French and Canadian researchers are reporting that benzodiazepine use can be directly linked to a higher rate of Alzheimer’s disease, and that the association strengthens with a higher use of these drugs.
Benzodiazepine Use and Alzheimer’s Study
Experts reviewed medical records of almost 1,800 older people diagnosed with Alzheimer’s in the public health insurance program in Quebec and compared them to around 7,200 control subjects most of whom were over eighty years old. Almost half those with Alzheimer’s and forty percent of the control subjects had used benzodiazepines that translated to a 51% increase in the odds of a subsequent Alzheimer’s diagnosis among the benzodiazepine users.
Short-term use of the drugs had no increased risk for seniors, but elderly patients who took the drugs longer were more likely to be diagnosed with Alzheimer’s. In older patients who took daily doses between 91 and 180 days the risk rose 32% compared to seniors who did not use the drug. In those who took daily doses for more than 180 days, the risk was 84% higher.
The association persisted whether users took 180 doses over six months or over five years, and it also remained constant even after the researchers controlled for health and demographic factors, including conditions like anxiety, depression and insomnia. The connection to Alzheimer’s was stronger to longer-acting forms of the drug like Valium than to shorter-acting drugs like Xanax.
Raising Awareness about Alzheimer’s
Dementia affects roughly twenty to thirty percent of seniors over the age of eighty, and Alzheimer’s disease accounts for 70% of that. The search for drugs, treatments, and root causes of this debilitating disease has been discouraging. However, the results of this study not only show a correlation between anxiety drugs and Alzheimer’s but could also point towards prevention.
Stopping these medications for seniors could be an easy, cost-effective method of reducing the chances of Alzheimer’s. At the very least, it could help seniors who are considering going on these types of medications make an informed decision about the risks involved and the association between it and Alzheimer’s. | <urn:uuid:924839a1-b522-4d85-9c6c-2a77903fe5a8> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.newyorkelderlawattorneyblog.com/study-links-anxiety-drugs-to-a/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247482788.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20190217213235-20190217235235-00337.warc.gz | en | 0.960249 | 685 | 2.71875 | 3 |
24 January 2013
Many people imagine a typical scientist's workplace to be a sterile white laboratory littered with microscopes and specimens. While this is true some of the time, researchers at the South Australian Museum travel on adventurous expeditions to develop their expertise, even braving life-threatening situations in regional Brazil.
Our world-class minerals scientists have just returned from a field trip to the South American country, where they collected unique platinum grains. They want to study how bacteria may affect the movements of this precious metal in soils and waters. A particular creek in Brazil is the only known accessible site where platinum is found to have grown in sediments into attractive clusters up to half a millimetre in size (which is large for a platinum sample).
Fortunately, the South Australian Museum's Professor Joël Brugger and his colleagues survived the journey to tell the tale.
He says platinum is an important mineral to study because it has so many industrial uses in modern society, from car manufacturing to jewellery. It is also a key element in chemotherapy as toxic forms of platinum kill the cancer cells.
"Platinum is even rarer than gold," he says. "Its economic deposits are created in magma chambers deep within the Earth. There, platinum crystals are formed at temperatures well over 1000ºC. Once the magma solidified, erosion can bring the rocks to the Earth's surface.
"Eighty per cent of the world's platinum comes from South Africa, where there is a giant magma chamber covering more than 60,000 square kilometres. To ensure sustainable mining, we have to understand the deposits, prospecting methods and how platinum moves around in the landscape — including how bacteria affects this."
He says platinum is found in New South Wales and Western Australia but has not been developed.
"Platinum is rare. It's rather immobile in the environment, so if you want to study the interaction between bacteria and platinum then you need to find places where you have the chance to put your hands on the samples.
"Brazil offers one of these unique opportunities where we know some platinum grains actually grew in the sediments. It's even weirder than that because there is no known primary source — we don't know where this platinum comes from."
Professor Brugger travelled with a team led by the University of Adelaide to the Brazilian mining state of Minas Gerais, about 700km north of Rio. The plan was to take fresh samples of platinum from the area under field-sterile conditions, in order to preserve biofilms that may exist on the surface of the grains. The scientists also planned to collect gold grains in order to compare the biology of both precious metals. However, collecting material from the diamond and gold fields of Minas Gerais is far from easy, or safe.
"The people live on a few dollars a day and life is not that valuable," Professor Brugger says. "We needed access to mine sites so that we could get samples and compare them to other areas. But the sites were controlled by diamond and gold-hunters (garimpeiros).
"We had to find grains of platinum from the place where they were actually formed. We're interested to see if there is a biofilm of organisms living on top of those grains, so that's why we have to go there ourselves. We use gloves so as not to contaminate the samples and then use chemicals to preserve them, and bring them from Brazil to Australia where we can do high-level microscopic and genetic studies."
The team spent several days negotiating to gain access to the area they wanted to study in. "Thankfully, a local geologist agreed to guide us to the area — that got us started and gave us a good idea of how things work in the gold and diamond fields. We then discovered that local jewellery and rock shops provide an invaluable source of local knowledge to access further sampling sites. After several days of shopping, talking and sharing coffee, we found a young man who spoke English. We learned that the gold used in making jewellery was locally mined. Finally, he agreed to present us to the garimpeiros. We ended in a little car with a guy who spoke no English and we spoke no Portuguese!"
The scientists found themselves in a slum village that nobody was allowed to go into without a phone call to a ringleader.
"You absolutely do not enter without being announced, otherwise I don't want to think about what would happen to you," says Professor Brugger. "Our guide's phone was flat so he had to talk to people and find someone who would let us use their phone. The guys were nice but a bit scary!"
The team managed to negotiate with gestures that they'd like some gold samples with bacteria on them. "The miners use soap in the final step for washing out the gold; it was quite a feat to explain that we wanted the dirtiest gold possible to keep the bacteria samples on it".
The scientists not only survived working near armed and dangerous gangs, but also endured sudden and heavy rainfall, bogged cars, tropical insects and poverty-stricken regions without facilities. However, the adventure was not without its pleasures; the group admired beautiful minerals, worked in stunning landscapes, lodged in romantic Portuguese imperial cities, and enjoyed fresh food prepared in Brazilian roadhouses.
Now back in Adelaide, the researchers will use their prized samples of Brazilian platinum to see whether the bacteria in the unique sedimentary deposits actually play a role in transforming and moving the metal.
"What we're really after is seeing if something lives on those grains. If they do, then what's special about the surface of a platinum grains? What are the processes for them to interact with the platinum? Can the organisms be responsible for the formation of these unique grains?" he says.
"The only way we're ever going to prove that this is the process, is by demonstrating that we have genes in the bacteria that can actually achieve this. We will sequence the bacteria that are there, identify the genes and investigate the possible pathways of precipitation. Once we have that, we will set up some experiments with the organisms, feed them with platinum and whatever chemicals they need to do the work. Then we can prove in the lab that the process that was inspired by nature actually works, and we can actually grow platinum!"
If the scientists can conduct experiments with the bacteria and grow platinum to represent the same shape found in Brazil, they will be able to prove that the bacteria has a role in forming the mineral in a certain way.
"This is really fundamental work because we have no idea what we're going to find. How do immobile precious metals move around? We want to show that bacteria help make them soluble."
Once they understand this, the research will have many uses. Platinum from low-grade ores could be recovered using microbial methods. With the increasing use of platinum in technology and medicine, platinum waste is increasing the volume of contaminated soils.
Professor Brugger says bacteria could also be used to detoxify soils contaminated by platinum, by transforming the toxic forms of platinum into inert platinum nuggets.
The team's project is funded by an Australian Research Council Discovery Grant. | <urn:uuid:79b7b43e-6d1f-478c-aaac-eaf84955f03d> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/media/unlocked/brazilian-expedition-to-collect-unusual-platinum-grains | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928486.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00303-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963885 | 1,466 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Major sectors of the Jewish Community are taking strong positions on combating climate change. But philosophies and approaches differ somewhat from one branch of Judaism to another.
When Jewish organizational leaders gathered February 6 in New York, two days before the Jewish holiday of Tu B’shvat, the New Year for the trees, they signed a declaration setting a community-wide goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 14 percent by 2014.
The Jewish Environmental and Energy Imperative, signed by 50 Jewish leaders “across the political and religious spectrum,” also establishes a goal of reducing Jewish community greenhouse gases by 83 percent of 2005 levels by 2050 — the national goal announced by President Obama in Copenhagen — and it encourages a community-wide approach to greening synagogues, homes, and buildings.
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|Jewish leaders meeting in New York sign declaration to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.|
The declaration is spearheaded by The Coalition on the Environment and Jewish Life, COEJL, a network of 27 national organizations. It represents the latest development in a flurry of activity among the Jewish community on initiatives to combat climate change.
There are dozens of organizations set up to address Jewish efforts on the environment, both in the U.S. and around the world, especially in Israel. They address issues ranging from the greening of synagogues, to Jewish environmental education, organic farming, and mobilization against natural gas “fracking.”
Lose ‘Moral Compass’ … Harm to Selves and to Earth
With a direct link to nature and the environment, Judaism is founded on the basis of an agrarian society, and many Jewish festivals are agricultural celebrations. The principal philosophical underpinning is found in Genesis, where humans are put in the Garden of Eden to be “stewards” of the Earth. There is a “notion of responsibility, that the human is responsible for the well being of the Earth,” Hava Tirosh-Samuelson, a professor of history and director of the Center for Jewish Studies at Arizona State University, said in a phone interview. The concept is founded on the conviction that the way humans till the Earth relates to moral integrity; lose their moral compass, and humans will harm the Earth, themselves, and their society, Tirosh-Samuelson says.
That scenario is playing itself out today, says Arthur Waskow, a left-leaning Rabbi and Director of The Shalom Center, a group intended to address issues of social justice and protection of the Earth. He says burning fossil fuels violates the covenant with God. “Pouring more CO2 into the atmosphere is a crisis in God’s name and for the web of life on the planet,” he said in a phone interview. He draws parallels between the way the Pharaoh of Egypt, addicted to his own power, refused to stop oppressing humans and as a result suffered the plagues — all ecological disasters. “Today the Pharaohs are giant corporations: big coal, big oil, and big natural gas,” he says. “The only way to deal with a modern-day Pharaoh is to organize the people.”
Protecting Creation ‘Generation to Generation’
Jews are generally likely to accept the results of the science community, which convinces them that climate change is occurring, says Lawrence Troster, a Rabbinic director at J Street, a pro-Israel lobbying group. He also runs an interfaith environmental training program for religious leaders and is considered one of the nation’s leading Jewish eco-theologians. Given what he sees as their strong confidence in scientific evidence, he said in a phone interview, Jews are eager to play a role in addressing climate change.
Because many Jews tend to be on the liberal to progressive side of the political spectrum, they’ve long been active on social issues. The environment, and climate change in particular, is no exception.
“Our tagline is protecting creation generation to generation,” said Sybil Sanchez, director of COEJL, which was established in 1993. “My goal is to help those who care about this issue be as effective as they can be,” she said in a phone interview. She says that in the weeks since the February 6 meeting in New York, several of her member organizations already have assigned staff to participate in a sustainability program to help achieve the energy initiative goals.
Different Branches of Judaism, Different Approaches
Though Jews as a group have been active, the philosophy on the need for environmental activism varies among the different branches. They follow a type of continuum, with Reconstructionist being the most left-leaning, then Reform, Conservative and Orthodox, which consists of the most observant. Troster, a Conservative Rabbi, says that the Reform and Reconstructionist have done a much better job on the national level, with the Orthodox — the more inward-looking and least open to the outside, secular world — having done the least.
That pattern holds true the further to the right you go, he said, with Hasidism, the most observant sect, entirely isolated and opposed to modern science or anything having to do with the secular world. However, Troster says there are pockets of activism within all Jewish communities. And, he points out that there is much action occurring among more secular Jews.
One of those groups is Hazon, aimed at creating a healthier and more sustainable Jewish community. Nigel Savage, Hazon’s director, said in a phone interview that his focus is on “shifting the axis of Jewish life by one or two degrees to help people live more sustainably.” He says the biggest challenge on climate change is how best to make a dent on an issue that’s so large, especially since the roughly 6.6 million Jews in the U.S. represent only 2 percent of the population. But he says Hazon has experienced success. The group’s efforts have resulted in the largest faith-based community-supported agriculture network, with roughly 10,000 Jewish families supporting four dozen farms.
Religious Leaders an ‘Under-Tapped’ Means of Change
The Interfaith Center for Sustainable Development, founded in 2010, promotes action on sustainability based on religious teachings. It’s been holding interfaith environmental conferences and training emerging clergy on environmental issues, and it hosts Jewish eco-seminars intended to engage a generation of young Jews deeply concerned about the future of Earth.
“We feel religious leaders represent an under-tapped sector of society to promote change,” Yonatan Neril, a Rabbi and the group’s founder and executive director, said in a phone interview. “To the extent that opposition [on climate change] is coming from religious quarters in the U.S., our efforts to work within the religious population may have an effect in influencing climate change discussions.”
Rabbi Julie Schonfeld, executive vice president of The Rabbinical Assembly, representing 1,600 conservative Rabbis around the world, says Conservative Jews have been particularly active, bringing the voice of tradition, and the Torah, into civic space. The Rabbinical Assembly was instrumental in founding COEJL and called upon Jewish institutions to perform environmental self-evaluations and energy audits. The group has made a commitment to use only sustainable products at religious functions.
The Reform movement is represented by the Religious Action Center, an advocacy arm, which has been active in calling for measures to combat climate change. In 2009, it passed a comprehensive resolution on climate change and energy that, among other things, supported measures such as “cap-and-trade” to reduce greenhouse gasses. The group also promoted tougher fuel economy standards.
“The Reform movement historically has been a prophetic movement, thinking about Judaism in terms of social justice as a motivating factor in how we live our lives as Jews,” says Ariana Silverman, a Reform Rabbi at Temple Kol Ami in West Bloomfield, Michigan. In a phone interview, she said that leaders of the Reform movement are intent on making sure their voice is heard by policymakers.
Building Coalitions on Fuel Economy Standards, Fracking
Mainstream environmentalist organizations, not surprisingly, have leveraged those views. The work of the Religious Action Center has been a key part of advocacy community efforts, including the push to boost corporate average fuel economy standards, says Dan Becker, director of the Center for Auto Safety’s Safe Climate Campaign.
|In Evanston, Il., the Reconstructionist movement has the nation’s only platinum LEED-certified house of worship in North America.|
The Reconstructionist movement, the first to openly embrace gays and lesbians as members and Rabbis, has the only platinum LEED-certified house of worship in North America, says Shawn Zevit, a Reconstructionist Rabbi, speaking of its Evanston, Il., synagogue. He says the movement’s historical intertwining of environment and justice paves the way for activism. Zevit said in a phone interview that the movement is more grassroots-oriented, with Rabbis as partners in building a sacred community. Recently, it’s partnered with mainstream environmentalists to challenge fracking.
The challenges increase when efforts turn to mobilizing Jews within the Orthodox movement, which historically leans to the political right. Evonne Marzouk recalls being one of only three Orthodox Jews at a COEJL event in 2001. She founded Canfei Nesharim in 2003 to fill what she sees as a void: engaging the Orthodox in protecting the environment.
“The Orthodox community is not always comfortable with the non-Orthodox approach,” which she says often involves fixing the world in a way that isn’t religious. And the Orthodox are preoccupied with taking care of their own community, focused on the needs of Orthodox Jews, she said in a phone interview. She created educational materials with a Torah-based approach, indicating protection of the environment is, indeed, a Jewish issue. For example, she linked the Orthodox’s hand washing, an Orthodox tradition, with water conservation, and she pointed to Jews’ historic relationship to animals as a basis for enlisting the involvement of Orthodox Rabbis.
Orthodox Jews, Climate Change, and Fox News
Marzouk has created a teaching related to Jewish learning and the environment for every portion of the Torah that is read in synagogue each week. Her efforts have borne fruit, she says: 150 orthodox “agents of change” use her materials to inspire them to protect the environment. The head of the Orthodox Union also signed onto COEJL’s climate change pledge.
But Marzouk said she faces a greater challenge when it comes to climate change, an issue that often breaks on political lines. “Orthodox Jews watch a lot of Fox News,” which mirrors their socially conservative views and presents a more favorable perspective towards Israel, she says.
Rather than try to convince the skeptical community that climate change is occurring, she focuses on support for water conservation and other actions Jews can take in keeping with their faith that what God provides should be used wisely.
Some Jews have become involved in protesting fracking. Mirele Goldsmith founded Jews Against Hydrofracking, concerned that some Jewish summer camps in the Marcellus Shale region might be tempted to lease their land for gas drilling. That is a concern she expressed in The Forward, which, after her piece ran, investigated, and found that, indeed, four camps had already done so.
