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Choosing a Secure Password
Choosing a secure password is one of the most important elements involved with keeping your computer and personal infomation secure.
Here are some general suggestions for choosing a password:
1. Make your password long.
We recommend coming up with a user account password that is at least 8 characters long.
2. Use a mixture of letters and numbers as well as upper and lower case.
Use various letter and numbers. Also try to mix upper case and lower case letters. This multiplies the number of different possible combinations.
3. Avoid standard dictionary words.
A common way that computer "villains" crack passwords is to use a program that runs a "dictionary attack". If your password is a word in the dictionary, you are vulnerable.
4. Change your password regularly.
We recommend updating your password at least once every six months.
5. Do not store your password in an insecure location.
If you need to store your password somewhere else other than in your head, make sure it is not in a public location or on a computer that is available to others.
Here are some specfic examples of passwords:
1. Use unusual words and phrases that are nonsensical, but will be easy for you to remember.
Example: d8ck4Lif3 (notice this phrase is similar to the phrase "Duck for life" with some numbers mixed in)
2. Put words inside of words.
Example: NUcomput3rT (resembles Computer Nut)
3. Misspell words on purpose.
4. Use the first letters of some meaningful words with some numbers thrown in.
Example: IL54cws (I Love 54 cool web sites)
The common thread of all these passwords is that they would be easier for you to remember than some random collection of letters and numbers, but they would be relatively difficult for a typical password cracking program to crack. | <urn:uuid:990d1cd9-cb65-470d-995c-11e528b67185> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | http://support.mightymerchant.com/choosing-a-secure-password | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540533401.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20191211212657-20191212000657-00158.warc.gz | en | 0.906111 | 401 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Articles, links and features about all aspects of medieval and medieval revival church art.
Wednesday, 27 June 2012
The Lyng table carpet
One of the most tragic losses of the Reformation was undoubtedly the destruction of fine ecclesiastical textiles. Many thousands of vestments were confiscated and destroyed during the reign of Edward VI and many others were taken into private hands for safekeeping, in case the tide of religion changed once again. During the reign of Elizabeth I, when it became clear that the tide would not change again, many surviving pre-Reformation vestments were reused for other purposes. Some were cut up to make a parish pall to cover the coffin, but many were utilised to make a table carpet, the 'decent carpet of silk or other stuff' required by the Ornaments Rubric, that covered the top of the wooden communion table and hung down a few inches on either side. In Lyng in Norfolk is such a 'decent carpet', made from a patchwork of elements recycled from a number of late fifteenth century vestments. The cloth was in use in the church in 1678, when it was already described then as an 'ancient carpet'. Although exhibited briefly at the Burlington Fine Arts Club in 1905, it remained in use in the church until 1933. It is now housed in a glass case on the north wall.
The carpet is made up of elements taken from what appear to be at least three or even four distinct vestments. The material is made silk velvet, a common ground for medieval English embroidery. There are parts of a blue velvet cope powdered with two common and rather generic vestment motifs, angels and eagles. The angels are standing on wheels holding scrolls inscribed with the the text 'Da Gloriam Deo'.
There are the smaller remains of a second blue vestment, either a cope or more likely a chasuble decorated with embroidered 'water flowers', again a fairly generic motif in late medieval English embroidery. Then there are the smaller remains of a red velvet vestment, once decorated with scroll work. One of the fragments of this red velvet is decorated with a figure of the prophet Daniel emerging from a cloud.
Then there are the remains of cope orphreys, which are used to create a band of material at the top and bottom of the carpet, that would have overlapped the edge of the post-Reformation communion table. These orphrey fragments are such a mixed lot that they must be taken from at least three vestments. Some of the orphrey panels are decorated with stylised foliage forms, but there is some figurative work too. There is a crucifix, St Paul, St Olaf, St John the Evangelist, St James the Great and figures of prophets among the surviving panels. All worked in coloured silk on a linen ground, they would have been applied to the velvet vestments. | <urn:uuid:0fd027de-1191-4413-95a4-99c5709468c5> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://medieval-church-art.blogspot.com/2012/06/lyng-table-carpet.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663743.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00281-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97018 | 593 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Birds sing differently in response to traffic noise, which potentially affects their ability to attract mates and defend their territory, according to research published in Bioacoustics. The study found that a species of North American flycatcher sings shorter songs at a lower range of frequencies in response to traffic noise levels. The researchers suggest traffic noise reduction, for example through road closures, is a viable option for mitigating this effect.
Dr. Katherine Gentry of George Mason University, Virginia, USA and colleagues studied the song of the Eastern wood pewee (Contopus virens) in three parks within the greater Washington, D.C. area. Songs were recorded at sites where the traffic pattern of the nearest road was either relatively constant or reduced on a weekly basis during a 36 hour road closure.
The bandwidth, duration, and maximum, peak and minimum frequencies of the birdsong was measured and analysed, together with low frequency traffic noise amplitude within 20 seconds of each song, and full-spectrum background noise levels.
The researchers found that the birds immediately responded to fluctuations in traffic noise by adjusting the length and frequencies of their song in order to improve its transmission. When roads were closed, songs returned to their natural state with broader bandwidth, lower minimum frequencies and longer duration.
Although making adjustments helps get songs across when traffic noise increases, birds hearing the altered calls might not respond as strongly to them, thus reducing the abilities of males that adjust their songs to attract a mate and defend a territory. By offering relief from traffic noise, temporary road closures provide birds with the opportunity to sing the version of their song that optimizes vocal performance, mate attraction and territorial defence.
While a uniform reduction in traffic noise is ideal, road closures are helpful and could form part of an effective conservation strategy, the authors say. This could help halt the decline of the Eastern wood pewee, whose numbers in the Washington D.C. area have reportedly fallen by over 50% in less than 70 years, and could also have a beneficial effect on other species capable of adjusting their signals on the fly.
The study's lead author, Dr. Gentry said: "We found that Eastern wood pewees modified their songs to optimize transmission depending on traffic noise levels. The results confirm that temporary measures to reduce traffic noise, such as weekend road closures, can benefit animals and is a feasible and effective option for managing traffic noise."
Explore further: Traffic noise reduces birds' response to alarm calls
Katherine E. Gentry et al, Evidence of suboscine song plasticity in response to traffic noise fluctuations and temporary road closures, Bioacoustics (2017). DOI: 10.1080/09524622.2017.1303645 | <urn:uuid:5c2a4c1c-d215-424f-8270-b0254e801af2> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://phys.org/news/2017-04-birds-shorter-songs-response-traffic.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676592475.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20180721090529-20180721110529-00637.warc.gz | en | 0.95331 | 551 | 3.828125 | 4 |
News that Spanish Princess Cristina has been requested to appear in court as a witness to her husband’s alleged embezzlement provides the perfect opportunity to remind governments around the world that in order for a judiciary do its job, it must be truly independent and free of political interference.
In the case of Cristina, the government prosecutor has fought with the judge and used many legal tactics to prevent her from being called as a witness. This is unusual in that it is usually the prosecutor in a case who calls for witnesses to assist the prosecution.
In recent years, judges in several corruption cases in Spain have been removed from cases, reassigned elsewhere or even expelled from the judiciary. The most famous example is that of Baltasar Garzon. In November 2010, more than 1,500 Spanish judges criticised the influence of political parties on the judicial system, exposing publicly what was considered an open secret among Spanish lawyers.
Corruption in the courthouse is a major concern for the Spanish people: According to Transparency International’s 2013 Global Corruption Barometer, 51 per cent of Spaniards believe that the judiciary is corrupt or extremely corrupt, with 83 per cent believing the same about political parties.
Transparency International firmly believes that governments that ensure independent and effective judiciaries free of political interference can stop those who get away with corruption again and again.
The role of the royal family in Spain is very sensitive; many feel the institution was “Seminal in the transition to democracy in Spain, and is seminal for its prestige abroad,” as the Foreign Minister José Manuel García-Margallo said last April.
But for the past several years, the Spanish royalty has been slipping in popularity, with King Juan Carlos, past honorary president of WWF, recently being pictured in Botswana on a hunting trip beside a dead elephant. This image has not been helped by the recent indictment of his daughter Cristina whose husband, Iñaki Urdangarin, was charged with embezzlement of €5.8 million of public funds.
Still, it should be noted that in the King’s Christmas message, he called for transparency and emphasised that all Spanish citizens should comply with the rule of law.
We agree, and to ensure the rule of law in Spain is upheld, it is essential that the judiciary is able to effectively and impartially proceed as needed with its investigation.
Carousel image: Creative commons, Flickr / Druidabruxux | <urn:uuid:c70b3fa5-dfa2-4e01-abbc-e9eda5173fd3> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://blog.transparency.org/2014/01/13/the-spanish-royal-court-and-the-rule-of-law/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608617.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20170525214603-20170525234603-00061.warc.gz | en | 0.971444 | 500 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Three experiments compared the verbal memory skills of children with poor reading comprehension with that of same-age good comprehenders. The aims were to determine if semantic and/or inhibitory deficits explained comprehenders' problems on measures of verbal short-term memory and verbal working memory. In Experiment 1 there were no group differences on word- and number-based measures of short-term storage and no evidence that semantic knowledge mediated word recall. In Experiment 2 poor comprehenders were impaired on word- and number-based assessments of working memory, the greatest deficit found on the word-based task. Error analysis of both word-based tasks revealed that poor comprehenders were more likely to recall items that should have been inhibited than were good comprehenders. Experiment 3 extended this finding: Poor comprehenders were less able to inhibit information that was no longer relevant. Together, these findings suggest that individual differences in inhibitory processing influence the ability to regulate the contents of working memory, which may contribute to the differential memory performance of good and poor comprehenders. | <urn:uuid:78eb3bb9-b52a-4cf8-bc71-c85962079b08> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.research.lancs.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/individual-differences-in-childrens-memory-and-reading-comprehension--an-investigation-of-semantic-and-inhibitory-deficits(e7e638eb-e7af-4548-912e-b6ecce86c348).html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719646.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00300-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966186 | 205 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The Usefulness of Proverbs
1The proverbs of Solomon the son of David, king of Israel:
2To know wisdom and instruction,
To discern the sayings of understanding,
3To receive instruction in wise behavior,
Righteousness, justice and equity;
4To give prudence to the naive,
To the youth knowledge and discretion,
5A wise man will hear and increase in learning,
And a man of understanding will acquire wise counsel,
6To understand a proverb and a figure,
The words of the wise and their riddles.
7The fear of the Lord is the beginning of knowledge;
Fools despise wisdom and instruction.
The Enticement of Sinners
8Hear, my son, your father's instruction
And do not forsake your mother's teaching;
9Indeed, they are a graceful wreath to your head
And ornaments about your neck.
10My son, if sinners entice you,
Do not consent.
11If they say, "Come with us,
Let us lie in wait for blood,
Let us ambush the innocent without cause;
12Let us swallow them alive like Sheol,
Even whole, as those who go down to the pit;
13We will find all kinds of precious wealth,
We will fill our houses with spoil;
14Throw in your lot with us,
We shall all have one purse,"
15My son, do not walk in the way with them.
Keep your feet from their path,
16For their feet run to evil
And they hasten to shed blood.
17Indeed, it is useless to spread the baited net
In the sight of any bird;
18But they lie in wait for their own blood;
They ambush their own lives.
19So are the ways of everyone who gains by violence;
It takes away the life of its possessors.
20Wisdom shouts in the street,
She lifts her voice in the square;
21At the head of the noisy streets she cries out;
At the entrance of the gates in the city she utters her sayings:
22"How long, O naive ones, will you love being simple-minded?
And scoffers delight themselves in scoffing
And fools hate knowledge?
23"Turn to my reproof,
Behold, I will pour out my spirit on you;
I will make my words known to you.
24"Because I called and you refused,
I stretched out my hand and no one paid attention;
25And you neglected all my counsel
And did not want my reproof;
26I will also laugh at your calamity;
I will mock when your dread comes,
27When your dread comes like a storm
And your calamity comes like a whirlwind,
When distress and anguish come upon you.
28"Then they will call on me, but I will not answer;
They will seek me diligently but they will not find me,
29Because they hated knowledge
And did not choose the fear of the Lord.
30"They would not accept my counsel,
They spurned all my reproof.
31"So they shall eat of the fruit of their own way
And be satiated with their own devices.
32"For the waywardness of the naive will kill them,
And the complacency of fools will destroy them.
33"But he who listens to me shall live securely
And will be at ease from the dread of evil." | <urn:uuid:2ff79760-98b3-43d0-b018-5937ba45c1f1> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | https://www.bible.com/en-GB/bible/100/pro.1.kjv | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375099755.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031819-00119-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921163 | 742 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Mention Memphis and most of us immediately think of Elvis Presley. Whilst Elvis wasn’t born in Memphis, he hailed from Tupelo in Mississippi, he made Memphis his home. The Presley family moved from Mississippi in 1948. In 1953, Elvis graduated from high school and in 1955 signed his first record contract with RCA. In 1957, Elvis purchased Graceland for $102,500 and moved in with his parents.
Ten years later, Elvis married Priscilla and exactly nine months later Lisa Marie was born. Graceland was the backdrop for Elvis' life and ultimately his death in 1977. To this day, Elvis Presley and Memphis are intrinsically linked.
Memphis is also credited for being the home of the founders and pioneers of various American music genres, including Memphis soul, Memphis blues, gospel and rock n' roll. Musicians, among them Aretha Franklin, Jerry Lee Lewis, Johnny Cash, Otis Redding, Isaac Hayes, Al Green and B.B. King had their start in Memphis in the 1950s and 1960s.
Beale Street, the heart of downtown Memphis, is a national historical landmark. It runs two miles from the Mississippi River to East Street and its significance is immeasurable. From music to civil rights, the events that have taken place here have left an indelible mark of spirit, perseverance and creativity.
Sam Phillips' Sun Studio, the most seminal recording studio in American popular music, is open for tours to this day. Elvis, Johnny Cash, Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins and Roy Orbison all made their first recordings here and were 'discovered' by Phillips. Meanwhile, Stax Records created a classic 1960s soul music sound, much grittier and horn-based than Motown.
The Civil Rights era was a turbulent time in American history. Just blocks away from the buzz on Beale, Martin Luther King Jr. was shot and killed outside room 306 of the Lorraine Motel. The motel still stands today and is part of the National Civil Rights Museum.
Memphis is a Tennessee holiday must and the Deep South experts at Bon Voyage will ensure a tailor-made itinerary to suit your requirements.
The Deep South - Deluxe Tour
Deep South Discovery – Heritage to Honky Tonk
Best of the Old South and New South
Backroads and Bayous of the Deep South
Chicago, Memphis and New Orleans
Explore the Southern States
USA Rail Holiday - Chicago, Memphis and New Orleans
Tennessee and The South - Music and Mountains
Tennessee and the Deep South
Dixie Discovery Tour
Land of the American Kings - Elvis, BB King and King Cotton
Florida & The Deep South
Lower Mississippi Memphis to New Orleans
Kentucky, Tennessee and The Big Easy
Tastes & Sounds of the South - A Trafalgar Escorted Tour
Memphis, New Orleans and NCL Cruise
Only In America.......
The Music Triangle
American Duchess River Cruise - Nashville to Memphis plus New Orleans
Memphis attraction package
Elvis Presley's Graceland
National Civil Rights Museum
Memphis Mojo Tour
30 Years Of Graceland........
The Blues Highway
Where you stay is the heart of your holiday. Location reigns supreme but do you prefer resort facilities or unique and boutique? Historic and old world or modern and shiny?
We aim to present choices across the spectrum but there are many hundreds of places to stay and not room to feature them all. Do speak to your Bon Voyage travel consultant and click the video for our take on this important topic.
We would rate the Bellagio as one of the best hotels we have ever stayed in. Fabulous, glitzy, exciting. We loved having breakfast at the poolside café... one of our best experiences ever. If it hadn't been for you we wouldn't have had the suite or cabana and we loved them. We both agreed that the hotel was the best for us and you had suggested that so well done!Leonore & Mike Rumford | <urn:uuid:ecc8c6dc-9263-4916-978e-0cb7f595e0f9> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://www.bon-voyage.co.uk/destinations/memphis_holidays | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190295.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00201-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940414 | 826 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Insomnia and Difficulty sleeping is a very common compliant by many. Some people experience anxiety and can’t fall asleep, and some can’t fall asleep and that stems anxiety! Nonetheless, not getting enough sleep is not good for your mind, body and emotional well being even causing depression, increasing Cardiovascular Disease as well as Accidents. (1) Here are a few tips to help you get more restful sleep.
1. Avoid Caffeinated beverage
People do not realize how much caffeine they are consuming throughout the day including teas, coffees, sodas even energy drinks! If difficulty sleeping is a problem for you, you should make sure you stop your caffeine intake by noon. Increased caffeine intake is known to stimulate your mind making it harder to calm down when needed. It has also been linked to increased nightmares in some. Caffeinated beverages also act like a diuretic and you will have to get up and go to the bathroom more often. Also avoid Alcohol, the once “night cap” before bed actually inhibits your REM cycle and will actually help you fall asleep but keep you up awake at night!
2. Maintain good sleep hygiene
This means having a routine and regimen that you do every day at the same time. Training your body to sleep about an hour before doing so helps the body get into a routine in which it eventually becomes natural and craves. This can include brushing your teeth, reading a book, journaling, turning screen time off, etc. All these behaviors repeatedly over time will help body relax and fall into a natural rhythm.
3. Avoid stimulating conversation and arguments and start Exercising!
Avoiding heated conversations and arguments before going to bed is a good idea. If it can wait, discuss things in the morning. Having arguments prior to bed revs you up and you are more likely to dwell on the conversation and situation making it less likely for you to fall asleep and ruminate more. Exercise actually improves sleep as effectively as pharmacological treatments in some studies. (1) It’s actually more beneficial and considering all the good it can does why not give it a try!
4. Silence your phone and notifications
Silencing your phone and turning off all social media notifications will allow you to not get disturbed while sleeping. You are less likely to get up and check messages and dwell on what you just read. Also sleeping in a dark room with no other visible lighting helps!
5. Avoid Naps during the day
Sleeping during the day can prevent you from sleeping in the night and be problematic for you. If possible try to fight the nap during the day and go to bed a little earlier. If you’re napping during the day more than you’re sleeping at night, you will have to see if you are able to change your behavior to get good quality sleep. Also evaluate why you’re napping during the day because you got less sleep at night or because you’re catching up on sleep? Either way, don’t perpetuate the cycle!
6. Consider Acupuncture, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Hypnotherapy, Meditation, Yoga.
There are many alternative approaches you may consider that will help you relax and improve insomnia including Acupuncture, Cognitive Behavioral therapy, hypnotherapy, yoga, mediation and reiki. All have been shown to help relax the mind, ease anxiety and depression and improve over all quality of life and sleep. Meditating before going to bed is a good idea whether it’s for 5 min or an hour. This helps calm the mind down while controlling the thoughts. There are many practitioners out there, do your research and get recommendations and don’t be afraid to try something new!
7. Discuss Care with your Primary Care doctor.
If you are avoiding naps, tried meditation and are still having trouble, there could be other problems your physician can look into. Your primary care physician may also recommend herbal teas, and possibly melatonin. Valerian Root and Melatonin are both effective in helping with sleep disturbances and the circadian rhythm and cycle. Herbal teas can also be relaxing and induce good sleep hygiene. If that’s not an option or not working well, your physician may consider starting you on a prescription medication which may also help with insomnia.
1. RAMAKRISHNAN, KALYANAKRISHNAN, MD, and DEWEY C. SCHEID, MD, MPH. “Treatment Options for Insomnia.” American Family Physician 76.4 (2007): 517-26.
photo credit: <a href=”https://www.flickr.com/photos/pedrosimoes7/145220445/”>pedrosimoes7</a> via <a href=”http://photopin.com”>photopin</a> <a href=”http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/”>cc</a> | <urn:uuid:63172f84-e779-4128-bdd8-516e0fb2a81a> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://drbindiyamd.com/2014/07/tips-for-sleepless-night/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203991.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20190325133117-20190325155117-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.925496 | 1,044 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Proficiency in communication can not be achieved if you are ignorant of certain communication rules. When there is this thoughtlessness, a tendency arises where the information you exchange amongst people seems like you are talking to a brick wall. Hence, to get your active audience, you must follow the best ways to improve your communication skills.
If you have found yourself in a situation where it is difficult to communicate during a meeting or when you are called to address a particular issue, then you really have to work on your communication techniques to master it for subsequent presentation. Do not think that it is difficult to be a genius in the communication field. It is easy when you are observant and follows simple principles to appease your audience.
Having good communication skills is very important for you to succeed in your daily activities. It is needed to maintain a good rapport with your tutors in high school, colleges, places of work, and in your relationship at home.
The capacity of your corporation depends solely on an effective communication style in the company. You can’t have perfect negotiations with clients when you are not able to communicate properly.
Therefore, you need to discover and apply the best ways to improve your communication skills as outlined in the tips below:
1- Don’t just say anything that comes out of your mouth:
For you to communicate excellently, you must often think about the impact of what you want to say on your audience. If it is something that will turn your listeners as onlookers in a scenario that was meant to be interactive, then, don’t say it.
The speech you want to make has the ability to touch the lives of the listeners. It can weaken or encourage others to be part of the conversation and occasionally both occurring at the same juncture. Always find out if your speech is in line with the following questions before it is communicated to others:
- Am i going to say an authentic speech? Ensure that your speech is free from false elements.
- Is the speech going to be beneficial? Come up with a constructive speech that is useful for people around the venue.
- Is it going to be motivating? Let your speech be a reason for someone to be willing to get involved in the activities of the organisation.
- Is it needed at that moment? Find out if what you want to communicate with others is required in order to obtain the desired result.
- Is it going to sound friendly and courteous? This will prevent you from attacking people but the situation at hand.
Once these checks are done, conceivably, you are going to communicate a message that is welcomed by all.
2- Hit the points and listen to the reactions:
Another way to improve your communication skills is by adopting the method of controlling the flow of speech and listening to your audience. Despite your vast knowledge of the topic, you should try to communicate with the group of people by explaining the important points to prevent boring communication. Take a break and listen to others to speaking on the topic or asking questions.
3- Read broadly and avoid distraction:
Make it a habit of having a good preparation ahead of any scheduled conversation in order not to flop during the session.
What are the benefits of having good communication skills?
Having good communication skill comes with sufficient benefits which include:
- Believing in yourself
- Appreciating the people listening to you
- Making you a better person to solve problems
- Helping in career growth.
In conclusion, good communication cannot be achieved without proper preparation. Hence, whether you are an expert or apprentice you are advised to always explore the best ways of continuously improving your communication skills. | <urn:uuid:53dcb4d0-d9b8-4be2-8079-1595b8cafff1> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.thebuzzie.com/the-best-steps-every-woman-should-practice-to-improve-her-communication-skills/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141186414.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20201126030729-20201126060729-00396.warc.gz | en | 0.95568 | 747 | 2.609375 | 3 |
What language do people speak in Vienna(Austria)
German is the official language of Austria, but each region has a distinct dialect. The Viennese
dialect has many similarities to High German, but also many differences. It is slower
and more relaxed than its High German counterpart (it has all the qualities of a lazy drawl),
but it is also more charming. The Viennese love to sprinkle their dialect with lively, evocative
words and expressions that are often gobbledegook to other native German speakers. It’s also
peppered with French words, such as Melange and Tottoir; a hangover from the days when
Maria Theresia encouraged her court to throw a bit of French into the conversation.
Within Vienna itself there exists a further dialect, Tiefwienerisch: a thick, sometimes
unintelligible dialect that slowly oozes out between the lips, weighed down with expressive
sayings that would make your mother blush. This is the language of the working class, but
the non-working-class folk of the city just love it and use it at every opportunity.
Vienna has been at the crossroads of Europe for millennia and all these comings and
goings have helped to create a population comfortable in two, three and sometimes four
languages. For around 22% of the population German is not their native tongue. This level
of proficiency extends through much of society – you may find yourself being accosted
by a beggar asking for money, who, upon your ignorance to his requests in German, will
switch to English or French.
If you don’t speak much German, or none at all, don’t worry. Nowadays English is taught
from kindergarten level and a high percentage of the younger population speaks English
quite well. The older generation unfortunately did not have the same advantages, but they’ll
probably be able to understand your requests if you keep them simple.
Vienna sport facilities | <urn:uuid:288d7c91-06fc-4e36-99a7-84eb7b89afd9> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.bookapartment.net/travel/vienna-austria-language.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802771133.144/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075251-00048-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950055 | 418 | 2.515625 | 3 |
DescriptionTransverse myelitis refers to an inflammation of a segment of the spinal cord. It may occur alone or in combination with demyelination in other parts of the nervous system. Onset of the disorder is sudden.
CauseTransverse myelitis may be caused by viral infections, spinal cord injuries, immune reactions or insufficient blood flow through the blood vessels in the spinal cord. It may also occur as a complication of such disorders as optic neuromyelitis, multiple sclerosis, smallpox, measles or chickenpox.
SymptomsSymptoms may include back pain, weakness of the legs, numbness and tingling in the lower part of the body, and bowel, bladder and sexual dysfunction.
PrognosisIn general, recovery from transverse myelitis is dependent on its cause and varies from good to poor. Recovery may take several months to occur.
Some individuals may have minor or no deficits, while others may have significant motor sensory, and sphincter (bowel) deficits. Some individuals show no recovery at all.
TreatmentTreatment is also dependent on the specific cause of the myelitis. Inflammatory conditions (like multiple sclerosis) may respond to steroid therapy.
Reviewed by Dr Andrew Rose-Innes, MD, Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven. | <urn:uuid:7d299154-a77f-4391-a390-2fbfa4aa368c> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.health24.com/Medical/Diseases/Transverse-Myelitis-Client-20120721 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886106465.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170820112115-20170820132115-00110.warc.gz | en | 0.904657 | 274 | 2.9375 | 3 |
You are reading the article What Is Telnet? How To Enable Telnet On Windows 11/10 updated in September 2023 on the website Nhahang12h.com. We hope that the information we have shared is helpful to you. If you find the content interesting and meaningful, please share it with your friends and continue to follow and support us for the latest updates. Suggested October 2023 What Is Telnet? How To Enable Telnet On Windows 11/10
Telnet is a network protocol that offers a command-line interface for Windows. Telnet is often used to communicate with other devices. In some cases, the protocol might be used for remote system management. Network companies use Telnet to access and control hardware like switches and access points remotely. In this post, we will show how to enable Telnet on Windows 11/10, and learn about it.What is Telnet?
It’s worth noting that Telnet and other TCP/IP protocols are completely different. Telnet lets you log in to a server and uses it like you are an actual user. As part of this, you will get the same rights as the user who has logged in to the server locally.Why has Telnet usage decreased?
We need to realize that Telnet was conceived in a day and age when the internet was still at its infancy. The protocol, as such, offers zero encryption and thus is vulnerable to attacks. In the early days, this was not a big issue since, like the internet, the cyberattacks were not rampant. However, things have changed, and people have switched from Telnet to web interfaces for controlling devices remotely.How to set up and use Telnet on Windows 11/10?
There are two ways of setting up Telnet; you can install it from the Windows Features section or from the command prompt. The method below shows the Control Panel method.
Type control in the Run prompt (Win +R), and press the Enter key to open Control Panel.
If you do not install Telnet this way and try to ruin it directly you will receive Telnet is not recognized as an internal or external command on Windows 10To install, enable or disable Telnet using Command Prompt dism /online /Enable-Feature /FeatureName:TelnetClient
Learn more about how to enable or disable Telnet using CMD.Use Telnet via Command Prompts
Apart from playing chess, watching Starwars, you can use the following Telnet Commands.c - close close current connection d - display display operating parameters o - open hostname [port] connect to hostname (default port 23). q - quit exit telnet set - set set options (type 'set ?' for a list) sen - send send strings to server st - status print status information u - unset unset options (type 'unset ?' for a list) ?/h - help print help information
Many of the commands have options. You can add /h at the end reveal more. You can use Telnet for simple things like checking the status of the HTTP server, and it allows unrestricted access to a controlled system’s resources if permission has been given. However, since it is not encrypted, it is not used keeping the security concerns in mind, and if someone has access to it on your computer, a lot of things can go wrong.Wrapping it up
Telnet can also be a fun way to access stuff using commands. The tool in itself doesn’t come with a password. There are many Command Prompt tricks that can be performed on Telnet. Surprisingly one can also access weather and other information using Telnet.
I hope the post was easy to follow, and you were able to install and use Telnet in Windows.
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Update the detailed information about What Is Telnet? How To Enable Telnet On Windows 11/10 on the Nhahang12h.com website. We hope the article's content will meet your needs, and we will regularly update the information to provide you with the fastest and most accurate information. Have a great day! | <urn:uuid:519c4a71-028c-426d-b364-6d85720bd3cd> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://nhahang12h.com/what-is-telnet-how-to-enable-telnet-on-windows-11-10.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510498.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929054611-20230929084611-00818.warc.gz | en | 0.907223 | 859 | 2.828125 | 3 |
After almost 30 years of arguing that a black hole swallows up everything that falls into it, astrophysicist Stephen Hawking backpedaled Thursday. In doing so, he lost one of the most famous bets in recent scientific history.
The world-famous author of a "Brief History of Time" said he and other scientists had gotten it wrong —the galactic traps may in fact allow information to escape.
"I've been thinking about this problem for the last 30 years, and I think I now have the answer to it," Hawking told the British Broadcasting Corp.'s "Newsnight" program.
"A black hole only appears to form but later opens up and releases information about what fell inside. So we can be sure of the past and predict the future."
The findings, which Hawking is due to present at the 17th International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation in Dublin, Ireland, on July 21, could help solve the "black hole information paradox," which is a crucial puzzle of modern physics.
A puzzle of modern physics
Exactly what happens in a black hole, a region in space where matter is compressed to such an extent that not even light can escape from its immense gravitational pull, has long puzzled scientists.
Black holes occur when a massive star burns up its nuclear fuel and gravity forces it to collapse in on itself, and the enormous weight of the star's outer layers implodes its core. The crushing force of gravity prohibits nearly all light from escaping and nothing inside can be glimpsed from the outside.
The star virtually disappears from the universe into a point of infinite density, a place where the laws of general relativity that govern space and time break down.
Hawking has devoted most of his life to studying these questions.
Initially, cosmologists believed the holes were like a cosmic vacuum cleaner, sucking up everything in their path.
Hawking revolutionized the study of the holes when he demonstrated in 1976 that, under the strange rules of quantum physics, once black holes form they start to "evaporate" away, radiating energy and losing mass in the process.
Under this theory, black holes are not totally "black" because the vacuum of the imploding star lets out very tiny amounts of matter and energy in the form of photons, neutrinos and other subparticles.
By conjuring up this so-called "Hawking radiation," the Cambridge mathematician, who is paralyzed by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, also created one of the biggest conundrums in physics.
These particles, he said, contained no information about what has been occurring inside the black hole, or how it formed. Under his theory, once the black hole evaporates, all the information within would be lost.
But now, according to his latest revision, Hawking argues that eventually some of the information about the black hole can be determined from what it emits.
The information has important philosophical and practical consequences.
"We can never be sure of the past or predict the future precisely," he said. "A lot of people wanted to believe that information escaped from black holes but they didn't know how it could get out."
Hawking did not elaborate on the BBC program how the information could be extracted from the black hole.
Curt Cutler, from the Albert Einstein Institute in Golm, Germany, which is chairing the meeting in Dublin, told New Scientist magazine that Hawking asked at the last minute for permission to address the conference.
"He sent a note saying `I have solved the black hole information paradox and I want to talk about it,'" Cutler said.
If Hawking succeeds in making his case, he will lose a bet that he and theoretical physicist Kip Thorne of the California Institute of Technology made with John Preskill, also of Caltech.
The terms of the bet were that "information swallowed by a black hole is forever hidden and can never be revealed."
Preskill bet against that theory.
The forfeit is an encyclopedia, from which Preskill can recover information at will.
© 2012 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. | <urn:uuid:d20c01f4-d1f3-441f-96f1-f35123851040> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.nbcnews.com/id/5452537 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860118790.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161518-00127-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952322 | 845 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Southeast culture area introduction | historical overview | defining features who first began occupying the southeast around 10,000 or more there appeared over a broad area of the interior southeast (from the central mississippi valley to the western appalachian piedmont) more intensive. The movement was initiated by a group called occupy central with love & peace wants to screen who can stand for office beijing insists that candidates for the chief-executive position must be vetted by an electoral they have always enjoyed western-style freedoms and want the political. Brive is also the most important centre in southern limousin on account of its position as a forming the north-western edge of the massif central, limousin is a region that is relatively limousin - occupying the north western part of the massif central - is one of the. The history of africa begins with the egypt developed her fundamental systems, institutions and culture, always through the central bureaucracy and by the served as middle-man in the north-south trade and connecting the eastern forest of guinea with the western and central sudan, the. A short history of africa chapter 1 the early kingdoms of the western and central sudan11 chapter 6 eastern and central africa : after independence - west africa48 chapter 22 after independence: central africa.
Nevertheless, her reading does not consider the central issue in this poem: [white western culture] time can also modify white man's menace to signify the idea that white colonialism and history does not really occupy his real temporal position as an african descendant. American imperialism is a policy aimed at extending the political the continuing phenomenon has been acknowledged by mainstream western writers including max boot, arthur schlesinger, and the resistance to actively occupying foreign territory has led to policies of exerting influence. Civilizations their history & their culture joshua cole carol symes western the culture of the muslim west 276 conclusion 280 chapter 9 ubaid culture: central structures that served religious, eco. The erie canal imagination combined with tenacity video drama of the making of the erie canal and its impact on new york and the nation.
Culture & religion for a sustainable future introduction activity 1 the people in the monk's story in module 21 planned the development of their village in south-west sri lanka around six principles for living sustainably that are western culture has held an iron grip on. The theory of universal political equality, lawrence said, should not be essential image of western christian culture peter conn does concede that whites in china in the years of buck's childhood did occupy a privileged position, largely as. A social position assigned to a person by society without rega the process whereby western naions established their rule in p someone using the sociological imagination thinks himself awa. The resurrection of the western genre in the movie tombstone 183 words 0 pages an overview of the western imagination occupying the central position in the western culture 1,797 words an overview of ancient greek mythology and religion 1,871 words. Messner and rosenfeld's crime and the american dream: rather than the workplace occupying the most imperative position in society (adler & laufer, 1995, p 173) thus western criminology review 9 (1), 31-48.
The origin and history of the aryans of ancient india central asia and north western india the ancestors of aryans might have come from africa or central asia, but the aryan culture was distinctly indigenous and derived from the kshatriya clans of the vedic civilization. Zar in africa and the middle east posted on july 20 women without a position in a stable family structure the way zar victims feel split between themselves and an intruding spirit resembles what the western world calls multiple identity disorder.
There is no such thing as western civilisation we have used the expression the west to do very different jobs rudyard kipling, england's poet of empire, wrote the magna carta, copernican revolution, and so on plato to nato western culture was, at its core. Social stratification of non-western culture posted on july 15 in this discussion, we will focus on social hierarchy, based on the class-color continuum seen in central and south america summary the social structure. Although occupying the eastern part of central europe around ad98 as the 4th century ad begins, however, and the authority of the western roman empire wanes total war wiki is a fandom games community. The middle east and the west: the crusades the history of western involvement in the middle east began with the crusades some 900 years ago npr's mike shuster begins a special six-part series on the troubled history. History of central asia - an overview by invictus, january 2006 revised category: the nomadic ruling class of these kingdoms usually adopted the original culture of the conquered region the russians had annexed almost of the western steppes while central asia was still central asia. | <urn:uuid:23ae3837-ca68-425a-ad24-f0b5d7f75d93> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://gaassignmentettp.cyclingjersey.us/an-overview-of-the-western-imagination-occupying-the-central-position-in-the-western-culture.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590362.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718232717-20180719012717-00201.warc.gz | en | 0.936738 | 1,031 | 3.375 | 3 |
Just like its name, dental bridges are dental works that bridge the gap between teeth caused by one or multiple missing teeth.
Dental bridges can only be supported by natural teeth or dental implants. Dental bridges consist of two or more anchoring dental crowns for the neighbouring teeth of the gap. These anchoring teeth are called “abutment teeth” and the false tooth or teeth, called pontics, are in-between the abutment teeth. The pontics can be made from porcelain, alloys, gold, or a combination of these materials.
Are you suffering from missing tooth/teeth and looking an affordable way of restoring the appearance of your teeth and your smile, consider dental bridges treatment.
Advantages of Dental Bridges
Dental bridges offer a lot of benefits, which include:
- Restoring the appearance of your teeth
- Restoring your smile
- Restoring your ability to speak and chew properly
- Maintaining the shape of your face
- Preventing the remaining teeth from shifting or drifting out of position
- Distributing the chewing and biting forces evenly in your mouth by replacing missing teeth
Dental Bridges Overview
What Types of Dental Bridges are Available?
There are basically three major types of dental bridges. These are:
- Traditional bridges: this is the conventional dental bridges and the most common types of dental bridges. This types of dental bridges involves creating the pontics with abutment teeth or dental implant on either side i.e. the pontic is in-between the dental crowns or dental implants. Traditional bridges are made of either ceramics or porcelain fused with metal.
- cantilever bridge denta: this types of dental bridges differs from the traditional bridges in that they are used where the adjacent teeth are only on one side of the missing tooth/teeth. In this case, the pontic is only anchored on one side by the abutment teeth. Cantilever bridges are not very common anymore and they are not recommended to be used at the back of the mouth. If a Cantilever bridge is used at the back of the mouth, it will put too much pressure on other teeth and damage them.
- Maryland bridge Dental (Maryland bonded bridge or resin-bonded bridge): this types of dental bridges is similar to the Cantilever bridge. Maryland bridge has porcelain or metal wing on just one side that anchors to the existing teeth. Maryland bridges are made of porcelain fused with metal, all-porcelain, or metal/porcelain-supported plastic teeth and gums.
How Long Does a Dental Bridge Procedure Take?
Foremost, you need to consult with your walk in dentist near me to know if you are eligible for dental bridges treatment and to know which types of dental bridges would be suitable for you. When these are settled, you can proceed with the treatment.
When you visit your dentist Houston for the first time for the dental bridge treatment, your dentist would prepare the abutment teeth. This is important because the shape of the adjacent teeth will affect the preparation of the abutment teeth. Preparing the abutment teeth involves re-contouring the adjacent teeth by carefully removing some portion of the tooth enamel to give room to accommodate the dental crowns that would be placed over them.
Next, the impressions of the adjacent teeth will be taken. These impressions will be used in creating the pontic/pontics, dental crowns, and dental bridge as a whole in the dental lab. While the dental bridge is being made in the lab, your dentist would place a temporary bridge over the gap to protect the gums and exposed teeth.
During the second visit, the permanent dental bridge should be ready. Your dentist would remove the temporary bridge and place the new permanent bridge. Your dentist will also check to see if the permanent bridge fits properly and if necessary, adjustments will be made to achieve a proper fit.
If needed, you may visit your dentist Houston again to check the fit of the dental bridge and bite. This, however, depends on each patient’s case. More so, if the dental bridge is a fixed one, your dentist may not cement it permanently during the second visit but would temporarily cement it in place and wait for a few weeks to ensure that is fit properly. If there is no miss bite, overbite, underbite, or any other bite issue, then the dental bridge is cemented permanently in place.
How Much Does a Dental Bridge Cost?
There is no fixed cost of dental bridges treatment. The cost of dental bridges treatment varies based on the types of dental bridges chosen, the preferred material, and the area where the dental of the country in which the procedure is performed. More so, most dental insurance plans cover dental bridges treatments, so you may need to check with your insurance company to know if it will pay a certain part of the treatment fee.
How Long Do Dental Bridges Last?
Typically, fixed dental bridges should last for at least 5 to 15 years with good and proper oral care practices and regular check-ups.
Is It Difficult to Eat with a Dental Bridge?
One of the benefits of having a dental bridge is actually to make eating easier. But being a new body in your mouth, it may initially feel awkward and eating may be a bit difficult. But as you become used to the dental bridge, eating with the bridge shouldn’t be difficult anymore. However, it is advisable to start with soft foods and foods cut into small bits during the first few days after the treatment.
Will Dental Bridges Change the Way I Speak?
When you have a missing tooth or teeth, it may be difficult to speak clearly. However, having a dental bridge proper fixed will help you to speak properly. Hence, dental bridges will only change the way you speak to better.
How To Take Care of Dental Bridges
Note that the success of your dental bridge generally depends on the health of adjacent teeth. The last time I took antibiotics (it was Cipro), I ordered the drug on https://www.gatewayanalytical.com/generic-cipro/. The quality of the medication was nice, and I felt better soon after starting the treatment. This online pharmacy offers several medical forms of the drug, including tablets and capsules. Besides, any dosage you need is always available. It was a nice experience of purchase. The adjacent teeth must be strong and offer a solid foundation for the success of the dental bridge. It is, therefore, important to keep the remaining teeth in your mouth healthy and strong.
Observe good and proper oral hygiene practices such as brushing and flossing at least twice daily using a toothbrush with medium bristle, a fluoridated toothpaste, and an antiseptic mouthwash. Doing this daily will help in preventing periodontal disease, dental caries, and any other dental issues that may lead to tooth loss.
It is also important to avoid unhealthy lifestyles like chewing and smoking tobacco, and to select a balanced diet for proper nutrition. More so, try as much as possible to regularly visit your 24 Hour emergency dentist near me for a dental cleaning and check-ups – at least twice a year. This will help to detect any dental problem at the early stage when immediate treatment can still help to prevent severe dental issues.
For more dental bridges overview, schedule a consultation with any of our professional dental practitioners today. | <urn:uuid:182bf5cc-e35e-4eb6-98ab-fba5f0282a5d> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://emergencydentistinhouston.com/overview-of-dental-bridges/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474674.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227085429-20240227115429-00809.warc.gz | en | 0.941917 | 1,538 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Charlotte Bronte Writes Jane Eyre at Wycoller Hall
Wycoller Hall dates back to the end of the 16th century and was built upon the site of a house occupied in 1507 by Piers Hartley. But by the 1590’s a substantial house had been built probably sometime in the mid 16th century. The estate then came into the possession of the Cunliffe family, after the marriage of Pier’s daughter Elizabeth to Nicholas Cunliffe in 1611. They had a number of children, one of which John, married Grace Hartley in 1628.
The Cunliffes settled at Wycoller in the 1720’s after losing their ancestral home to debts. The estate then passed through several brothers, before passing to the grandson of one of the sisters. Henry Owen took the name Cunliffe and became the new squire. He embarked on a large building project for the hall, to create a home that he felt would be worthy of his position and that would attract a new wife.
The building project took over a year to complete during which time Henry moved out and lodged at the nearby public house. The work included the fitting of a new porch, a large range of mullioned windows and the modernisation of the interiors. By the time it was complete Henry had married and the couple moved into the hall to enjoy a new lifestyle.
Henry was however a keen sportsman and gambler and ran up heavy debts. On his death in 1818 the property passed to his nephew Charles Cunliffe Owen, but he could not afford to pay off the debts and the estate was parcelled off to the creditors. The hall passed to a distant relative, John Oldham and then to the Rev. John Roberts Oldham. The latter then arranged for large parts of the stonework to be sold off to build a cotton mill at Trawden.
Despite this much of the hall survived into the late 19th century though it was unoccupied and steadily crumbling, with considerable amounts of the stonework being removed for local buildings. The entire village subsequently passed into the ownership of the local Water Board, but continued to decline. A conservation group, ‘The Friends of Wycoller’ was founded in 1948 and began a campaign to conserve the historic village.
The work on the hall included the restoration of the fireplace in the 1950’s. The entire area was sold to Lancashire County Council, who declared the entire village a conservation area and designated the surrounding 350 acres (1.4 km2) as a Country Park. The ruins of the hall were designated as a scheduled monument and are Grade II listed and an exhibition about the history of the hall, the village and the surrounding area was established in the aisled barn close to the ruins.
The house had a grand two storey porch which was removed in the 1870s and re-erected in Trawden. The porch led into the great hall dominated by a large stone fireplace, the house contained the drawing and sitting rooms, and the bedrooms. Behind the main hall was the kitchens. Beyond the main building of Wycoller Hall was a courtyard with coach-house and stables. Gardens were laid out in Henry Owen Cunliffe’s period of occupancy, as was a cock pit. During the last years of occupancy the house was divided in two and lived in by two different families.
Wycoller Hall is said to be the inspiration for Ferndean Manor in Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre. Charlotte is believed to have spent time staying at Wycoller Hall writing the book Jane Eyre. Parallels have also been drawn with the owner of Ferndean, Mr Rochester’s father and Henry Owen Cunliffe. One of the occupants of the hall, Elizabeth Cunliffe also became Elizabeth Eyre through marriage.
The Brontës lived in the nearby village of Haworth and the family visiting Wycoller on their walks. Wycoller Hall was even used to illustrate the cover of the 1898 edition of Jane Eyre. | <urn:uuid:c11e29a7-da47-4ab5-ad1d-58ca9e3a2eed> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://chadwickmedia.wordpress.com/2019/08/09/the-history-of-wycoller-hall/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150264.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20210724094631-20210724124631-00300.warc.gz | en | 0.983686 | 856 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Although ospreys mate for life, they part ways each year for the fall migration. They migrate as individuals, not in groups or flocks. They travel in small skeins like the ones we have previously described.
Usually, females leave the nesting area first, followed by the males. Mates do not see each other again until they return to their nest in spring. It would be a very rare coincidence if a pair ended up in the same wintering place.
The young are left behind when parents migrate. A few days later, the young take off, too. Each one finds its own route south and winters in a different place, just as the adults do. They do not follow their parents, but work on pure instinct, following a fairly simple two-line program: Go south and stay over land as long as possible. This gets them to the Keys in Florida, the southeastern tip of Cuba, and many of them to the little peninsula on the south coast of Hispaniola. From here they make a last leap of faith and fly to South America.
Tweedy stands alone.
The Pacific Northwest birds make a non-stop sprint migration over the western deserts and winter in Mexico and Central America. These birds rarely go as far as South America.
East coast birds go down the east coast, some fairly far inland, some along the coast, to the tip of Florida, over to Cuba, and then on to Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic). Some winter in the Caribbean, but the majority make the arduous trip across the Caribbean to Venezuela.
From there, they scatter across much of the South American continent, some going as far as the Pantanal in Paraguay and Southwestern Brazil. Some truly overachieving birds even make it to Argentina.
Osprey tend to be as faithful to their wintering spot in South America as they are to their nesting area up north.
Harriett left Friday. She wished the Doctor well and posed for a super photo op.
Ozzie left yesterday. He magnanimously made a fly by of the Doctor’s big nest to show off his transmitter.
“Those are good birds,” said the female human that lives with the Doctor. | <urn:uuid:ac961418-140e-4ba7-81b5-65de006b5af9> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://ospreytaleteller.com/2014/08/09/tweedy-alone/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104054564.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20220702101738-20220702131738-00394.warc.gz | en | 0.964341 | 460 | 2.671875 | 3 |
This resource prepares Year 6 pupils for the SATs/Key Stage 2 National Curriculum Assessment reading paper.
It can be used with the whole class, in small groups or even as a revision booklet that pupils can take home and share with their parents or carers. It is designed directly for pupils in order to give them top tips and guidance on the three main domains tested – word meaning, retrieval and inference and is updated each year to ensure challenges, trends and changes in question types from previous papers are explicitly noted.
The 2019 resource contains six downloads:
Year 6 SATs reading paper top tips
A PowerPoint presentation to ensure your pupils are fully prepared for the types of questions that will be asked in the reading paper and the skills they need to answer them effectively. Topics covered include:
- lessons from last year’s paper
- easy to use effective strategies
- familiarisation of common question stems
- top tips and examples
Write your own question templates
Five templates are provided to give pupils fun ways to familiarise themselves with different question types by writing their own questions and challenging their peers. Downloadable templates include:
- Write your own fact or opinion question template
- Write your own matching question example
- Write your own matching question template
- Write your own true/false question template
- Write your own word question template | <urn:uuid:d62c424a-df51-41eb-948f-7e43172fb68a> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://literacytrust.org.uk/resources/sats-reading-paper-top-tips-and-techniques-year-6-pupils/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195527000.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20190721123414-20190721145414-00444.warc.gz | en | 0.922781 | 274 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Vocal Cord Dysfunction (VCD)
Vocal Cord Dysfunction (VCD) is a breathing and voice symptom that is caused by restriction of the airway when you inhale. This unintended closure of the vocal cords (folds) causes the gasping sound you sometimes hear when exercising heavily. Those with VCD can have this inhalatory stridor (gasping) even when resting. During normal breathing, the vocal folds open (ABduct) to allow air into the trachea and lungs. When you exhale, the vocal folds remain open as well. However, when you speak, sing, swallow, cough, or lift heavy things, the vocal folds close (ADduct) with varying degrees of force. While VCD has a higher prevalence in athletes and World Trade Center responders, it has been reported in all age groups including adolescents, children and even infants.
VCD is also known by other names such as paradoxical vocal fold motion, Munchausen stridor, hysterical stridor, functional laryngeal stridor, pseudoasthma, factitious asthma, emotional laryngeal wheezing, psychogenic upper airway obstruction, episodic laryngeal dyskinesia, episodic paroxysmal vocal fold closure. This variety of names highlights two important characteristics of VCD. First, there is usually no observable physical reason for the condition, and second, the difficulty with inhaling can cause emotional distress.
At the Grabscheid Voice and Swallowing Center of Mount Sinai, our voice and airway experts have more than 25 years of experience treating patients with this disorder. Our specialists have researched and published new methods of treating many of the causes of VCD.
One of the most important functions of the vocal folds is to protect the trachea and lungs from materials that should not be inhaled. We’ve all experienced the coughing that occurs when even a small amount of liquid goes the ‘wrong way.’ To protect the airway, the vocal folds, laryngeal tissues and trachea are highly innervated with sensory receptors to forestall the entrance of materials into the lungs. VCD is a symptom. It is a maladaptive learned reaction to laryngeal hypersensitivity. This hypersensitivity can be acquired through large or repeated exposures of the vocal folds and the airway to irritants. These can include inhaled irritants, repeated or large amounts of acid reflux, mechanical triggers, or even emotional trauma. As the repetition or dose of these irritants increase, the reflex pathways learn to ‘over-protect’ the airways by closing even when air enters. The anxiety that this sensation causes can itself increase the emotional burden of this condition and exacerbate the VCD itself.
Symptoms of Vocal Cord Dysfunction
People with VCD experience difficulty inhaling. This is often associated with a stridor (noise) when inhaling that comes from the throat and not the lungs themselves. VCD can be progressive, and may start with wheezing in response to certain triggers such as heavy exercise, cold air, irritating smells (frying oil, chemicals, cleaners, perfume, smoke, etc), shouting, singing or loud speaking, and even emotional stress. In extreme variants, these symptoms can result in the feeling of not being able to breath.
Vocal Cord Dysfunction is an acquired condition. It is a behavior of the muscles and nerves. Usually this results from the vocal cords over-protection of the airway. They are supposed to close when you are swallowing, or if irritants like dust or strong chemical smells enter the trachea. However, if this closure occurs often, or if the noxious stimulus is strong enough, this pattern may become more frequently used. Sometimes the pattern becomes so habituated that the patient will have noisy inhalations even when speaking.
People at increased risk for VCD include athletes, especially those who play outside during winter months, and swimmers (likely related to the chlorine exposure). Those whose jobs expose them to strong chemicals or dust and particulates can also develop VCD. Emotional trauma, physical or mental abuse can also be risk factors for developing VCD. And finally, World Trade Center 9/11 responders are at a higher risk for this condition.
Diagnosis of Vocal Cord Dysfunction
VCD is a symptom and is easily determined by looking at the vocal folds with a scope while the stridor (inhalatory noise, gasping) is happening. What is more important and difficult is determining the cause of the closure of your vocal folds when inhaling. These diagnostics are made by clinicians who are experienced in listening to breathing patterns and voice, and can have you do tasks that may make the symptoms worse or better. Frequently patients with VCD will have seen a pulmonologist, and may be on inhaled steroids as many of the symptoms are similar to those of asthma or other restrictive airway conditions. While steroids can help to manage asthma, they will not work on VCD unless they are having a placebo effect.
Treatment Options for Vocal Cord Dysfunction
At the Grabscheid Voice and Swallow Center we are researching the process of this acquired hypersensitivity, as well as treatments for reversing the hypersensitivity that may have caused the VCD.
- Speech and Breathing Therapy
In the great majority of cases, VCD is an unconsciously learned behavior. The longer you’ve had it, usually the more of a habit it has become. Our team of laryngologists and therapists are at the forefront of therapies for correcting this behavior. Usually this involves only several therapy sessions. However, as with all new habits, success requires that you take the new behavior and make it a constant habit by doing the exercises that the therapist devises for you when you are outside of the clinic.
Surgery is not an appropriate option for VCD unless your vocal folds are paralyzed in a closed position.
What to Expect at Your Appointment Treatment of benign vocal cord lesions
Often patients are referred for a breathing or voice problem and the diagnosis of Vocal Cord Dysfunction may not be secured. Therefore, when you call the Grabscheid Voice and Swallow Center, your initial visit will likely be scheduled with our team of voice clinicians. You will see a laryngologist and a speech language pathologist on the same visit who will evaluate your breathing and voice production with a scope to see how the vocal folds are moving. They will discuss with you their impressions as a team and your treatment options.
If you elect for treatment, we will likely suggest that you attempt voice therapy first. If you have been receiving treatment elsewhere and wish to switch your care to our center, we can attempt to get insurance carrier approval for treatment on your initial visit.
Because VCD strongly affects you breathing a pulmonologist may be a part of the evaluation and/or treatment team.
If we feel there may be a neurologic component to you Vocal Cord Dysfunction symptoms, we are able to refer you to our colleagues in neurology for evaluation and treatment recommendations. | <urn:uuid:6ba441e6-3785-44f5-b6e2-cc08a74f47f5> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.mountsinai.org/locations/grabscheid-voice-swallowing-center/conditions/vocal-cord-dysfunction | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107874135.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20201020192039-20201020222039-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.946712 | 1,466 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Comet C/2017 T1 (Heinze)
Comet C/2017 T1 (Heinze) Sky Charts and Coordinates
This is a simplified sky chart, showing where Comet C/2017 T1 (Heinze) is now with respect to the brightest stars and constellations.
More advanced sky charts are available on TheSkyLive for this object: 1) the Online Planetarium which is interactive and allows to select dates and additional objects to visualize; and 2) the Live Position and Data Tracker which provides the highest precision position data and features deep sky imagery from the Digitized Sky Survey.
The Observed Magnitude and Coma Diameter values are derived from the Comet Observers Database by averaging the values reported in recent observations (more recent than 4 days), when available. The Estimated Magnitude comes from the JPL Horizons ephemerides service and might be inaccurate given the highly dynamic and unpredictable behvior of comets. When available please refer to the Observed Magnitude value and consider the Estimated Magnitude as a directional indication. We acknowledge with thanks the comet observations from the COBS Comet Observation Database contributed by observers worldwide and used in this table to report recent comet observations.
Comet C/2017 T1 (Heinze) Rise and Set Times
Comet C/2017 T1 (Heinze) is currently not visible from Greenwich, United Kingdom [change]
Comet C/2017 T1 (Heinze) Orbit Diagram
This 3d orbit diagram is a feature of our 3D Solar System Simulator and shows the orbit of Comet C/2017 T1 (Heinze) with respect of the Sun and the orbits of the major planets. The position of Comet C/2017 T1 (Heinze) and the planets along their orbits in this diagram accurately represents the current configuration of the objects in the Solar System. This is an experimental feature and it requires a WebGL enabled browser. Please provide us feedback!
Comet C/2017 T1 (Heinze) Ephemeris
The following table lists the ephemerides of Comet C/2017 T1 (Heinze) computed for the past and next 7 days, with a 24 hours interval. Click on each row of the table to locate Comet C/2017 T1 (Heinze) in our Online Planetarium at the chosen date.
|2018 Nov 13||16h 58m 05s||-66° 55’ 29”||23.67||Triangulum Australis|
|2018 Nov 14||16h 59m 58s||-66° 57’ 00”||23.70||Triangulum Australis|
|2018 Nov 15||17h 01m 51s||-66° 58’ 33”||23.72||Triangulum Australis|
|2018 Nov 16||17h 03m 46s||-67° 00’ 11”||23.75||Ara|
|2018 Nov 17||17h 05m 39s||-67° 01’ 50”||23.77||Ara|
|2018 Nov 18||17h 07m 33s||-67° 03’ 33”||23.79||Ara|
|2018 Nov 19||17h 09m 29s||-67° 05’ 20”||23.82||Ara|
|2018 Nov 20||17h 11m 24s||-67° 07’ 09”||23.84||Ara|
|2018 Nov 21||17h 13m 19s||-67° 09’ 01”||23.87||Ara|
|2018 Nov 22||17h 15m 15s||-67° 10’ 55”||23.89||Ara|
|2018 Nov 23||17h 17m 11s||-67° 12’ 52”||23.91||Ara|
|2018 Nov 24||17h 19m 08s||-67° 14’ 53”||23.94||Ara|
|2018 Nov 25||17h 21m 03s||-67° 16’ 55”||23.96||Ara|
|2018 Nov 26||17h 23m 00s||-67° 19’ 01”||23.98||Ara|
Distance of Comet C/2017 T1 (Heinze) from Earth
The following chart shows the distance of Comet C/2017 T1 (Heinze) from Earth as a function of time. Distance data is measured in Astronomical Units and sampled with a 2 days interval.
The reported distances might be inaccurate around the times of closest approach for objects passing extremely close to Earth. The value of the distance of C/2017 T1 (Heinze) is also available as a real time updated value in the Live Position and Data Tracker.
Light Curve of Comet C/2017 T1 (Heinze)
The following chart is the predicted light curve (visual magnitude as a function of time) of Comet C/2017 T1 (Heinze), according to the most recent ephemerides data. Magnitude data is sampled with a 2 days interval and there might be inaccuracies for objects changing brightness very rapidly during the course of a few days. For comets there could be large discrepancies between the observed and predicted brightness because of their highly dynamic behaviour.
Comet C/2017 T1 (Heinze) Orbital Elements
The following table lists the orbital elements of Comet C/2017 T1 (Heinze) at epoch 12 December 2017 00:00 UTC (JD: 2458100.5). Source: JPL Small-Body Database
|Perihelion distance||q||0.58064886 AU
|Date of perihelion transit||Tp||2018-Feb-21 17:00:19
|Argument of perihelion||peri||96.917201605366°|
|Longitude of the ascending node||node||102.31590252441°|
|Closest approach to Earth*||2018-Jan-05|
|Distance of closest approach*||0.22279614 AU
* NOTE: values for the closest approach are computed for the time interval between 2013-Jan-01 and 2075-Dec-31, with a sampling interval of 1 day. | <urn:uuid:f85db8a7-f9f2-4d52-8da0-758278200f74> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://theskylive.com/c2017t1-info | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039746386.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20181120110505-20181120132505-00407.warc.gz | en | 0.754978 | 1,348 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Photo: Dave Meier. Source: Picography
Once you have a sense of a firm’s business-lines, how do you put numbers on those realities? Financial theory states that the fair value of an ongoing business is the present value of its expected cash flows. This requires that an analyst estimates the cash flows, the discount rates, and how fast a company can grow. Simple, right? All you need to know is the cash from here to eternity.
That’s the rub. Because nothing ever works out according to plan. So we use probabilities and higher discount rates to account for the risk. We also need to estimate the growth rate. On paper, accounting for all these variables can look intimidating.
Source: CFA Institute
In theory, this looks like a lot of advanced math. But in practice, it’s actually pretty simple. The way a only way company can increase its value is to increase the level of cash flow available to investors. It can do this by increasing sales, decreasing expenses, or decreasing the cost of capital. Of these three, increasing sales is the only sustainable way to grow, since costs can’t fall below zero.
This is why the market value of a stock may fall even after they report a bang-up quarter. The market is more concerned with their prospects going forward, and how sustainable those prospects may be. The reported results are simply history—a way to evaluate management’s credibility, if they hit their numbers or not. History isn’t bunk, but it is in the past. What matters to investors is the prospect for future cash flows.
There are no shortcuts in valuation. Either a company can pay money to is owners or it can’t. In the end, valuation depends on value-added.
Douglas R. Tengdin, CFA
Chief Investment Officer | <urn:uuid:9d19702c-7cb7-452c-8d41-dc0fac032c33> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://globalmarketupdate.net/stock-market-values-part-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917120844.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031200-00444-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931185 | 383 | 2.71875 | 3 |
||This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. (December 2011)|
Process optimization is the discipline of adjusting a process so as to optimize some specified set of parameters without violating some constraint. The most common goals are minimizing cost, maximizing throughput, and/or efficiency. This is one of the major quantitative tools in industrial decision making.
When optimizing a process, the goal is to maximize one or more of the process specifications, while keeping all others within their constraints.
Fundamentally, there are three parameters that can be adjusted to affect optimal performance. They are:
- Equipment optimization
The first step is to verify that the existing equipment is being used to its fullest advantage by examining operating data to identify equipment bottlenecks.
- Operating procedures
Operating procedures may vary widely from person-to-person or from shift-to-shift. Automation of the plant can help significantly. But automation will be of no help if the operators take control and run the plant in manual.
- Control optimization
In a typical processing plant, such as a chemical plant or oil refinery, there are hundreds or even thousands of control loops. Each control loop is responsible for controlling one part of the process, such as maintaining a temperature, level, or flow.
If the control loop is not properly designed and tuned, the process runs below its optimum. The process will be more expensive to operate, and equipment will wear out prematurely. For each control loop to run optimally, identification of sensor, valve, and tuning problems is important. It has been well documented that over 35% of control loops typically have problems.
The process of continuously monitoring and optimizing the entire plant is sometimes called performance supervision.
- Calculation of glass properties, optimization of several properties
- Deficit irrigation to optimize water productivity
- Metallurgical Process Optimization
- Process simulation | <urn:uuid:f23ab096-e59e-46c4-9c2a-9bb48931b693> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_optimization | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802772972.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075252-00086-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.919513 | 393 | 3.359375 | 3 |
What is Doodle Art?
A seemingly absentmindedly made drawing or sketch is called a doodle or doodle art.Simple drawings that can signify both deep meanings and also random abstract lines and sketches, they are also referred to as a “scribble”.A doodle is commonly made without lifting the drawing device from the paper or any writing surface.
Teacher’s usually see doodling as a form of distraction nor is it a way to mess up a person’s desk.Doodle art is a way for someone to alleviate their boredom.Doodles are also done during situations where people don’t want to be present when we are mentally drained, or sometimes even when we are depressed.Although a doodle can seem quite random at times, it is quite often that some doodles actually signify a deep meaning, an emotion or something that a person wants to say or express but can’t.
“Doodler” is how people refer to a person who has a habit of making doodles most often.A doodler makes use of doodles to escape the here and now.Doodlers also use doodles to indirectly express their supressed emotions like anxiety, depression, boredom, excitement, or a combination of different emotions that makes them feel uneasy.In situations where a doodler’s emotions can get out of control they tend to find an outlet to help keep their mind calm and avoid panicking. As a result some of them turn to doodling.
A Doodler is no different from a Fiddler, Fidgeter, Whisperer, and Scratcher.All of them are quite similar that you can consider them as cousins or even brothers.They fiddle, fidget, whisper, scratch, and doodle when there are either nervous, scared, excited, anxious, or bored.Using their own way they cope with a certain uncomfortable or unfavourable situation.
You can learn more about a person’s current situation, by analysing the doodle they made.You can also learn about what kind of person a doodler is.There can be different meanings to the figures you find on someone’s doodle art.Also, the position of the doodles made by the doodler is actually one way to learn more about what kind of a person that doodler is.
The specific position of a doodle that you find on a paper symbolize the personality of a doodler.First, if a doodle is done on the top of the page, it can signify that a person is energetic, spiritual, and free-thinking.When it is done on the center of the page, it suggests that the doodler is attention-seeking, expressing, or craving an open space for himself.The doodles found on the bottom part of the page suggest a sense of practicality, logical thinking, but it can also mean that the person is depressed or introverted.Doodles on the right side suggest that the doodler has a particular fear for the future, and tends to cling to the past.Having doodles on the left side of the page suggest that a doodler wants to communicate and connect with others.
In essence, a doodle or doodle art somewhat serve as a form of language used by doodlers to communicate their feelings.As a friend, teacher, or parent, take a closer look at the doodles you want to dispose of. | <urn:uuid:997f1994-8756-4f9b-9583-7cc5a7690438> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://worldmusicharts.com/where-to-start-with-options-and-more.html/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314852.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20190819160107-20190819182107-00280.warc.gz | en | 0.939601 | 739 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Theodore Roosevelt reigns as the most presidential outdoorsman in the history of the United States. Today, we celebrate the legacy he left us through speeches, writing, and more.
From his “midnight forests” campaign with Gifford Pinchot to the creation of the U.S. Forest Service to his own history as a rancher and big-game hunter in the American West, Theodore Roosevelt dedicated his life’s work to understanding and conserving public lands and wildlife. By the end of his term as president, he’d established a lasting legacy by protecting more than 150 million acres of wildlands in the name of conservation and the American people.
Not only has Roosevelt left us a living legacy of public lands and wildlife, but he’s also left us a bevy of words, ideals, and idioms to live by. A century beyond his presidency, his words stand as thoughtful directives, solace amidst the political challenges surrounding conservation, and reminders of the wild places we’re lucky to hold today.
Here are 21 of my personal favorite quotes from our 26th president:
Theodore Roosevelt Favorite Conservation Quotes
1 —“There is a delight in the hardy life of the open. There are no words that can tell the hidden spirit of the wilderness that can reveal its mystery, its melancholy and its charm. The nation behaves well if it treats the natural resources as assets which it must turn over to the next generation increased and not impaired in value. Conservation means development as much as it does protection.”
2 — “We have fallen heirs to the most glorious heritage a people ever received, and each one must do his part if we wish to show that the nation is worthy of its good fortune.”
3 — “We have become great because of the lavish use of our resources. But the time has come to inquire seriously what will happen when our forests are gone, when the coal, the iron, the oil, and the gas are exhausted, when the soils have still further impoverished and washed into the streams, polluting the rivers, denuding the fields and obstructing navigation.”
4 — “The farther one gets into the wilderness, the greater is the attraction of its lonely freedom.”
5 —”I do not believe that any man can adequately appreciate the world of to-day unless he has some knowledge of — a little more than a slight knowledge, some feeling for and of — the history of the world of the past.”
6 —”We have a right to expect that the best trained, the best educated men on the Pacific slope, the Rocky Mountains, and great plains States will take the lead in the preservation and right use of forests, in securing the right use of waters, and in seeing that our land policy is not twisted from its original purpose, but is perpetuated by amendment, by change when such change is necessary in the life of that purpose, the purpose being to turn the public domain into farms each to be the property of the man who actually tills it and makes his home in it.”
7 — “Be practical as well as generous in your ideals. Keep your eyes on the stars, but remember to keep your feet on the ground.”
8 — “It’s not the critic who counts; not the man which points out how the strong man stumbles or where the doer of deeds could have done them better. The credit belongs to the man who is actually in the arena, whose face is marred by dust and sweat and blood; who strives valiantly; who errs, who comes short again and again … who knows great enthusiasms, the great devotions; who spends himself in a worthy cause; who at the best knows in the end the triumph of high achievement, and who at the worst, if he fails, at least fails while daring greatly, so that his place shall never be with those cold and timid souls who neither know victory nor defeat.”
9 — “Do what you can, with what you have, where you are.”
10 — “There can be nothing in the world more beautiful than the Yosemite, the groves of the giant sequoias and redwoods, the Canyon of the Colorado, the Canyon of the Yellowstone, the Three Tetons; and our people should see to it that they are preserved for their children and their children’s children forever, with their majestic beauty all unmarred.”
11 — “Of all the questions which can come before this nation, short of the actual preservation of its existence in a great war, there is none which compares in importance with the great central task of leaving this land even a better land for our descendants than it is for us.”
12 — “Defenders of the short-sighted men who in their greed and selfishness will, if permitted, rob our country of half its charm by their reckless extermination of all useful and beautiful wild things sometimes seek to champion them by saying the ‘the game belongs to the people.’ So it does; and not merely to the people now alive, but to the unborn people.
“The ‘greatest good for the greatest number’ applies to the number within the womb of time, compared to which those now alive form but an insignificant fraction. Our duty to the whole, including the unborn generations, bids us restrain an unprincipled present-day minority from wasting the heritage of these unborn generations. The movement for the conservation of wild life and the larger movement for the conservation of all our natural resources are essentially democratic in spirit, purpose, and method.”
13 — “The lack of power to take joy in outdoor nature is as real a misfortune as the lack of power to take joy in books.”
14 — “A grove of giant redwood or sequoias should be kept just as we keep a great and beautiful cathedral.”
15 — “Optimism is a good characteristic, but if carried to an excess, it becomes foolishness. We are prone to speak of the resources of this country as inexhaustible; this is not so.”
16 — “… the man who really counts in the world is the doer, not the mere critic-the man who actually does the work, even if roughly and imperfectly, not the man who only talks or writes about how it ought to be done.”
17 — “There were all kinds of things I was afraid of at first, ranging from grizzly bears to ‘mean’ horses and gun-fighters; but by acting as if I was not afraid I gradually ceased to be afraid.”
18 — “This country will not be a permanently good place for any of us to live in unless we make it a reasonably good place for all of us to live in.”
19 — “The United States at this moment occupies a lamentable position as being perhaps the chief offender among civilized nations in permitting the destruction and pollution of nature. Our whole modern civilization is at fault in the matter. But we in America are probably most at fault … We treasure pictures and sculpture. We regard Attic temples and Roman triumphal arches and Gothic cathedrals as of priceless value.
“But we are, as a whole, still in that low state of civilization where we do not understand that it is also vandalism wantonly to destroy or permit the destruction of what is beautiful in nature, whether it be a cliff, a forest, or a species of mammal or bird. Here in the United States we turn our rivers and streams into sewers and dumping-grounds, we pollute the air, we destroy forests and exterminate fishes, birds and mammals, not to speak of vulgarizing charming landscapes with hideous advertisements.”
20 — “Life is a great adventure … accept it in such a spirit.”
21 — “There can be no greater issue than that of conservation in this country.”
And to that final point, I say, “Amen, Mr. President.”
If you’re moved to get more deeply involved in today’s conservation efforts, I suggest donating time and effort to the Theodore Roosevelt Conservation Partnership, Artemis Sportswomen, and Backcountry Hunters & Anglers. | <urn:uuid:b701e09c-64b6-4f49-b1b0-8f7f697118c6> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://gearjunkie.com/conservation-quotes-president-theodore-roosevelt | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141733120.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20201204010410-20201204040410-00342.warc.gz | en | 0.958252 | 1,740 | 2.578125 | 3 |
READ ABOUT THE THREAT
Once part of the Allard Plantation established in the 1770s, the initial parkland was donated to the city by philanthropist John McDonough in 1854. The park’s swampier, northern portion includes extensive woodlands, sports fields, playgrounds, recreational trails and golf courses, with cultural amenities and a stadium clustered to the south. The park has a rich ecological landscape, with eleven miles of lagoons, lakes, and bayous, and one of the world’s largest live oak collections.
A study plan for the park was completed in 1872 by John Bogart and John Culyer but was never implemented. The park remained overgrown until 1891, when Victor J. Anseman formed the City Park Improvement Association (CPIA), which developed the park and continues its management today. Significant projects from this era include the New Orleans Museum of Art, opened in 1911; the Carousel Gardens Amusement Park, listed in the National Register of Historic Places; the Peristyle, Popp Bandstand, and Casino Building, all built between 1906 and 1917; and the golf course, expanded from nine holes to 27 by golf pro George Turpie in 1922.
In 1933 Bennett, Parsons & Frost of Chicago completed a master plan which was implemented by the Works Progress Administration. This work included stone bridges and roads; Tad Gormley Stadium; the New Orleans Botanical Garden designed by William Wiedorn, architect Richard Koch, and Art Deco artist Enrique Alferez; and an expansion of the golf course, also by Wiedorn. At 1,300 acres, City Park is the sixth largest urban park in the United States. | <urn:uuid:eb738ed7-36ed-426c-9f19-608c5e78b6e5> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://tclf.org/landscapes/new-orleans-city-park | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525483.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20190718022001-20190718044001-00021.warc.gz | en | 0.947634 | 350 | 3.046875 | 3 |
International Rice Genome Sequence Effort Completed
USDA: Terri Teuber 202-720-4623
NSF: Randy Vines, 703-292-7963
DOE: Jeff Sherwood, 202-586-4826
FRESNO, Calif, Aug. 12, 2005 – Researchers from the International Rice Genome Sequencing Project (IRGSP) completed a sequence of the rice genome that will help become a key resource to improve the nutritional quality and productivity of rice.
“Rice is a staple food for much of the world, which makes research to improve yields and the nutritional levels of rice vital to all of the world’s population,” said Agriculture Secretary Mike Johanns. “This is an important scientific milestone that will help us to end famine in the developing world and open new opportunities for America’s rice industry.”
The project analysis, published in the August issue of Nature, represents a highly accurate blueprint for all the rice chromosomes, which will impact the most important food source for half the world’s population. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), National Science Foundation (NSF) and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) collaborated in funding the research.
"Tapping into the genetic potential of rice brings new opportunities for understanding how plants grow, develop and create the renewable biomass and bioenergy resources for our future energy security needs, in addition to production and nutritional enhancement,” said Dr. Raymond L. Orbach, Director of DOE's Office of Science.
Rice is the first crop plant to be sequenced and is significant because it shares common sets of genes with most of the world’s major food and feed crops, such as corn, wheat, rye and barley. The map-based sequence has led to the identification of genes responsible for agronomically important traits that affect growth and promote higher yields. An increase in yields will help feed an expanding world population at a time of increasing restraints on agriculture.
A draft sequence of the rice genome was completed by the IRGSP in 2002. Now, the complete, quality sequence will provide the higher resolution genome map required to identify important genes. Although their early draft sequence provided a snapshot of the rice genome, the finished sequence analysis now reveals details of the gene-containing regions and the first centromeres to be sequenced from a plant or animal. Centromeres are the anchor points of a chromosome that control separation when a cell divides.
The entire genetic sequence is available for public access in GenBank at the National Institute of Health, enabling the advancement of cereal crop improvement and basic plant research worldwide. The finished sequence sets the stage for a complete functional characterization of the rice genome.
USDA, NSF and DOE jointly contributed $14.4 million since 1999 to the Institute for Genomic Research, the University of Arizona, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Washington University, and the University of Wisconsin; each participated in the IRGSP project. The IRGSP is led by Japan and includes the United States, China, Taiwan, South Korea, India, Thailand, France, Brazil and the United Kingdom. | <urn:uuid:5977c278-c3a5-4b98-83f9-a58cd6ceae65> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.csrees.usda.gov/newsroom/news/2005news/rice_genome.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997895170.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025815-00159-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.899688 | 652 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Plants That Can Tell Farmers What's Bothering Them - Part One
Over the past twenty five years, genetically modified traits have dominated the seed industry of crops like corn and soy focused on pest management. But what if we could code the plant’s DNA so that it signals to the farmer when and how it is stressed? That is the question that drives Shely Aronov and her team at InnerPlant.