“Jews have a responsibility to think about future generations, and this will leave a legacy of destruction for the future,” she said in the phone interview. “By speaking up, I was able to get the issue on the table and encourage other Jews to speak up too,” she said in an e-mail follow-up. Her group’s first goal was to get 100 Jewish communities to view the documentary “Gasland” to educate Jews so they can become active on the issue. She has persuaded Rabbis to speak at rallies and has played a part, along with many other faith groups, in getting a postponement of a vote to open the Delaware River basin for fracking.
Faith Leaders … ‘Extraordinary Credibility’
Food and Water Watch is a mainstream group that also protested fracking in that region. Eric Weltman, that group’s senior organizer, has helped connect her group to the wider movement, and she has recruited Rabbis as speakers for some of his events. Goldsmith says it would be “impossible for us to be effective” without an alliance with mainstream environmental groups.
“Faith leaders have an extraordinary amount of credibility on any issue that they care to address. They have the capacity to reach out to their congregants and mobilize, engage, recruit and involve them,” Weltman said in a phone interview.
He credits Goldsmith with rounding-up a large number of Rabbis and Jewish faith leaders to sign a letter to President Obama concerning fracking in the Delaware River basin.
The organized involvement of Jews “contributed to an overall story and diversity that in the end made a difference and changed the debate about scientific targets of carbon emissions,” said Phil Aroneanu in a phone interview, U.S. campaign director for 350.org, a group that has also leveraged the Jewish anti-fracking movement.
Competing Jewish Voices on Fracking
But fracking also has its supporters within the Jewish community, specifically the American Jewish Committee, a think tank and advocacy group intended to combat antisemitism and support Israel. AJC says it backs fracking so long as regulations ensure it’s done safely.
“We can’t countenance” shutting it down, Richard Foltin, director of National and Legislative Affairs for AJC, said in a phone interview, pointing to concerns about energy security and related impacts on Israel. Tapping into abundant domestic natural gas resources means the U.S. can be more self-reliant, and not have to rely so much on Middle East countries that support terrorist organizations threatening Israel, he said.
For the same reasons, the organization supports construction of the Keystone XL Pipeline. Foltin says these positions do not detract from the group’s belief that strong measures need to be taken to deal with greenhouse gas emissions.
Joelle Novey says she is disappointed by the AJC’s position and the “relative silence” of the mainstream Jewish organizations on the Keystone Pipeline. She directs the Greater Washington Interfaith Power and Light, which engages faith communities in secular environmental campaigns. She was arrested at a White House demonstration protesting the pipeline on August 29th last year, and was among 1,200 — including two Rabbis — arrested over the course of two weeks (also see Yale Forum article).
Novey discussed her concerns about the Jewish community in The Huffington Post. In a phone interview, she said many other groups, including the Quakers, National Council of Churches, and United Church of Christ, are far more active on Capitol Hill, and she sees a lack of organized climate advocacy on behalf of the Jewish community on the national level.
Still, in a follow-up e-mail, she said local Jewish communities she works with in the Washington, D.C., area are ready to engage in grassroots environmental advocacy efforts. She said she successfully engaged a faith-based “green team,” including a local Reform temple, to help shut down the GenOn Energy coal plant in Alexandria, in a campaign called “GenOff.” She also had Evonne Marzouk speak about the benefits of offshore wind power in her community of Silver Spring, Maryland.
Marzouk’s passionate discussion of clean energy “was a really powerful moment that demonstrated the unique value that having a religious community involved in these campaigns can bring,” she said in a phone interview
A Differing Voice on ‘Repairing the World’
The many Jewish leaders interviewed for this article say they haven’t seen “climate deniers” trying to specifically target Jewish audiences. But The Cornwall Alliance, highly vocal against climate change as a serious concern, has been distributing a booklet on its perspectives on energy, the environment, and religion and expects to reach out to many faiths.
In a phone interview, Paul Driessen, a member of The Cornwall Alliance and an observant Conservative Jew, said he believes in the concept of “Tikkun Olam,” a Hebrew phrase that means “repairing the world,” and is interpreted as safeguarding the health and welfare of humanity, the environment, and the Earth. But he said he does not feel the science justifies implementing policy actions to combat climate change, and he maintained in a phone interview that moderate warming may even be good for the planet by increasing growing seasons. He holds that his position is shared by “thousands of scientists” and voiced by The Cornwall Alliance.
Imposing policies “that will result in inadequate supplies of expensive and unreliable energy and thus cause continued and expanded hardship, job losses, and reduced progress on numerous measures of human and environmental health and welfare” is not in keeping with the Tikkun Olam concept, Driessen said in an e-mail. He said activist Jewish organizations have no particular expertise in climate science, and said Jewish members of Cornwall are taking their message to their congregations.
Asked if his views are considered a minority perspective among Jews, he invoked a comment reminiscent of Texas Governor and former Republican presidential candidate Rick Perry: “Galileo was a minority among Catholics.”
That’s a point to which the late Stanford University scientist Stephen H. Schneider liked to respond: “So many people want to be the next Galileo, but so few ever do.”
Nationwide Climate ‘Preach-In’ To Target Broad Faith-Group Congregations
The Catholic Church and Climate Change
Episcopalians Confronting Climate Change
Baptists and Climate Change
The United Church of Christ and Climate Change
‘Green Muslims,’ Eco-Islam and Evolving Climate Change Consciousness
Presbyterians and Climate Change
Preachable Moments: Evangelical Christians and Climate Change
Mormon Silence on Climate Change: Why, and What Might It Mean? | <urn:uuid:58d5968e-127e-4802-9b0c-97d5cd0060cc> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.yaleclimateconnections.org/2012/02/judaism-and-climate-change/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279933.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00220-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955611 | 3,807 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The poem "Dat Jumbi Woman" is from Jose Patrick Gimenez's book "Virgin Islands Folklore and Other Poems" published in 1933. José Patrick Gimenez (1893-1953) was born in St. Thomas on March 17, 1893. He was a poet and composer. He wrote in English, Spanish and West Indian dialect. He had many popular songs, wrote several books, was a great public speaker, a merchant, and a correspondent for the Puerto Rico Herald. (Source: Profiles of Outstanding Virgin Islands)
In this activity, students will look at a poem as a primary source. They will use reading comprehension skills and familiarity with Virgin Islands dialect to interpret a poem entitled "Dat Jumbi Woman". The class will discuss different forms of storytelling. They will discuss the poem within the themes of individual development and identity.
Primary Sources in this Activity
Suggested Teaching Instructions
Analyze the Primary Source
The teacher can help students to read the poem out loud. It is written in Virgin Islands dialect. The poem is by Jose P. Gimenez and is called “Dat Jumbi Woman”.
The class can discuss the poem with the teacher’s help. What is it about? Are there any words that students do not know? What words are in Virgin Islands dialect? What do they mean? Have students heard the word “jumbi” before? Do they know what it means? Have they heard stories about jumbis from their parents or relatives?
The teacher can introduce the concept of storytelling to students.
Background on Storytelling: Before there were written story books, there was storytelling. Storytelling is used to entertain and to pass along a culture’s traditions. The stories may not all be true. They can include poems, legends, special songs, and more. There are storytelling traditions in all cultures. In the US Virgin Islands many traditional stories have their roots in West African stories – like those about the spider Anansi.
Have students form small groups. Have each group spend 5-10 minutes looking up one or two of the following terms: storytelling, fables, myths, legends, tall tales, fairy tales, folklore, and folktales. Assign the word(s) to each group, so that students know which word(s) they are looking up and so that all words are researched and defined. Students will then share what they found out with the whole class and have a discussion on the types of stories.
Does the Virgin Islands jumbi fall into any of the types of stories the students researched? Explain. Can students think of any other characters from stories told in the Virgin Islands, the Caribbean, the United States, or other places in the world? Write the answers the students give on the smart board. The teacher can give prompts as needed, such as Cow-foot Woman, Goat-foot Woman, El Chupacabra, Zombi/Zonbi, Soucouyant, Big Foot, Yeti, and Lock Ness Monster. Do students know where these stories originated? The class can research those they are unfamiliar with. | <urn:uuid:9ba84197-d6c1-464d-a97c-1aa7cfba5063> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://teachvihistory.com/activity/dat-jumbi-woman-poem/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644309.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20230528150639-20230528180639-00611.warc.gz | en | 0.956469 | 652 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Arctic Highlights Threats From Climate Change
DRAMATIC FOOTAGE OF WALRUSES IN ALASKA & RUSSIA
Retreating Sea Ice Forces Walruses Ashore, with Deadly Consequences for Calves
Anchorage, Alaska, October 1, 2009 – World Wildlife Fund has obtained high definition footage along the Arctic shorelines of Russia and Alaska showing the dramatic impact climate change is having on walruses. Earlier today, an investigative team led by the US Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) issued preliminary findings explaining the mass death of young walrus calves that is captured on the WWF footage.
The Alaska footage shows some of the more than 100 walrus carcasses that were spotted on September 14 by US Geological Survey (USGS) researchers flying near Icy Cape, southwest of Barrow, Alaska. Days prior to that sighting, a massive heard of walruses was seen congregated on the shore. According to the preliminary report released today by the FWS team, which included USGS, the Alaska SeaLife Center and the North Slope Borough Department of Wildlife Management, a total of 131 carcasses, mostly calves and yearlings, were found. Their conclusion was that “the cause of death was consistent with trampling by other walruses.”
“With the rapid melting of Arctic sea ice due to climate change, walruses are losing their habitats and are being forced to congregate on land in massive numbers, often in the thousands” said Geoff York, WWF’s lead Arctic species biologist. “This is a very dangerous situation as it can lead to stampedes and the trampling of walruses. As is evidenced by the Icy Cape situation, young walruses are particularly vulnerable.”
In recent years, as Arctic sea ice has receded far from the Russian and Alaskan coasts, walruses – including many females and their calves – have been forced to take refuge on land, congregating in large numbers at “haul outs” along the coasts. These mass congregations can lead to violent stampedes, which, as is evidenced from the Icy Cape situation, are particularly dangerous to young walrus calves. Scientists also report a recent rise in the number of orphaned calves at sea after becoming separated from their mothers.
“It is clear: were it not for the dramatic decline in the sea ice, the young walruses at Icy Cape most likely would be alive on the ice and not dead on a beach,” said York.
Just last month, York observed an estimated 20,000 walruses congregated on the shore of Russia’s Cape Schmidt during the “Northeast Passage” expedition, which was supported by WWF and others. [Note: WWF footage from Cape Schmidt includes a walrus stampede.]
“As the sea ice retreats further out into the deep Arctic Ocean, walruses are unable to find food and are therefore coming ashore in huge numbers and in places they hadn’t been before,” York said. “Once on shore, the walruses are limited in how far out they can forage, especially females and young. If 20,000 walruses are all trying to find something to eat in one area, it won’t be long before the food runs out.”
York noted that large concentrations of walruses on land can also attract polar bears and lead to increased human-bear conflict. WWF is working with local communities across the Arctic coast to mitigate such conflicts and share information with communities on how to deal with the significantly increasing numbers of walruses and polar bears on land.
“These alarming conditions do not just raise concerns about the fate of iconic species such as walruses and polar bears—our own future is at stake,” says York. “The planet is changing in dangerous and unpredictable ways and the longer we wait to address the climate crisis the costlier it will be. It is critical that the Senate pass a climate bill this year, a critical step toward reaching a global agreement in Copenhagen.” | <urn:uuid:9b5e7ca9-7c17-41a7-b359-571420506cf0> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.akbizmag.com/Alaska-Business-Monthly/October-2009/Arctic-Highlights-Threats-From-Climate-Change/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375095183.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031815-00143-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965255 | 853 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Mary Barnes / The Advocate
In an effort toward lowering greenhouse emissions in California, state legislators set a goal to have one third of California’s vehicles be Zero Emission Vehicles (ZEVs) by the year 2030.
“The goal is to have five million Zero Emission Vehicles (ZEVs) and achieving these goals will have a huge impact in reducing greenhouse gases,” acting liaison between contractors and the Contra Costa Community College District James Eyestone said.
According to the California Resources Board, “Forty-one percent of emissions are due to transportation.”
Since January 2018, grants have been made available to help former Governor Brown’s legislative agenda be met.
In a push toward achievement of this goal, Tracy Marcial, district energy and sustainability manager worked with PG&E and Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD) who provided grants to install electric charging stations for vehicles at the three district college campuses.
“She is working a deal for Diablo Valley, Los Medanos and Contra Costa colleges, so we can all have access to these,” Buildings and Grounds Manager Bruce King said.
At Contra Costa College, there does not seem to be high demand for the charging stations. A survey conducted among faculty and staff found that in Diablo Valley College there was a higher demand for charger installations.
Automotive SVS Representative Lucille Beatty said, “As far as automotive, that is where we are heading.”
Library department Chairperson Andrew Kuo said, “I have counted at least six (charging stations) on campus, but more than that I do not think are necessary. I’ve only seen maybe four more staff members besides me who own an electric car.”
Kuo said, “I do not have such a long commute and my Nissan Leaf charges at a level 1, which is at 120 volts. That provides 5 miles per charging hour.”
He also said PG&E has “Electric Vehicle rate plans” that help customers manage what effect charging a vehicle will ultimately have on billing.
At CCC, six electric charging stations were installed.
Eyestone said, “This construction project is valued at roughly $203,000 and the college will be providing local funds to cover roughly $20,000.”
The other $183,000 is covered by PG&E who paid the infrastructure cost and BAAQMD, which covered the installation.
“Since PG&E follows a formula of dollar/plug that they are allowed to spend, a minimum of six electric charging stations had to be installed,” Marcial said.
According to King, the electric charging stations should be ready by Saturday. In the meantime, anyone with a parking permit can still park anywhere in Lot 9 (including at the charging stations). | <urn:uuid:52c3b9df-f902-42f5-80ee-e44fdadd014d> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://cccadvocate.com/11165/campus-beat/charging-stations-spark-progress/?print=true | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657151761.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20200714212401-20200715002401-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.964928 | 589 | 2.828125 | 3 |
2 August: Day Of Remembrance Of The Roma Holocaust
Robert Velkey 2016.08.04.
The Roma genocide or Roma Holocaust, also known as the Porajmos (“Fragmentation”, “Destruction”), was the planned and attempted effort, often described as a genocide, during World War II the government of Nazi Germany and its allies to exterminate the Roma (Gypsy) people of Europe. Historians estimate that 220,000 to 500,000 Roma were killed by the Nazis and their collaborators, or more than 25% of the slightly fewer than 1 million Roma in Europe at the time.
The 2nd of Augustis the international memorial day of the victims of Roma Holocaust. In 1944 on this day 3000 Roma people were killed in one single night.
The Roma Holocaust was a common tragedy for Hungary and Europe and “we will not forget the victims; we will not neglect the tasks ahead,” Human Resources Minister Zoltán Balog said, marking Roma Holocaust Memorial Day and the anniversary of the murders of Roma in Kisléta, in eastern Hungary. Hungary’s government condemns all forms of violence and hatred that collectively mark people or groups of people because of their race, Balog said, adding that remembrance is necessary to make sure that the terrible events of the past can never happen again. The tragedy can be overcome by remembering and sincerely facing up to the facts, he added. “We are making efforts in Europe to ensure that the challenges of migration from the outside do not overshadow the issue of the poor and those falling behind in Europe,” the minister added.
The National Roma Self-Government (ORÖ) held its own commemoration of the Roma Holocaust at the ORÖ headquarters. János Balogh, the organisation’s president, said: “we owe it not only to the victims but to ourselves to remember”.
There is a need to remind future generations of the dictatorships of the 20th century and commemorate the victims of the Holocaust era, as well as those who saved lives, an official said at commemorations of the Roma Holocaust. “Efforts must be made to create a culture of remembrance which aims at commemorating all victims of 20th-century dictatorships and the Holocaust era while showcasing those who assisted and showed solidarity with the victims,” Csaba Latorcai, deputy secretary in charge of social affairs, said at the Centre for Roma History, Culture, Education and the Roma Holocaust in Budapest. The “visible wounds” caused by World War II and the Nazi era should be healed jointly, he added.
Addressing the event organised on the occasion of the International Roma Genocide Remembrance Day, US Ambassador to Hungary Colleen Bell said that together it is possible to move relentlessly forward on the road to equality and the fulfilment of freedom in a way that ensures the Roma Holocaust is never repeated. “Today we pause and mourn to remember the thousands of Roma men and women who were savagely and senselessly murdered and enslaved by the Nazis and their collaborators during world war two,” the ambassador said. She said a tribute must be paid to “the victims who have so often been forgotten and acknowledge that the Porajmos [Roma Holocaust] was not only the result of an evil regime that killed millions in a few short years, but was also a result of hundreds of years of discrimination and persecution.” | <urn:uuid:daa49027-a63d-476a-8921-c7f3ff0aef05> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://hungarytoday.hu/02-08-day-memento-roma-holocaust-23996/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250624328.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124161014-20200124190014-00419.warc.gz | en | 0.958533 | 710 | 3.125 | 3 |
Competitive gymnasts can be exposed to high levels of flame retardants through the foam equipment used in gyms
I became interested in flame retardants and their impact on public health while studying at Boston University. My background as a competitive gymnast alerted me to the possible exposure of retardants in the gym. This led me to put the two together and conduct a study on gymnasts’ exposure to flame retardants in the gym environment.