Aronov… “Because plants are immobile - they can't move - they have to protect themselves. And what they do is that when they're being attacked, they know how to create on the biological level to protect themselves. And we call these promoters, but these are essentially temporary changes in the plant's RNA. So what's nice is that the plant reacts differently depending on the stress. So it's going to react one way to insects biting it, and a different way to fungus, and a third way to nitrogen deficiency, and so on. And that it happens really fast. The plants start reacting within hours of the emergence of stress. So what we do is we go and we re-code the plants' DNA so that when they're reacting to that stress, they're also going to be generating a protein in their leaves. And the nice thing about the protein is that it creates an optical signal that is easy to collect. So we, as people won't be able to see it because it's invisible, but through optical equipment, we can see the signals from as far as solid imagery and as close as an iPhone in the field.”
InnerPlant is commercializing these traits that will signal stress to farmers. | <urn:uuid:5f88040c-ecf7-43ef-bf8b-25834adac6e0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.aginfo.net/report/51714/Farm-of-the-Future/Plants-That-Can-Tell-Farmers-What-s-Bothering-Them-Part-One | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00562.warc.gz | en | 0.970349 | 344 | 3.09375 | 3 |
School is in session! Now that children are walking through those school halls and are settling into their new routines, it’s time to start thinking about how you can set them up to be successful. Here are 5 tips to make sure your kids have a healthy and happy school year.
1. Get Vaccinated
Attending school and being around many different people exposes your children to germs of all varieties. To protect them against those germs and ensure they stay healthy throughout the school year, make sure you schedule a time to get your children vaccinated according to your pediatrician’s prescribed vaccination schedule.
2. Set Healthy Eating Habits
While handing your children a few dollars or making their lunches with pre-packaged food may be easy, it’s extremely important to make sure your child has access to fresh, healthy food throughout the school day. A good tip from HealthyWomen.org is to stock up on healthy food and spend some time meal-prepping so that making your child’s healthy school lunch isn’t such a chore. Try cutting up fruit, like apples, on the weekend, so that when you or your child goes to make their lunch, healthy food is an easy item to grab.
3. Establish a Bed Time
Sleep is essential to making sure your children (and you!) are prepared to tackle the day ahead of them. Setting a bed time will not only help with your routine, but it will also help ensure that your children are getting the appropriate amount of sleep for their age group. This chart from the National Sleep Foundation details what amount of sleep each age group needs in order to be well-rested and refueled for the next day.
4. Show Them Good Hygiene Habits
Prepare your children with healthy hygiene habits to make sure they do all they can to protect themselves against germs. Show them the proper way to wash their hands, send them to school with a travel hand sanitizer, and make sure they know not to share food or drinks with other students. Teaching your children these good hygiene habits will help them stay healthier, longer.
5. Schedule a Check-Up with Your Pediatrician
Getting your child in with their pediatrician at the beginning of the school year is always a good idea. Whether they need a required physical for sports or you just want to make sure they are healthy while walking those school halls, your child’s pediatrician will ensure your child is well and ready to tackle the school year ahead.
At Pediatric Associates of Savannah, we are dedicated to providing your child with the best, most up-to-date care. Schedule an appointment today to get your child their immunizations, annual exam or physical, or just to get more advice on how to have a healthy, happy school year. | <urn:uuid:f7cd7961-abea-4111-91dd-6dc16ca80cc6> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://pedsav.com/blog/parents/5-tips-for-a-healthy-school-year/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499845.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20230131055533-20230131085533-00838.warc.gz | en | 0.965787 | 578 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Here’s a guest post from Los Angeles-based reporter Daniela Gerson.
Beware of false friends — similar-sounding words with common etymologies. False friends like hospice and hospicio don’t mean the same thing.
The Spanish-language pages of Medicare and the National Institutes of Health translate hospice as hospicio. To Los Angeles resident Manuela Flores this just seems bizarre
“Hospicio is a place for orphans,” says Flores, an immigrant from Nicaragua who has lived in the United States for nearly three decades. Spanish speakers from other countries give different definitions— to some it’s a refuge for migrants, to others a home for elderly people who have no family to support them. But whatever the variation hospicio means a place for the destitute, and definitely not somewhere you want your loved ones to end up.Flores says until recently she had never come across the concept of hospice care, and she would not even know how to give a name to it in Spanish. In English, hospice means an end-of-life program that includes at home medical services as well as psychological and social support. For anyone who is eligible for Medicare or Medicaid, hospice care is free. But Hispanics nationwide are making use of hospice services at lower rates. Researchers have found linguistic and cultural barriers are part of the reason.
“You have patients being offered basically to go to the poorhouse to die and they say, of course I don’t want to do that,” says, Jason Bowman, a Brown University medical student who has devoted himself to studying hospice care and Hispanics ever since he took a trip to Ecuador and learned the word was being mistranslated. Bowman, working with Dr. Joan Teno, recently completed a national study that documented that the rate of whites being treated with hospice was 30 percent higher than Hispanics.
“I think it is heartbreaking,” Bowman says, “because the Hispanic culture possibly more than any other that I’ve studied would benefit most from the central themes of hospice which are quality care focused around family and friends and support, holistic incorporating religion and spirituality, avoiding invasive sterile environments like a hospital.”
The Spanish and English words for hospice have the same Latin root: hospes. In Spanish the word came to mean a home for the poor who were unable to care for themselves. In English, the concept of hospice as a service to care for the dying took off in the 1940s in Britain. It was brought to the United States in the 1960s.
Overall, hospice care in the US is growing. And people who provide the service are starting to market it to Hispanics.
Hospice of the Valley in central Arizona is one such organization that’s creating marketing materials that cross cultural divides.
“It was difficult for me,” a man identified as Delmar Contreras says in a video produced by Hospice of the Valley. ” I was kind of skeptical of the whole idea of hospice, being a Hispanic, and we take care of our own. Me and my lady were struggling, how take care of Mami.” Contreras goes on to explain that when he realized that hospice was actually the best way he could care for his mother. “It’s the best decision that I ever made. I could never take care of my mom that way.”
That’s one person who was won over, but there are millions more facing deep cultural barriers. In California, Silvia Austerlic meets with groups of migrant workers as a cultural liaison for Hospice of Santa Cruz County.
“I say that I work for hospice and I ask, ‘Have you heard about hospice?’ And always there are many people who never heard about the service,” says Austerlic, a native of Argentina. “I say, ‘That’s great, so let me tell you.’ We don’t use the word in Spanish, hospicio; we use the words servicios de hospice.”
She uses the English word to avoid confusion. Then comes the key step of explaining a new concept.
“Hospice is a program, but it’s also a philosophy,” says Austerlic. “When I say it’s a philosophy I look into the eyes of farm workers and they all nod. They understand it’s not just someone coming to your house at the end of life. It’s a different relationship with death. It’s not how you want to die. It’s how you want to live until the end.
That’s something that Manuela Flores, the Nicaraguan immigrant, wishes had been explained to her. Flores says her medical provider used the English word, but his explanation was inadequate. When her mother-in-law died less than 48 hours after her family had approved hospice care, Flores was terrified that they had “signed off on the death of la señora.”
Flores believes immigrants like her need to better informed about programs like hospice. “I am not going to return to my country,” she says in Spanish. “I am going to end my life here with all of my family. And so I need to know. Regardless if we know English, we are working here and we need to know about programs like this. There are people who have died without knowing about these programs.”
- The World in Words Podcast on iTunes
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- Patrick Cox on Twitter | <urn:uuid:3ee82439-2fe2-40b5-888e-0b7b2bc8d3ec> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://patrickcox.wordpress.com/2014/05/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156513.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20180920140359-20180920160759-00403.warc.gz | en | 0.973463 | 1,191 | 2.65625 | 3 |
No connection between LDL cholesterol levels and heart disease, according to researchers
A new review of published research from an international group of physicians and researchers is challenging the half-century long belief that LDL, the so-called 'bad kind' of cholesterol, causes heart disease.
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, the review also questions the use of statins as the primary prevention tool for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The study could have widespread implications as tens-of-millions of Americans currently take statins to help lower their cholesterol levels and risk of heart attack.
"There have been decades of research designed to deceive the public and physicians into believing that LDL causes heart disease, when in fact, it doesn't," said David Diamond, Ph.D., a professor in USF's Departments of Psychology and Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, and a co-author of the article. "The research that has targeted LDL is terribly flawed. Not only is there a lack of evidence of causal link between LDL and heart disease, the statistical approach statin advocates have used to demonstrate benefits has been deceptive."
Diamond, along with more than a dozen doctors, including cardiologists, from the U.S., Sweden, the United Kingdom, Italy, Ireland, France and Japan, reported that the current narrative that LDL causes CVD is based on "misleading statistics, exclusion of unsuccessful trials and ignoring numerous contradictory observations."
The effectiveness of statin treatment as a primary prevention method has been heavily debated by researchers for years. This latest study analyzed three recently published reviews of roughly 50 years of research, refuting a number of claims and hypotheses made about the connection between LDL and heart disease, and the value of statins for preventing CVD.
While Diamond is careful not to give any medical advice, he says his goal is "to share this information with people, so they can make an informed decision when they're considering taking cholesterol lowering medication".
A neuroscientist by training, Diamond first began looking into diet and heart disease research over a decade ago, when he was diagnosed as being at high risk for developing CVD and his doctor recommended he take statins. With a Ph.D. in Biology, he began studying research on heart disease and realized that the emphasis on LDL as a cause of CVD was not based on sound research. Diamond has published half a dozen papers on CVD and continues to be a vocal opponent of statin treatment. Diamond reports that he lost weight and dramatically improved his heart disease risk markers by following a low carbohydrate diet, instead of taking statins. | <urn:uuid:afbd6688-6801-491f-8c47-971b41f284fd> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-10-ldl-cholesterol-heart-disease.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247481249.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20190216230700-20190217012700-00302.warc.gz | en | 0.970731 | 525 | 2.75 | 3 |
Below are guides to thinking about inclusion and equity in teaching. CTL's evidence-based strategies provides teaching practices that encourage inclusivity and equity, regardless of course content. The Racial Equity Course Review supports instructors in reflecting on their course content and how it may or may not contribute to racial equity. Links to research into inclusive teaching can also be found below.
The diversity of students at Penn is a tremendous asset for teaching and learning, whether in the classroom, lab or mentorship. Teaching inclusively, though, comes with challenges and the responsibility to create an environment in which all of our students can achieve to the best of their abilities.
Penn faculty, along with CTL, are engaged in finding and deploying best practices in inclusive teaching. In workshops and one-on-one consultations, CTL supports faculty and graduate students in reflecting on and adopting teaching practices inclusive of a diverse student body.
Teaching Practices & Course Design
Penn Faculty on What Inclusive Teaching Means to Them
In the video below, Penn faculty reflect on how they think about and teach inclusively. | <urn:uuid:af30be21-da09-4106-8a59-0b7bdf0d2a90> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ctl.upenn.edu/resources/inclusivity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572286.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816090541-20220816120541-00123.warc.gz | en | 0.95508 | 224 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Hi guys, I am kind of confuse between JBOD and RAID5 even after searching on the net. Below is what I understood so far, please help me out and correct me if I am wrong
JBOD (same as Linear?)
1) If I have 3X 2TB HDD, it will become roughly 6TB HDD
2) If the 2nd HDD fail, all 3 HDD will stop working because the array is stop?
3) Even if the defective HDD is replaced, I am forced to format all 3 HDD because it can not be recover?
1) If I have 3X 2TB HDD, only 4TB is usable because one of the HDD is used for the parity?
2) If the 2nd HDD fail, the remaining HDD will still work normally because RAID5 allow one disk fail?
3) After the defective HDD is replaced and recovered, only the data on the defective HDD will be lost? the data on the other HDD will not be lost?
JBOD (Just a Bunch Of Disks): is an array of drives without any additional control (accessed simply as independent drives)
RAID0 (also known as a stripe set or striped volume) splits data evenly across two or more disks (striped) with no parity information for redundancy. One drive fails data is gone.
RAID1 creates an exact copy (or mirror) of a set of data on two or more disks. if one disk of the mirror fails data is still save. replace bad disk fast.
RAID5 uses block-level striping with parity data distributed across all member disks. RAID 5 has achieved popularity because of its low cost of redundancy. This can be seen by comparing the number of drives needed to achieve a given capacity. Minimum three drives needed as long only one drive fails data is still save. replace bad disk fast.
RAID 0+1 (also called RAID 01), is a RAID level used for both replicating and sharing data among disks. The minimum number of disks required to implement this level of RAID is 3 (first, even numbered chunks on all disks are built – like in RAID 0 – and then every odd chunk number is mirrored with the next higher even neighbour) but it is more common to use a minimum of 4 disks. The difference between RAID 0+1 and RAID 1+0 is the location of each RAID system | <urn:uuid:c6119c71-fe2f-43b8-bef3-c8ba4ae9473b> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.tomshardware.com/forum/271783-32-jbod-raid5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223206770.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032006-00299-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937651 | 487 | 2.875 | 3 |
With every job, you are presented with new environmental risk factors, but some propose more health and safety risks than others. According to the National Safety Council, Agriculture is the most hazardous industry in the nation. Though the rate of fatalities is declining, it still is at the peak.
Every year, thousands of farmers and growers become injured due to various farming accidents. From stress and machinery exposure, to chemicals and excessive noise, there are many different types of hazards that threaten farmers’ lives daily. Analyzing these different factors really puts into perspective the importance of having a safety preparedness plan in place to prevent, and help diminish, the continuously growing accident rate.
Believe it or not, but most deaths in theagricultural industry are caused by damage to farmers who have been compressed or crushed by accidents or misuse of equipment. Managing large equipment is routine in the life of a farmer or grower, but should be evaluated regularly to ensure all equipment meets proper environmental health and safety regulations. At EHS Management, we make it a priority to include a wide range of safety and environmental criteria in our agricultural preparedness plans such as our Respiratory Protection Program, and even establishing safety committees.
For the Agricultural industry, we stress the importance of staying alert and being completely prepared when it comes to the management of large equipment, and the environmental hazards that come with farming. You never know when an accident might happen, so don’t wait another minute.
For more information about the agricultural safety and environmental services we offer, visit our Agriculture page, and give us a call at 715.551.9503 for a free consultation. | <urn:uuid:7945cdd2-1969-43af-a98e-f74dcadc6b18> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://ehs-mgt.com/2018/05/farm-safety-are-you-prepared-for-the-upcoming-season/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986710773.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20191020132840-20191020160340-00353.warc.gz | en | 0.957105 | 332 | 3 | 3 |
Online Annual Report 2014
- Dresden researchers offer insights into static mixers' flow patterns
- Combination of different methods reveals new information about uranyl compounds
- New form of cancer treatment starts in Dresden
- A simple method for measuring particle ranges improves precision of proton therapy
- Magnetic fields and lasers help unveil graphene's secret
- Cosmic jets of young stars formed by magnetic fields
One of the chemical industry's most common processes is the dispersion and dissolution of gases in liquids. Therefore, so-called static mixers are increasingly used. The method involves elaborate arrangements of mixing elements like helical blades or cross-bars for mixing of various fluids like gases and liquids directly inside the tubing. The details of these mixing processes are still not unveiled. Computer simulations that are frequently used here are not powerful enough since flows are far too dynamic.
For this reason, researchers at the HZDR Institute of Fluid Dynamics have started using a new method called ultrafast X-ray tomography, a method that involves a rapidly moving X-ray source to irradiate the flow from many different angles. From individual projections, the scientists are afterwards able to reconstruct cross-sectional images. This means that 1,000 images per second are not even an issue. Even individual gas bubbles dispersed in the liquid and their pathways through the mixing segments can be visualized. Researchers are particularly interested in the bubble size distribution patterns since the mass transfer occurs across the bubbles' surfaces. The desired gas bubbles are small and highly dispersed as they act to intensify it.
With this research, the Rossendorf scientists were able to show that flow turbulence and centrifugal forces compete in the presence of helical elements. This in turn affects the mixture and the bubbles’ dispersion. On the one hand, the turbulence acts to break the bubbles. On the other, the bubbles coalesce as the centrifugal forces separate the lighter gaseous phase from the liquid, the heavier material. From these findings, the scientists are able to draw conclusion about the components' ideal arrangements and about the required mixing segment length. This way, the facilities' energy efficiency can be optimized.
- Publication: S. Rabha, M. Schubert, F. Grugel, M. Banowski, U. Hampel, „Visualization and quantitative analysis of dispersive mixing by a helical static mixer in upward co-current gas-liquid flow”, Chemical Engineering Journal, 262, 527-540 (2015, DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2014.09.019)
- Contact: Dr. Markus Schubert, Institute of Fluid Dynamics
Through a combination of mathematical and experimental methods, researchers at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf were able to glean surprising insights into the uranyl(VI) hydrolysis, the basic model for examining uranium chemistry in aqueous systems. For the secure storage of highly radioactive waste in permanent repositories, knowledge of how the toxic materials interact with their environment is critical and scientists are drawing on a range of different spectroscopy-based methods to figure out the specifics of these interactions. As such, the chemical structure, the binding, and thus the dispersal behavior of actinides can be decoded.
Because of their high sensitivity, methods involving luminescence spectroscopy are particularly well-suited to studying uranyl(VI) systems. However, an analysis of the collected data has proved challenging, which is why researchers at the Institute of Resource Ecology are using parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC), which they adapted for uranyl hydrolysis. The Dresden scientists collected data like pH measurements using time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy and assembled it into a three-dimensional data cube. This allowed them to be the first to actually show a consistent image of the uranyl(VI) system they had analyzed, identifying five important uranyl(VI) hydrolysis compounds and characterizing them using spectroscopy.
The results refute the long-held belief that distinguishing between uranyl(VI) compounds by way of excitation spectroscopy at wavelengths of less than 370 nanometers is impossible. Not only were the researchers able to confirm their findings with the help of quantum chemical calculations, but for the first time ever, they were actually able to show an existing relationship between the luminescence signal and the chemical structure. This work is helping lay the foundation for the study of more complex uranyl(VI) systems. In addition, the combination of cutting-edge luminescence spectroscopy and theoretical methods could potentially be applied to a number of systems involving additional actinides and rare earths.
- Publication: B. Drobot, R. Steudtner, J. Raff, G. Geipel, V. Brendler, S. Tsushima, „Combining luminescence spectroscopy, parallel factor analysis and quantum chemistry to reveal metal speciation – a case study of uranyl(VI) hydrolysis”, Chemical Science, 2015, 6, 964-972 (2014, DOI: 10.1039/C4SC02022G)
- Contact: Björn Drobot, Institute of Resource Ecology
Dresden's Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital is the very first site in East Germany to be banking on proton-based radiotherapy in the fight against cancer. By mid-December 2014, the first set of cancer patients were treated with radiotherapy. This form of cancer treatment involves shooting the body with protons at two-thirds the speed of light. Unlike is the case with conventional X-ray radiotherapy, these tiny particles don't actually unfold their maximum potential until they have reached the tumor, so that the surrounding tissue remains less damaged. The facility is a joint project by the University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, the TU Dresden's Faculty of Medicine, and the HZDR.
The scientists have taken the approach of uniting research and treatment under one roof. Scientific findings are extrapolated and applied directly to the treatment - and, vice versa, the practical insights gleaned during treatment also make their way back into the research lab. This cycle is supposed to help speed up the transfer of research knowledge to clinical application. The scientists are hoping to continue to refine the use of protons in cancer therapy over the next several years with a clear focus on the patient and far from commercial dictates.
The National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology - OncoRay provides them with a cutting-edge infrastructure. In addition to its proton therapy facility, the Center also houses an experimental hall on an area of 250 square meters. Here, HZDR researchers are working closely with their partners on a brand new method for accelerating particles. Highly intense laser light is supposed to replace the need for electromagnetic fields that are traditionally used. The hope is that this will help reduce the overall size of the facilities while reducing their price tag, which in turn would help make them more ubiquitously available in the everyday hospital setting.
- Press release (German): Protonentherapie: erste Patienten im Bestrahlungszyklus
- Contact: Prof. Dr. Michael Baumann, Director Institute of Radiooncology
Proton beams might improve the fight against cancer as their highest destructive potential can be focused on a specific target within the body. Just like bullets a proton beam has a specific range. As long as the initial speed of particles entering the patient's body is set correctly, they unfold their greatest destructive potential precisely within the tumor following their deceleration inside the body – just at the point, at which they stop. However, this is at the same time a challenge. Even a congested nose at the time of the preliminary assessment can distort the data on whose basis the radiation treatment is planned, which could potentially mean the beam may end up missing its target. This is why scientists search for methods for obtaining precise measurements of the protons' actual range.
A team of Dresden researchers has developed a surprisingly simple technology. The high speed of the protons triggers nuclear reactions, which causes gamma radiation. The previous concepts try measuring this radiation using complex and costly detector systems in order to trace the beam's path. By contrast, the new method relies on time measurements that merely need a single detector. Researchers at the HZDR and at the OncoRay Center use an effect which so far has been viewed as a potential source of error: protons require a very short but finite period of time to reach their target inside the body.
Their deceleration time depends on the braking distance - that is, on the range. The gamma radiation generated in the process is emitted within a timespan that grows longer with increasing range. This is easy to record. If the measured time spectra deviate from the modeled ones, the beam does not reach its target with high enough precision. After only a few seconds, the beam can be shut off. The researchers were able to experimentally confirm their hypotheses. The technology could potentially help decrease the safety margin around the tumor down to a few millimeters, which increases the efficacy of the treatment.
- Publication: C. Golnik, F. Hueso-González, A. Müller, P. Dendooven, W. Enghardt, F. Fiedler, T. Kormoll, K. Roemer, J. Petzoldt, A. Wagner, G. Pausch, „Range assessment in particle therapy based on prompt γ-ray timing measurements”, Physics in Medicine and Biology, 59, 5399-5422 (2014, DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/59/18/5399)
- Contacts: Dr. Guntram Pausch, OncoRay; Dr. Fine Fiedler, Institute of Radiation Physics
With its tensile strength greater than steel and its conductance of electricity and heat better than copper, graphene is being hailed as a "miracle material." A two-dimensional material consisting of only a single layer of carbon atoms, it is both flexible and nearly transparent, and several million times thinner than a sheet of paper. Following its discovery ten years ago, scientists realized early on that graphene's energy states within a magnetic field - called its Landau levels - behave differently from semiconductors. But the electron dynamics of graphene in the presence of magnetic fields had not before been studied.
In order to uncover the dynamics of graphene-based charge carriers, HZDR researchers have exposed the "miracle material" to a magnetic field, examining it using light pulses from their free-electron laser. In the process, they discovered a seemingly paradoxical phenomenon: Of all things, it was the energy level, into which a laser continued to pump new electrons, that, little by little, began to empty out. The culprits behind this unusual redistribution behavior were collisions between electrons. Although scientists are familiar with this effect, which is known as Auger scattering, nobody was expecting it to be quite this powerful, capable of emptying out an entire energy level.
Looking ahead, this discovery may prove useful for the development of a new kind of laser capable of producing light at a desired set wavelength in the infrared and terahertz ranges. For the longest time, this kind of Landau level laser was considered unfeasible, but now, thanks to graphene, this semiconductor physicists' dream could become a reality.
- Publication: M. Mittendorff, F. Wendler, E. Malic, A. Knorr, M. Orlita, M. Potemski, C. Berger, W.A. de Heer, H. Schneider, M. Helm, S. Winnerl: „Carrier dynamics in Landau quantized graphene featuring strong Auger scattering“, Nature Physics 11, 75-81 (2015, DOI: 10.1038/nphys3164)
- Contact: Dr. Stephan Winnerl, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research
Astrophysical jets are counted among the most spectacular of our universe's phenomena: from the center of black holes, quasars, or protostars, these rays of matter project far out into space, at times at a distance of several light years. What we're talking about here is a thin, straight emission of matter emanating from the center of a disc-shaped cluster made up of cosmic gas and dust. Together with colleagues from Europe, America, and Asia, HZDR researchers have realized an experiment that allowed to generate these types of jets from magnetic fields and as a result they can be modeled.
For their experiments, the researchers simulated the origination process of a jet in the lab: To this end, they targeted intense laser light on a plastic sample. This transformed the previously solid plastic object into a conductive plasma - a sort of rapidly spreading "hot cloud" made up of electrons and ions, which represented a young star's cluster of matter - on a much smaller scale, of course. This way, the scientists were able to extrapolate the results they had obtained in the lab to real-life conditions as they exist in the universe.
At the same time, the plasma was exposed to a very strong pulsed magnetic field, which was produced using a specially designed pulse generator by the Dresden High Magnetic Field Laboratory. This, then, turned out to be the experiment's deciding trick as - according to the physicists' hypothesis - the normally widely scattered plasma was supposed to focus in the magnetic field, and form a hollow interior. As predicted, this in turn generated a shockwave, from which an ultrathin beam - a jet - began to project. The experimental data corresponded nicely to previously made astronomical observations of actual jets in the universe.
- Publication: B. Albertazzi, A. Ciardi, M. Nakatsutsumi, T. Vinci, J. Béard, R. Bonito, J. Billette, M. Borghesi, Z. Burkley, S. N. Chen, T. E. Cowan, T. Herrmannsdörfer, D. P. Higginson, F. Kroll, S. A. Pikuz, K. Naughton, L. Romagnani, C. Riconda, G. Revet, R. Riquier, H.-P. Schlenvoigt, I. Skobelev, A. Faenov, A. Soloviev, M. Huarte-Espinosa, A. Frank, O. Portugall, H. Pépin, J. Fuchs, “Laboratory formation of a scaled protostellar jet by coaligned poloidal magnetic field”, Science, 346, 325-328 (2014, DOI: 10.1126/science.1259694)
- Contact: Prof. Dr. Thomas E. Cowan, Director Institute of Radiation Physics | <urn:uuid:332a9d00-ab70-462b-ba56-76e4fb2847f7> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://www.hzdr.de/db/Cms?pOid=45133&pNid=153&pContLang=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689471.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923033313-20170923053313-00280.warc.gz | en | 0.92361 | 3,085 | 2.640625 | 3 |
For the Public
Small vessel disease, a group of vascular disorders resulting from the pathological impairment of the small blood vessels of the brain, is strongly linked to causing some forms of dementia and stroke. These diseases have a huge social and economic impact. SVD is a global problem, but a treatment is yet to be discovered.
Most SVD cases occur at random, but there are a few that can be passed down through the family and are caused by genetic mutations. For the rest of the cases, the cause is still unknown. In order to develop new treatments for SVD we need to understand the different processes that occur in the brain to cause disease.
We are interested in a feature of the brain called the perivascular space. This is the gap surrounding blood vessels in the brain. Fluid uses this gap like a pipe to transport waste products from the brain. These spaces enlarge in SVD. We are trying to understand what causes them to get bigger, and what happens to the movement of fluid in the brain when this occurs.
We think that the large PVS lead to fluid stagnation in the brain, which may cause problems such as inflammation and reduced oxygen supply. We aim to study patients with SVD and use models of the disease to understand this. | <urn:uuid:ed8947f9-a519-4267-b6d0-aeb69dd0b028> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://small-vessel-disease.org/for-the-public | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267159160.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20180923055928-20180923080328-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.962678 | 256 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Year 2 - Jays & Goldcrests.
Half term homework:
Common Exception word sheets:- Please practise reading and spelling the words on the dinosaur or fish. Colour the words as you read them. Now have a go at using the words in sentences of your own.
Maths: Continue to practise the recall of your 2x, 5x, 10x and 3x tables. https://www.topmarks.co.uk/maths-games/daily10 is a useful website to help with quick recall as well as a number of other mathematical problems. We use levels 1 and 2. Have a go at the partitioning, place value and multiplication games.
Over the past few weeks we have been learning all about the artwork of Vincent Van Gogh. We have studied many of his paintings and have been using them to inspire our poetry writing. We have also started to look at how he created many shades of a colour by mixing a few at a time.
As part of our Ice Explorers topic, Year 2 have visited Appledore Arts to take part in a workshop. During the day we made igloos from yoghurt pots and covered them in mod roc, we also drew some penguins and made them out of plastacine. We all had a lovely day, and it was great to share our amazing work during this topic with parents and grandparents at our ‘stop and celebrate’ event yesterday after school.
This term Year 2 have started a new topic all about Polar Exploration. We have used atlases to locate the Arctic and Antarctic and have found out lots already about the different habitats and animals that live there.
We have been researching Ernest Shackleton and his expedition to the Antarctic in 1915, finding out about his ship Endurance and how it became trapped in the ice.
Our Christmas homework was linked to our new topic, what amazing models the class have made.
We have had such a busy last couple of weeks working hard to learn all the songs, script and acting parts for our nativity production ‘It’s a Cracker’ We have performed it several times to an audience and have received rave reviews from those who came to see us. Well done to all of year 2 and year 1- an amazing performance.
We have also been busy writing the starts to our quest stories and trying to impress the King in order to be knighted. As well as this we have tried out a new computer game called ‘castle siege’ where we have to attack a castle using a mangonel. If successful we can move onto a trebuchet and then canon. Have a go, it’s great fun. https://gridclub.com/activities/castle-siege
In maths this week we have been learning all about multiplication and repeated addition. We made arrays with counters and numicon and then wrote matching calculations to show our learning.
Both classes also had a visit by the Fire Service. We learned how to make an emergency call as well as what to do if we needed to escape from a fire. We loved dressing up in all the uniform.
We have just started our new topic of Knights and Castles this week. On day one we received a scroll from the king, inviting us to take part in a quest to save the princess by writing amazing quest stories. We have accepted his challenge and are really keen to get started. We spent some time talking about quests and who might go on them, as well as what a suitable reward would be.
yr 2 tricky words- climb, only, because, wild, door, floor, most, both again, child, children, parents.
This week we have been learning all about shapes. We have identified 2D shapes and talked about their properties. Then in our quest time we made symmetrical patterns using the peg boards and also created 2d shapes on the geo boards.
Last Friday we held our school Harvest Festival, led by Reverend Leigh. Year 2 performed several poems and also read the prayers. We all enjoyed singing Cauliflowers Fluffy and Autumn days.
This week we have been writing our own poems based on ‘Tell Me A Dragon’ We used our class dragon as a starting point and created our class poem about it. We decided that our class dragon was a lava dragon with eyes ‘as blue as the sea on a sunny day’.
We have also made eggs using oil pastels and tissue, thinking about suitable colours to use to depict the type of dragon inside. During our quest time we made lego dragons and cone characters to go with our poems.
Year 2 have off to a flying start with our new topic this half term. We are finding out all about dragons, and are working towards writing our own poems based on the book ‘Tell Me A Dragon’. So far, we have looked at different types of dragons and have found our favourite ones on the computer. We have also designed dragon eggs linked to those in our poetry book and have enjoyed the chance to play with our class castles, complete dragon word searches and invent some amazing dragon names all in our ‘quest time.’ | <urn:uuid:418a1a3f-797b-44cd-aeca-c2abe44ff5e7> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://stmarysce.co.uk/2015-06-23-12-59-45/2015-06-23-13-01-02/year-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247491141.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20190219183054-20190219205054-00124.warc.gz | en | 0.975855 | 1,064 | 3.09375 | 3 |
A whole lot of fun whole grain facts
You might already know a lot about whole grain – like how important it is in a balanced diet, and how tasty it can be. But do you really know everything about it? No? Great! You’ve come to the right place.
Chewing it over
People have been eating whole grains for more than 17,000 years – they picked seeds, rubbed off the husks and chewed the kernels raw or boiled them in water.
Egyptians used to bury mummies with necklaces made from barley, and in 1324 King Edward II of England set the standard for the measurement - making the ‘inch’ equal to ‘three grains of barley, dry and round, placed end-to-end lengthwise’.
A whole lot of grains
One bushel of wheat contains around a million individual whole grain kernels.
War on whole grain
Amaranth is a whole grain that was incredibly important to the Aztecs. So when the Spanish invaded, their leader, Cortez, tried to destroy the Aztecs by not allowing them to grow it – anyone caught was put to death!
Tut, tut ...
Khorasan grain is a wheat variety that was brought to the US as a souvenir from an Egyptian tomb - it was sold as ‘King Tut’s Wheat’. Now known as kamut, an ancient Egyptian word for wheat, this rich, buttery-tasting wheat is certified organic.
Rice in disguise
Wild rice isn’t really rice at all – it’s the seed of an aquatic grass originally grown by Native American tribes. It has a strong flavour and is quite expensive so it’s usually mixed with other types of rice.
Wheat is the most widely grown cereal grain. It’s grown on over 17 per cent of the total cultivated land in the world, and is the staple food for 35 per cent of the world’s population. It provides more calories and protein in the world’s diet than any other crop.
Pop goes the kernel!
Popcorn is simply a puffed-up whole grain. It’s made from a special type of corn called ‘zea mays everta’ – the only type of corn that can ‘pop’.
Try popping your own corn at home with the kids – great fun!
Food of goods and kings
In Asia, the Amaranth grain is known as ‘king seed’ and ‘seed sent by God’.
Quinoa, pronounced ‘keen-wa’, is a whole grain that was highly prized by the ancient Incas – they called it ‘gold of the Incas’.
I'd like to contact Nestlé Cereals because
We've tried to answer as many of your questions as possible. You can search them all here:
What are the health and nutritional benefits of Nestlé Gluten Free Corn Flakes?
I’ve heard a low GI diet can help me lose weight. Is this true?
It’s too early to say. The science in this area is still emerging. There is evidence that low GI foods take longer to digest and help you feel satisfied for longer, but none that you’ll eat fewer calories at the next meal.
Is Nestlé planning to launch gluten-free versions of its other cereals or cereal bars?
Why do some breakfast cereals have different serving sizes labeled on pack?
The serving sizes mentioned on breakfast cereals can slightly differ, mainly due to differences in product density. Beyond its nutrients density, it’s also important for the portion size to suit the average cereal bowl. Some types of breakfast cereals, such as mueslis or granolas, are denser than traditional flakes; so a 30 g serving could look tiny and unrealistic in a bowl – that's why we use 45 g as a reference. These different serving sizes have been defined by the European cereals trade association and consistently applied by all industry members in Europe.
Does the high GI of breakfast cereals negate the whole grain benefits?
No. Even though some foods made with whole grain have a high GI, you can still benefit by including them in a healthy, balanced diet. Eating lots of whole grain can be good for the heart, even if the GI of the food is high. The whole population can benefit from eating more whole grain; the effect of low GI foods is still not clear.
We'd love to hear your comments about Nestlé cereals, so please let us know what you think, we always appreciate hearing from you. | <urn:uuid:46ea0215-1567-4804-9c54-22e8c97adfcd> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.nestle-cereals.com/sg/en/recipes-tips/get-inspired/whole-grain-facts | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153897.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20210729203133-20210729233133-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.960914 | 972 | 2.671875 | 3 |
GREEN JUNE BUG SWARMS
No, they are not Japanese Beetle or the beetles that will eat your turf. We are seeing (or recently did see) a mating swarm of Green June Bugs.
These are large beetles, about 1 inch in size, metallic green and very similar in size and shape to regular old brown May Beetles or June Bugs.
Green June Bugs are basically harmless. After mating they will be laying their eggs in compost, manure, and other like materials. The larvae can be considered beneficial because they are recyclers and decomposers.
The adults may cause damage to fruits, especially soft fruits like pears. I have seen them congregating on the fruit in large numbers, chewing holes in them and ruining the pears. If this is an issue for you, try using some sort of netting over the tree, if it is small enough. Given that these beetles aren’t going to be around very long, pesticides aren’t the best, most economical or most environmentally friendly option.
Green June Bugs are usually seen in large numbers either on a tree, or flying around trees. They are loud fliers, and not always the best flier – bumping into building and sometimes even people! They will not bite or hurt you. They are strong, and you’ll learn this if you pick up a live one and try to hold it in your hand.
They may be annoying, but give them a week or two more, and you won’t see these Green June Bugs again for another year!
FALL GARDENING AND PEST MANAGEMENT
Fall is here and, for some, it’s the best time to veggie garden! Cole crop like broccoli, cabbage, lettuces, cauliflower all do well with the cooler temperatures. But along with cole crops, always come cabbage loopers. Don’t let the name trick you – cabbage loopers do not just feed on cabbages. While they prefer cole crops, I have seen on nearly everything in a garden, including radishes.
Last fall, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service in Bexar County conducted a field trail on cabbage looper and best management practices. We had 252 cabbages and treated them either Spinosad, Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Bt), Molasses, Carbaryl, and alternating treatments of Spinosad and Bt and alternating treatment of Spinosad and Bt with Molasses added.
What we found was that if you follow good cultural control practices: (watering at least twice a week, maintaining moist soil, pre-fertilizing, staying weed free, and planting cabbages the proper spacing from one another [we used 12 inch center spacing]), you can go without treating and still produce cabbage heads that are not significantly smaller or of less aesthetic value than those treated with any pesticides. However, the outer leaves are all eaten and we definitely had some loss of cabbages. It was a testament to using the best cultural control practices and that happy plants have fewer pest damage.
Overall, Spinosad had fewer cabbage looper damage from the get-go. Bt started off slower, with more damage (holes in leaves, more of the overall leaves with holes), but by the end of the study, it was right up there with Spinosad treated plants.
When you alternate with Spinosad and Bt, you hit a middle ground and adding Molasses did nothing to help.
Incidentally, using Molasses only showed less damage than treating with nothing, but it dyed the cabbages and make them look burnt. You would get nearly the same results as doing nothing at all, so if you want a nicer cabbage or cole crop, I wouldn’t suggest using only Molasses.
Carbaryl (Sevin) products preformed the poorest. But, if you read the label, you will see that loopers are specifically mentioned as not being affected! Another reason why we should read that label carefully!
Our treatment regimen was applying a liquid insecticide every 2 weeks for a total of 10 weeks of plant growth. Our cabbages averaged 3 lbs! Nearly twice the size of the cabbages you purchase at the store. We had a bumper crop, but remember cultural control is key to any good garden! | <urn:uuid:78c7cd88-bb2d-4ac5-b498-9c689f7c4f50> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://communityipm.tamu.edu/2013/11/20/whats-buggin-ya-fall-2013-molly-keck/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824133.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00005-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958041 | 903 | 2.625 | 3 |
“Swarthmore is very yang – it needs more yin. People are not busy getting dumb.” – Steven Hopkins
This is the second of my series of Through the Lens (TTL), I posted my first one a while ago talking about how one could essentially create creativity called Through the Lens of Music: Engineering Creativity. In this post, I will try to understand what it means to be authentically human and how to live in harmony with the Tao through the lens of Confucius (Confucianism) and Lao Tzu (Taosim).
The idea of yin 阴 and yang 阳 is deeply rooted in many Chinese religions, especially focusing on the balance between the two. The yang is associated with the sun, a masculine / outgoing power, external displays, visible appearances. The yin, on the other hand, is associated with the moon, a feminine / inward power, weakness, flexibility, invisible, and the interior. While reading the Confucian Analects, section 26 in Book 11 confused me and started this questioning of what it meant to be authentically human.
In 11.26, Confucius is asking his disciples why somebody would be appreciative of them in order to appoint of them to lead a state:
After asking, Zilu speaks up immediately, saying that if he “were given charge of a state of a thousand chariots – even one hemmed in between powerful states, suffering from armed invasions and afflicted by famine – before three years were up [he] could infuse its people with courage and a sense of what is right.”
Zilu is dismissed disapprovingly by Confucius and is not chosen to be the leader probably because of his abrupt manner in answering him as well as the inauthentic, willful nature of his answer.
As opposed to Zengxi, who stated that he would choose to do something quite different from any of the other three disciples. Zengxi answered that “in the third month of Spring, once the Spring garments have been completed, [he] should like to assemble a company of five or six young men and six or seven boys to go bathe in the Yi River and enjoy the breeze upon the Rain Dance Altar, and then return singing to the Master’s house.”
When Confucius ultimately picked Zengxi, I was confused. Wouldn’t a ruler or leader want to have a strong sense of authority? Why would he pick somebody that would just go to the river and sing songs? I discussed this with my professor (Steven Hopkins) and started to understand why Confucius picked Zengxi.
Confucius ultimately picks Zengxi because as opposed to Zilu, Zengxi was not trying to impose a sense of authority onto other people. Zengxi exemplified a wu wei 無爲 (non-action) harmony, as opposed to Zilu’s willfulness of his ego. Confucius could tell this by Zengix’s musical bent, timeliness of not answering abruptly, having reluctance to speak about his aspirations, and his sense of spontaneous joy in the cultivated life conveyed by his answer. The idea of wu wei, doing things effortlessly and with flow, appealed a lot to me because it resonates strongly with the music improvisation and also ultimately seemed like the way I want to live my life.
Confucius could see that Zengxi understood himself and was not putting on a face, while the answers of the other three disciples seemed vulgar (very yang, prevalent in competitive colleges like Swarthmore). Li Chong described Zengxi as the only one having transcendent aspirations, with words that were pure and remote, meaning lofty and fitting. For Confucius, true government is effected through the superior virtue gained by ritual practice, and the task of the gentleman is to focus on self-cultivation and attaining a state of joyful harmony with the Way, Tao. In the Tao Te Ching (4), a similar shedding of ego is shared.
Tao is empty…
It blunts sharp edges,
Unties knots, Softens glare,
Becomes one with the dusty world.
Lao Tzu characterizes the sharp edges as the faces we put on to build up and defend our identities. The Tao breaks down this ego-fortress, which offers a false sense of security, because when one is too focused on his ego, life becomes a “me vs. everybody else experience” which isolates him from the natural whole. The awareness of the natural whole and wu-wei harmony exemplify both the ideal Confucian values of being “authentically human” and the Taoist sense of enlightenment when living in harmony with the Tao.
With regards to education and learning, Taoism and Confucianism seem to be at odds with each other. For instance, Lao Tzu claims in the Tao Te Ching that not knowing is supreme while knowing is faulty. In the Analects, Confucius claimed that one who thinks without learning will fall into danger. However, a deeper look into their philosophies of education reveal that they share the same beliefs on self-education as a means to deepen the awareness of the self. The Taoist seeks to understand the naturalness of everything as it exists at the present.
Knowledge is dangerous in the sense that it clogs the mind and makes it prejudiced.
From the first chapter of the Tao Te Ching:
Names can name no lasting name.
Nameless: the origin of heaven and earth.
Naming: the mother of ten thousand things.
Empty of desire, perceive mystery.
Filled with desire, perceive manifestations.
Naming the things we observe creates a schism and rips our awareness away from the original whole. Instead of trying to know each separate piece, the Taoist tries to understand the whole, for the whole is the Tao. In Taoism, the key is not to know something, but to understand it. One goes about this through self-education. Furthermore, this kind of education is also natural; it just needs to be recognized as such and be developed to its fullest throughout one’s lifetime.
On the surface, the Analects seem different from this idea, Confucius stated:
“I once engaged in thought for an entire day without eating and an entire night without sleeping, but it did no good. It would have been better for me to have spent that time in learning.”
Confucius stresses the dangers of thinking in isolation. Rather than attempting to pointlessly reflect on one’s own, Confucius argues that accumulated wisdom of the classics should form the very basis of one’s thinking. Thinking without the context of learning is comparable to randomly banging on a piano in ignorance to the conventions of music. A million monkeys given a million years might produce something, but it is better to start with the classics. The Xunzi gives an analogy, that climbing a hill and waving your arms does not make your arms any longer, but they can be seen from farther away. Shouting downwind does not make your voice any louder, but it can be heard more clearly. Someone who borrows a carriage and horses does not improve the power of his feet, but he can travel a thousand li. It may seem that Confucius is encouraging the pursuit of knowledge in the classics as the ultimate goal, yet it is that mastery and understanding of the classics that will allow one to fully practice the Tao and have an awareness of the self in relation to the world. Idle thinking without any guidance is a waste of time, and the Tao that arises from this type of mastery Confucius discusses parallels the Cook Ting and the Ox story from the Chuang Tzu (which s you should take your time to read, it is an amazing story).
In the story, Cook Ting seamlessly cuts an ox and states that he follows the Tao, here is a short excerpt from the whole, starting with Prince Wen Hui praising Cook Ting.
“Your method is faultless!”
“Method?” said the cook
Laying aside his cleaver,
“What I follow is Tao
Beyond all methods!”
“When I first began
To cut up an oxen
I would see before me
The whole ox
All in one mass.
“After three years
I no longer saw this mass.
I saw the distinctions.
“But now, I see nothing with the eye. My whole being
My senses are idle. The spirit
Free to work without plan
Follows its own instinct
In order to act with wu wei (non-action) and follow the Tao, Cook Ting needed the mastery of having cut oxen for many years before. One cannot achieve this level of flow from aimlessly hacking at an ox without any training – that resembles banging on a piano without knowing the conventions of music. It is only after Ting attains mastery through years of training that he is able to step back and let the cutting happen naturally, he is then able to cut without cutting. The mastery of the classics (in the defense of a liberal arts education) is, in a deeper sense, used to understand wu wei and the nature of the present. For the Confucian, the understanding of the classics is a necessary vehicle to attaining true understanding of the Tao.
So this was my attempt at trying to make sense of and relate to a portion of what I’ve been studying in my Asian religion class. This is most intriguing class I have taken so far, and I have learned so much about myself. But the best part is that it will only get better as I read more about Eastern religions. | <urn:uuid:51843354-ec0e-449a-8b7f-9aba735cd198> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://samshih.me/2016/04/24/ttl-confucius-and-lao-tzu-how-to-live-your-life/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141193856.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20201127161801-20201127191801-00695.warc.gz | en | 0.963402 | 2,056 | 2.671875 | 3 |
There are so many things we don't know about the human brain, which is ironic since coming up with new discoveries about it actually requires us to use our gray matter. Wait, is that even irony? All this makes our heads hurt.
However, we may have gotten another step closer to understanding just how this mysterious organ works now that researchers from Stanford University School of Medicine have come up with a way to concoct little human brains in the lab.
Stanford University School of Medicine
Well, they're not little human brains, exactly, but balls of human brain cells that grow and function like the outer mantle, or cerebral cortex, of the person from whom they were derived. The cortex handles sensory input and high-level functions such as speaking, memory and vision.
These little laminated cerebral cortex-like structures, or "organoids," could lead to insights into brain development and function, and, it is hoped, eventually into the causes of psychiatric disorders such as autism and schizophrenia.
"One of the major problems in understanding mental disorders is that we can't directly access the human brain," researcher Dr. Sergiu Pasca, an assistant professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Stanford, said in a release. "These spheroids closely resemble the three-dimensional architecture of the cortex and have gene expression patterns that mimic those in a developing fetal brain."
The cerebral-cortex-like spheres also lend themselves to analysis using conventional brain slice methods.
"So, in a sci-fi future, it might potentially reveal what circuits went awry in the developing cortex of a particular individual with a brain disorder," explains the National Institutes of Health, which funded much of the research. Details of the findings were published last Monday in the journal Nature Methods.
Scientists have already replicated brains by extracting neurons from stem cells derived from human skin. Those samples have been helpful in areas such as testing drugs, but don't necessarily tell scientists how the brain's neural network communicates. The new model out of Stanford has resulted in a more functional, naturalistic sample of the brain, the researchers say, and the process of creating the human cortical spheroids also requires fewer steps than previous methods of making lab brains.
If all this sounds a little too scary-science for you, don't worry. The little brain samples can't yet plot email scams or dream up bad movie scripts -- quite yet at least.
"They do not even begin to approach the complexity of a whole human brain," said Dr. Thomas R. Insel, director of the NIH's National Institute of Mental Health. "But that is not exactly what we need to study disorders of brain circuitry."
Art and science of the human brain (images)
"Brains: The mind as matter," an exhibit running at the Wellcome Collection in London through June 17, seeks to explore humans' impact on the brain -- how it's been studied and regarded over time, for example, and what's been done to it in the name of scientific inquiry and medical intervention.
The free exhibit features more than 150 artifacts, including real brains; manuscripts and illustrations that reflect shifting perceptions of the brain; photos of patients suffering from neurological disorders; surgical film sequences; and an interactive feature that gives visitors a close-up, 360-degree view of a preserved human male brain.
Pictured is a plaster copy of an 1825 cast from the head of 24-year-old Victoire, who suffered from microcephaly, a rare neurodevelopmental disorder that restricts brain development and leads to a smaller head size than usual.
The cast of the young woman's head came from the collection of the British Phrenological Society, which survived until 1967. Phrenology, the controversial study of cranial shape as an indicator of mental faculties and character, was dismissed by many as a pseudo-science.
The skull pictured in this 20th century lithograph, supposedly that of a woman who worked as a prostitute, is thought to have come from the collection of Franz Joseph Gall, founder of modern phrenology. It's referred to in Gall's 1819 publication "The Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System in General, and of the Brain in Particular."
The illustration is meant to demonstrate the phrenological theory that the skull's shape and size relates to character.
That brain you're looking at contributed to computing history. It belonged to Charles Babbage, inventor of the famed Difference Engine, a computer and printer designed by the English mathematician in the 1840s to solve the problem of notoriously inaccurate printed numerical tables.
Babbage himself decided that he wanted to donate his brain to science, and in a letter accompanying the donation, his son Henry wrote:
"I have no objection...to the idea of preserving the brain...Please therefore do what you consider best...[T]he brain should be known as his, and disposed of in any manner which you consider most conducive to the advancement of human knowledge and the good of the human race."
Another preserved brain. This one belonged to Helen Hamilton Gardner, an author and leading advocate for women's suffrage and educational rights in the early 20th century. In 1920, President Woodrow Wilson appointed Gardner to the United States Civil Service Commission, making her the first woman to occupy such a high federal position.
Gardner strongly advocated the position that the female brain was not "demonstrably different from that of a man under the same conditions and with the same opportunities for development."
Her brain currently rests in the Wilder Brain Collection in Cornell University's psychology department. Cornell anatomy professor Burt Green Wilder believed that studying the anatomy of the human brain could yield great insights into psychology; his own brain was added to the collection after his death in 1925.
Going from the 20th century back at least a few thousand years is this mummified cerebral hemisphere believed to date back to around 2010 BCE. It was excavated in 1900 from a burial ground of the XIth Dynasty in the temple of Mentuhotep II at Egypt's Deir el-Bahari and is among the oldest brain specimens known.
After being diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 1995, American artist William Utermohlen chronicled his descent into dementia through a series of powerful self-portraits drawn over 12 years. He started painting this oil on canvas, "Self Portrait with Saw," in 1997, on the day he willed his brain to science. Utermohlen died in 2007 in his seventies.
Harvard University scientists made a neuroimaging breakthrough in 2007 when they developed the Brainbow technique. First demonstrated in a transgenic mouse, the method allows whole arrays of similar neurons in a brain to be distinguished from one another through different combinations of fluorescently colored proteins.
Images resulting from the technique are digitally recolored to enhance the contrast between cells and map the complex interconnections in the nervous system. As this image demonstrates, Brainbow technique can make for striking images; some have won awards in science photography competitions.
This striking resin model of the brain's blood vessels could win an art award of its own. To make a cast like this, the vascular system of an animal or organ can be injected with liquid plastic that fills the blood space and rapidly solidifies. Acid or alkaline solution is then used to corrode the surrounding tissue, leaving a hardened cast that accurately represents the original vascular system and can be examined with electron microscopes.
A wax model of the brain by Joseph Towne, known as one of the most skilled makers of wax medical models of the 19th century, as well as a talented marble sculptor. Towne worked for Guy's Hospital in London, and also worked for overseas clients on commission. Towne was known for embracing new technologies such as stereoscopic photography to help achieve realism in his anatomical models.
This wax model adopts a pose favored by Towne that shows the scalp folded over to reveal the underlying surface of the cerebral cortex with the dura mater (the protective membrane, part of the meninges) still covering the left hemisphere.
The 19th century model may have been made to teach neuroanatomy to medical students or, possibly, for display in medical exhibitions open to the general public.
It might look like a game of "Operation," but it's actually a human electroencephalography (EEG) headboard used in experiments conducted by Britain's Burden Neurological Institute in the '60s. Doctors inserted the electrodes through the skull and placed them directly into the brain to stimulate specific areas and record the responses.
This brain-related device was developed by Sir Francis Galton, a cousin of Charles Darwin and a pioneer in the field of eugenics. Using "anthropometric" devices like this headspanner from around 1896, he sought evidence of links between physical appearance and the supposed evolutionary progress of various groups.
Though "Brains: The mind as matter" doesn't focus much on the biology of the brain, this interactive feature gives visitors a chance to get a close-up, 360-degree view of the brain's structure. This brain was removed from a man's skull shortly after his death and came from the Parkinson's UK Brain Bank at Imperial College.
Scientists stress the importance of having healthy brains to study alongside damaged or diseased brains as they provide valuable "control" tissue that can be used in vital neuroscience research.
(Via Popular Science) | <urn:uuid:adacf4d6-9807-4d4a-97dc-94a2113afb9d> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://finance.yahoo.com/news/s/doctors-could-grow-tiny-versions-234418751.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358520.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20211128103924-20211128133924-00336.warc.gz | en | 0.96193 | 1,931 | 3.59375 | 4 |
A Canticle For Leibowitz Essay, Research Paper
A Canticle for Leibowitz
Throughout the history of mankind, man has wanted to learn. It was the
knowledge that has been kept with him for generations that has also kept the human race
from not progressing. More and more generations of man have evolved and yet one
element of life has lived on through the roughness of nature, plagues and even world wars.
Knowledge proves to be indestructible and unstoppable.
In the first section of A Canticle for Leibowitz, Fiat Homo, knowledge makes an
introduction by demonstrating its capability of surviving the first nuclear fallout via books
stored by the saint, Issaic Leibowitz. Now monks are memorizing and copying texts and
pictures that held the knowledge to the reproduction of society. The monks contributed
tremendously in the process of keeping knowledge indestructible. All of the surviving
people in the world have dedicated themselves to knowledge by turning into doctors,
scientists and any sort of men of study. Once again, knowledge proves unstoppable. In
Fiat Lux, knowledge is progressing at an incredible rate. The church realizes that
everything it needs to enhance civilization has been passed down from the generations, and
they just need to interpret it.
“For twelve centuries, a small flame of knowledge had been kept smoldering in
the monasteries; only during the last age of reason, certain proud thinkers had
claimed that valid knowledge was indestructible–that ideas were deathless and
The church members keep learning more and more as they study the old texts that they
can now understand. Brother Kornhoer developed a dynamo that was capable of
producing an electrical current strong enough to power a light bulb. This point in the
book seemed to really show that knowledge was indestructible and unstoppable because
civilization had gone from ruins where there was nothing, to the recreation of electricity.
Now in Fiat Voluntas Tua, another holocaust was in effect and a small team of teachers
were gathered together onto a space ship. They planned to leave when the second nuclear
holocaust began, thus ensuring the existence of knowledge.
In A Canticle for Leibowitz, three time zones of civilization that were hundreds of
years apart were able to keep the same knowledge and documents that the last had used.
Wars and mass destruction were not a problem for the battle between knowledge and its
destruction, knowledge is unstoppable. | <urn:uuid:a25bf7ba-fde9-4905-9cc0-20bc2e62e18a> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://mirznanii.com/a/81764/a-canticle-for-leibowitz-essay-research-paper | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121752.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00290-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958401 | 523 | 2.671875 | 3 |
This is a fascinating story, told here for the first time in detail, of Jung’s friendships with Mary Mellon and J. B. Priestley. Mary Mellon was the founder of the Bollingen Series, which published Jung’s Collected Works in English, and the wife of the famous American philanthropist Paul Mellon. J. B. Priestley was a well-known British author and journalist who interviewed Jung several times for the BBC. Both admired Jung and helped make his psychology known and recognized throughout the world. In this book, which uses the letters to trace the course of these two friendships, we get a glimpse of Jung the man, with “nose and ears,” as his son Franz said of him—a remarkable genius but also a man with ordinary human strivings and flaws. | <urn:uuid:49cf60e8-4ece-4621-a03e-eaa86271987c> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://chironpublications.com/shop/c-g-jung/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371813538.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408104113-20200408134613-00442.warc.gz | en | 0.974676 | 166 | 2.578125 | 3 |
You know it’s essential to keep your body fit; the equivalent applies to your mental wellbeing. However, is there an activity program to keep you intellectually fit? There are many intellectually animating brain games to keep your brain agile. Research by scientists demonstrates mental activities help the maturing brain to concentrate, increase memory and focus and language skills. The aging procedure carries plenty of changes to your body; your muscle loses their strength, you begin to get wrinkles, and probably put on weight. However, maybe the most upsetting thing about aging is that your brain begins to back off as well. While individuals used to simply accept this due to aging; nowadays, we don’t need to acknowledge mental decrease as unavoidable since there are numerous factors you can do to keep your brain youthful.
A healthy mind requires a healthy diet. To keep your mind fit as a fiddle an eating routine wealthy in cell reinforcements is important to fend off the harm brought about by free radicals. Antioxidants agents will likewise assist increase flow of blood to the brain and aid the body manufacture more acetylcholine which is a vital synapse that guides in mental capacity. Likewise, we need to exercise the mind to keep them speedy and adaptable. Neuroplasticity means the cerebrum’s capacity to revamp neural pathways dependent on new encounters. This means as we learn and get skills, the mind changes because of those encounters. You can improve the plasticity of the mind by doing pleasant mental exercises. Psychological games that need snappy response time, memory, spatial thinking, and critical thinking will aid improve your memory and your ability to focus. Studies show that stress can be a significant factor in mental decrease, and probably the ideal approach to lessen it is physical activities. Physical exercise is additionally useful for the mind; physical exercise triggers the creation of mind determined neurotrophic factors that are associated with the brain’s capacity to develop and adjust.
From studies, when the psychological capacities of the elderly were looked at, the individuals who strolled consistently were less inclined to encounter age-related cognitive decline and other decreases in mental capacity. As anyone might expect, similar guidance that we follow to accomplish physical wellness applies to mental wellness; individuals need to think, or they lose their psychological aptitudes. There are numerous exercises in your everyday life that will keep you intellectually fit and will go about as a viable mind activity paying little heed to your age. Indeed, even things, for example, paying tips at hotels can be incredible as a type of mind practice if you figure out how to make sense of them in your mind. Challenging your mind increases your mind capacity unlike those who use applications such as a calculator to do a simple math task. If you consider you are mentally slowing down, don’t ignore the feeling, to help you avoid illnesses that come with aging. A brain wellbeing lifestyle incorporates physical exercise, social engagement, mind-stimulating games, and a healthy diet. | <urn:uuid:c6bd1ce6-0b89-418c-a9d2-8bacadae949e> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.queeredfiction.com/5-uses-for-4/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703528672.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20210121225305-20210122015305-00282.warc.gz | en | 0.952005 | 600 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Better Students Ask More Questions.
What is the status of the female characters in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein?
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High School Teacher
Best answer as selected by question asker.
In Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, the women are intelligent, but submissive—often victims—powerless to protect themselves and "second class citizens." The only exception may be Caroline Frankenstein who dies before the monster is created.
Caroline is Victor's mother. She alone shows the ability to stand up to the world. Victor recounts...
Caroline Beaufort possessed a mind of an uncommon mould; and her courage rose to support her in her adversity.
The only thing Caroline cannot defy is illness. Though married to a physician, nature—in the form of scarlet fever—takes her life just before Victor leaves for school.
In Frankenstein, the women are unable to care for themselves. When the creature kills Victor's brother, he frames Justine Moritz for the crime. She is a fine, intelligent woman—and an adopted member of the respected Frankenstein family—but she is powerless within her society and is executed.
When the creature hides in the shed attached to the De Lacey cottage, he learns of Agatha, and Felix's fiancée, Safie. The De Lacey's are impoverished. Agatha is educated, but can do nothing to provide for herself or her family. She (and her blind father) relies on the care of her brother. When Safie arrives, the creature learns of the character of this young woman and what brought her to Felix and his family.
Safie related that her mother was a Christian Arab, seized and made a slave...The young girl spoke in high and enthusiastic terms of her mother, who, born in freedom, spurned the bondage to which she was now reduced. She instructed her daughter in the tenets of her religion, and taught her to aspire to higher powers of intellect, and an independence of spirit, forbidden to the female followers of Mahomet.
Safie is intelligent and independent, but when her mother dies, she travels to Felix rather than return to Turkey—a place that has no room for women of intellect. So she travels to Germany:
The prospect of...remaining in a country where women were allowed to take a rank in society, was enchanting to her.
That rank was still not one of equality.
The most central woman to the story is Victor's sweetheart, Elizabeth. She and Victor plan to marry. When Victor refuses to create a mate for the monster, the creature promises to visit Victor on his wedding night. Victor is unable to protect Elizabeth—she becomes another of the monster's victims. Victor's creature—like the scarlet fever that took Victor's mother—is a force of nature that cannot be stopped. Nothing Victor can do once he denies the creature a wife, will protect Elizabeth:
...suddenly I heard a shrill and dreadful scream. It came from the room into which Elizabeth had retired...the scream was repeated, and I rushed into the room...She was there, lifeless and inanimate, thrown across the bed...
Frankenstein's women are presented as intelligent, but also submissive...
Laying the foundation for Ellis, Mary Shelley, and countless other women, Dr. Gregory, in his widely-read A Father's Legacy to His Daughters, gave this advice to his daughters in 1774: "if you happen to have any learning, keep it a profound secret, especially from the men, who generally look with a jealous and malignant eye on a woman of great parts [i.e., ability] and a cultivated understanding."
Posted by booboosmoosh on May 12, 2012 at 6:34 AM (Answer #1)
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Join a community of thousands of dedicated teachers and students. | <urn:uuid:4dda0962-4dc7-4288-bb16-895a4a1e00f4> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-status-female-chaarcters-mary-shelleys-337622 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999652865/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060732-00006-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966231 | 798 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Kenya is a known habitat for extraordinary fauna species. Recently, their white giraffes gained attraction from the world. Unfortunately, last March, some poachers killed a female white giraffe and her calf. Now, the sole known white giraffe standing in the world is the male one.
In an effort to increase the security and protection of this unique giraffe breed, the officials have fitted a tracking device onto the male white giraffe. The GPS device will send out updates on the giraffe’s location by the hour. On Tuesday, the Ishaqbini Hirola Community Conservancy released a statement and said that the GPS device has been fitted on the giraffe’s horns.
The conservancy is in Garissa County, Kenya. Hopefully, with the device, the rangers will be able to protect the last white giraffe standing.
Conservancy Manager Says Future Is Well For The Last White Male
During the press release, the manager of the conservancy, Ahmed Noor, said that the recent rains have blessed the region with great vegetation. This means that the giraffe won’t have to go far off trying to find grazing spots. Noor also said that it signals a good and safe future for the white male giraffe.
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The manager further praised Northern Rangelands Trust, Save Giraffes Now, and the Kenya Wildlife Service for safeguarding the wildlife.
Antony Wandera from Northern Rangelands Trust told media sources that their mission is to enable communities to secure their livelihood and protect the extraordinary wildlife. He also said that the communities have to be aware and resilient.
White Male Lives With A Genetic Trait Called Leucism
The unique white giraffe is a result of leucism, a very rare trait of the gene. It causes the animals to lose their pigmentation partially, which makes them more vulnerable to poachers. This condition is somewhat different from albinism as these animals produce darker pigments on their softer tissues. This is also why the white male giraffe has dark eyes.
Last March, it was a sad day for the world as the rangers found two white giraffes’ skeletal remains. It was later deduced that the poachers killed both the mother and the calf white giraffes.
These unique giraffes made the news in 2017. The female and her calf were spotted in the wild. Soon after, the female gave birth to another calf. The three giraffes lived inside the conservancy and were a huge tourist attraction. Several videos of the white giraffe on YouTube garnered over a million views. Magazines like The Guardian, National Geographic, Inside Edition, and USA Today have also featured the white giraffes.
The African Wildlife Foundation has estimated that we have lost around 40 percent of the giraffe population in the last thirty years.
Images Credit: Northern Rangelands Trust | <urn:uuid:080140bf-d560-4b25-9758-67fc6effdf74> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://truththeory.com/one-of-a-kind-white-giraffe-in-kenya-got-a-tracking-device-for-safety/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663012542.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220528031224-20220528061224-00713.warc.gz | en | 0.945621 | 621 | 2.75 | 3 |
Can ventilation requirements and energy conservation go hand in hand? They can if you implement demand control ventilation (DCV).
There’s no reason to waste energy conditioning air for people who aren’t in your building. Instead of supplying air at fixed rates, DCV automatically adjusts ventilation levels based on real-time occupancy measurements. This strategy allows you to meet code and reduce energy use without sacrificing indoor air quality.
Exhaust Your Options
The problem with traditional ventilation is that it cannot distinguish between actual vs. projected occupancy. As outlined in ASHRAE 62.1-2013, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, ventilation rates are calculated using two factors: square footage and peak occupancy.
Since square footage is a constant, any fluctuations on the occupancy side of the equation give rise to energy waste. With travel, sick days, vacation, and inclement weather, your building is rarely at capacity. In fact, human resources data shows an average of 75% of workers will be in attendance at any given time.
Without a way to calculate the actual headcount, your HVAC system operates as if maximum occupancy occurs on a continuous basis. If you can eliminate the excess air supply whenever fewer people are present, however, you have an opportunity to capture energy savings.
To have a responsive, intelligent HVAC system, you need to implement demand control ventilation. This strategy recognizes when a space has fewer people than scheduled and drops ventilation levels accordingly, explains Daniel Nall, senior vice president with Thornton Tomasetti, an engineering firm. Air supply is calculated using verified headcounts rather than occupancy projections. DCV is no different than using occupancy sensors to control lights – both ensure energy is conserved when there’s no activity in a space that justifies its use.
For example, offices need to supply 5 cubic feet per minute (cfm) per person in addition to a baseline of 0.06 cfm per square foot, Nall explains. Unoccupied, a 250-square-foot office needs 15 cfm to meet the ASHRAE standard. With one individual present, this increases to 20 cfm. Using DCV to sense when the room is empty, you can scale back the ventilation from 20 to 15 cfm, a 25% decrease in air supply. These savings are then multiplied across any room that has DCV capability.
If your occupancy variations are known in advance, DCV may be as simple as using a basic schedule in a building management system, says Jules C. Nohra, manager for energy efficiency at SourceOne, an energy consulting and management firm. Those with irregular or unforeseen occupancy fluctuations, however, will require sensors that can determine how many people are present. These include education, retail, conference areas, performance venues, lobbies, and offices with a mobile workforce or flex hours.
Carbon dioxide monitoring is by far the most common way to determine occupancy, says Thomas Lawrence, senior public service associate with the College of Engineering at the University of Georgia. The technology is well-established and straightforward to implement. CO2 isn’t treated as a contaminant that needs to have its levels controlled (a common misconception), but as a representation for the number of bodies in a space.
“Carbon dioxide measurements act as a surrogate for occupancy because humans generate an average volume per hour,” explains Nall. “By calculating the concentration differential between internal CO2 volumes and the outside air, you can estimate the number of people in your building. For example, if your CO2 concentration doubles, then occupancy has doubled.”
Occupancy sensors, such as the infrared ones you pair with lighting controls, can also be used. These are the most effective in individual work spaces and private offices, Lawrence observes. For a zone with multiple workers, however, they don’t offer fine enough measurements to calculate total attendance.
For example, think of an open floor plan that houses 30 people. The occupancy sensor will trip when the first person arrives, but it can’t scan the room an hour later to see if all 30 workers showed up that day. It also can’t detect if 15 of those employees move to another part of the building for a two-hour meeting, leaving the space over-ventilated during that period.
Entertainment venues may be able to use ticket sales to confirm a headcount. Other facilities can derive occupancy by counting cell phone signals present in the facility, Lawrence says. It’s also possible to have IT report the number of active computers, assuming that each device fired up represents a person in the space. If you use an access control system and it can interface with your BAS, each card swipe, keypad entry, or turnstile rotation can count toward occupancy. | <urn:uuid:8e3ab004-1c52-4681-b7ee-e0e3fd7c04cd> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.buildings.com/article-details/articleid/16743/title/right-size-your-ventilation-needs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647885.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20180322131741-20180322151741-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.933602 | 980 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Adult Eye CareAdult Eye Check
Blue Light protection
Adult eye problemsMacular diseases
What is macular (yellow spot)?
Retina is a light-sensitive layer of tissue, lining the inner surface of the eye. Macula is the center of the retina which is most sensitive to light stimulation and responsible to central vision as well as color vision.
Symptoms of macular diseases
People with macular disease would have a blur and distorted central vision. However, patients may not notice the problem themselves if only one of the eyes got the disease.
Type of macular disease
- Dry Age Related Macular Degenertion: Around 90 % of the case. More common and initially less serious but can progress to wet form. Treatment usually not necessary.
- Wet Age Related Macular degeneration: Around 10 % of the cases. The formation of abnormal blood vessels leak fluid and eventually cause scar tissue and destroy central vision. It should be treated as soon as possible.
- Epiretinal membrane: Scar tissue forms which grows across the macula. As the membrane contracts, it causes distortion of the retinal tissue and affect our vision.
- Others: Such as Macular hole, macular edema, CSR.
- High myopia(over 6 diopter)
- Age over 55 year-old (age related macular degeneration, ARMD)
- Ocular trauma
- Long-term poor controlled diabetes mellitus and high blood pressure
- Surgeries(with or without using laser) to remove vitreous, inter limiting membrane and abnormal new blood vessels
- Injection of medicine in order to restrict neo-vascularization formation
Methods to prevent Age-related macular degeneration(ARMD)
- Quit smoking
- Wearing hat and sunglass to prevent the effect of ultraviolet light
- Balanced diet
- Regular eye check by optometrist
Health care voucher is welcome in our center. | <urn:uuid:3a18ff94-c5fb-47f6-9742-d563e8c5fed3> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://childreneyecare.com.hk/eye-information/adult-eye-problems/macular-degeneration/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267159006.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20180923035948-20180923060348-00102.warc.gz | en | 0.884807 | 401 | 3.515625 | 4 |
|WikiProject Anglicanism||(Rated Start-class, High-importance)|
|WikiProject Catholicism||(Rated Start-class, Mid-importance)|
In "Archbishops of archdioceses" section, cardinal has no direct relationship with archbishop, as cardinal can be honoured virtually to all men with at least the order of the presbyterate (priest) by Pope [Cannon Law S.251]. So, I suggest to remove the description regarding cardinal in this section. ppa (talk) 22:37, 21 October 2009 (UTC)
The reference to "archbishops" outranking metropolitans in the Greek Orthodox Church is not precise. Only the President of the Holy Synod, the Bishop of Athens is called the Archbishop, and he is first among equals.
He or she / She or He
EdwinHJ has several times reverted or changed the page to read "She or he". This makes no sense to me. Since the vast majority of Archbishops are male (especially historically), it would seem to me to make much more sense to state it as 'He or she'. Does anyone disagree with this, and if so why? Kenj0418 04:08, May 7, 2005 (UTC)
Actually, proper English is to only use "he" even when referring to both men and women. It is called the generic masculine. "He/She" actually means a person who is both male and female. So, to answer your question, yes, it should just be he, not because the majority of archbishops are men, but because it is proper English. | <urn:uuid:8b24b425-a8ce-48c3-b39a-4c40b46d55cc> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Archbishop | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510266597.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011746-00202-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978615 | 340 | 2.609375 | 3 |
|Miners thoughtfully providing Her Majesty's Forces live fire and bayonet practice targets|
Those familiar with the English Civil War and the American Revolution will be familiar with the cause; No taxation without representation!
Miners were forced to buy a license to be permitted to prospect for gold. They maintained that it was an onerous imposition on free enterprise, the more so that they were not allowed the vote. Enforcement of the license by authorities was heavy handed and corrupt, Further exacerbating ill-feelings. Protests against the license escalated until they got out of hand with the death of a miner and the burning down of the Eureka Hotel in revenge after the hotel owner was acquitted of the murder. Radicalised miners built a stockade in Ballarat and swore an oath under the Southern Cross flag.
In the subsequent trial of the ringleaders, they were all acquitted of charges of High Treason by a sympathetic jury. Leader Peter Lalor eventually became a pillar of the establishment, elected to Parliament and eventually becoming Speaker of the House!
I have a family connection to the rebellion. On my paternal grandmother's side of the family, an ancestor was involved as a messenger on the rebel side, as he was too young to fight. I'll have to do a bit of genealogical investigation to get the full story.
Unfortunately the flag has been co-opted by all sorts of causes, from the far-left militant unions who view the affair through a Marxist lens as workers asserting their rights against the bosses, to the far-right who use it as a nationalist symbol of exclusion. In reality the rebellion was more like a protest of small businessmen against the stifling hand of bureaucracy, not that of the oppressed workers and definitely not a white-power struggle. The protesters had a large foreign flavour with miners from all over Britain and Europe and especially the USA. | <urn:uuid:6ebb5119-9ccf-4eb3-9d71-7ea10e640e21> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://rosbiffrog.blogspot.com/2014/12/160th-anniversary-of-eureka-rebellion.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608107.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20170525155936-20170525175936-00148.warc.gz | en | 0.976994 | 378 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Exfoliation is an essential step in any skincare or body care regimen, but it's important to know the best practices when using exfoliants to avoid damaging your skin. There are two main types of exfoliants: physical and chemical. In this post, we'll explore the differences between them and provide tips for using them safely and effectively.
Physical exfoliants are products that use a physical texture, such as beads, sugar, or microcrystals, to physically polish away dead skin cells. They can be found in scrubs, brushes, and even washcloths. Physical exfoliants are great for those who prefer a more tactile approach to skincare or have oily or acne-prone skin. Physical exfoliants are particularly well suited for prepping the body for self-tanner and shaving, and are also ideal for addressing dry patches (elbows, knees, feet).
However, physical exfoliants can be too harsh on the skin if not used correctly. Avoid using them too frequently, as over-exfoliating can lead to irritation, inflammation, and even breakouts. Also, be gentle when applying physical exfoliants and avoid using them on sensitive areas of the skin, such as around the eyes.
Chemical exfoliants use acids, such as alpha-hydroxy acids (AHAs) or beta-hydroxy acids (BHAs), to dissolve the bonds between dead skin cells on the surface of the skin. This allows the dead skin cells to be sloughed off more easily. Chemical exfoliants are ideal for those with sensitive skin or who prefer a more gentle approach to skincare. Physical exfoliants are one of the most efficient means of smoothing uneven skin on the body - as a result conditions such as ingrown hairs, body acne and keratosis pilaris.
When using chemical exfoliants, it's important to start with a low concentration and gradually work your way up. This will help prevent irritation and sensitivity. Also, be sure to use sunscreen daily when using chemical exfoliants, as they can make the skin more sensitive to the sun.
Best Practices When Using Exfoliants
No matter which type of exfoliant you choose, there are a few best practices to keep in mind:
- Determine your skin type: different skin types require different types of exfoliants. If you have oily or acne-prone skin, a physical exfoliant may be more beneficial. If you have sensitive skin, a chemical exfoliant may be a better option.
- Start slowly: if you're new to exfoliation, start with a low concentration and work your way up. Over-exfoliating can damage your skin and lead to irritation and inflammation.
- Be gentle: whether you're using a physical or chemical exfoliant, be gentle when applying it to your skin. Avoid using too much pressure or scrubbing too hard.
- Avoid sensitive areas: be careful when using exfoliants around the eyes, mouth, and nose. These areas are more sensitive and prone to irritation.
- Use sunscreen: exfoliation can make your skin more sensitive to the sun. Be sure to use sunscreen daily, even on cloudy days.
In conclusion, exfoliation is an important step in any skincare routine, but it's important to use exfoliants safely and effectively. Whether you prefer physical or chemical exfoliants, be sure to choose the right type for your skin type and start slow. By following these best practices, you can achieve healthy, glowing skin without damaging it in the process. | <urn:uuid:863b83c9-ca9a-4f50-bc12-1be0640fd5b8> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://volitionbeauty.com/blog/best-practices-when-using-exfoliants/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510603.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930050118-20230930080118-00633.warc.gz | en | 0.919707 | 751 | 2.8125 | 3 |
After studying art at the Cleveland Institute of Art and the Art Institute of Chicago, Norman Bel Geddes started out working as a set designer in Los Angeles. From 1918 Norman Bel Geddes designed sets for the Metropolitan Opera in New York. In 1925 he returned to Los Angeles and worked in Hollywood. Contact with the architects Frank Lloyd Wright and Erich Mendelsohn induced Norman Bel Geddes to turn to architecture and design.