We found levels of a potentially toxic brominated flame retardant, PentaBDE, in the bodies of eleven collegiate gymnasts that were almost three times higher than those in the general population . This is most likely due to flame retardants being present in the foam used in gymnastics equipment (e.g., pit cubes and landing mats) and because competitive gymnasts spend a lot of time practicing new skills into a loose foam pit. The women in our study reported spending over 10 hours per week doing gymnastics and had been gymnasts for the past decade.
Although PentaBDE was phased out of use in 2005 because of health concerns, it is still present in old equipment. Newer foam equipment can contain other flame retardants that may also be harmful . Some of these replacement flame retardants (TDCPP, Firemaster 550) are being phased out of use due to potential health effects.
On average, Americans have the highest levels of PentaBDE in their bodies in the world. This is because they were added to the foam of most couches, office chairs and vehicle seats. They escape these products, enter the air and dust of our indoor environments and enter our bodies. Other flame retardants continue to be used in these products, as well as many other applications including the plastic casings of electronics (TVs, computers, etc.) and foam building insulation.
Although our study did not examine health effects for gymnasts, studies of Americans suggest that PentaBDE can influence behavioral development in children [3-6] and may be associated with small decreases in fertility [7-8] (e.g., taking a longer time to get pregnant). Studies in animals suggest PentaBDE alters levels of thyroid hormone in the body . These are preliminary results and are still under scientific study.
As a precaution, the public health community recommends people limit their exposure to these chemicals, particularly children and those approaching reproductive age.
Gymnasts may be able to reduce their exposures to flame retardants by washing their hands with soap and water after practice and before they eat, as previous research suggests that accidentally ingesting dust is a way that flame retardants get into our bodies . We advise gymnasts to avoid cleaning activities involving a loose foam pit. For more information please visit www.gymnastcollaborative.org.
We are not recommending that anyone change gyms or stop doing gymnastics. There are many health benefits to gymnastics and we understand that foam equipment is necessary for ensuring physical safety. Follow-up research is needed in a larger population of gyms and gymnasts.
An important long-term goal is to identify alternatives to using flame retardants in foam. There is currently a debate regarding the efficacy of flame retardants at improving fire safety. Other informative resources on this topic include the HBO documentary ‘Toxic Hotseat’ and the Green Science Policy Institute website.
- Carignan CC, Heiger-Bernays W, McClean MD, Roberts SC, Stapleton HM, Sjödin A, Webster TF. Flame retardant exposure among collegiate U.S. gymnasts. 2013. Environ. Sci. Technol., 10.1021/es4037868.
- Stapleton, H. M.; Sharma, S.; Getzinger, G.; Ferguson, P. L.; Gabriel, M.; Webster, T. F.; Blum, A., Novel and high volume use flame retardants in US couches reflective of the 2005 PentaBDE phase out. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46, (24), 13432-13439.
- Eskenazi, B.; Chevrier, J.; Rauch, S. A.; Kogut, K.; Harley, K. G.; Johnson, C.; Trujillo, C.; Sjödin, A.; Bradman, A., In utero and childhood polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) exposures and neurodevelopment in the CHAMACOS study. Environ. Health Perspect. 2013, 121, (2), 257-262.
- Hoffman, K.; Adgent, M.; Goldman, B. D.; Sjödin, A.; Daniels, J. L., Lactational exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and its relation to social and emotional development among toddlers. Environ. Health Perspect. 2012, 120, (10), 1438-1442.
- Gascon, M.; Fort, M.; Martinez, D.; Carsin, A. E.; Forns, J.; Grimalt, J. O.; Marina, L. S.; Lertxundi, N.; Sunyer, J.; Vrijheid, M., Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk and neuropsychological development in infants. Environ. Health Perspect. 2012, 120, (12), 1760-1765.
- Roze, E.; Meijer, L.; Bakker, A.; Van Braeckel, K.; Sauer, P. J. J.; Bos, A. F., Prenatal exposure to organohalogens, including brominated flame retardants, influences motor, cognitive, and behavioral performance at school age. Environ. Health Perspect. 2009, 117, (12), 1953-1958.
- Harley, K. G.; Marks, A. R.; Chevrier, J.; Bradman, A.; Sjödin, A.; Eskenazi, B., PBDE concentrations in women’s serum and fecundability. Environ. Health Perspect. 2010, 118, (5), 699-704.
- Johnson, P. I.; Altshul, L.; Cramer, D. W.; Missmer, S. A.; Hauser, R.; Meeker, J. D., Serum and follicular fluid concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and in-vitro fertilization outcome. Environ. Int. 2012, 45, 9-14.
- Bondy, G. S., et al. Toxicologic and immunologic effects of perinatal exposure to the brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) mixture DE-71 in the Sprague-Dawley rat.” Environ. Toxicol. 2013, 28, (4), 215-228.9.
- Watkins, D. J.; McClean, M. D.; Fraser, A. J.; Weinberg, J.; Stapleton, H. M.; Sjödin, A.; Webster, T. F., Exposure to PBDEs in the office environment: evaluating the relationships between dust, handwipes, and serum. Environ. Health Perspect. 2011, 119, (9), 1247-1252.
Comments Leave a Comment | <urn:uuid:453d22ba-4ade-4622-8275-f980ee03e7c7> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.psr.org/environment-and-health/environmental-health-policy-institute/responses/competitive-gymnasts-flame-retardants.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396949.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00193-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.857773 | 1,520 | 3.078125 | 3 |
A mobile device from Apple that combines wireless Internet connectivity with the company's ubiquitous iPod music player functionality. The iPod touch shares many similarities with the Apple iPhone, with two major differences – the iPod touch lacks the iPhone's mobile phone capabilities, and it's significantly slimmer than the iPhone as a result.
Now in its fourth generation, the iPod touch also shares the same mobile operating system as the iPhone, Apple's iOS (currently in version iOS 5). The iPod touch devices also feature support for Apple's free iCloud and iMessage services as well as all of the Apple App Store apps available for the iPhone.
Apple is expected to release a fifth generation of the iPod touch at some point in 2012, and the new device is expected to have features similar to the iPhone 5, including a larger screen and a faster processor.
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The Open System Interconnection (OSI) model defines a networking framework to implement protocols in seven layers. Use this handy guide to compare... Read More » | <urn:uuid:fa5144ae-d96c-477b-879f-616b377e3952> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/ipod_touch.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541321.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00236-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.883456 | 409 | 2.796875 | 3 |
“I see the indiscriminate killings and injuries of civilians in any circumstances as human rights violations,” said Navi Pillay, the United Nation’s High Commissioner in a press conference early June. Pillay went on to add that the secretive use of drones by the US could potentially violate international law, requiring further examination. The US government, however, shows no signs of curbing its use of drones in Pakistan, and has attempted to legitimise drones as a precise weapon causing minimal civilian deaths.
Regardless of the number of civilian deaths linked to drone attacks, the US should have a system in place to compensate inhabitants of Pakistan’s border region who suffer property loss and physical damage due to drone missions.
Certain laws passed by the US government allow citizens of foreign nations to sue the state for damages or compensation of their injuries. The Foreign Claims Act of 1942 was created during World War II to allow Europeans to sue the US for damages they suffered. The purpose of the act is to “promote and maintain friendly relations through the prompt payment of meritorious claims.” During the passage of the act, the acting secretary of the Navy explained, “Experience in connection with the presence of our armed forces in foreign countries has demonstrated that the failure to pay promptly for damages done to native residents by members of our forces is one of the principal sources of irritation which adds considerable difficulty to the maintenance of cordial relations with foreign people.”
However, the act draws a major distinction between the duties to pay damages during a combat mission versus a non-combat mission. This relates to the general principle in international law that a nation is not required to pay damages when it is engaged in a lawful combat operation. William Beach Lawrence, a 19th Century American legal expert, explained, “The first right of every independent state is to assure its own preservation by all the means in its power. When a sovereign using this right is obligated to resort to arms . . . it is a public misfortune which foreigners must share with nationals…”
Despite this distinction, the US has applied the Foreign Claims Act to civilians living in war theaters including Afghanistan and Iraq. The claim can be made by the injured party or their next of kin and is adjudicated by a judge advocate of the US military, with a heavy reliance on evidence released by the Department of Defense. Though the act distinguishes between solitia, condolence payment, and combat damages, there is little practical effect for these distinctions according to the Campaign for Innocent Victims In Conflict (CIVIC).
The following are the recommendations for payments to civilians claiming physical or property damage as reported by CIVIC.
|Injury Suffered||Solitia(USD)||Battle Damage/Condolence (USD)|
|Non Serious Injury||$200||$600|
|Serious Property Damage||--||$2200|
|Non Serious Property Damage||$200||$200|
The US government does not make the settlement process public, because as Lieutenant Colonel Jimmie Cummings of the US Army explained, “the settlement of claims is in most cases a sensitive topic for those who have suffered loss (and) it is usually a matter of agreement that the terms of the settlement remain confidential.”
Further, the settlement of claims can often be arbitrary and unequal. In one Iraqi claim, a widow as able to recover 10,000 dollars when her civilian husband was killed by a convoy of American soldiers driving on the wrong side of the road, while a sister of a different civilian killed in the same fashion by American soldiers was only awarded 5,000 dollars in her case.
The US will also not give compensation to family members of combatants, or individuals who were engaged in combatant-like activities. In one case, the wife of a civilian killed by US soldiers was not awarded any damages because her husband had accidentally entered the US convoy while it was on a mission, inadvertently disturbing the mission. CIVIC explained that cases “based on the “combat exception” were given no consideration for a condolence payment… even if it is shown that the victims did not posses ill intent toward the convoy or US forces.”
Despite its shortcomings, the FCA has provided compensation in some instances to civilian victims of US action. However, the act’s application to Pakistan is unlikely for two reasons. First, the US Supreme Court has held that the US government cannot be sued by foreign nationals unless it has consented to being sued. While the US has consented to being sued in Afghanistan and Iraq by applying the FCA, they have not given consent for its application to Pakistan. The second reason why inhabitants of the drone-buzzing Fata region will not be eligible to bring a FCA claim is that the US will assert that drone attacks are combat missions not covered by the act.
While the Foreign Claims act is exclusively handled by the Department of Defense, foreign nationals can also bring claims in US domestic courts through the Alien Tort Statute. This statute allows US district courts the ability to hear lawsuits filed by non-US citizens for offences committed in “violation of international law.”
In Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain, the Supreme Court found that an individual who was taken illegally from Mexico through a kidnapping commissioned by the US government, could not bring a claim because the kidnapping and detention did not amount to a violation of the “law of nations” or international law.
As of yet, no US district court has accepted a claim by Pakistani civilians who suffered injuries due to drone operations, because most suits against the CIA or serving government officials have generally been rejected by American courts. Hypothetically, if Pakistani civilians brought a claim, they could cite to the growing attitude in the international legal community that the secretive and arbitrary use of drones by the US amounts to a violation of international law. However, the District Court could likely reject this argument, since some international legal experts still believe that the US is permitted to use drones as a means of preemptive self-defence.
The only pending cases by civilian victims of drone attacks have been spearheaded by journalist Karim Khan, who is currently suing the CIA for 500 million dollars in Pakistan’s domestic High Court. Khan has petitioned the Peshawar High Court for his case, challenging both the US program and Pakistan’s complicity with the program. However, Khan’s appeals to Pakistan’s court, even if they are successful, will have no effect on the US government. Even if the Supreme Court of Pakistan held the US liable for damages to Pakistani citizens, the US government would not alter its position regarding compensation of Pakistani civilians.
However, such suits will continue to embarrass the US mission in Pakistan, as it did when a CIA station chief was recently exposed by Mr Khan’s suit, prompting his immediate removal from the country. While the US wishes to stabilise its relationship with Pakistan, the CIA shows no signs of minimising it use of drone strikes in Pakistan’s border region, which means a system of compensation for victims is absolutely necessary.
The US government should adopt a system of granting victims “condolence” or “solitia” payments adjudicated by the Department of Defense under the Foreign Claims Act, as they do in Afghanistan. The US should improve the existing deficiencies in the execution of the act, which can often lead to secretive or arbitrary settlement agreements. Further, claims should be made in US district courts by Pakistani civilian victims of drone strikes under the Alien Torts Statute, alleging that the drone strikes violate international law and require payment of compensation to victims.
The writer holds a Juris Doctorate in the US and is a researcher on comparative law and international law issues. | <urn:uuid:5e334dbe-742c-4bd1-b793-aa6725bae2e5> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://www.dawn.com/news/741209/little-hope-for-compensation-for-drone-attack-victims | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424756.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20170724062304-20170724082304-00647.warc.gz | en | 0.965826 | 1,589 | 2.859375 | 3 |
1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data f(x) = sqrt(1 - x) a = 0 Approximate sqrt(0.9). 2. Relevant equations L(x) = f'(a)(x - a) + f(a) 3. The attempt at a solution I understand that linear approximation is finding the equation of a line of a point tangent to a function. But now this question is asking me to approximate the value of sqrt(0.9), which I assume means without the use of a calculator. The given function is sqrt(1 - x) and a = 0. So f(0) = 1 and f'(0) = -1/2. Therefore the equation of the line tangent at (0,1) of this function is -x/2 + 1. How does this have anything to do with finding the value of sqrt(0.9)? | <urn:uuid:670c60ee-f2ae-4592-9131-10c8b9628d50> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/linear-approximation-to-approximate-a-value.644521/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105341.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170819105009-20170819125009-00667.warc.gz | en | 0.898955 | 199 | 2.984375 | 3 |
São Paulo’s Asiatown: A Little Piece of Japan Halfway Around the GlobeSociety
Japanese neighborhoods, such as Little Tokyo in Los Angeles and Vancouver’s Powell Street Area, can be found around the world, but Bairro Oriental, in São Paulo, is perhaps the biggest.
This Asiatown, in the center of São Paulo, South America’s largest city, measures roughly 500 meters east-west and 1,500 meters north-south. It is one of the city’s key tourist attractions, known in Portuguese as Bairro Oriental, or by the name of the local subway station, Liberdade. Migration from Japan to Brazil started early in the twentieth century, and steadily grew. Through many ups and downs, the Japanese-Brazilian population has reached around 1.9 million, the largest worldwide, making Liberdade the largest ethnically Japanese settlement outside of Japan.
When I first visited Brazil in 1992, I was taken straight from the airport to Bairro Oriental. After spending 17 years in Brazil, I published a book about the history of the neighborhood in July 2020. It recounts stories of Japanese people who traveled halfway around the world, and the community they created over the span of a century.
Japanese Cinemas Spark the Rise of Japantown
Mass immigration from Japan to Brazil began with the Kasato Maru, which sailed from Kobe to Brazil in 1908. The ship carried nearly 800 migrants, most of whom were contracted to work on coffee plantations inland of São Paulo. Around 10 were free migrants, who settled in the city.
In the 1910s, scores of laborers in São Paulo state deserted farm work and moved to the city. Many settled near the long, sloping Conde de Salzedas Street, forming the first Japanese community. Later, as their economic standing improved, they shifted uphill, and “Japantown” expanded. The neighborhood saw increased Japanese migration and greater prosperity in the 1930s, but with the outbreak of the Pacific War, people of Japanese ethnicity were denounced as foreign enemies.
Following the war, Japantown grew around Galvão Bueno Street. Surprisingly, the change was mostly triggered by the opening of Brazil’s first Japanese movie theater, Cine Niterói, in July 1953. Cine Niterói was founded by Tanaka Yoshikazu, a first-generation Japanese grain broker.
The five-story complex was located along Galvão Bueno Street, just below Liberdade Plaza, where Osaka Bridge is today. It was a cultural and entertainment center for the Nikkei community. The first-floor cinema had capacity for an audience of 1,500, while the upper floors housed a restaurant, hall, and hotel. On weekends, the area around the cinema thronged with crowds in search of entertainment. Later, three rival cinemas launched nearby: the Nanbei Gekijō, Cine Tokyo, and Cine Nippon. Restaurants and other shops also opened to cater to the crowds, creating a shopping district somewhat reminiscent of Japan.
In April 1964, the São Paulo Nihon Bunka Kyōkai (São Paulo Japan Culture Association) Center Building, later the Brazil Nihon Bunka Fukushi Kyōkai (Brazilian Society for Japanese Culture and Social Assistance), was constructed south of Galvão Bueno Street, at the intersection with São Joaquim Street. Initially, the building had four floors and an area of 3,734 square meters, but it was subsequently enlarged. It was quite striking because, although Liberdade is a high-rise district today, in those days, it was mostly aging two-story structures. The Japanese cinemas and shopping area, combined with the cultural center, formed the core of what later evolved into Bairro Oriental.