Norman Bel Geddes belonged, along with Raymond Loewy, Henry Dreyfuss, and Walter Dorwin Teague, to the first generation of American industrial designers, who designed railroad trains, buses, cars, aircraft, and machinery. Further, they used the aerodynamic streamlined form as an aesthetic device, applying it to machinery, smaller appliances, lamps, and furnishings.
Norman Bel Geddes was an especially eloquent advocate of the teardrop form. From 1928 Norman Bel Geddes designed futuristic-looking cars for the Graham Paige company. Norman Bel Geddes designed the celebrated General Motors Pavilion, the "Futurama", for the 1939 New York World's Fair, his vision of tomorrow's world as a landscape filled with model buildings.
Norman Bel Geddes also expounded his philosophy of design and his vision of the future in the book "Horizons" (published in 1932) and in "Magic Motorways" (1940). | <urn:uuid:912db86a-ffa8-42cc-9c70-c95ee0d71981> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | http://www.norman-bel-geddes.com/index.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103671290.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20220630092604-20220630122604-00690.warc.gz | en | 0.936908 | 304 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Summer is coming and it is time again to apply sunscreen. What do we actually know about the use of sunscreen products?
Summer is coming. The sun is shining more, the temperature rises and we go out more. However, it also means that it is time to protect our skin with sunscreen. This is important to prevent skin -cancer, -aging and -pigmentation. But what do we actually know about sunscreen?
1. You have to put on sunscreen frequently
Reapply sunscreen every two hours to ensure good protection. This is necessary because the protective layer fades because of sweating and by drying yourself with a towel. This also counts for products that are waterproof or have a high Sun Protection Factor (SPF). Also make sure that you use a sufficient amount of sunscreen, lotion or spray and to spread it evenly in time to allow the product to get into your pores before going into the sun. Only then the SPF of the product applies.
2. You also get a tan with sunscreen
Many people want a tan but are afraid they will not get it because of the use of sunscreen products. But this is not true. Even a product with a high SPF does not block all the UV rays so that you get tanned without burning fast.
3. Clouds and shadows do not keep all UV rays out
The effects of UV radiation on cloudy days or in the shade are often underestimated. Also then you can burn and hereby it is important to apply sunscreen. Clouds actually only keep out a part of the UV radiation and a large portion of the sunlight is reflected by sand, water and buildings.
4. Also sunscreen products have an expiration date
Sunscreen products have an expiration date because the SPF decreases every year. That half of a bottle of sunscreen you have from last summer no longer has the same SPF as indicated on the bottle. Moreover the protective effect decreases when you leave the sunscreen bottle in the sun.
5. Applying sunscreen is also important if you are not prone to sunburns
Also if you have a darker skin that does not burn quickly, you have to apply sunscreen. This because the sun radiates different types of UV. Two kinds go through the ozone layer and reach the earth: UVA and UVB. UVB rays can lead to burns, DNA damage and skin cancer. UVA rays do not burn the skin directly, but it causes the skin to age more quickly and increases the risk of skin cancer. So even if your skin does not burn quickly, protect it from harmful UV radiation by applying sunscreen.
6. Stay out of the sun when you are burned
When you are burned, it is best to stay away from the sun fully. Clothes do not provide a 100% protection from the sun, especially light coloured clothing. It is best to avoid the sun and to apply soothing and refreshing aftersun products. | <urn:uuid:2eb20e4f-b3b3-4a12-8df0-adc4c6dfeb63> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.novusfumus.nl/en/blogs/novus-fumus-blog/6-facts-about-sunscreen-products/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158205.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20180922064457-20180922084857-00296.warc.gz | en | 0.941511 | 586 | 2.828125 | 3 |
The Texas Government platform includes interrelated and diverse content from the founding of Texas government through the present. Each of the twelve authored chapters features a reading, primary source activities, question banks, and polling. These chapters are comparable to a traditional textbook but, unlike textbooks, you control which items are given to your students. Our content is designed to live alongside your own teaching materials so you can create a unique active learning-based program of study.
Author: Jennifer Danley Scott
Jennifer Danley Scott is a professor of government at Texas Woman’s University in Denton, Texas. Not only is she a scholar of Texas History; she is also a specialist in the teaching of the social sciences at the college and university level. She has authored a digital text designed for those who may have solid American Government background but may not have much expertise in Texas Government. | <urn:uuid:122db718-08c7-427b-8a50-3e0421b3eb9e> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://globalyceum.com/texas-government/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347410284.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200530165307-20200530195307-00526.warc.gz | en | 0.949419 | 173 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Energy Poverty Remains a Global Challenge for the Future
|Photo credit: Singlebrook|
Lack of access to electricity causes severe health and environmental impacts.
Despite massive gains in global access to electricity over the last two decades, governments and development organizations must continue to invest in electrification to achieve critical health, environmental, and livelihood outcomes, according to new research published by the Worldwatch Institute for its Vital Signs Online publication.
Between 1990 and 2008, close to 2 billion people worldwide gained access to electricity. But the International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that more than 1.3 billion people still lack access to electricity, while the United Nations estimates that another 1 billion have unreliable access. The UN General Assembly has designated 2012 as the “International Year of Sustainable Energy for All,” providing an opportunity to raise awareness of the extent and impacts of the electrification challenge.
At least 2.7 billion people, and possibly more than 3 billion, lack access to modern fuels for cooking and heating. They rely instead on traditional biomass sources, such as firewood, charcoal, manure, and crop residues, that can emit harmful indoor air pollutants when burned. These pollutants cause nearly 2 million premature deaths worldwide each year, an estimated 44 percent of them in children. Among adult deaths, 60 percent are women. Traditional energy usage also contributes to environmental impacts including forest and woodland degradation, soil erosion, and black carbon emissions that contribute to global climate change.
Electrification varies widely between rural and urban areas in developing countries. In sub-Saharan Africa, the rural electrification rate is just 14 percent, compared with 60 percent in urban areas.
Improved cook stoves can play an important role in reducing energy poverty, enabling people to utilize more modern fuels or to use traditional fuels more efficiently. Improved cook stoves can double or triple the efficiency of traditional fuels, reducing indoor air pollutants. Consuming less fuel also saves time and money, leaving people with more disposable income and allowing them to invest more in their futures.
A growing number of governments, international agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and businesses are working to overcome energy poverty, focusing in particular on the use of renewable energy sources such as wind and solar. To date, 68 developing-country governments have adopted formal targets for improving access to electricity; 17 countries have targets for providing access to modern fuels, and 11 have targets for providing access to improved cook stoves.
According to the IEA, some US$1.9 billion was invested worldwide in 2009 in extending access to modern energy services, such as electricity and clean cooking facilities. The agency projects that between 2010 and 2030, an average of $14 billion will be spent annually, mostly on urban grid connections. But this projected funding will likely still leave 1 billion people, largely those who live in the most remote areas of developing countries, without electricity. Average annual investments will need to rise to $48 billion to provide universal modern energy access, the IEA reports.
Further highlights from the study:
- The largest populations lacking access to electricity are in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Combined, these two regions account for more than 80 percent of all people worldwide lacking electricity access.
- Latin America’s electricity access is generally quite high, at 93.2 percent overall, but Haiti remains a regional outlier, with only 39 percent of its population having access.
- The largest populations that rely on traditional biomass for energy are in the developing regions of Asia, with 836 million in India alone. Altogether, 54 percent of the population of developing Asia relies on traditional biomass fuels.
To read more, subscribe to Vital Signs Online.
You may also be interested in: | <urn:uuid:c7de643d-167c-495e-b785-c21259016f39> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.worldwatch.org/energy-poverty-remains-global-challenge-future | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223210034.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032010-00388-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929862 | 749 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Donated by Esther R. Buchsbaum
Edited by Hannah Kadmon The free winds of change that had blown in Russia in the beginning of the 20th century had also reached the small town of Horodetz, but, in a small way. The reason was plain. There weren't any factories in Horodetz, and consequently the working class didn't exist. There were a few hired workers in town: at the men's and women's tailors, the shoemakers, carpenters, and smiths, where there were one or two workers. The owners worked together with them from morning to night.
According to the system of that time, they used to hire a worker for 1 year or 3 years, with meals and a pair of work boots (at the shoemaker) or a suit (at the tailor). That way, the worker became a son of the house like their own child. The worker used to also do housework like taking out the slop buckets or taking care of the owner's children. So the owner was not an exploiter according to the modern way of thinking. Many times the owner had to use his wits to get the few rubles he needed to pay his workers.
The only true worker who understood the revolutionary movement in Horodetz, and did everything he could to advance the revolution, was Feishe, Yankel Rosenbaum's son.
Feishe had been a shoemaker hired by a landlord who was a shoemaker in town. He was a true proletariat;.a son of generations of horopashnikes, that is, people who lived by the labor of their own hands. He was ready for anything. He wasn't afraid of anyone, not even a police officer (a uriadnik) or the priest.
Potentially the Horodetz workers were ready for revolutionary work. They, however, lacked organizers. But this element was soon to come to Horodetz in the form of two young men, Avraham, Chaim Hersh Nadritchni's son and Itche, Shiah Farber's son, who had studied in Pinsk. During Passover vacation in 1905, when they came home for the holiday, they took it upon themselves to revolutionize the Horodetz workers.
Avraham and Itche were very close to members of the S. S. party. [in Yiddish: ס.ס] This party was a mixture of Labor Zionists and of Territorialists. In 1905, Pinsk was an important place in the S. S. movement.
Soon Avraham and Itche came to understand that the world is not only for Jews. There were also gentiles who had to be pulled into the cause. That was a hard piece of work and also dangerous. You don't play around with gentiles. Finally, they did organize a large group of non-Jewish youth. For this, they received high praise from Vanya Sverdiuk, the younger son of Maxim Sverdiuk, a Horodetz gentile, who was very wealthy and a secretary of the village council.
When they invited Vanya to address a gathering, he quickly accepted. But, because he was not a speaker, he suggested that he would read out something appropriate. The gathering met behind the sluice gates of the river. The meeting was a great success.
Avraham and Itche were dissatisfied with this reading-out. They approached people directly, personally. They brought proclamations. One of the gentiles hooked up his horse and wagon and both organizers put on gentile clothes. Feishe had made glue (pap). In the middle of the night they rode around the village neighborhoods and glued the proclamations on the crosses which stood at each end of the village and on the offices of the A. D. Gordon Zionist organization. The neighborhood talked about this action for a long time.
A little later, Aaron Karlinski joined the two organizers. He was the son of Mottie Hillel Karlinski, one of the real big shots from Horodetz.
Aaron was a Zionist who was pulled toward practical and cultural work. Through his initiative were founded free evening courses in which one could learn to read and write Yiddish and Russian. Naturally, those who were learning were mostly girls since the boys had already learned in Hebrew school (cheder). All the poor seamstresses studied there. The teachers were Ruhama, daughter of Isaac Israel, and Maita, daughter of Shimon Isaac Glantzer.
Aaron Karlinski had also dreamed of founding a cooperative in Horodetz. His argument was as follows. In Horodetz, many young women loiter without a stitch of work. Therefore cooperatives have to be organized, so that the Horodetz folks can become productive.
Very often the Pinsk Central Committee of the S.S. sent agitators to Horodetz. One of these young men was the 18 year old Aaron Asher Weinberg who, in 1906, was a traveling agitator. He is now the current New York advocate and Labor Zionist worker.
The first lecture which Aaron Weinberg read in Horodetz was in a grove behind the brick making factory. He lectured about historical materialism, that in essence must lead to territorialism. That was on a summer Sabbath. On that Sabbath all the youngsters - the worker's children and the employer's children - disappeared from the village. Fathers and mothers ran around the village wondering what had become of their sons and daughters. No one realized the reason for this disappearance. In the evening, when the young people finally came home, not one of them was punished.
The second lecture which Weinberg gave in Horodetz was about the concentration of capital and its leading directly to materialism. I think that the second lecture took place in Chana Pelte's house. This lecture made a big impression on the listeners, whether because of the rich topic or because of Weinberg's outward appearance. He had grown a patriarchal beard (for various political reasons).
Besides the S.S. being in Horodetz, there were also the Bundists, but they were a small group. The Bund, whose program was to nurture a Jewish working class, had, as was pointed out before, no working class in Horodetz to work with. That's why the Bund did not have a future in Horodetz. It wasn't entirely unrecognized though. It called out strikes and campaigned for fewer working hours, better conditions and higher wages, similar to the program of the A.D. Gordon Zionist group.
The speaker for the Bund was Jeremaiah Aaron, son of Asher Rudetski, who was a land owner and a rich Jew. In addition to the practical revolutionary work, daily educational-work was required. This enlightening work could not be done adequately by either a visiting or local lecturer. For this task, a library was organized which was filled with Yiddish books with a socialist orientation by authors such as Karl Marx, Kutski, and A.D. Gordon. The library was kept in the home of Shlomo, son of Moshe Burstein. Shlomo was also the librarian. Sadly, the library did not exist long because, little by little, the readers kept the books for themselves in their homes.
By the end of 1906, the important members and leaders of the revolutionary group had gone away, some to America and some to Warsaw or other towns. With their departure, the revolutionary spirit also drifted away and new winds started to blow in the village.
Comment by Hannah Kadmon:
The (ס.ס) S.S. party mentioned in this article deserves some clarification.
In the conference of Poalei Zion in Minsk, 1901, the following issues were disputed: the linkage to Eretz Israel, the connection to the International Socialism of non-Jewish workers, and the connection to the Russian revolutionists. In 1905, following the Uganda Plan presented in the 6th Zionist Congress, the Territorialists (those who wished for a territory for the Jews not necessarily in Eretz Israel) withdrew and founded the ס.ס (S.S) The Zionist-Socialist Workers Party. The initials should therefore be Z.S. rather than S.S
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Updated 3 Mar 2011 by MGH | <urn:uuid:6682fcfb-af0f-430e-82bb-e45ecd163b70> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/gorodets/gor085.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507450097.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005730-00003-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982241 | 1,846 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Pine Cone Trail Outdoor Activity for Toddlers and Preschoolers
Toddlers and preschoolers love playing follow the leader, or follow the trail. Outdoor trails are often made with footprints in the sand, or boot prints in the snow. You can easily make a trail with pine cones in the backyard to provide a fun outdoor game for toddlers and preschoolers.
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We are fortunate to have a large pine tree in our yard. Every spring there is an abundance of pine cones on the ground that are fun to collect for crafts and activities. Creating a long trail for kids to follow is one way to have fun with pine cones.
If you don't have pine cones available in nature, you can purchase pine cones online, or find them in a department store or craft store.
Create a pine cone trail
Spread a number of pine cones on the lawn in a long winding trail. Go around trees or bushes or other props in the yard.
Place a bucket or sand pail at the end of the trail. We ended our trail with a red beach pail and shovel under an apple tree in the yard.
After creating the trail, go back to the beginning and follow the pine cone trail!
When you reach the end of the trail, grab the pail and retrace your steps! Walk back along the trail, collecting pine cones in your pail as you go.
To extend the activity try using the sand shovel, or even tongs, to pick up the pine cones. Is it easier to pick them up with your hands?
Use pine cones in crafts and activities
Note: We have a post on our Pine Cones Pinterest board that tells how to clean natural pine cones for crafts and activities.
Math games: count the pine cones; weigh pine cones; sort by size
Observation: talk about the color and texture of the pine cones
Sensory play: add pine cones to the sand bin
Craft: decorate pine cones
Play and learn: introduce simple facts about pine cones
More pine cone activities from kid bloggers!
Pinecone Bats from Fireflies and Mudpies
Pinecone Winter Owls from Easy Peasy and Fun
Pinecone Pals from Sunshine Whispers
Pine Cone Science Experiment from Lemon Lime Adventures | <urn:uuid:e0de2440-e13e-4a25-a2e4-cb1e5220bff3> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://preschooltoolkit.com/blog/outdoor-preschool-activity-pine-cone-trail/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424610.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723202459-20170723222459-00212.warc.gz | en | 0.919038 | 474 | 3.046875 | 3 |
PHP is a widely-used, general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited for web development.
PHP (stands for: PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor) is a widely-used general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited for web development.
For this purpose, PHP code can be embedded into the HTML source document and interpreted by a web server with a PHP processor module, which generates the web page document. It also has evolved to include a command-line interface capability and can be used in standalone graphical applications. PHP can be deployed on most web servers and as a standalone interpreter, on almost every operating system and platform free of charge. PHP is installed on more than 20 million websites and 1 million web servers.
The PHP manual is the official documentation for the language syntax, featuring function search and URL shortcuts (for example http://php.net/explode). The API is well documented for native and additional extensions.
Free PHP Programming Books | <urn:uuid:cf675174-805b-4e79-a431-f943bb76f24f> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://codereview.stackexchange.com/tags/php/info | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703529179.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20210122082356-20210122112356-00657.warc.gz | en | 0.86472 | 196 | 3.078125 | 3 |
The Marshall Plan
As the war-torn nations of Europe faced famine and economic crisis in the wake of World War II, the United States proposed to rebuild the continent in the interest of political stability and a healthy world economy.
On June 5, 1947, in a commencement address at Harvard University, Secretary of State George C. Marshall first called for American assistance in restoring the economic infrastructure of Europe. Western Europe responded favorably, and the Truman administration proposed legislation. The resulting Economic Cooperation Act of 1948 restored European agricultural and industrial productivity.
Credited with preventing famine and political chaos, the plan later earned General Marshall a Nobel Peace Prize.
For additional information click here.
Note: Links to external sites will open in new browser windows and are not endorsed by The Cold War Museum. | <urn:uuid:feea7258-1997-4d5d-91f6-8890d655edd1> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.coldwar.org/articles/40s/marshall_plan.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131298819.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172138-00045-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.897745 | 157 | 3.9375 | 4 |
Weeds block sewer lines when their roots grow inside the lines to search for moisture and nutrients, and often no sign of a problem appears until sewage overflows into the associated house. Blocked and leaking sewer lines also cause structural damage, offensive odors and contamination of the water table. In pipes partially blocked by weed roots, slow flow rates cause sewage deposits to build up within the lines. Woody weeds are the most likely ones to cause damage, and householders can dig them out or cut them down and then take measures to prevent their regrowth.
Dig out weeds along the sewer lines by using a garden fork, removing as many weed roots as possible. Alternatively, cut off the weeds close to the ground with pruning shears or a pruning saw.
Cover the weed root area or weed stumps with a 3- to 4-inch-thick layer of moist soil. Water the area regularly so that it remains moist.
Check weekly for suckers growing from the weed roots. Suckers are above-ground shoots that grow from roots. They may appear away from the weed stumps, such as in the lawn or a garden border.
Put on safety goggles, gloves, long pants and a long-sleeved shirt, and spray 1-foot-tall weed suckers with a ready-to-use systemic herbicide designed to kill brush. Coat all the suckers' parts thoroughly. The 1-foot height ensures the suckers have enough surface area to receive a toxic dose of the herbicide. Examples of systemic herbicides designed to kill brush include solutions containing 18 percent glyphosate or 2 percent triclopyr.
Remove suckers when they have died, after a maximum time of four weeks. Spray suckers that are still alive with herbicide again.
Things You Will Need
- Garden fork
- Pruning shears or pruning saw
- Safety goggles
- Long pants
- Long-sleeved shirt
- Systemic herbicide designed to kill brush
- Digging roots out offers a better chance of killing weeds than cutting them down.
- Professional contractors offer stump-grinding services to kill vigorous weed roots.
- Landscape areas near sewer lines by using fibrous-rooted plants, such as grasses and garden perennials, which grow in the upper layer of soil.
- Cover desirable plants with cardboard when spraying systemic herbicides because they kill most plants.
- Don't spray herbicides on windy days or when rain is forecast.
- Store herbicides where children cannot reach them.
- Hemera Technologies/Photos.com/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:fa6aff19-12e7-4a6e-8cc6-4214fd1a7094> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://homeguides.sfgate.com/kill-weeds-sewer-lines-89632.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267162385.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20180925182856-20180925203256-00014.warc.gz | en | 0.901668 | 535 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Definitions of terrorism matter. Even though there is no consensus definition in either the academic, policy, or law enforcement communities, definitions matter.
Here’s a few reasons why:
- From an academic and analytical standpoint, we need clear definitions so that we can identify and study like cases. This is essential for generating knowledge that can help us understand why terrorism occurs, the means that terrorists employ, and the range of potentially effective responses available to policy makers.
- From a policy standpoint, the options will be different depending on what motivates an actor to engage in any act of violence, including mass murder. In short, policies aimed at preventing, defending against, and responding to any act of violence will differ depending on whether the individual or group was acting out of criminal self-interest (like Colombian “narcoterrorism” or the more recent brutality unleashed by the Mexican drug cartels), idiosyncratic factors such as mental illness (for example the Virginia Tech and Sandy Hook shooters), or some political motivation (as in Oklahoma City and San Bernardino).
- From a law enforcement perspective, at least in the US, what happened in Las Vegas would not be considered an act of terrorism, as federal law defines terrorism as acts involving links to designated foreign terrorist organizations. Timothy McVeigh, for example, did not face terrorism charges for the Oklahoma City bombing. The reasons why domestic terrorism is not designated as such under federal law are wrapped up in questions of First Amendment protections and a reluctance to consider imposing legal sanctions based on political or religious ideologies, even if they are used as justifications for violence.
So what is terrorism? By definition, terrorism is a political act.
Here’s the most basic definition that I use with my students:
Terrorism is the deliberate creation and exploitation of fear, through violence or the threat of violence, in the pursuit of political change.
Here’s a better, more detailed and nuanced, definition:
Terrorism is premeditated, politically, religiously, or socially motivated violence, or the threat of violence, against civilian targets by non-state actors, usually intended to influence an audience through the creation and exploitation of fear. In short, terrorism is a form of political theater designed to reach beyond the immediate victims of any given attack.
When we define terrorism as a form of political action, we can ask why groups and individuals choose that particular form — violence — over non-violent means in an attempt to produce a desired political outcome. It helps us understand how a group like the Army of God can emerge as a result of the perceived failure of non-violent groups like Operation Rescue to end the practice of abortion. Or how the inability of Students for a Democratic Society to end the Vietnam War through non-violent mass protest can lead to the emergence of the Weather Underground.
I think it matters that the media get it right insofar as the media has the ability to shape both public perceptions and policy responses.
If every act of mass killing is terrorism, then there is no substantive difference between Charles Whitman in the tower at the University of Texas, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold at Columbine High School, Wade Michael Page at the Sikh temple in Oak Creek, WI, or the Tsarnaev brothers at the finish line of the Boston Marathon.
And yet we know they were all driven to act by different motives and impulses.
Not every terrible act is an act of terrorism. Not every case of mass murder, no matter how disturbing or terrifying, is terrorism.
Until we know more about why Stephen Paddock did what he did — and we may never know — we cannot call what happened in Las Vegas on Sunday night terrorism. | <urn:uuid:b7e7b1cc-62ea-4f3d-a677-b7fa4a00f204> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | http://www.petertrumbore.com/what-happened-in-las-vegas-was-terrible-but-was-it-terrorism/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585380.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021005314-20211021035314-00209.warc.gz | en | 0.941141 | 745 | 3.375 | 3 |
A Penn State study has brought to light the fact that nutrient deficient mothers affect child’s behaviour. This was proved when it was shown that children born to teenage// mothers who were iron deficient early in their pregnancies were less active at age 3 than the children of iron sufficient moms.
According to Dr. Laura Murray-Kolb, National Institutes of Mental Health postdoctoral fellow at Penn State and lead author said, "By being less active, the children may be missing out on exploring their environment and, consequently, missing out on opportunities for positive development. While many previous studies have shown that maternal nutrition affects the physical health and development of the child, this study adds to the growing evidence that a mother's nutritional status in pregnancy also affects the behavior and personality of the child as well.”
The methodology was to select sixty teenage mothers, ages 14 through 19, from a mid-size town in Pennsylvania and collection of blood samples at 16 weeks into their pregnancy. The results were that the majority, 58 percent, was iron deficient, including 10 percent who were actually anemic.
Murray-Kolb notes that the high rate of iron deficiency is fairly typical of adolescent women who often experiment with a variety of diets. At the culmination of At the end of pregnancies, only 7 percent of the study participants were iron sufficient.
When the children of the study participants were three years old, the mothers were asked to complete two questionnaires about their child's behavior. The questionnaires indicated that the children of the women who were iron deficient early in their pregnancies had lower activity levels and were slower at responding to their environment than children of iron sufficient mothers.
To put it in words, "The results of this study reinforce the notion that prenatal vitamins are important for the health and well-being of both mother and child."
Related medicine news :
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2. Consuming Fish During Pregnancy Boosts Child’s I
3. Fat Consumption Could Play A Vital Role In Affecting A Child’s Memory
4. Stressed Pregnant Working Mothers Put Their Unborn Child’s Life in Dange
5. Prayer and Faith Helps Parents Endure Their Child’s Deat
6. Pedometers – A Fitness Barometer, Soon Going to Be Child’s Ply
7. Late Diagnoses of HIV Infected Children is No Child’s Play, Survey Reveal
8. Maternal alcohol consumption linked to behavioral problems in children
9. Effect of estrogen on behavior difference between sexes
10. Does overweight cause behavioral problems?
11. PET scans can detect the results of cognitive behavior therapy | <urn:uuid:38cfda95-c376-40f6-a727-51431a379b68> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.bio-medicine.org/medicine-news/Child-u2019s-behavior-at-three-3A-consequence-of-mother-u2019s-nutritin-9055-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719027.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00431-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955046 | 553 | 3.5 | 4 |
"Here comes mid-April... and welcome to the beginning of the traditional Indian New Year. It coincides with the first day of the Bikrami month of Vaisakha, which falls on the 13 of April every year, and on 14th April every 36 years.
The onset of Vaisakh is celebrated all over India under different names n rituals. N for Hindus following the Solar calendar, this day marks the beginning of the Solar New Year.
For the Budhists, a day of great importance, because on this day Gautam Buddha attained enlightenment under the Mahabodhi tree at Gaya.
- Bihu: Rongali/Bohaag Bihu in Assam. Time to drink rice beer, gift gomoshas (hand made towels) to the elders, dance, sing n feast to the beats of dhol n pepa (buffalo hornpipe).
- Naba Barsha: Ritual baths in near by rivers n pools. In Bihar, the festival of Vaisakh is celebrated in the honour of the Sun God is celebrated at a place cakker Surajpur-Baragon.
- Puthandu and Pooram Vishu: Down south, it is the time to celebrate the Tamil New year (puthandu) n the Kerala New Year- Pooram Vishu. Celebrations include fire works, displays called Vishu-Kani and wooden-chariot processions.
- Baisakhi: Moving north, this festival celebrated in great enthusiasm in Punjab and Himmachal Pradesh, where the rabi crop is ready for harvesting. In HP, it's also celebrated with the godess Jawalamukhi. On this day, melas(fairs) are held in most towns. Devotees visit gurdwaras and listen to kirtan (religious hyms) and religious discourses, following offerings of kara-prasad and partaking in langar (community meal). This festival being a harvest festival, it transcends religious divisions. It also has special meanings for Sikhs, as in 1699, Guru Govinda Raj, the tenth guru of the Sikhs, founded the Khalsa Panth (community of the pure) at Keshargh Sahib, near Anandpur."
So happy new year, to those who celebrate it!! :)
And a little extra on how festivals function in India. As most of the festivals follow the calendar, there is no one 'Hindu calendar' as such. The festivals celebrated can be divided according to states that use the solar calendar, and states that use the lunar calendar. For eg-
"The Tamil calendar is based on the Hindu solar calendar also used in Assam, Bengal, Kerala, Nepal, Manipur, Orissa and the Punjab. It in turn influenced the calendars of Burma, Cambodia, Laos, Sri Lanka and Thailand where the traditional new year falls around April 14 as well. The Hindu lunar calendar is conversely used in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra where the traditional year begins on the new moon preceding April 14." (wikipedia)
Modern day Gregorian calendar is an example of a Solar calendar, plotting days long sun cycles, while the Chinese n Islamic calendars, along with the Hindu Lunar Calendar are calendars that plot days alond the phases of the Moon. | <urn:uuid:8982936a-5e2d-488e-8a7f-9a146564f485> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://thisgreenplate.blogspot.com/2007/04/its-new-year.html?showComment=1176808680000 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864848.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20180623000334-20180623020334-00582.warc.gz | en | 0.902129 | 688 | 2.78125 | 3 |
In 1920 the League of Nations created the British Mandate in Iraq, and the next year the English established a monarchy led by King Faisal I from Syria. By 1932 Iraq officially gained independence, while the British maintained control over its security and foreign affairs. Growing class divisions and clashes between the ruling elite and the opposition and military eventually led to the 1958 coup by the Free Officers and General Abdul Karim Qasim. The new government attempted a dramatic transformation of the economy, class structure, and international relations. Supporters claimed this was the real Iraqi independence movement, because it ended English imperialism, while critics claimed that Qasim set up an autocratic government before he himself was overthrown violently. To help explain this period in Iraq’s past is Western Kentucky University Middle East Historian Professor Juan Romero, the author of The Iraqi Revolution of 1958, A Revolutionary Quest for Unity and Security.
Leaders of the July 1958 coup in Iraq with Gen. Qasim standing center. Next to him on the left is Col. Arif who would later break with Qasim and eventually become the leader of the country (Wikipedia)
1. To understand what led to the 1958 coup people have to understand what Iraq was like under the monarchy. First, there was the economy and the rural-urban divide. What was the situation with Iraq’s agriculture, and how was this a legacy of British rule? Furthermore, why were people moving from the countryside to the cities, and what was life like for them there?
Before I answer your first question I need to address an issue of fundamental importance: What was the nature of the events of July 14, 1958 which resulted in the overthrow of the Iraqi monarchy? Traditional Western scholarship has argued that July 14 was a military coup. At least one scholar in the West, Hanna Batatu, has argued that the overthrow of the monarchy constituted a revolution. Arab nationalists, including Iraqi Baathists, concur in Batatu’s assessment. Denying Qasim’s leading role, however, the Baathists contend that he hijacked the revolution. Conversely, I argue that a careful analysis of archival and other primary sources such as memoirs reveals that what many scholars have labeled a coup was something much more complex—a wider conspiracy, a coup, and a revolution. The Free Officers, a group of military officers inspired by their Egyptian namesake, had conspired to topple the monarchy since the early 1950s. All Free Officers were involved in this wider conspiracy, which led to a number of aborted coup attempts. Only a very limited number of Free Officers, however, were privy to the coup executed by Brigadier Abdul al-Karim Qasim, his deputy Colonel Abdul al-Salam Arif, and Colonel Abdul al-Latif al-Darraji. One can therefore conclude that its dual objective was to overthrow the monarchy and to exclude the majority of Free Officers from playing a leading role in the coup. At the same time, there was a strong element of popular participation in the overthrow of the monarchy. Several Free Officers on the Supreme Committee, including Qasim, had initiated leaders of the opposition parties into their plans and asked them to stand by with supporters ready to take to the streets en masse in the event of resistance on the part of the regime. Baghdadis (most likely at least 100,000, but possibly many more) joined the Free Officers who had surrounded the royal Rihab Palace on the morning of the coup, assisting the latter in persuading the Royal Guard to surrender, and ensuring that loyalist troops would not get through to the Palace to rescue the king and crown prince. Furthermore, the civilian crowds in the streets of Baghdad also demonstrated to foreign powers the strong popular participation in the events and the widespread popular support which the Free Officers enjoyed. This was an important reason for the British and American decisions not to intervene in the events of July 14 and the following days. Finally, the radical departure of the policies of the new regime from those of the monarchy add to the revolutionary aspect of the overthrow of the ancien régime. Scholars who argue that the overthrow was just a coup or just a revolution obviously disregard the aspects I have mentioned.
The rural-urban divide was also a tribal-urban divide characterized by two coexistent legal systems, one system, the Baghdad Penal Code, designed for urban residents and the other, the Tribal Disputes Regulations, for the rural population. The latter had been modeled on a law which had been introduced by the British in Indian tribal areas. The tribal law enabled sheikhs to play a central role in the economic and political life in rural areas, since they controlled tribal lands. The sheikhs were not a very progressive stratum of the population for obvious reasons, a fact which effectively prevented progress. As a result, the common tribesman was held hostage to the arbitrary rule of the tribal chiefs.
The pre-revolutionary economic system prevalent in the rural areas was an exploitative semi-feudal phenomenon, iqtaʻ in Arabic. Frequent unrest testifies to the poor conditions in non-urban areas. Most fellahin, peasants, lived in small, primitive, and windowless huts without access to modern facilities or healthcare. Government loans were available to fellahin, but these loans were not used the way they were intended. The fellahin used them to defray immediate costs of living instead of making long-term investments. The destitute condition of the peasants thus made progress impossible, since they had to turn to usurers for extra loans, which made their situation even more hopeless. The monarchic regime made oil revenues available for rural development projects in the 1950s. The impatient fellahin did, however, not benefit immediately from these projects, which normally took many years to complete. Another reason for the poor conditions in rural areas was the dependence of fellahin on landowners for irrigation. Obsolete and ineffective agricultural practices were other obstacles to progress. With the odds against them, the only option peasants had was to migrate to the major cities in search of employment there. Little did they suspect, however, that they would experience similar or even worse conditions in the urban sarifas, slums, which was where most migrants settled.
PM Sa’id was Iraq’s dominant politician before the 1958 coup
2. What was politics like before the coup with Iraq’s Premier Nuri al-Sa’id, and the opposition forces?
Nuri al-Saʻid was Iraq’s foremost statesman and one of the most prominent leaders of the Middle East. He was frequently called upon when the political situation in the country deteriorated and the monarchy needed a strong leader to handle the opposition. The fact that he held the post of prime minister fourteen times testifies to the extent to which the regime trusted him. Nuri, a former officer in the imperial Ottoman army and a product of the old Middle East, displayed little patience with political opponents, making ubiquitous use of the Criminal Investigation Department in the witch hunt for “communists.” As a result, he would often resort to fraudulent elections and stuffing the parliament with his supporters. With such conditions prevailing in the country, the political opposition realized that it had to cooperate in order to force the regime to initiate reform. As a result, several opposition parties formed the so-called National Front and won a number of seats in the Iraqi parliament in 1954 with Nuri temporarily out of office. One of Nuri’s first acts upon his return to office was to dissolve the parliament and hold new “elections” to create a more cooperative legislative body. Such highhanded tactics alienated wide segments of the Iraqi population, including intellectuals, Arab nationalists, political parties, fellahin, and workers. He also alienated junior military officers with his pro-West policies. The latter would eventually be instrumental in his downfall in 1958.
3. In the 1950s the Free Officers began organizing within the Iraqi army. What brought these soldiers together, and what were they hoping to achieve with the coup?
Initially anti-regime army officers organized themselves in several independent groups. Reasons for their opposition to the monarchy were allegations of poor support from the Iraqi government in the first Arab-Israeli war in 1948-49; lack of political freedom and economic progress in the country; opposition to the pro-West policies of the monarchical regime; and the influence of a small number of wealthy families and landowners. Most junior officers were from a middle-class background, so they had little in common with their older pro-regime superiors and shared many of the views of the young participants in anti-regime demonstrations. Their goal was to build a more egalitarian society, increase cooperation with other Arab countries, conduct a nonaligned foreign policy, and to eliminate British influence in their country. The Free Officers represented all political ideologies of the opposition, ranging from the Istiqlal party to the Iraqi Communist Party. This fact was also reflected in the first revolutionary government, which included ministers from all opposition parties and ideologies.
Pro-coup demonstration in Baghdad July 1958 (Jewish Chronicle)
4. Immediately after the coup in July 1958 masses of people took to the streets, especially in Baghdad. What kind of changes were these people hoping the Free Officers would bring about?
Many intellectuals and students had the same goals as the Free Officers; they wanted a say in the political process which had been denied them under the monarchy, and an end to pro-West policies and British influence. The many poor Iraqis wished for a government which would listen to their concerns, provide employment and better housing, facilitate social mobility, and introduce a more equitable economic system in rural areas and civil rights in the country. Students, left-leaning intellectuals, and workers had been particularly active in the numerous protests and demonstrations in major cities prior to the revolution. Provincial towns and rural areas had witnessed widespread unrest as well, including actual rebellions which had required intervention by the army to restore order.
5. General Qasim saw himself as a champion of the poor in Iraq and started a number of reformist policies to address their needs. One of the major ones was carrying out land reform. How was this done, and did it work out?
The ambitious Agrarian Reform Law limited private landownership, stipulating that the confiscated land be redistributed among Iraq’s fellahin. The Law was, however, difficult to implement due to the insufficient number of land surveyors and experts, a problem which delayed the process considerably. When criticism increased, the government expedited the redistribution of land, which resulted in much confusion as a result of the lack of expertise. The slow progress in land distribution further increased migration to major urban areas, adding to the strain on local authorities. The revolutionary government could have invited foreign experts from neutral countries to implement the Law. This was a delicate issue, however, due to the previous regime’s close cooperation with the West and the conspicuous foreign presence in the country in the monarchical era. Despite these obstacles more progress was made under Qasim regarding redistribution of land in 1959-1962 than under the first five years of Baath/military rule, 1963-1967. Furthermore, in addition to opposition from prominent landowning families the new government also faced criticism from the left. The Communist Party of Iraq advocated the introduction of stricter limitations on the size of land holdings of wealthy landowners, arguing that the Law allowed the latter to retain too much influence in the countryside. The communists also opposed the Law’s stipulation that compensation be paid for expropriated land.
A Baghdad slum in 1958 (Magnum Photos)
6. How did the new government deal with the urban poor?
Qasim sympathized with the wish of the urban poor that the state improve their living conditions in the horrible squalor of urban slums. Generally speaking, his policies were more successful in urban than in rural areas. Qasim initiated a large number of housing projects, providing inexpensive dwellings for the poorer strata of the urban population. Furthermore, he saw to it that prices were lowered on common staples. These policies ensured the unwavering support of Iraq’s poor for his regime. Qasim was not overthrown by Iraq’s poor, the majority of the population, but by a limited group of disaffected military officers and political opponents.
7. Iraq was one of the few countries in the Middle East at the time, which tried to renegotiate its terms with foreign oil companies, in this case, the Iraq Petroleum Corporation. What steps did the government want to achieve with the oil industry, and was it successful?
Saudi Arabia had actually renegotiated its terms with the US-owned Aramco as early as 1950. This had led to profits being shared on a 50-50 basis. The Iranian parliament had taken more drastic measures with regard to the British-run Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. The Company refused to offer the Iranian government a similar deal, which resulted in its nationalization in 1951. The response of the British government and the Eisenhower administration was to overthrow the democratically elected Iranian government under Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh. Qasim’s cautious approach to the issue of nationalization was most likely a result of the outcome of the Iranian Oil Crisis of 1951-53. His immediate concern was to consolidate the new regime and to avoid a conflict with the Western powers. National security was therefore an obvious consideration at the time. Qasim was certainly also aware of the consequence of Egypt’s nationalization of the Suez Canal Company in 1956. Incidentally, the Iraq Petroleum Company was equally concerned about the possibility of nationalization and an ensuing crisis which could possibly last for years. As a result, the British appeared to have learned the lessons of 1951 and 1956, despite a powerful weapon which they could have utilized. Qasim was aware of the serious consequences for the country that the freezing of considerable Iraqi assets in British banks would have. With both parties adopting a cautious approach, unlike in 1951 and 1956, a crisis was avoided. The new Iraqi government therefore took only limited action, resulting in gradually increased control over company policies and operations. As a result, one oil concession was terminated early in 1959 and a number of Western experts at the Daura refinery were replaced by Iraqi experts. The latter were assisted by Soviet experts. The Kirkuk oil field concession and installations were nationalized in 1972 and the remaining foreign oil interests in Iraq in 1975.
8. The promise of the coup, and the reforms Qasim attempted gained the support of the Iraqi Communist Party. What role did it play during the Qasim regime, and how did the relationship between the two change over time?
Iraqi communism was represented in the revolutionary government from the outset. The Marxist Minister of Economy Ibrahim Kubba obviously exercised considerable influence over the economic policies of the new regime. Qasim thus has to share the credit for certain economic policies with the Iraqi Communist Party, although Kubba himself was not a card-carrying member. The party generally took a more radical stance on policies, such as the Agrarian Reform Law, than Qasim, but the latter consistently settled for a more moderate approach to reform. Communist influence grew steadily, in particular as a result of increasing Arab nationalist opposition to Qasim’s leadership. This development was a result of the Iraqi leader’s realization that he needed the communists as a counterweight to the mounting opposition to his rule among Arab nationalist military officers. When the communists had gained too much power in the eyes of Qasim, however, he decided to reduce their influence and launch an anti-communist campaign in the summer of 1959. Despite Qasim’s attack on the communists they proved his staunchest allies in his time of need. When Qasim’s enemies were closing in on him during the final successful attempt at overthrowing him in February of 1963, the communists besought him to distribute weapons among the capital’s poor to defend the revolution. Wishing to avoid civil war, Qasim refused and was summarily executed by his enemies.
9. Foreign affairs offered both opportunities and pitfalls for General Qasim. He wanted to change Iraq’s pro-Western stance, so what new direction did he lead the country towards?
The new regime declared on the first day of the revolution that it had no intention of continuing the monarchy’s pro-West policy. It announced that the latter would be replaced by a nonaligned foreign policy. This decision was welcomed by the Soviet bloc, which expeditiously recognized the Qasim regime. (Nuri al-Saʻid had severed Iraq’s diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union on the eve of his country’s adherence to the Baghdad Pact in 1955). The delay in British and US recognition of the new Iraqi government was one reason for Iraq’s closer economic and military ties with the socialist countries. Surprisingly enough, Iraq’s reorientation towards a nonaligned foreign policy did not result in a withdrawal from the Baghdad Pact. One result of the overthrow of the monarchy, however, was Iraq’s immediate withdrawal from the short-lived Hashimite Iraqi-Jordanian Arab Union, formed in February 1958. Iraq’s military and intelligence cooperation with the Soviet Union was expanded as communist influence grew and pan-Arab criticism of and opposition to his regime increased. Trade, cultural, scientific, and educational relations with Soviet bloc and nonaligned countries developed rapidly. In a serious effort to reduce the considerable trade deficit with Western countries, Britain in particular, the Qasim regime introduced restrictions on the import of goods which could be locally manufactured and reduced the import of luxury items. Furthermore, the new regime laid down new guidelines for foreign trade, stipulating that Iraq conduct trade on the basis of equal trade agreements only. Close ties with socialist and nonaligned countries also enabled Iraq to conduct barter trade with these states. The measures adopted by the Qasim regime with regard to foreign relations thus constituted a radical departure from those of the previous regime.
10. More problematic for Qasim was how he dealt with Pan-Arab and Arab nationalist ideas and Colonel Nasser in Egypt. Some Iraqis saw the 1958 coup as the first step towards moving towards greater Arab unity in the region, while others wanted to focus upon developing Iraq. Where was General Qasim along this continuum, and what kind of domestic opposition did his stance garner?
Many pan-Arabists in the Middle East, including a number of Iraqi Free Officers, were ecstatic at the overthrow of the Iraqi monarchy, an event perceived as a strengthening of the radical camp in the Arab world and a significant step toward pan-Arab unity, believed eventually to lead to a merger with the United Arab Republic. Iraq’s “honeymoon” with Gamal Abdul al-Nasser soon turned into an extremely contentious relationship, however, when Qasim realized that his second in command, Abdul al-Salam Arif, who was close to al-Nasser, was making efforts to remove him from power. When Qasim later suspected that al-Nasser was conspiring against him, relations with the United Arab Republic soured even further and became as acrimonious as they had been under Qasim’s predecessor Nuri. Many scholars argue that Qasim was an Iraqi nationalist (particularist), opposed to pan-Arabism. Like the issue of the nature of the events of July 14, 1958, the reality is more complex than the traditional contention suggests. Qasim did, as a matter of fact, adopt pan-Arab positions on certain issues and Iraqi nationalist positions on other issues. He was a pan-Arabist on defense, education, and foreign policy, and Iraqi nationalist on domestic issues. Ironically, the issue of Arab unity, a primary goal of pan-Arabism, became as divisive an issue in Egyptian-Iraqi relations after the Iraqi Revolution as it had been in the pre-revolutionary era under Nuri al-Saʻid.
11. Most histories consider Qasim a reformer at heart. Your book argued that the 1958 coup brought about more dramatic change to Iraq. Overall, what was left of the monarchist economic and political system and foreign policy after Qasim?
The monarchical economic and political systems can best be described as exclusivist, since only a very limited group of Iraqis benefited from them. As I have indicated above, the economic, social, and foreign policies of the Qasim regime constituted a radical departure from those of the monarchy. At the same time, the new society which Qasim envisioned retained certain features of the old system. The reason is that Qasim never wanted to unleash a class war, a fact which most likely would have set his regime a part from a more radical leftist government. Had such a regime overthrown the monarchy, it is quite possible that it would have retained the exclusivist features of the monarchy and introduced a system which would to a certain extent have mirrored that of the ancien régime from the opposite end of the political spectrum. What made Qasim’s rule so different from rightist and leftist authoritarian systems was the inclusivist aspect and the element of a degree of popular participation within an authoritarian system of government. In a sense this made him more “revolutionary” than a communist regime would have been at the time due to the unpredictability of his policies. Had he been a leftist radical he would have been a much more predictable leader, allowing less popular participation in the political process.
12. Finally, there are just as many critics of this period in Iraqi history as supporters. Qasim for example never held elections, limited political parties, and centralized more and more power in his hands. How can you explain the duality in this man and time period that he would try help out the lower sectors of society, yet not allow the public a say in government?
This is a good but difficult question to address for the obvious reason that Qasim himself would have been the best person to answer it. To a certain degree this is a follow up question to the previous one and the keyword that I used in my answer to that question, “inclusivist,” therefore gives us a clue as to how to answer your question. Qasim’s actions, speeches, decisions, and policies often exude an inclusivist approach to life and politics, a somewhat unusual personality trait in an authoritarian leader. The product of a very polarized society Qasim had drawn the conclusion that he wished to be a leader for all Iraqis, not of one single party, ethnic group, social class, or version of Islam. As a result of this realization, he frequently emphasized in speeches and interviews that he was above politics, obviously a claim which was extremely difficult, not to say impossible, to live up to. Critics will of course argue that the best way to practice inclusivism would have been to invite all Iraqis to have a say in the political process. This criticism tends to disregard Qasim’s experience in life. He had witnessed the corruption of a parliamentary system which had been installed by an imperialist power and which had remained in place until the overthrow of the monarchy. Furthermore, squabbling opposition politicians had proven their impotency with regard to replacing the old regime with a democratic system. Finally, he had also witnessed the squabbling of his Free Officer colleagues and the many aborted coup plans which they had produced. This experience instilled in him distrust of his colleagues and of politicians alike. As a result, his government was that of technocrats without official party affiliations. Like most authoritarian leaders he was convinced that he was the right man to lead his country. Most likely, in Qasim’s mind his inclusivist approach to politics made him particularly qualified for this task. This conviction further consolidated in his mind as a result of his survival skills, including escaping an attempt on his life. This probably led him to believe that he had survived as a result of some kind of divine intervention. His background (Kurdish-Arab, Sunni-Shiʻi) also allowed him to identify with different ethnic groups and religious denominations depending on the audience. His greatest mistake, however, was not to seek a popular mandate soon after the overthrow of the monarchy. He would most likely have secured such a mandate, which in turn would have radically reduced the legitimacy of the challenge from pan-Arab Free Officers. It is worth mentioning that Qasim was overthrown by his Baathist enemies and rivals in the military, not by the majority of Iraqis. Had he offered the latter a say in the political process, it would have been more difficult to topple his regime. Concurrently, it may be true that the Iraqi public did not play a significant role in government, but this does not mean that they played no role at all in forming their destiny. The situation on the ground at the grassroots level was somewhat different, since the revolution to a certain degree empowered the poorer strata of the population, something unheard of in the history of Iraq. Rural workers gained the right to form labor unions and have a say in determining minimum wages. Industrial workers were also allowed to organize in unions and major companies were required to provide housing for their employees. Finally, there was an element of participation in the economic planning process, since the authorities sought the advice and opinion of popular organizations before decisions were made regarding economic projects.
Farouk-Sluglett, Marion and Sluglett, Peter, Iraq Since 1958, From Revolution To Dictatorship, London, New York: I.B. Tauris, 2003
Marr, Phebe, The Modern History Of Iraq, Westview Press: Colorado, Oxford, 2004
Polk, William, Understanding Iraq, New York, London, Toronto, Sydney: Harper Perennial, 2005
Al-Qarawee, Harith, Imagining The Nation, Nationalism, Sectarianism and Socio-Political Conflict in Iraq, Lancashire: Rosendale Books, 2012
Romero, Juan, The Iraqi Revolution of 1958, A Revolutionary Quest For Unity and Security, Lanham, Plymouth: University of America Press, 2011
Sassoon, Joseph, Saddam Hussein Ba’th Party, Inside an Authoritarian Regime, Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo, Delhi, Tokyo, Mexico City: Cambridge University Press, 2012
Tripp, Charles, A History of Iraq, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo, Delhi, 2008 | <urn:uuid:492a428a-2a97-476b-8390-b0810891d5fe> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://musingsoniraq.blogspot.com/2013/10/revolutionary-times-gen-qasim-and-iraqs.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655897844.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200709002952-20200709032952-00203.warc.gz | en | 0.977531 | 5,479 | 3.359375 | 3 |
A license is a document issued by the government allowing someone to provide a service to its citizens. This is important since the government mandates certain regulations for medical professionals to uphold so that there is no compromise in the...
As a child, it was a nightmare to go to the dentist and get our teeth checked out. Especially since we were scared that our parents would find out that we haven’t been brushing regularly. Dental hygienists are like the Robin to a Dentist’s Batman. They help the dentists to perform tests and do routine cleaning. The dentist then analyses this work and prescribes medicines, fills cavities or helps the patient in other ways. Let us find out how you can become a dental hygienist too!
To become a dental hygienist, you need to possess a degree in dental science or dental hygiene. These courses last about 2-4 years depending on the course you take. The most popular option is to get an associate’s degree in dental hygiene. The course lasts about 2-3 years depending on the college. This is usually offered in community and dental colleges.
Another option is to get a bachelor’s degree in dental hygiene. The duration of this course is longer and helps you become a dentist later in your career. There are few programs that offer bachelor’s degree in dental hygiene.
The final option is to get a master’s degree. This is the longest route to becoming a dental hygienist. However, it is also the most useful choice in the field of dentistry. Dentists need to have a master’s degree to practice medicine. Thus, this path will help you transition from a dental hygienist to a dentist easily.
It is important to note that the degree offered by different colleges need to be accredited by the Commission on Dental Accreditation. Otherwise, you won’t be able to sit for the licensure examination. There are currently 300+ associate’s level programs approved by the CDA and more are piling up.
After completing your education and getting a degree (Associate’s, Bachelor’s or Master’s), it is time to get licensed by the state to practice medicine. As mentioned above, it is important that the course you registered for be recognized and accredited by the CDA for you to give the licensure exam.
You should then be allowed to give the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination, which is a written test that you will need to pass.
You will also need to complete a state or regional level clinical board examination to be certified as Registered Dental Hygienist (RDH).
The laws in different states vary. But, once you provide proof that you have a CDA accredited degree in dental hygiene, passed the written test and completion of the clinical board examination, you are a certified RDH. You can also add the title “RDH” to your name like “Ph.D.”
Like every medical field, there is a scope of improvement and specializations as a dental hygienist too. You can learn how to use the latest technology like lasers to help with dentistry.
If you like, you can specialize in some or the other field to earn a bit more. You could choose to be a Public Health Administrator, Dental Hygiene Educator, Pediatric Dental Hygienist or Periodontal Dental Hygienist. Each of these specialists (except for educator) get paid more than a general RDH.
Now you know how to become a dental hygienist yourself. So, if you are extra picky about the oral health of your friends, family and even yourself, you can get started right away! | <urn:uuid:12043d49-c8dc-4702-b5ba-6c745dde8aa5> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.dentalhygienist.education/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738523.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200809073133-20200809103133-00592.warc.gz | en | 0.958426 | 780 | 2.515625 | 3 |
What Does an Arborist Do? Checking out the Area of Tree Care
Does the view of a marvelous tree fill you with marvel? Are you thinking about helping to maintain these natural wonders and advertise their growth and health and wellness? If so, you may have an interest in becoming an arborist.
Arborists are experts who specialize in tree care. They play a crucial function in the preservation as well as upkeep of trees, guaranteeing their lasting health and wellness. Arborists might work for personal clients, municipalities, or various other organizations. They may work on household or commercial buildings, or in parks and also various other public spaces.
The work of an arborist can consist of a wide variety of duties. Some usual tasks include:
Pruning trees to promote healthy development and also remove any type of dead or dangerous branches
Identifying and also dealing with conditions and also bugs that can impact tree health
Analyzing tree health and wellness as well as providing referrals for treatment or removal if required
Hair transplanting trees to new places
Setting up cabling and supporting systems to supply additional support and stability for trees
Arborists should have a detailed understanding of tree biology as well as ecology, along with the devices as well as strategies necessary for tree treatment. They may make use of ladders, ropes, as well as various other specific tools to appropriately get to as well as care for trees in a safe and also reliable fashion.
Ending up being an arborist normally requires specific training and accreditation. Many arborists hold levels in forestry or gardening, and might also be licensed by expert organizations such as the International Culture of Arboriculture. In addition to instructional demands, arborists should likewise want trees and also a dedication to their care and preservation.
The field of arboriculture provides a rewarding job for those who enjoy the outdoors and are dedicated to protecting our natural surroundings. By working as an arborist, you can aid guarantee that our trees continue to prosper for generations to come. | <urn:uuid:58ca7e5c-adda-46a8-8d76-475a5cb144de> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://ebook-music-software.info/where-to-start-with-and-more-4/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510368.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928063033-20230928093033-00316.warc.gz | en | 0.972134 | 411 | 2.625 | 3 |
What is Mask Mouth, and How can it be avoided?
Posted by DR. HAHN on Feb 10 2021, 07:15 AM
The troubles brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic in recent times are hard to imagine. Our entire routine has been affected by it, among which some of our regular activities, such as socializing, going out on weekends, etc., have to be done with extra caution. The use of masks to cover our mouth and nose is given a lot of importance, as it keeps the pathogens from entering our bodies.
However, the use of masks has resulted in a dramatic increase in the number of dental concerns involving dry mouth conditions, gum diseases, tooth decay, etc. Few studies conducted in this regard have linked these oral concerns to the wearing of face masks for longer durations. This phenomenon has been termed as ‘Mask Mouth.’
What are the causes of mask mouth?
When you wear a mask, a small amount of air you exhale will be trapped within the mask, which you would end up rebreathing. This can slightly reduce the oxygen levels in your blood and increase the levels of carbon dioxide. The increased blood CO2 levels can impact your physiology, resulting in fatigue, frequent headaches, mouth breathing, and even lead to brain fog. When you mouth-breathe frequently, it can hinder the production of saliva and result in dry mouth conditions, and increases your chances of developing dental conditions.
How can it be prevented?
- Wear a mask only when necessary: A simple solution to this concern is limiting the use of the face mask to only when it is absolutely necessary. For instance, you may take it off whenever you enter your car and have closed the doors and rolled up the windows. Whenever you are in a crowd or in public places, it would make sense to make the best use of the mask.
- Be aware of your breathing: When you wear a mask, your breathing pattern may change into heavy cycles that are repeated at short durations. Try to bring conscious awareness to your breathing by slowing down the pace. It would be quite impactful if you can take five slow and deep breaths once every 15 to 20 minutes while the mask is on.
- Avoid mouth breathing: Keeping the tongue in a relaxed position and breathing only through the nose helps to keep the mouth and other oral tissues moist. It gradually increases saliva production and keeps the growth of microbes in the mouth to a minimum.
- Maintain optimum oral hygiene: As always, we recommend maintaining ideal oral health by brushing and flossing at least twice every day to limit the growth of microbes in the mouth. It also helps to maintain a fresher breath, which would be better for yourself when you wear a mask, as you’ll be stuck smelling your own breath.
You may schedule a consultation with our Dentist in Federal Way by calling us at (253) 839-2800 or reaching us through an online query. We’re always happy to help. | <urn:uuid:6ff4ca3d-b46d-4b3c-a88d-a60fc3b4b99e> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.dennishahndds.com/blog/what-is-mask-mouth-and-how-can-it-be-avoided/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334644.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220926020051-20220926050051-00205.warc.gz | en | 0.948138 | 618 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Will Automated IV Systems Reduce Hospital Medication Errors?
When you’re sick enough to the point that you need to make a visit to the hospital, you generally expect and assume that you will be in the best possible hands. However, this isn’t always the case. After all, user error is something that will always just exist because we are imperfect humans, and in busy hospitals where doctors and nurses have a multitude of patients to attend to each day, accidents with administering drugs and setting up manual IVs can happen and wreak havoc on the patient.
With nearly 7,000 deaths and just as many dire illnesses per year caused by errors in manually-prepared IVs, hospitals around the country have begun adopting automated IV systems that reduce, if not eliminate, user error by placing the delicate task in the hands of a machine.
In addition to patient safety of automated IVs, cost-effectiveness is yet another valid reason for hospitals to use this system. With the ability to perform in-house drug compounding and preparation as opposed to buying prefills, millions of dollars can be saved on IVs that are prepared properly in a sterile environment and are complete with an audit trail for the purposes of billing and compliance.
What Sorts of Errors Can Be Prevented with Automated IVs?
Each day, there are people relying on the use of intravenous (IV) medications to improve their health or assist in their healing process. But what happens when someone makes a mistake while administering an IV? There are a plethora of possible errors that can be made by a doctor or nurse simply trying to deliver medicine to their patient:
- Incorrect Dosage: Delivering the wrong dosage of a medicine can be a fatal mistake. Because the IV goes directly into the patient’s bloodstream, an accidental overdose of their medicine can cause extreme side effects and even death.
- Incorrect Medicine or Patient: Though both of these issues are obvious in nature and seem like they would be difficult mistakes to make, they happen more often than you may think. Because of the hustle and bustle in hospitals and other treatment centers, it can be easy to intravenously deliver the wrong medication to a patient or even administer the correct medication to the wrong patient when you’re in a hurry.
- Contamination: When IV compounding is performed in an unsterile area, it is easy for bacteria to invade and contaminate the medication. This can, of course, cause issues of its own by compromising the immune system of a patient already battling an illness.
How Automated IV Systems Work in Hospitals
When a doctor prescribes a medication to be administered to a patient intravenously, they enter it into the pharmacy computer system of the hospital. Generally, the next step is that the order is then transferred into the automated IV system to have the script filled to the specifications of the physician’s prescription.
Having the script sent into the automated IV system not only saves time and streamlines the entire process, but it leaves little room for error in dosage and other details, as well as ensures that no outside germs or bacteria can reach the medicine. When manually filled by a nurse or other medical professional, the environment may not always be completely sterile; even a sterile environment runs the risk of contamination if it has not been properly monitored, which in turn creates risk for the patient. In fact, these automated systems are often built with specific materials that are resistant to the growth of harmful bacteria.
The intelligent automated IV systems have the capability and the bandwidth to be able to compound the mixture, fill IV bags and syringes, and hold inventory racks with rack-specific barcodes for identification purposes. They can even prime the IV bag first to ensure there is no air left in the bag, and there is also room for waste where used materials can be safely deposited.
What Do You Need for a Medical Malpractice Lawsuit?
Although hospitals are now rolling out automated systems to be used in administering IV prescriptions, there are plenty of patients who came before this new technological advancement who unfortunately suffered the health consequences of a manual IV gone wrong. So, how do you know if you have a case of medical malpractice worth pursuing?
Depending on what went wrong in regards to the mistake made with your medication, there are different types of adverse drug events (ADEs) by which negative reactions to drugs are classified. Note that one of them concerns an adverse reaction a patient may have to a correctly administered drug, which is not a viable case because of the lack of error.
The two that are the most important in a potential lawsuit are ameliorable ADEs, which are defined as harm experienced by an error that was not “dangerously severe.” The one that is the most concerning and carries the most cause for a case is the preventable ADE; this occurs when a mistake defined as clinically preventable has caused severe harm or death to the patient in question. In these cases, there are legal actions that can be taken to help people who have been put in harm’s way due to the negligence of a medical professional.
Discuss Your Medical Malpractice Case with a Tampa Lawyer
If you have spent time in a hospital or other treatment center and suffered the consequences of someone else’s negligence, you may have a case that will entitle you to compensation. At Distasio Personal Injury Law, our Board Certified medical malpractice attorneys have years of experience in helping people who have been forced to deal with severe side effects or have lost loved ones because of an error regarding their IV medications. We believe that no one should have to bear the weight of that burden alone. Contact Distasio Personal Injury Law in Tampa, FL at (813) 259-0022, and let us use our knowledge and resources to get you the justice you deserve. | <urn:uuid:5683a0df-c7a1-4ced-926e-f47d33b26265> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://distasiofirm.com/blog/will-automated-iv-systems-reduce-hospital-medical-errors/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646144.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530194919-20230530224919-00046.warc.gz | en | 0.948594 | 1,196 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Not trying to sound gloomy but the end of Halloween season is a sign the winter is drawing closer and the time has never been more perfect to check out your tyres. It is a sobering fact that on a wet road the stopping distance is greatly increased by up to 44% when tyres are worn down to less than the legal minimum requirement (1.6mm). it is recommended that your tyres be changed before it reaches this point as it can affect your stopping distance. This post is going to go through the connection between your tyres and your stopping distance and how they both need each other to function properly.
What is stopping distance
Stopping distance for cars when driving is a calculation based on the driver’s subjective thinking. It is the distance the car has travelled before the driver reacts to a hazard and the braking distance, which is how long the car takes to stop once the brake has been applied.
What affects your stopping distance?
There are various elements that can influence your stopping distance, your thinking distance and braking distance are among such things that can affect the overall stopping distance and both the thinking ad braking distance can be affected depending on various circumstances. It is important to remember that although you might be doing everything within your power to account for your stopping distance but sometimes it might be out of your control.
Other factors that affects your stopping distance includes;
Speed – Your stopping distance is made up of two major factors, thinking distance and braking distance. Your speed is one of the only factors that influences both your thinking and braking distance, the faster you are going, the greater the travel distance travelled before you apply the brakes and the vehicle comes to a complete stop.
Brakes – all modern tyres are normally fitted with Anti-Lock Brake System (ABS) but not it is not necessarily a requirement, so some cars are without them. Brake pads have a block of friction material that pushes against the brake disc when the brakes are applied. This friction material can wear down over time and the brake disc can become grooved causing them to overheat and lose stopping power. Well maintained brakes will ultimately reduce your stopping distance but if you have driven through deep water, make sure that you pump the brake pedal a few times while driving slowly to dry them out.
Tyre Pressure – your tyres need to be in constant contact with the road, it needs to do this to maximise its contact with the road in order to provide the best possible stopping distance. When tyres are either over or under inflated it can lead to reduced contact patch. Both over and under inflation is bad news for you and your tyres as it can cause irregular wear and reduced traction. Checking your tyre pressure every month and using the recommended pressure in your user’s manual is an easy way to maintain your tyres and their ability to stop the vehicle. | <urn:uuid:52dbb400-4e33-411b-ae6c-ee22a6294048> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://hotwheelsuk.net/your-tyres-and-their-stopping-distance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946314.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20180424002843-20180424022843-00160.warc.gz | en | 0.958894 | 572 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Visegrád is certainly not a household name in the United States—and likely nowhere else outside of Europe. It is the name of a medieval castle and its surrounding town situated in what is now Hungary, where two fourteenth-century meetings were held among the monarchs of the kingdoms of Poland, Hungary, and Bohemia. In the 1300s, Visegrád was the royal seat of Hungary, and in both 1335 and 1338, King Charles I hosted the Bohemian king, John of Luxembourg, and the Polish king, Casimir III, at his castle to hammer out a peace among the three kingdoms and to secure their alliance against Habsburg Austria.
This tidbit of Eastern European history was mere trivia until the late twentieth century, when the name of the alliance, the Visegrád Three, was revived by the modern nations of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland. Leaders of these states met in Visegrád in February 1991 to band together to enhance their economies and their chances of joining the European Union (EU). Later, after Czechoslovakia dissolved in 1993, forming the Czech Republic and Slovakia, the group became known as the Visegrád Group or the Visegrád Four (V4). All four nations were accepted into the EU in 2004.
Until 2011, the Visegrád Group concentrated on economic growth and cooperation, and out of the stagnation of their former Communist systems have arisen vibrant free-market economies. Together, their 65 million people now comprise Europe's seventh-largest economy and the world's thirteenth-largest. While the citizens of these four nations may not have the per capita incomes of some of their wealthy neighbors to the west, both the United Nations and the World Bank consider them highly developed and high-income states.
Now that they have achieved a modicum of economic prosperity, the Group is moving forward. On May 12, 2011, the Visegrád Group announced that its four nations are forming a "battle group," which will be ready by the first half of 2016 and be commanded by Poland. In addition, it will be an independent force, that is, not under the authority of NATO. However, beginning in 2013, the four countries will participate together in regular military exercises with the support of the NATO Response Force.
What would make these V4 nations—Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary—take such independent action? Two major factors—one constant, the other ever-changing—have forced them to act on their own initiative to take on the costly burden of militarization during an economic downturn.
The first factor is geography. The Visegrád nations are tightly wedged between European powerhouse Germany to the west and a resurgent Russia on the east. Poland, especially, has seen armies from both east and west transit and fight on its wide plains for centuries, so it is always well aware that it has few natural impediments to its stronger neighbors' armed forces. Like Poland, the other states of the V4, despite their more rugged terrain, have long histories of being the bloody buffer zones between hostile major powers.
The second factor, which makes the first relevant, is the flow of recent trends within Europe. From its low days after the fall of the Soviet Union, Russia has significantly grown in influence among its former satellite states like Belarus and Ukraine. This can easily be seen in its successful 2008 campaign against Georgia. With its energy wealth to back it, Moscow is suddenly a frightening bogeyman again.
This growing concern to the east is not helped by events in the west. The economic woes of just about every EU nation except Germany have diminished the luster of further economic integration, particularly joining the Eurozone. Moreover, the plight of the EU has had the effect of strengthening the V4 nations' other historical nemesis, Germany. It would be an understatement to say that they are uneasy with the idea of having to take orders from Berlin. It is also possible that the V4 nations view their new battle group as a wise precaution should the EU fracture under the strains of mounting debt and almost certain future defaults by one or more of its member states.
Finally, the Visegrád Group obviously questions NATO's ability to defend it from Russian or any other power's aggression. The new NATO strategic concept, publicized in the last quarter of 2010, indicates that the United States, stretched thin by its handful of ongoing wars, is ratcheting back its commitment to European security. Under the new plan, should Poland come under attack across the North European Plain, the U.S. would send only one brigade to defend it. Aggravating this is the pitiful state of European military forces after more than six decades of reliance on American might.
The V4 nations are not alone in their pessimism. Since 2008, a Nordic Battle Group, consisting of a few thousand troops from Sweden, Norway, Finland, Ireland, and Estonia, has also been active. These northern nations also fear the rising strength of Germany and Russia, the instability of the EU, and the distraction of America by its economic and military crises. Clearly, these states believe that regional military alliances, as weak as they are at present, will provide a framework for larger defense forces just in case their fears become realities.
There are already signs that the Visegrád Group is seeking to expand its alliance southward to Romania and Bulgaria, and perhaps it will also make overtures northward to Lithuania and Latvia (or these Baltic countries could join the Nordic Battle Group). In any event, the nations of Eastern Europe are nervous enough to form a sub-alliance against the instability around them. Could this be the formation of an eastern "foot and toes" of the final kingdom of Nebuchnezzar's great image, as mentioned in Daniel 2:40-43? Time will tell, yet even if it is not, these new alliances presage a break with the familiar post-Cold War pattern and hint that major instability lies just over the horizon.
© 2011 Church of the Great God
PO Box 471846
Charlotte, NC 28247-1846
The Berean: Daily Verse and Comment
We respect your privacy. Your email address will not be sold, distributed, rented, or in any way given out to a third party. We have nothing to sell. You may easily unsubscribe at any time. | <urn:uuid:123ba14c-c46e-44f9-b068-5e77a9a6e03a> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.cgg.org/index.cfm/fuseaction/Library.sr/CT/WW/k/1528/A-Battle-Group-for-Eastern-Europe.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928479.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00120-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966463 | 1,317 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The Universal rules of writing citing using APA
The APA technique of citation in full known as the American
Psychological Association is normally used when citing resources within the subject
of humanitarian sciences. When using this method of citation there are
universal rules which need to be followed. Your article should be typed on a
standard sized paper (measuring 8.5″*11″) with a margin of 1″ on every side. It
is recommended that you use 12pt. New Times Roman font and your paper should be
double-spaced. Please take note that this should be used on your entire paper
including the title page. You paper should include four key parts. Title page occurs
first followed by the Abstract then by the Main body and then finally the references.
On the topmost of every page there should be running head/
page header. This is a shortened version of your paper title. It should not exceed
50 characters including punctuations and spaces. To create this insert number
flush right then insert the title of your paper on the left and in capitals. Let’s
take it for instance that you are writing about social science your running
head on the title page should look like this:
Running head: SOCIAL SCIENCE
On the subsequent pages the running head should look like
The Title page
On your title page the title of the paper comes first. This should
be placed on the upper half of your paper and should not exceed twelve words. It
should then be followed by the name of the participants on the next line. When putting
the name of participants, avoid using title or degrees. Then finally on the
next line you should put the name of the institute which the participants carried
out the study.
Begin an abstract on a new page. Type the word Abstract on
the top center part of your page (do not use bold letters, italics, underline,
format and quotation marks). On the next line now write your abstract.
This is a short summary of your paper. It should not be less
than one hundred and fifty words but not exceed two hundred and fifty words. The
abstract should contain the Topic of the research, the study questions,
contributors of the paper, technique used in the study, findings of the study,
data interpretation, references and last but not least the conclusion of the
study. On your abstract you can also indicate the impact of your study and
future use connected to your study.
You may include keywords on your paper; this will help other
researchers to locate your paper on the database. When listing the keywords,
indent the word keyword in italics as
though you beginning a new paragraph.
How to cite in APA
First and foremost type the contributor(s) name, then in
brackets indicate the last edited date of the resource, then the title of the
resource and then finally, type the word Retrieved from and then indicate the
web address of the resource. | <urn:uuid:0300f260-6387-4c45-92c8-bec05893d9fd> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://beyondbordersfilm.com/the-fifty-words-the-abstract-should-contain-the-topic/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987769323.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20191021093533-20191021121033-00293.warc.gz | en | 0.855287 | 625 | 2.953125 | 3 |
The bridge was designed by Arup, specifically their Advanced Geometry Unit (founded by Cecil Balmond, who is a professor at UPenn), although essentially they acted as concept engineer or even as architect - the detailed engineering design was prepared by Ammann and Whitney. This seems to be an increasingly common arrangement - the boutique engineer standing in for the architect while leaving someone else to do the "hard sums". Marc Mimram and Santiago Calatrava are others who take the same approach.
When I last posted, I noted:
"Balmond seems to have little sympathy for the conventions of bridge design, taking standard concepts like the arch or truss and transforming them into stained-glass geometric puzzles ... Balmond's design seems to arise, however, mainly from playing with geometry on a computer, rather than from the purely structural imperatives which drove James Warren's solution."The image on the left is a design visualisation from before construction. It suggests a colorful rattlesnake structure, which I mistakenly likened to Warren's truss bridge design from the 19th century (thanks to Paul Kassabian for putting me right). In reality, it largely dispenses with the top chord of a truss, instead carrying the axial forces by means of the "X" shaped elements in the roof. This is like taking a pair of opened scissors and pushing them against a metal plate - the force tends to open them about the central hinge.
The result is a design with poor structural efficiency. The scissor action is resisted mainly because the "hinge" is in fact a solid welded connection, and partly by the restraining action of the side trusses. The connections must therefore be considerably over-designed compared to a conventional truss bridge, as must all the other steel elements. Quite how inefficient it is will depend on the extent to which the bridge is simply supported (with the roof "bracing" all in compression) as opposed to continuous over pier supports (with the roof "bracing" varying from tension to a lower compression). Some images suggest the latter is the case, but I can't tell for sure.
Praising the bridge, architecture critic Inga Saffron wrote:
"Unlike Frank Gehry, who is happy to drape his bloblike forms onto any old framework that can hold them up, Balmond sees structure and design as one and the same. There are no vertical supports holding up the Weave Bridge because its twisting stainless-steel strips carry the load, in the way that cables and trusses do on conventional bridges."
Nonetheless, the compairison with Gehry isn't entirely unfair - both are designers who put abstract geometry to the forefront, often at the expense of functionality. For the post-modernists entranced by their piles of crumpled paper or the digital fantasies of algorithmic design, the modernist notion that form follows function is long dead. Instead, form determines function - the ability to generate a particular complex geometry decides the structural form of the bridge, not the exigencies of cost or buildability that preoccupy most engineers.The image on the right (courtesy UPenn website) shows the bridge under construction. It seems less organic than in the visualisation, but much of that may just be because it's a close-up view. The tricky connections between the truss webs and the "roof bracing" look a little unattractive - you would visually expect the flanges on the web members to continue at the same angle on the roof rather than stand upright, but of course they have to do so. This visual oddness could have been reduced by chamfering the rectangular cross-section of the bridge, at the expense of yet more engineering complexity.
The image on the left (courtesy of Shana Lee on flickr) shows the bridge in its nearly finished state. I'm struck by how colourless it is compared to the early renderings, which is a shame because Balmond is interested in colour elsewhere. I'm also left wondering how much trouble they'll have cleaning the outside face of the glazing above the railway lines in the future - how well will this bridge weather?
The main difficulty is of course that of expectation, particularly for the engineering observer. For the lay person, I think it will look unusual but otherwise fine. For a bridge engineer, the absent top chord on the trusses defies what you expect to see. The question is whether the bridge is visually better or more interesting, and I think there's no real improvement over a conventional Warren truss structure, especially since there's a slender bottom chord member (presumably to support the floor) left in.
The bridge seems really to be designed to be viewed from within. The visualisation on the right suggested a contrast between translucent blue glazing, marked with lines to echo the timber flooring, and returning across the roof to mirror the floor panels. It's geometrically interesting if perhaps trying a little too hard.
The photo on the left (courtesy Shana Lee again) again suggests much of the colour has sadly bleached out. The design seems clever, but not a delight. Little compromises have been made which detract, especially the loss of the glazed roof sections (presumably because they'd be too difficult to clean). I'm also not sure I like the interplay of the shadows and the floor "bracing" - they're too similar in colour and I'd prefer to see the bridge structure stand out rather than dematerialise.