Chinese and Korean Immigration Transforms the Area
During the 1960s and 1970s, the Japanese street of Galvão Bueno came under threat from a revamp of the inner city, and subway construction. Cine Niterói was forced to relocate to the main street of Liberdade to make way for an expressway. Many other businesses left due to the ongoing construction. But community leaders including Tanaka Yoshikazu and the entrepreneur Mizumoto Tsuyoshi turned this into an opportunity to develop the neighborhood.
In November 1974, the area was reborn with the addition of a torii (shrine gate), hanging lanterns, and a Japanese garden, and it was rechristened Bairro Oriental. New events were introduced, including a Tōyōichi (Asia market), hana-matsuri (floral festival celebrating the Buddha’s Birthday), Tanabata festival, and mochitsuki (rice-cake pounding) festival. These celebrations were based on Japanese traditions, tailored to the local culture.
The 1960s saw an influx of immigrants from Taiwan and South Korea. Many spoke Japanese, due to their history as former Japanese colonies, and so they came to Bairro Oriental seeking information in a language they knew. As time passed, they became key members in the community, and were joined by immigrants from mainland China in the 1990s.
Now, Conselheiro Furtado Street, at the eastern edge of Bairro Oriental, is home to the São Paulo Chinese cultural center, the Cantonese Association of Brazil, the Kodoin Kwan Yin Temple of Brazil, and other facilities of the Chinese community, along with Taiwanese and Chinese shops and restaurants. Japanese businesses now sit among Chinese supermarkets, hotels, bars and eateries, karaoke joints, hair and beauty salons, doctors, travel companies, schools, and so on. It has started to feel like a mini-Chinatown.
A Base for Nikkei Popular Culture
In the 1990s, as the Chinese population grew, there was also an increase in the number of Japanese-Brazilians going to Japan for work. The population was aging and hollowing out, and the Nikkei community seemed on the verge of disintegration. But there was growing interest in Japanese popular culture among youth, independent of the Nikkei community or even the Japanese language. Bairro Oriental was seen as the embodiment of Japanese culture, reinterpreted and reinvented through Brazilian eyes.
Sushi, for example, is popular in Brazil, and while some Nikkei chefs prepare it in the traditional style, modern sushi bars incorporate local ingredients, such as avocado and guava. There is a flourishing Nikkei cuisine with Japanese roots, but catering to Brazilian tastes.
In the early 2000s, young cosplayers and pop idol fans began congregating in Bairro Oriental on weekends, and the area became a beacon for Japanese popular culture. Brazil’s street-art, unlike typical graffiti, includes works that reflect the influence of Japanese anime. The fashion and art are not simply copies of Japanese styles, but include Brazilian content, localizing Japanese fads to create a unique Nikkei culture.
Now, Bairro Oriental attracts young Japanese-Brazilians who have worked and lived in Japan and Brazilian Japanophiles. It provides a focus both for nostalgia and adoration of Japan.
COVID-19 Hits the Community
With the spread of COVID-19 in 2020, the city of São Paulo issued a lockdown order. Bairro Oriental, previously so crowded on weekends that you could hardly walk, became a ghost town. Restaurants in the area turned to takeaway and pre-packaged bentō meals, but the impact on other businesses has been immeasurable. In April, the owner of a Taiwanese supermarket on Liberdade Square, died from the disease.
According to the Nikkei Shimbun, a newspaper for Japanese-Brazilians produced in the community, and my friends in São Paulo, shops started to reopen from July, after the lockdown was lifted. In accordance with the city’s health department guidelines, store customers have a temperature check and disinfect their shoes and hands before entering. Chopsticks and hand towels are sealed, and customer numbers limited to one-third of capacity.
The Brazil Nihon Bunka Fukushi Kyōkai (Brazilian Society for Japanese Culture and Social Assistance), which closed temporarily, reopened on July 15 last year. The association held cultural events online, via YouTube and Facebook. Shifting such work and events onto the web is expected to accelerate the transfer of the mantle of the Nikkei community to the next generation. But given the older generation’s preference for analog interaction, and the lack of regional communications infrastructure, activities will continue both on- and offline for now.
I spoke with Toshio Ichikawa, chairman of the Federação das Associações de Províncias do Japão no Brasil, or Kenren. A second-generation Japanese-Brazilian, born in Aliança, in inland São Paulo, he graduated from the Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica. He said that Kenren had shifted most of its operations online, and his weekend family gatherings were on hold, but he was pleased to report the birth of his third grandchild. The organization hosts the Festival do Japão, the largest annual event in the Nikkei community, but it had to be postponed. Meanwhile, on November 17, Nikkei youth ran an online festival that reached a global audience via YouTube.
COVID-19 has hit Brazil hard, infecting over 5 million people by October 2020, the third-highest number worldwide. Over 150,000 people have died from the virus, the second highest toll after that in the United States. Despite the heavy toll from the pandemic, the Nikkei community, which has overcome many difficulties in the past, is finding new avenues for interactaction. Although there is still no clear end in sight, they hope for a revival in Bairro Oriental, including virtual platforms.
(Originally published in Japanese. Banner photo: The vermilion torii and suzuran lanterns that symbolize São Paulo’s Bairro Oriental. All photos courtesy of the author.) | <urn:uuid:b976f460-b195-49e0-80dd-4afee7720d7f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.nippon.com/en/japan-topics/g00973/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100172.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20231130062948-20231130092948-00324.warc.gz | en | 0.968602 | 2,121 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Freediving in Roatan is alive and well. The sport of Freediving continues to grow Roatan is establishing itself as a worldwide destination for Freediving. Honduras means "Depths" when translated to English. Years ago, Columbus inadvertently named the country of Honduras when he encountered a storm, navigated through it, and went on record saying "thank God we are leaving these "depths." Fast forward to our modern era and today; you'll find the Bay Islands in the same deep waters sailed by Columbus.
1) CONSTANT WEIGHT (CWT) - With Fins
The first category is known as "With Fins" also known as "Constant Weight." But "With Fins" is more descriptive. In this category, freedivers dive with either a monofin or with bi-fins. Constant Weight usually records the deepest dives by freedivers.
CURRENT RECORD HOLDER: Current world record holders for the Constant Weight discipline are held by Alexey Molchanov who dove to 129 meters. The women’s world record is 104 meters and held by the Italian, Alessia Zecchini.
2) CONSTANT WEIGHT (CNF) - No Fins
The second category is the "No Fins," where divers dive as deep as they can without the aid of fins. Freedivers use an adapted breaststroke technique to propel themselves down into the deep. This freediving discipline is usually considered the purest form of freediving and the toughest.
CURRENT RECORD HOLDER: Current world record holders in this discipline are William Trubridge from New Zealand; who dove to 102 meters without fins. Also, Sayuri Kinoshita of Japan holds the women’s world record at 72 meters.
3) FREE IMMERSION (Longest Breath-holds)
The third discipline is known as "Free Immersion." Free Emersion is when divers propel themselves by pulling themselves along the descent line. Free divers are not allowed to wear fins during free emersion dives, and while free emersion typically is the least athletic discipline, it does require the longest breath hold because the dive times are the longest.
CURRENT RECORD HOLDER: The current world record for men in the Free Emersion discipline is 124 meters, held by William Trubridge from New Zealand and the current world record holder for women is 92 meters held by Jeanine Grasmeijer of Holland.
NOTE: In both the Constant Weight and the No Fin categories, divers are not allowed to use the descent line to assist them, except as a guide, or to do one pull at the bottom of the dive to begin the ascent. | <urn:uuid:ce5e28e0-b99d-49ec-a663-1b35821f46e5> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://roatantourismbureau.com/roatan-news/roatan-caribbean-cup | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202572.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20190321213516-20190321235516-00446.warc.gz | en | 0.933251 | 550 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The narrator recounts the explanation of two difficult ideas by a man he refers to as the Time Traveler (hereafter known as "TT") to an after-dinner group. The group includes a Psychologist, a Medical Man, a Provincial Mayor, and a few other men. The TT explains that Time adds a fourth dimension to the three dimensions of space. We overlook the fourth dimension because "our consciousness moves along it." He argues that Time, therefore, is a dimension of space. The Medical Man believes the difference between Space and Time is that one cannot move in Time and "get away from the present moment." The TT counters that we are always doing just that, "passing along the Time-Dimension with a uniform velocity."
He tells them he has invented a Time Machine and has "experimental verification" of it. The audience speculates on what one might find with this machine in the future, such as a "communistic society." The TT leaves and returns with a small device. He sets it on the table and says it is only a model for a full Time Machine. He explains that its two levers move the traveler forward or backward in time. He says he will send the machine off into the future, and has the Psychologist perform the act. The machine disappears. The men are astounded. The TT says he has nearly completed a larger machine, with which he intends to travel through time himself. When asked, he admits he does not know if the model has gone into the past or the future. The men reason that it would have been visible to them when they first came in (if sent to the past) or it would be visible now (if sent to the future). The TT asks the Psychologist to explain why this is not true; the Psychologist argues that the machine travels through time too quickly for them to appreciate it. The men are willing to believe this, at least for now. The TT shows them his larger machine, made of several metals and substances, in the his laboratory.
Though the TT uses scientific ideas about time and relativity that were circling around the 1890s (Albert Einstein would later draw them together for his groundbreaking 1905 paper on relativity), "The Time Machine" is ultimately not a deep scientific investigation into relativism and time. Wells completely ignores one of the paradoxes of time travel that many believe prohibits its existence: that of cause-and-effect. For instance, if there were time travel, then someone could go back in time and kill his past self, but this is impossible since his future self would not exist in the first place. Wells skirts this paradox by eventually sending the TT only into the future and not backward into the past.
Rather, Wells uses scientific ideas to comment on his contemporary Victorian England. One of the major theories of the time adapted Charles Darwin's theories on evolution for social purposes. In "Origin of the Species," Darwin argued that different environments encouraged the reproduction of those species whose varying traits best suited them to survive; their offspring, in turn, would be better adapted for the new environment, as would their offspring, and so on. Social Darwinism, developed by British philosopher Herbert Spencer, frequently misapplied this concept of "natural selection" to justify 19th-century social stratification between the rich and poor. The catch-phrase "survival of the fittest" (actually coined by Spencer, not Darwin; Spencer also popularized the term "evolution") does not mean the surviving members of an environment are the "best," but merely the best fit for their specific environment (for instance, Spencer's pale British skin would not survive long in sun-baked Africa). Therefore, evolution does not lead to the "perfectibility" of any species, as is generally perceived, but to the increasing adaptability and complexity of a species. Social Darwinism ignored this idea and contended that the social environment was much like the cutthroat natural environment, and that those who succeeded were biologically destined to do so and to continue in their march to human perfection. Conversely, those who failed were naturally inferior specimens of humanity. Social Darwinists found much evidence for their elitist theories in England, where the gap between the rich and poor had opened up even more with the industrial boom of the early 19th-century. However, Wells will later introduce the concept of entropy (from the Second Law of Thermodynamics). The principle of entropy states that systems tend toward disorder and loss of energy over time, an idea many perceive as contradictory to evolution.
We see evidence of this "advanced" society immediately in "The Time Machine." The men gather in a Victorian salon over dinner to discuss ideas of the day, a luxury they can afford as members of the elite class. Moreover, they have been refined into increasingly complex and evolved "sub-species" of man: they are all defined by their professions, and even these professions are specialized (two kinds of doctors, for the mind and body, and a mayor of a province). The TT, also defined by his "profession" of time travel, appears to be the ultimate social scientist who uses "experimental verification" to test his hypotheses.
Finally, Wells foreshadows a major theme of the novel when the narrator brings up the possibility of a "communistic society" in the future. Wells, a Socialist with a Communist bent for much of his life, believed in economic equality as Communism advocated. The ill effects of capitalism, with its close ties to Social Darwinism and entropy, will be explored in greater depth later in the novel.
The narrator says the TT's audience remained skeptical of the TT, who always seems too clever and mysterious. They do not discuss time traveling until they reconvene next Thursday. But the TT is absent, having left a note for the men to have dinner without him if he is not back by seven. The new group consists of the Psychologist, the Medical Man, an Editor, a Journalist, and a Silent Man. As they discuss time travel, the TT enters, dirty, disheveled, and limping. He leaves to clean up, then returns and devours mutton, grateful to be eating meat again. He admits he has been time traveling, but reveals little else until he's finished eating, when he says he will tell the story of his eight futuristic days. The narrator feels he is unable to communicate adequately the TT's storytelling ability, though he transcribes his words verbatim.
This short chapter serves to establish only the mystery of the TT's adventures--why is he so ragged? why is he so ravenous for meat?--and further ingrain the state of Victorian luxury and advancement. The men dine on mutton and wine, and new specialized professionals have been added to their ranks (the Editor and Journalist, whose names--Blank and Dash--humorously reinforce their professions).
The narrator distances himself from the TT by confessing to his inability to communicate the intensity of the TT's voice. Through this distancing, Wells accomplishes two tasks. First, the TT's exploits are slightly more plausible to his audience; the narrator and the men have been skeptical all along, much as Wells's audience would be. Second, one may make the argument that when the TT takes over the narrative after the unobtrusive narrator steps out, Wells aligns himself with the TT. In other words, he is the true TT, and will forecast human future much as the TT does.
There is one piece of logical confusion in this chapter. If the TT has a time traveling machine, why would he show up to dinner late--in other words, why not go back in time just a little bit more to when dinner starts? It suggests that the TT does not have perfect control over the Time Machine, and that his adventures have not been flawless exercises. | <urn:uuid:ad913504-ba24-4856-acfa-eb25985c7a3b> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.gradesaver.com/the-time-machine/study-guide/summary-chapters-1-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376830479.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20181219025453-20181219051453-00354.warc.gz | en | 0.973676 | 1,599 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Schneider, Kerstin Schuchart, Claudia Weishaupt, Horst Riedel, Andrea
Year of Publication:
Schumpeter Discussion Papers 2011-007
In 2008, school districts were abolished in North Rhine-Westphalia, the most populous German federal state. Critics have argued that free school choice will lead to increased segregation and educational disparities. The data used is from Wuppertal, a major city in NRW. Since the Turkish population is the largest minority in Germany, but also one of the least integrated, the focus of this paper is on the effect of the new school law on the school choice of Turkish (Muslim) versus non-Turkish (non-Muslim) families. Free school choice has led, in fact, to increased choice on the part of both advantaged and (to a lesser extent) disadvantaged families. Motives behind choice include proximity, the composition of the school, and the academic quality of the school. The effect of this increased choice on segregation is inconclusive.
Educational policy reform school districts school choice segregation | <urn:uuid:51a0e1d1-90d8-4e1a-aace-8c7c692a9d65> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/68702 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105108.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818194744-20170818214744-00615.warc.gz | en | 0.943768 | 220 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Congressman Joseph W. Byrns, Jr. had first been elected in 1938 and as befitting Tennessee’s “Hermitage District,” so-called because it contained the home of General Andrew Jackson, was solidly Democratic. Byrns was being challenged for the Democratic nomination in 1940 by his predecessor in Congress, Richard M. Atkinson and W. D. “Pete” Hudson, a prosperous farmer/businessman from Clarksville, who had served five two-year terms as mayor of Clarksville, Tennessee and had won a statewide election in 1938 to Tennessee’s Railroad & Utilities Commission, the forerunner of the Public Service Commission. A third candidate, M. S. “Monty” Ross, was also seeking the Democratic nomination for Congress in the Fifth District, but was not a serious candidate.
Atkinson, a former District Attorney General for Davidson County, was a seasoned campaigner, although something of a polarizing figure. The former congressman while campaigning in Hudson’s home of Montgomery County, hit the Utilities Commissioner hard. Atkinson scolded Hudson for not rebating the two cents saved per gallon of gasoline back to the consumer, as well as operating barges on the Cumberland River in direct competition with businesses regulated by the Tennessee Railroad & Utilities Commission.
Congressman Joe Byrns, Jr. had shrewdly been able to remain above the political fray by virtue of his service on the House Military Affairs Committee. Byrns had been inspecting the country’s defenses along the Atlantic seaboard and the Panama Canal Zone. The incumbent had reaped considerable favorable publicity from Tennessee newspapers anxious to cover his activities as the beginnings of the Second World War raged in Europe. With the Democratic primary in the first week of August, Joe Byrns, Jr. had not returned to his district to campaign; rather the thirty-seven year-old congressman was remaining in Washington in keeping with his 1938 campaign pledge to remain “on the job.” The Byrns campaign released a speech by the congressman during the last days of July.
Byrns opened his speech by reminding his listeners of his campaign promise of 1938. “A little less than two years ago, I promised you that I would stay on the job. It is because I am keeping my pledge to you that I am resorting to the marvelous facilities of the radio rather than being privileged to see and speak to you in person.”