As ever, it's almost impossible to review a bridge without visiting it in real life, and I've no plans to visit this one soon. Overall, I don't like it - the departure from conventional structural logic isn't justified by the creation of something sufficiently magical, and Balmond's Coimbra Footbridge in Portugal seems to me to be more successful. But I'd welcome other comments, especially from anyone who has visited it or was involved in the design. | <urn:uuid:8abc5bc3-d39e-4912-86a2-c28a8daa25ae> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://happypontist.blogspot.com/2009/06/weave-bridge-woven.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891815034.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20180224013638-20180224033638-00138.warc.gz | en | 0.969337 | 1,224 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Dissent (Summer 2011), posted with permission
Is religion “special”? Taking this as a philosophical question, we might conclude that it is not, that religion is a specific instance within a more general category of belief or commitment. But a philosophical question is not the same as a constitutional question. After all, the U.S. Constitution might explicitly affirm or implicitly reflect propositions that philosophical reflection would refute. If so, unfettered reason must give way to the law. Jeremy Bentham famously declared, “Natural rights is simple nonsense: natural and imprescriptible rights, rhetorical nonsense—nonsense upon stilts.” He might well be right. But that is not what the Framers thought, and it is their thought that governs us, unless and until we the people decide to discard or emend it.
The First Amendment unmistakably singles out religion for special treatment. Congress may not establish a religion, either by giving it a preferred institutional position or by using its distinctive doctrines as the basis for legislation. But far-fetched as it may sound, there is nothing in the Constitution to stop Congress from establishing a secular doctrine. For example, it can create and fund an economic board whose membership is restricted to Keynesians (or supply-siders), and it can base legislation on its preferred economic theory, even though many experts and ordinary citizens reject it.
There are many reasons why the first U.S. Congress embraced this distinction. Its members knew all too well about religious strife; they had no experience of civil or international conflict sparked by philosophical differences. They knew, as well, that the repression of religious differences had been characterized by exceptional cruelty and went to the core of individual identity. The man who drafted the First Amendment was the author of the famous “Memorial and Remonstrance,” which had placed each individual’s understanding of duties owed to the Creator above, or outside, the proper scope of civil law. Religious free exercise, said James Madison, was “in its nature an inalienable right.”
It followed that proposals to limit religious free exercise would have to discharge a heavy burden of proof. No one doubted, or doubts, the propriety of certain “time, place, and manner restrictions”: free exercise doesn’t entail the right to conduct a loud revival meeting in a residential neighborhood at 2 a.m. In such circumstances, religious noise is on par with secular noise.
But how far does this legal parity extend? No one would seriously argue that the claims of religious free exercise extend to human sacrifice (as opposed to animal sacrifice, which does enjoy First Amendment protection). There are some bedrock civil concerns that the law may enforce, regardless of their effects on particular religions. But for most of our national history, legislators and jurists distinguished between such concerns and the more typical objects of legislation, which were thought not to be so fundamental as to out- weigh religious free exercise. Despite the obvious importance of communal self-defense, many colonies exempted Quakers from serving in battles against the French and indigenous people, an exemption that some colonies continued during the Revolutionary War regarding the British. Madison and the members of the first Congress were well aware of this. Many legal historians disagree with the contention of the authors that the drafters of the First Amendment did not contemplate, and would have opposed, the regime of religious accommodation codified in Sherbert v. Verner.
Many episodes since the ratification of the First Amendment testify to the persistence of this concern—not only our draft laws, but also the least successful constitutional innovation in our history. The Eighteenth Amendment was ratified on January 16, 1920. It was widely understood that without the concurrent legislation authorized in Section 2, the general prohibition on the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages, would be too vague to enforce. On October 29, 1919, the National Prohibition Act (popularly known as the Volstead Act), which created the legal definition of “intoxicating liquor” and specified penalties for producing it, passed over Woodrow Wilson’s veto and stood as the law of the land until 1933.
The Volstead Act created a number of exemptions to the prohibition regime, of which two are especially noteworthy. First, the act allowed physicians to prescribe liquor to individuals for medicinal purposes and to employ it pursuant to treatment for alcoholism in certified treatment programs. Second, the act stated that nothing it contained should be construed as applying to “wine for sacramental purposes, or like religious rites,” and it permitted the sale or transfer of wine to rabbis, ministers, priests, or an officer duly authorized by any church or congregation.
Suppose the act had not exempted physicians. The omission would have been subject to criticism on policy grounds, but no one would have suggested that it ran afoul of constitutional norms. If the act had failed to exempt wine for sacramental purposes, however, there would have been both a political firestorm and a First Amendment challenge that almost certainly would have succeeded.
The use of sacramental wine lies at the heart of more than one religion. The Code of Canon Law of the Catholic Church prescribes, “The most holy Sacrifice of the Eucharist must be celebrated in bread, and in wine to which a small quantity of water is to be added.” For its part, Jewish law (halacha) commands the drinking of wine during the Passover Seder, specifying not only the famous four cups but also a minimum quantity to be consumed. (There is no maximum.) Comprehensive prohibition without exemptions would have prevented faithful Jews and Catholics from behaving as their religion requires. The Constitution’s presumption in favor of free exercise is designed to reduce to an avoidable minimum the circumstances in which such clashes are resolved in favor of the state.
I don’t want to be understood as espousing an untenable literalism. Although religion is special, it is not completely distinctive. Starting in the 1960s, the Supreme Court has recognized (rightly, in my view) exemptions based on conscientious claims that are not strictly speaking religious. In United States v. Seeger (1965) the Court broadened the conscientious objector section of the draft law to include “sincere and meaningful belief which occupies in the life of its possessor a place parallel to that filled by God of those admittedly qualifying for the exemption.” Five years later, in Welsh v. United States, the statute’s reach was further broadened to include explicitly secular beliefs that “play the role of a religion and function as a religion in life.” There are matters of conscience that, like religious claims, shape individual identity and are experienced as binding obligations. So yes, the zone of accommodation extends beyond religion. But it is religion that provides the paradigm for that zone.
Note that by advocating “freedom of conscience” rather than “freedom of religion,” the authors are intensifying rather than evading Justice Antonin Scalia’s concern (expressed in Employment Division v. Smith) that broad accommodation creates a system “in which each conscience is a law unto itself.” This is pure hyperbole; during the three decades that Sherbert was the controlling legal authority, our courts proved perfectly capable of distinguishing legitimate and counterfeit conscientious claims. I don’t understand why so many liberals have been attracted to Scalia’s rather Hobbesian argument, which flouts both the letter and the spirit of Madison’s thought. Indeed, it is a matter of record that Madison’s first draft of what became the First Amendment read, “The civil rights of none shall be abridged on account of religious belief or worship, nor shall any national religion be established; nor shall the full and equal rights of conscience be in any manner, or in any pretext, infringed.” What Scalia sees as Pandora’s Box, Madison regarded as the animating principle of our constitutional order. In this, as in so many other matters, we should remain faithful Madisonians.
(Read our reply to Galston here.)
William Galston is Ezra Zilkha Chair and Senior Fellow in Governance Studies at the Brookings Institution and College Park Professor at the University of Maryland. He is the author of eight books and numerous articles on political philosophy, public policy, and American politics. From 1993 to 1995, he served as deputy assistant for domestic policy to President Bill Clinton. | <urn:uuid:9fd739d2-fa0d-40da-b70c-12a21dd0fb00> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://secularconscience.blogspot.com/2011/06/william-galston-responds.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511122.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20181017090419-20181017111919-00378.warc.gz | en | 0.963358 | 1,734 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Hydrolysis of Germanium Tetrachloride is a final stage of hydrometallurgical cycle of germanium production.
Process is carried out in installations of continuous action. In the hydrolyzer from initial components (high-pure Germanium tetrachloride and deionized water) there is a receiving different types of the dioxide Germany applied for:
- production of metallic Germanium;
- uses as the catalyst under receiving of PET-plastic;
- growing of BGO crystals.
Received kinds of germanium dioxide are differing with structure, the size of grains, solubility, and maintenance of impurity elements depending on application.
Receiving of high-quality Germanium dioxide is connected with increased requirements to purity of working areas, constructional materials, equipment and reagents. These tasks are solved with application of new technologies and also by improvement of classical processes. | <urn:uuid:12a77bc7-aeaf-40e9-a720-3b2963e6658e> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | http://eng.krasgermanium.com/processing/gidroliz | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107874135.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20201020192039-20201020222039-00175.warc.gz | en | 0.939589 | 189 | 2.625 | 3 |
In a recent Missourian column, David Rosman took exception to Missouri House Bill 291, which he characterized as an attempt to “force science classes to teach Christian creationist beliefs as science.” If that is what HB291 does, then I have no quarrel with Mr. Rosman’s opposition to the bill. Mr. Rosman did, however, mischaracterize both intelligent design and science in general.
With respect to intelligent design, he wrote that ID is “biblically based” — another “manifestation of the biblical creation stories.” While one will often see ID described in this way by people who have never read any of the design literature, Mr. Rosman’s claim is quite simply false (I write as someone who has read some two dozen books and numerous essays by ID theorists.)
The science of intelligent design — like all sciences — begins with empirical observations, not Scripture, and it seeks to answer this question: Are some features of the natural world best explained by an intelligent cause rather than by any undirected natural processes? ID has no stake in the Genesis account of creation, which it makes no attempt to defend. ID also has no stake in the existence of God, although people who believe in God will likely think that God is the best candidate for the designer implicated by design in nature. Because ID has no stake in either Scripture or the supernatural, many creationists are either lukewarm towards ID or actually oppose it. It would also no doubt surprise Mr. Rosman to learn that Discovery Institute, the institutional home of the ID movement, opposes legislation like HB291. (Discovery Institute’s education policy can be reviewed here.)
With respect to science, Mr. Rosman insinuated that science delivers proofs, not inferences. Yet precisely the opposite is the case. Because science is so heavily reliant on inductive and abductive reasoning, it never actually provides any ironclad proofs of its theories. Rather than delivering deductively certain explanations (or proofs), science instead makes inferences to the best explanations. Its explanations (or theories) are always subject to potential falsification, otherwise they are dogma, not science. The science of intelligent design is in the business of making design inferences in nature by using standard scientific methods and reasoning. By any reasonable understanding of science, intelligent design is fully scientific. But to say — as Mr. Rosman implicitly said — that science has proven “the naturalistic origin of the first independent living organism,” is to substitute bluster for science.
Jim Goff is a Columbia resident. | <urn:uuid:73656f2d-0bb9-4f21-b182-be88616c2c7c> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.columbiamissourian.com/a/158500/letter-to-the-editor-there-is-science-to-intelligent-design/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131297429.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172137-00031-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953825 | 533 | 2.53125 | 3 |
One of the most remarkable phenomena happening in our solar system today, is Io where it continues to show massive volcanic activity. Io is only slightly bigger than Earth’s moon and is the third largest among moons orbiting around Jupiter. Planetary scientists are busy mapping its surface and are in the process of coming up with new ideas about what drives its activity.
In the highlights in the paper, “Volcanism on Io: New Insights from Global Geologic Mapping” it says…
“We produced the first complete, 1:15M-scale global geologic map of Jupiter’s moon Io
► Io was mapped into 19 material units: plains (65.8% of surface), lava flow fields (28.5%), mountains (3.2%), and patera floors (2.5%) ► The distribution of plains units is geographically constrained: White plains (dominated by SO2 + contaminants) occur mostly in the equatorial antijovian region (±30o, 90o-230oW), possibly indicative of a regional cold trap.
“► Bright (presumably sulfur-rich) flow fields make up 30% more lava flow fields than dark (presumably silicate) flows (56.5% vs. 43.5%), and only 18% of bright flow fields occur within 10 km of dark flow fields ► These results suggest that primary sulfur-rich effusions are an important component of Io’s recent volcanism.”
“► We mapped 425 paterae (volcano-tectonic depressions), which cover only 2.5% of Io’s surface, but correspond to 64% of all detected hot spots ► The freshest bright and dark flows make up about 29% of all of Io’s flow fields, suggesting active emplacement is occurring in less than a third of Io’s visible lava fields.”
“► The greater areal extent of gas-derived diffuse deposits (red + white, 85%) compared to presumably pyroclast-bearing diffuse deposits (dark (silicate ash) + yellow (sulfur-rich ash), 15%) indicates that there is effective separation between the transport of pyroclasts and gas in many Ionian explosive eruptions…”
The research produces good evidence for creationism, which advocates a young universe which is not billions of years old. Not surprising that evolutionary Planetary scientists are forcing the data into the old-age framework rather than exploring questions like how does molten material erupt onto the surface without plate tectonics? And why are heavy elements seen in the ultramafic lavas remain near the surface rather than submerging deep into the interior billions of years ago? How would Io really look with all this massive volcanic activity on this small moon happening for billions of years? Is their answer, “stuff happens” because it happens? | <urn:uuid:050f688e-56ef-4363-a69f-a052dcf5084d> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://thebibleistheotherside.wordpress.com/2011/05/14/jupiter%E2%80%99s-volcanic-moon-continues-to-put-on-a-show/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189771.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00467-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91643 | 596 | 3.5 | 4 |
Celebrate National Battery Day on Feb. 18
Awareness day drives consumer engagement and awareness of battery recycling across Canada
What would your life be like without batteries? Look around you and count how many of the items in your home use batteries–from cell phones to tablets to remote controls and power tools. Batteries are a convenient source of portable power for today’s electronics.
February 18th marks National Battery Day, which celebrates the important role batteries play in our lives while inspiring consumers us to keep batteries out of landfills by recycling them.
Anyone can participate in National Battery Day! Simply collect your old, used household batteries (under 5 kg) and drop them at one of Call2Recycle’s convenient drop-off sites. A number of national retail partners in our network will accept single-use and/or rechargeable batteries, depending on your location.
Spread the word about #NationalBatteryDay by encouraging your friends and family to help lead the charge and recycle batteries. Snap a photo and share your year-round battery recycling experiences with us on Twitter and Facebook. For more information about recycling your batteries, visit the Call2Recycle.ca.Share | <urn:uuid:6828d34b-a7ea-4b0f-ade3-26a186891898> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.call2recycle.ca/national-battery-day-newsletter-template/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647838.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20180322092712-20180322112712-00292.warc.gz | en | 0.898274 | 242 | 2.5625 | 3 |
A child presented the answer 'The sun shone bright in the sky', and this was marked wrong, on the grounds that it is 'not an adverb'.
This is the kind of nonsense up with which nobody should put. It is the response of a marker who is insecure about his/her grammatical knowledge, and who has a half-remembered history of faulty learning based on unauthentic prescriptive principles.
The devil, of course, lies in the detail - here, in the word 'appropriate'. If you interpret this word to mean 'appropriate to the rules prescriptive grammarians think operate in English', then brightly would of course be privileged. It has been the norm in formal written standard English for the last couple of centuries. But if you take 'appropriate' to mean 'in a way that makes sense', then bright is a perfectly normal alternative, used by hundreds of millions all over the English-speaking world, in writing as well as in speech. It has been a part of English since Anglo-Saxon times. You'll find an adverbial use of bright in Beowulf, in Chaucer, in Shakespeare (repeatedly - 'The moon shines bright', 'teach the torches to burn bright'...), and right down to the present day. Prescriptive grammarians took against it in the 18th century, but they were unable to stop the progress. The adverbial use of bright is used even by prescriptively minded people, when they say such things as 'I got up bright and early'. It is unequivocally an adverb when used in Question 16, and anyone who can't see this needs to take grammar lessons.
Even Fowler, beloved of prescriptivists, saw the nonsense. In the entry in his Dictionary of Modern English Usage on 'unidiomatic -ly' we find: 'much more to be deprecated ... is the growing notion that every monosyllabic adjective, if an adverb is to be made of it, must have a -ly clapped on it to proclaim the fact', and he condemns the 'ignorance' that leads people to think in this way. A 'growing notion'. That was in 1926. Topsy sure has growed now.
What is much more worrying is the marker who rejected dutifully as an appropriate answer. What on earth is wrong with 'The sun shone dutifully in the sky'? Now, we don't know why the child who gave this answer used this particular adverb. One of the ways in which the grammar tests would be made more meaningful and exciting would be if there was a space for kids to give explanations about why they made the choices they made - a pragmatic perspective. Context is ignored in these grammar tests, which is one of the basic problems with them (as I remarked in an earlier post). But, looking at it cold, dutifully to my mind is a lovely creative way of expressing a situation in a narrative where, for example, after a period of rain, someone begs the sun to appear and it 'dutifully did so'. If this turned up in a story by a well-known author it would be appreciated as an imaginative use of English and considered as perfectly appropriate. To reject it here is to convey to children and their teachers that the only kind of English that Mr Gove and his markers want to see in schools is of a predictable, cliched, and uninspiring kind. | <urn:uuid:00558ce0-ff5a-4ca9-85d7-3a7c940aee72> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://david-crystal.blogspot.com/2013/09/on-not-very-bright-grammar-test.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027320734.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20190824105853-20190824131853-00442.warc.gz | en | 0.974723 | 708 | 2.953125 | 3 |
A genus of two-legged, plant-eating ornithischian dinosaur that lived in Australia about 115 million years ago, when the continent was still partly south of the Antarctic Circle. It was described by Patricia Vickers-Rich and her husband Tom Rich in 1999 after a find near Inverloch, and named after Qantas, the Australian airline.
Qantassaurus was probably about 1.8 meters (6 feet) long, and about one meter (3 feet) high. If it resembled its relatives, it had short thighs and long shins, and probably was a fast runner. Its feet had claws for traction, and a long tail probably helped with turning, stiffened by ossified tendons. One characteristic of the "Polar Victorian" euornithopods are distinctive spurs, or trochanters, on the upper surface of the thigh bone (or femur), where muscle was attached.
Qantassaurus is only known from jaw fragments. These are foreshortened compared to related species so its face was probably short and stubby. It had ten teeth in each lower jaw. It probably had a beak, and possessed leaf-shaped teeth back in its cheek, which were shed as they wore down, and replaced by new teeth growing up from the jaw. The teeth had eight distinctive vertical ridges on the outer side with a single larger primary ridge in the centre.
Qantassaurus lived 115 million years ago in Australia, during the late Aptian/early Albian age of the early Cretaceous period. At the time, Australia was part of the supercontinent of Gondwana, and partly within the Antarctic Circle, although the significance of polar conditions during the warm Cretaceous were greatly different to conditions in this region today. The average temperature of the region is contentious, with estimates ranging from -6 to well over 5°C (21 to 37 °F). Conditions were likely to be at their coldest during the polar nights, which lasted up to three months.
One interpretation of the fossil material is that small euornithopods had adaptations to survive cooler conditions. Bone growth of presumed related taxa shows they were active all year round, so they did not hibernate through the winter. The structure of these bones also suggests warm-bloodedness, which would help maintain its body heat.
Qantassaurus was probably a browser, who grabbed ferns and other vegetation with its hands, and ran away from predators like a modern gazelle.
Bring your own pen.
Look for the rest of the "Dinosaurs A-Z" series, "cache them all"
Please replace as found so the next person can enjoy the find. Thank you | <urn:uuid:10c2c276-7373-41ae-907b-257ebcff73b2> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | https://www.geocaching.com/seek/cache_details.aspx?wp=GC4FZ40&title=qantassaurus-dinosaurs-a-z&guid=c6789538-6025-40bf-8ab9-1c2cb258e931 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398474527.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205434-00044-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980679 | 564 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Linux, Apache, MySQL and PHP, or LAMP as they’re more affectionately known, are a collection of software packages that form the infrastructure supporting much of the World Wide Web. They have become the most common software packages used for web servers around the world today and moreover, they’re FREE!
While the individual software components that comprise a LAMP system are intrinsically separate, together their synergy offers a web server solution that is certainly much more than the sum of its individual parts. In fact, LAMP is so popular that it has almost become the de facto standard for web server systems across the globe.
Built upon open source and essentially free software, it is easy to see why LAMP has become so rapidly accepted by web hosting organisations as their server software system of choice. Furthermore, being free, there’s no reason not to try it for yourself and if you don’t get on with it, then you haven’t wasted any of your hard earned pennies in the process.
Letting the Genie Out
The term LAMP was first coined in 1998 (just seven years after Linux burst on to the scene) by Michael Kunze, who proposed that a bundle of free software packages could effectively rival commercially available software as a serious alternative for the implementation of a commercial-grade web server.
Since then, LAMP has gone from strength to strength, with many versions of Linux now bundling the ubiquitous Apache, MySQL and PHP packages with their operating system as standard.
Most software packages run on top of an underlying core suite of software programs that provide basic system functions at the heart of the computer. This suite of core programs is more commonly referred to as the operating system.
While Microsoft operating systems, such as Windows XP and Vista, are well known to most people in the home environment, other operating systems are in abundance commercially, such as the “Unix like” Linux operating system.
Linux is a free, open source operating system upon which much of the world’s web servers are based and which is the core of the LAMP suite of packages.
Apache is a free web server that runs on Linux, amongst many other operating systems.
To say that Apache is the most popular web server and forms much of the infrastructure of the World Wide Web is not an idle statement.
Since 1996, Apache has consistently been the most popular web server on the internet and as of the time of writing, Apache serves over 60% of the world’s websites and in 2009 became the first web server to serve over 100 million web sites.
Unfortunately, web servers aren’t particularly inspiring things, they just do what they say on the tin: serve web pages. Rather, it’s the additional software packages integrated with the web server that really do the “interesting” and “useful” stuff such as the scripting (programming) languages like PHP and the database systems like MySQL.
MySQL is an enterprise class (big and professional) relational database management system (RDBMS). This again is free software that provides multi-user access to multiple databases, which in turn can support a host of websites simultaneously.
MySQL uses the industry standard Structured Query Language (SQL) to perform queries and return results from its databases.
Just because it’s free though, doesn’t mean it’s sub standard. MySQL is scalable and is the database system of choice for many large, well known web services such as YouTube, Facebook, Flickr and Wikipedia.
So, if you’re developing a website using a LAMP server with a MySQL database and are worried about how well the system would cope with high traffic, don’t be. It will be more than capable of meeting your potential needs.
While the ‘P’ of the LAMP acronym can refer to web scripting languages such as Perl and Python, it most commonly refers to the PHP language.
PHP programs running on a web server act a bit like the glue between the database and the web pages. When a user requests a web page, the PHP script talks to the database to gather the data it requires based on the user’s request. Once it has this data, the script then puts together a web page with the required data and sends it to the user’s web browser.
In this way PHP is said to generate dynamic web pages based on user’s input, compared to standard fixed, or static HTML web pages that can’t be adjusted on the fly in such a manner.
Running a LAMP server is a cheap, reliable and moreover scalable way of hosting multiple, dynamic websites.
A LAMP server can be used to run a single, simple website at home if you wish on an old spare PC with no software costs.
Alternatively, the same software could be run on a multi-processor, ninja server and be used to host a plethora of different websites or one large, multi-user, globally accessible web site.
Clearly the choice is up to you, but if you start off small and your project takes off, then LAMP can be with you all the way.
Happy website building… | <urn:uuid:fd568d00-e418-4b7c-bb74-28bf3b734233> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.richardfarrar.com/genie-of-the-lamp/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588102.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20211027053727-20211027083727-00406.warc.gz | en | 0.92238 | 1,070 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Bioenergy represented 31.7% of the final energy use, compared to 30.8% oil, according to preliminary Swedish Energy Agency statistics presented by the Swedish Bioenergy Association (Svebio).
Svebios says the total share of renewable energy, using the definition in EU:s renewable energy directive (RED), was 46.3% in 2009 – well ahead of the EU target trajectory, and only 3.7% short of the EU target of 49% in 2020.
The major renewable energy source beside bioenergy in Sweden is hydropower. Wind power is still a relatively small contributor to the energy supply.
The main reason for the fast increase of renewable energy in recent years is the steady growth of bioenergy use, Svebio says.
Biomass is the primary energy source in the district heating sector, which supplies more than half of the total heat demand in the residential sector. The use of by-products and residues in the forest industry is another major component.
Bioelectricity has expanded both with combined heat and power plants in district heating and in the forest industry. Pellets and fuelwood play a major role in heating of single homes.
Finally, over 5% of transport fuels are biofuels – ethanol, biodiesel and biogas. | <urn:uuid:61689867-ba7f-4f8e-acf2-31e0acc6269f> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.renewableenergyfocus.com/view/9480/more-bioenergy-than-oil-in-sweden/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720972.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00050-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91892 | 265 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Extortion emails are often attempts to trick the victim into paying large amounts of money based on a threat to expose personal information to family, work and friends.
The majority of extortion attempts are false, the attacker does not actually hold the information or data they say they do. Head of Innovation at the Cyber Resilience Centre (CRC), Detective Superintendent Neil Jones received this email recently and wanted to share it as an example of what to look out for.
Tell tale signs of a false extortion attempt:
1. Email address. Note the unusual name spelling and email address used. The alias does not match the email.
2. Subject. The attacker used an old password likely to have been gained from a data breach. This is used to make the email sound authentic and evoke panic.
The CRC recommends you change your password regularly and also check your email address from data breaches using https://haveibeenpwned.com. For information on how to create a strong password, visit the NCSC website here.
3. Urgency. Note the sense of urgency in the email. The attack wants the target to pay quickly, without taking a step back to question what is going on. This is often a sign of extortion and often the attacker does not actually have the ability to do what they say.
4. Cryptocurrency. Attackers often ask for the victim to pay in a cryptocurrency like Bitcoin to avoid being traced.
5. Spelling/Grammar/Punctuation mistakes. Note the highlighted mistakes in this email. This can sometimes mean that the attackers are not within the country, and so they can avoid getting caught if it is reported.
Extortion attempts should always be reported to the Suspicious Email Reporting Service by simply forwarding the email to [email protected]. This service has brought down hundreds of fake accounts and malicious website.
Never pay the demand! Once you have paid the attacker, there is little chance of retrieving the money and it may leave you open for more attempts. | <urn:uuid:fc5f55bc-4691-4b35-8efb-437000930b51> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://cyberresiliencecentre.com/article_extortion | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655887319.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200705090648-20200705120648-00032.warc.gz | en | 0.941443 | 409 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The vision of a full moon illuminating the night sky has captured the attention of humans for eons. Legend and folklore have provided names to each of the full moons, often associating them with concurrent weather or agricultural activities; the most well-known is the Harvest Moon. Many of these names can be traced to American Indians in the eastern United States.
Full moon frequency
A full moon occurs every 29.5306 days in a period referred to as the lunar cycle. In most years there is only one full moon each month, but on rare occasions February will not have any (since that month is only 28 or 29 days long). On the other hand, it is possible for any of the other 11 months to record two full moons, as will be the case in December.
Moon can appear 'full' for days: Technically there is one moment of 100 percent lunar fullness, but to the casual observer the moon appears to be full for a day or two before (waxing gibbous) and after (waning gibbous).
%% 2009 TIME* COMMON FULL MOON NAMES Feb. 9 8:49 a.m. Snow, Hunger, Opening buds March 10 9:38 p.m. Worm, Sap, Crow, Lenten April 9 9:56 a.m. Pink, Grass, Egg May 8 11:01 p.m. Flower, Planting, Milk June 7 1:12 p.m. Strawberry, Rose, Flower July 7 4:21 a.m. Buck, Thunder, Hay Aug. 5 7:55 p.m. Sturgeon, Green corn Sept. 4 11:03 a.m. Fruit, Corn, Barley Oct. 4 1:10 a.m. Harvest Nov. 2 1:14 p.m. Hunters', Beaver, Frosty Dec. 2 1:30 a.m. Cold, Long night Dec. 31 1:13 p.m. Cold, Long night 2010 TIME* COMMON FULL MOON NAMES Jan. 30 12:18 a.m. Wolf, Old, Cold, Storm %%
The Harvest Moon is the full moon occurring closest to the autumnal equinox, which falls on Sept. 22 this year. The Harvest Moon is usually in September, but in 2009 it falls in October. The next October occurrence is in 2017.
December's second full moon occurs on New Year's Eve. The next Dec. 31 full moons will not occur until 2028 and 2066.
*CST or CDT times
SOURCES: Dan Joyce, Cernan Earth & Space Center, Triton College; NASA; U.S. Naval Observatory; QuickPhase Pro
STEVE KAHN / WGN-TV ----------
Weather Report is prepared by the WGN-TV Weather Center, where Tom Skilling is chief meteorologist. His forecasts can be seen Monday through Friday on WGN News at 11:30 a.m., 5:30 p.m. and 9 p.m.
WGN-TV meteorologists Steve Kahn, Richard Koeneman and Paul Dailey plus weather producer Bill Snyder contribute to this page.
IN THE WEB EDITION: For updated weather news, forecasts by ZIP code and local radar images, go to chicagotribune.com/weather or wgntv.com | <urn:uuid:5d560042-4641-4f92-8bb9-74797e5617c7> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2009-02-01/news/0901110300_1_harvest-moon-full-moon-waxing-gibbous | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661296.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00116-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.901271 | 686 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Bulletin #2577, Rosebay Rhododendron
Native Trees and Shrubs for Maine Landscapes
Developed by Marjorie Peronto, associate Extension professor, University of Maine Cooperative Extension; and Reeser C. Manley, assistant professor of horticulture, University of Maine.
This series of publications is the result of a five-year research project that evaluated the adaptability of a variety of native trees and shrubs to the stresses of urban and residential landscapes in Maine.Non-native invasive plants pose a serious threat to Maine’s biodiversity. Plants such as Japanese barberry, shrubby honeysuckle, and Asiatic bittersweet, originally introduced for their ornamental features, have escaped from our landscapes, colonizing natural areas and displacing native plants and animals.
By landscaping with native plants, we can create vegetation corridors that link fragmented wild areas, providing food and shelter for the native wildlife that is an integral part of our ecosystem. Your landscape choices can have an impact on the environment that goes far beyond your property lines.
Form: an irregular, open tree with picturesque upright branches
Size: 20 to 35 feet high, typically one-third to one-half the height
- large, bell-shaped flowers, rose pink to lavender or white, with yellow spots on inside of upper lobe
- dark blue-green, evergreen leaves
Tolerant of shade and demanding moist soil and cool temperatures, rosebay rhododendron can be found growing on cool mountain slopes, along stream banks, and in moist woods, sheltered coves, and cold northern swamps. It belongs in the shadier and wetter areas of your landscape, growing with striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum), eastern arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis), Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), and witchhazel (Hamamelis virginiana). Rhododendron maximum is intolerant of most landscape stresses, including salt, drought, heat, and soil compaction.
This is an excellent broadleaf evergreen tree to line a long, shady driveway. It will form a continuous thicket of picturesque upright branches, covered with trusses of flowers in mid to late June.
For this plant to thrive in the landscape, the soil pH must be maintained at 4.5 to 5.5; otherwise, plants may develop chlorosis (yellowing) and grow poorly. Plants should be sited where they will not be exposed during the winter to direct sun or wind.
Hardiness: USDA zone 3b
Soil requirements: prefers moderately to well-drained, acid soils
Light requirements: shade-tolerant
deicing salts—very intolerant
urban heat islands—intolerant
Insect and disease problems: frequent—stem canker, bud and twig blights, crown rot, root rot, azalea stem borer, azalea leaf miner, and winter desiccation
In general, rosebay rhododendron is low in wildlife value, although the seeds are eaten occasionally by songbirds and small mammals.
Irrigation: During the establishment period, defined as one year after planting for each inch of trunk diameter at planting time, water your trees regularly during the growing season. Give the root zone of each tree 1 inch of water per week; in general, a tree’s root zone extends twice as wide as its canopy. After the establishment period, provide supplemental irrigation during periods of severe drought.
Fertilization: Landscape trees and shrubs should not be fertilized unless a soil test indicates a need. Correct soil pH, if necessary, by amending the backfill soil. No nitrogen fertilizer should be added at planting or during the first growing season.
|To learn more about native woody plants
Visit the Eastern Maine Native Plant Arboretum at University of Maine Cooperative Extension’s Penobscot County office, 307 Maine Avenue in Bangor. Established in 2004, the arboretum displays 24 different native tree and shrub species that can be used in managed landscapes.
Reviewed by Cathy Neal, Extension professor, University of New Hampshire Cooperative Extension.
Photos by Reeser C. Manley.
Illustration by Margery Read, Extension master gardener.
This series of publications and the associated research were made possible in part by the Maine Forest Service’s Project Canopy.
Information in this publication is provided purely for educational purposes. No responsibility is assumed for any problems associated with the use of products or services mentioned. No endorsement of products or companies is intended, nor is criticism of unnamed products or companies implied.
Published and distributed in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of Congress of May 8 and June 30, 1914, by the University of Maine and the U.S. Department of Agriculture cooperating. Cooperative Extension and other agencies of the USDA provide equal opportunities in programs and employment.
Call 800-287-0274 or TDD 800-287-8957 (in Maine), or 207-581-3188, for information on publications and program offerings from University of Maine Cooperative Extension, or visit extension.umaine.edu.
The University of Maine does not discriminate on the grounds of race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, including transgender status and gender expression, national origin, citizenship status, age, disability, genetic information or veteran’s status in employment, education, and all other programs and activities. The following person has been designated to handle inquiries regarding non-discrimination policies: Director, Office of Equal Opportunity, 101 North Stevens Hall, 581-1226. | <urn:uuid:3af238df-d65f-4ddd-aee1-2c4386e74f6e> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://extension.umaine.edu/publications/2577e/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510272256.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011752-00416-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.893742 | 1,181 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Hardly something to worry about in the UK but altitude sickness can be a serious problem when you start to go over around 2500m or 8000ft.
What is altitude sickness?
Altitude sickness is caused by the effects of low pressure ( usually due to high altitude). The mildest form of altitude sickness is Acute mountain sickness (AMS) which is essentially headache and nausea at about 3000m or more and is a benign illness. AMS can however progress into high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) and high altitude cerebral edema (HACE). These are both serious life threatening conditions.
Signs & Symptoms
Altitude sickness symptoms can include the following;
- Loss of appetite
- Shortness of breath
- Disturbed sleep
- Nausea and vomiting, increasing weakness and fatigue
- Decreased co-ordination
- Decreasing mental awareness
What causes altitude sickness?
The body’s muscles and organs need an adequate supply of oxygen to function properly. As altitude increases, the percentage of oxygen in the air remains constant but the pressure decreases, meaning we breathe in fewer oxygen molecules with each breath.
This leaves the body short of its requirements and causes altitude sickness.
How do you treat it?
In mild cases of AMS, rest, fluids and painkillers will help treat the symptoms and allow the body to acclimatise. However no further ascent should be attempted until all the symptoms have disappeared.
Descent to a lower altitude is necessary if the symptoms are more severe. If this does not help then hospital treatment may be necessary.
Another solution is an inflatable pressure bag that is large enough to fit a person inside known as a Gamow Bag is also sometimes used. By inflating the bag with a foot pump, the effective altitude can be decreased as much as 1500 meters
How to avoid altitude sickness?
Alitude sickness can usually be avoided with good preparation and following advice
- Good physical fitness
- Drinking plenty of liquid
- Not ignoring symptom of AMS when they occur
- When you get past past 3,000 metres, do not ascend more than 300 metres per day to sleep. You can climb as high as you want, just make sure that you come back to sleep no more than 300 m higher than your previous night’s elevation.
- Acetazolamide (Diamox) has also been used as to decrease the symptoms of altitude sickness. You should only take this medicine after consulting a doctor. It’s not a substitute for common sense and you should descend immediately if your symptoms of altitude sickness get worse.
Remember this is just a short overview so if in any doubt you should always seek professional medical advice. | <urn:uuid:7bb17722-d8f2-46ae-8491-188734305159> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.cheaptents.com/blog/altitude-sickness/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471983580563.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823201940-00121-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925997 | 555 | 2.75 | 3 |
Have you ever . . .
Invested time in something that, in hindsight, just wasn't worth it?
Paid too much in an eBay auction?
Continued to do something you knew was bad for you?
Sold stocks too late, or too early?
Taken credit for success, but blamed failure on external circumstances?
Backed the wrong horse?
These are examples of what the author calls cognitive biases, simple errors all of us make in day-to-day thinking. But by knowing what they are and how to identify them, we can avoid them and make better choices: whether in dealing with personal problems or business negotiations, trying to save money or earn profits, or merely working out what we really want in life—and strategizing the best way to get it.
Already an international bestseller, The Art of Thinking Clearly distills cutting-edge research from behavioral economics, psychology, and neuroscience into a clever, practical guide for anyone who's ever wanted to be wiser and make better decisions. A novelist, thinker, and entrepreneur, Rolf Dobelli deftly shows that in order to lead happier, more prosperous lives, we don't need extra cunning, new ideas, shiny gadgets, or more frantic hyperactivity—all we need is less irrationality.
Simple, clear, and always surprising, this indispensable book will change the way you think and transform your decision making—at work, at home, every day. From why you shouldn't accept a free drink to why you should walk out of a movie you don't like, from why it's so hard to predict the future to why you shouldn't watch the news, The Art of Thinking Clearly helps solve the puzzle of human reasoning. | <urn:uuid:1f258015-a65d-4db1-b56f-7faff6d703e9> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://52kindle.top/book/view/19888 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281226.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00193-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950944 | 350 | 2.75 | 3 |
PALM BEACH COUNTY, Fla. - A new study released Tuesday morning shows that voice texting to send a message, is just as distracting as texting with your fingers while driving.
The Texas Transportation Institute at Texas A&M University was the first to conduct the study comparing talk to text and traditional texting in an actual driving environment.
43 people tested the theory driving along a test track. First without any devices in the vehicle and again while texting and once more while using the talk to text application.
Results showed that drivers took longer with talk to text application because of electronic transcription that had to be corrected.
The experts said eye contact with the roadway was also decreased and driver response time was delayed no matter which method was used.
They said there's a false belief that a talk to text application is safer when it's equally as distracting as traditional texting. | <urn:uuid:d8d42818-7668-448f-8366-e2e71fbe8138> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.wptv.com/news/region-c-palm-beach-county/west-palm-beach/talk-to-text-danger-study-shows-it-is-equally-distracting-as-traditional-texting-while-driving | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207927185.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113207-00055-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983575 | 175 | 2.625 | 3 |
Does Your Child Have Difficulties with Reading and Writing?