The radio address by the congressman would constitute the only campaign activity by Joe Byrns, Jr. during the Democratic primary of 1940. Evidently it was enough. The advantages of incumbency and remaining “on the job” proved to be an effective strategy. Congressman Byrns won Davidson County by 1313 votes over Richard Atkinson with Pete Hudson trailing well behind. Hudson did carry his own Montgomery County by 633 votes over the combined total of Byrns and Atkinson. Congressman Byrns also carried Robertson, Stewart, and Sumner counties. Pete Hudson narrowly edged out Byrns to win Macon County by a meager 37 votes. Dick Atkinson carried only one county inside Tennessee’s Hermitage District; the former congressman won Trousdale County by 20 votes over Joe Byrns, Jr.
Richard Atkinson’s loss to Joe Byrns, Jr. in 1940 signaled the end of his political career. For the remainder of his life, Dick Atkinson would practice law in Davidson County. The former congressman died of a heart attack in his Nashville home. Atkinson was only fifty-three years old at the time of his death. The Tennessean published an editorial eulogizing Atkinson’s time as District Attorney General, recalling “he prosecuted law-breakers vigorously and obtained many notable convictions.” The editorial reminded readers of Atkinson’s “genial yet energetic disposition” and recalled the former congressman’s service to his church and community.
D. “Pete” Hudson resigned from the Tennessee Public Service Commission in 1942 to serve with the U. S. Army Transportation Corps during World War II. Hudson had risen to the rank of Captain during the First World War and was discharged from the Second World War with the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. Hudson was the statewide campaign manager for U. S. senator Tom Stewart’s losing 1948 campaign. Pete Hudson was appointed to serve as Montgomery County’s Criminal Court judge by Governor Gordon Browning in 1951, a post he held for a decade. Hudson died of a heart attack at his home in 1963 at age 72.
Both Richard Atkinson and W. D. Hudson sent telegrams to Congressman Byrns, conceding defeat and promising to support the Democratic nominee in the general election. It is quite certain virtually everybody considered Joe Byrns, Jr. to have been reelected to a second term in Congress. As thoroughly Democratic as the Fifth Congressional district was, it was unthinkable a duly nominated Democratic nominee could lose the general election. History was about to be made in Tennessee’s Hermitage District.
On September 10, 1940 J. Percy Priest, a member of the Nashville Tennessean’s editorial staff, announced he was running for Congress from Tennessee’s Fifth Congressional district as an Independent. Priest was once described as “being as ugly as homemade sin” yet having the sweetest disposition and a big heart. Whatever his exterior, it masked a shrewd political mind. The notion an Independent candidate could defeat the Democratic nominee inside Andrew Jackson’s home district seemed an impossibility. Priest immediately said the reason he was running was because Joe Byrns, Jr. had broken faith with the people he represented by supporting an amendment to the conscription bill sponsored by Republican Hamilton Fish of New York. A notorious isolationist who had fought bravely during the First World War, Hamilton Fish was the congressman from President Roosevelt’s home district. In his announcement of his candidacy, Percy Priest said as Congressman Byrns had betrayed the Democrats of the Fifth Congressional district, they should not feel obligated to support the Democratic nominee. “There are two parties to every agreement and when one party to a pact breaks faith it no longer can be binding upon either,” Priest reasoned. Percy Priest said he found it shocking the congressman from Andrew Jackson’s home district would conspire with a group of Republican obstructionists with regard to the preparedness program supported by President Roosevelt and Secretary of State Cordell Hull. “People who know me in this district will never question my loyalty to President Roosevelt nor to the principles of the Democratic party,” Priest declared.
One sign that Percy Priest’s candidacy should be taken seriously by Congressman Byrns and Tennessee’s Democratic Party was the front page editorial appearing in the Clarksville Leaf-Chronicle entitled “Democracy At Its Best” hailing the “overwhelming ‘draft’ movement” in Montgomery County in support of Priest. The Leaf-Chronicle flatly accused the congressman of having “misled and deceived” the people of the Fifth District. The Leaf-Chronicle believed Joe Byrns, Jr. had been renominated “because the people believed he was committed irrevocably to national defense and to national defense legislation.” Unfortunately, the Leaf-Chronicle lamented, “His record has shown otherwise.” That fact alone meant Democrats in Tennessee’s solidly Democratic Hermitage District were no longer obligated to support the Democratic nominee for Congress, the Leaf-Chronicle informed its readers. The Leaf-Chronicle had supported native son W. D. Hudson in the primary and patted itself on the back for having been “the medium” through which the people living in the Fifth Congressional district “first voiced disappointment in the incumbent’s record and first rebuked him for his defense stand.” The Leaf-Chronicle said it was delighted to support Priest for “it knows it is supporting a man who will never let his people down.”
The fact Joe Byrns, Jr. was the only Democrat in the Tennessee Congressional delegation to openly oppose conscription gave the young congressman little political cover. “The idea of conscription in times of peace is undemocratic, un-American and unnecessary,” Byrns said. By way of contrast, Albert Gore, the congressman from the neighboring Fourth District, said, “We have too much at stake and our liberty is too precious to reply on Hitler’s statement that he has no intention of coming to the Western hemisphere.” Congressman Gore pointed out Hitler had said much the same thing before and “has lied like a cur and curdled it with the blood of innocent people whose sole offense was that they loved peace and stood in his way.” Gore concluded, “If we are adequately prepared to defend ourselves and our outposts in this hemisphere, we will probably not be required to do so.”
The Clarksville Leaf-Chronicle certainly had been horrified by the stand taken by Congressman Joseph W. Byrns, Jr. and had urged him to change his mind and support the conscription bill. The Leaf-Chronicle had also been the first publication inside the Fifth Congressional district to urge J. Percy Priest be drafted to run for Congress. The fact Byrns had joined Tennessee’s two Republican members of Congress, Carroll Reece and John J. Jennings, in voting for the Fish amendment only served to infuriate more Democrats. The Tennessean, then Percy Priest’s employer, ran a news story that the Leaf-Chronicle wanted an opponent for Byrns.
Ultimately, Joe Byrns, perhaps in response to the reaction of his earlier stand inside his congressional district, voted for the final version of the conscription bill, but it did him little good politically. Joe Hatcher, not an unbiased source to say the least and the political columnist for the Nashville Tennessean, wrote in his daily column the reason Byrns was given little credit for changing his vote was because it was abhorrent to many of his constituents that he had sided with isolationist Republicans on the Fish amendment. Hatcher said the idea of a Priest candidacy, the Tennessean’s “roving reporter”, was the subject of much enthusiasm in both Nashville and Clarksville. Hatcher speculated one reason Joe Byrns, Jr. had voted for the delay of conscription as required by the Fish amendment was to avoid opposition from a Republican or “Willkie” (Wendell Willkie was the GOP presidential nominee in 1940) candidate. Considering the likelihood of success for a Republican in Tennessee’s Hermitage District, much less a candidate tied to the opponent to the highly popular FDR, Joe Hatcher had to be advancing a theory designed to aid the Priest campaign as it was little less than preposterous.
One Nashvillian expressed his sense of hurt in a letter to the editor of the Tennessean, writing, “Just before the recent primary election” Congressman Joseph W. Byrns, Jr. “stated that he was so busy helping Mr. Roosevelt prepare the defenses of this country that he could not spare the time necessary to come to Tennessee for the campaign. I believed him.” The writer then noted to his dismay the congressman had “done everything in his power to nullify that defense” since winning renomination. The author concluded, “We voters owe it to ourselves, and to the nation, to defeat him for reelection in November.”
The Clarksville Leaf-Chronicle penned another anti-Byrns editorial wondering, “Was Barnum Right?” “Since the death of the beloved Joseph W. Byrns, Sr., two Congressmen have been tried,” the editorial stated. “’Little Joe’ was chosen because he was his father’s son and because he pledged support for the Democratic National Administration,” the Leaf-Chronicle said simply. “His record has been disappointing.”
The Leaf-Chronicle recalled the ungracious quote attributed to Byrns about the King and Queen of Great Britain and said the young congressman had been “excused on the grounds of inexperience.” The editorial revived a supposed interview with a New York newspaper where Byrns allegedly made fun of his state and the people he represented. The Leaf-Chronicle reminded its readers showman P. T, Barnum had once gloated there was a sucker born every minute. Referring to Joe Byrns, Jr., the Leaf-Chronicle thought voters “can outgrow their suckerhood.”
Immediately following his announcement he was running as an Independent for Congress, Percy Priest opened his campaign headquarters in rooms 501 and 502 in Nashville’s Andrew Jackson Hotel. The Nashville Mailers’ Union instantly endorsed Priest’s candidacy.
Joe Byrns had yet to take Percy Priest’s candidacy seriously. It was a serious miscalculation on the young congressman’s part. | <urn:uuid:2adcc00b-2fe9-4fdb-a6b0-e230bbc4515b> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://knoxfocus.com/columnist/tennessees-hermitage-district-viii/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606696.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122042145-20200122071145-00480.warc.gz | en | 0.979307 | 2,695 | 2.640625 | 3 |
For over 3 billion years stromatolites have been present on Earth, and thus they may represent one of the oldest and most stable forms of life. Although the best examples today of living stromatolites are found in Shark Bay, Western Australia, to date their microbiology has not been well understood. The strategic goal of this research is to investigate the morphology of modern stromatolites as the final product of complex biological and environmental interactions, by correlating the distribution of phylogenetically and physiologically defined microbial communities with prevailing ecological conditions. By analysing both culturable organisms and non-culturable populations, we discovered a wide range of cyanobacteria associated with these biogeological structures, many possessing growth characteristics consistent with their hypersaline habitat. A PCR specific for cyanobacterial 16S rDNA was employed, the resulting amplicons sequenced, and data used to infer relatedness with known cyanobacteria. The cyanobacterial community was characterised by organisms with closest identity to the genera Synechococcus, Xenococcus, Microcoleus, Leptolyngbya, Plectonema, Symploca, Cyanothece, Pleurocapsa, Prochloron, and Nostoc. For the first time in the Shark Bay stromatolites, we also identified putative salt tolerance mechanisms. Hypersalinity appears to be a factor of prime importance in the development of these stromatolites, and this is reflected in the types of microorganisms we have identified. The data here provides us with a better understanding of the microbial diversity of these unique ecosystems, and is critical for the conservation of Shark Bay as well as the assessment of planetary exobiology.
Buy this Article | <urn:uuid:9feb0a13-23bb-44df-92f4-a0d73cd183d2> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://researchtrends.net/tia/abstract.asp?in=0&vn=1&tid=41&aid=1619&pub=2004&type=3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400206133.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20200922125920-20200922155920-00735.warc.gz | en | 0.922799 | 355 | 3.28125 | 3 |
India faces an array of threats that require constant vigilance on the part of its special operations units. The greatest threat remains Pakistan, which has supported various terrorist groups, including those in Kashmir, an area, which has led to wars between India and Pakistan in 1965, 1971, and 1999. Pakistan controls a portion of Kashmir while India controls another portion. Making the “Kashmir Problem” even more complex, China controls a portion as well. Pakistan’s ISI (Inter-Service Intelligence) has supported Kashmiri terrorists and other groups that target India. But Kashmir and Pakistan are not the only threats facing India. Illegal immigration from Bangladesh, as well as terrorist attacks launched across the border, have also kept Bangladesh in the crosshairs of Indian security forces.
India’s 1987 involvement in the Sri Lankan Civil War created animosity with factions from both sides, particularly the LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Ealam), which led to the killing of at least 1,000 Indian troops and the assassination of Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi by a suicide bomber. Since members of the LTTE had also killed five captured Indian Para-Commandos by placing burning tires around their necks, Indian special operations personnel view them as especially desirable targets. Indian counterterror forces face still other problems such as the Naxilists, militant Communist guerrillas operating in India. Many Indian security professionals consider the Naxilists the greatest internal security threat to India. And, if all of the politically inspired terrorists within India or infiltrating into the country are not enough, bandits are still a problem. Some years ago, one band kidnapped India’s most prominent movie star and held him for ransom.
To counter these threats, India has five primary special operations and/or counterterrorist units. The largest and best known of these are the Indian Para-Commandos. Formed in 1966, the Para-Commandos are trained for a variety of special operations. All members are parachute-qualified and have passed a six-month selection and probationary period, during which about three-fourths of the candidates are usually eliminated. Those surviving this selection period are sent to parachute training and awarded their wings and maroon beret. They are not fully fledged Para-Commandos, however, until they have successfully served in the unit for one year or for six months in combat, at which point they receive their Special Forces tab and beret badge. | <urn:uuid:00583980-8e42-4daa-bd23-ffb8c78f82ad> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.tactical-life.com/magazines/special-weapons/india%e2%80%99s-special-forces/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164013027/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133333-00016-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959052 | 498 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Importance of Exercise in the Military
Military service members know the saying "Physical fitness is the cornerstone of combat readiness" by heart. Physical exercise keeps soldiers, airmen, seamen and Marines in top condition so they're always ready for any mission. Service members who don't meet military fitness standards run the risk of an early discharge or disciplinary action. Through carefully planned and implemented physical training exercises, each branch of the military is able to maintain a high level of combat readiness with healthy, capable service members.
People who exercise have more energy than those who don't, so daily exercise helps service members stay on top of their duties without dealing with fatigue. The military minimizes personnel losses due to chronic illness, disease related to obesity and injury by using standardized physical training programs to keep service members in good overall health.
Strong service members, particularly those in fields that require heavy physical activity such as the infantry and military police branches, are able to perform their jobs more quickly and efficiently than those who lack muscular and cardiovascular endurance. Additionally, soldiers are required to maintain high levels of fitness during deployments to ensure they are able to carry their personal gear and conduct routine operations.
Overall military performance is based on a combination of individual strengths that create a network of productivity, both mentally and physically, so service members who are in peak physical condition can contribute more to their teams than members who are in poor physical condition.
Combat operations require high levels of cardiovascular and muscular endurance. Service members can be subjected to excruciatingly long foot marches, hand-to-hand combat and navigation of rough terrain in war zones. Maintaining a high level of physical fitness helps service members perform at the military's high standards throughout their careers. Service members who are physically fit can endure tough living conditions, hard work and stressful situations more readily than those who are not, notes the U.S. Army War College.
Strong muscles and high levels of cardiovascular fitness can help prevent injuries. Healthy muscles are less prone to injury, less likely to tear and less likely to give in to stress than unhealthy, underdeveloped muscles. Service members who are in shape are less likely to become winded, suffer from cramps and debilitating conditions than their less-fit counterparts, which is particularly helpful during deployment operations and during routine physical fitness testing.
- Hemera Technologies/PhotoObjects.net/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:f6b6bac4-156d-4d10-ae00-302cf62a553b> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://healthyliving.azcentral.com/importance-exercise-military-17575.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249406966.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20190222220601-20190223002601-00376.warc.gz | en | 0.959519 | 476 | 3.1875 | 3 |
The new Equality Act provisions seek to balance competing interests concerning disability in a legal minefield. Anne Pritam, a specialist in employment and partnership law, looks at why the Act came about.
Discrimination laws are like buses; you wait for ages then three come along at once. In the 1970s and 1980s, employers only had to be concerned with ensuring racial and sexual equality. But a rash of European legislation compelled the UK Parliament to enact legislation covering disability, sexual orientation, religion/belief and age.
To bring all the strands together, the last Government embarked on the magnum opus that is the Equality Act 2010, which was rushed through the statute books in the “wash-up” at the end of the parliamentary term. The opportunity was taken to tidy up certain areas of law, including disability discrimination, but many questions around the new law remain.
It has never been easy to legislate for the protection of disabled people in the workplace. As Lord Justice Mummery observed in the seminal case of Clark v Novacold, “anyone who thinks that there is an easy way of achieving a sensible, workable and fair balance between the different interests of disabled persons, of employers and of able-bodied workers in harmony with the wider public interests in an economically efficient workforce, in access to employment and equal treatment of workers and in standards of fairness at work, has probably not given much serious thought to the problem”.
There is a conceptual challenge in providing discrimination protection, which is wholly different from the other “protected characteristics” under the Equality Act. The essence of anti-discrimination protection for the characteristics of race, sex, sexual orientation, religion and age is equality and equal treatment. Yet disability discrimination, by definition, cannot be about equal treatment, but fair treatment.
Disability discrimination, by definition, cannot be about equal treatment but fair treatment”
The aim of the legislation must always be to achieve a “level playing field”; but for each individual, the playing field will look different. This means that when occupational health specialists, lawyers and human resources professionals look to case law to guide their decisions in tricky management situations involving disabled people and their rights in the workplace, they are hampered by the fact that almost all case law is fact-driven. In other words, it is difficult to draw legal precedents because what is needed to treat one person with a particular disability fairly may be very different for another person.
Add to that the heady combination of domestic and European political influences, change in social attitudes and questions around healthcare in the UK, and the net result has been at best an asymmetric set of obligations and entitlements.
Unintended consequences and the Malcolm decision
All new legislation brings with it the operation of the “law of unintended consequences”, and no consequence could have been more unintended than some of the uses to which the Disability Discrimination Act (DDA) 1995 was put by inventive lawyers, and the conflicting findings of judges, in particular in the case of Malcolm v Lewisham Borough Council. It is important to look backwards in order to determine what we can expect under the new law.
Back in the early days of the DDA 1995, the first disability case to reach the Court of Appeal (Clark v Novacold, March 1999) concluded that where a person is treated less favourably for a reason that relates to his or her disability, a tribunal must analyse if discrimination has occurred by comparing that treatment with how someone to whom the reason does not apply would have been treated (regardless of whether they are disabled or not).
Putting that into the most common scenario with disability, it means that where a person was dismissed further to long-term sickness absence arising from a disability, the question that a tribunal had to ask was whether or not an employer would have dismissed someone who did not have that disability and had not been absent. This is a circular test, since in practice an employer would have had no reason to dismiss someone who was not absent. So the absent person had an advantage in showing he or she had been less well treated than the person (real or hypothetical) who was not sacked. In practice, employers’ defences turned on the justification of their actions.
Many, particularly among the legal community representing employers, consider that test to be fundamentally unfair. How could an employer ever justify its decisions relating to a disabled person if the benchmark was how a person to whom the very reason for dismissal did not apply? The comparison is meaningless.
OH and HR professionals and lawyers had all learned to live with the Clark v Novacold test, when along came Lewisham Borough Council v Malcolm – a House of Lords decision in 2008. The outcome went back right the other way, in favour of the employer. Although the Malcolm decision related to housing issues not employment, and in fact turned on the limited statutory defences available in housing claims, its conclusion (which came to be adopted in employment disability discrimination cases) was that a comparator in a disability-related discrimination claim is in fact a non-disabled person with the same characteristics as a disabled person. In other words, in the absence scenario above, the employer’s treatment of the disabled person should be compared with how they would have treated someone who was not disabled but had been absent.
Understandably, lawyers representing claimants were up in arms: how could a claimant ever succeed on any claim for discrimination for a reason related to disability in light of this new revised test? The focus switched from claims for disability-related discrimination, which were generally acknowledged by claimant lawyers to be hopeless, to the employer’s duty to make reasonable adjustments, where greater inroads could be made into criticising employers’ behaviour.
The Equality Act 2010 – an attempt to find a solution
The problems arising from the Malcolm case filtered through to Parliament and Government, which took on board the impact of the case when drafting the new Equality Act. In a rare show of unity, the Equality and Human Rights Commission, employers’ body the CBI, the Employment Lawyers’ Association, and firms and chambers representing both claimants and employers all joined the consultation on drafting the new Equality Act to resolve the situation. Lengthy debate ensued at the House of Commons, House of Lords and committee stages of the new Equality Bill.
Equality Act 2010
Discrimination arising from disability
(1) A person (A) discriminates against a disabled person (B) if:
(a) A treats B unfavourably because of something arising in consequence of B’s disability and
(b) A cannot show that the treatment is a proportionate means of achieving a legitimate aim.
(2) Subsection (1) does not apply if A shows that A did not know, and could not reasonably have been expected to know, that B had the disability.
The resulting wording in s.15 (see box) is probably as good as it could get in the light of competing interests and suggestions. It is certainly a good deal clearer than the first-draft wording issued for consultation.
Unresolved questions in the Equality Act definitions
A few key points to note are:
> There will be no discrimination if A (the employer) shows that it did not know and could not reasonably have been expected to know that B (the individual) had the disability. This means that there will be no defence if it is obvious that the employer should have made reasonable enquiries. It is a case of the “elephant in the room”: if you ignore it when everyone else can clearly see that it is there, then there will be no defence. OH professionals should be pleased that this principle is now codified in legislation.
> The government guidance is clear that a comparator is no longer required to bring a claim under the new provisions of s.15, which means farewell to all the arguments of Malcolm, in theory. You might wonder why, in that case, the word “unfavourably” appears at s.15 (1)(a). There is no explanation in the government guidance save that it seems the draftsmen felt that “unfavourably” carries no connotation of comparison, unlike the traditional formulation “less favourably”, where a comparator is required. Interestingly, references to “detrimental treatment” were dropped from earlier drafts. Lawyers are already clear that on an evidential basis, it will be hard to show if unfavourable treatment has or has not occurred, if no comparisons or benchmarks are presented to a tribunal.
> There is an interesting quirk at s.15(1)(b). It states that A (the employer) will be liable for the discrimination if it “cannot show” that the treatment is a proportionate means of achieving a legitimate aim. The equivalent legislation for the other protected characteristics refers simply to the treatment being a proportionate means, rather than carrying any reference to the employer having to “show” that it is. This begs the question of whether Parliament intended that there should be a higher evidential test for employers to justify discrimination arising from disability, rather than the threshold in other classes of discrimination. While this seems unlikely to have been Parliament’s intention, lawyers that are looking for novel ways to present arguments will no doubt pick up on the distinction.
> Section 15(2) also includes a single word that could give rise to some interesting litigation. “Subsection (1) does not apply if A shows that A did not know, and could not reasonably have been expected to know, that B had the disability.” This seems straightforward. An employer can legitimately excuse itself by saying that it could never have been expected to know that a disabled person had the impairment and therefore its treatment of the disabled person was simply in ignorance. However, s.15(2) speaks of “the” disability. Does this mean that if an employer is faced with a situation where it treats someone unfavourably but in fact the individual in question had a disability different from that which the employer expected, it can abrogate responsibility?
To put this situation in a practical context: an employee is prone to tearful bouts and frequently cries at her desk in the mornings. She is passed over for promotion because the employer feels she is too emotional to take on management responsibilities. The employer does not know, but reasonably suspects (and is therefore on notice in legal terms) that the individual concerned is depressed.
The employee brings a claim for disability discrimination in which she reveals that she has been diagnosed with multiple sclerosis and believes that the employer did not want to promote her because it knew there was an issue with her wellbeing. In this case, it is probably fair to say that the employer could not reasonably have been expected to know that she had that particular disability. Does this therefore mean that the individual’s claim will fail? This is a moot point as things currently stand.
The Equality Act supports the principle of both associative discrimination and perceptive discrimination”
The Equality Act generally supports the principle of both associative discrimination (as illustrated in the recent European decision in Attridge v Law) and perceptive discrimination, whereby if someone is perceived to be a member of protected group and is treated unfavourably because of that, it is sufficient to ground a discrimination claim. For example, an Asian woman who suffers harassment in the workplace because her colleagues believe she is Muslim, but is in fact Hindu, can still present a claim for religious discrimination because the discrimination was based on the perception of her colleagues.
The new form of discrimination is being referred to as “discrimination arising from disability”. When considering the impact of the equality, practitioners should have regard to the full definition. The wording is carefully chosen: it relates to “something arising in consequence of B’s disability”, which means that there must be “something” to give rise to the claim. It is not the disability itself that gives rise to the claim but the impact of the disability in the workplace (for example, absence, inability to concentrate and emotional reactions).
Interplay with other issues
Although the above may already have exhausted your capacity for legal problem solving, it is also worth noting that the Equality Act does not entirely address many other practical issues, including:
- how to deal with confidentiality and the knowledge that an OH professional has of a patient’s condition, particularly in light of the new prohibition on pre-employment enquiries about health (s.60);
- how reasonable adjustments should be assessed in light of new s.15 provisions (s.20);
- how to define a disability, given that the Schedule 1 tests of mobility, manual dexterity and so on, have now been swept away (s.6); and
- how precisely employers should deal with positive action (s.158) and, as mentioned above, question marks around claims arising from the perception of disabled people in the workplace.
Anne Pritam is a partner at law firm Stephenson Harwood. She would like to hear OH practitioners’ thoughts and comments on the implementation of the new Equality Act and the effect it has had. | <urn:uuid:d8777ade-fe95-4c06-860e-dd5039922484> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.personneltoday.com/hr/equality-act-attempts-to-clear-up-disability-discrimination-laws/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794868316.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20180527131037-20180527151037-00487.warc.gz | en | 0.973097 | 2,703 | 2.984375 | 3 |
A stock market, stock exchange, or share market is an exchange in which the ownership rights of shares of stock in a company are traded publicly; these can include stocks listed on a public stock exchange. Stock markets have developed into something more than just a place to buy and sell stocks; they have become an integral part of our modern economy. For instance, most people will agree that stock market trading has become a way of life for many people. It is no longer considered to be particularly “securities” or “investment” vehicle. You can visit this website at https://www.scamrisk.com/kabbage/ and get enough insights so you can make an informed decision for your next business venture.
There are many types of investors in the stock market. These include retail investors, institutional investors, hedge funds, individual retirement accounts (IRAs), and other individual types of investments. In addition, there are several investment vehicles available, including commodities, real estate, foreign exchange, derivatives, insurance, and bonds. The following is a brief description of the different types of stock investing:
Long-term Buyers: This is the most common type of investor. They purchase shares to hold them for a long period of time. Long-term buyers base their purchases on the overall market and on the potential return on their investment. In general, these are the investors who purchase shares for use as cash on hand, in anticipation of selling them later. Long-term investors also purchase shares because of the steady income they provide as well as the potential growth in their portfolios.
Dollar Dividend Investors: This type of investor buys a large number of shares simultaneously and then sells them all at once, creating a significant gain in the price per share. Dividends are derived from the actual profit made by the company. For instance, if a company makes ten million dollars per year, it will receive fifty thousand dollars in dividends. These stocks are highly volatile and can result in large gains or losses very quickly.
Market Capitalization: This is a term used to define the total amount of money invested in the company. Market capitalization includes the actual value of the stocks plus the amount by which the company’s market capitalization is determined. All of the companies’ stocks are included in market caps, and all of the stock prices are included in market caps.
Major Share Exchanges: These exchanges do not deal in actual stocks but in shares of organizations that trade on their own stock exchanges. The buyers can purchase shares directly from the companies or via brokerages. Buyers and sellers must be members of the stock exchanges in order to trade on their markets.
Brokerage firms handle transactions between buyers and sellers and between individual stocks. These stock exchanges vary slightly depending on the state where the company is incorporated.
There are many other exchanges and brokerages besides the two stock exchanges mentioned above. There are specialty markets for individuals and groups such as mutual funds and exchange-traded funds (ETFs). ETFs are securities that track the price movements of many different stocks. These are made up of a basket of stocks that trade frequently with each other. Investors in these types of markets are referred to as active traders. These investors may not follow the trends of the companies within the baskets, but they do follow the trends of the underlying instruments.
Individual investors are not limited to trading in the exchange-traded funds or baskets of stocks like the mutual funds. An investor can also sell shares directly to another investor. This allows investors to make money without following the trends of the companies whose shares they are buying and selling. However, because of the high level of competition among buyers and sellers on the stock markets, most investors buy and sell shares at once when they hear about an upcoming hot stock.
To buy and sell shares of stock, an investor must have stock in the company they wish to buy and sell. To buy shares of stock, an investor must find a company to invest in and then invest in the shares. To buy and sell shares of stock through an exchange commission securities dealer, an investor must find an accredited investor, which is an investment professional who is registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission with a stock market license. Investors can seek guidance from their broker or financial adviser before investing in a company’s shares.
There are many kinds of traders on the stock exchange including traders who buy shares to hold for a short period and investors who buy and sell shares as part of a larger portfolio. The types of investors include individual investors, institutional investors, and institutional traders such as hedge fund managers, insurance agents, and stockbrokers. Most individual traders trade only a few shares at any one time, while institutional traders trade many thousands of shares on a daily basis. Most traders hire a stockbroker to help them monitor their positions, place orders, and execute transactions on their behalf. Brokers sometimes represent more than one firm. | <urn:uuid:fdee0fa4-cc48-4666-be54-6ffa8879b84c> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.lanarkshirechamber.org/tag/stock-market/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499954.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20230202003408-20230202033408-00509.warc.gz | en | 0.965588 | 1,004 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Fellowship Support for Research into New Approaches for Discovering Cognitive-Enhancing Medications for Autism
The human brain is made up of many cells, each carrying out its function while maintaining its role in the larger context of groups of cells, thereby working side by side to perform specialized tasks that we attribute to behavior. The formation and consolidation of memories is a cognitive task that has received much attention in the last decade, as neuroscientists are starting to delineate the molecular events that make memories possible. Central to these events is a molecule called Calcium-Calmodulin dependent Kinase II (CaMKII). CaMKII is a molecule capable of affecting practically every facet of cellular metabolism and homeostasis upon activation, which depends on transiently elevated concentrations of calcium in the cell. Given the abundance of CaMKII in the brain it has been proposed that CaMKII plays a key role in storage of information. Plakantonakis is interested in characterizing the interaction of CaMKII with other proteins that may be important in brain function. Understanding the three-dimensional structure of the CaMKII molecule may be useful for understanding the way in which its function is carried out and for designing other molecules that can have a desirable physiological effect upon binding. For instance, many drugs sold today have been designed to interact with a therapeutic target (a protein of special medical significance) whose three-dimensional structure is known. It is possible that his efforts will provide the details required for the rational design of drugs that will have an effect on our ability to better retain and process information.
Sign up for our Mailing List | <urn:uuid:8f932dd9-9766-4e81-9d70-632d72ae5c1e> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.nlmfoundation.org/grant/fellowship-support-for-research-into-new-approaches-for-discovering-cognitive-enhancing-medications-for-autism/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038066568.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20210412023359-20210412053359-00510.warc.gz | en | 0.950952 | 326 | 2.640625 | 3 |
June 14, 2015
June 14, 2015
June 17, 2015
Energy Conversion and Conservation
26.1597.1 - 26.1597.9
Training Engineers and Technologists via Model TrainsThis paper looks at a novel way to teach Programmable Logic Controls via N-Scale Model trains. Manyelectric machinery courses have a component that covers Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), sincethey are widely used in industry to control motors and provide supervisory control for variable speeddrives. A problem with teaching PLCs is that they are used to control large and usually very expensiveequipment. This makes developing a realistic laboratory experience very difficult. Most labs consist oftoggle switches and pushbuttons for inputs and lamps for output. More elaborate process controlsystems are available from several lab equipment manufacturers, but these systems are expensive andthe students sometimes have difficulty understanding the process they are trying to control. Severalyears ago the author began using N-Scale model trains as the system being controlled. This provides asmall and low cost system with the added benefit that the students immediately understand the properoperation. Optical sensors are place around the track for position and speed control. The speed anddirection of the train is set via an analog output from the PLC. Two track switches are also used tochange the train from inner and outer loops. When combined with the existing toggle switches,pushbuttons, and lamps; this makes a realistic system for developing controls. If you add operatorinterface panels, the students can develop full scale systems similar to those found in industry.This paper covers the materials used for the basic N-Scale layout and the additional hardware necessaryto interface with the PLC. The inputs to the PLC are 120 V optical sensors, so no additional interfacing isneeded. The outputs are one analog signal (a variable voltage) and four 120 V digital signals. All ofthese need to be modified. The PLC analog output does not provide enough current to drive the train,so a power op-amp circuit is used. The track switches require 18 V ac, so the 120 V outputs are used tocontrol an 18 V supply via relays.The student response to using this system has been extremely positive. The system has been used byelectrical, industrial, and mechanical engineering students, as well as by electrical and mechanicaltechnology students. As a senior design project, the base system was expanded into an elaboratesystem with four optical sensors, two inductive proximity sensors, and a limit switch that could allowtwo trains to operate simultaneously. The system was also used for special project classes at theundergraduate and graduate level. The student feedback and learning assessments for all these cases isincluded in the paper.
Wrate, G. T. (2015, June), Training Engineers and Technologists via Model Trains Paper presented at 2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Seattle, Washington. 10.18260/p.24933
ASEE holds the copyright on this document. It may be read by the public free of charge. Authors may archive their work on personal websites or in institutional repositories with the following citation: © 2015 American Society for Engineering Education. Other scholars may excerpt or quote from these materials with the same citation. When excerpting or quoting from Conference Proceedings, authors should, in addition to noting the ASEE copyright, list all the original authors and their institutions and name the host city of the conference. - Last updated April 1, 2015 | <urn:uuid:4c8266ba-9502-4b83-a4df-3ee37514520c> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://peer.asee.org/training-engineers-and-technologists-via-model-trains | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573071.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20190917121048-20190917143048-00188.warc.gz | en | 0.924852 | 705 | 3.21875 | 3 |
What are the 7 Best Programming Languages for Game Development
In the digital era, video games provide lucrative opportunities to young people. The video game industry is a rapidly growing market that generates billions of dollars in revenue each year. The latest data from market research illustrates that the global video game industry is expected to generate revenue of $189.3 billion in 2021, up from $175.8 billion in 2020. The top multinational companies comprising Apple, Netflix, Facebook, and Google have joined the gaming market. They are using cutting-edge technology to create spectacular video games that provide learning and entertainment experiences to users.
Game development offers significant functionalities to developers. From designing the concept and story to coding and programming the game implies video game developers boost their knowledge of programming languages. Knowing the game development allow learners better understand the concepts and principles behind game development. Game developers refine concepts, design interfaces, plan architecture, and create the game by writing functional codes. They develop logic, character movements, physics, graphics, and other game mechanics. Programming languages assist designers to know the visual elements of the game including graphics and animations. The user-friendly interface provides fast and efficient performance to deliver a smooth gameplay experience.