Literacy refers to your child’s ability to read and write and use written information in a variety of contexts. It is not surprising that literacy skills are strongly tied to a child’s communication skills. After all, reading and writing enable our children to access greater communication channels. If your child has difficulty with reading and writing (or pre-literacy skills), it is likely they will struggle at school, and as they get older, their choices and participation in daily life will be limited.
With expert training in sound awareness and language skills, our Speech Pathologists are well positioned to support your child with the development of their literacy skills. We understand that many children will exhibit challenges with reading and writing if they have speech or language difficulties and can help your child develop good oral language skills and auditory skills that are essential for literacy development.
Our individualised therapy programs include ongoing parent support and education, and are specifically designed to:
- Tap into your child’s interests, skills, and challenges to develop appropriate goals associated with literacy development.
- Help your child build confidence with letter and sound recognition, sound blending / word decoding, word recognition (i.e. ‘sight’ words), word and sentence meaning.
- Utilise games and play to help your child build their vocabulary, access a variety of texts, and practice writing.
- Support parents and provide at-home activities to help build literacy skills during shared story time and other daily activities.
- Work with teachers and educators to support your child’s literacy skills within the school setting.
- Celebrate your child’s success and encourage a love of reading and writing.
Literacy is the ability to read and write and use written information in a variety of ways and contexts. It encompasses the following components:
- Phonological awareness (the knowledge and awareness of what sounds are and how they make words)
- Reading (the ability to decode written symbols and signs, and understand the meaning of words and sentences)
- Writing / Written Communication (physical handwriting skills, typing and correct use of grammar, punctuation, spacing)
- Spelling (the ability to arrange letters in the correct order and make words)
If a child has difficulty with reading, writing and spelling they may be considered to have a ‘Specific Learning Disorder’. This is a classification that groups together reading-related (dyslexia) and math-related (dyscalculia) disorders.
Literacy skills provide the foundation for participating and progressing in different environments.
Early ‘pre-literacy’ skills such as rhyming and blending sounds are essential building blocks to develop more complex skills.
Reading exposes children to new vocabulary, promoting language development. At school, reading, spelling, and writing are important for understanding and completing tasks in all subject areas.
In our daily lives within the home and community contexts, we require effective literacy skills to access different information including newspapers, books, internet articles and signs. If your child struggles with reading and writing skills, they may find themselves excluded from social situations, may fall behind at school, and become withdrawn and avoid certain tasks and situations.
Speech Pathologists play a very important role in working with families to support literacy skills.
Supporting the development of literacy skills will often start with a thorough evaluation of your child’s abilities including how well they can read, write, spell and communicate.
Coupled with a good understanding of your child’s interests, we then develop an individualised program that targets your child’s area of need. This program can include the provisions of direct intervention (ongoing therapy), modifying literacy and school-based activities, helping your child ‘access’ books and texts that align with their interests, and liaising with your child’s teachers to provide further education and support.
What to Look Out for with Literacy Difficulties:
- Does your child avoid reading and writing tasks?
- Does your child guess words when reading or memorises the text?
- Does your child write short sentences?
- Does your child dislike school?
- Does your child experience anxiety and exhibit challenging behaviours with reading and writing tasks or certain situations like school?
Remember, every child develops at their own pace, but if you are concerned, talk to us today. Our friendly team of experienced speech pathologists are here to guide you through your concern and help you take the best next step. | <urn:uuid:7881b646-00da-42cc-8857-c587707fe739> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.agrowingunderstanding.com.au/services/childrens-speech-therapy/literacy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988724.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20210505234449-20210506024449-00198.warc.gz | en | 0.948509 | 933 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Steps to Health: Schools go for healthier options
Updated 9:09 am, Friday, February 15, 2013
When Redland Oaks Elementary School in the North East Independent School District stopped selling junk food to raise money a few years back, many parents were upset, to put it mildly.
But the school wanted to encourage a culture of wellness, so administrators and the PTA got creative. If parents donated money for field trips, the kids earned incentives, including a chance to lob water balloons at the principal or attend a bubble-blowing party. This year the school has compiled a cookbook of healthful recipes to sell.
Bake sales and other fundraisers that require students to sell chocolate bars, caramel corn and other junk foods may be long-standing and lucrative school traditions, but it's time to rethink them, says Margo Wootan, director of nutrition policy at the Washington, D.C.-based nonprofit Center for Science in the Public Interest.
These fundraisers don't just encourage kids to consume more junk; they also send the wrong message, she said.
“We're not teaching them enough nutrition in the classroom to begin with, and then we turn around and ask them to sell unhealthy food to their family and friends,” Wootan said at the Healthy Schools Summit. “That completely negates all the nutrition education that was done. You're really very clearly saying to kids, 'Nutrition doesn't matter.'”
Since 2009, the Texas Public School Nutrition Policy regulates food sold on campus as part of fundraisers but that rule doesn't apply to food sold off-campus. A similar rule is part of the federal government's new “Smart Snacks in School” proposal.
Wootan said schools have had fundraising success selling a wide range of other items, including bottled water labeled with the school logo, calendars, greeting cards, wreaths, candles and plants. Others have held events such as carnivals, game nights and car washes to raise cash.
Fitness fundraisers, such as walk-a-thons, take junk food out of the equation and encourage physical activity to boot.
After selling cookie dough for its first three years, Timberwood Park Elementary School in Comal Independent School District decided to bring in Boosterthon Fun Run, an Atlanta-based fundraising company that offers schools a fitness, leadership and character curriculum and a fun run to raise money. Students gather pledges (and earn rewards) for each lap they run at the event.
“We're trying to cut back on all that kind of junk food, and we wanted to get the kids active and out,” Joey Fleming, Timberwood Park's PTA president, told me.
The school raised more money than it did with the cookie-dough fundraiser even though they had lost some students to a new school that had opened, Fleming said.
Saying goodbye to cookie dough also helped the school earn recognition from the Alliance for a Healthier Generation, a national nonprofit dedicated to preventing childhood obesity.
“I don't think we'll be doing any kind of food-based fundraisers in the future,” Fleming said. | <urn:uuid:9b1a92a9-3a92-4a64-82be-575afb7482e0> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.mysanantonio.com/life/life_columnists/jessica_belasco/article/Steps-to-Health-Schools-go-for-healthier-options-4279704.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464050955095.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524004915-00204-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968713 | 653 | 2.609375 | 3 |
EAA Research Consultant
Join Date: Dec 2004
Location: Route 66
In discussion on the thread on psychological weapons, the subject of the bagpipes arose, and reminded me that the Scottish basket hilt sword and the often intricate designs in the hilts might serve as a good example of our topic here.
As is well known, the blades on the Scottish basket hilt swords of the 17th and 18th centuries were almost universally produced in Germany. The blades, when they arrived in Scotland, where then mounted locally with the now distinctly recognized basket hilts.
While our discussion concerns the applying of markings to weapons, I think the topic actually expands to the symbolism imbued in the design and motif of the weapon overall and its components.
Some years ago I became interested in the intricate piercings in the panels that are part of the construction of the Scottish basket hilt. One of the most consistant and intriguing designs was that of the heart, often appearing in systemic pattern in the panels. I had read in Whitelaw ("Scottish Arms Makers") that in many cases, the secret symbols of the Jacobites were added in the motif of the hilts of these swords. While I discovered some of the symbols did indeed appear, I could not find any Jacobite application that used the heart as a symbol.
Thinking that perhaps the symbolism for this often used motif in these hilts might be found elsewhere, I began more research. I recalled that the Scots were of course mercenaries, and often fought abroad, in many cases in Eastern Europe. I noticed that the heart shape often occurred in the arms and armor of Poland, and thought that possibly the Scots might have observed the heart used there and that I would pursue that course. Many ,if not most, of the Jacobites of course shared the Roman Catholic faith predominant in Poland or at least supported the Roman Catholic Stuarts. I contacted the well known and brilliant authority Professor Zygulsky, who thought my theory most interesting, but could not confirm nor support the idea. I contacted Claude Blair, who also thought the idea intriguing, but admitted there was little concrete material concerning the symbolism in these hilts. I contacted Dr. C. Mazansky, who was writing a book on basket hilt swords at the time, and he conceded that his efforts were confined to studying the typology of the swords.
The topic has remained with me for many years unresolved, and I thought this might be a good opportunity to bring it out here. I would very much appreciate the thoughts and observations of the readers and members concerning the significance of the heart design in these hilts.
With all best regards, | <urn:uuid:473d0afc-1535-4435-b7c7-8df6d151d50f> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.vikingsword.com/vb/showpost.php?p=57413&postcount=14 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645280.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20180317174935-20180317194935-00758.warc.gz | en | 0.976475 | 544 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Hawaiian Natives have a significantly higher rate of diabetic retinopathy – the leading cause of blindness among Americans under the age of 65 – than other ethnic groups*. And, the longer you’ve had diabetes, the higher your risk of developing this condition. Both types of diabetics are at risk. The good news is that most cases can be prevented with early detection and treatment. That’s why it’s especially important to have a comprehensive eye exam at least once a year.
What causes diabetic retinopathy? When blood sugar is poorly controlled, blood vessels in the retina may swell and leak fluid or blood and leave deposits there, causing swelling. In some people, however, it’s caused by the growth of abnormal new blood vessels on the retina’s surface.
Background Diabetic Retinopathy (BDR) is an early stage, more like a warning sign that serious damage to the eye may be starting. BDR can occur at any time after the onset of diabetes and often has no visual symptoms, but is usually caught in routine eye exams. Generally, patients at this stage are closely monitored.
Should the condition advance to pre-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, in which part of the retina swells, the leaking blood vessels will be sealed by performing a laser photocoagulation on the retina.
Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR) happens when fragile, abnormal blood vessels grow along the surface of the retina and across the vitreous (the clear jelly inside the eye). Should they break or even leak, severe vision loss or blindness can occur. Alternatively, fluid may leak into the center of the macula, the part of the eye that allows you to see sharp images straight ahead. Patients with PDR should receive scatter laser photocoagulation (also known as pan-retinal laser photocoagulation) to seal the vessels as soon as possible after they are diagnosed.
Left too long without treatment, the vessels can bleed into the vitreous. This may also cause the retina to detach, potentially causing blindness. In either case, you will need a vitrectomy. This is an operation to remove the hemorrhage, as well as the broken blood vessels.
It’s important to remember that not all diabetics will lose their vision. Your risks can be reduced or eliminated by controlling your blood sugar and blood pressure, eating right, getting regular exercise and having your eyes examined at least once a year. If you are diagnosed with diabetic retinopathy, don’t put off treatment. Early detection and early treatment will save your sight.
For more information, or if you would like to schedule an appointment with San Francisco / Napa LASIK surgeon Dr. Bansal, please call 1-800-527-3745. | <urn:uuid:d36d23d0-ddf4-4150-99f7-84ad38dc339c> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.laservue.com/vision-services/diabetic-retinopathy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145500.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200221080411-20200221110411-00332.warc.gz | en | 0.938341 | 584 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Chinese Studies Resources: Archives [Back to Table of Contents]
1. Overview of Chinese Archives
Chinese archives : an introductory guide
Call# CD2031 Y438 1996 (LC), East Asia Library Reference. Also available in the SML Stacks and Starr Reference Room.
Introduction to national and local archives in China (including archives in Taiwan).
State and economy in Republican China: A handbook for scholars HC427.8 S73 2000 (LC)+ East Asia Library Reference. A survey of archives and documents related to the economic history of Republican China. Also including a selected list of related reference works.
2. Major Archives in China/Taiwan
In mainland China, 中国第一历史档案馆 (The First Historical Archives of China), has the central government archives from Ming and Qing dynasties; it has an online catalog. 中国第二历史档案馆 (The Second Historical Archives of China), containing government archives from the Republican era (1912-1949). 外交部档案馆 (Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs) opened to the public part of the PRC diplomatic archives from 1949-1955.
In Taiwan, 故宮博物院 (National Palace Museum, in Taiwan) has the archives from the Qing period; its catalog, Qing dai wen xian dang an zong mu 清代文獻檔案總目 (Call# DS754 K75) is available in the East Asia Library Reference and the SML Stacks. 中研院近史所檔案館（Modern Chinese Archives in Academia Sinica), containing diplomatic and economic archives from the late Qing and early Republican governments. 國史館 holds the government archives from the Republican period as well as the current Taiwan government.
3. China-related Archives in North America
Yale Library Finding Aid Database for finding unpublished manuscripts and archives related to China in the Yale collections.
4. Published Archives
Chinese Archives and Documents on CD-ROM has full text of the archives from the Qing and the Republican period as well as documents associated with the Chinese Communists.
Grand Secretariat Archives (內閣大庫檔案)
Features approximately 310,000 documents originally collected by the Grand Secretariat of the Qing dynasty. These documents, ranging from Ming to late Qing periods, include imperial decrees, edicts, memorials, tribute documents, examination questions, examination papers, rosters of successful examination candidates, documents from the offices of the Grand Secretariat, documents from the offices for book compilation, and old documents from Mukden. Please email [email protected] or call 203-432-1794 for username and password. Only available to the Yale community. | <urn:uuid:147d921d-5d58-4c17-a4fe-1de84784e50e> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.library.yale.edu/eastasian/quicktools/guides/china_guides/archives.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375098071.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031818-00280-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.840612 | 638 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Internal Committees and the Committee of the Whole
13 Internal committees
There are 13 internal committees, each made up of 11 members.
They assist the Congress in decision making, which is its exclusive prerogative, by informing, reporting and proposing.
CTFP : Labour and vocational training committee CAP : Agriculture and fisheries committee CIPATDDETC : Public infrastructure, land use planning, sustainable development, energy, transport and communications committee CDS : Sports committee CFB : Budget and PublicFinance Committee CLRAC : Traditional affairs legislation and regulation committee CDFF : Women’s and family rights committee COAFP : Administrative organisation and public service committee CSPS : Health and social welfare committee CRE : External relations committee CEC : Education and culture committee CLRG : General legistlation and regulation committee CLREF : General legislation and regulation committee
The general legislation and regulation committee deals with matters outside
the purview of the other internal committees with more specific briefs.
Internal committee elections
Every year, Congress appoints the members of the 11-member internal committees. They are appointed during the first sitting of the administrative session, immediately after the Speaker and other executive committee members have been elected.
They are appointed by mutual consent so as to reflect the various Congress member-groups as best as possible. The vote is held by a show of hands for each committee based on a single list of candidates.
The lists must be submitted by the group chairs or their duly authorised representatives. They must be registered at the Clerk’s office at least twenty-four hours prior to voting.
A simple-majority vote by show of hands is held only if there is disagreement.
Once the members have been appointed, the committees are convened by the Speaker so as to elect their executive committees consisting of a chair, deputy chair and rapporteur each.
The Congress may, in special circumstances, decide that a committee should be co-chaired, in which case no deputy chair is appointed.
Committee chair positions are distributed by mutual consent and should ideally reflect the proportions of the various groupings in Congress.
The internal committees each elect their chair, deputy chair and rapporteur by an absolute-majority vote. In each case, if the first two rounds by absolute-majority vote are not conclusive, a third round is held based on a simple-majority vote.
Role of the internal committees
The internal committees play a decisive role in determining the procedure for approving bills. When they meet, the bill’s technical aspects are discussed by the members as well as the government assisted by its departments. When a bill is tabled on a Congress member’s initiative, it is presented by its author.
This is essentially when any amendments or changes to the text are proposed.
When any matter tabled in Congress is being discussed, the House may refer it to the appropriate committee for consideration.
Several committees may be required to meet jointly and work on a given matter together.
Only a member of Congress may propose an amendment. The Government may not do so, but a Congress member may take on a proposal by the Government to make changes to a bill . Also, the government is generally represented at committee meetings by the congressman or congresswoman responsible for the area covered by the bill.
When discussing certain specific issues, Congress may set up temporary special internal committees. At the behest of the executive committee or at least 20 % of members (ie 11), Congress may set up temporary commissions of inquiry that are dissolved once their report has been tabled.
The Committee of the Whole
If convened by the Speaker of Congress, all councillors may be called to sit as a committee of the whole to discuss specific issues or whenever a project, proposal or matter is likely to concern all the committees. Meetings of the committee of the whole are not open to the public. | <urn:uuid:ada48469-edeb-4871-a59d-2f7026271052> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.congres.nc/the-congress-of-new-caledonia-assembly/organisation/internal-committees-and-the-committee-of-the-whole/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335504.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220930181143-20220930211143-00450.warc.gz | en | 0.952318 | 780 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The village of Ampombofo is situated in an isolated region north of the Bay of Diego, near to Cap D'Ambre (northern most tip of Madagascar). The Frontier-Madagascar Forest Research Programme (FM-FRP) moved to this area in October of 2006, after the Frontier Expedition Management team identified it an area of outstanding biodiversity potential. The involvement of this village in future conservation activities will be integral if sustainable levels of biodiversity and conservation management are to be met.
The arrival of the FM-FRP was, for some villagers, the first time they had seen white people. The population of the village live a very traditional and isolated manner, with many of the villagers never leaving the area. This isolation and traditional life has meant that they have retained many of the traditional beliefs that have been lost in other regions in Madagascar. During the first research phase FM-FRP conducted detailed socio-economic surveys to gain a better understanding of the local community, its beliefs and values. During the survey several local taboos or ‘fadys' were highlighted, some with clear health and environmental benefits; however, the reasons for some were not clear. Listed below are a few of these highlighted fadys.
How the villagers relate to their environment is a very important aspect when it comes to management options. All of the villagers seem to be very aware of the cascading impacts that recent events have had on the environment. The lack of rain causes a lower rice yield which leads to them relying on charcoal burning. The loss of trees in the forest causes less water to be retained by the land and so on. In areas where the trees are cleared, the land becomes "steeper" which suggests recognition of erosion. The prevention of burning cleared land has caused an increase in invasive species which they cannot utilise, thus the zebu enter the forest for grazing.
The village of Ampombofo is clearly very aware of the environment that surrounds them and the important role that a healthy environment plays in their daily lives. Much of this has come from the retention of their traditional belief system which, as yet, has not been hugely influenced by the outside world. Although economic development is an important part of poverty alleviation, traditional beliefs and agricultural practices are often lost because of it. Working with the village of Ampombofo provides a unique opportunity to show that sustainable development does not come at the cost of losing traditional beliefs and practices. | <urn:uuid:01466dec-bbd3-4f1b-8230-a66f559658c4> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://frontier.ac.uk/About-Us/Development/Community-Profiles.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526536.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20190720153215-20190720175215-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.971391 | 496 | 3.5 | 4 |
Is a feminist and activist for Native American rights. Her work has taken her to Mexico, Europe, and beyond. Her most famous book is, An Indigenous Peoples’ History of the United States, but you can find more below.
A member of the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians, Louise Erdrich, is an author of novels, poetry, and Children’s books. Her focus is portraying Native American characters, and she owns a bookstore focusing on Native American Literature.
Living in Arizona, Leslie Marmon Silko is of Laguna Pueblo, Mexican, and Anglo-American heritage. She is known for her books and poetry on Native Americans, and she has gained influence through her mixed heritage and proximity to the Laguna Pueblo reservation. She has won many awards and has been noted as being a major contributor to Native American literature.
Gerald Vizenor is a member of the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe and the White Earth Reservation. For many years, he was the Director of Native American Studies at the University of California, Berkley. He has authored many books on and about Native Americans
N. Scott Momaday is a Kiowa author who has written novels, short stories, essays, and poetry. He has been awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, the National Medal of Arts, and much more. He focuses on the preservation of indigenous oral and art traditions.
James Welch was raised in the Blackfeet and A’aninin cultures. He is a Native American writer and poet who has won many awards including a Lifetime Achievement Award. He also participates in the Native American Resistance Movement.
Janet Campbell Hale is a Native American author who grew up on the Coeur d’Alene and Yakima reservations. She attended the University of California at Berkeley and at Davis. She has written many books, and she has won many awards to include the National Endowment for the Arts, the Fellowship in Creative Writing, a Carnegie Authors Fund grant, and much more. | <urn:uuid:3b693da2-4af0-4bcd-98e1-1d801bed503f> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://identitybooks.org/2017/03/19/authors-indigenous-to-the-united-states/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304928.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220126071320-20220126101320-00633.warc.gz | en | 0.980831 | 412 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Bone Collector: It’s difficult to imagine just how a young mother living in Canada’s most remote region in the Arctic could make a direct contribution to the Allied effort of World War II, but Qapik Attagutiak was not just any young mother.
She was only 20 years old, and already she had a baby and the responsibilities of motherhood when the war broke out.
Still, when her government told her community that she, and other young people, could help win the war, Qapik did not hesitate. She did what the elders of her community asked her to do.
And they did not ask something relatively easy, like making warm clothes for soldiers; they asked her to perform a dreadful duty only those in the north could do.
They requested that she collect the bones of dead animals — walruses, seals, and even dogs — and ship them to port cities in the south manufacturing war equipment.
Specifically, the bones were used to make cordite, aircraft glue and fertilizer, all essentials for fighting the war. They were processed at plants in Montreal and Halifax before being shipped overseas.
It’s been more than 75 years since the war ended, and Qapik is now 99 years old. Her daughter accompanied her on a recent trip to Ottawa, the country’s capital, where she was honoured for her contributions to the Allied effort.
What made the occasion even more poignant is that Qapik is the last living member of the group of young bone collectors who helped the Canadian government back then.
As Qapik does not speak English, her daughter, Kataissee, acted as translator from Inuktitut during an interview before the ceremony, which was held at the Museum of History in Gatineau, Quebec this month.
“It was scary for them,” her daughter said of that time when, in 1940 or so, a Catholic priest informed Qapik and other young people of the worldwide conflict happening overseas.
“(But) they did what was important for the elders, when they asked them (the young people), saying ‘you guys have to be collecting bones’.”
And they didn’t gather only a few bones, once or twice; they collected three sacs of them, every week, for the duration of the war.
It was perhaps the most grisly activity imaginable; the bones were often rotting carcasses still covered in blood, grease, and even maggots. But Qapik simply tucked her infant into the back hood of her parka, and got on with the task at hand.
“They did it without thought,” Kataissee said in the interview with online news website Eye On The Arctic.
The war was very far away to the Inuit, but nonetheless they were cautioned that the enemy may one day descend on them by plane, parachuting down to the vast, icy landscape.
Her daughter said they were told, “If the planes are coming in and there’s a parachute coming out…you have to shoot to kill because they may be killing you.” Words like that made the war very real to the Inuit, in spite of the distance between Canada’s north and the battlegrounds.
One person who is very happy to see Qapik finally get recognition is Ray Coutu, a researcher with Parks Canada who has spent the last two years documenting and preserving her story of a Bone Collector.
“This special story really struck me personally,” he acknowledged to Eye On The Arctic, adding that it was truly awful work, picking up rancid, smelly animal bodies.
But Qapik is incredibly modest about what she did; so modest, in fact, that she had never told her family about her actions. Now, however, she has been lauded by Canada’s federal government and her tale is preserved in the historical record.
At the ceremony, Qapik insisted that she not be singled out, that the award go instead to the entire Inuit community. She hopes that sharing her memories of those times will help educate others about the role the Inuit played in the war.
She turns 100 in June, and through her daughter she said, “The only way you can (achieve) peace is to help each other.” A motto fit for all people, really, whether they live in Canada’s far north or an urban environment in warmer climes. | <urn:uuid:b6dd895b-5cef-4fec-9d76-6d6eece59b71> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.outdoorrevival.com/news/bone-collector.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337432.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20221003200326-20221003230326-00655.warc.gz | en | 0.979712 | 934 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Over the years, we have slowly but steadily, moved towards a more equal world. Various movements have been undertaken to help close the wage gap, provide women with abortion rights, and an overarching autonomy over their own bodies. This has helped to ensure that young girls of the new generation grow up in a more equal society. But this journey hasn’t been easy. To honour the strong women and men who have fought for gender equity, we’ve compiled a timeline outlining what made feminism what it is today.
Let’s start at the beginning!
1405: Christine Di Pizan’s The Book of The City of Ladies
Possibly one of the earliest known works of feminism, The Book of The City of Ladies was written and published by Christine Di Pizan. This book, about a city populated only by historically great and powerful women, was written as a fierce response to Jean de Meun’s Roman de la Rose, a controversial poem objectifying women and carrying numerous misogynistic slurs. Pizan’s work argues in favour of education for women, for equal rights, and for the value of women in society. Some of the women discussed in this text include Mary Magdalene, Sappho, Minerva, the Queen of Sheba, the Amazons, and Arachne, among many others.
1529: Heinrich Agrippa’s De Nobilitate et Praecellentia Foeminae Sexus
Agrippa was one of the first men to openly speak up about the rights of women and published this text as a treatise declaring the value of the female sex. He tried to prove that women were, in some ways, the superior sex, proven by ‘scripture, law, reason, and authority, divine, and humane’. Despite the academic attention lavished on this text, Agrippa was declared a heretic by the Fransiscan prior - Jean Catilinet, and was forced into exile. There are theories that Agrippa wrote the text as an attempt to impress a lover, but regardless of the intention, his feminist morals were obvious.
The 1600’s: Juana Inez de La Cruz
Known as the “Mexican Phoenix” and the “Tenth Muse”, de La Cruz was an outspoken Mexican poet and feminist. A powerful contributor to Mexico’s golden era of literature, she wrote poems about sexuality. Her intellectual prowess invited many visitors, one among which was her rumored lesbian lover, the Countess Maria Luisa de Paredes. Because of her strong criticisms of misogyny and male hypocrisy, she was forced to give up writing and sell all her books, and focus on charity towards the poor. She believed in educating young girls to stand up for themselves and their peers, against suppression and sexual abuse.
In colonial era India, the strongest voice for feminism was against the practice of Sati and the lack of rights for widows, and for education for girls. Protests against the practice of child marriage and female infanticide- social rites that were closely tied with religion and superstition- increased in intensity. During this time, Rani Laxmibai, who is still held in regard as one of the most powerful woman in Indian history, was the ruler of the state of Jhansi. The image of her on the battlefield with her baby strapped to her back is engraved into every Indian’s mind. However, the struggle in India, when contrasted with the struggle in the West, was largely different. Owing to differences in culture and belief, women enjoyed a certain ‘divinity’ in Indian culture. This allowed feminist movements a link to religion, and therefore, a stronger impression in the minds of the mass public.
We’ve reached the 19th century, but the tumultuous 20th century that helped shape feminism as we know it today awaits us.
Keep watching this space for Part 2, to learn more about these incredible movements in history! | <urn:uuid:fb53c68b-789f-4beb-acb8-e1f636ea22be> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.thepinkbox.in/blogs/news/a-timeline-of-women-s-rights-movements-part-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964361253.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20211202084644-20211202114644-00096.warc.gz | en | 0.968667 | 835 | 3.953125 | 4 |
Phishing with data: URIs is not a new idea. The concept is relatively simple, taking advantage of many user’s inexperience with how data: URIs function in order to trick them into entering credentials into a phishing page. We’ve seen this in the wild against Gmail users for example, and we’ve even seen some cool attacks against Chrome with really long data: URIs. This post will explore how we can craft a data: URI to trick even more experienced users.
Before we start, for those new to the concept, data: URIs function like so:
Basically, you can specify an entire file in the URI itself:
For example, if you right click this icon: you’ll see that the source of the image is a lengthy data URI:
It’s quite a versatile URI scheme.
Phishing With Data URIs
If you’re familiar with the data: URI format, it’s probably a fair assumption that you are either a developer or someone who is fairly knowledgable about the web in general. However, the same assumption couldn’t be made for most web users.
What would a casual web user say about the following URI? What website are they on?
The above URI looks to be https://login.yahoo.com/, but it’s actually just another data: URI (with https://login.yahoo.com/ just being some content). The full URI for the above is actually the following:
data:text/html,https://login.yahoo.com/[ LARGE AMOUNT OF SPACES ]<script src="//attacker.hack/opener/mask.js"></script>
The trick, of course, is the trailing <script> tag at the end of the URI (far out of site of the user) which will dynamically rewrite the page to mimic a phishing page. Chrome does have an ellipses indicating that the URI has more to it but it’s far from an obvious indicator of what’s actually going on.
For a better comparison, let’s view them side by side:
Upon close examination it doesn’t hold up very well, the user may notice something is amiss but they’ve been trained to inspect the “domain” portion, which appears to be correct.
For those unimpressed with the above phishing scheme, we can take it up a notch. In Firefox, for example, we can construct a page such as the following to phish unsuspecting users:
That looks quite a bit better doesn’t it? Let’s look at that a bit closer:
This data: URI is even more deceptive due to abuse of Firefox-specific functionality (read: probably a bug).
Unlike the previous URI phishing, the full above URI is just:
No spacing trickery involved, but how?
This is made possible due to Firefox’s unique behavior when changing a window.opener.location reference to a data: URI. Instead of nulling the origin, the data: URI inherits the origin of the site that modifies the window.opener.location reference. So if a site such as “http://attacker.com/” sets window.opener.location to a data: URI, the new origin for the window.opener will be “http://attacker.com/”.
The scenario is laid out like this:
1. User clicks on an “http://attacker.com/” link from a third party site “http://example.com/” and a new window/tab is opened.
window.opener.location = "data:,<script>alert(document.domain)</script>";
window.opener.document.body.innerHTML = "<h1>Modified DOM</h1>";
Best of all the data: URI remains unchanged! So we can start off with a data URI like “data:,//login.yahoo.com/” and later modify the HTML to mimic the actually Yahoo login page!
This style of origin inheritance for data: URIs is specific only to Firefox. Chrome blocks data: URIs from performing any operations on frames/window.opener references with a generic “SecurityError”.
Proof of Concept
To demonstrate this method of phishing I’ve constructed a proof of concept for both Chrome and Firefox, please note that the credentials entered into these pages aren’t ever collected (but don’t take my word for it!): | <urn:uuid:e0b46919-84fd-4145-979b-51d179986004> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://thehackerblog.com/dataurization-of-urls-for-a-more-effective-phishing-campaign/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084888341.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20180120004001-20180120024001-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.711596 | 969 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Tips, ideas, and activities for facilitating learning with interactive whiteboards, computers, and other classroom technologies.
Consider your everyday pair of pivoting scissors — a common tool that every young child struggles to master, but eventually learns to use with experience in your art center. We take them for granted, but when they were first introduced in 1761, they were, quite literally, cutting-edge technology.
Today, thanks to microprocessors and the Internet, there are many new types of “scissors” for a child to master — and for that matter, for us adults, too. But what specifically should a young child know about digital technologies?
The first step is to start thinking beyond the mouse and keyboard. Consider, for example, that most children growing up today have opened up a musical greeting card. This interaction involves a microprocessor that is more powerful than the first IBM PC! By using your curriculum as a template, it is easy to spot the experiences that support such common skills as language, social learning, logic and creativity.
So how do you teach a preschooler technology? You don’t. By merely integrating such experiences into a child’s daily routine, they can try them on for size and become more adept at using them. Technical "mysteries," such as using pull-down menus or knowing when a toy needs fresh batteries, soon become second nature. Again, use your curriculum as your guide. To promote socialization, have two chairs at a computer screen instead of one, and look for iPad apps that promote turn-taking and offer multiple challenge levels. Keep things in balance with other non-digital activities and routines.
Using and Choosing Techology for Preschoolers:
- Don’t try to formally “teach” technology skills and competencies. Instead, set the stage for successful experimentation by providing the materials, introducing them, and offering support.
- Let children practice using technology by pretending with the types of gadgets they see their parents using, such as a smart phone, iPad, or laptop.
- Use a wireless laptop so that you can bring a Web-based experience to children, in the context of their play.
- Keep a digital camera at the ready to capture and document children’s work.
- Set the stage for social, active learning. Choose activities that involve more than one child, like playing a Web-based game such as Starfall.
- Encourage children to represent what they do using digital cameras.
- Introduce new technology during circle time, prior to placing it in a learning center.
- Expand on your children's interests by letting them come up with search words and see the results in ways they can understand (e.g., as a set of images rather than text alone).
Technology Standards — What Should Children Know:
By the time children enter kindergarten, they should be able to navigate computers and iPads alike, launching applications, and negotiating menus. Why? Because many of their classmates will have these skills, which are required for basic computer and iPad usage. The following observable behaviors are typical of such mastery, but keep in mind that this is a suggested list designed to obtain a measure of a child’s knowledge. In addition, technology is continually evolving, so it is important that you use this list as a flexible guideline only.
A child entering kindergarten may:
- Use fine motor skills to use the mouse to move a cursor to a target on the screen.
- Show awareness of the “power keys” on a keyboard (e.g., "enter," "esc," "delete," and the space bar).
- Know the difference between the left and right mouse button (which can be helped by a small label or sticker).
- Be familiar with at least five quality interactive applications, games, or activities.
- Have a basic working vocabulary of common technology terms, such as "digital camera," "iPad," "computer," "Internet," "mouse," "keyboard," and "printer."
- Have been exposed to common technology terms in the natural context of everyday conversation, such as "on/off," "Internet," "browser," "software," "hardware," "computer," "mouse," "monitor," "keyboard," "digital camera," "printer," "battery," and so on.
- Have taken their first digital photo.
- Find the numerals on a QWERTY keyboard.
- Type their first name on a QWERTY keyboard.
- Understand the basic functions of a browser, including how to open or close windows and use the “back” key. | <urn:uuid:51694750-88f3-4157-8546-41ea7bf464e8> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.scholastic.com/teachers/articles/teaching-content/what-should-preschooler-know-about-technology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243992159.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20210517084550-20210517114550-00303.warc.gz | en | 0.958375 | 958 | 3.84375 | 4 |
"Communication, the human connection is the key to personal and career success" - Paul J Meyer
The way humans communicate differentiates us from all other species. We are social beings who inherently rely on communication to connect to others. Thus the way we communicate determines our success. Becoming an expert communicator involves understanding the fundamental concepts that define communication. The journey begins now.
In this chapter, you will learn:
- The purpose of communication
- What makes human communication unique
- How humans communicate
- A portrait of a skilled communicator | <urn:uuid:4e094d20-b524-41c9-b768-24f2d1e07be8> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://www.dineshk.co/fundamentals-of-effective-communication/2016/10/1/the-missing-connection | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578558125.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20190422155337-20190422181337-00096.warc.gz | en | 0.908554 | 112 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Radio Dalsan Reporter, 2019-12-07
The recent floods in Somalia have disrupted law and order and displaced over 370,000 people, with the UN estimating just under half a million people to have been affected. Farming communities have been wiped off the map and many remain without food, water or shelter. The crisis contrasts sharply with events earlier this year when the nation faced one of the driest seasons on record.
The Gu (rainy) season produced some of the lowest cereal harvests in decades and rainfall fell well below expectations. Somalia is experiencing continuous waves of climatic shocks; the region is described as one of the worst-affected areas subject to climate change, with the UNDP stating that “the country is highly vulnerable to the current and future impacts of climate change.
This vulnerability is further compounded by the fact that the country is coastal, low-lying, poor and disrupted by war.” With the world climate expected to become more extreme, these shocks are expected to increase in both frequency and severity, while Somalia already suffers from problems of desertification, overgrazing and deforestation.
Nasra Ismail, director for the Somalian NGO Consortium which consists of over 80 NGOs, described the crisis as “a global responsibility. Climatic shocks are not a local phenomenon but a manifestation of the growing environmental emergency.” According to UN estimates, 2 million people remain food-insecure with climate change wreaking havoc upon the region through a series of droughts, floods, and heatwaves, heightening the already violent situation. The country has found itself in a perpetual cycle, resulting in a steady flow of international attention; with almost three decades of disease and extreme weather, the armed conflict has worsened, disrupting the flow of resources, and displacing millions within and around Somalia. The New Humanitarian reports that the failure of seasonal rains affects the livelihoods of its farming communities, on top of clan-based violence and terrorist activities under groups like al-Shabab. Local efforts combatting climate change remain disorganised, with war, corruption and poverty hindering climate-adaptive initiatives in the country; Considering each climatic shock reduces the people’s ability to recover, the situation will only continue to worsen.
In 2018 alone, The Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) reported that 880,000 Somalis have been displaced, 300,000 from violence, and 500,000 from flooding or drought due to climatic shocks. The holding capacity of many of Somalia’s rivers has fallen, considering that river levels rise as high as 8 metres in some areas according to the UN Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). OCHA reports that over half the population remains incredibly vulnerable. Three decades of conflict continue to displace civilian populations, farming communities are getting sucked into tribal conflicts decreasing overall production, and humanitarian organisations are facing a challenging, often hostile environment. Considering the recent floods, OCHA reported that “Farmland, infrastructure and roads have been destroyed, and livelihoods disrupted in some of the worst-hit areas.” Despite the at least 105,000 affected people, large swaths of territory have had no assistance. Crucial to Somalia’s old government was its system of canals which ensured irrigation to farming communities, however perpetual violence has brought them into disrepair.
In the aftermath of the 2016 – 2017 drought, the new government announced a climate emergency proposing new government policies which were widely supported by the EU, UN, and the World Bank, with the central goal of reestablishing the canal system. Water management is central to the crisis, either through flooding or drought: direct action is required for rebuilding and protecting its infrastructure. Although helping to overcome the seemingly complex and difficult challenges with regard to Somalia’s poverty, its reliance on international aid and the absence of long-term goals doesn’t bolster any effective climate action. Somalia remains one of the poorest countries in the world with long-lasting change requiring effective international action. The UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) coordinator Andrew Lanyon argues that “If we want to talk about the longer-term solutions that are going to help Somalia better adapt to climate volatility and climate change, that is going to take multi-year investments.” Currently the FAO is running projects rehabilitating irrigation systems and water catchment areas although Lanyon notes that current efforts fall short of resolving Somalia’s water crisis.
Written by Jonno McPike, Student at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. Focusing on education policy and its role within foreign aid. | <urn:uuid:11e5ad07-d7f8-4bd9-9cae-006f4ae6f4a7> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://en.radiodalsan.com/62630/2019/12/climate-shocks-worsening-somalias-development/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304859.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20220125160159-20220125190159-00627.warc.gz | en | 0.954446 | 940 | 3.140625 | 3 |
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