The growth of the video game industry is increasing due to the popularity of mobile gaming, the rise of e-sports, and the emergence of new gaming platforms comprising AI machine learning, and virtual and augmented reality. Portable and outstanding game languages have boosted developers’ knowledge to create engaging and enjoyable games. More access to resources, libraries, and modern tools help create gameplay that shows high performance, and cross-platform compatibility.
Top most Programming Languages for Game Development Used Today
Young developers who are working on a game project should use C++ coding language. According to game app development services C++ is widely recognized in game programming. Demonstrating high speed, maximum performance, and versatility, the coding language provides developers with control over memory management. It helps to manage large amounts of data and improve the efficiency of the game. Moreover, developers can improve graphic processing and hardware that help create high-performance games. Another feature of the C++ programming language is that the developers can organize their code. They have access to libraries and that improves the quality of the coding language.
C# is considered a modern, object-oriented programming language. It helps developers create high-quality games with ease. As the language is statically typed, it ensures all variables must be declared with their data type before they are used. So, it reduces runtime errors, allowing developers to write codes effectively. Programmers use this coding language for different platforms including Windows desktop applications, web applications, mobile applications, and video games. Today, C# is used in game engines. It is also a part of the .NET framework. It signifies that programmers have access to libraries and tools to develop various game development applications.
It is a multi-paradigm, compiled programming language used by enterprise mobile app development services to generate optimized native code to develop games. Swift is designed to be fast and optimized for performance. The developers integrate Swift code into existing machine code, allowing it to run efficiently and create various games. Swift has a clean and expressive syntax, making it easier to read and write. It also supports functional programming concepts that help developers to create more concise and expressive language codes.
Java is a high-level object-oriented programming language commonly used for developing web applications, desktop applications, and mobile applications. Java program involving game development is generally compatible, and versatile. As Java is considered an OOP language, it is used to create extensive app applications, including socket programming, Minecraft, RuneScape, and Star Wars Galaxies. Some of the key features of Java comprises platform independence, object-oriented programming support, automatic memory management, and strong type check. Hence, it is one of the most popular object-oriented programming languages that allow developers to create versatile games.
Lua is a lightweight, high-level scripting language that is used in game development. It is known for its speed, and flexibility which makes it the best choice for game developers. The ideal coding language is well-suited for scripting game logic as it can create mods and extensions and handle complex calculations. An important feature of this coding language is it allows developers to create speedy and easy games. Using game modification interfaces will benefit the users as they can modify the behavior of a game easily.
A high-level, interpreted programming language that is used to create versatile games. Pygame is a set of Python modules that enable developers to create 2D games. It includes graphics, sound, input, and other functionality significant for game development. Moreover, developers use Pyglet to create 2D and 3D graphic games. Another popular game, Panda3D comprises a Python interface. The key feature of Python is its simple and direct syntax that is easily understood by new programmers. Python has a big library for game development integrating basic graphics, networking, and sound. Hence, it is a great choice for 2D game developers to create a wide range of game development applications.
Programming languages play a crucial role in game development. They are the technical foundation that allows developers to create functional and exciting games for users. Programmers use coding language to develop game engines such as Unity, Unreal Engine, and Godot. Different programming languages are used for game development. C++ is a widely used language to create game engines, graphics libraries, and other core components of games. Many developers use Java for developing mobile games on Android devices. Moreover, programmers use Swift to create different games. Python is a versatile language used for a wide variety of applications, including game development. As it is easy to learn, Game engines developers use Python to create game logic and other mechanics | <urn:uuid:eca6a1ef-5734-4c11-9811-add7872371a3> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://techstrome.com/what-are-the-7-best-programming-languages-for-game-development/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945372.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325191930-20230325221930-00304.warc.gz | en | 0.917483 | 1,470 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Apple’s Mac computers have a reputation of being more secure than Windows PCs, but that’s just not the case anymore. A team of security researchers were able to create a bug that digs deep into a Mac’s firmware and can even jump from Mac to Mac—even if the two Macs aren’t networked.
Apple bug attacks firmware
Josh Valcarcel of Wired reports that two cyber-security researchers learned that a lot of the vulnerabilities that are known to affect Windows PCs can also affect Apple’s Mac computers. They have also become the first to develop a worm which proves just how serious the Mac vulnerabilities are.
Their worm demonstrated how hackers to gain access to Macs—even those which are air-gapped, in such a way that security scanners wouldn’t be able to detect. And by grabbing hold of the firmware, the worm can remain on the machine even through updates to its firmware. In other words, the worm could not be fixed through security updates because it would lie undetected deep inside the machine.
Firmware worms hard to get rid of
The reason for this is because firmware updates require the old firmware to install them, so if there’s a worm infecting the firmware in a Mac, it would be able to block updates or even write itself into an update. According to Wired, the only way to get rid of the worm is to re-program the chip holding the firmware.
One of the researchers who created the worm said that most people would simply replace their computers if such an infection occurs. The firmware is responsible for booting up computers. Because the firmware operates at a deeper level than where security and virus scanners operate, it’s nearly impossible to tell if the firmware has been infected. Also it remains even if the Mac is wiped and the operating system reinstalled.
Where Apple’s Macs are vulnerable
Xeno Kovah and his partner call their Apple worm Thunderstrike 2, and their tests on Apple’s Mac computers follow their work on firmware vulnerabilities which affected 80% of PCs last year. After identifying those vulnerabilities, they wanted to see if the same ones apply to Apple’s Macs.
They said that five of the six holes they found in PCs were also open on Macs, meaning that Apple’s computers aren’t really much safer than Windows-based PCs. The reason these vulnerabilities are so widespread is because many computer manufacturers use the same code for their firmware.
The researchers also identified some steps Apple could have taken to block at least one of the vulnerabilities, although it did not. According to Wired, Apple has now fully patched one of the five holes and partially patched a second one although the other three holes remain open.
Thunderstrike 2 spreads from Mac to Mac
After identifying the holes, Kovah and his partner, Corey Kallenberg, developed Thunderstrike 2, which they said can jump from Mac to Mac without being detected. The reason for this is because it never actually affects the computer’s file system or operating system, living only in the machine’s firmware.
It only takes seconds for Thunderstrike 2 to infect a Mac’s firmware and the option ROM on peripheral devices. From there, the worm can infect other computers which are attached to the peripheral devices, like Apple’s Thunderbolt Ethernet adapter. The security researchers warn that this worm would make it easy for hackers to infect hundreds of Mac computers by selling infected Apple peripherals on eBay or other websites.
This is especially dangerous because while people mostly know better than to click on links in emails from unknown sources, they probably don’t realize that their Mac can be infected through peripheral devices in this manner. | <urn:uuid:9fe49ce1-bd99-4761-b6e6-ff634f03d3af> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.valuewalk.com/2015/08/apple-bug-hack-mac/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824325.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020192317-20171020212317-00580.warc.gz | en | 0.954111 | 767 | 2.640625 | 3 |
From the Arctic islands to the Yucatan Peninsula, North Americans are increasingly concerned about the impacts of climate change, and rightly so. They understand the need to act. Their leaders, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and presidents Enrique Peña Nieto and Barack Obama – the “Three Amigos” – understand it, too. Presenting a joint strategy to address the serious climate challenge was thus of prime importance at last month’s North American Leaders’ Summit in Ottawa.
The Amigos produced a plan, but did it go far enough?
Their timing was startlingly a propos, because this year, only half over, has already become the annus horribilis of climatic extremes. It’s been exceptionally hot: NASA recently reported that every month in 2016 up to the end of June was the warmest globally since good thermometer records first began to be collected and averaged over 130 years ago. But changes in average global temperature don’t tell the whole story, because the intense warming that the planet is experiencing is disproportionately much higher in the North, and this has particular implications that ripple across all of North America, not just the high latitudes.
What’s happening in the Arctic is pulling a trigger on climatic extremes: The region is warming at a rate some three times the global average, with profound consequences. A sunlight-reflecting mirror of ice used to cover much of the Arctic Ocean for most of the year, shrinking by somewhat less than half between late spring and late summer. But in 2012, 2015 and already again this year, it has shrunk by nearly three-quarters. By late June, when the Amigos sat down together in Ottawa, ice cover at the top of the world had retreated to the lowest areal extent for June since satellite monitoring began in 1981.
That should shock, for an Arctic Ocean that is no longer white and reflective in the 24-hour light of summer is now absorbing more and more photons from the sun. That’s amplifying the heating of the North, reinforcing global warming that is largely being driven by emissions of carbon dioxide from the populated South. And in that amplification lies a physical feedback that may already be rocking climate across the full north–south expanse of North America. Noted Rutgers University climate scientist Jennifer Francis has in recent years proposed that global warming and the retreat of Arctic sea ice have led to a reduced temperature contrast between the temperate regions and the North Pole. That in turn, she suggests, has changed the character of the Jet Stream, slowing it down and allowing it to wander farther to the north and the south, fueling climate extremes by allowing weather fronts to stall. Under such conditions, heat waves last longer, exacerbating droughts such as the four-year-long dry spell that is still afflicting California. And because fronts move more slowly, they spawn persistent intense deluges – and often, associated flooding – when warm, moist southern air butts up against colder, drier northern air masses.
We’ve seen such deluges repeatedly in Canada in recent years, in Toronto and Calgary in 2013, and in Dawson Creek, British Columbia, and Estevan, Saskatchewan, in recent weeks. And in April and again in May this year, southern Texas was hammered by record one- or two-day rainfall episodes that shattered previous records and flooded large swathes of the Lone Star State near Houston. There is growing statistical evidence that both the frequency and intensity of such events are increasing across the northern hemisphere, and to date they have caused billions of dollars of damage.
Thus, the retreat of sea ice in the far north might be contributing to flooding in the North American south and concurrent drought in the North American southwest, at least in part due to a behavioral evolution of the Jet Stream.
On top of all that, changes in the Jet Stream are now being implicated as being behind dramatic increases in ice loss from Greenland, which now sheds some 250 billion tonnes (275 billion tons) of ice per year. That’s adding to the sea-level rise that is threatening Charlottetown, North Carolina and Miami and low-lying areas along the Mexican coast.
In other words, what’s happening in the Arctic is not staying in the Arctic, at least in climatic terms.
It is against that evolving backdrop that the Amigos sat down to formulate a trilateral climate action strategy. They made some progress. A key output from their summit is the new “North American Climate, Clean Energy, and Environment Partnership Action Plan” that recognizes the immense scale of the challenge – not something seen in political opposition quarters across the three countries – while mapping out both aspirations and realistic steps that should lead to greenhouse-gas emission reductions and improved trilateral environmental stewardship. Most importantly, the new plan commits the three countries to produce half of their collective electricity supply by 2025 from non-emitting sources, including renewable energy, nuclear power, efficiency gains and application of carbon capture and storage technologies. While that target represents a one-third increase in clean-power generation across the three countries in just nine years, a goal described as aggressive by some, it should be achievable if the right policies are put in place.
Many such policies can best be described as just plain common sense. They include:
- cooperating across borders to integrate electrical grids so that clean baseload power in one jurisdiction, like Canadian hydropower, can be used to support intermittent renewable generation elsewhere;
- aligning efficiency and performance standards across North America;
- adding more renewables to the power grid on a continent-wide basis;
- collaborating on initiatives to encourage cleaner transportation, including continent-wide refueling corridors for non-carbon-emitting vehicles;
- encouraging adoption in the built sector of advanced heating and cooling technologies;
- reducing trilateral methane emissions from the oil and gas sector by 40–45 percent by 2025, an implicit recognition that it’s not just carbon dioxide emissions that must be reduced; and
- by 2018, limiting black carbon emissions from new heavy-duty diesel vehicles, continent-wide, to near-zero levels.
All of these initiatives are smart and doable, and there are many others in the plan that fit that same bill. But, alas, one critically important initiative is missing. The Amigos failed to mention the need to put an accelerating price on carbon emissions, something British Columbia did successfully in 2008.
Indeed, the words “tax” and “price” are not to be found in the plan, and their absence is striking. Yes, such words are politically loaded and almost impossible to say out loud this election year in the United States, but they could have been included in appropriately nuanced terms. It would not, or should not, have been a stretch for the Amigos to add one more clause. It could have been included under the heading “Showing Global Leadership in Addressing Climate Change,” and said something like, “Commit to work toward a continent-wide slowly accelerating price on carbon emissions that will take into account regional economic differences and the need to support those of limited means for whom such a price could present a hardship.”
The addition of that one clause would have spoken volumes. Without it, we are left with a plan that goes only partway toward what is needed. And that – in this year of climatic extremes that foreshadow the future – strikes this commentator as an opportunity lost.
The views expressed in this article belong to the author and may not reflect those of Arctic Deeply.
This article is produced in partnership with OpenCanada.org.
An earlier version of this op-ed indicated that the retreat of sea ice had led to a reduced temperature difference between the equatorial regions and the North Pole, instead of between the temperate regions and the North Pole. | <urn:uuid:7ab75730-9c99-4c59-ab6c-6f96de4e2654> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.newsdeeply.com/arctic/community/2016/07/27/why-the-arctic-matters-beyond-its-borders | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735867.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20200804131928-20200804161928-00353.warc.gz | en | 0.956792 | 1,615 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Openness to experience
Openness to experience is one of the domains which are used to describe human personality in the Five Factor Model. Openness involves six facets, or dimensions, including active imagination (fantasy), aesthetic sensitivity, attentiveness to inner feelings, preference for variety, and intellectual curiosity. A great deal of psychometric research has demonstrated that these facets or qualities are significantly correlated. Thus, openness can be viewed as a global personality trait consisting of a set of specific traits, habits, and tendencies that cluster together.
Openness tends to be normally distributed with a small number of individuals scoring extremely high or low on the trait, and most people scoring moderately. People who score low on openness are considered to be closed to experience. They tend to be conventional and traditional in their outlook and behavior. They prefer familiar routines to new experiences, and generally have a narrower range of interests. Openness has moderate positive relationships with creativity, intelligence and knowledge. Openness is related to the psychological trait of absorption, and like absorption has a modest relationship to individual differences in hypnotic susceptibility.
Openness has more modest relationships with aspects of subjective well-being than other Five Factor Model personality traits. On the whole openness appears to be largely unrelated to symptoms of mental disorders.
- 1 Measurement
- 2 Psychological aspects
- 2.1 Creativity
- 2.2 Intelligence and knowledge
- 2.3 Absorption and hypnotisability
- 2.4 Relationship to other personality traits
- 2.5 Social and political attitudes
- 2.6 Subjective well-being and mental health
- 2.7 Personality disorders
- 2.8 Religiosity and spirituality
- 2.9 Gender
- 2.10 Dream recall
- 2.11 Sexuality
- 3 Genes and physiology
- 4 Geography
- 5 Drug use
- 6 See also
- 7 Notes
- 8 References
Openness to experience is usually assessed with self-report measures, although peer-reports and third-party observation are also used. Self-report measures are either lexical or based on statements. Which measure of either type is used is determined by an assessment of psychometric properties and the time and space constraints of the research being undertaken
- Lexical measures use individual adjectives that reflect openness to experience traits, such as creative, intellectual, artistic, philosophical, deep. Goldberg (1992) developed a 20-word measure as part of his 100-word Big Five markers. Saucier (1994) developed a briefer 8-word measure as part of his 40-word mini-markers. However, the psychometric properties of Saucier’s original mini-markers have been found suboptimal with samples outside of North America. As a result, a systematically revised measure was developed to have better psychometric properties, the International English Mini-Markers. The International English Mini-Markers has good psychometric validity for assessing openness and other five factor personality model dimensions, both within and, especially, without American populations. Internal consistency reliability of the Openness measure is .84 for both native and non-native English-speakers.
- Statement measures tend to comprise more words, and hence take up more research instrument space, than lexical measures. For example, the Openness (intellect) scale of Goldberg's International Personality Item Pool is 45 words compared Saucier or Thompson’s (2008) 8-word lexical scale for Openness. Examples of statement measure items are Love to think up new ways of doing things and Have difficulty understanding abstract ideas. Two examples of statement measures are the NEO PI-R, based on the Five Factor Model, and the HEXACO-PI-R based on the HEXACO model of personality. In these tests, openness to experience is one of the six measured personality dimensions; in both tests openness to experience has a number of facets. The NEO PI-R assesses six facets called openness to ideas, feelings, values, fantasy, aesthetics, and actions respectively. The HEXACO-PI-R assesses four facets called inquisitiveness, creativity, aesthetic appreciation, and unconventionality.
A number of studies have found that openness to experience has two major subcomponents, one related to intellectual dispositions, the other related to the experiential aspects of openness, such as aesthetic appreciation and openness to sensory experiences. These subcomponents have been referred to as intellect and experiencing openness respectively, and have a strong positive correlation (r = .55) with each other.
According to research by Sam Gosling, it is possible to assess openness by examining people's homes and work spaces. Individuals who are highly open to experience tend to have distinctive and unconventional decorations. They are also likely to have books on a wide variety of topics, a diverse music collection, and works of art on display.
Openness to experience has both motivational and structural components. People high in openness are motivated to seek new experiences and to engage in self-examination. Structurally, they have a fluid style of consciousness that allows them to make novel associations between remotely connected ideas. Closed people by contrast are more comfortable with familiar and traditional experiences.
Openness to experience correlates with creativity, as measured by tests of divergent thinking. Openness has been linked to both artistic and scientific creativity as professional artists and scientists have been found to score higher in openness compared to members of the general population.
Intelligence and knowledge
Openness to experience correlates with intelligence, correlation coefficients ranging from about r = .30 to r = .45. Openness to experience is moderately associated with crystallized intelligence, but only weakly with fluid intelligence. A study examining the facets of openness found that the Ideas and Actions facets had modest positive correlations with fluid intelligence (r=.20 and r=.07 respectively). These mental abilities may come more easily when people are dispositionally curious and open to learning. Several studies have found positive associations between openness to experience and general knowledge. People high in openness may be more motivated to engage in intellectual pursuits that increase their knowledge. Openness to experience, especially the Ideas facet, is related to need for cognition, a motivational tendency to think about ideas, scrutinize information, and enjoy solving puzzles, and to typical intellectual engagement (a similar construct to need for cognition).
Absorption and hypnotisability
Openness to experience is strongly related to the psychological construct of absorption defined as "a disposition for having episodes of 'total' attention that fully engage one's representational (i.e. perceptual, enactive, imaginative, and ideational) resources.” The construct of absorption was developed in order to relate individual differences in hypnotisability to broader aspects of personality. The construct of absorption influenced Costa and McCrae's development of the concept of openness to experience in their original NEO model due to the independence of absorption from extraversion and neuroticism. A person's openness to becoming absorbed in experiences seems to require a more general openness to new and unusual experiences. Openness to experience, like absorption has modest positive correlations with individual differences in hypnotisability. Factor analysis has shown that the fantasy, aesthetics, and feelings facets of openness are closely related to absorption and predict hypnotisability, whereas the remaining three facets of ideas, actions, and values are largely unrelated to these constructs. This finding suggests that openness to experience may have two distinct yet related subdimensions: one related to aspects of attention and consciousness assessed by the facets of fantasy, aesthetics, and feelings; the other related to intellectual curiosity and social/political liberalism as assessed by the remaining three facets. However, all of these have a common theme of ‘openness’ in some sense. This two-dimensional view of openness to experience is particularly pertinent to hypnotisability. However, when considering external criteria other than hypnotisability, it is possible that a different dimensional structure may be apparent, e.g. intellectual curiosity may be unrelated to social/political liberalism in certain contexts.
Relationship to other personality traits
Although the factors in the Big Five model are assumed to be independent, openness to experience and extraversion as assessed in the NEO-PI-R have a substantial positive correlation. Openness to experience also has a moderate positive correlation with sensation-seeking, particularly, the experience seeking facet. In spite of this, it has been argued that openness to experience is still an independent personality dimension from these other traits because most of the variance in the trait cannot be explained by its overlap with these other constructs. A study comparing the Temperament and Character Inventory with the Five Factor model found that Openness to experience had a substantial positive correlation with self-transcendence (a "spiritual" trait) and to a lesser extent novelty seeking (conceptually similar to sensation seeking). It also had a moderate negative correlation with harm avoidance. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) measures the preference of "intuition," which is related to openness to experience. Robert McCrae pointed out that the MBTI sensation versus intuition scale "contrasts a preference for the factual, simple and conventional with a preference for the possible, complex, and original," and is therefore similar to measures of openness.
Social and political attitudes
There are social and political implications to this personality trait. People who are highly open to experience tend to be politically liberal and tolerant of diversity. As a consequence, they are generally more open to different cultures and lifestyles. They are lower in ethnocentrism, right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, and prejudice. Openness has a stronger (negative) relationship with right-wing authoritarianism than the other five-factor model traits (conscientiousness has a modest positive association, and the other traits have negligible associations). Openness has a somewhat smaller (negative) association with social dominance orientation than (low) agreeableness (the other traits have negligible associations). Openness has a stronger (negative) relationship with prejudice than the other five-factor model traits (agreeableness has a more modest negative association, and the other traits have negligible associations). However, right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation are each more strongly (positively) associated with prejudice than openness or any of the other five-factor model traits.
In regards to conservatism, studies have found that cultural conservatism was related to low openness and all its facets, but economic conservatism was unrelated to total openness, and only weakly negatively related to the Aesthetics and values facets. The strongest personality predictor of economic conservatism was low agreeableness (r= -.23). Economic conservatism is based more on ideology whereas cultural conservatism seems to be more psychological than ideological and may reflect a preference for simple, stable and familiar mores.
Subjective well-being and mental health
Openness to experience has been found to have modest yet significant associations with happiness, positive affect, and quality of life and to be unrelated to life satisfaction, negative affect, and overall affect in people in general. These relationships with aspects of subjective well-being tend to be weaker compared to those of other five-factor model traits, that is, extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, and agreeableness. Openness to experience was found to be associated with life satisfaction in older adults after controlling for confounding factors. Openness appears to be generally unrelated to the presence of mental disorders. A meta-analysis of the relationships between five-factor model traits and symptoms of psychological disorders found that none of the diagnostic groups examined differed from healthy controls on openness to experience.
At least three aspects of openness are relevant to understanding personality disorders: cognitive distortions, lack of insight and impulsivity. Problems related to high openness that can cause issues with social or professional functioning are excessive fantasizing, peculiar thinking, diffuse identity, unstable goals and nonconformity with the demands of the society.
High openness is characteristic to schizotypal personality disorder (odd and fragmented thinking), narcissistic personality disorder (excessive self-valuation) and paranoid personality disorder (sensitivity to external hostility). Lack of insight (shows low openness) is characteristic to all personality disorders and could explain the persistence of maladaptive behavioral patterns.
The problems associated with low openness are difficulties adapting to change, low tolerance for different worldview or lifestyles, emotional flattening, alexithymia and a narrow range of interests. Rigidity is the most obvious aspect of (low) openness among personality disorders and that shows lack of knowledge of one's emotional experiences. It is most characteristic of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, the opposite of it known as impulsivity (here: an aspect of openness that shows a tendency to behave unusually or autistically) is characteristic of schizotypal and borderline personality disorders.
Religiosity and spirituality
Openness to experience has mixed relationships with different types of religiosity and spirituality. General religiosity has a weak association with low openness. Religious fundamentalism has a somewhat more substantial relationship with low openness. Mystical experiences occasioned by the use of psilocybin were found to increase openness significantly (see 'Drug Use,' below).
A study examining gender differences in big five personality traits in 55 nations found that across nations there were negligible average differences between men and women in openness to experience. By contrast, across nations women were found to be significantly higher than men in average neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. In 8 cultures, men were significantly higher than women in openness, but in 4 cultures women were significantly higher than men. Previous research has found that women tend to be higher on the feelings facet of openness, whereas men tend to be higher on the ideas facet, although the 55 nation study did not assess individual facets.
A study on individual differences in the frequency of dream recall found that openness to experience was the only big five personality trait related to dream recall. Dream recall frequency has also been related to similar personality traits, such as absorption and dissociation. The relationship between dream recall and these traits has been considered as evidence of the continuity theory of consciousness. Specifically, people who have vivid and unusual experiences during the day, such as those who are high in these traits, tend to have more memorable dream content and hence better dream recall.
Openness is related to many aspects of sexuality. Men and women high in openness are more well-informed about sex, have wider sexual experience, stronger sex drives, and more liberal sexual attitudes. In married couples, wives' but not husbands' level of openness is related to sexual satisfaction. This might be because open wives are more willing to explore a variety of new sexual experiences, leading to greater satisfaction for both spouses.
Genes and physiology
Openness to experience, like the other traits in the five factor model, is believed to have a genetic component. Identical twins (who have the same DNA) show similar scores on openness to experience, even when they have been adopted into different families and raised in very different environments. One genetic study with 86 subjects found Openness to experience related to the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism associated with the serotonin transporter gene.
Higher levels of openness have been linked to activity in the ascending dopaminergic system and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Openness is the only personality trait that correlates with neuropsychological tests of dorsolateral prefrontal cortical function, supporting theoretical links among openness, cognitive functioning, and IQ.
An Italian study found that people who lived on Tyrrhenian islands tended to be less open to experience than those living on the nearby mainland, and that people whose ancestors had inhabited the islands for twenty generations tended to be less open to experience than more recent arrivals. Additionally, people who emigrated from the islands to the mainland tended to be more open to experience than people who stayed on the islands, and than those who immigrated to the islands.
People living in the eastern and western parts of the United States tend to score higher on openness to experience than those living in the midwest and the south. The highest average scores on openness are found in the states of New York, Oregon, Massachusetts, Washington, and California. Lowest average scores come from North Dakota, Wyoming, Alaska, Alabama, and Wisconsin.
Psychologists in the early 1970s used the concept of openness to experience to describe people who are more likely to use marijuana. Openness was defined in these studies as high creativity, adventuresomeness, internal sensation novelty seeking, and low authoritarianism. Several correlational studies confirmed that young people who score high on this cluster of traits are more likely to use marijuana. More recent research has replicated this finding using contemporary measures of openness.
Cross-cultural studies have found that cultures high in Openness to Values have higher rates of use of the drug ecstasy, although a study at the individual level in the Netherlands found no differences in openness levels between users and non-users. Ecstasy users actually tended to be higher in extraversion and lower in conscientiousness than non-users.
A 2011 study found Openness (and not other traits) increased with the use of psilocybin, an effect that held even after 14 months. The study found that individual differences in levels of mystical experience while taking psilocybin were correlated with increases in Openness. Participants who met criteria for a 'complete mystical experience'[note 1] experienced a significant mean increase in Openness, whereas those participants who did not meet the criteria experienced no mean change in Openness. Five of the six facets of Openness (all except Actions) showed this pattern of increase associated with having a mystical experience. Increases in Openness (including facets as well as total score) among those whose had a complete mystical experience were maintained more than a year after taking the drug. Participants who had a complete mystical experience changed more than 4 T-score points between baseline and follow up. By comparison, Openness has been found to normally decrease with ageing by 1 T-score point per decade.
- Six aspects of mystical experience were assessed: unity, transcendence of time and space, ineffability and paradoxicality, sacredness, noetic quality, and positive mood. Participants were deemed to have a 'complete' mystical experience if they scored 60% or higher on all six aspects.
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- MacLean, K. A., Johnson, M. W., & Griffiths, R. R.; Johnson; Griffiths (November 2011). "Mystical experiences occasioned by the hallucinogen psilocybin lead to increases in the personality domain of openness". Journal of Psychopharmacology. 25 (11): 1453–1461. PMC . PMID 21956378. doi:10.1177/0269881111420188. | <urn:uuid:f9b0f37a-9470-4f24-ad30-3a7c5a6e6adf> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openness_to_experience | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549425766.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726042247-20170726062247-00712.warc.gz | en | 0.85827 | 7,396 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Also Known As
Lymph gland infection
The name "strangles" was coined due to the strangled breathing sounds made by horses with enlarged lymph glands that are characteristic of the disease.
A horse that is exposed to Streptococcus equi will begin to show symptoms within two to six days and the characteristic abscessed lymph nodes will develop within one to two weeks after exposure. The lymph nodes rupture and drain and the drainage is highly contagious.
- Lack of appetite
- Swelling of lymph nodes in throat area
- Nasal discharge that turns thick and yellow
- Difficulty breathing
Strangles is caused by the bacterium Streptococcus equi that is specific to horses.
Separating or quarantining a horse at the earliest signs of the disease is important because the disease is highly contagious and may be passed from one horse to another via nasal secretions and pus from ruptured abscesses in the lymph nodes. Horses remain contagious for approximately a month after having the disease.
Good horse management techniques are necessary to prevent the spread of the disease through contaminated water buckets, brushes, stalls, fences, or any other surface in the stable or pasture area. Bleach or other disinfectant should be used to wash down stalls including walls and floors, all equipment and tack, and any other surfaces that may have become contaminated by a horse with the disease. Fortunately, the bacteria die fairly quickly in the environment.
Treatment of strangles depends on the general health of the horse and the severity and stage of the particular horse's case. Penicillin has been effective, but should be administered during the initial stages of the disease or after any abscesses have ruptured. Once abscesses form, penicillin has been reported to delay the opening and draining of the abscesses, which can lead to complications.
In mild cases, some veterinarians prefer to let the disease work its course because the disease is self-limiting and can be fought off by the immune system of most healthy horses without medication. Many veterinarians claim that antibiotics may do more harm than good by killing off beneficial bacteria the horse needs to fight the strangles infection.
The main complications that can occur include extreme swelling of lymph nodes to the point that airways are compressed and the horse's ability to breathe becomes restricted. In this case, a tracheotomy will be necessary to create an open airway. .
Another complication occurs when pus from the ruptured lymph nodes drains into the horse's lungs, causing a secondary infection of pneumonia. Treatment of the secondary infection becomes necessary and may include a round of antibiotics.
This section contains articles specially selected by EquiMed staff for visitors wanting more information about this disease or condition. These articles are copyrighted by their respective owners and are available to you courtesy of EquiMed | <urn:uuid:fcfd0d68-7eff-4bc0-9b98-1e632804dd9b> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://equimed.com/diseases-and-conditions/reference/strangles | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703495936.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20210115164417-20210115194417-00162.warc.gz | en | 0.947251 | 573 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Tag archive: patty paper activity paper folding conic sections june 14, 2012 by anova paper folding and conic sections, mathematics. Accelerated mathematics ii – unit 7 conic sections student edition students cut paper models of cones to produce the different conic sections part 2. Hyperbola paper folding activity directions: 1 on a piece of wax paper, patty paper, or transparent paper, construct a circle using a compass or circular shaped. Open document below is an essay on conic sections from anti essays, your source for research papers, essays, and term paper examples. The conic sections in this paper we will look at the definitions of each conic a conic section is a curve created by the intersection of a plane and a right. The interplay between the two and three dimensional euclidean geometry of conic sections is you can draw an ellipse on paper by a conic section is the. Conic sections are the curves which can classify the following equations according to the type of conic each (on paper or in.
Conic sections the term conic click the button above to view the complete essay, speech, term paper, or research paper need writing help get feedback on grammar. Unit 9: conic sections identify symmetries of conic sections identify the conic section from an equation graph and write the equation of the conic section. An introduction to conic sections in mathematics, a conic section (or just conic) type of paper: thesis/dissertation chapter. Conics practice questions - free download as state the degenerate case for all of the primary conic sections a) a wbjee 2012 mathematics question paper.
Introduces the geometric and algebraic description of circles, the center-radius form of the circle equation, and demonstrates a practical technique for drawing. Once solved, partners will graph the conic sections on the grid paper using different colored pens/pencils conic sections activities.
This web page is intended to be a resource for teachers and students who want to go beyond the usual textbook treatment of conic sections on a piece of paper. Explore karen goldstein's board conic sections on pinterest | see more ideas about math classroom, teacher stuff and algebra 2 conic section wax paper. A conic section can be one of four things: a circle, parabola, ellipse, or hyperbola the links below will help you visualize (plot) any of these conic sections.
Put students into groups and give each group: 4 cone-shaped paper cups what are the 4 conic sections we discussed and how are they defined.
More society, conic, elipse essay topics a fixed point that relates the construction of the conic sections as well as its properties is known as the. Here's how to use wax paper to generate a parabola through a series of conics - making a parabola with wax paper lowderpoop conic sections. Hand out the cutting conics cone-shaped funnels or paper different types of conic sections the cutting conics activity sheet shows the foci for. Book i presents 58 propositions its most salient content is all the basic definitions concerning cones and conic sections these definitions are not exactly the same. All conic sections exercise questions with solutions to help you to conic sections ncert solutions - class 11 maths cbse previous year paper for. Download cbse test papers for cbse class 11 mathematics conic sections in pdf format these cbse test papers are arranged subject-wise and topic-wise.
Conic sections could earn you a high score in jee main & advanced here is an article to help you go through each of the conic sections briefly. Two new types of graph paper are described focus-focus conic paper and focus-directrix paper both types make it easier to draw families of conics suggestions for. 1 distribute 4 cone-shaped paper cups (for cooperative learning groups), or construct 4 cones from posterboard (for class demonstration) also distribute a large. The conic section foldable that wasn't know why they were called conic sections thinking about how to cut the various sections from a paper cone. | <urn:uuid:db4bd03b-28d3-474a-bad3-3e1adc9d26ab> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://ccassignmentfwoz.caribbeansoul.us/a-paper-on-conic-sections.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267861981.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619080121-20180619100121-00312.warc.gz | en | 0.909034 | 862 | 3.4375 | 3 |
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